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diff --git a/34070-tei/34070-tei.tei b/34070-tei/34070-tei.tei new file mode 100644 index 0000000..069187d --- /dev/null +++ b/34070-tei/34070-tei.tei @@ -0,0 +1,14336 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?> + +<!DOCTYPE TEI.2 SYSTEM "http://www.gutenberg.org/tei/marcello/0.4/dtd/pgtei.dtd" [ + +<!ENTITY u5 "http://www.tei-c.org/Lite/"> + +]> + +<TEI.2 lang="en"> +<teiHeader> + <fileDesc> + <titleStmt> + <title>The American Nations, Vol. I.</title> + <author><name reg="Rafinesque, C. S.">C. S. Rafinesque</name></author> + </titleStmt> + <editionStmt> + <edition n="1">Edition 1</edition> + </editionStmt> + <publicationStmt> + <publisher>Project Gutenberg</publisher> + <date>October 14, 2010</date> + <idno type="etext-no">34070</idno> + <availability> + <p>This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and + with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it + away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg + License online at www.gutenberg.org/license</p> + </availability> + </publicationStmt> + <sourceDesc> + <bibl> + Created electronically. + </bibl> + </sourceDesc> + </fileDesc> + <encodingDesc> + </encodingDesc> + <profileDesc> + <langUsage> + <language id="en"></language> + <language id="he"></language> + <language id="el"></language> + <language id="fr"></language> + </langUsage> + </profileDesc> + <revisionDesc> + <change> + <date value="2010-10-14">October 14, 2010</date> + <respStmt> + <name> + Produced by Julia Miller, David King, and the Online + Distributed Proofreading Team at <http://www.pgdp.net/>. + (This file was produced from scans of public domain + material produced by Microsoft for the Live Search + Books site.) + </name> + </respStmt> + <item>Project Gutenberg TEI edition 1</item> + </change> + </revisionDesc> +</teiHeader> + +<pgExtensions> + <pgStyleSheet> + .boxed { x-class: boxed } + .shaded { x-class: shaded } + .rules { x-class: rules; rules: all } + .indent { margin-left: 2 } + .bold { font-weight: bold } + .italic { font-style: italic } + .smallcaps { font-variant: small-caps } + </pgStyleSheet> + + <pgCharMap formats="txt.iso-8859-1"> + <char id="U0x2014"> + <charName>mdash</charName> + <desc>EM DASH</desc> + <mapping>--</mapping> + </char> + <char id="U0x2003"> + <charName>emsp</charName> + <desc>EM SPACE</desc> + <mapping> </mapping> + </char> + <char id="U0x2026"> + <charName>hellip</charName> + <desc>HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS</desc> + <mapping>...</mapping> + </char> + </pgCharMap> +</pgExtensions> + +<text lang="en"> + <front> + <div> + <divGen type="pgheader" /> + </div> + <div> + <divGen type="encodingDesc" /> + </div> + + <div rend="page-break-before: always"> + <p rend="font-size: xx-large; text-align: center">The American Nations;</p> + <p rend="font-size: xx-large; text-align: center">Or,</p> + <p rend="font-size: xx-large; text-align: center">Outlines of A National History;</p> + <p rend="font-size: xx-large; text-align: center">Of The</p> + <p rend="font-size: xx-large; text-align: center">Ancient and Modern Nations</p> + <p rend="font-size: xx-large; text-align: center">Of</p> + <p rend="font-size: xx-large; text-align: center">North and South America</p> + <p rend="font-size: xx-large; text-align: center">By Prof. C. S. Rafinesque.</p> + <p rend="font-size: xx-large; text-align: center">Volume I.</p> + <p rend="text-align: center">Philadelphia</p> + <p rend="text-align: center">Published by C. S. Rafinesque,</p> + <p rend="text-align: center">No. 110 North Tenth Street.</p> + <p rend="text-align: center">1836</p> + </div> + <div rend="page-break-before: always"> + <head>Contents</head> + <divGen type="toc" /> + </div> + + </front> +<body> + +<pb n='i'/><anchor id='Pgi'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Prospectus.</head> + +<p> +Published quarterly at Five Dollars in +advance for Six Numbers or Volumes, similar +to this, of nearly 300 pages—each separate +Number sold for one Dollar, or more +when they will contain maps and illustrations. +</p> + +<p> +A list of Agents will be given hereafter. +At present the principal Booksellers may +act as such. +</p> + +<p> +The Names of the Subscribers will be +printed in a subsequent Number. +</p> + +<p> +It is contemplated to conclude these annals +and their illustrations in 12 Numbers +or Volumes. Therefore the whole cost to +subscribers will only be $10, for which a +complete American Historical Library will +be obtained. +</p> + +<p> +By remitting $5 to the author, six Volumes +are secured whatever be their future +price, and will be sent by mail: a similar +sum will be due when the 7th number is +issued. Those who may prefer to pay $10 +at once, will be deemed Patrons of the +work. +</p> + +<p> +Whoever subscribes and pays for 5 sets, +is entitled to a 6th gratis. Agents will be +allowed 20 per cent commission. +</p> + +<p> +The price of this Number by itself is One +Dollar, or Five Dollars for Six copies. +</p> + +<p> +It contains an introduction, general view, +account of materials and cataclysms, the +Linapi and Haytian annals, with the Haytian +Language, notes, tables, &c. +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='001'/><anchor id='Pg001'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Dedication.</head> + +<p> +To The +</p> + +<p> +Society Of Geography +</p> + +<p> +Of Paris. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Gentlemen</hi>:— +</p> + +<p> +To you I dedicate this work, result of long and +weary researches. This homage is due to the public +approbation you gave to my first analogous labor, my +Memoirs or Series of Researches on the Origin of +Mankind: which I endeavored to trace philologically +to the centre of Asia. I had announced long ago this +history of the Americans, the inhabitants of a whole +hemisphere. I had quoted it in my other works. +I now offer the outlines of it under your auspices. +</p> + +<p> +You have furnished the example of cultivating +along with Geography, all the auxiliary and connected +sciences, which may enlighten it: particularly the +ancient and modern Ethnography, with Philology one +of its bases. You will see that I have followed this +practice in availing myself of all the sciences to enlighten +the history of mankind, the Ethnography and +annals of nations: above all Philology with Chronology +and Geography. +</p> + +<p> +The origins and annals of the black nations, and +of the American nations, were two subjects quite obscure +and neglected, or the least known, of the history +of mankind. Nobody has undertaken, as yet, the +history of the Negro nations: a labor so difficult and +luckless as to be despised. +</p> + +<p> +My memoirs on this despised race, may perhaps +furnish the bases of such history. All the histories +of America are mere fragments or dreams. I have +perceived the possibility and necessity to write a general +and faithful history of this hemisphere. I now +offer the results of this weary labor. +</p> + +<pb n='002'/><anchor id='Pg002'/> + +<p> +You will perceive in it many things which have +already been said; since it is impossible to write history +without repetitions; but my plan, the whole point +of view, and the results which I draw, are my own. +You will also find many things which were never told +or were very improperly presented. I shall destroy +many errors, hypotheses and conjectures: since in +them alone often consist our works upon America. +</p> + +<p> +But I shall not say every thing; where so much +is to be related, all cannot be told: and I shall be +compelled to neglect several minute details. I wish +to trace faithful outlines, rather than write a bulky +work, like our pretending <emph>universal histories</emph>, which +however, dwell only upon one-third of the globe or +even less. +</p> + +<p> +I dislike long quotations, and shall seldom employ +them: I quote only when authorities are required +to render an opinion more forcible. Every where else +I merely give the abridgement of my great historical +materials in manuscript, which are arranged by extracts +of authorities, and where they may be sought +for in case of need. +</p> + +<p> +Accept, Gentlemen, the respectful homage of +</p> + +<p> +The Author. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Philadelphia</hi>,<lb/> +<hi rend='italic'>October 22d, 1833</hi>. +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='003'/><anchor id='Pg003'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Preface.</head> + +<p> +In venturing to open a new path in historical +researches on the earth and mankind, +it is incumbent on the bold pioneer +to state his views, or at least to furnish +adequate reasons for deviating so far from +the usual track. +</p> + +<p> +While every science and branch of +knowledge is improving, and has, with rapid +strides, made continual advances for fifty +years past or more, is the noble muse of +history to be kept stationary forever, by +compilers and classical plodders? and for +America by the foes of the ancient and +modern nations of a whole hemisphere? +No ... it is time to improve history as +every thing else; to seek the truth and +tell it. +</p> + +<p> +As the human mind is yet more swayed +by authorities, than genius or wisdom; +high authorities will be given instead of +long explanations. Ever since the time of +Juvenal, it has been an ungrateful task to +write historical truth: men often prefer to +be amused, deceived, or helped in strife; +than to be instructed, or receive sketches +of former times. Yet there is always a +secret delight in viewing faithful pictures +of ages past, of our ancestors on earth, and +our predecessors on the soil of our homes, or +where we spend the scenes of our own lives. +</p> + +<p> +The worthies who have been taken for models +or guides in this arduous undertaking, +are Solomon, Moses, Job, St. Paul, St. Augustine, +Plato, Niebuhr, Humboldt, Malcolm, +<pb n='004'/><anchor id='Pg004'/> +Gebelin, D'Olivet, Bryant, Adelung, Drummond, +Pritchard, Champollion, Klaproth, +Jones, Wilford, Akbar, Price, Bailly, Russell, +Beattie, Herder, Carli, Barton &c. +They shall speak for themselves, in quotations +of their own words, instead of elaborate +reflexions. +</p> + +<p> +From God comes wisdom, knowledge +and understanding—<hi rend='smallcaps'>Solomon</hi> Prov. 2. v. 6. +Those who will seek early wisdom will find +her—<hi rend='smallcaps'>Sol.</hi> Pr. 8. v. 17. Hear instruction +and be wise, and refuse it not—<hi rend='smallcaps'>Sol.</hi> Pr. 8. +v. 33. +</p> + +<p> +ZE this is. SFR book. THU symbol. +LDTH progeny. ADM mankind. BIUM +in manifestation. BRA in realization. +ALEIM angels. ADM mankind. BDMUTH +in identic passage. ALEIM angels. +OSHE worked. ATHU such symbol.—<hi rend='smallcaps'>Moses.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>Genesis ch, 5. v. 1.</hi> Genuine mosaic +words, and genuine translation word +for word. +</p> + +<p> +When I laid the foundations of the earth +... the morning stars sung together, and +the sons of God shouted for joy.—<hi rend='smallcaps'>Speech +of God Himself in Job</hi> ch. 38., <hi rend='italic'>Vulgar +translation: the original is still more +striking</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +The Hebrew philosophy divided the +world in two hemispheres, the upper was +SHMIM or <hi rend='italic'>Shamaim</hi>, the Heavens—the +lower was SHEOL; but <hi rend='smallcaps'>Sheol-tahtith</hi> +or inferior, was the place of bad souls and +Rephaim. (The true <hi rend='smallcaps'>Sheol</hi> was America, +or the southern hemisphere). The +<pb n='005'/><anchor id='Pg005'/> +Jesuit Sanetius thought that Job had spoken +of America.—<hi rend='smallcaps'>Peters</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Dissertation +on Job</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +It is very possible for modern learning +to understand better the books of Moses, +Orpheus, and those of all ancient nations, +than the Egyptian, Greek and Roman +commentators: because the intellectual +knowledge of languages is improving; and +those ancient writers have, by their genius, +approximated to us, while removed from +the blindness of their ages.—<hi rend='smallcaps'>Gebelin</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Primitive World</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +The letter kills, but the spirit gives life.—<hi rend='smallcaps'>St. +Paul</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Corinth.</hi> II. ch. 3. v. 6. We +use great plainness of speech, and not as +MOSES who put a veil before his face, that +the children of Israel could not stedfastly +look to the end of that which is abolished.—<hi rend='italic'>Cor. +II. 3. v. 12, 13.</hi>—and even unto +this day, when Moses is read, the veil is +upon their heart, nevertheless when it shall +please the Lord, this veil shall be taken +away.—<hi rend='italic'>Cor. II. 3. v. 15, 16.</hi> +</p> + +<p> +To have a right apprehension of words +or names, is a good step to the knowledge +of things.—<hi rend='smallcaps'>Plato</hi> <hi rend='italic'>in Cratylo</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +The confusion of words is the cause of +all disputes and sects.—<hi rend='smallcaps'>D'Israeli.</hi> +</p> + +<p> +The obscure ages demand bold hypotheses +or total neglect, contradictions are +inseparable from days of tradition.—There +exist no instance of a people really savage +having spontaneously advanced to civilization. +<pb n='006'/><anchor id='Pg006'/> +Savage men are degenerated or +imperfect creatures.... Words and even few +are the rules of analogies in nations.—<hi rend='smallcaps'>Niebuhr</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Roman History, Vol. I.</hi> +</p> + +<p> +It is manifest that there are noble resources +(for history) still remaining, if we +will but apply ourselves to diligent enquiry. +There are in every climate some scattered +fragments of original history, some +traces of a primitive and universal language. +<hi rend='italic'>Even America would contribute +to this purpose, the more rude the monuments, +the more ancient they may possibly +prove, and afford greater light on +enquiry.</hi> <hi rend='smallcaps'>Bryant, Mythology</hi>; conclusion +of the work. +</p> + +<p> +To accumulate materials without generalizing +any idea is a method as sterile in +history as in natural philosophy.—The +geology of America does not differ essentially +from that of the old world, the strata +and the emersion from the waters are not +newer: species long extinct have also preceded +those now peopling the earth, the +waters and the air.—The problem of the +first population of America is no more the +province of history, than the questions on +the origin of plants and animals. When +we shall better know the brown men of +Africa, with those of the north and east of +Asia, the American nations will be less +insulated—They have extended from lat. +68 N. to 55 S. or 123 degrees of latitude, +in plains and mountains, assuming various +complexions and stature. If Africa has +<pb n='007'/><anchor id='Pg007'/> +140 languages, America has still more; +resembling in this, the Caucasus, Italy before +the Romans; but they are susceptible +of classification into families. The multiplicity +of languages is a very ancient phenomenon, +perhaps those which we call +American, belong no more to America, than +the Magyar and Choud or Finn to Europe.—<hi rend='smallcaps'>Humboldt</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>American Researches, Introduction</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +If we desire to be fully informed of a +nation's history, we must not reject the +fables under which the few traces that remain +of its origin are concealed. These, +however extravagant, always merit attention +they have an influence on the character +of the people to whom they relate.—<hi rend='italic'>First +words of</hi> <hi rend='smallcaps'>Malcolm</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>History of Persia</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +The Chinese often call the king, the +kingdom and the nation by the same name, +nay, even also the capital city.—<hi rend='smallcaps'>Regis</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>History of Corea, in Duhalde China</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +The cradle or first seat of mankind was +in Asia, between lat. 30 and 50; which is +also the native place of all the domestic +animals, fruits and grains.—<hi rend='italic'>Adelung, Bailly, +Higgins, &c.</hi> +</p> + +<p> +The Genesis was a compilation of Moses +from older annals, some perhaps by Noah +himself.—<hi rend='italic'>Revd. Mr. Davies, Herder.</hi> +</p> + +<p> +The patriarchs of Moses and Pitris of +Hindus were nations, personifications of +early tribes.—<hi rend='italic'>Drummond, D'Olivet, Wilford.</hi> +</p> + +<p> +The early gods and kings of Greece and +<pb n='008'/><anchor id='Pg008'/> +Italy, were probably tribes, the chiefs and +followers being called by the same name. +This is true also of the various Hercules +or wandering Heroes.—<hi rend='italic'>Dodwell, Jamieson.</hi> +</p> + +<p> +Trying them by the languages, the Americans +will appear to be children of the earliest human +families.—<hi rend='smallcaps'>Barton</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Physical +Journal</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +A flood of historical light has lately flown +from India and Asia; but we lack still the +real annals of Thibet: Polynesia and America +may yet supply many facts and fill +some blanks.—The original seat of civilization +was between the Ganges and the +Nile, the Caspian and the ocean.—The +first tribes after the flood were fishermen +and Frugivores, next hunters who did +spread north east as far as America, and +shepherds south west, as far as Cape of +Good hope.—<hi rend='smallcaps'>Pritchard</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Physical History +of Man</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +The genealogy of the kings of England +is derived direct from Noah in 25 generations +only, to Cerdic first king of Wessex +in 495; and through <hi rend='smallcaps'>Sceaf</hi> born in the +ark! giving more than 125 years for each +generation, which is impossible, and proves +these names, successive tribes or dynasties till +Woden.—<hi rend='smallcaps'>Ingram</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Saxon Chronicle</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +The Ethiopians, Nubians and Egyptians +are a peculiar race, perhaps in Africa before +the flood.—<hi rend='smallcaps'>Champollion</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Systeme +Hieroglyphique</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +The languages are better guides than +physical characters for researches on mankind, +<pb n='009'/><anchor id='Pg009'/> +and roots more important than grammars.—<hi rend='smallcaps'>Klaproth.</hi> +</p> + +<p> +Language belongs to man from origin, +he never was a dumb animal, else he would +always have remained so. All languages have something +in common, and something peculiar.—<hi rend='smallcaps'>Beattie</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Theory of Language</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +A thousand nations with a thousand +idioms, are spread over a thousand places +on earth. Thrown against each other like +the waves of the sea, they blend and tend +to unity. Several rival languages are +formed, polished by contract, which overspread +the earth; and break to pieces as +well as nations and empires. Others arise +from their ruins, and strive again for ascendency, +until at last a people and language, +son and daughter of all the previous nations +and idioms, heirs of their dominion and +wealth; shall perhaps invade the whole +earth, and produce again the unity of +speech and rule.—<hi rend='smallcaps'>D'Olivet</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>End of Hebrew +Grammar</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +It is said, <hi rend='italic'>In the beginning God made +Heaven and Earth</hi>, that is to say, the +seeds of heaven and earth, since their matter +was yet in confusion in a potential +way.—<hi rend='smallcaps'>St. Augustine</hi> <hi rend='italic'>on Genesis</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +In the whole <hi rend='italic'>Mosaic text</hi> there is no +Eden, no tree, no apple, no rib, no woman, +no snake, no ark ... but other words +thus improperly translated to veil the +sense.... Adam is not a man, but mankind, +<foreign lang='he' rend='italic'>Aish</foreign> +intellectual men, <foreign lang='he' rend='italic'>Ashe</foreign> mate or +potent will, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Hue</hi> our Eve is living existence!... +<pb n='010'/><anchor id='Pg010'/> +The names of patriarchs are +all expressive of operations of mankind.... +Yet Moses' Unity of God, and Belief in +Immortality is evident throughout; although +so obscured by the translation as +to have been doubted.... Moses with +his veils is made absurd; raising the veils +he appears wise, deep, consistent, even +more enlightened than our age on many +points.—<hi rend='smallcaps'>D'Olivet</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Notes on Genesis</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +Whenever the numerical letters of Moses +are taken in their material sense, inextricable +difficulties have arisen; and which +is the true version out of the 3 is doubtful: +the deep mosaic meaning and import shall +never be known, until the ancient lost science +of numbers is restored, which was +once known from China to Egypt and +Europe.—<hi rend='smallcaps'>D'Olivet</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>last note</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +Eblis or Satan was disgraced from Heaven, +where Rezoan was his successor, and +exiled to Seyestan, with the Snake and +Peacock tribes his followers, Adam was +exiled to Ceylon, Eve to Arabia &c.—<hi rend='smallcaps'>Price</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Translation of Abijauffer's History +of Arabia</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +Menu was Adam, but there are seven +Menus, the seventh was Noah.—<hi rend='smallcaps'>Sir W. +Jones</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Laws of Menu</hi>. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Wilford.</hi> +</p> + +<p> +The Babylonian empire begun 530 years +after the flood, 2790 years after Adam.—<hi rend='smallcaps'>Russell</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Connection of Sacred History</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +Primitive history is under a veil, involved +in fables; but all ancient fables have a historical +base.—<hi rend='smallcaps'>Bailly</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>on Atlantis</hi>. +</p> + +<pb n='011'/><anchor id='Pg011'/> + +<p> +Before Adam God created the <hi rend='italic'>Dives</hi> +(angels) who had 72 kings or <hi rend='italic'>Sol-i-man</hi> +for 7000 years, and after them the <hi rend='italic'>Peris</hi> +govern for 2000 years.—<hi rend='smallcaps'>Herbelot</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Oriental +Library</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +Noah dwelt near Cabul and Cashmir, his +Ararat was in the Imalaya mountains.—<hi rend='smallcaps'>Shuckford, +Wells</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Sacred Geography &c.</hi> +</p> + +<p> +As early as 4600 years before Christ, +there was a communication between the +Americans and the east by astronomical +coincidences.—<hi rend='smallcaps'>Carli</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>American Letters</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +Two great wars or <hi rend='italic'>Mahabharat</hi> followed +by dispersions of mankind, happened in India +in 3236 and 2501 (before our era); +and the Indian solar empire of <hi rend='italic'>Berhut</hi> at +Inderput now Delhi, ascends 16 generations +beyond the first, at least to 3750 +years B. C.—<hi rend='italic'>Institutes of the Emperor</hi> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Akbar</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>translated by</hi> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Gladwin</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +Such are my guides. Are not those +quotations sufficient? +</p> + +<p> +For my rules of criticism, I have taken +for guide, <hi rend='italic'>Isaac Taylor's</hi> excellent history +of the transmission of ancient books, London, +1827. They may be analysed as follows, +from his own summary. +</p> + +<p> +1. If the records of antiquity could be deprived +of their authority, we should also be +deprived of intelligence, liberty and religion! +</p> + +<p> +2. Dates are of little importance; being +anciently expressed by letters, they are +liable to errors. The Greeks and all eastern +christians reckon 5508 years from +Adam to Christ. +</p> + +<pb n='012'/><anchor id='Pg012'/> + +<p> +3. Geography and natural facts are open +to criticism. +</p> + +<p> +4. Wonders, monsters, miracles, are not +always fabulous, but doubtful. Natural +phenomena if unconnected with omens, +may be right. +</p> + +<p> +5. Speeches and secret motives do not +belong to history, they are ornaments of +rhetoric or mere surmises. +</p> + +<p> +6. Facts are only to be attended to, they +become more certain, if corroborated by +monuments, inscriptions, coins &c. +</p> + +<p> +7. The silence of a historian does not +invalidate the assertions of others. +</p> + +<p> +8. Contradictions, exaggerations, prejudices, +party spirit, national dislike, must +be allowed for. The arrogance of the +Greeks and Chinese, who call barbarians, +nations as good as they, is shameful, and +must be noticed, as well as errors arising +from hiding defeats &c. +</p> + +<p> +The independent sources of history besides +writers are, 1. remains of literature. +2. Chronological documents and astronomical +calculations, 3. Natural features of +nature and mankind, with permanent physical +facts, 4. Permanent institutions, manners, +monuments, languages &c. Lastly, +remote facts may be certain; although a +long while elapsed: whatever be the consequence; +and even if the first evidence +may have been erroneously transmitted, or +not perspicuous. But accumulated evidence +ought never to be doubted. +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='013'/><anchor id='Pg013'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Chapter I.</head> + +<quote rend='display'> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>General Introduction.</hi>—<hi rend='italic'>Natural Regions +of America.</hi>—<hi rend='italic'>Ancient and Modern +Nations.</hi>—<hi rend='italic'>Historical Periods.</hi> +</quote> + +<p> +Since our Globe is better known, it is no +longer divided into 4 Continents; but must +be divided into 3 great parts of the world +or <foreign rend='italic'>Tholomeres</foreign>, each containing 3 lesser +divisions or <foreign rend='italic'>Geotomes</foreign>, viz: +</p> + +<p> +I. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Protholia</hi> or <hi rend='smallcaps'>Tholarkon</hi>, the ancient +world, containing, 1. Asia, 2. Africa, 3. +Europe, which are continents. +</p> + +<p> +II. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Neotholia</hi> or <hi rend='smallcaps'>Hesperia</hi>, the new +world, containing, 1. <hi rend='italic'>Atalia</hi> or North America, +2. <hi rend='italic'>Columbia</hi> or South America, which +are two continents ... and 3. the <hi rend='italic'>Antilles</hi> +or West Indies, the Archipelagos to the +East and North, Carib and Lucayes islands. +</p> + +<p> +III. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Oceania</hi> or <hi rend='smallcaps'>Tholonesia</hi>, the +Oceanic or Insular world, containing, 1. <hi rend='italic'>Australia</hi>, +which is a continent, 2. <hi rend='italic'>Meganesia</hi> or the +great Islands from Japan till Ceylan and +Madagascar, 3. <hi rend='italic'>Polynesia</hi>, the small Eastern +Islands. These two last form immense +groups of archipelagos, or clustered islands. +</p> + +<p> +Therefore the terrestrial world includes +6 continents, and 3 groups of archipelagos, +forming 9 geotomes. +</p> + +<p> +It is of <hi rend='smallcaps'>Neotholia</hi> that I write the history, +of this third of the world, named likewise +<pb n='014'/><anchor id='Pg014'/> +America, or the two Americas; a double +continent, crowned in the East and towards +the two poles by archipelagos. +</p> + +<p> +Such an extensive part of the world, +reaching nearly to both poles, offers to +our notice and researches a crowd of objects, +nations and events. If our universal +histories which are confined to a small part +only of the old world, form already bulky +collections; it would be equally so with +America, if we had complete annals of it. +But, notwithstanding the scanty materials +which have reached us on its ancient history; +the modern annals and the old traditions +of the nations dwelling there, afford many +facts: and many auxiliary means contribute +to enlarge the previous history, in unfolding +the origins and revolutions of the nations +and empires of both Americas. Thus, we +shall often have to make a choice or abridge +these materials, particularly in these outlines +of a general history. +</p> + +<p> +Formerly, historians wrote chiefly chronicles +of the empires, kingdoms and republics; +which were often mere biographies of monarchs +and chiefs, conquerors and tyrants. +We begin now to think more of mankind +and the nations. I shall follow this principle, +and trace at last a national history of +America; this subject is so new, that we +have not even yet a good history of mankind +in Europe, much less in Asia and +Africa. +</p> + +<p> +Having dwelt in this continent since 1802, +<pb n='015'/><anchor id='Pg015'/> +having settled in it since 1815, and having +travelled in it every year to study the monuments +and productions thereof: it was since +1818 that I began to conceive the possibility +of raising the veil that was thrown over +the annals of this third of the world. I +have visited the public libraries of Washington, +Baltimore, Philadelphia, New-York, +Boston, Albany, Lexington, &c. to consult +all the historical works on America, and +every other part of the world. I have read +nearly all the travels in America and other +distant countries. In the Ebeling library +deposited in that of Cambridge University +near Boston, I have found many ancient +works on America, often unique in the +United States, and very rare even in Europe. +There is but a small number of rare +works, which I have not yet been able to +see; I shall give a list of them, in order +that it may be ascertained whether they +contain facts that have escaped me. My +researches upon the languages and monuments +of America, will compensate this +unavoidable neglect, since they exceed +whatever had been undertaken of the kind. +I have thus endeavored to collect and compare +all the facts relating to my subject. +</p> + +<p> +I have not imitated, therefore, the lazy +writers, who have pretended to give us +histories of America, and have commonly +produced mere sketches of it, full of neglects +and defects. Such were Robertson, +Holmes, Touron, Herrera, &c., with a crowd +<pb n='016'/><anchor id='Pg016'/> +of imitators and compilers, which confine +themselves to some years, or a single region, +or the mere first Spanish invasions. +They have, however, acquired some reputation +either by style or manner; but they +have degraded history, by giving sketches +instead of it. We must except Herrera, +who does not shine by the style; but is at +least a faithful annalist of the Spanish deeds +and colonies during 62 years, from 1492 +till 1552. But Robertson, although praised +for his style, is only his unfaithful and imperfect +imitator, and the obvious slanderer +of the American nations. +</p> + +<p> +A complete criticism of the writers on +America, would be desirable; but cannot +enter into the plan of these historical outlines; +although it may find a place in ulterior +illustrations. It will be sufficient now +to indicate that the best works, or those +which furnish the greatest number of historical +materials, are the old writers and +travellers, since the modern historians +and travellers (except Humboldt and a +few more) appear to forget whatever has +already been written on America. +</p> + +<p> +The historian of such an extensive continent, +should not be a mere annalist; but +he ought to know well all the comparative +sciences, sisters of history, such as chronology, +geography, biography, archeology, +ethnography, philology, &c. He ought +also to be a philosopher and a philanthropist, +to know the natural sciences which +<pb n='017'/><anchor id='Pg017'/> +become connected with history by civilization, +agriculture, and geology; he ought, +above all, to be impartial and a good critic, +in order to discard national prejudices, and +avoid the blunders of credulity or imposture. +What historian has ever united such +acquirements? I have tried to acquire +them: Have I succeeded? I offer my +writings as the answer. +</p> + +<p> +My method has been to make copious +extracts of all the authors that I read. +These materials already form a collection +of over one hundred books of 6000 pages +on the history of the earth and mankind: +whereof I avail myself for all my historical +works. I have formed besides another collection +of iconographic illustrations, maps, +plans, monuments, views, portraits, alphabets, +symbols, implements, costumes, &c.; +which may serve for proofs and atlas of +these works, published or manuscript. This +tellurian iconography, chiefly American, +consists already in ten great books or portfolios; +having little hope to be enabled to +publish them, I wish they might be deposited +in a great public library, where +they might be consulted. +</p> + +<p> +Instead of beginning this history of the +Americans by generalities, I should wish to +conclude the work by such results; but it +may frequently be needful to deviate from +this plan, and present results as they happen +to arise from the facts and events. +</p> + +<p> +The different parts of the Western Hemisphere +<pb n='018'/><anchor id='Pg018'/> +are often distantly remote, and +insulated, or little connected in their historical +relations. Austral America and +Boreal America have for instance hardly +any historical connection: they are as +widely separated as China and Europe; +but all the central parts of America are +intimately connected, above all the mountain +regions from Mexico to Chili, which +offer the same relation of civilization, languages +and annalogies, as the Hindu-European +regions and nations. +</p> + +<p> +The Neotholian Hemisphere contains +many distinct regions; but the natural or +physical regions are not always identic +with the historical regions. The isthmus +of Panama or valley of Choco does not divide +the nation as it does the two continents +of America: and many groups of nations +are intermingled throughout. The group +of ancient <hi rend='smallcaps'>Aruac</hi> nations extended from +near Florida through the Antilles, Guyana, +Brazil to Tucuman and Magellania. The +elder group of <hi rend='smallcaps'>Tala</hi> or atlantic nations +could be traced from the Ohio to Mexico, +Guatimala and South America in the west. +</p> + +<p> +Notwithstanding this fact, it is useful to +keep in mind the great natural regions of +America, so as to trace through them the +vicissitudes of mankind in ancient and modern +times. Thus we find six such regions +in North America, and six in South America, +with 3 in the Antilles. +</p> + +<p> +1. Boreal region, or region of the lakes, +<pb n='019'/><anchor id='Pg019'/> +stretching across North America, from the +streight of Behring and peninsula Alaska +in the west, to Labrador, Canada and Nova +Scotia in the east. It is distinguished by +a rocky soil, many large lakes and millions +of small ones, surrounded near the pole and +on either side by groups of islands. Its +southern limits are undefined, but Lake +Erie forms one of them. +</p> + +<p> +2. The Californian or Oregon region, +stretching from north to south along the +Pacific Ocean from Fuca Strait to Mexico +and Guatimala. It is a region of plains +and hills. +</p> + +<p> +3. The Mexican region or central mountains +and table lands from the sources of +the Missouri to Lake Nicaragua, distinguished +by volcanoes, a dry lofty soil, &c. +</p> + +<p> +4. The Missouri region, extending in +vast grassy plains from latitude 50 to the +Gulf of Mexico. +</p> + +<p> +5. The Alleghany region, stretching in +woody hills and mountains from Maine to +Alabama and Illinois. The Ozark mountains +and the whole of New England appear +detached portions of it. +</p> + +<p> +6. The Literal Atlantic region, stretching +from Long Island to Florida, Mexico, +Yucatan and Honduras, forming a long +but narrow region of level plains, sands +and marshes, skirted by sandy shores and +islands. +</p> + +<p> +The Antilles or West Indies, are all islands; +divided into 3 very natural groups. +</p> + +<pb n='020'/><anchor id='Pg020'/> + +<p> +1. The large and hilly Islands of Jamaica, +Cuba, Hayti, Boriquen. +</p> + +<p> +2. The Lucayes or Bahama Islands +north of them, low and chiefly of coral +formations. +</p> + +<p> +3. The Carib Islands east and south, +commonly volcanic. +</p> + +<p> +The regions of South America are 1. +That of the Andes or high volcanic mountains +extending from Santa Marta to the +Island of Chiloé, stretching branches east +as far as Cumana, and east of Peru. The +hills of Panama from Nicaragua to Choco, +are a detached part of it, probably once an +island of the size of Cuba. Also the Magellanic +or Austral region, including the +hills and islands south of Chili, all detached +from the Andes, with the archipelagos of +Chiloé, Chonos, Fuego, Austral, Falkland, +&c. often volcanic. +</p> + +<p> +2. The Atacama region, or lowlands +along the Pacific Ocean from the valleys of +Darien and Choco to Chili, distinguished +by sterility. +</p> + +<p> +3. The Pampas or region of unwooded +plains east of the Andes from the strait of +Magellan to Paraguay and Chaco. +</p> + +<p> +4. The region of Brazil, distinguished by +fertile hills, mountains and valleys, forming +a vast group of high lands connected to the +Andes by an isthmus. +</p> + +<p> +5. The region of Guyana or Parima, of +shady hills perfectly insulated (once a large +island) by the plains of the Maranon and +Oronoc. +</p> + +<pb n='021'/><anchor id='Pg021'/> + +<p> +6. The vast equinoctical plains of Oronoc +and Maranon, surrounding the mountains +of Parima: where deserts, swamps and +forests are mixed. +</p> + +<p> +These 15 regions are quite natural, distinguished +by peculiar physical, and geological +features; but they do not coincide +with the ethnological regions, where the +American tribes have spread and intermixed. +It would be difficult to state here +even the most striking of these last. It +will be the aim of this work to seek for +them, and ascertain their limits; which +have often varied anciently: while in modern +times the European colonies and +states have invaded them in all directions. +</p> + +<p> +Meantime the population of both Americas, +must be distinguished in ancient and +modern. +</p> + +<p> +In proceeding from the known to the +unknown: we ascertain that a multitude of +nations have come to America since 1492, +as colonists or visitors. The principal were +</p> + +<p> +1. <hi rend='italic'>Spanish</hi>: who have colonized or conquered +from New Mexico to Chili, and from +Florida to Buenos Ayres. But they came +not alone, and have brought along with +them as auxiliaries. 1. Italians, 2. Flemish, +3. Biscayans, 4. Canarians, &c., while as +slaves 5. Moors of Mauritania, and 6. Many +African-negro nations. +</p> + +<p> +2. <hi rend='italic'>Portugueze</hi>: who have colonized the +whole of Brazil, and brought there besides +many Negro nations, some Moors, Gypsies, +Chinese, &c. +</p> + +<pb n='022'/><anchor id='Pg022'/> + +<p> +3. <hi rend='italic'>English</hi>: Who have colonized the +whole eastern side of North America, Jamaica +and other islands of Antilles, with +parts of Yucatan, Honduras, Guyana, &c. +But they have brought with them, the +Welsh, Scotch, Irish, Germans, Jews and +many African nations. +</p> + +<p> +4. <hi rend='italic'>French</hi>: They colonized Canada, +Lousiana, Hayti, several Carib islands, +Cayenne in Guyana, &c., and although +conquered in North America and Hayti, +their language remains. They brought +along the Provençals, Bretons, Basks, +speaking distinct languages, with several +African nations. +</p> + +<p> +5. <hi rend='italic'>Scandinavians</hi>: Who partly settled +in North America since the 10th century, +did laterly colonize again Groenland, with +Delaware and some Carib Islands. They +include the Norwegians, Danes and Swedes. +</p> + +<p> +6. <hi rend='italic'>Dutch-Hollanders</hi>: Sent colonies to +New-York, Surinam, Curazao, &c. brought +Gypsies, Germans and Africans. +</p> + +<p> +7. <hi rend='italic'>Russians</hi>: Have invaded and partly +settled the north west shores and islands +of North America; bringing there Cozacs, +Calmucs, and several other Tartarian subjects. +</p> + +<p> +8. Besides these, several other nations +have laterly visited America, or settled +therein, blending with the above. All the +nations of Europe, even Hungarians, Polanders, +Greeks and Turks, have been +brought there. Pirates of all nations, even +<pb n='023'/><anchor id='Pg023'/> +Algerines, have wandered to America. +Almost all the nations of Africa have been +led there in slavery. Asia has sent Jews, +Hindus, Gypsies or Zinganis, Chinese and +Tartars: while Oceania has sent Malays, +Madagascars, Hawayans, &c. +</p> + +<p> +This well known fact of the various and +anomalous modern population of both Americas +within 3 or 4 centuries, will greatly +help us to form a more correct estimate of +the ancient population and colonization of +such vast countries during many thousand +years previous to 1492. +</p> + +<p> +It is not yet suitable to give here a complete +list of all the ancient nations, who +have, or may have colonized the Western +hemisphere: this can only be done afterwards +as a result of the instituted enquiries +on the subject. Meantime I state as highly +probable, even by mere analogy, that all +the nearest nations of the Atlantic or Pacific +Oceans, in the Eastern hemisphere, have +either visited or colonized the Americas; +particularly from the east, the bold navigators, +Atlantes, Pelagians, Phenicians, Lybyans, +Etruscans, &c., and from the west +the ancient tribes of Tartars and Chinese, +the Polynesians, &c. We shall throughout +these historical outlines find ample proofs +of this fact, exploding the erroneous belief +that a single nation could have populated +the whole of the Western Hemisphere. It +shall appear also that these early settlers +must have brought along many foreign +tribes, as auxiliaries, vassals or slaves. +</p> + +<pb n='024'/><anchor id='Pg024'/> + +<p> +In my Atlantic Journal of 1832 will be +found a kind of classification of the ancient +nations of both Americas, divided into 25 +groups, 14 in North, 11 in South America. +But this first attempt, cannot be perfect: +it requires a close study of all the American +languages, before we can ascertain correctly +all their mutual affinities, and reduce +each to the real parent group. Meantime +this attempt, and the further correction of +it in this work, will become very useful historical +bases. I give therefore the list of +the 25 groups, with a well known nation +and language as the type, to which others +may be gradually reduced. +</p> + +<p> +In North America 1. <hi rend='italic'>Uski</hi> or <hi rend='italic'>Innuit</hi>, +type the Esquimaux. +</p> + +<p> +2. <hi rend='italic'>Ongwi</hi>, type the Hurons and Iroquois. +</p> + +<p> +3. <hi rend='italic'>Linni</hi>, type the Lanapi or Delawares. +</p> + +<p> +4. <hi rend='italic'>Wacash</hi>, type the Chopunish, and +Nutkas. +</p> + +<p> +5. <hi rend='italic'>Skerreh</hi>, type the Panis. +</p> + +<p> +6. <hi rend='italic'>Nachez</hi>, type the Cados and Chetimachas. +</p> + +<p> +7. <hi rend='italic'>Capaha</hi>, types the Washas or Ozages, +and Dacotas or Sioux. +</p> + +<p> +8. <hi rend='italic'>Chactah</hi>, types the Chactahs and +Chicasas. +</p> + +<p> +9. <hi rend='italic'>Otali</hi>, Tzulukis or Cherokis. +</p> + +<p> +10. <hi rend='italic'>Atalan</hi>, type the Tarascas. +</p> + +<p> +11. <hi rend='italic'>Otomi</hi>, type the Otomis. +</p> + +<p> +12. <hi rend='italic'>Anahuac</hi>, type the Aztecas. +</p> + +<p> +13. <hi rend='italic'>Maya</hi>, types the Mayas and Huaztecas. +</p> + +<pb n='025'/><anchor id='Pg025'/> + +<p> +14. <hi rend='italic'>Chontal</hi>, type the Tzendals and +Chols. +</p> + +<p> +In South America 15. <hi rend='italic'>Aruac</hi>, types the +Haytians, Aruacs, Taos, &c. +</p> + +<p> +16. <hi rend='italic'>Calina</hi>, types the Caribs and Tamanacs. +</p> + +<p> +17. <hi rend='italic'>Puris</hi>, type the Maypuris. +</p> + +<p> +18. <hi rend='italic'>Yarura</hi>, types the Guaraos and Betoys. +</p> + +<p> +19. <hi rend='italic'>Cuna</hi>, type the Dariens. +</p> + +<p> +20. <hi rend='italic'>Mayna</hi>, type the Panos. +</p> + +<p> +21. <hi rend='italic'>Maca</hi>, type the Muyzcas. +</p> + +<p> +22. <hi rend='italic'>Guarani</hi>, type the Tupis and Omaguas. +</p> + +<p> +23. <hi rend='italic'>Mara</hi>, type the Quichuas and Aymaras. +</p> + +<p> +24. <hi rend='italic'>Lulé</hi>, types the Vilelas and Mbayas. +</p> + +<p> +25. <hi rend='italic'>Chili</hi>, type the Chilians. +</p> + +<p> +Notwithstanding the condensed form of +these outlines, the ample materials to be +brought together, will extend them perhaps +beyond the desirable limits. In order to +lessen this difficulty and yet omit nothing +that is new or important, the work will be +divided into three series. +</p> + +<p> +1st. The annals of South America, where +many generalities will be introduced, that +need not be repeated in the 2d series, on +the annals of North America. +</p> + +<p> +3d. Illustrations of these outlines, where +will be thrown and collected all the collateral +proofs, documents, vocabularies of +languages, manuscript facts and events, +<pb n='026'/><anchor id='Pg026'/> +essential quotations, and results of all the +investigations. +</p> + +<p> +The Peruvian and Austral regions of +South America will first be introduced, +because of paramount importance. By +the Peruvian region is meant the whole +western part of South America from the +equator to the southern tropic, and by Austral +America, the whole of it from that +tropic to the Magellanic Islands. The +gulf of Rio Plata and the river Paraguay, +appear to divide these regions from Brazil, +both physically and historically. Austral +America includes the countries and nations +of Chili, Tucuman, Chaco, Buenos Ayres, +Patagonia and Magellania; but it shall +often be needful to mention their neighbors, +with whom they are more or less related, +and even distant nations that are not always +strangers to them. +</p> + +<p> +The ancient nations of Austral America +are the least known on many accounts, and +those on whom most fables and systems +have been based. It is there that dwell +the <hi rend='italic'>Patagons</hi>, who have been believed a +peculiar species of giants; and those tribes +of Chaco, &c., which Azara has deemed +peculiar men, with languages without affinities +with any other: which will easily be +proved to be quite false. +</p> + +<p> +If America has had an aboriginal population, +or <hi rend='italic'>Autoctons</hi>, men born from the +soil: it is there they should be found, driven +to the south and those remote climes +<pb n='027'/><anchor id='Pg027'/> +by the ancient colonies of other nations; +and they should offer features, complexions, +languages and manners totally different +from any other. If all the Americans derive +from ancient colonies, it is still there +that ought to be found the primitive tribes, +driven on by the subsequent colonies and +tribes. Therefore these Austral tribes are +exceedingly interesting to study as the most +ancient relics of American population. +</p> + +<p> +But the origin of the American nations +and tribes are only to be considered as a +branch of their history. The accounts of +their dispersion and successive settlements, +the history of the events which they have +remembered and transmitted to us by traditions +or annals, those of the empires which +have been founded there in ancient and +modern times, the study of their civilization +and ethnography ... offer surely much +more interest, and a wide field of historical +facts or enquiries. +</p> + +<p> +It appears that as soon as we speak of +the ancient Americans, we ought to cut +the gordian knot, and say whence they +came. I do not wish to explain beforehand, +all my views on this subject. I wish +to reserve them for the results of the enquiries +to be pursued in this work. Yet to +satisfy the general curiosity expressed on +the subject, I may venture to say that I +have not yet found in either Americas, any +people or tribe totally different from any +<pb n='028'/><anchor id='Pg028'/> +other, or without philological affinities: nor +with features, complexions, and other physical +characters quite peculiar. But instead, +all the ancient American tribes have numerous +affinities between each other, and +with races of mankind in the Eastern +hemisphere: both physical and moral, as +well as philological. +</p> + +<p> +If the American nations sprung from +ancient colonies; it is among the primitive +population of the earth, that their parents +must be sought and found: since America +appears to have been partly peopled even +before the flood. Therefore the systems +which would derive them all from the Phenicians, +Jews, Chinese, Tartars of later +ages, or any single people whatever, must +be absurd and improbable: since traces of +many ancient nations are found in this +western hemisphere. +</p> + +<p> +It has always appeared probable to me +that most of the ancient colonies to America, +must have come there by the nearest +and most direct way; the same nearly followed +again by Columbus in 1492: either +from north Africa or south Europe. This +becomes still more probable if there were +formerly a land or large islands in the Atlantic +Ocean; of which we have ample +proofs. Nearly all the nations from Florida +and Mexico to Chili, appear to have +reached America from the east, through +the tropical islands or Antilles; but the +<pb n='029'/><anchor id='Pg029'/> +ancestors of these emigrating tribes, dwelt +once in Asia, which appears the cradle of +mankind. +</p> + +<p> +However, many nations of Brazil and Guyana +are more recent and of African origin; +while nearly all those of North America +appear to have reached America by the +opposite direction of Eastern Asia, through +Alaska or the Streight of Behring, once an +Isthmus. Therefore the Colonial tribes +came here from the East, and the North +West. It is more doubtful that any came +from the West or Polynesia. +</p> + +<p> +What is now needful, is to trace these +colonies, their travels, epochas, and ascertain +the nations which they have produced +in both Americas. This I will endeavour +to do, without being prevented by the difficulties +of the task. I shall always seek to +ascertain the true names of each nation +or tribe: which have often been disguised +under a crowd of nicknames and erroneous +orthographies. These names when thus +restored will often furnish an original key, +to supply the scarcely known languages, or +lost traditions. +</p> + +<p> +The Brigands who brought desolation +over both Americas during two centuries, +and the careless travellers who visited them +in search of wealth, took little notice of the +languages and traditions of their victims +or foes. Thus we have to regret the loss +of many valuable materials, merely indicated. +However, a few enlightened visitors, +<pb n='030'/><anchor id='Pg030'/> +and the missionaries have preserved some +of them. The first attempt of the kind was +the outlines of historical songs and traditions +of Hayti, collected as early as 1498 +by friar Roman, at the request of Columbus; +printed by his son, and by Barcias. +Yet this valuable document has escaped +the notice of nearly all the writers on America! +evident proof of utter carelessness or +neglect. +</p> + +<p> +Piedrahita has given some of the historical +traditions of the Muyzcas; Juarros +the annals of the Toltecas of Guatimala; +Ayeta and Herrera those of the Mayas of +Yucatan. Yet they have been neglected +by our historians. They have merely dwelt, +and even sparingly, on the annals of Mexico +and Peru. We have besides fragments on +the early history of the Ongwis, Linapis, +Apalachis, Caribs, Dariens, and a few more; +but we have to regret the loss of the written +annals of many civilized nations, the Tarascas, +Huaztecas, Zapotecas, Nicaraguas, +Chontals, Chilians, Panos, &c. Some of +which may perhaps be yet partly recovered, +as those of the Ongwis and Linapis have +lately been. +</p> + +<p> +It is only since last age that the study of +comparative philology has begun to be +appreciated: and quite recently that languages +have been made subservient to historical +researches. Pigafetta had, however, +set the examples as early as 1520 to collect +American vocabularies, of which he gave +<pb n='031'/><anchor id='Pg031'/> +two, the Brazilian and Patagon: which +are quite important, since by them we +trace both tribes seen by him to the <hi rend='smallcaps'>Aruac</hi> +race. For lack of frequent ancient vocabularies, +we must often grope in the dark; +but I do not despair to be able to restore +many lost languages, by fragments escaped +from the common ruin. I have already +succeeded with the <hi rend='italic'>Taino</hi> of Hayti, the +<hi rend='italic'>Cahiri</hi> of Trinidad, +<hi rend='italic'>Talega</hi> and <hi rend='italic'>Apalachi</hi> +of North America, the <hi rend='italic'>Chontal</hi> of central +America, the <hi rend='italic'>Colla</hi> of Peru, and the <hi rend='italic'>Séké</hi> +of old Chili; whereby I shall draw some +happy conclusions. +</p> + +<p> +Asia has been the country of fables, Africa +of monsters, and America of systems, +for those who prefer opinions to reality. +The systems and hypotheses of philosophy +or ignorance upon America, exceed all the +Asiatic fables. A crowd of prejudices, +false opinions and fantastic theories, have +been asserted on this hemisphere, often +mistaking a small part of it for the whole. +Some have declared all the Americans a +red, beardless, naked and barbarous race, +or a peculiar species of men. Others that +they came out of the ground or from the +clouds, or over a bridge, instead of boats +or on the ice. Others that they are all +Jews, or Malays, or Tartars. Lastly, even +that Eden was here and Noah built the ark +in America! All these systems and fifty +more brought forth by ignorance or pride, +are based upon the most absurd proofs, or +<pb n='032'/><anchor id='Pg032'/> +a few insulated facts: while there are historical +facts easy to prove that are neglected +or forgotten. +</p> + +<p> +Thus it is a positive fact that many +ancient nations of the east, such as the +Lybians, Moors, Etruscans, Phenicians, +Hindus, &c. had heard of America, or +knew nearly as much of it, as we did of +Australia and Polynesia 100 years ago. +It is as certain that America contained +anciently, as even now, a crowd of distinct +nations and tribes; some of which were +quite civilized, perhaps as much as the +Spaniards led by Columbus; the others +more barbarous, but not entirely savage. +There were but few, if any, real savages in +America, dwelling in woods without social +ties; most of them were wandering tribes +of fishermen or hunters. +</p> + +<p> +There were formerly in America as now, +tribes of all complexions, as elsewhere: +yellowish, olive, coppery, tawny, redened, +brown, incarnate or white, and even blackened +or negro-like. Tall and dwarfish men +from 8 to 4 feet in size, called giants and +pygmies—men with various frames, skulls, +and features, of all the sorts found in the +eastern hemisphere. +</p> + +<p> +The Americans had long before Columbus, +large cities; built of stones, bricks or +wood, with walls, ditches, temples, palaces. +Some of which were of immense size and +population. One of them <hi rend='italic'>Otolum</hi> near +Palenque was 28 miles long, equal to +<pb n='033'/><anchor id='Pg033'/> +Thebes, Babylon and Kinoj in size and +monuments. Nearly all the ancient sciences +and useful primitive arts were known +in America, as well as commerce and navigation, +symbolic and alphabetic writing, +nearly all the Asiatic religions, &c. The +most civilized nations had even colleges +and universities, canals and paved roads, +splendid temples and monuments, &c. +</p> + +<p> +It would be tedious to designate all what +has not been told, or been very unworthily +noticed, upon America. The whole of +these outlines shall be comments upon the +forgotten facts relating to this third of the +world. Such as are found recorded by +chance in one or few authors, scattered in +1000 volumes, unsought and unnoticed by +nearly all the other writers. +</p> + +<p> +Respecting the chronology of the American +annals, it is rather obscure and doubtful; +but perhaps not more so than that of +all ancient nations except the Chinese. It +frequently ascends as far as the floods and +even the creation. The most ancient dates +are found among the Tols or Toltecas and +Atlantes, Mexicans or Aztecas, the Muyzcas, +Ongwis, Linapis, &c. But it is difficult +to make those dates agree among themselves, +or with our oriental dates. However +the American annals may be divided into +great periods, which can be admitted as +certain, and resting points of history at +peculiar epochas. +</p> + +<pb n='034'/><anchor id='Pg034'/> + +<p> +Here is their tabular view. +</p> + +<p> +I. Ancient history, ending with Columbus +in 1492. +</p> + +<p> +1. <hi rend='italic'>Antidiluvian period</hi>, beginning at +the creation, about 6690 years before Columbus +according to the Tols, and ending +with the last cataclysm of Peleg, about +3788 years before Columbus. +</p> + +<p> +2. <hi rend='italic'>Doubtful period</hi>, from that epocha +till the reform of Tol astronomy, 1612 years +before Columbus. This includes several +subordinate periods and epochas. +</p> + +<p> +About 3100 years before Columbus, settlement +of the Linapis in Shinaki or Firland +or Oregon in N. W. America. +</p> + +<p> +About 2500 years before Columbus, wars +of the Towancas and Ongwis, the hero +Yatatan, &c. in North America. +</p> + +<p> +3. <hi rend='italic'>Certain period</hi>, from 1612 till Columbus' +arrival in 1492. Many lesser periods +and epochas. +</p> + +<p> +442, after Christ—End of the Tollan +kingdom. +</p> + +<p> +492,—Beginning of Atotarho dynasty of +Ongwis. +</p> + +<p> +558,—Empire of Tol-tecas begins in +Anahuac, and lasts till 942. +</p> + +<p> +840,—Beginning of the wars of Zipanas +and Caris in South Peru. +</p> + +<p> +947,—Foundation of the kingdom of +Mayapan by Cuculcan in Yucatan. +</p> + +<p> +985,—Discovery of America by the +Norwegians. +</p> + +<pb n='035'/><anchor id='Pg035'/> + +<p> +1000,—Conquest of Quito by the Skiris. +</p> + +<p> +1105,—Beginning of the Incas empire. +</p> + +<p> +1322,—Foundation of Tenuchtitlan or +Mexico. +</p> + +<p> +II. Modern history, from 1492 till our +days. +</p> + +<p> +1. <hi rend='italic'>Colonial Period</hi>, from 1492 till 1776. +</p> + +<p> +2. <hi rend='italic'>Independent Period</hi>, beginning in +1776. The foundation of the empire of +Brazil in 1822 may begin a subordinate +period. +</p> + +<p> +Each age may bear the name of a wise +legislator or eminent personage: the ages +of modern history are those of 1. Columbus, +2. Las-Casas, 3. William Penn, 4. Washington, +5. Bolivar. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Chapter II.</head> + +<quote rend='display'> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Materials for the history +of the Americans.</hi>—<hi rend='italic'>Authors, +Documents, Sciences.—Languages, +Civilization, &c.</hi> +</quote> + +<p> +Far from following the example of many +American historians, who often take a single +guide for their crude compilations, or +avoid the trouble to consult all the historical +sources, I have taken care in my researches +to employ all the possible means to reach +the truth, and collect all the facts that are +scattered among a crowd of writers. I +have carefully analysed, compared and +judged the materials, details and events +<pb n='036'/><anchor id='Pg036'/> +thus procured: nay, all the auxiliary sciences +have afforded additional fragments +or proofs. +</p> + +<p> +These materials may be divided into 10 +series or kinds +</p> + +<lg> +<l>1. Works, printed or manuscript.</l> +<l>2. Documents and monuments.</l> +<l>3. Maps, plans, views, &c.</l> +<l>4. Natural sciences.</l> +<l>5. Ethnography.</l> +<l>6. Traditions and annals.</l> +<l>7. Chronology and astronomy.</l> +<l>8. Languages and philology.</l> +<l>9. Religion, mythologies, &c.</l> +<l>10. Civilization, laws and manners.</l> +</lg> + +<p> +The writers upon America are very numerous; +but mostly defective or local. A +number, however, have attempted to consider +the whole continent: the principal +among those containing facts upon all parts +of America are chiefly +</p> + +<p> +Herrera, History and Geography of Spanish +America carried till the year 1554. +</p> + +<p> +Delaet, Historical Geography of America, +till 1630. +</p> + +<p> +Garcias, Origins of the Americans.—Spanish +work. +</p> + +<p> +Carli, American Letters.—Italian work. +</p> + +<p> +Ogilby, History and Geography of America, +till 1670. +</p> + +<p> +Raynal, European Settlements in America, +till 1774. +</p> + +<p> +Alcedo, Geographical Dictionary of Spanish +America in 1786.—Spanish work. +</p> + +<pb n='037'/><anchor id='Pg037'/> + +<p> +Maltebrun, Improved Geography, 1820. +</p> + +<p> +Touron, History of America, chiefly +ecclesiastical, and incomplete, 14 volumes +1768-70, in French. +</p> + +<p> +Robertson, false History of America or +Spanish Conquests of Mexico or Peru. +</p> + +<p> +The collections of travels by Hackluyt, +Purchas, Harris, Ramusio, Barcias, Prevost, +&c. +</p> + +<p> +The American researches of Ulloa, +Humboldt, M'Culloh, &c. +</p> + +<p> +I have consulted and analyzed all these +general works, and many others of less +account; but I have not yet read Hervas +nor Compagnone, knowing them merely +through quotations +</p> + +<p> +The first <hi rend='italic'>Bibliotheca Americana</hi> or +catalogue of writers on America, was given +by Kennet in 1701 and 1713. Another +appeared in England in 1719; a third in +France in 1820. They contain the names, +authors, editions, dates, &c. of over 300 +works relating to America. Robertson +has given a list of nearly as many, which +he pretends to have consulted, although he +neglected what they tell us. Humboldt +has also a catalogue of 250 authors, +consulted by him. In 1831, Aspinwall +published his American Library containing +771 works; and Warden, in Paris, his +own, containing 977 American works with +133 atlasses and maps. +</p> + +<p> +All this does not complete the account +of books on America; since I have seen +<pb n='038'/><anchor id='Pg038'/> +many omitted in all these catalogues; although +I never could meet some mentioned +there. I will carefully notice them, that it +may be known where I found my materials, +and what may yet have escaped my researches. +I have already consulted upwards +of 600 writers on both Americas, and there +are at least 1000 already printed, I mean +special or local works connected with history. +If we were to add to these the botanists, +naturalists, paltry compilers, and +pamphlets, we might make a catalogue of +3000 works on America, her inhabitants +and productions. +</p> + +<p> +I will refer gradually to them, and have +collected them all in my manuscript illustrations; +<hi rend='italic'>materials</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>printed works</hi>. Therefore +we do not lack printed materials: but +the choice of the best is difficult: since +many works merely consist in fables, blunders, +errors, hypotheses and their constant +repetitions: which ought to be rejected in +order to gather facts and the truth. But +we must not reject as pyrrhoniams all that +may clash with our ideas and systems: it +is chiefly needful so recall and restore the +events and facts mentioned by the earliest +travellers and observers. +</p> + +<p> +These numerous local writers ought to +be divided into three classes. 1. historians +and annalists, 2. travellers and geographers, +3. antiquarians and philologists. I shall +now merely mention the most useful (which +I have all consulted) upon the Peruvian +and Austral regions of South America. +</p> + +<pb n='039'/><anchor id='Pg039'/> + +<p> +1st. The principal historians are, 1. +Molina, History of Chili, 2. Funes, Civil +History of Buenos Ayres, Paraguay and +Tucuman, 3. Lavega, History of Peru, 4. +Debrizoffer, history of Abipones, 5. Charlevoix +of Paraguay, 6. Techo, on Ditto, +7, 8. Lozano and Jolis on Chaco, 9. Muratori, +and 10. Renger, Paraguay. +</p> + +<p> +2d. The principal writers who have +furnished historical facts, with geographical +and ethnographical materials, are <emph>old travellers</emph>, +1. Pigafetta and Magellan, 2. Cabot, +3. Shmidel, 4. Drake, 5. Cavendish, 6. +Acarete, 7. Knivet, 8. Frezier, 9. Sepp, 10. +Brewer, 11. Nyel, 12. Schmidtmeyer. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>The modern travellers are</hi>, 1. Azara, 2. +D'Ulloa, 3. Humboldt, 4. Cook, 5. Byron, 6. +Laperouse, 7. Stevenson, 8. Myers, 9. Heyn, +10. Beaumont, 11. Gillespie, 12. Vidal, 13. +Wedel, 14. King, 15. Morrell, 16. Andrew, +17. Temple, 18. Mawe, 19. Proctor, 20. +Graham, 21. Head, 22. Pernetty. +</p> + +<p> +The principal original geographers and +ethnographers are, 1. Fernandez on Chiquitos +1726, 2. Bueno, Ditto 1800, 3. Falkner, +on Patagonia 1774, 4. Molina on Chili +and Cuyo, 5. Lozano on Chaco 1733, 6. +Skinner, Memoirs on Peru, 7. Gili, South +America 1782. +</p> + +<p> +3d. Lastly the auxiliary writers on philology, +antiquities and other historical branches +are, 1. Adelung, Vater, Maltebrun, Balbi, +&c., on all American languages, 2. American +researches of Humboldt, Macculoh +<pb n='040'/><anchor id='Pg040'/> +1829. Those of Depaw and Ranking are +shameful, perverting every thing to support +false systems. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Manuscripts.</hi> There are yet many such +extant on America, in the libraries of both +hemispheres. Clavigero gave a long list +of Mexican Manuscripts. Funes quotes +several on Austral America. There are +several extant in Central America and +South America, in Peru and Brazil. Many +have been lost through wilful neglect, or +destroyed at the Spanish Conquest, the +expulsion of Jesuits, &c. Those in the ancient +languages, Mexican, Tarasca, Tzendal, +&c., are now very rare, and much +esteemed. Those burnt by Zumaraga, the +Mexican Omar, have been often regretted. +Lord Kingborough has lately published +some at a great cost. +</p> + +<p> +The manuscripts which I could consult +on South America are but few. Those on +North America are more numerous and +very important; particularly the traditions +of the Linapis, Shawanis, &c., they are +chiefly on wood, bark, skins or Mosaic +strings. But I have received several manuscript +vocabularies of the languages of +Guyana, Brazil, Texas, Mexico, &c. and I +have consulted several manuscripts in the +libraries of Philadelphia. +</p> + +<p> +There are, besides, in the public or private +libraries of all the great cities of both +Americas, several interesting historical +works, which have never been published. +</p> + +<pb n='041'/><anchor id='Pg041'/> + +<p> +There are several in Philadelphia, particularly +the historical collections of Simetierre. +Often the best or most important works +cannot be printed: while a crowd of paltry +compilations are ushered to deceive the +public. This may be deemed a remainder +of the prevailing ignorance and error. Instead +of appreciating the learned and useful +works, the prevailing taste is for historical +romances and systematic fables. It is +needful to seek these previous labors, which +run the risk of being totally lost, if we will +not have again to blush hereafter for these +historical losses. +</p> + +<p> +I give the list of such among my own +manuscripts, as have been employed to +write this history. They are yet in my +possession, but I wish to see them deposited +in a great public library; where they might +be consulted. +</p> + +<p> +1. Materials for the history, ethnography, +&c. of the Americans, their annals, +chronology, &c. 40 books, begun in 1820, +continued ever since, and not yet closed. +</p> + +<p> +2. Vocabularies of the ancient and modern +languages of both Americas, symbols, +glyphs, &c., 4 books, begun 1824. +</p> + +<p> +3. Comparative geography and ethnography +of ancient and modern America, 5 +books, with maps, &c., begun 1824. +</p> + +<p> +4. Ancient monuments of North and +South America, compared with the primitive +monuments of the eastern hemisphere, +3 books and 200 plans, &c., 1822. +</p> + +<pb n='042'/><anchor id='Pg042'/> + +<p> +5. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Tellus</hi>, or the primitive History of +the Earth and Mankind in Protholia, Oceania +and Neotholia, with the ancient and +modern general ethnography, 30 books, +begun in 1821. +</p> + +<p> +6. Synglosson, or compared examination +of all languages and nations, 6 books, begun +1825. +</p> + +<p> +7. Iconographical Illustrations of all my +historical works and travels, containing +over 1000 maps, plans, views, costumes, +portraits, alphabets, symbols, implements, +&c., in 10 cartoons, begun 1816. +</p> + +<p> +8. Travels in North America, in 1802, +3, 4, and from 1815 to 1835. In many +manuscript books and journals. +</p> + +<p> +I have often been apprehensive of the +fate of Boturini, for these interesting manuscript +and long researches. This has happened +already for one of my manuscripts. +As early as 1825 I sent to the Academy +of Science in Boston, a manuscript of 240 +pages, being an <hi rend='italic'>account of the materials +yet existing for the history of the nations +and tribes of America before Columbus</hi>. +This was for an offered prize of $100: which +was never awarded, although my memoir +was declared the best sent. And instead +of depositing this manuscript in the library +of the American Antiquarian Society as +requested, it has been <emph>lost</emph> or <emph>stolen</emph>. If +never recovered, and that the public may +judge of the merits of it, at such an early +period of my historical studies: I will state +<pb n='043'/><anchor id='Pg043'/> +the principal results of my enquiries therein; +which tenor, together with their length, +were the ostensible reasons for not awarding +a prize probably never meant to be +awarded. +</p> + +<p> +I therein proved in 1825, 1st. that there +are yet materials enough, notwithstanding +the loss of many, for an ancient history of +America. +</p> + +<p> +2. That a complete American history +ought to employ and combine all the materials +afforded by geology, geography, +physics, chronology, physiology, ethnology, +archeology, philology, on America, with all +the traditions of the Americans. +</p> + +<p> +3. Geology and physical geography indicates +the cradles and ancient settlements +of mankind, the revolutions of nature, the +places unfit for population, the means of +access, probable route of colonies, &c. +</p> + +<p> +4. America has an ancient geography previous +to 1492, which ought to be restored. +</p> + +<p> +5. The coincidence of names of nations +and tribes, afford a comparitive concordance, +indicating ancient connections or +identity. +</p> + +<p> +6. The ancient American population, +must have been derived from the nearest +shores of Africa, Europe and Asia. The +points where all the indications and traditions +tend, are the Antilles, next Paria and +Guyana in South America; Anian or Tollan +and Alaska in the N. W with Sucanunga +or Groenland to the N. E. +</p> + +<pb n='044'/><anchor id='Pg044'/> + +<p> +7. The philological solution of historical +affinities must be sought in the roots of +the languages, their conformity or analogies, +the number of similar sounds, roots +and words; which are susceptible of a +mathematical calculation, and referable to +the theory of probabilities. +</p> + +<p> +8. Many primitive nations in all parts of +the earth, may thus be proved to have been +akin or related. +</p> + +<p> +9. Noah's flood was nearly general; but +perhaps not universal. His ark or THBE +was perhaps Thibet: and his 3 sons 3 nations +saved there. +</p> + +<p> +10. It has been proved that all the antidiluvian +patriarchs were Nations, their long +ages being the duration of dynasties or +states. This opinion may also be entertained +of many other ancient patriarchs or +heads of tribes, every where, by the usual +figure of personification. +</p> + +<p> +11. Peleg's flood was volcanic, not so +general as Noah's. There may have been +many successive cataclysms blended in this, +as this has been often mistaken in date for +Noah's. +</p> + +<p> +12. The cradle of the Tulans or Mexican +nations, must have been the Tulan of Asia, +since Turan and Tartary. There are many +places called Tula, all over the earth, indicating +settlements of Atlantes. +</p> + +<p> +13. The ancient chronology of America +may be restored. Several dates given, a +system proposed. +</p> + +<pb n='045'/><anchor id='Pg045'/> + +<p> +14. All the races and complexions of +mankind are found in America. +</p> + +<p> +15. America was known to the ancient +nations, particularly the Atlantes, Pelagians, +Phenicians, &c. +</p> + +<p> +16. Some highlands of America were +not covered at Noah's flood, and might become +the azylums of men, animals, and +vegetation. However, but few nations can +be traced to these azylums in America. +</p> + +<p> +17. The ancient monuments of both +Americas, are similar to the primitive +monuments of Asia, Africa and Europe. +</p> + +<p> +18. The ancient inscriptions of America +can be explained. A key may be found +for all: some are evidently pelagic. +</p> + +<p> +19. The religions of the Americans, were +similar to the primitive religions of the +eastern hemisphere. +</p> + +<p> +20. The manners and customs, of the +Americans, are very various, and form no +peculiar test. +</p> + +<p> +21. Many American nations were highly +civilized, besides the Mexicans and Peruvians: +skilful in agriculture, and the arts, +having cattle, colleges, &c. +</p> + +<p> +My reward for having ascertained and +proved those facts, was to be denied the +prize, and to have my manuscript mislaid +or lost or stolen! My historical researches +ever since have continued to confirm nearly +all these facts.<note place='foot'>In 1824, I published my first essay +on American history, a pamphlet on the +<hi rend='italic'>Ancient History of Kentucky</hi>, or Central +North America, before 1770. Although +it was a mere rude sketch, it contains +many important historical facts. I was +too little advanced then in philological +studies, to give it their support, and many +of my surmises must be rectified by it. +My late researches have also greatly impaired +the general belief of the Tartarian +origin, and western route of the Mexican +nations.</note> +</p> + +<p> +2. <hi rend='italic'>Documents and monuments.</hi> The +historical titles and proofs, inscriptions, +<pb n='046'/><anchor id='Pg046'/> +medals, coins, charters, &c., which are so +common elsewhere, are but few as yet, in +America, belonging to early times: most +belong to modern history. +</p> + +<p> +There are some ancient inscriptions scattered +in South America; but not yet published. +Molina speaks of one on a pyramid +of Cuyo, which late travellers have not +found. Those of Otolum near Palenqué +in Central America begin to excite great +attention; and I have sought a key for +them.<note place='foot'>I published this presumed key in +1832 in my Atlantic Journal; but many +accurate comparisons are yet required to +confirm my surmises, although the Lybian +analogies are evident.</note> +</p> + +<p> +Ancient metallic coins and medals, really +Americans, are exceedingly scarce: yet +there are some in Central America. Several +medals, perhaps foreign and indicating +a communication, have been found, but +again lost or neglected; few have been +figured or explained. +</p> + +<p> +Implements, tools, sculptures, objects of +arts, pottery, weapons, &c. of the ancient +Americans are found in all the museums; +but excite little attention, by not being +concentrated, accumulated nor classified. +Many fine specimens of arts have been +melted, or broken and lost. The astronomical +stones of the Mexicans and Muyzcas +have been preserved; but those of Peru +and Central America are lost; as well as +that beautiful one of the Talegas of North +America, a dodecagone, with 144 hieroglyphic +signs, found in the Ohio, and once +kept in a museum of Philadelphia. +</p> + +<p> +The ancient monuments of both Americas, +<pb n='047'/><anchor id='Pg047'/> +are very numerous, indicating a dense +population in places since become wild and +desolate, as in North America, Guyana, +Brazil, &c. They are most numerous in +the central parts of both Americas, and +lessen towards both ends. Yet they are +met from lat. 45 N. to 45 S. They are +very variable in different parts; by no +means identic, indicating different builders +or many degrees of civilization, from the +rudest arts to the most refined: employing +many materials, earth, clay, gravel, stone, +wood, unbaked bricks; being either irregular +cyclopian structures, or regular buildings +of rough or cut stones, <foreign rend='italic'>pizé</foreign> or beaten +clay, &c. +</p> + +<p> +We do not know as yet one half of those +in existence, and many have never been +described nor figured. Yet they afford +every where, one of the most evident and +certain base of historical researches, confirming +traditions, or revealing the seats of +former empires, their civilization, &c. +They consist chiefly in mounds, altars, +tumuli or tombs, ruined cities, villages and +forts, temples and dwellings; but we find +besides in various places, traces of ancient +palaces, bridges, roads, causeways, canals, +mines, dromes, baths, pyramids, towers, +pillars, rocking stones, walls, wells, pits &c. +They generally resemble the primitive +monuments of the same kind, met with in +the eastern hemisphere, from England and +Ireland to Mauritania and Africa, extending +<pb n='048'/><anchor id='Pg048'/> +east to Lybia, Syria, Russia, Persia, +Tartary, &c. They have less resemblance +with the monuments of Egypt, Greece, +Rome, India and China; yet some kinds +somewhat assimilate. In fact, there are, +throughout both Americas, three very distinct +classes of monuments, indicating distinct +arts and architecture. +</p> + +<p> +The first or rudest, assimilate nearly to +those yet used by the rudest tribes in the +north or in Brazil, Antilles, &c., indicating +a similar barbarous state. +</p> + +<p> +The second or primitive, is known by +using wood and earth instead of stones for +buildings. +</p> + +<p> +The third or most refined, employed +stones, often well cut as in Mexico, Central +America, Peru, &c., and indicates arts +nearly equal to those of Egypt and India. +</p> + +<p> +Besides such great monumental remains; +there are lesser antiquities; fragments of +sculpture, statues, idols, painting, Mosaic, +&c., either in metals, stones, pottery, beads, +&c., found every where mixed with the +others. +</p> + +<p> +But the most singular and dubious relics +of antiquity, are subteraneous or in excavations: +these are in caves, mines, pits, &c.: +while under ground are found trees, stumps, +charcoal, ashes, shells, pavements, walls, +houses, &c. that must have been buried by +alluvions, diluvions or new formed soil. It +has been surmised or ascertained that some +may be antidiluvian: although those in +<pb n='049'/><anchor id='Pg049'/> +deep alluvial soils, near streams, and connected +with graves, may have been buried +by men, or fluvial inundations. Mummies, +skeletons and bones, with human apparel +and implements have been found in caves, +evidently buried there by human means, +and not by floods. Human remains are but +seldom if ever connected with the organic +remains of the soil and caves, even of the +latest geological date. +</p> + +<p> +3. <hi rend='italic'>Geography, Maps, &c.</hi> The knowledge +of the regions and localities inhabited +by mankind, or where colonies are sent, +empires founded, is needful to history, in +order to understand and treat the events +and migrations. The physical configuration +of the land, the climates, plains, mountains +and streams, have a great influence +on civilization and communications. Physical +geography is constant and invariable: +while civil or ethnographical geography is +constantly fluctuating in limits and names. +</p> + +<p> +If we had complete series of maps by +chronological order upon America; we +should find therein the materials for a comparative +historical geography, and successive +ethnography, showing the gradual revolutions +of mankind. The old maps of +America, those of Laet, the old geographers +&c. are very valuable for this object. +Many travellers in America, have given +original maps, which furnish similar materials. +I have chiefly used for Peru and +Austral America, the maps of Laet, Acarete, +<pb n='050'/><anchor id='Pg050'/> +D'Anville, Molina, Falkner, Cochrane, +Wedel, the Jesuits, &c. Among the modern +general maps, relating to South America, +the Spanish maps of 1810 and 1822, the +English of 1815, the French of 1830, the +latest American of Tanner, &c. By those +materials I have been able to trace and fix +four periods of American geography, 2 ancient +and 2 modern. +</p> + +<p> +I. Primitive geography of America. +</p> + +<p> +II. Ancient ditto, or between 1400 and +1500. +</p> + +<p> +III. Modern colonial geography. +</p> + +<p> +IV. Modern independent geography. +</p> + +<p> +I have formed Mpt. maps of the two +first periods, which shall be published gradually, +or in my Illustrations of the Ancient +Geography of America. We have thousands +of maps on the early geography of +the Eastern Hemisphere, and no one as yet +on the Western Hemisphere! to show the +respective limits and positions of Ancient +Empires, Nations, Cities, &c., except Clavigero's +map of Anahuac at the Spanish +conquest, those of Hayti, Laet, &.c. +</p> + +<p> +We have the plans of Ancient Mexico +and Cuzco; but lack those of Tiahuanaco, +Otolum, and many more important for ancient +history. Several plans of ancient +sites of civilization have been given, along +with those of monuments. I have many +in Mpt. yet unpublished. The greatest +part of modern cities, are built on ancient +sites, from Mexico to Chili. In North +<pb n='051'/><anchor id='Pg051'/> +America, the same happens with Cincinnati, +Louisville, Pittsburg, St. Louis, Philadelphia, +Savannah, &c. The views of ruined +cities, and those of actual cities, are partly +historical, connected with the knowledge +of gradual American civilization. +</p> + +<p> +Many ancient names of islands, lakes, +streams and mountains, are preserved in +actual names. Such are Cuba, Hayti—Ontario, +Erie, Titicaca—Ohio, Alatamaha, +Maranon, Parana, Rivers.—Alleghanies, +Andes, Parima, Mountains, &c. When +the names have been changed, it is the duty +of the historical geographer to compare +the old and new names. +</p> + +<p> +The Mexicans and other civilized ancient +nations, could draw and paint maps. Even +our North American tribes can draw rude +maps on skins or bark. Some of these are +preserved in museums; but none have ever +been published: although some are pretty +correct and deserving it. +</p> + +<p> +4. <hi rend='italic'>Natural Sciences.</hi> They are now +becoming sisters of history. Geology is +connected with geography. Botany and +Zoology, acquaint us with trees, plants and +animals, which were used in the arts and +agriculture at different periods. The Asiatic +origin of maize, called <foreign rend='italic'>maza</foreign> by Hesiod +and known to the Pelagians (Hughes +Greece,) has been unperceived by Humboldt +and many others, although it throws +some light on the early migrations and +<pb n='052'/><anchor id='Pg052'/> +communications of tribes. Maize was cultivated +in Assyria, West Tartary, North +Africa and Java, before 1492, as asserted +by Marco Polo, Crawford, Raffles. Gebelin, +&c.<note place='foot'>In Hughes' Travels in Sicily, Greece +and Albania in 1813-14, published 1820, +we find this fact about Hesiod's mention of +maize, used by the poor in mush and cakes +by the early Greeks: the modern Greeks +call it <foreign rend='italic'>Arabo-sité</foreign>, Arabic corn, in Italy it +is called <foreign rend='italic'>Grano-turco</foreign>, or Turkish-corn: +having reached Greece and Italy through +the Arabs, and not from America. It has +been cultivated in Java, Central Africa, +Soudan, &c. from time immemorial, having +native names in the Negro languages. Gebelin +thinks it was known in Assyria. Polo +found it in Tartary in the 13th century. +Frazer lately saw it almost wild in the +Imalaya mts.: it has never been found +quite wild in America.</note> +</p> + +<p> +America had anciently several cereal +plants, besides maize, two kinds of indigenous +wheat and barley in Chili. The +Quinoa and Zizania, the rice of South and +North America. Many roots, beans, seeds, +fruits and flowers, were cultivated from +Canada to Chili. Native dies were abundant, +the indigo and annato were natives. +Red and yellow cochineal were nursed and +collected. Many peculiar kinds of cotton, +silks, hemp, flax, agave, palm, &c., were +cultivated or collected to use for cloths, +threads, ropes, &c. +</p> + +<p> +Paleontology, a new science, seeks for +the remains of animals dwelling on earth, +before mankind. America has already +afforded the huge mastodons, elephants, +megatherium, megalonyx, as primitive land +animals, and many large reptiles, crocodiles +of streams and lakes. +</p> + +<p> +American Zoology is very peculiar: a +few arctic quadrupeds, birds and insects excepted; +all the animals of this hemisphere +are peculiar to it. Reptiles almost entirely +such, even in the North. All the American +monkeys form distinct species. The tropical +animals of the two hemispheres are +distinct, even often in genera. Out of 33 +<pb n='053'/><anchor id='Pg053'/> +quadrupeds formerly domesticated in America, +the dog only may be deemed a stranger: +and it had even many American varieties. +</p> + +<p> +The domestic quadrupeds of ancient +America were 33, while only 25 in Asia, +Africa and Europe. Among them were 4 +species of Vicunia, 4 of Agutis, 2 deer, +2 hogs, 10 monkeys, &c. See my dissertation +on the domestic animals of both hemispheres, +1832. Americans had also tamed +22 birds or fowls, as many as Asia, &c., and +even some reptiles, fishes, insects, &c., had +become domestic: altogether 112 in America +and only 80 in Europe, Asia, &c., before +1492. +</p> + +<p> +American botany offers many peculiar +regions; in the North only, akin to Asiatic +or European botany; but becoming quite +distinct in the tropics, still more so in Austral +America. Since 1492 the European +colonists have brought many plants, that +are become spontaneous from Canada to +Chili: these must be carefully separated +from the ancient indigenous plants. +</p> + +<p> +The American Floras are nearly as many +as the 15 natural regions already indicated, +each having a focal seat or cradle in some +range of mountains. They become richer +or more abundant in species within the +tropics, decreasing to the North and South. +Trees and palm abound there, and disappear +near the poles, the palms are unknown +beyond the 36 degrees North and South. +The equator has 500 species of trees; in +<pb n='054'/><anchor id='Pg054'/> +latitude 40 N. and S. only 100 kinds are +found, or even less. Social plants and +grasses abound in plains, and in the North +dwindle to mosses and lichens. +</p> + +<p> +Trees were early tools of civilization, +affording timber, fuel, dies, houses, boats, +weapons, &c. Fruit trees afforded food in +abundance: even the tribes of North America +near latitude 40 d. had 40 kinds of native +wild fruits, and had begun to plant +orchards of plumtrees, peachtrees, crab-trees, +nut-trees. They knew how to make +oils of nuts, to dry the fruits, make sugars +out of maples and other trees. +</p> + +<p> +Fish has always afforded an ample supply +of food to early nations, whence the +preference to dwell near streams, Lakes +and shores. Notwithstanding the swimming +rambles of fishes, it is only the pelagic or +oceanic tribes of them that are common to +both hemispheres. Most of the resident +shore fishes of America are peculiar species. +Still more so with lacustral and fluviatile +fishes. These are divided into peculiar +regions. Our northern lakes form one; and +almost every large stream has a peculiar +generation of finny tribes: such are the +Mississippi, Maranon, Parana, the Atlantic +streams and rivers, those of Brazil, &c. +</p> + +<p> +Minerals abound in both Americas. It +was gold and silver that drew hither the +greedy Spanish freebooters. The civilized +nations knew mining, smelting, casting and +forging. They used gold, silver, copper, +<pb n='055'/><anchor id='Pg055'/> +brass, lead, &c.; collected and prized gems, +emeralds, agats, volcanic glass, &c. Even +the less civilized tribes of North America +used copper and lead, clays for pipes, pottery, +&c. Iron was scarce because so hard +to melt, and highly prized; but iron-rings +have been found as jewels around the wrists +of skeletons. +</p> + +<p> +Metallic coins were little known except +in Central America; but bits of silver, gold, +tin, iron, were used as such. The other +mediums of exchange were skins, mats, +nuts, cacao, shells, beads, mosaic works, +&c. Commerce was well known to many +nations; traders went 500 miles to exchange +commodities in Florida, Mexico, Yucatan, +Peru, &c. Navigators went by sea for the +same purpose all over the Antilles, coast +of Peru, and in the great streams. It is +thus that were found many strange and +foreign objects, jewels, medals, metals, &c., +all over America, and in early tombs. +</p> + +<p> +5. <hi rend='italic'>Ethnography.</hi> This new science +which undertakes to describe nations, +reckons already many peculiar branches. +Anthropography or the knowledge of physical +mankind. Philology or the comparative +study of human speech and languages. +Besides the nameless branch attending to +the moral ideas, arts, institutions, manners, +civilization, governments and religions of +mankind; which might be called moral +ethnography. +</p> + +<p> +All these studies become the philosophy +<pb n='056'/><anchor id='Pg056'/> +of history, and shall duly command my +attention. Some writers neglect them +altogether; others, like Robertson, do not +know how to collect and accumulate facts +instead of systems: Rollin has shown in +his Ancient History, how useful moral +ethnography may be as an auxiliary: although +he omitted philology and physical +facts. +</p> + +<p> +I have studied the men of all the parts +of the world, in order to know and compare +them, better than had been done. +All the errors on the histories of nations, +proceed commonly from the slender or +partial views acquired or admitted by the +writers. There is much to glean on the +ethnography of modern nations, and therefrom +we may ascend to ancient ethnography. +It would be needful to study well the +physical and moral features of all; the +shapes of bodies, skulls, faces and limbs; +the complexions of the skin, hairs and eyes; +with the casual or permanent varieties. +</p> + +<p> +But, above all, we must better study all +the spoken languages and dialects. It is +strange that we hardly know anything, and +sometimes nothing at all, on the languages +of many existing tribes, with whom we have +intercourse in both Americas. It would +be desirable to procure at least a vocabulary +of 100 essential words, in each. Such +words, including the cardinal numbers, will +soon become the key of ethnographical +philology. While the additional study of +<pb n='057'/><anchor id='Pg057'/> +phonology or sounds of languages, their +idioms and grammars, their roots, and +verbs, the alphabets, glyphs and symbols +used to communicate ideas, will combine +to furnish the complete knowledge of philology +as a separate science. Although +I have not always carried so far my researches; +I did so for a few, applying +chiefly myself to the essential features of +languages; and the unexpected results will +be surprising. +</p> + +<p> +American anthropography will teach +that there were men of all sizes, features +and complexions, in this hemisphere before +1492: notwithstanding the false assertions +of many writers, who take one nation +for the whole American group. The +Uskihs, the Puruays, the Parias, the Chons, +&c. were as white as the Spaniards, 50 +such tribes were found in South America; +while many tribes of Choco, the Manabis, +the Yaruras, &c., were as black as negroes. +All the other shades of brown, tawny and +coppery, were scattered every where. +There was not a single red man in America, +unless painted such. Some tribes +had scanty beards as the Tartars, Chinese, +Berbers, &c., others bushy beards. +The Tinguis or Patagons were 7 or 8 feet +high, and the Guaymas only 4 or 5 feet. +</p> + +<p> +6. <hi rend='italic'>Traditions and Annals.</hi> Many +American nations preserve a memory of +historical events by unwritten traditions, +repeated from fathers to sons; or communicated +<pb n='058'/><anchor id='Pg058'/> +orally by the priests, chiefs or +elderly men. Many are preserved yet to +this day, by frequent repetitions, being +embodied in songs, hymns, maxims, tales, +drawings, or even symbolic figures and +signs. Many of those traditions are precious +for history, notwithstanding the fables, +allegories, metaphors, personifications, +&c., which partly conceal them or render +the meaning obscure. We must learn to +decipher them as we do old inscriptions +and medals. +</p> + +<p> +Although many such are now nearly lost +for us, by the extinction of the living books, +who kept the remembrance: there are +many already collected, and of which we +ought to make a good use. But there are +as many more, which have never been +collected nor printed. I have collected +many such in North America in manuscript. +It often happens that the American +tribes will not communicate them to their +foes or oppressors; but their friends and +allies may hope to receive the deposit of +them. Every enlightened traveller ought +to seek for them wherever he goes. Yet +after being acquired, they are sometimes +lost again, by neglect. I have known some +learned and unlearned men despise them +equally as <hi rend='italic'>Indian Stories</hi>, because they +despise the ancient American race. There +are, however, as yet many historical songs, +poems and tales to collect among all the +American tribes, which falling in good +<pb n='059'/><anchor id='Pg059'/> +hands cannot fail to attract notice and be +employed usefully. Every one who neglects +or destroys them acts as a vandal. +Malcolm has said at the outset of his history +of Persia, that we ought never to +neglect the original notions of a people on +its origin, or early history, since therein is +found the germ and spring of their subsequent +conduct, actions and opinions. +</p> + +<p> +My illustrations shall contain many unpublished +or forgotten traditions, whereof +I shall avail myself in all my historical +annals and researches. I consider those +of the Uskihs, Dinnis, Ongwis, Linapis, +Shawanis, Cados, Natchez, Ozages, Atakapas, +Apalachians, &c., as highly important +for the annals of North America. The +same may be said of the Mexicans, Zapotecas, +Mayas, Toltecas, Chols, &c., for +Central America. Of the Haytians, Cubans +and Caribs for the Antilles. And in +South America those of the Muyzcas, +Cumanans, Tamanacs, Popayans, Peruvians, +Chilians, Brazilians, Abipons, &c. +</p> + +<p> +7. <hi rend='italic'>Chronology and Astronomy.</hi> These +two sciences always go together, and form +a double key of history. The American +chronology is by no means fixed before +1492, and requires a skillful hand to preserve +and compare all the heterogenous +dates heretofore collected. I shall attempt +to elucidate it gradually; but may often be +compelled, as in geology, to relate only +successive events without dates, and merely +<pb n='060'/><anchor id='Pg060'/> +referred to a series of gradual facts. In +Austral America, we are told that none +had notions of astronomy and dates, except +the Chilians; yet their chronology begins only +in 1450. I doubt this: I rather believe +that their oral traditions have been +neglected, as well as those of their neighbours. +</p> + +<p> +In Peru, there are many positive dates, +yet I was the first to reduce them to chronological +order. In Brazil and Guyana, +but few dates are found. The Muyzcas +had very early dates, yet few have been +preserved; much obscured by personifications +of dynasties, and Pietrahita begins +their real annals only in 1490, or 45 years +before the Spanish invasion. In the Antilles +the dates are quite loose, and difficult to +reduce even to a serial order. +</p> + +<p> +But in Central and Mexican America, +we find many early dates with a regular +chronology. Yet some are extravagant or +contradictory. I shall endeavour to elucidate +them, so as to reduce the whole to +order. They must form the base of a +regular American chronology, that ascends +by dates to the flood and creation. In +Yucatan the first regular date only reach +to 940 after Christ. +</p> + +<p> +In North America, where the smallest +number of dates existed; we have unexpectedly +and quite lately, found that many +ancient dates could be procured. Cusick +has published those of the Ongwi traditions, +<pb n='061'/><anchor id='Pg061'/> +and I have ascertained those of the Linapis. +Both of which reach to the flood and +creation, and afford series of available +dates as early as 1600 years before our +era; thus nearly as ample as those of the +TOL-tecas, and as plain in some instances. +</p> + +<p> +Astronomy was cultivated by all the civilized +nations of ancient America. They +had cycles of 144, 104, 60, 52, 20, 15 and +13 solar years. Humboldt has well written +on that subject; but much remains to +be gleaned. The northern tribes reckon +by generations as the Greeks, the Polynesians, +&c., and by winters instead of years, +moons instead of solar months. They had +also a cycle of 60 years. In Central America, +&c. the months were of 20 days, +including 4 weeks of 5 days. But the Peruvians +had months of 27 days, or 3 weeks +of 9 days as the Etruscans. The Muyzcas +small weeks of 3 days, &c. No where in +ancient America, was found the sabatical +week of days, based on the 7 planets and +the 4 quarters of a lunation. This is remarkable, +as evincing a remote antiquity, +and separation before this week was adopted +in Egypt, India, Syria, Celtica, &c. +</p> + +<p> +Until 120 years before Christ the TOL-tecas +reckoned only 365 days in the solar +year, as the primitive nations of Asia: then +they added the hours to the year. This +forms their astronomical era. The Muyzcas +had a very complicated astronomy, and +three kinds of years. The usual was of 20 +<pb n='062'/><anchor id='Pg062'/> +moons, and the ecclesiastical of 37 moons. +The horal division unknown in many parts of +America, was of 4 hours in the day for the +Muyzcas and Mexicans, elsewhere of 5, 10 +and 20. The 24 hours and the Zodiac of +12 signs with 360 degrees were not known. +The Mexican Zodiac had 13 signs and +104 degrees. +</p> + +<p> +Arithmetic is intimately connected with +astronomy. A complete decimal numeration +was known to all the civilized American +nations, and even to the northern tribes. +The most rude tribes reckoned by 5 or the +manual mode; there are traces also of a +binary numeration, the most simple of all: +while others had complex calculations by +13 and by 20 or scores. We find no trace +of any by 7, and but slight indications of a +ternary numeration by 3 and 9. All these +American modes of reckoning may thus be +reduced to the <emph>binary</emph>, by two or pairs; +and the quinary or manual by the five fingers, +of which the decimal is the double, +and by 20 the quadruple. +</p> + +<p> +8. <hi rend='italic'>Languages.</hi> They are becoming one +of the most important aids in history. When +the annals are ample and clear, the examination +of the languages is merely a supplement +to historical knowledge; but when +they are obscure, mutilated or totally lost; +languages then supply more or less to their +defects or loss. Their comparative study +furnish us new lights to ascertain the origines, +parentage, dispersions, colonies, alliances, +<pb n='063'/><anchor id='Pg063'/> +wars, &c., of the nations thus deprived +of written annals or even traditions. +They serve also to rectify the imperfect +annals or the fabulous traditions. This +study may lead besides to trace the manners, +religions, intercourse, arts and sciences +of nearly all nations; since the proper +languages of each people offers a picture +of the civilization, acquired or borrowed +knowledge, modes of life, &c. of each. +</p> + +<p> +It is above all in both Americas that this +study is indispensable in historical researches: +I will therefore apply to languages +in all cases, and make constant use of them; +and they will unfold new facts quite unknown, +although very important, Historical +lights shall thereby be thrown on many +obscure subjects, whence astonishing and +unexpected results may spring, in which I +shall depend as much as upon mutilated and +neglectful traditions. +</p> + +<p> +By taking into view all the American +languages or as many as are already known, +we shall easily dispel the errors and absurd +systems of philosophers and philologists, +who taking only a few as samples of the +whole, have either deemed <emph>all the Americans</emph>, +as many Jews, or Tartars, or Atlantes, +or sprung from the ground, and so on. +Now the fact is that these writers have never +taken the trouble to compare the numerous +American languages and dialects, reduce +them to groups, and seek their affinities +elsewhere. +</p> + +<pb n='064'/><anchor id='Pg064'/> + +<p> +Adelung and Vater had once stated without +proof, that nearly 1200 languages existed +in America. Balbi has reduced them +to 423, of which 212 in South America; +but they can be much further reduced, most +of them being mere dialects. The whole +may be comprised in 25 groups of languages, +or even less; which were certainly +identic in 25 languages 2 or 3000 years ago: +and all of which have astonishing affinities +with the groups of the eastern hemisphere, +so as to indicate a parentage 4 or 5000 +years ago. +</p> + +<p> +Vater and Maltebrun have given a few +hundred examples of such analogies: and +the systematic writers have supposed that +they had exhausted the comparisons. Yet +a single language, the Chilian, has by itself +more affinities with the languages of Europe, +than all those mentioned by Vater and +others, put together! The foreign or transatlantic +affinities of American languages, +vary from 10 to 70 per cent, according to +the nations. If we suppose that there are +400 languages in America, and as many in +the eastern hemisphere, and each to have +about 2000 roots or essential words only; +while the mean affinities are only 25 per +cent: we shall find as many as 200,000 +affinities! out of America, in every American +language; and in all the 400, as many +as 80 millions! instead of the paltry reckoning +of 1000 or so. All this is susceptible +<pb n='065'/><anchor id='Pg065'/> +of mathematical proofs, and shall be +unfolded gradually in these pages. +</p> + +<p> +The theory about the common exclusive +grammatical structure of all the American +languages, is equally erroneous and based +upon partial facts. Instead of all the +American languages being polysynthetic by +amalgamating words, we find in America +many mixt forms, and even the pure monosylabic: +while the amalgamation of words +prevails more or less in Europe and Africa; +chiefly in the Bask, Italian dialects, Greek, +Berber and other Atlantic dialects, the +Negro languages, those of Caffraria, the +Sanscrit and all the derived languages. +</p> + +<p> +It had been asserted that no American +language was monosylabic: yet Balbi states +that the Guarani and Maya are such; Nasera +has lately proved the same of the +Othomi. Thus we have at least 3 such +American groups of languages. But there +are more; nay many American languages +have monosylabic roots, even among the +most amalgamated groups. +</p> + +<p> +The most obvious grammatical classification +of American languages, has escaped +the acuteness of philologists. I find it in the +epithetic structure, or relative position of +ideas. Under this view all the languages +arrange themselves in three great classes +or groups. 1. Regular, 2. Resupinate, +3. Mixt. +</p> + +<p> +1. <hi rend='italic'>The Regular</hi> is the most simple and +natural form: where the roots or nouns are +<pb n='066'/><anchor id='Pg066'/> +prefixed, and the adjuncts or adjectives, +expressing epithetes or qualities follow or +are added. This group includes in the +Eastern Continent 1. All the Semetic languages, +Arabic, Hebrew, &c. 2. All the +Atlantic and Egyptian languages. 3. All +the Celtic and Cantabrian languages. 4. +All the Polynesian and Malay languages. +5. The Bhotiya and many languages of +Thibet. 6. Most of the Negro languages. +7. Yakut of Siberia, &c. +</p> + +<p> +In America this group includes my groups +1. Innuit or Uski. 2. Ongwi. 3. Capaha. +4. Chactah. 5. All the languages related +thereto in North-west America, the Kaluchi, +Mandan, &c. 6. All the Guarani +languages of South America, and perhaps +many others, Mayna, Mobima, &c. +</p> + +<p> +2. <hi rend='italic'>The Resupinate or Reflexed Group</hi>: +where the roots or nouns substantive are +reversed, following the adjective or epithetes, +which are prefixed. This second +mode of uniting ideas prevails 1. In all the +languages of China and Tartary. 2. In +all the Teutonic languages German, Swede, +English. 3. In most of the Thracian, Illyrian, +Greek and Slavonic languages. 4. +In all the Turkish languages of Turan, +Bokhara, Turkey. 5. The Newari of Imalaya. +6. The Qua or Hottentot of South +Africa. +</p> + +<p> +In America, it is the most prevailing form, +found in my groups 1. Linni or Linapis. +2. Otali or Cheroki. 3. In all the Mexican +<pb n='067'/><anchor id='Pg067'/> +and Othomi languages. 4. Chontal. +5. Skereh or Pani and Shoshoni, of North +America,—and in South America. 6. Chili. +7. Yarura. 8. Mbaya and probably many +more: although hardly indicated by the +philologists. +</p> + +<p> +3. <hi rend='italic'>Mixt Form</hi>, which employs or adopts +more or less the two former modes; although +there is always a prevailing form, that indicates +the original mode of uniting ideas. +This mixt form appears 1. In the Sanscrit +and all derived languages. 2. In the Zend +and Persian languages of Iran. 3. In the +Pelagic and Italic languages, the Latin, +Italian, French, Spanish, Greek. 4. The +Japanese, &c. +</p> + +<p> +While in America it is found 1. In the +Aruac languages. 2. The Muyzca. 3. The +Peruvian languages, &c. of South America, +and in North America. 4. The Atalan. +5. Mizteca. 6. Opata, and probably some +others. +</p> + +<p> +This comparative classification of languages, +will greatly help future investigations. +It will show the improbability of the +two opposite modes of annexing ideas having +been entertained, by the same people at +any time; while the mixt form evinces amalgamations +of ancient nations. We have +thus acquired another clue to trace primitive +connections, another available mean +to pursue the human steps on earth. +</p> + +<p> +9. <hi rend='italic'>Religions and Mythologies.</hi> The +human opinions on the past and future form +<pb n='068'/><anchor id='Pg068'/> +every where ample themes of thoughts and +actions. From revelations, inspirations, +oracles, wisdom and priestcraft comingled, +have arisen all the worships, and rites, dogmas +and creeds, swaying the human mind, +through hope or fear, love or hatred. The +history of religious ideas, is in fact the history +of civilization, since they have sprung +together in social men. Nearly all the religions +of Asia (which from hence have +spread throughout the earth along with +mankind) were found in America: except +the modern creeds. But the traces of Judaism +and Budhism were very faint and +local. Mahometism was unknown, Braminism +hardly known. Christianity or some +of its rites are traced to Yucatan only, and +may arise from other sources. The most +prevailing worships were the primitive Sabeism, +Solar worship, Polytheism, Dualism +or Manicheism, Shamanism or worship of +Spirits, Idolatry, and Fetichism or animal +worship. We find throughout America +many modifications of these creeds: with +several complex mythologies, more or less +analogous to eastern dogmas. +</p> + +<p> +The investigation of these American religions +affords not only an insight into the +ancient civilization, but many proofs of ancient +communications with Asia or Africa. +Throughout North America the Dualism, +mythologies and fabulous traditions point to +a connexion with Tartary. In Florida, +Mexico and Yucatan, begin to appear the +<pb n='069'/><anchor id='Pg069'/> +Solar worship, and a cruel idolatry foreign +to it. This Solar worship appears in a +purer form in North America, as far as Peru. +While in the Antilles, Guyana, Brazil and +Chili, prevailed several worships of heavenly +and terrestial spirits; somewhat akin to +the primitive idolatry of Africa, Europe, +Iran, India, China and Polynesia. +</p> + +<p> +American religions admitted, like many +others, of Priests, oracles, temples, shrines, +pilgrimages, holy places, sacrifices, expiations, +confessions, offerings, hymns, veneration +for animals, men and stars. Idols +painted or sculptured in wood, pottery, +stone, metals, &c.; bloody rites by human +sacrifices, scarifications, circumscision, &c. +But none of these practices were general, +some were quite local and circumscribed. +Thus circumscision was only used by the +Mayas of Yucatan, the Calchaquis of Tucuman, +&c. Traces of a triple god or +Indian Trimurti have been met from Ohio +to Peru; but it was no where the prevailing +religion. As the same idea was found +among the Celts and Polynesians, it may +have come by the east rather than Polynesia +in the west. +</p> + +<p> +10. <hi rend='italic'>Civilization and Manners.</hi> This +completes the history of all nations. When +their annals are well known, it becomes a +very proper appendix to them; when they +are not, it is a very needful supplement to +the traditions, &c. But we must not make +any history consist merely in such an account, +<pb n='070'/><anchor id='Pg070'/> +as often done by negligent writers. +The manners and customs of every people, +are so fluctuating, liable to be changed, or +improved by civilization, imitation, arts and +sciences, &c.; that they cannot afford any +test of connections. They are often borrowed, +from neighbors or strangers, disused +after awhile by whims or wars, invented to +suit the climate and productions it may +afford. We have positive proofs that the +Europeans have since 1492 greatly modified +the customs of all the tribes they conquered +or visited. This must have happened formerly +also, by other visits or communications. +Yet, notwithstanding the uncertainty +of the origin and duration of the primitive +American customs, they must be studied, +as one of the sources and objects of history. +</p> + +<p> +We find, in ancient America, nearly all +the forms of social civilization and manners +of the east. But the Nomadic life with +camels, oxen and sheep, was unknown, as +well as those animals. The American +cattle or lamas, &c. of South America, +hogs of Coriana, dogs and rabbits of +Mexico, deers of Florida, buffalos of Taos, +were kept by sedentary civilized tribes. +The Nomadic wandering tribes of America +were chiefly hunters and fishermen: scattered +around the agricultural nations, +spreading from Canada to Chili. +</p> + +<p> +All the kinds of governments were known +in America: Theocracy, despotism, monarchy, +oligarchy, and democracy. But +<pb n='071'/><anchor id='Pg071'/> +the most prevailing were theocracy among +the civilized nations, oligarchy among the +barbarous nations: with two peculiar modifications, +of double kings as among Arabs, +civil and military; and chiefs of families +or tribes, as among all primitive nations. +Queens were known to but few tribes, although +the female line was often hereditary. +Written laws and codes were known to the +Tol-tecas, Mexicans, Mayans, Muyzcas, +Panos, Peruvians, &c. Oral laws were +elsewhere preserved by priests or magistrates. +</p> + +<p> +Polygamy prevailed among some tribes +or castes, but was not universal. The 4 +castes of Indians are distinctly found in +nearly all the civilized nations, often modified +into priests, nobles, vassals and slaves. +The arts of music, medicine, smithery, +painting, sculpture, architecture, agriculture, +pottery, &c., were well known to +nearly all. The sciences of geometry, +geography, botany, astronomy, &c., were +cultivated from Mexico to Peru, even +taught in schools and colleges; with the +arts, the laws, the rites, and history of the +country. +</p> + +<p> +Marsden has well distinguished several +degrees of civilization in Asia. If no American +nation had reached the Greeks and +Romans, or our modern polished and improved +civilization; it is not extraordinary. +But the Peruvians, Muyzcas, Tol-tecas, +Mexicans, Talascas, &c., were nearly +<pb n='072'/><anchor id='Pg072'/> +equal to the Chinese, Egyptians and Hindus +in civilization; not far removed from +the European civilization of the 15th century: +nay, in some things superior. The +second degree of American civilization +found in Chili, Florida, Cumana, the Antilles, +Popayan, the Linapis, Omaguas &c. +was equal to that of the Arabs, Malays, +Celts, Cantabrians, Pelagians, &c. While +the third degree found in all the barbarous +nations, Innuit or Esquimaux, Shoshonis, +Caribs, Brazilians, &c. was not worse +than what we find among the Fins, Laplanders, +Tartars, Sames, Negroes and +Hottentots. +</p> + +<p> +Individual property in land was almost +unknown in America; but feodal and tribal +property well understood. Common property +of tribes and villages over their territories, +was the most usual tenure, modified +by wars, conquests, tributes. Individual +property existed only for tenements and +personal property. Warfares, marriages +and funerals were very different in every +nation. The weapons of war were clubs, +arrows, darts, lances, axes, Macana swords, +Sarbacanes or blowing tubes, slings, nooses, +thronged balls, &c. as elsewhere. There +was a peculiar diplomacy, with heralds, +envoys, messengers. Shields, towers, forts, +walls, ditches, were used for defence, besides +<foreign rend='italic'>Estopils</foreign> a peculiar quilted armor. +Flags, banners, and standards were known. +The calumets, leaves or green feathers, +<pb n='073'/><anchor id='Pg073'/> +council fires, and white flags were emblems +of peace. Alliances and confederations +existed from earliest times, also the adoption +of tribes and prisoners. Slavery was +hardly known; but vassalage much extended +over conquered tribes. +</p> + +<p> +Dresses and ornaments were quite various. +Seal skins used by the Innuit. +Deer skins and furs by the tribes of North +America. In tropical America many +tribes went nearly naked, with a mere +apron or pagne of cotton or grass cloth. +But the civilized nations were decently +clothed with cotton shirts and feather mantles. +The <foreign rend='italic'>Poncho</foreign> is a true American +dress known from Mexico to Chili, hardly +known out of America except Polynesia.<note place='foot'>The +<foreign rend='italic'>Poncho</foreign> is a long strip of cloth, +with a hole in the middle for the head, the +ends hanging before and behind, often fastened +on the sides. It was used by the +ancient Mexicans, the Muyzcas, Peruvians +and Chilians. It has been adopted as quite +convenient by the Spanish colonists, and +is very becoming when ornamented.</note> +</p> + +<p> +Women wore long pagnes or gowns. +They made cloths of lama wool in Peru; +of cotton, hemp, nettles, grass, feathers &c. +there and elsewhere; either twisted, plaited +or woven. The Peruvians and Chilians +had a peculiar loom and plough. Cotton +looms were used in Florida, Mexico, and +all over South America, even by the Caribs +to make hamacs or hanging beds. +Among some nations women had the most +labor to perform; yet even the men assumed +hunting, making canoes, huts, weapons, +&c. More civilized tribes worked +together in the fields: The proud and warlike +employed vassals or slaves. +</p> + +<p> +Painting the body or face, was usual +among many nations, but not general. It +<pb n='074'/><anchor id='Pg074'/> +was useful against heat and flies, or was +used to inspire love or terror. Ornaments +to the head, ears, nose, lips, wrists, legs, +&c., were more or less adopted by men +and women. The hair was usually worn +long; but many tribes cut it in various +ways, as a crown or tuft. The beard even +when scanty was deemed unbecoming by +many tribes, and totally eradicated; but +some tribes wore beards. The head was +often left uncovered; but hats were worn +in the N. W. and Central America, turbans +in Paria and Florida, feather crowns +in the tropics, <foreign rend='italic'>Lautas</foreign> or diadem-bands in +Peru and the Andes. Shoes and gloves +were unknown; but sandals, leggings, leather +clods, and mocassins or slippers of +various substances, commonly used; with +singular snow shoes of bark in winter by +northern tribes. +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='076'/><anchor id='Pg076'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Chapter III.</head> + +<quote rend='display'> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>American Cataclysms</hi> <hi rend='italic'>or Considerations +on the Periods of American Geogony, +Ontogony, Floods, and ancient +population &c. of both Americas.</hi> +</quote> + +<p> +History does not merely consist in accumulating +facts: these constitute the annals +of empires; but the real philosophical history +has a nobler aim. It seeks results, +teaches lessons of wisdom, brands with infamy +the foes of mankind, and inspires +veneration for the benefactors of the human +race. It presents examples worthy to be +followed, and records the crimes to be +avoided. +</p> + +<p> +The several departments of history that +are distinguished as biography, civil and +ecclesiastical annals, moral and physical +surveys of mankind, comparative philology, +archeology, chronology, mythology, &c. +All combine to instruct and amuse, to record +the past and present, and to lead to better +future actions, an improved social order. +The nations often forget the wise lessons of +time and experience; but they are continually +recalled to memory and view by the +historians, who seek the truth, and setting +aside the sway of human passions or national +prejudices, present the faithful mirror +of history to the eyes of posterity. +</p> + +<p> +Such is my aim. American history has +<pb n='077'/><anchor id='Pg077'/> +been so much despised or perverted, that +few lessons, have been drawn from it: yet +it affords ample scope for reflection, study +and admiration. Nearly one half of the +habitable globe, during all the past ages, +cannot fail to offer a variety of subjects, to +draw the attention of philosophy, wisdom +and philanthropy: that mutual benevolence +of mankind, which ought ever to be +felt; but is so often discarded or forgotten +through the contrary tendencies of pride, +lust, cupidity, and all the baneful passions. +</p> + +<p> +The connections of historical facts with +all the sciences, afford another useful theme; +that may vastly increase our comparative +knowledge: much of it has arisen, besides +observation, from accurate comparison, +analysis and generalization, which combine +to give results, enlarging the field and +sphere of human knowledge, in all its +branches. +</p> + +<p> +If we go back, by the help of geology, to +the most remote periods of existence and +life in this hemisphere, we find it like the +remainder of the globe, immersed under +the Ocean. There, in the depths of the +briny waves, the actual rocks now supporting +the dry soil, were formed and matured: +superposed and intermingled by aquatic and +volcanic phenomena and cataclysms, if not +by superadded aerial depositions. Then +were formed the primitive strata of America, +ere life had begun to vivify the waters; +then were cast the Porphyries, Granites, +<pb n='078'/><anchor id='Pg078'/> +Shales, Basalts, and other primitive or volcanic +rocks, that are now chiefly found in +Boreal and Western America, the Andes, +Mts. Parima, and Brazil, the Austral and +Boreal Islands, Hayti and the Antilles. +This was the first period of terrestial Creation. +</p> + +<p> +After this period of unknown length, began +the epocha of aquatic life; when the +breath of GOD, moving on the waters, gave +life and motion to organized aquatic beings; +1. Plants and Fucites, 2. Spongites and Alcyonites, +3. Polyps and corals, 4. Worms +and radials, 5. Sluggs and shells, 6. Mollusca +and Cephalopodes, 7. Trilobites and +Crustacites.... All incipient vegetating +beings, or inferior unbony animals, gradually +evolved and born in the waters of the +Sea.... Followed by the more perfect +vertebrated aquatic animals, 8. Fishes and +Sharks, 9. Snakes and reptiles; lastly, 10. +Seals and whales. Some of which require +shallow water, to dwell and breed.... This +was the second period of American Creation: +<hi rend='italic'>Aquatic life</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +The third epocha is that of the destruction +of aquatic life, by cataclysms and depositions, +submarine volcanic cavernous +eruptions or other causes, throwing suddenly +in a soft, sandy or muddy state, the substances +that have formed the secondary +mountains or strata of psamites, argillites, +calcarites, carbonites, &c., that overwhelmed +the aquatic tribes in their way; +<pb n='079'/><anchor id='Pg079'/> +which becoming therein entombed as living +medals of this globe, declare to us these +mighty successive cataclysms or floods of +sand, clay, lime and coal; now met in vast +regions, the Alleghanies and Central North +America, Florida and the Bahama Islands; +the hills and plains of Brazil, Chili, East +Peru, and Central Maragnon.... This +was the second period of terrestrial formation +in America, the third of successive +eventful periods. +</p> + +<p> +The fourth must have been the rise of +the land above the waters, if not already +partly begun. The epocha of terrestrial +upheaving and distortion of strata, by an +awful inward force; either volcanic, or calorific, +or of growing crystalization; forming +mountains and islands, raising them +above the Ocean; to become the nucleus +of future Continents. The American hemisphere +had then probably two great islands, +in the North and South, with many smaller +islands between them, in the tropical sea: +the Alleghany and Atlantis forming two +others in the east, and many others studding +the two polar regions. The insulated +mountain tract between Lake Nicaragua +and the long valley of Choco, must then +have formed another Island of the Antilles. +Guyana or Parima was also another large +island: while Brazil was a vast peninsula +attached to the Andes. I have endeavored +to express this first configuration of +America in my two maps of North and +<pb n='080'/><anchor id='Pg080'/> +South America; when the Ocean was yet +about 500 feet higher than it is actually. +Whether this cataclysm was contemporaneous +throughout, or by successive throes +must be ascertained by Geogony.... This +was the fourth period of terrestrial events +in this hemisphere; but the first of terrestrial +separate existence. +</p> + +<p> +When the dry land had appeared, the +creative power of <hi rend='smallcaps'>God</hi> exerted upon the +virgin mould of the mountains, drew forth +into life, Plants and Flowers, Trees and +Palms; with the successive terrestrial animals, +1. Worms and Slugs, 2. Insects and +Spiders, 3. Snakes and Reptiles, 4. Birds +and Fowls, 5. Beasts and Bats. Streams +began to flow, valleys were excavated in +the soft or yielding strata by heavy tides +and powerful streams: then the fishes of +the sea ascended the rivers, and filled the +streams and lakes. A few shell and other +aquatic animals sent also colonies into fresh +waters.... This was the fifth period of +terrestrial events; that of terrestrial life. +</p> + +<p> +Meantime the land was continuing to +rise, or the ocean to sink; the dry soil was +extending: land volcanoes began to appear +in the Andes and elsewhere, overwhelming +some living tribes. The carbonic volcanoes +had new paroxysms, slaty mud involved +terrestrial plants and trees in successive +eruptions: the clay mud or colored sand +was forming tertiary strata on the shores, +involving sea animals, shells, reptiles and +<pb n='081'/><anchor id='Pg081'/> +fishes.... This was the sixth period of terrestrial +events, that of land volcanoes. +</p> + +<p> +After all these; mankind was created +by <hi rend='smallcaps'>God</hi>, and appeared as lord of the earth, +and the complement of living creation.... +This may be deemed another Period, if we +like; although it was but the complement of +the terrestrial living productions, begun in +the 5th, and probably proceeding in the 6th. +Where the first man or men appeared and +dwelt, is unknown or very dubious. Asia +is commonly deemed the first dwelling of +mankind, and Central Asia or Thibet the +cradle of our race: although China, India, +Arabia, Syria, Ceylon, &c., claim the same +honor. But few authors have placed this +cradle in America, and even then not for +the <hi rend='italic'>Adamites</hi>. Yet America had some +inhabitants before the flood, if we are to +believe the concurrent traditions of many +American nations; who keep the memory +of it, and point to their refuges.<note place='foot'>E-AD'M, Self-Adam, is the name +given by Moses to the first men, pronounced +since Adam. Gen. 1. v. 27; but called also +ZXR and N'K'BE or male and female. +The 2d AD'M or Adam was subsequent: +although the commentators have blended +them, as they have the floods, days and +other things. Our bible translation of early +events is besides very erroneous; the Talmudist +or Jewish version with points is not +correct, being in a late dialect: the true +text of Moses which I follow, has no points, +but admits of a sheva or soft breathing +between consonants.</note> + +</p> + +<p> +Of these American Anti-diluvians we +know little or nothing: their traces are few +and uncertain. It would be otherwise if +we could identify them with the anti-diluvian +<hi rend='italic'>Atlantes</hi>, or find their diluvial remains. +The skeletons found in Guadaloupe, +and on R. Santas of Brazil, by Captain +Elliott (described by Meigs in the transactions +of American philosophical society +1827) in tuffa with shells, may have been +buried there; like the mummies of many +American caves. Some of the American +<pb n='082'/><anchor id='Pg082'/> +mounds have appeared anti-diluvian; but +the fact is not well proved. The subterranean +antiquities are also of an equivocal +character. The town of log houses lately +found in Georgia, buried under golden clysmian +soil, cannot be so remote; the soil +instead of diluvial, may be a deep alluvial. +All the facts on these remote times, shall +be hereafter collected, presented and examined +carefully. +</p> + +<p> +Thus, has been presented by geological +results, a rapid sketch of the American +periods, to the birth of mankind. These +6 periods or <foreign rend='italic'>yums</foreign>, are well ascertained as +to succession; but their duration is unknown: +and each of them includes several +subordinate periods; which it is not needful +to investigate in these outlines. The works +on geology may be consulted if required. +These 6 <foreign rend='italic'>yums</foreign> or great periods do not +answer exactly to the 6 <foreign rend='italic'>yums</foreign> or manifestations +of the mosaic cosmogony, since +geogony begins only with the 3d, ending +with the 5th. +</p> + +<p> +Such oriental accounts are always deserving +our attention, and susceptible of +the deepest philosophical commentary, as +they mainly agree with all the detected +facts. But there are at least 3 accounts +of the creation or cosmogony in the <foreign rend='italic'>Sepher</foreign> +or Hebrew Bible. 1. That of Job. 2. Of +Moses in chapter 2d of Genesis from verse +4 to 25; in both, no <foreign rend='italic'>yums</foreign>, days nor periods +are mentioned. 3. The usual mosaic account +<pb n='083'/><anchor id='Pg083'/> +of chapter 1st. ending only at ch. 2, +v. 3. Even in this usual account more +than 7 periods can be found, including +heaven, earth and men. +</p> + +<p> +These are the real Mosaic periods, with +his own names, very different from the subsequent +Jewish names, in various dialects. +</p> + +<p> +1. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Period of time or Yum.</hi> BRA-SHITH +Real beginning or Real Supreme +Being producing <hi rend='smallcaps'>Aleim</hi> the Angels, +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Shmim</hi> +Heavens, and <hi rend='smallcaps'>Artz</hi> Earth. +</p> + +<p> +2. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Yum.</hi> THEU-UBEU Chaos, and +THEUM Abyss, with RUH Spirit of God. +</p> + +<p> +3. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Yum.</hi> AUR Essence of celestial light +or Ether. First divine manifestation of +<hi rend='italic'>Mshe</hi> or Moses. +</p> + +<p> +4. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Yum.</hi> RKIO Expanse or sky, diversion +of aerial and celestial fluids. 2d. +</p> + +<p> +5. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Yum.</hi> Sea and dry land, upheaving +of land over the waters, or subsiding of the +ocean. Vegetation. 3d. +</p> + +<p> +6. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Yum.</hi> Sun and Moon appearance by +a change in the misty atmosphere? with +XUXBIM stars? 4th. +</p> + +<p> +7. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Yum.</hi> Fishes and Fowls, &c. 5th. +</p> + +<p> +8. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Yum.</hi> Beasts and cattle, with ADM +mankind or human emanation, our Adam, +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Zxr</hi> male, and <hi rend='smallcaps'>Nkbe</hi> female. 6th. +</p> + +<p> +9. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Yum.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Shbioi</hi> seventh manifestation, +<hi rend='italic'>Aleim</hi> became IEUE Jehovah, the living-self-with-self, +the supreme or powerful self. +</p> + +<p> +10. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Yum.</hi> AD emanation, our mist. +</p> + +<p> +11. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Yum.</hi> ADM into GN or <hi rend='italic'>Gan.</hi> our +Eden. +</p> + +<pb n='084'/><anchor id='Pg084'/> + +<p> +12. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Yum.</hi> OTZ Growth, of lives with +good and evil. +</p> + +<p> +13. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Yum.</hi> NER 4 flowing emanations +or streams. +</p> + +<p> +14. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Yum.</hi> ASHE Intellectual man-mate, +called afterwards EUA living existence, +our Eve.—Self-with-life. +</p> + +<p> +All these periods should require long +comments, and discussions, rather physical +than historical. It is by no means certain +that the sun and moon are implied in the 6th +yum. The text says a couple of MARTH +Centralities EMAUR-GDL and EMAUR-KTN +Self-great-ether greatest and lesser. +Some have seen here the solar and lunar +dynasties of Asia. The XUX-BIM might +be the XRUBIM of later times. The real +sun and moon may belong to the <foreign rend='italic'>yum</foreign> of +AUR. The stars, according to Job, were +in existence before the foundation of the +earth, and our astronomy teaches this +implicitly. +</p> + +<p> +In this cosmogony, the heavenly creation +takes 4 periods. The grass grows by light +before the sun had appeared through the +misty atmosphere, and the fishes come after +the land and herbs, at the same period with +fowls. Our actual geology does not confirm +this last fact; but a proper explanation +of the biblic words would confirm the +truth.<note place='foot'><p>Geological comments are not here +required, my business is with mankind. +Moses calls men beside <foreign rend='italic'>Aish</foreign>, +<foreign rend='italic'>Anush</foreign>, +<foreign rend='italic'>G'bforeign</foreign>, and women +<foreign rend='italic'>N'shim</foreign>, <foreign rend='italic'>Itath</foreign>, +<foreign rend='italic'>Ashe</foreign>, +<foreign rend='italic'>Ashth</foreign>; which are perhaps as many names +of early tribes! as well as ALEIM or +<foreign rend='italic'>Elohim</foreign>, XRBIM <foreign rend='italic'>Cherubim</foreign>, +<foreign rend='italic'>Nahash</foreign>, &c. +If these primitive names will offer any analogies +in America, they shall be thoroughly +pointed out hereafter. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Hue</hi> is the real Eve. +See the chapter on the Mosaic Ontology +for many other human beings, or early +tribes. But it may be well to add here the +names of the beings of the 7th and 8th +Yums which we all deem animals, although +there are indications to the contrary. +</p> +<p> +7. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Yum.</hi> The MIM waters produced +SH'R'TZ production—translated reptile! +No soul. N'F'SH-HIE, soul living. OUF, +Fowl, made to come from waters, and their +motion. LOUF'F means both flying and +flirting or swimming, G. 1. v. 20. But +ALEIM realized or created the TH'NI +NIM whales, or rather Great fishes, having +a soul living NFSH-EHIE, verse 21. This +fine word <hi rend='italic'>soul</hi> has been translated creature. +</p> +<p> +8. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Yum.</hi> The earth produces with soul +BEME. Cattle or Herdsmen of life? v. 24. +R'M'SH, Reptiles or creeping Troglodytes? +HITHU, Beasts or Hunters. The <hi rend='smallcaps'>Beme</hi> +are perhaps Herdsmen! and all these +may be men, over whom Adam was to +reign, giving them names. Else all these +animals had real souls like men! The +fishes or fishermen D'G'TH only appear +in v. 26. at subjects of Adam. +</p> +<p> +Moses and the Hebrew poets divided the +animals in 3 classes, which represent also +men! and were personified. +</p> +<p> +1. SH'R'TZ, Production—Moses. +LUITH'N of Job. The Leviathan of +Poets. +</p> +<p> +2. N'F'SH, Animated—Moses. OZN or +Hozan of Poets. +Moses has 2 kinds of these: THNINIM +Aquatic, and OUF-XNF, Fowl strong +winged, as he had 2 of the last. SH'R'TZ, +aquatic reptile, and OUF aerial fowl. +</p> +<p> +3. HITHU, Beast: of 2 kinds, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Beme</hi> and +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Rmsh</hi>, which are the BEMUTH of Job, +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Behemoth</hi> of Poets. +</p></note> +</p> + +<p> +Many still consider AISH intellectual +man as the human race, previous to <hi rend='italic'>Adam</hi>, +father of the Adamites; but the concurrent +<pb n='085'/><anchor id='Pg085'/> +proofs are very slender: nor is their posterity +known; unless <foreign rend='italic'>Nahash</foreign> or the snakes, +<foreign rend='italic'>Elohim</foreign> or the sons of God, +the <foreign rend='italic'>Rephains</foreign> +or giants, and the <foreign rend='italic'>Nephilim</foreign> or apostates, +be considered as such. Indications of races +of men different from the Adamites may be +collected both in the Bible, and in all the +ancient annals of China, India, Iran, &c.; +but no positive connected account has ever +been made out as yet. +</p> + +<p> +The <foreign rend='italic'>Nahash</foreign>, <foreign rend='italic'>Hareth</foreign> +or <hi rend='italic'>Satan</hi> of the +Bible, is identic with the <foreign rend='italic'>Nagas</foreign> (snakes) +of the Hindus, the <foreign rend='italic'>Zabul</foreign> and +<foreign rend='italic'>Dives</foreign>, (devils) +of Iran, evidently men, and foes of the +Adamites: they are also the U-long or +antidiluvian dragons of China. In America +the satanic notions will be seen in the +respective account of religions. They +often assume in this hemisphere the appearance +of volcanic ideas, or of a vampire +malignant being. But the nations of the +Linapi group connect the ideas of devils, +snakes and foes, all called <foreign rend='italic'>Ako</foreign> +or <foreign rend='italic'>N'akho</foreign> +very similar with <foreign rend='italic'>Nahash</foreign> +and <foreign rend='italic'>Nagas</foreign>. +They assert that they were created by the +Evil Spirit, were always foes of real men; +that they caused the flood, and went afterwards +to America before the Strait of Behring +was formed.—<hi rend='italic'>See</hi> Linapi Traditions. +</p> + +<p> +The ALEIM, <foreign rend='italic'>Elohim</foreign> +or <foreign rend='italic'>Egregori</foreign> or +angels of the Hebrew were instead sons of +God, and Moses ascribes to them the creation +of the earth; while Job ascribes it to +<foreign rend='italic'>Eloah</foreign>, the real God. Herder has said +<pb n='086'/><anchor id='Pg086'/> +that we shall never understand well the +mosaic history, until we ascertain who +were these <foreign rend='italic'>Elohim</foreign> +and <foreign rend='italic'>Cherubim</foreign><note place='foot'>The +Cherubim were deemed Angels, +but of 4 sorts, 3 having faces of a lion, +ox, and eagle: which indicates tribes bearing +those names, or the 4 primitive castes +of mankind, the oxen referring to the laboring +caste, the lion to the militant caste.</note> +dwelling on earth. My dissertation on +anti-diluvian history may perhaps help to +clear the matter; meantime it may be +stated that they appear to be the HO-LO +of anti-diluvian Chinese history, or LO-LO +of their post-diluvian annals. Perhaps also +the celestial emperors beginning the history +of China: the <foreign rend='italic'>Alorus</foreign> first dynasty of Assyria +before the flood: the <foreign rend='italic'>Ang</foreign>-ELOS and +P'EL of the Pelagians. Also the H'ELLO +(old men) of the Egyptians, the PELEI +(old men or ancestors) of the ancient Illyrians, +the LAHI or ancient Thibetans. +</p> + +<p> +They may be the ELEI or ancient Persians, +the <foreign rend='italic'>Peris</foreign> or +<foreign rend='italic'>Pelis</foreign> of Iran, ancient +beneficent beings. The Arabs and all the +Semetic nation have preserved that name +for God, in EL, <foreign rend='italic'>Allah</foreign>, +<foreign rend='italic'>Baal</foreign>, or made of +it their universal article <foreign rend='italic'>El</foreign>, +<foreign rend='italic'>Al</foreign>, meaning +HE or <hi rend='italic'>the Being</hi>: whence also the Pelagic +and Italic articles IL, L, LI, &c., the +Spanish EL. By the frequent usual change +of L into R, we have ER root found in +many languages for men: forming the +<foreign rend='italic'>Heros</foreign> of Greece, sons of God; the HER +or lords of the Germanic tribes, the <foreign rend='italic'>Seres</foreign> +of Thibet or ancient Chinese, <foreign rend='italic'>Ergaz</foreign> men +of the African Atlantes. <foreign rend='italic'>Erk</foreign> man in Turkish +or Turan Atlantes, akin to <foreign rend='italic'>Egregori</foreign>! +</p> + +<p> +In America these similar indications are +widely spread, and among the most ancient +<pb n='087'/><anchor id='Pg087'/> +nations. EL means man in Tolteca +and Mexican, OL is old and <foreign rend='italic'>Yollo</foreign> a spirit +or angel. EL is son and tribe in Hayti, +<foreign rend='italic'>Elohi</foreign> is +land and spirit in Tzuluki. <foreign rend='italic'>Yol</foreign> +means <hi rend='italic'>man</hi> in the Atakapa language of +the Cado or Nachez group. <foreign rend='italic'>Pele</foreign> means +the same in Lulé of South America; but +<foreign rend='italic'>Peli</foreign> is soul in Chilian, which approximate +to <foreign rend='italic'>Peleg</foreign> and +<foreign rend='italic'>Lelex</foreign>, ancient Pelagian +tribes. The connections with TEL, TAL, +TOL, pervade the whole of ancient America, +and lead to assimilate with the TOL-tecas +and TALAS, American Atlantes, +the Tulans or Asiatic Atlantes, the <foreign rend='italic'>Auto-Toles</foreign> +or African Atlantes. These lead to +the giants of both hemispheres or ancient +men of renown. But the subject must be +postponed, and will be found resumed in +the history of Austral and Central America, +where these atlantes and giants are +found. +</p> + +<p> +Returning from this digression; we may +resume the geological periods of America +previous to mankind, in the six successive +epochas, already mentioned. +</p> + +<p> +1. Period. Primitive, aquatic and before +life. +</p> + +<p> +2. Period of aquatic organic life. +</p> + +<p> +3. Period of aquatic cataclysms. +</p> + +<p> +4. Period of the dry land or islands. +</p> + +<p> +5. Period of terrestrial life. +</p> + +<p> +6. Period of terrestrial volcanoes. +</p> + +<p> +After which begins the human period, +till the flood. The question whether man +<pb n='088'/><anchor id='Pg088'/> +or men appeared together, or before or +after, in both hemispheres; must be left +undecided. Some writers have even placed +<hi rend='italic'>Eden</hi> the GN of Moses in America and +the Hesperidian Islands of old; but as the +Imalaya mountains, valleys and plains, are +higher than the Andes, older in geological +series, and more suitable for human life, +not being volcanic: it is extremely probable +that they were the cradle of mankind, +rather than America. +</p> + +<p> +Yet men reached America before the +flood, and were here at this eventful period. +But we are ignorant of the precise way they +came, and how they reached this land +which was then only a group of large islands, +unless North America was united to +Asia by Behring Strait, as very probable. +The clearest traditions point to the east, +Africa and Europe then united at the +Strait of Gibraltar, and the Island Atlantis +as a stepping place. The Mexican traditions +point to Asia, by two different opposite +quarters, the east and the north west. The +Uskis or Innuit nations are late comers by +the north west. The Linapi nations, although +earlier, came the same way, and +over the ice of Behring Strait, after its +disruption. The Hongwis came the same +way, although they boast of being Autochtones, +as did the Greeks, which we know +in both instances to be false. +</p> + +<p> +The Nachez nations say they came from +the east. The Olmecas or earliest people +<pb n='089'/><anchor id='Pg089'/> +of Anahuac point that way also; although +both speak of an American flood. The +Haytians and Cubans were also of eastern +origin, like all the Aruac nations; but remembered +the flood and parceling of the +islands. The Carib nations appear postdiluvians +and the last come in South America; +yet the Tamanacs one of the group speak +of an American flood. The Guarani call +themselves eastern men, and came from +Africa after the flood. It is in South +America, the Andes of Chili, Peru, &c., +that a positive memory was found of several +floods and cataclysms, in or near the Andes, +which gave refuge to several tribes. +Yet it is there also that the most obvious +philological affinities are found with North +Africa and the shores of the Mediteranean; +while many invasions of foreign later nations +are recorded, &c. +</p> + +<p> +All these antidiluvian notions, and accounts +of the American flood, will be carefully +collected and given. This will form +the first period of human history in America, +extending to 2262 years at least, according +to the computation of the 70; the most +plausible of all. The Tol-tecas reckon +nearly the same time between their period +of creation and their main flood: or with +trifling differences, less than the various +terms of Josephus and others; but various +other calculations are found in Anahuac. +</p> + +<p> +Such a period of 23 centuries was certainly +sufficient to people America, and fill +<pb n='090'/><anchor id='Pg090'/> +it. The Cainites or Cabils have been deemed +parents of the Atlantes and Africans. +They were skilful, powerful and wicked, +inventing agriculture and arts, building +cities &c.: while the Sethites invented astronomy, +letters and dwelt in tents. If the +American Atlantes were antidiluvian, they +must have sprung from the Atlantes Cainites, +KIN of Moses. +</p> + +<p> +In 1170 years after Adam, the <foreign rend='italic'>Egregori</foreign> +angels of Mt. Ima, came to Mt. Hermon, +in 20 tribes, under their king Semi-Azar, +and uniting with the Cainites, gave birth to +the <foreign rend='italic'>Rephaim</foreign>, +<foreign rend='italic'>Nephilim</foreign> and +<foreign rend='italic'>Eliud</foreign>, tribes +of Giants, tyrants and Canibals: who made +war on the angels and men. They are said +in the Bible to have gone to <foreign rend='italic'>Sheol</foreign> (the +lower world or South America) with their +king Belial: where they were drowned by +the flood. <hi rend='italic'>See Universal History.</hi> +</p> + +<p> +The Giants dwelt in <foreign rend='italic'>Talo-tolo</foreign>, the world +<foreign rend='italic'>Tolo</foreign> of the Hindus, where we find the +<foreign rend='italic'>Tol</foreign>-tecas (Tol-people:) therefore America: +called also <foreign rend='italic'>Atala</foreign> and once sunk in the +waves; like the Atlantis of the Greek, +whose Atlantes were also Giants or powerful +men. The Egregori have been deemed +the Titans of the Greeks, and Atlas was a +Titan. Although Gigantic Nations existed +in America, the Talegas, Toltecas, Caribs, +Chilians, &c. being often such: the term +Giant must always be understood to refer +to powerful perverse men. The names of +<foreign rend='italic'>Rephaim</foreign> and +<foreign rend='italic'>Nephilim</foreign> appear unknown in +<pb n='091'/><anchor id='Pg091'/> +America, being mere Hebrew epithets for +giants and apostates. +</p> + +<p> +During this primitive period, geological +and physical changes probably proceeded +in America. The plains gradually appeared, +but full of marshes, lakes and wide +streams, muddy volcanoes, snakes, crocodiles +and obnoxious animals. Which must +have assailed mankind and greatly impeded +their settlements. Although the lives of +men were perhaps longer than now; yet it +is probable that the long lives of the Patriarchs +of this period, allude to as many +Dynasties or gradual nations sprung from +each other. In this I agree entirely with the +learned Hebrew scholar D'Olivet.<note place='foot'>See his learned work, translation and +paraphrase of the first chapters of Genesis: +wherein the best account of the creation, +antidiluvian history and flood has been +given.</note> +</p> + +<p> +Huge beasts and carnivorous animals, +dwelt then on earth; in America several +species of mastodons, elephants, oxen, megatherium, +megalonyx, hyenas, bears, &c., +which prowled in plains and caves. The +temperature of the earth was higher; little +clothing was needed. Men were at war +with beasts, and among themselves. Violence +predominated in many regions, and +Noah one of the <foreign rend='italic'>M'nus</foreign> of the Hindus, +a patriarch of the Adamites, a prophet +according to the Arabs, went over the earth +to preach against this corruption. Not +being attended to, he foresaw that a great +calamity would befall for these iniquities, +and he prepared himself a THBE or refuge +in Central Asia: where he collected his +relations and friends. Some say they were +<pb n='092'/><anchor id='Pg092'/> +72, our translations of Moses reduces them +to 8; but his 3 sons of Noah, are evidently +as many tribes. The THBE of Noah contained +therefore 4 tribes, including his own, +and many individuals, besides a multitude +of animals. +</p> + +<p> +I do not give now the history of this +flood. Before it can be given accurately, +we must collect all the scattered traditions +about it, compare them, and omitting all +fabulous and obviously impossible details, +form a narrative of the whole facts. The +notions and traditions of the Americans are +very various, as they do not always point +to this flood. We find them asserting that +men were saved in mountains, or caves, on +rafts or boats. Few, if any, allude to an +ark, but all to a refuge as THBE. Those +of Mexico and Peru, are contradictory, alluding +to several floods, and particularly +the subsequent of Peleg. +</p> + +<p> +The most explicit traditions on that score +are those of the Linapi nations; although +the tribes vary the tale, the holy song of +the real Linapi tribe, alludes clearly to a +great flood in Asia: when their nations at +least was partly saved in <foreign rend='italic'>Tula</foreign> (the turtle +land) in Central Asia, by the help of a goddess, +and Noah or <foreign rend='italic'>Nana-bush</foreign>. The men +were then called <foreign rend='italic'>Linowi</foreign> +and <foreign rend='italic'>Linapi</foreign>: two +other races of men were saved, the <foreign rend='italic'>Owini</foreign> +(beings) and the <foreign rend='italic'>Tulapewi</foreign>, turtlings or +atlantes. Besides these foes the <foreign rend='italic'>Maskanako</foreign> +(strong snakes), <foreign rend='italic'>Nakowa</foreign> (dark +<pb n='093'/><anchor id='Pg093'/> +snakes), and the <foreign rend='italic'>Amangamek</foreign>, monsters +of the sea; who caused this dire flood. +These notions are strikingly similar to the +Asiatic and Hindu fables about the turtle +saving mankind at the flood. <foreign rend='italic'>Nana-bush</foreign> +is evidently Noah, his name means <foreign rend='italic'>Noah-Noah-hare</foreign>, +or the <hi rend='italic'>Great Noah</hi> and <foreign rend='italic'>Hare</foreign>. +</p> + +<p> +The Chinese accounts of the first flood, +do not allude to any ark, but mountains +were the refuge of mankind. The Hindu +account is very near the mosaic; but has +no boat, and many persons were saved. +The accounts of the Assyrians, Arabs, +Tartars, Egyptians, Lybians, Greeks, Celts, +Polynesians, &c. are all different. The +mosaic account was borrowed from some +ancient source now forgotten. It is said +that Noah himself wrote an account of the +flood, and preserved ancient records. Divesting +the mosaic account from the supernatural +and the impossible, we obtain the +real tradition of a great aquatic cataclysm. +Either a sinking of some lands or an irruption +of the ocean, attended with volcanic +floods of waters from the Caspian sea (as +Humboldt says,) heavy rains, and a change +of climate: which overflew the earth or +most of it; except some <foreign rend='italic'>Thebas</foreign>, refuges +in mountains, <hi rend='italic'>swimming</hi> over the waters, +as it were: there some men and tribes, +many animals, trees and plants were preserved: +to spread afterwards again over +the earth. +</p> + +<p> +After this flood, America was left pretty +<pb n='094'/><anchor id='Pg094'/> +much as it is now, except that the shores +were higher yet, many flat plains inundated +and full of marshes. The Antilles yet united +in larger islands and perhaps with Cumana. +The Strait of Choco nearly filled +up: and diluvial soil, gravel, sand, boulders +and organic remains scattered over the +land, the hills, plains and caves. Many +fierce beasts had disappeared, vegetation +had been destroyed wherever the flood +went; but the buried seeds, and those of +mountain plants gradually grew or spread +again. The terrestrial animals and birds +saved in the mountains, spread themselves +again over the earth. Mankind in despair +at the disaster, kept for a long while on +mountains, and did not occupy again the +desolated hills and plains, until many years +after. +</p> + +<p> +The Chinese account of this flood, state +positively that it was attended with a +change in the length of the year, formerly +of only 360 days, a change in the seasons, +an increase of cold, rain and winds: compelling +men to dress in skins and mats. +Also that the wild beasts and snakes driven +to the mountains, became very troublesome, +men being compelled to defend themselves +against their attacks. +</p> + +<p> +The Rev. Gleig in his late history of the +Bible, where like Hales and Russel, he +has at last adopted the computation of the +Septuagint and Josephus, reckons 5411 +years from Adam to our era, the oriental +<pb n='095'/><anchor id='Pg095'/> +Christians reckon 5508 years, the Toltecas, +reckoned 5099 years. Gleig puts Noah's +flood 2259 years after Adam. The Chinese +and Hindu chronology are partly +fabulous; but may be reconciled to these +periods; as well as to the second cataclysm +of the earth; that of Peleg according to +the Biblists. The only knowledge the Bible +gives about it, is that the earth was +split, broken or divided, in the time of the +patriarch or dynasty of Peleg; who lived +or lasted from 531 to 870 after Noah's +flood. But David has sung this cataclysm +in the 18th psalm. The Chinese account +brings this second flood to the year 2296 +before Christ, or 858 years after the former. +The Hindu account concealed in many fables +agrees also with this period. But it +appears to have lasted longer, and many +years. It is evidently in date the mistaken +Hebrew flood, blending both into one, and +annihilating the place between them. The +Chinese account distinctly speaks of both, +the first was under <foreign rend='italic'>Yunti</foreign>, the second under +<foreign rend='italic'>Yao</foreign>, and 42 emperors are mentioned between +the two floods. +</p> + +<p> +In America, it is often difficult to distinguish +which is meant by the various imperfect +traditions: yet in Mexico and Peru, +there are at least two cataclysms mentioned +by the annals or traditions. Also among +some northern tribes. The Linapi annals +or songs allude to the second, which broke +by volcanoes the <foreign rend='italic'>Lusasaki</foreign> (burnt land) +<pb n='096'/><anchor id='Pg096'/> +and separated America or <foreign rend='italic'>Akomenaki</foreign> +(snake island) from Asia to Behring strait. +</p> + +<p> +Thus the real antidiluvian periods lasted +nearly 3000 years from Adam's epocha, +or 3212 by oriental computation. The +interval between Adam and Noah ought +to be called the Adamic period, that between +Noah and Peleg's floods the Noahic +period. It was at this last convulsion that +the earth took its actual form. The Straits +of Gibraltar, Calais, Messina, Hellespont, +Bosphorus, Babelmandel, Behring, Malaca, +Sunda, &c., were then formed. The Atlantis +Island in the Atlantic Ocean and the +Island Lanca in the Indian Ocean were +sunk. The Azores, Madeira, Canaries, +&c. are fragments of the Atlantis: Ceylon, +Madagascar, &c. the fragments of +Lanca.<note place='foot'><p><hi rend='italic'>Lanca</hi> was according to the Hindus +a big land under the equator, including +perhaps the Decan or south of India, then +separated by a sea from the Imalaya mountains, +now yet a vast level plain; and united +to Ceylon and other islands. It is in this +land of <hi rend='italic'>Lanca</hi> that many traditions place +Adam, with several early events. +</p> +<p> +The <hi rend='italic'>Sunda</hi> land was very different, a +large peninsula south of Asia including +Java, Sumatra, Borneo &c. Or perhaps +an island, if Malaca was separated from +Siam by a strait.</p></note> +</p> + +<p> +In America, the Boreal islands may have +been broken, like the British islands of +Europe. Some suppose that they might +once join together with Iceland. The Antilles +were split in the actual form—Behring +Strait divided America from Asia. +The Polynesia lands were broken or sunk. +The lowlands of Chili, Peru, and the Atlantic +shores were inundated and then +partly left dry by huge volcanic tides. +This cataclysm was not a mere aquatic +flood; but a violent volcanic flood, having +at least three great focusses, 1. in the North +Atlantic Ocean, 2. In the Indian Ocean, +3. In Polynesia or the Pacific Ocean. In +<pb n='097'/><anchor id='Pg097'/> +China all the lowlands were overflowed +and partly overwhelmed. The great Islands +of Java and Sumatra were formed; +which formerly were united with Asia and +several islands in the vicinity, under the +remembered name of <foreign rend='italic'>Sunda</foreign> land. +</p> + +<p> +If mankind had not reached America +before Noah, it must surely have reached +it before this second cataclysm. The Atlantes +were in the neighbourhood and bold +navigators, as well as the primitive Pelagians, +Lybians, Cantabrians; bearing then +various peculiar names, mostly traced in +America. Twenty American nations have +distinct remembrance of this splitting of +American lands and islands; local or partial +floods, less general and disastrous than +the former. +</p> + +<p> +This cataclysm was not so deadly to +animals and vegetables as the former; but +it must have destroyed them in several +sunken islands: and have added second +clysmian strata to the soil of the plains: +with many volcanic productions, chiefly +clay and sand, limy and marshy muds. +The memorials, annals and traditions of +the American nations are very scanty on +this period; difficult to be distinguished +from the Adamic: while the monuments +to be referred to it, are not easily traced, +nor distinct in form. The <hi rend='italic'>Linapi</hi> tribes +had not yet reached America, and dwelt +in Asia; but by their account the Snake +tribes <hi rend='italic'>Akowi</hi> went to America in that period, +<pb n='098'/><anchor id='Pg098'/> +led by <hi rend='italic'>Nakopowa</hi> (the Snake priest); +it is even hinted that they caused this cataclysm +or at least the separation of Asia and +America, at <hi rend='italic'>Lusasaki</hi> (burnt land), in order +to escape their foes, the <hi rend='italic'>Elowi-chik</hi> +(hunters) of the <hi rend='italic'>Linnapewi</hi>, the original +manly people. +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='101'/><anchor id='Pg101'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Chapter IV.</head> + +<quote rend='display'> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>General View</hi> <hi rend='italic'>of the Ancient and Modern +Annals of Both Americas.—european +Colonies, Modern Fate Of +Nations, Late Physical Changes, &c.</hi> +</quote> + +<p> +After these floods begin the primitive +annals of mankind in America as elsewhere; +but still scanty, obscure and involved +in fables, by personifications of +tribes, metamorphoses into animals, plants, +fruits or even stones and mountains. The +origin of nearly all the nations is neither +clear nor well ascertained, by their mere +annals; but the collateral proofs of the +languages facilitate the enquiry. Those +who have the most positive facts of primitive +times are the Ongwis, Linapis, Toltecas, +Tainos, Peruvians, &c.; but commonly +destitute of dates and correct details. We +ought not to be surprised at this, since even +in Asia (except in China,) we possess nothing +but fragments on those times; while +the most polished nations of oldest times, +the Egyptians, Greeks, Persians, Arabs, +Jews, &c. have involved their early histories +in fables, mythologies and false dates. +</p> + +<p> +However, whatever might be the early +origin of the American nations, it may be +collected from all, that in the ancient periods; +they were few in number and in +population; principally confined to some +<pb n='102'/><anchor id='Pg102'/> +peculiar seats of civilization: such as the +regions of Apalacha, Hayti, Anahuac, +Oaxaca, Chiapa, Maya, Cundina, Oronoc, +and Peru. We have positive proofs of +early empires and splendid monumental +cities at Teoti-huacan, Otolum, Coban &c. +in Central America; and in South America +at Chimu, Tiahuanaco &c.; while +cities and monuments of a lesser order or +size, were scattered afterwards from the +Lakes of Canada and the River Ohio, to +Chili and Brazil: probably through the +dispersion and colonization of these early +empires or states.<note place='foot'>The monumental archeology and history +of America, is not the least curious. +Humboldt opened the way; but did little: +the facts since collected in Central and +North America, will astonish all the reflecting +minds, and lead us to times of great +civilization and prosperity. In the single +small state of Kentucky, have already been +found the sites of 200 ancient towns in +ruins, or having monuments. If as many +exist in all the neighbourhood, there must +have been 2000 towns in North America, +west and south of the Apalachian mountains. +Many earthy remains are gradually +disappearing under the plough, and will be +obliterated ere long.—<hi rend='italic'>See</hi> my account of +monumental sites, published in 1824.</note> +</p> + +<p> +After they had filled the most fruitful or +suitable regions, carrying with them agriculture, +domestic animals, religion, laws +and various graphic systems: they were +invaded by tribes less civilized; but more +warlike; principally in North America, +and in Guyana, Brazil &c. Many revolutions +must have followed these contests: +some of which are recorded in the Apalachian +region of the United States, in the +Mexican table land, in Hayti &c. and by +the Muyzcas, Peruvians &c. further south: +while in Guyana and Brazil the annals are +lacking, and the traces of these conflicts +but faint; yet certified by some traditions +and the new tribes introduced. +</p> + +<p> +The solar worship prevailed among the +most civilized nations and empires: that +of Naguals or Zemis (spirits) among those +of the second degree. The least civilized +<pb n='103'/><anchor id='Pg103'/> +nations had either adopted the Dualism or +a mixed religion: while the barbarous +tribes knew only a kind of <hi rend='italic'>Tao</hi> religion as +in China,<note place='foot'>The Tao is one of the earliest religions +of China. It is the personification +and worship of the powers of nature, the +earth, air, winds, thunder, sea, mountains, +lakes, trees &c. The spiritual worship of +their souls is the purest part of it, while the +blind material worship of the objects themselves +is the degradation of it, as in Egypt +and Guinea.</note> or a fetichism, venerating one +or many objects of nature. But these four +main worships, were subject to many fluctuations, +and diversities: they had often +degenerated into a Polytheism, and idolatry, +with various rites, and some cruel +customs, human sacrifices &c. A kind +of priesthood was almost universal and +formed a peculiar caste in many states. +The legislators and rulers had often been +priests, and became pontifs as well as +kings, in Cuzco, Chimu, Tunca, Mayapan, +Cholula, Manazicas &c. +</p> + +<p> +During a period of 2 or 3000 years after +the floods, the earth had undergone many +changes by volcanoes, earthquakes and the +subsiding of the sea. Many valleys were +drained, their lakes lessened or disappeared; +the shores of the Atlantic from +New Jersey to Florida and Yucatan, and +from La Plata to Magellania, as well as +those of Peru, Chili &c. were increased +by the gradual retreat of the sea. The +great plains of the Mississippi, Oronoc, +Maranon and Parana were also formed or +drained of their swamps and morasses. +</p> + +<p> +It is at the end of this epocha, equal to +the antecedent antidiluvian period, that +the real or certain history of the Americans +begins with many details and dates; +both in the north and south. It was then +<pb n='104'/><anchor id='Pg104'/> +that the empires of the Toltecas, Utatlans, +Mexicans, Apalachis, Mayapans, Incas &c. +were established on the ruins of many anterior +states. We obtain by the annals +preserved or recovered of many such nations, +a tolerable view of this part of their +history, and even an insight into earlier +times, when similar revolutions must have +happened. If many states or nations rose +and fell in this hemisphere, unknown to the +other: it was a common fate with others +in Africa, Polynesia and even in Asia. +But we may hope to rescue their names if +not their deeds, from total oblivion, by +seeking their monuments, and the fragments +of human tribes they left to mourn +their fate. +</p> + +<p> +In this period some American nations +rose to a degree of splendor and civilization, +with knowledge of arts and sciences, +little inferior to Greeks and Romans; and +superior to the European nations of the +middle ages, even down to 1492: quite +equal at least to that of the Egyptians and +Hindus. The American graphic systems +of Apalacha, Anahuac, Maya, Otolum, +Peru; although peculiar, were quite sufficient +to transmit knowledge in books, +schools and inscriptions. This high civilization +was not merely confined to Mexico +and Peru, as often erroneously supposed; +but was scattered from the Apalachis and +Nachez of Florida to the Chilians south of +Peru, filling the whole intermediate space. +</p> + +<pb n='105'/><anchor id='Pg105'/> + +<p> +Although war and slavery prevailed in +many parts, they were modified by the +usage of adoption for individuals and whole +tribes, mutual alliances, confederacies &c.: +while slavery was changed into a feodal +vassalage. The feodal system and the +castes prevailed in all civilized nations of +America, as in India and Asia from earliest +time. +</p> + +<p> +Instead of perpetual wars the ancient +annals of America, present us with the +soothing view of wise legislators, who gave +civilization and happiness to millions for +ages, and conquered by deeds of peace. +Such were most of the conquests of the +Bohitos, Bochicas, Incas, Quetzals, Cuculcans, +Tzomes, Maponos, Tamanends, Tarenyos +&c. worthy lawgivers of the Antilles, +Muyzcas, Peru, Anahuac, Mayas, Guaranis, +Manazicas, Linapis, and Ongwis. I +shall revive, with pleasure, their memory +and deeds, dwelling on them with more +pleasure than on the cruel war leaders. +</p> + +<p> +To them the Americans were indebted +for their policy, diplomacy, alliances, agriculture +and knowledge, with the peculiar +happy mode of holding the land in common +or feodal tenure, with property in tenements +and moveables. To them may be +traced the introduction of useful plants, +the maize, cotton, quinoa, patatas, yams, +manioc, banana, gourds, beans, and 100 +other cultivated plants and fruits. The +Mexicans had even botanic gardens and +<pb n='106'/><anchor id='Pg106'/> +pleasure grounds before the modern Europeans. +The universities of Cuzco, Tunca, +Tezcuco, Cholula, Mayapan, Utatlan &c. +were founded earlier than the European +universities by such benefactors of mankind; +and 112 domestic animals had been +tamed in America, while only 80 in the +eastern hemisphere. Of which must be +reckoned.<note place='foot'>See my Memoir on the Domestic +Annnals of Both Hemispheres, 1832, Atlantic +Journal, where the names of all are +given. But I have collected a few more +since.</note> +</p> + +<table rend="latexcolumns: 'p{2.2cm} p{2.7cm} p{2cm}'; + tblcolumns: 'lw(17) lw(15) lw(15)'"> +<row><cell></cell><cell>In the W. Hemisphere.</cell> + <cell>In the Eastern.</cell></row> +<row><cell>Quadrupeds</cell><cell>33 kinds</cell><cell>only 25 kns.</cell></row> +<row><cell>Birds</cell><cell>32</cell><cell>25</cell></row> +<row><cell>Reptiles</cell><cell>15</cell><cell>10</cell></row> +<row><cell>Fishes</cell><cell>12</cell><cell>10</cell></row> +<row><cell>Insects</cell><cell>8</cell><cell>4</cell></row> +<row><cell>Shells and worms</cell><cell>12</cell><cell>6</cell></row> +</table> + +<p> +The modern history of America since +1492 presents a multitude of events with +regular dates: but the historians of these +later times instead of dwelling upon the +native nations, appear to notice them merely +<hi rend='italic'>en passant</hi>! while relating at length the +discoveries, conquests and wars of the European +adventurers and colonists. +</p> + +<p> +It is not thus that we are to notice them; +but as equal nations. Now that after four +ages, these colonies are also become independent +nations, and begin to nurse American +feelings, we ought to feel for them, +and reveal the truth. It is not number +nor dominion alone that constitute a people; +but a peculiar language, and peculiar +manners. The modern history of the +Araucanians, Guaranis, Caribs, and North +<pb n='107'/><anchor id='Pg107'/> +American tribes, is the best known by peculiar +fragments; but similar fragments +may be collected on many other tribes. +</p> + +<p> +Meantime Columbus came, another leader +of colonists to America; since many +had come before him: and with him came +the ferocious gold hunters of Castille; who +in their greedy search after golden wealth, +trampled under foot, both religion and humanity. +They enslaved, tortured and destroyed +millions of human beings from +Hayti to Mexico and Peru; but were +checked at last in Florida, Chili, Tologalpa, +Santa Marta &c. They overthrew +many flourishing states, and erected over +them a slavish colonial fabric, soon after +sunk in sloth and ignorance.<note place='foot'>By admixture with American women, +the Spaniards formed a mixed race in +Hayti, Mexico, Peru, Paraguay &c.; +called Cholas, Mestizos &c.; which partook +of the qualities and vices of both +races; few great men have been produced +by them; although we know of some +exceptions. Lavega one of the best American +historians was son of a Peruvian +princess by a Spaniard. In Paraguay the +Spaniards having no women, took Guarani +concubines, and all their offsprings were of +mixt breed, a sad set, like the Mamalucos +of Brazil born from Portuguese and Tupi +women. These instances, and the production +of mulatoes subsequently, teach us +how some former nations were born in +America.</note> +</p> + +<p> +The dissentions of Mexico and Peru were +the cause of their ruin and subjugation by +the Spaniards; but the Floridans, Apaches +Tayronas, Poyays, Caribs, Mbayas, Chilians +&c. withstood forever their utmost efforts, +and never were conquered. The happy +states of Yucatan, Guatimala, Tunca, Hayti, +Cuba &c. fell by their unwarlike and peaceful +friendly disposition; being cruelly betrayed +and desolated. +</p> + +<p> +In the east, Brazil was occupied by the +Portuguese, where a bastard tribe of Mamalucos +were born; who sought for slaves +and gold, from Guayana to Paraguay, and +destroyed many tribes. After these unworthy +freebooters, came the rabble of +pirates and buccaneers to revenge American +<pb n='108'/><anchor id='Pg108'/> +wrongs, upon the Spaniards and Portuguese +by deeds of cruelty. Thus was +America flooded with blood, and groaning +in tears for nearly three centuries. But +even these horrible deeds were not the +only ones to deplore. Not satisfied with +the weak labor of American slaves; another +continent was overrun, to supply +stronger hands, and Africa was made to +contribute millions of slaves to swell American +population, or sink there to premature +death under the lashing scourge of cruel +tasks. +</p> + +<p> +The English, French, and Dutch wishing +to partake of the American spoils, went in +search of wealth all over the shores of this +continent. Not satisfied with mere trading +colonies, as in India, they sent stationary +colonies of slaves and planters, to occupy +some weak points, with or without the +consent of the nations. The Dutch settled +in Brazil, Surinam, Curazao and New York. +The French in Canada, Louisiana, Florida, +Hayti, the Carib Islands, Cayenne and Brazil; +but have gradually lost all those colonies, +except Cayenne and a few Carib Ids. +</p> + +<p> +The English nation, more daring, steady +and lucky, occupied with their auxiliaries, +the Scotch and Irish, some points of the +Atlantic shores, many Carib Islands &c.: +by conquest they acquired New York, Canada, +Demerary, Jamaica and some smaller +islands. Since, whenever the Europeans +were at war among themselves, they carried +<pb n='109'/><anchor id='Pg109'/> +their quarrels over the ocean, and endeavored +to destroy each other. Laterly +among them arose in North America the +holy flame of freedom and independence, +which has been travelling and spreading +throughout the continent, ever since. +</p> + +<p> +But among these contending colonies and +slaving plantations, how were the owners +of the soil, treated and dealt with? Alas! +seldom with justice—Popes and kings gave +away lands and rights, which did not belong +to them; nobles and merchants, availing +themselves of this doubtful right, bought +with trifling presents the good will of some +tribes, or drove them away by force. Thus +were settled most of the American colonies; +except a few, attempted in a spirit of religion +and peace. +</p> + +<p> +The worthy Las-Casas, immortal be his +name! gave the example of reducing unsubdued +tribes to peaceful allies, by words +and deeds of peace and piety, and Tezutlan +thus reduced by him was called Verapaz. +When the Spanish and Portuguese freebooters +were sunk in wealth and sloth; +they found it very convenient to employ +the Jesuits and other monks to subdue for +them whole tribes and nations, by this easy +mode. In North America, Roger Williams +and William Penn, blessed be their +names! settled colonies without strife, and +by mere good will towards the owners of +the soil. But every where the foes or +successors of these missionaries of peace, +<pb n='110'/><anchor id='Pg110'/> +deceived or betrayed the allies they had +made. Unjust wars were the natural consequence, +in which the rightful party, did +not often prevail, being overpowered by +strength and cunning. +</p> + +<p> +Meantime the independent period opens +a new era for America. In 1776 the +United States of North America confederate +and become free. Seventeen years +afterwards the black slaves of Hayti unfurl +the standard of broken chains. Between +1808 and 1820 the whole of Spanish America +shakes the weak power of Spain. In +1822 the whole of Brazil becomes an +American empire. Slavery is abolished +in all the Spanish states, only retained in +the colonies of Cuba and Porto Rico. In +1834 England emancipates the slaves of +all her colonies. Slavery was gradually +excluded from many states of N. America, +at early periods; but others from Virginia +to Louisiana are tenacious of these unholy +and dangerous bonds. +</p> + +<p> +Now, the native American tribes within +the claimed territories of these new independent +nations, are under a sort of pupilage, +and often oppressed: although no +longer slaves from Canada to Chili. Brazil +alone admits of indescriminate slavery, +and will rue the consequence at some +future period, like those colonies and states +that delay wiser measures. Meanwhile at +the two ends of America, in Canada and +the United States, as in Buenos Ayres, a +<pb n='111'/><anchor id='Pg111'/> +new kind of oppression has appeared. +Land stealing and compulsory sales! unhallowed +means to increase wealth, nearly +as guilty as the precious Spanish gold +hunting. +</p> + +<p> +The United States which ought to set +the wisest example, of justice and clemency, +towards reduced tribes, diminished +by vices taught instead of virtues, are doing +the reverse. They refuse to amalgamate +the native tribes, admit them to equal +rights, as in the new Spanish States; but +compel them to submit to laws not understood, +in a language untaught, or disqualify +them for witnesses. They compel them to +remove, emigrate, disperse, sell their lands +and homes, at one tenth of the value; and +this is called fair dealing! +</p> + +<p> +Notwithstanding that the European states +or colonies, occupy or claim, nearly the +whole of both Americas; yet there are +many vast regions as yet unsettled by them, +and where dwell or wander several free +tribes, particularly in the Arctic wilds, +in Oregon, California, Texas, the Missouri +plains, New Mexico, Sinaloa, Tologalpa, +in N. America—and in S. America in the +vast plains and deserts of the Oronoko, +Maranon, Brazil, Chaco, Chili and Magellania. +The most prominent of these modern +tribes are the Uskis or Esquimaux, +the Dinnis, the Chopunish, Dacotas or +Sioux, Panis or Skerés, Washas or Ozages, +Chactas, Tzulukis, Apaches or Cumanches, +<pb n='112'/><anchor id='Pg112'/> +Poyays or Musquitos &c. In South +America, the Aruacs, Caribs, Omaguas, +Maynas, Aymaras, Puris, Mbayas, Araucas, +Talahets or Pampas &c. All divided into +many lesser tribes and independent communities. +</p> + +<p> +Instead of endeavoring to civilize them +by fair means and deeds of peace, many +continue to be exasperated by unfair dealings, +greedy traders, intemperance, and +above all by killing their game, and stealing +their lands. Some missions are established +from Groenland to Chili; but the +intercourse of the majority is with traders, +trappers, land-hunters or squatters, and the +military of the frontiers: from whom they +can imbibe no very favorable idea of their +oppressors. +</p> + +<p> +How is this to end? Is it really intended +to grasp the whole continent, and make +these fragments of nations, aliens on their +own soil? or to annihilate them at last? +Beware! men of bad faith, or greedy of +landed wealth! There is a God in heaven, +and he deals justly with nations as with +men. He may find means to punish you, +if you continue to violate the sacred laws +of mankind. The desperate tribes, either +become stronger by concentration, or acquired +knowledge, may fall on you at last, +like so many Goths and Vandals, Huns +and Tartars, to revenge their wrongs, and +desolate this land wrongly acquired. Or +among you will arise Agrarian sects, that +<pb n='113'/><anchor id='Pg113'/> +will deprive your children of this landed +property so unjustly acquired and held. +</p> + +<p> +Be wise and just in time, if cupidity +does not blind you, imitate the happy policy +of Mexico, Guatimala, Peru &c. that +has admitted the natives to equality and +citizenship. Do better still, allow them to +form peculiar states and territories, preserving +their languages and laws, and +admit these states into your confederacies. +Then you will be secure, and both live in +peace, increasing and multiplying as time +rolls on. There is land enough for all, and +to spare. What need has a man of 1000 +acres of land; while 100 can support a +large family! in the cold climates, and 10 +acres in the fruitful tropical climates, where +thrive the banana and the sugar cane. If +hunters require a large wilderness to sustain +their mode of life, greedy worshippers +of mammon wish for 10,000 acres to hold +waste for speculation! or to fill with plantations +of slaves and tenants, in order to +become lords of future generations; but +the real wise and active men, the props of +society, are content with moderate, secure +estates, which they may improve and beautify +into smiling gardens. +</p> + +<p> +The modern intercourse of the two hemispheres +has been productive of much +more misery, than mutual benefit. The +Americans have received the European +cattle without imparting to Europe, their +equally useful Peruvian cattle; they have +<pb n='114'/><anchor id='Pg114'/> +received the horse, and often adopted him +as a friend, to become Tartars and Arabs +by his help, so as to retaliate mischief on +the cruel Spaniards. Some European fruits +and grains have been received and cultivated: +while all have been introduced into +the colonies. Woolen cloth, blankets, iron +and copper kettles, tools, trinkets, guns and +gunpowder, with the liquid poisons of the +still, have been spread by trade. These +last with horses and guns, have been the +chief deadly weapons of Europe against +America.<note place='foot'>The Missouri tribes, Panis and Cumanches, +the Abipons and Talahets of the +vast plains of N. and S. America; are already +become wandering horsemen like +Tartars, quite formidable in war. Many +tribes now possess and use guns. Brandy, +rum and whiskey, liquors of hell, ... make +the savage foes furious and reckless: they +have killed as many as guns have. The +small pox is another scourge sent to America +from Europe, the Cholera may be +another. The Syphilis wrongly ascribed +to America, has been traced to the ancient +continent also: although it was returned +from hence again, like maize.</note> +</p> + +<p> +In return, Europe has received gold, silver +and precious furs: pearls and diamonds, +cochineel, annato, indigo, die woods, vicunia +wool, cacao, vanilla, gum elastic and many +other useful or medical articles. Maize, returning +east whence it came; with tobacco, +a loathsome weed of heathen growth and +rites. Human knowledge has been increased, +and trade greatly enlarged; the +tame cavias, with turkeys and musky-ducks +have been transmitted. Thus Europe has +been the gainer, and was for a long while +jealous of these treasures.<note place='foot'>The precious commodities of America +are numberless. If the Europeans had +traded there for them, as they now do in +China, Persia, Arabia and Africa, how +different would have been the fate of America? +Iron would have purchased gold +and pearls, with every thing else: there +was no need to use the steel swords, nor +thundering guns. Coffee and rice are not +American productions, but lately introduced +from Arabia and India. The origin +of the sugar cane is also oriental; but it +was found wild in South America, as +orange trees were in Florida.</note> +</p> + +<p> +Under the pious guise of hypocrisy, the +heavenly religion of Jesus, was offered or +forced upon many American nations, by the +same men, who were behaving worse than +heathens, worshipping gold and mammon +with the earth itself, bathed in human blood +and tears; introducing slavery and over +toils; exulting in deeds of cruelty, revenge, +<pb n='115'/><anchor id='Pg115'/> +wanton lust, cupidity and avarice; with all +the other anti-christian vices. If Mexico +had ghastly idols and cruel rites; Hayti, +Cuba, Bogota, Peru &c. had not; but +peaceful, harmless worships: to which was +substituted the papal worships of other idols, +saints and monks. The pure undefiled religion +of love and peace to all mankind, was +seldom introduced in America, even by the +Jesuits—except by the heavenly Las-Casas, +the friendly quakers, the humane moravians, +and a few other christian missionaries. All +the sects of christianity have now spread to +America, and even some arisen there; nay, +the Jews have reached this continent, with +a few Mahometans, Hindus, Chinese, Budhists +&c. Thus all the religions of the +earth are now found in this hemisphere, by +the tolerance and freedom of opinions lately +proclaimed in many parts. +</p> + +<p> +Great has been the influence of 3 or 4 +ages, on the American tribes, that have +been enslaved, or in frequent communication +with the nations of Europe—not in +religion alone; but in dress, manners, +knowledge, civilization and pursuits. The +alphabetical writing has been introduced +among them, the Tzulukis have invented +a syllabic alphabet; some arts, and the +pastoral nomadic life have been adopted. +In the boreal regions, the English and +Russians employ the hunting tribes as providers +of furs. In South America the +native tribes are often skillful fishermen or +traders. +</p> + +<pb n='116'/><anchor id='Pg116'/> + +<p> +Upon the whole, the late prospects of +America are cheering. Many independent +nations have sprung, which deem themselves +Americans, and love their homes. +A general spirit of tolerance and peace is +spreading, the true religion of the heart +better understood; and a disposition is +evincing to render tardy justice to the oppressed +tribes, and the poor slaves. Those +who wish oppression and intolerance to be +perpetuated, are not many in this continent, +at present; they will be fewer still in +half a century or the year 1892. +</p> + +<p> +Thus, mankind lives in fluctuations of +mind and manners. A few ages have been +sufficient to produce these mighty changes. +Meanwhile, nature although changing slower, +is still at work on the soil of this hemisphere. +Since 1492 volcanoes have appeared +and disappeared, the sea shores have receded, +the lakes are falling, the streams are +lessening, the mountains are crumbling, the +swamps are draining: immense forests have +been cut, and changed into ploughed fields, +hills have been cut or ploughed, roads, +causeways and canals made, splendid cities +have been built, with innumerable towns +and villages. The deltas of the Mississippi +and Magdalena have been cultivated, many +mines dug for metals or coals. The face +of the country has been quite changed in +these new seats of civilization; in the regions +of Apalacha from Canada to Louisiana, +in Guyana, Brazil; but in the western +<pb n='117'/><anchor id='Pg117'/> +regions from Mexico to Chili, agriculture +has rather receded: they had at least as +many towns and fields in ancient times. +</p> + +<p> +Earthquakes and irruptions of the sea +have caused sad changes in other parts, +gulfs have been formed on the coast of +Cumana, Callao twice sunken in volcanic +tides, mountains and cities overthrown from +Popayan to Chili: while the alluvial formations +proceed along the streams and shores; +their floods are perennials, increasing deltas +and islands: Hurricanes scatter ruins and +dismay over the Antilles, whirlwinds prostrate +strips of forests. The spouting springs +and earthy volcanoes eject water, mud, +clay and marl, pitch and other substances. +The water volcanoes drown valleys and +cities, have ruined Guatimala, and desolated +Quito. Mexico near a lake and often +overflowed by it, is now distantly removed; +the lake having been drained by nature and +art jointly combined.<note place='foot'>The physical changes undergone in +America within late historical recollections +are very numerous, and ought to be collected +into one connected body by historians +or geologists.</note> +</p> + +<p> +These rapid sketches and views offer a +connected picture of men and soil, in this +hemisphere, during the ages past. The +detailed local annals of the various nations, +will enlarge the subject, and present the +required outlines of the ancient and modern +events of both. +</p> + +<pb n='120'/><anchor id='Pg120'/> + +<milestone unit='tb' rend=' rule: 50%'/> + +<p> +After these general topics on American +history, I had proposed to enter upon the +peculiar annals of nations, beginning by +Peru and Austral America; but wishing to +give in this first volume something still +more novel and striking, I have concluded +to begin by the original unpublished annals +of the Linapis, and the neglected traditions +of the Haytians; who assert to have come +into America, by the north west, and the +second through the Atlantic Ocean. I +hear besides that a French traveller D'Orbigny, +is now publishing in Paris, his travels +in Austral and Peruvian America, with +60 vocabularies of languages: where I may +perhaps find additioned materials for the +history of those regions. +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='121'/><anchor id='Pg121'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Chapter V.</head> + +<quote rend='display'> +<hi rend='italic'>Original Annals and Historical Traditions +of the</hi> <hi rend='smallcaps'>Linapis</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>from the creation +to the flood, passage and settlements +in America, as far as the Atlantic +Ocean &c., till 1820 &c.</hi> +</quote> + +<p> +We have but few real American Annals, +given in the original peculiar style. Those +of Mexico, Guatimala, Apalacha, Hayti, +Peru, &c., have all been translated by +abridgements or paraphrases. Those of +the <hi rend='italic'>Ongwi</hi> by Cusick come nearest to the +aboriginal form, using the usual personifications +and animalizations of tribes, so +common all over America and Asia; but +so often misunderstood: having perplexed +and disgusted the commentators or translators; +who did not seize this form of style. +Even in China, the primitive inhabitants +often bear the names of beasts, <hi rend='italic'>Lung</hi> dragons, +<hi rend='italic'>Chi</hi> birds, <hi rend='italic'>Yao</hi> wolf, +<hi rend='italic'>Miao</hi> tygers. +In India we find snakes, monkeys, lions &c. +Early in Europe are dogs <hi rend='italic'>Canari and +Cynetes</hi>, satyrs, lions &c., syrens, harpies, +pegasus, centaurs, faunes, cyclops &c.<note place='foot'><p>These +two figures of speech, <hi rend='italic'>Personification</hi> +and <hi rend='italic'>Animalization</hi>, are two of the +keys of ancient history. By the first is not +meant alone the personification of the passions +or divine attributes; but likewise the +individuality of men, tribes and nations +pervading primitive history, by the frequent +substitution of the singular for the plural, +as was done by the Asiatics, the Greeks, +and the Americans. It is thus that the +ancient patriarchs, Hercules, Heros, Gods +&c. are often meant for their followers; +the head for the whole set or social body. +This practice has survived to our days, +and we mean all the English when we speak +of <hi rend='italic'>John Bull</hi>, the Russians by the <hi rend='italic'>Northern +Bear</hi> (a kind of animalization), all +the Turks by <hi rend='italic'>the Grand Turk</hi> &c. The +reverse mode of speech or the employment +of the plural for the singular, is less frequent: +but used when we substitute in our +modern languages, <hi rend='italic'>We</hi> and <hi rend='italic'>You</hi> instead of +I or Thee. It was less common anciently, +yet it appears Moses employed it when he +called God, ALEIM our <foreign rend='italic'>Elohim</foreign> or <hi rend='italic'>the +Angels</hi>, and polytheism was the consequence +of similar mistakes or substitutions; +but in his account of the patriarchs, he has +used the individuality of tribes. +</p> +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Animalization</hi> pervades the whole of the +fabulous periods of history. It is to this +mode of speech that we owe the fables of +Pilpay and Esopus, where animals are +made to speak. Whenever we meet in +history or fables, animals acting like men +and conversing, they are surely men, and +often tribes individualized by an animal +appellation: such as might be emblematic +or patronymic, adopted honorable names, +as lion, tyger, eagle; or else nicknames +given in derision by foes, such as snake, +dog, ape &c. Even the Hebrew had their +<foreign rend='italic'>Cherubim</foreign>, who were beings like a man, a +lion, ox, and eagle; who drove the Adamites +from Eden. This name is preserved +by the Turks in <foreign rend='italic'>Cherabi</foreign> +or <foreign rend='italic'>Chelabi</foreign>, which +means <hi rend='italic'>Lords</hi> in the old Turkish language +of Turan or Tartary. Perhaps also in the +<foreign rend='italic'>El-abi</foreign>, now Arabians, +which meant <hi rend='italic'>Angel-fathers</hi>, +or our forefathers the angelic men. +<foreign rend='italic'>Elapi</foreign> means +<hi rend='italic'>the most manly</hi> in Linapi! +</p></note> +</p> + +<p> +In the Antilles the first inhabitants were +called beasts or <foreign rend='italic'>Caracol</foreign>, +turtles <foreign rend='italic'>Icota</foreign>, +birds, opossums, seals, trees, stones, even +gourds and fruits.—(Roman's Trad.) In +Peru we find tygers, lions, giants, pygmies, +snakes &c. In Mexico, birds, apes, snakes, +<pb n='122'/><anchor id='Pg122'/> +tygers, giants &c. While throughout North +America we find tribes of beavers, turtles, +wolves, dogs, deer, birds. We must learn +to appreciate this primitive form of speech +and style, as allegorical names of men &c. +It is very needful in order to understand +the following narratives. +</p> + +<p> +Having obtained, through the late Dr. +Ward of Indiana, some of the original +<foreign rend='italic'>Wallam-Olum</foreign> (painted record) of the +Linapi tribe of Wapahani or White River, +the translation will be given of the songs +annexed to each: which form a kind of +connected annals of the nation. In the +illustrations of this history, will be figured +the original glyphs or symbols, and the +original songs, with a literal translation, +word for word. This will furnish a great +addition to our knowledge of American +graphics and philology; but here the annals +are chiefly interesting historically. I +have translated, however, all the historical +and geographical names, so as to afford a +better clue to the whole.<note place='foot'>The word +<foreign rend='italic'>Olum</foreign> is remarkable, because +it is analogous to the <hi rend='smallcaps'>Olen</hi>, the +legislator and teacher of Runes of the +Celts. The writings of the Druids and +Irish were called <hi rend='smallcaps'>Ocol</hi>, +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Callan</hi>, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Ogham</hi>, +the Irish <hi rend='smallcaps'>Olam</hi> were recorders and teachers. +<foreign rend='italic'>Olum</foreign> does not properly mean a writing, +since <foreign rend='italic'>Leki</foreign> is book, paper or letter in +Linapi; but it implies <hi rend='italic'>a record</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>a notched +stick</hi>, an engraved piece of wood or bark. +It comes from <foreign rend='italic'>Ol</foreign> hollow or graved record. +Hekewelder says that <foreign rend='italic'>Oluma-pisid</foreign> was in +the 18th century, a king of the Linapis on +the river Susquehanna, who kept the <foreign rend='italic'>Olum</foreign> +or records of the nation. It is probable +these were part of them.</note> +</p> + +<p> +We knew by all the writers who have +had friendly intercourse with the tribes of +North America, that they did possess, and +perhaps keep yet, historical and traditional +records of events, by hieroglyphs or symbols, +on wood, bark, skins, in stringed +wampuns &c.; but none had been published +in the original form. This shall be +the first attempt. Lederer saw 200 years +ago in Carolina, wheels of 60 rays, recording +<pb n='123'/><anchor id='Pg123'/> +events of 60 years. Humboldt has +mentioned the glyphical symbols of the +Hurons on wood, seen by the Jesuits. +Heckwelder saw the <foreign rend='italic'>Olumapi</foreign> or painted +sticks of the Linapis; but did not describe +them; he merely translated some of their +traditional tales: which agree in the main, +with these historical songs; yet the songs +appear mere abridgments of more copious +annals, or the bases of the traditions. The +Ninniwas or Chipiwas, the Ottowas, the +Sakis and Shawanis &c., all Linapi tribes, +have such painted tales and annals, called +<foreign rend='italic'>Neobagun</foreign> (male tool) by the former. Tanner +has figured some of these pictured +songs or <foreign rend='italic'>Neobagun</foreign>, in his interesting Narrative. +Loskiel has stated that the Linapis +had complete genealogies, with symbols +expressing the deeds of each king. Beatty +in 1766 saw records 370 years old. +</p> + +<p> +Out of these materials and other kept by +the Ozages, Cowetas, Tzulukis, Panis &c., +might be formed or restored a peculiar +graphic system of north America, different +from the Mexican system; and probably +once imported from Asia: where it may +be compared with the graphic symbols of +the Kuriles, Yakuts, Koriaks &c., indicated +by Humboldt; but which are unknown +to me. Meantime I shall give +materials for such researches in my illustrations. +The symbols, when met alone, +were inexplicable; but by obtaining the +<pb n='124'/><anchor id='Pg124'/> +words or verses, (since they must commonly +be sung) we may acquire enough to lead on +further enquiries. The most obvious peculiarity +of this system, is that each symbol +applies to a verse or many words; as if the +ideas were amalgamated in the compound +system: yet they may often be analyzed, +and the elements ascertained or conjectured, +by their repetition. +</p> + +<p> +These historical songs of the Linapi, are +known to but few individuals, and must +be learned with much labor. Those obtained, +consist of 3 ancient songs relating +their traditions previous to arrival in America, +written in 24, 16 and 20 symbols, +altogether 60. They are very curious, but +destitute of chronology. The second series +relates to America, is comprised in 7 songs, +4 of 16 verses of 4 words, and 3 of 20 verses +of 3 words. It begins at the arrival in +America, and is continued without hardly +any interruption till the arrival of the European +colonists towards 1600. As 96 +successive kings or chiefs are mentioned, +except ten that are nameless: it is susceptible +of being reduced to a chronology of +96 generations, forming 32 centuries, and +reaching back to 1600 years before our +era. But the whole is very meagre, a +simple catalogue of rulers, with a few +deeds: yet it is equal to the Mexican annals +of the same kind. A last song, which +has neither symbols nor words, consisting +<pb n='125'/><anchor id='Pg125'/> +in a mere translation, ends the whole, and +includes some few original details on the +period from 1600 to 1820.<note place='foot'>These actual +<foreign rend='italic'>Olum</foreign> were at first obtained +in 1820, as a reward for a medical +cure, deemed a curiosity; and were unexplicable. +In 1822 were obtained from another +individual the songs annexed thereto +in the original language; but no one could +be found by me able to translate them. I +had therefore to learn the language since, +by the help of Zeisberger, Hekewelder and +a manuscript dictionary, on purpose to +translate them, which I only accomplished +in 1833. The contents were totally unknown +to me in 1824, when I published my +Annals of Kentucky; which were based on +the traditions of Hekewelder, and those +collected by me on the Shawanis, Miamis, +Ottawas, &c.</note> +</p> + +<p> +The orthography of the Linapi names is +reduced to the Spanish and French pronunciation, +except SH as in English, U as +in French, W as Hou. +</p> + +<p> +If any one is inclined to doubt this historical +account; the concurrent testimonies +of Loskiel and Heckewelder are my corroborant +proofs. The words of Loskiel +are these. +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>The Delawares keep genealogies, with +the character of each man, if wise, rich, +renowned, or a mighty warrior. They +use <emph>hieroglyphs</emph> on wood, trees and stones, +to give caution, information, communicate +events, achievements, keep records. Some +time the hero has at his feet, men, heads +or weapons. They have also paintings +on skins of deeds, hunts, feats &c.</q> +</p> + +<p> +1. <hi rend='italic'>Song.</hi>—<hi rend='italic'>The Creation &c.</hi> +</p> + +<p> +1. At first there was nothing but sea-water +on the top of the land. <foreign rend='italic'>Aki.</foreign> +</p> + +<p> +2. There was much water, and much fog +over the land, and there was also <hi rend='smallcaps'>Kitani-towit</hi>, +the God-creator. +</p> + +<p> +3. And this God-creator was the first-being +(<foreign rend='italic'>Saye-wis</foreign>), an eternal being, and invisible +although every where. +</p> + +<p> +4. It was he who caused much water, +much land, much cloud, much heaven. +</p> + +<p> +5. It was he who caused the sun, the +moon and the stars. +</p> + +<pb n='126'/><anchor id='Pg126'/> + +<p> +6. And all these he caused to move +well. +</p> + +<p> +7. By his action, it blew hard, it cleared +up, and the deep water ran off. +</p> + +<p> +8. It looks bright, and islands stood +there.—<foreign rend='italic'>Menak.</foreign> +</p> + +<p> +9. It was then, when again the <emph>God-Creator</emph> +made the makers or spirits.—<foreign rend='italic'>Manito-Manitoak.</foreign> +</p> + +<p> +10. And also the first beings <foreign rend='italic'>Owiniwak</foreign>, +and also the angels <foreign rend='italic'>Angelatawiwak</foreign>, and +also the souls <foreign rend='italic'>Chichankwak</foreign>, all them he +made.<note place='foot'>This account of the creation is strikingly +similar to the mosaic and oriental +accounts; although it does not speak of +days or <foreign rend='italic'>Yums</foreign>. +The word for angels <foreign rend='italic'>Angelatawiwak</foreign>, +is not borrowed, but real +Linapi, put in the plural: thus the same +as the Greek <foreign lang='el' rend='italic'>Angelos</foreign>.</note> +</p> + +<p> +11. And afterwards he made the man-being +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Jin-wis</hi>, ancestor of the +men.<note place='foot'><foreign rend='italic'>Jin-wis</foreign> is the +AISH or <foreign rend='italic'>Adam</foreign> of all +the Linapi tribes. W'IS is identic with +ISH, W' being the article <foreign rend='italic'>he</foreign>, WI added +to words is common, meaning but <hi rend='italic'>he</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>she</hi> +and <hi rend='italic'>they</hi>, the plural <foreign rend='italic'>wak</foreign> +means <hi rend='italic'>many</hi>.</note> +</p> + +<p> +12. He gave him the first mother <hi rend='smallcaps'>Neta-migaho</hi>, +mother of the first beings +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Owini</hi>.<note place='foot'><foreign rend='italic'>Owini</foreign> +may be analyzed O-WI-NI, +meaning <emph>such-they-men</emph> or beings. O is +the common article for pronouns <foreign lang='fr' rend='italic'>On</foreign> +and <foreign lang='fr' rend='italic'>Ce</foreign> +of the French, in English <emph>such</emph>, <emph>it</emph>, <emph>this</emph>, +<emph>these</emph>, +preserved in many Linapi dialects, <foreign rend='italic'>Ni</foreign> and +<foreign rend='italic'>Ini</foreign> mean both +<emph>me</emph>, <emph>I</emph>, <emph>my</emph> and <emph>men</emph>. It must +be noticed that many words of these two +ancient songs are often obsolete now in +some modern dialects; but preserved in +others. This with the peculiar ancient +style, and the many words suppressed in +the narrative, and the constant compound +words, have rendered this translation a +difficult task.</note> +</p> + +<p> +13. And fishes he gave him, turtles he +gave him, beasts he gave him, birds he gave +him. +</p> + +<p> +14. But there was a bad spirit <foreign rend='italic'>Makimani</foreign>, +who caused the bad beings <foreign rend='italic'>Makowini</foreign>, +black snakes <foreign rend='italic'>Nakowak</foreign>, and monsters +or large reptiles <foreign rend='italic'>Amangamek</foreign>. +</p> + +<p> +15. And caused also flies, and caused +also gnats. +</p> + +<p> +16. All the beings were then friends and +stood there. +</p> + +<p> +17. Thou being <hi rend='smallcaps'>Kiwis</hi>, +good God <hi rend='smallcaps'>Wunand</hi> +(these are 2 gods) and the good makers +or spirits were such. +</p> + +<p> +18. With the Jins <hi rend='smallcaps'>Nijini</hi>, the first men, +and the first mother, their wives, which +were Fairies <foreign rend='italic'>Nantinewak</foreign>.<note place='foot'>Here +the <foreign rend='italic'>Owini</foreign> become +<foreign rend='italic'>Ni-jini</foreign>, evidently +the Jins of China and Iran; Jains +of India.</note> +</p> + +<pb n='127'/><anchor id='Pg127'/> + +<p> +19. The first food of the Jins and Fairies +was a fat fruit <foreign rend='italic'>Gattamin</foreign>. +</p> + +<p> +20. All were willingly-pleased, all were +easy-thinking, and all were well-happified. +</p> + +<p> +21. But after awhile a Snake-priest, +<foreign rend='italic'>Powako</foreign>, brings on earth secretly the +Snake worship <foreign rend='italic'>Initako</foreign>, of the god of the Snakes +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Wakon</hi>.<note place='foot'><foreign rend='italic'>Wakon</foreign> +is the god of all the Missouri +tribes, and many Asiatic nations. <foreign rend='italic'>Akon</foreign> +of Syria.</note> +</p> + +<p> +22. And there came wickedness, crime +and unhappiness. +</p> + +<p> +23. And bad weather was coming, distemper +was coming, with death was coming. +</p> + +<p> +24. All this happened very long ago, at +the first land <foreign rend='italic'>Netamaki</foreign>, beyond the great +ocean <foreign rend='italic'>Kitahikan</foreign>. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>2d Song. The Flood &c.</hi> +</p> + +<p> +1. There was long ago a powerful snake +<foreign rend='italic'>Maskanako</foreign>, when the men had become +bad beings <foreign rend='italic'>Makowini</foreign>. +</p> + +<p> +2. This strong snake had become the foe +of the Jins, and they became troubled, hating +each other. +</p> + +<p> +3. Both were fighting, both were spoiling, +both were never peaceful. +</p> + +<p> +4. And they were fighting, least man +<foreign rend='italic'>Mattapewi</foreign> with +dead-keeper <foreign rend='italic'>Nihanlowit</foreign>. +</p> + +<p> +5. And the strong snake readily resolved +to destroy or fight the beings and the men. +</p> + +<p> +6. The dark snake he brought, the monster +(<foreign rend='italic'>Amangam</foreign>) he brought, snake rushing-water +he brought. +</p> + +<p> +7. Much water is rushing, much go to +hills, much penetrate, much destroying. +</p> + +<p> +8. Meantime at <hi rend='smallcaps'>Tula</hi>, at that island, +<pb n='128'/><anchor id='Pg128'/> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Nama-bush</hi> (the great hare +<foreign rend='italic'>Nana</foreign>) became +the ancestor of beings and men. +</p> + +<p> +9. Being born creeping, he is ready to +move and dwell at +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Tula</hi>.<note place='foot'><foreign rend='italic'>Tula</foreign> is +the ancient seat of the Toltecas +and Mexican nations in Asia: the +<foreign rend='italic'>Tulan</foreign> or <foreign rend='italic'>Turan</foreign> +or Central Tartary. In +Linapi the meaning is <emph>Turtle</emph> or <emph>Tortoise</emph>, +names derived from <foreign lang='he' rend='italic'>Thor</foreign> turtle in Hebrew. +But all derive from strong and tall. <foreign rend='italic'>Tul-ap-in</foreign> +is the real tortoise of Linapi meaning +<emph>strong-manly-thing</emph>: the water soft turtle +is called <foreign rend='italic'>Unami</foreign>. The Chinese, Hindus +&c. point also to a turtle as the THBE +refuge of the flood. <foreign rend='italic'>Nana</foreign> appears Noah; +his title of Hare must allude to his long +ears? All the Linapi tribes have tales and +songs on Nana-bush, which they venerate +as a god; but his symbol is a turtle body +with a large head and nose, and a crest of +feathers or hair on the head.</note> +</p> + +<p> +10. The beings and men (<foreign rend='italic'>Owini and +Linowi</foreign>) all go forth from the flood creeping +in shallow water, or swimming afloat, +asking which is the way to the turtle back +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Tulapin</hi>. (This verse like many others +is in rhymes, and metre of 9 words of 3 +syllables.) +</p> + +<p> +11. But there were many monsters +(<foreign rend='italic'>Amangamek</foreign>) in the way, and some men +were devoured by them. +</p> + +<p> +12. But the daughter of a spirit, helped +them in a boat, saying come, come, they +were coming and were helped. (The +name of the boat or raft is <foreign rend='italic'>Mokol</foreign>.) +</p> + +<p> +13. Nanabush, Nanabush, became the +grandfather of all, the grandfather of the +beings, the grandfather of the men, and the +grandfather of the turtles. (This is the beginning +of a hymn to Nanabush, in rhymes, +lasting for 4 verses.) +</p> + +<p> +14. The men were there, the turtle there, +they were turtling altogether. (<foreign rend='italic'>Tulapewi</foreign> +are the turtle-men.) +</p> + +<p> +15. He was frightened, he the turtle, he +was praying, he the turtle, let it be to make +well. +</p> + +<p> +16. Water running off, it is drying, in +the plains and the mountains, at the path +of the cave, elsewhere went the powerful +action or motion. +</p> + +<pb n='129'/><anchor id='Pg129'/> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>3d Song. Fate after the Flood.</hi> +</p> + +<p> +1. After the flood, the manly men <foreign rend='italic'>Linapewi</foreign>, +with the manly turtle beings dwelt +close together at the cave house, and dwelling +of <foreign rend='italic'>Talli</foreign>. +</p> + +<p> +2. It freezes was there, it snows was +there, it is cold was there. +</p> + +<p> +3. To possess mild coldness and much +game, they go to the northerly plain, to +hunt cattle they go. +</p> + +<p> +4. To be strong and to be rich the comers +divided into tillers and hunters. <foreign rend='italic'>Wikhi-chik</foreign>, +<foreign rend='italic'>Elowi-chik</foreign>. +</p> + +<p> +5. The most strong, the most good, the +most holy, the hunters they are.<note place='foot'>The symbol is a kind of Hercules, +with a club and arrow; his name appears +to be Eluwi, thrice repeated and meaning +<emph>the most he</emph>. <foreign rend='italic'>Elu</foreign> the root is probably akin +to the <foreign rend='italic'>Aleim</foreign> or <foreign rend='italic'>Elohim</foreign> +of Moses, and +<foreign lang='he' rend='italic'>Elai</foreign> meaning strong in Hebrew: also to +<foreign rend='italic'>Her-cules</foreign> of the Latins, +<foreign lang='el' rend='italic'>Hera-cleen</foreign> of the +Greek, <foreign rend='italic'>Her</foreign> prefixed meaning Lord.</note> +</p> + +<p> +6. And the hunters spread themselves, +becoming northerlings, easterlings, southerlings, +westerlings. <foreign rend='italic'>Lowaniwi</foreign>, +<foreign rend='italic'>Wapaniwi</foreign>, +<foreign rend='italic'>Shawaniwi</foreign>, <foreign rend='italic'>Wunkeniwi</foreign>. +</p> + +<p> +7. Thus the white country <foreign rend='italic'>Lumonaki</foreign>, +north of the turtle country, became the +hunting country of the turtling true men. +</p> + +<p> +8. Meantime all the snakes were afraid +in their huts, and the snake priest <foreign rend='italic'>Nakopowa</foreign> +said to all, let us go. +</p> + +<p> +9. Easterly they go forth at Snakeland +<foreign rend='italic'>Akhokink</foreign>, and they went away earnestly +grieving. +</p> + +<p> +10. Thus escaping by going so far, and +by trembling the burnt land <foreign rend='italic'>Lusasaki</foreign> is +torn and is broken from the snake fortified +land. <foreign rend='italic'>Akomenaki</foreign>. +</p> + +<p> +11. Being free, having no trouble, the +northerlings all go out, separating, at the +land of Snow <foreign rend='italic'>Winiaken</foreign>. +</p> + +<pb n='130'/><anchor id='Pg130'/> + +<p> +12. The fish resort to the shores of the +gaping sea, where tarried the fathers of +white eagle and white wolf. <foreign rend='italic'>Waplanewa</foreign>, +<foreign rend='italic'>Waptumewi</foreign>. +</p> + +<p> +13. While our fathers were always boating +and navigating, they saw in the east +that the snake land was bright and wealthy. +(Here begins a fine poetical rhyming narrative).—<hi rend='italic'>See +Last Note.</hi> +</p> + +<p> +14. The head-beaver <foreign rend='italic'>Wihlamok</foreign>, and +the big-bird <foreign rend='italic'>Kicholen</foreign>, were saying to all, +let us go to the Snake Island <foreign rend='italic'>Akomen</foreign>. +</p> + +<p> +15. By going with us, we shall annihilate +all the snaking people, <foreign rend='italic'>Wemaken</foreign>. +</p> + +<p> +16. Having all agreed, the northerlings +and easterlings, went over the water of the +frozen sea to possess that land. +</p> + +<p> +17. It was wonderful when they all went +over the smooth deep water of the frozen sea, +at the gap of the Snake sea in the great ocean. +</p> + +<p> +18. They were ten thousand in the dark, +who all go forth in a single night in the +dark, to the Snake island of the eastern +land <foreign rend='italic'>Wapanaki</foreign> in the Dark, by walking +all the people.—<hi rend='smallcaps'>Olini.</hi><note place='foot'>Here +the people begin to be called +<hi rend='smallcaps'>O-lini</hi>, this was probably their old name +when coming to America. The tribes that +used R for L must have said <foreign rend='italic'>O-rini</foreign>, those +who have neither, as the Niniwas and +Ottawas, say <foreign rend='italic'>O-nini</foreign>. This will afford +matter for many philological enquiries and +comparisons.</note> +</p> + +<p> +19. They were the manly north, the manly +east, the manly south; with manly eagle, +manly beaver, manly wolf; with manly +hunter, manly priest, manly rich; with +manly wife, manly daughter, manly dog. +(12 words all homophonous rhymes.) +</p> + +<p> +20. All coming there, they tarry at Firland +<foreign rend='italic'>Shinaking</foreign>. But the western men +doubtful of the passage, preferred to remain +at the old turtle land. +</p> + +<pb n='131'/><anchor id='Pg131'/> + +<p> +Thus end these interesting and positive +ancient traditions, by a fine poem on the +passage to America over the ice; the Shawanis +have a similar poem: the Illinois had +also one, and almost every Linapi tribe. +They are perhaps lost; but this being at +last rescued, will preserve the memory for +ever. Now begin the second series of +songs, in a different style, seldom rhyming, +but made metrical by an equal number of +words in each verse, 4 in the 4 first which +carry the tribe till their conquest of the +<foreign rend='italic'>Talegas</foreign>; but only 3 in the 3 later poems +on the subsequent history. Thus these +songs diminish in details as they advance; +but they are mere abridgment of better +annals now probably lost. Numbers shall +be annexed to each successive king or +ruler, so as to compute the generations. +</p> + +<p> +1. <hi rend='italic'>Song. At Shinaki till the 10 Kings +or Civil Wars.</hi> +</p> + +<p> +1. Long ago, the fathers of men were +then at <foreign rend='italic'>Shinaki</foreign> or Firland. +</p> + +<p> +2. The path leader was the white eagle +(<foreign rend='italic'>Wapalanewa 1</foreign>), who leads them all there. +</p> + +<p> +3. The Snake island was a big land, a +fine land, and was explored by them. +</p> + +<p> +4. The friendly souls, the hunting souls, +the moving souls, in assembly meet. +</p> + +<p> +5. All say to him, beautiful-head (<foreign rend='italic'>Kolawil +2</foreign>) be thou king there. +</p> + +<p> +6. The snakes are coming, thou killest +some, to Snake hill, let them all go. +</p> + +<p> +7. All the snakes were quite weak, and +concealing themselves at the Bear hill. +</p> + +<pb n='132'/><anchor id='Pg132'/> + +<p> +8. After Kolawil, white owl (<foreign rend='italic'>Wapagokhos</foreign> +3) was king at the Firland. +</p> + +<p> +9. After him there <foreign rend='italic'>Ianotowi</foreign> (4 true +maker) was king, and many things he did. +</p> + +<p> +10. After him there <foreign rend='italic'>Chilili</foreign> (5 snowbird) +was king, who says let us go south. +</p> + +<p> +11. To spread the fathers of men <foreign rend='italic'>Wokenapi</foreign>, +and to be able to possess much +more.<note place='foot'><foreign rend='italic'>W'oken-api</foreign> +properly mean <emph>the fathers +manly</emph>. <foreign rend='italic'>Shinaki</foreign> the first seat in +America must have been near Alaska, and +the big <foreign rend='italic'>Shinaki</foreign>, the N. W. coast.</note> +</p> + +<p> +12. South he goes the snowbird, but east +he goes the beaver-he <foreign rend='italic'>Tamakwi</foreign>. (Here +is the separation of the Dinnis.) +</p> + +<p> +13. A beautiful land was the south land, +the big Firland and the shoreland <foreign rend='italic'>Shabi-yaki</foreign>. +</p> + +<p> +14. But the eastern land was a fish land, +and a lake land, and a cattle land. +</p> + +<p> +15. After Chilili, the great warrior (<foreign rend='italic'>Ayamek</foreign> +6) was king, when all the tribes were +at war. +</p> + +<p> +16. There was war with the robbing-men, +snaking-men, blacking men, strongmen. +<foreign rend='italic'>Chikonapi</foreign>, <foreign rend='italic'>Akhonapi</foreign>, +<foreign rend='italic'>Makatapi</foreign>, +<foreign rend='italic'>Assinapi</foreign>.—Thus ends the first song with +civil strife and great wars, dividing some +tribes probably. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>2d Song. From the 10 Kings till the +Missouri &c.</hi> +</p> + +<p> +17. After Ayamek came ten kings, in +whose time there was much warfare south +and east.<note place='foot'>It is doubtful whether these 10 nameless +kings were successive or contemporary +during the civil strifes. But the first is most +probable. If otherwise, this lessens the +generations.</note> +</p> + +<p> +18. After them <foreign rend='italic'>Langundowi</foreign> (peaceful-he, +17 kg.) was king at the beautiful land +<foreign rend='italic'>Akolaking</foreign>, and there was peace.<note place='foot'>This +southern land of <foreign rend='italic'>Akolaking</foreign>, +and the subsequent <foreign rend='italic'>Minihaking</foreign>, cannot +be identified; but were west of Oregon +mountains, probably the Oregon country.</note> +</p> + +<p> +19. After such <foreign rend='italic'>Tasukamend</foreign> (never-bad +<pb n='133'/><anchor id='Pg133'/> +18) was king, and he was a good or just +man. +</p> + +<p> +20. After such was king <foreign rend='italic'>Pemaholend</foreign> +(ever beloved 19) who did much good. +</p> + +<p> +21. King afterwards was <foreign rend='italic'>Matemik</foreign> (town +builder 20) who built many towns, and +afterwards the holy goer <foreign rend='italic'>Pilsohalin</foreign> 21. +</p> + +<p> +22. King afterwards was <foreign rend='italic'>Gunokeni</foreign> +(long while fatherly 22, who ruled long) and +afterwards the big teeth <foreign rend='italic'>Mangipitak</foreign> 23. +</p> + +<p> +23. King afterwards was <foreign rend='italic'>Olumapi</foreign> (24 +manly recorder or bundler) who caused +many writings.<note place='foot'>As early as 72 generations before +1600 or about 800 years before our era, we +find a recorder of old events, by means of +<foreign rend='italic'>Olum</foreign>. Compare +<foreign rend='italic'>Olen</foreign> and <foreign rend='italic'>Olam</foreign> +of Celts.</note> +</p> + +<p> +24. King afterwards was <foreign rend='italic'>Takwachi</foreign> (25 +who shivers with cold) who went south to +the corn land <foreign rend='italic'>Minihaking</foreign>. +</p> + +<p> +25. King afterwards was <foreign rend='italic'>Huminiend</foreign> +(26 corn eater) who planted much corn +there. +</p> + +<p> +26. King afterwards was <foreign rend='italic'>Alkosahit</foreign> (27 +preserving keeper) who had a royal soul +and was very useful. +</p> + +<p> +27. King afterwards was <foreign rend='italic'>Shiwapi</foreign> (28 +salt man) and afterwards dry-he <foreign rend='italic'>Penkwonwi</foreign> +29. +</p> + +<p> +28. There was no raining, and no corn +grew, east he goes far from the sea.<note place='foot'>Here this people leave at last the +Sea shores, and strike to the east over the +mountains. In <foreign rend='italic'>Oligon</foreign>, we have the etymology +of Oregon.</note> +</p> + +<p> +29. Over hollow mountain <foreign rend='italic'>Oligonunk</foreign>, +at last to eat he went at a fine plain <foreign rend='italic'>Kalok-waming</foreign> +of the cattle land. +</p> + +<p> +30. After <foreign rend='italic'>Penkwonwi</foreign> came +<foreign rend='italic'>Wekwo-chella</foreign> +(30 much weary) after such the stiff +(<foreign rend='italic'>Chingalsuwi</foreign> 31.) +</p> + +<p> +31. After such was <foreign rend='italic'>Kwitikwund</foreign> (32 the +<pb n='134'/><anchor id='Pg134'/> +reprover) who was disliked, and some unwilling +to obey. +</p> + +<p> +32. Being angry some moved easterly, +and secretly went far off. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>3d Song. From the Missouri to the +Mississippi &c.</hi> +</p> + +<p> +33. But the wise did tarry, and <foreign rend='italic'>Waka-holend</foreign> +(33 the beloved) was made king. +</p> + +<p> +34. It was at the Yellow River <foreign rend='italic'>Wisawana</foreign> +where there was much corn, large +meadows, and again were built +towns.<note place='foot'><foreign rend='italic'>Wisawana</foreign> is either the Missouri or +Yellowstone.</note> +</p> + +<p> +35. All being friends <foreign rend='italic'>Tamenend</foreign> (34 +affable like a beaver) became king and was +alone the first.<note place='foot'>This +<foreign rend='italic'>Tamenend</foreign> is famous in the +songs of the Linapis, and many kings took +that title afterwards. He is also the <foreign rend='italic'>Amik-wi</foreign> +or great beaver of the Miamis and +Ottawas.</note> +</p> + +<p> +36. Such Tamenend was the very best, +and all the men came to him. +</p> + +<p> +37. After such good <foreign rend='italic'>Maskansisil</foreign> (35 +strong buffaloe) was king and chieftain or +leader. +</p> + +<p> +38. <foreign rend='italic'>Machigokhos</foreign> (36 big-owl) was king, +<foreign rend='italic'>Wapkicholen</foreign> (37 white crane) was king. +</p> + +<p> +39. <foreign rend='italic'>Wingenund</foreign> (38 mindful) was king +and pontiff, who made many festivals.<note place='foot'>Wingenund must have been another +legislator, and high-priest. His festivals +are called <foreign rend='italic'>Gentiko</foreign>, and known to many +nations.</note> +</p> + +<p> +40. <foreign rend='italic'>Lapawin</foreign> (whitened 39) was king, +<foreign rend='italic'>Wallama</foreign> (40 painted) was king. +</p> + +<p> +41. <foreign rend='italic'>Waptiwapit</foreign> (41 white chicken) was +king, again there is war north and south. +</p> + +<p> +42. By the wise in assembly <foreign rend='italic'>Tamaskan</foreign> +(strong wolf 42) was made king. +</p> + +<p> +43. He was able to war on all and he +killed the strong-stone +<foreign rend='italic'>Maskansini</foreign>.<note place='foot'><foreign +rend='italic'>Maskan-Sini</foreign>, must be the Sioux and +Assinis, called stony or hard people throughout +North America. The subsequent foes +<foreign rend='italic'>Akowini</foreign> appear to +be the <foreign rend='italic'>Kowetas</foreign>, the +<foreign rend='italic'>Lowanuski</foreign> are +the Esquimaux, <foreign rend='italic'>Lowakon</foreign> +are the Ozages and Missouri tribes. Thus +this was a period of invasions by many nations, +which compelled the Linapis to go +further east.</note> +</p> + +<p> +44. <foreign rend='italic'>Messissuwi</foreign> (43 whole-he) was king +and made war on the snake-beings <foreign rend='italic'>Akowini</foreign>. +</p> + +<p> +45. <foreign rend='italic'>Chitanwulit</foreign> (44 strong and good) +<pb n='135'/><anchor id='Pg135'/> +was king and made war on the northern +foes <foreign rend='italic'>Lowanuski</foreign>. +</p> + +<p> +46. <foreign rend='italic'>Alokuwi</foreign> (45 lean he) was king and +made war on the father snake <foreign rend='italic'>Towakon</foreign>. +</p> + +<p> +47. <foreign rend='italic'>Opekasit</foreign> (46 east-looking) was king, +being sad at the warfare. +</p> + +<p> +48. To the sunrise he said let us go, and +they are many who together go east. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>4th Song. Conquest of the Talegas &c.</hi> +</p> + +<p> +49. The fish river <foreign rend='italic'>Nemasipi</foreign> separated +the land, and being lazy they tarry there.<note place='foot'><p>The +Nemasipi is the Mississippi, so +says Hekewelder: where began the wars +with the <foreign rend='italic'>Talegas</foreign>, the northern Toltecas +or Atlantes, towards 48 generations before +1600, near the beginning of our era, which +continued for 4 generations or over 130 +years, till about 150 after Christ. The +allies Talamatans are the Hurons and Iroquois +then united, since called <foreign rend='italic'>Delamatan</foreign> +and <foreign rend='italic'>Lamatan</foreign>. The traditions of Hekewelder +and Cusick both agree here in fact +and time. That of Hekewelder is most +ample, taken from other songs; but these +supply names omitted by both. I rather +think the Nemosipi must have been the +Ozages or Illinois river, since the Mississippi +is called afterwards Masispek, and the +monuments of the Talegas are found west +of it at St. Louis &c. +</p> +<p> +In my ancient history of Kentucky, having +only for guide Hekewelder and some +other traditions, I placed the conquest of +the Talegas about 500 of our era; but +these annals are more correct and remove +further this event. The computation of +Cusick annals of Ongwis place this great +event still earlier, or between 300 and 100 +years before our era. I knew neither Cusick +nor the Wallam-Olum in 1824.</p></note> +</p> + +<p> +50. <foreign rend='italic'>Yagawanend</foreign> (47 hut maker) was +king, and the <foreign rend='italic'>Tallegewi</foreign> (there found) possessing +the east. +</p> + +<p> +51. <foreign rend='italic'>Chitanitis</foreign> (48 strong friend) king +was, and he desires the rich land of the +east. +</p> + +<p> +52. To the east some did pass, but the +head of the Talegas, <foreign rend='italic'>Talegawil</foreign> killed some +of them. +</p> + +<p> +53. Then of one mind, all say, warfare, +warfare. +</p> + +<p> +54. The friends of the north the <foreign rend='italic'>Talamatan</foreign> +(who are not like the Talligewi, +the Hurons) were coming to go altogether +united. +</p> + +<p> +55. <foreign rend='italic'>Kinehepend</foreign> (49 sharp looking) was +king, and leader, over the river against foes. +</p> + +<p> +56. Much was there possessed by them, +and much spoiling and killing of the Talegas. +</p> + +<p> +57. <foreign rend='italic'>Pimokhasuwi</foreign> (50 stirring about) was +king, but he found the Talegas too strong +in the war. +</p> + +<pb n='136'/><anchor id='Pg136'/> + +<p> +58. <foreign rend='italic'>Tenchekensit</foreign> (51 opening path) was +king, and many towns were given up to him. +</p> + +<p> +59. <foreign rend='italic'>Paganchihilla</foreign> (52 great fulfiller) +was king, and all the Talegas went away +to the south. +</p> + +<p> +60. <foreign rend='italic'>Hattanwulaton</foreign> (53 he has possession) +was king, and all the people were well +pleased. +</p> + +<p> +61. South of the lakes they settle the +council fire, and the friends <foreign rend='italic'>Talamatan</foreign> +north of the lakes. +</p> + +<p> +62. But they were not always friends +and were conspiring when <foreign rend='italic'>Gunitakan</foreign> (54 +long mild) was king. +</p> + +<p> +63. <foreign rend='italic'>Linniwulamen</foreign> (55 man of truth) +was king, and made war on the Talamatan. +</p> + +<p> +64. <foreign rend='italic'>Shakagapewi</foreign> (56 just and upright) +was king, and the Talamatan were trembling. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Second Series or Modern History.</hi> +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>1st Song. At the Talega land.</hi> +</p> + +<p> +1. All were peaceful long ago there at +the Talega land <foreign rend='italic'>Talegaking</foreign>. +</p> + +<p> +2. <foreign rend='italic'>Tamaganend</foreign> (57 beaver leader) was +king at the White River or <foreign rend='italic'>Wabash Wa-palaneng</foreign>. +</p> + +<p> +3. <foreign rend='italic'>Wapushuwi</foreign> (58 white linx) was king +and planted much corn. +</p> + +<p> +4. <foreign rend='italic'>Wulichinik</foreign> (59 well hardy) was king, +and the people increased. +</p> + +<p> +5. <foreign rend='italic'>Lekhihitin</foreign> (60. writer writing) was +king and painted many books +<foreign rend='italic'>Wallamo-lumin</foreign>.<note place='foot'>Here +we find another recorder of +events who probably wrote the former wars +with the Talegas.</note> +</p> + +<pb n='137'/><anchor id='Pg137'/> + +<p> +6. <foreign rend='italic'>Kolachuisen</foreign> (61 pretty blue bird) was +king, at the place of much fruit <foreign rend='italic'>Makeli-ming</foreign>. +(near Cincinnati?) +</p> + +<p> +7. <foreign rend='italic'>Pematalli</foreign> (62 constant there) was +king and had many towns. +</p> + +<p> +8. <foreign rend='italic'>Pepomahemen</foreign> (63 paddler up) was +king of many rivers and streams. +</p> + +<p> +9. <foreign rend='italic'>Tankawon</foreign> (64 little cloud) was king, +while many went away. +</p> + +<p> +10. The Nentegos and the Shawanis, +went to the south lands.<note place='foot'>The Linapi tribes begin to disperse +now, about 600 years of our era.</note> +</p> + +<p> +11. <foreign rend='italic'>Kichitamak</foreign> (65 big beaver) was +king at the white lick <foreign rend='italic'>Wapahoning</foreign>. +</p> + +<p> +12. The heavenly prophet <foreign rend='italic'>Onowutok</foreign> +(66) went to the west.<note place='foot'>This prophet, pontiff and king, went +probably to visit many tribes, and became +their legislator.</note> +</p> + +<p> +13. The west he visited, the forsaken +land and the western southerlings. +</p> + +<p> +14. <foreign rend='italic'>Pawanami</foreign> (67 rich water turtle) +was king at the Ohio River <foreign rend='italic'>Taleganah</foreign>. +</p> + +<p> +15. <foreign rend='italic'>Lokwelend</foreign> (68 walker) was king, +and had much warfare.<note place='foot'>These new wars were again with +the Missouri tribes, <foreign rend='italic'>Lowako</foreign> is a new invading +tribe from the north.</note> +</p> + +<p> +16. Again with the father snake <foreign rend='italic'>Towako</foreign>, +again with the stony snake <foreign rend='italic'>Sinako</foreign>, again +with north snake <foreign rend='italic'>Lowako</foreign>. +</p> + +<p> +17. <foreign rend='italic'>Mokolmokom</foreign> (69 the grand father +of the boats) was king and went snaking +in boats. +</p> + +<p> +18. <foreign rend='italic'>Winelowich</foreign> (70 snow hunter) was +king and went to the north land of the Esquimaux +<foreign rend='italic'>Lowushkis</foreign>. +</p> + +<p> +19. <foreign rend='italic'>Linkwekinuk</foreign> (71 sharp looker) was +king and went to the Alleghany Mountains +<foreign rend='italic'>Talegachukang</foreign>. +</p> + +<p> +20. <foreign rend='italic'>Wapalawikwan</foreign> (72 east settler) +<pb n='138'/><anchor id='Pg138'/> +was king and went east of the Talega +land.<note place='foot'>The passage of the Alleghanies was +towards 800 of our era: the atlantic states +appear to have had no inhabitants, or but +few. Hekewelder confirms these facts.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>2d Song. At the East till first White +Man comes.</hi> +</p> + +<p> +21. This land of the east, was a large +land <foreign rend='italic'>Amangaki</foreign>, and +a long land <foreign rend='italic'>Amigaki</foreign>. +</p> + +<p> +22. This land had no snakes, but was +a rich land, and many good things were +found there. +</p> + +<p> +23. <foreign rend='italic'>Gikenopalat</foreign> (73 great warrior) was +king near the north. +</p> + +<p> +24. <foreign rend='italic'>Hanaholend</foreign> (74 stream loving) was +king at the branching stream or Susquehanna +<foreign rend='italic'>Saskwihanang</foreign>.<note place='foot'>Hekewelder +has given no etymology +of this river, the name means either branching +or roaring stream, perhaps both. <foreign rend='italic'>Winaki</foreign> +was the name of east Pennsylvania.</note> +</p> + +<p> +25. <foreign rend='italic'>Gattawisi</foreign> (75 becoming fat) was +king at the sassafras land <foreign rend='italic'>Winaki</foreign>. +</p> + +<p> +26. All the hunters reach the Salt Sea of +the sun <foreign rend='italic'>Gishikshapipek</foreign>, which was again +a big sea. +</p> + +<p> +27. <foreign rend='italic'>Makhiawip</foreign> (76 red arrow) was +king at the tide water. +</p> + +<p> +28. <foreign rend='italic'>Wolomenap</foreign> (77 hollow man) was +king at the strong falls (of Trenton) <foreign rend='italic'>Mas-kekitong</foreign>. +</p> + +<p> +29. The <foreign rend='italic'>Wapanand</foreign> (ensters) and the +<foreign rend='italic'>Tumewand</foreign> (wolfers or Mohigans) north-east +they go.<note place='foot'><p>By this account the Mohigans only +separated towards 970 from the main body. +This may be inaccurate, as the north-east +tribes appear older by their traditions. +</p> +<p> +By the account given by the missionary +Beatty in 1766, this event would be still +later: he states that after separating from +the western tribes and long wanderings, the +Lenaps (Linapis) settled on the river Delaware +370 years before 1766, or in 1396; +which was preserved in a mosaic belt.—<hi rend='italic'>See +Moulton's Hist. of New-York, Vol I.</hi></p></note> +</p> + +<p> +30. <foreign rend='italic'>Wulitpallat</foreign> (78 good fighter) was +king and set against the north. +</p> + +<p> +31. The <foreign rend='italic'>Maliongwi</foreign> (lickers or Iroquois) +and the <foreign rend='italic'>Pungelika</foreign> (the lynx like or Eries) +were all trembling there. +</p> + +<p> +32. Again <foreign rend='italic'>Tamenend</foreign> (79 beaver II) was +king there, and with all he made peace. +</p> + +<pb n='139'/><anchor id='Pg139'/> + +<p> +33. And all became friendly, and all became +united, with this great ruling king.<note place='foot'>This is the second Tamenend who +united all the tribes 1010. This famous +name is spelt very variously <foreign rend='italic'>Tamanend</foreign>, +<foreign rend='italic'>Tamany</foreign>, <foreign rend='italic'>Tamini</foreign> +&c. all meaning beavering +or acting like a beaver. There are +many songs and traditions on them.</note> +</p> + +<p> +34. <foreign rend='italic'>Kichitamak</foreign> (80 great beaver) was +king and remains at the sassafras land or +Pennsylvania. +</p> + +<p> +37. <foreign rend='italic'>Wapahakey</foreign> (81 white body) was +king and went to the Sea Shore on Jersey +<foreign rend='italic'>Sheyabi</foreign>. +</p> + +<p> +38. <foreign rend='italic'>Elangomel</foreign> (82 friendly to all) was +king and much good was done. +</p> + +<p> +39. <foreign rend='italic'>Pitenumen</foreign> (83 mistaker) was king, +and saw some one come from somewhere. +</p> + +<p> +40. At this time from the east sea was +coming a whiter <foreign rend='italic'>Wapsi</foreign>.<note place='foot'>Here +is the first mention of white +men towards 1170 by the computation of +generations: whether they were Eric or +Madoc, or both, will be enquired hereafter. +The Tuscororas of North Carolina were +visited at the same time by Cusick tradition, +the Mohigans had also their <foreign rend='italic'>Wach-queow</foreign>. +Hekewelder has omitted this +tradition like many others. But Holm in +his description of New Sweden positively +gives two traditions of the Linapis, tribe +Renapis, of a <emph>white woman</emph> who came to +America, married an American, had a son, +who went to heaven; and of 2 bigmouths (or +preachers) who came afterwards with long +beards, and also went to heaven. This +relates to the bishop Eric who went to +convert the Americans between 1120 and +1160, rather than Madoc or a warlike band.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>3d Song. Till the arrival of Colonies.</hi> +</p> + +<p> +41. <foreign rend='italic'>Makelomush</foreign> (84 much honored) was +king and made all happy. +</p> + +<p> +42. <foreign rend='italic'>Wulakeningus</foreign> (85 well praised) was +king and became a warrior of the south. +</p> + +<p> +43. He must make war on the Cheroki +Snakes <foreign rend='italic'>Otaliwako</foreign>, and on the Coweta +Snakes <foreign rend='italic'>Akowetako</foreign>. +</p> + +<p> +44. <foreign rend='italic'>Wapagamoshki</foreign> (86 white otter) was +king, ally of the <foreign rend='italic'>Lamatan</foreign> or Hurons. +</p> + +<p> +45. <foreign rend='italic'>Wapashum</foreign> (87 white big horn) was +king and visited the west land of Talega. +</p> + +<p> +46. There he found the Illinois <foreign rend='italic'>Hiliniki</foreign>, +the Shawanis <foreign rend='italic'>Shawoniki</foreign>, and the Conoys +<foreign rend='italic'>Konowiki</foreign>. +</p> + +<p> +47. <foreign rend='italic'>Nitispayat</foreign> (88 friendly comer) was +king, and he went to the big lakes. +</p> + +<p> +48. And he visited all the beaver-children +or Miamis, and all the friends or allies.<note place='foot'>The +Miamis or M'amiwis were descendants +of the first beaver tribe, separated +long before.</note> +</p> + +<p> +49. <foreign rend='italic'>Pakimitzin</foreign> (89 cranberry eater) +<pb n='140'/><anchor id='Pg140'/> +was king, and made alliance with the +Ottawas, <foreign rend='italic'>Tawa</foreign>. +</p> + +<p> +50. <foreign rend='italic'>Lowaponskan</foreign> (90 north walker) was +king, and he visited the noisy place or +Niagara <foreign rend='italic'>Ganshowenik</foreign>. +</p> + +<p> +51. <foreign rend='italic'>Tashawinso</foreign> (91 at leisure gatherer) +was king, and visited the Sea shores. +</p> + +<p> +52. Then the offspring, in three desiring, +three to be, and they became the Turtle +tribe, the Wolf tribe, and the Turkey tribe. +<foreign rend='italic'>Unamini</foreign>, +<foreign rend='italic'>Minsimini</foreign>, +<foreign rend='italic'>Chikimini</foreign>.<note place='foot'>This +verse is double, or has 2 symbols +with 6 words, appearing to be two +different readings united, or two modes of +expressing the same thing, the separation +of the real Linapis into three tribes.</note> +</p> + +<p> +53. <foreign rend='italic'>Epallahchund</foreign> (92 failer) was king, +in the war with the <foreign rend='italic'>Mahongwi</foreign>, wherein +he fails.<note place='foot'>This may allude to the subjection of +the Linapis, by the <foreign rend='italic'>Mahongwis</foreign> (Mengwi +or Iroquois) about this time, caused by the +division of the tribes. The name of failer +is certainly an epithet or nickname given: +most of the names of kings appear of the +same kind or titles. We know they changed +names when becoming kings or after great +deeds.</note> +</p> + +<p> +54. <foreign rend='italic'>Langomuwi</foreign> (93 friendly he) was +king and the Mahongwi were frightened. +</p> + +<p> +55. <foreign rend='italic'>Wangomend</foreign> (94 saluted) was king +yonder between. +</p> + +<p> +56. The Cherokis <foreign rend='italic'>Otaliwi</foreign> +and <foreign rend='italic'>Wasio-towi</foreign> +(those of the Otali and Wasioto mts.) +were his foes.<note place='foot'><foreign rend='italic'>Otali</foreign> +is the real name of the Cheroki +mountaineers, so says Adair: this recalls +the Talegas to mind, of whom they may be +a fragment. The <foreign rend='italic'>Wasioto</foreign> are the Cumberland +mountains, meaning the <foreign rend='italic'>South +Sioto</foreign>. The <foreign rend='italic'>Siotos</foreign> were a Missouri tribe +that advanced as far as the <foreign rend='italic'>Sioto</foreign> river in +Ohio, gave name to it, and were expelled +by the Ottawas; probably akin to the <foreign rend='italic'>Otos</foreign> +of Missouri. They bear the snake sign in +the symbol.</note> +</p> + +<p> +57. <foreign rend='italic'>Wapachikis</foreign> (95 white crab) was +king and ally a friend of Jersey on the +shores. +</p> + +<p> +58. <foreign rend='italic'>Nenachihat</foreign> (96 watcher) was king +and looking at the sea. +</p> + +<p> +59. At this time north and south the +<foreign rend='italic'>Wapayachik</foreign> came, the white or eastern +moving souls. +</p> + +<p> +60. They were friendly, and came in big +bird-ships, who are they?<note place='foot'>The symbolic glyph for this event is +nearly the same as for the arrival of <foreign rend='italic'>Wapsi</foreign> +or Eric. A sea, a boat, with mast, sail, +and cross over it. Every nation is denoted +by a peculiar sign on the head in these annals. +1. <foreign rend='italic'>Jinwis</foreign> and his wife by an aureole, +2. the <foreign rend='italic'>Ako</foreign> or snakes by a forked tongue +or 2 horns, 3. the <foreign rend='italic'>Jins</foreign> by a crown of rays, +4. the <foreign rend='italic'>Owinis</foreign> by a feather, 5. the kings by +3 feathers, the medial longer, 6. the Esquimaux +by a T, 7. the Talamatans by the +same reversed T, 8. the Talegas by a bar +pointing to the right, 9. the Nentegos by a +hook, 10. the Europeans by a cross. This +evinces a kind of systematic symbolic plan, +like the Mexican; but the symbols are very +seldom similar.</note> +</p> + +<p> +Thus end these poetical annals, so curious +and so plain, when properly understood +and translated. The following addition +<pb n='141'/><anchor id='Pg141'/> +is merely a fragment on the subsequent +period, translated by John Burns. I give +it as received although I fear it is inaccurate +in some respects, and a paraphrase +rather than literal account. Yet by this +addition, we obtain a kind of general history +of at least one American tribe, and a +complete original series of traditions, in +their peculiar pristine style. Many others +will be added hereafter, either from printed +traditions, or historical songs and fragments. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Fragment on the history of the Linapis +from about 1600 till 1820.</hi> +</p> + +<p> +1. Alas, alas! we know now who they +are, these <foreign rend='italic'>Wapsinis</foreign> (white people) who +then came out of the sea, to rob us of our +country. Starving wretches! with smiles +they came; but soon became snaking foes. +</p> + +<p> +2. The <foreign rend='italic'>Wallamolum</foreign> +was written by <foreign rend='italic'>Lekhibit</foreign> +(the writer) to record our glory. Shall +I write another to record our fall? No! our +foes have taken care to do it; but I speak +to thee what they know not or conceal. +</p> + +<p> +3. We have had many other kings since +that unhappy time. They were 3 till the +friendly <foreign rend='italic'>Mikwon</foreign> (Penn) +came. <foreign rend='italic'>Mattanikum</foreign> +(not horned, not strong),<note place='foot'><foreign rend='italic'>Mattanikum</foreign> +appears to be both the <foreign rend='italic'>Tinikum</foreign> +and <foreign rend='italic'>Mattahorn</foreign> of the Swedes +and Holm. Horn is not a Linapi word, +but Swedish, so as to translate half the +name. He was king in 1645.</note> +when the <foreign rend='italic'>Winakoli</foreign><note place='foot'>Holm +says the Renapis called the +Swedes, Akhoures, which in dialect Linapi +would be <foreign rend='italic'>Akoli</foreign>, +meaning <emph>ugly</emph> or <emph>snake-looking</emph>; +the prefix <foreign rend='italic'>Win</foreign>, means either <emph>the +beings</emph> or snow, or may refer to Winaki.</note> +came to <foreign rend='italic'>Winaki</foreign>. +<foreign rend='italic'>Nahumen</foreign> (raccoon) +when the <foreign rend='italic'>Sinalwi</foreign> (Dutch) came. And +<foreign rend='italic'>Ikwahon</foreign> (fond of women) +when the <foreign rend='italic'>Yankwis</foreign> +(English) came, with Mikwon and his +friends soon after. +</p> + +<p> +4. They were all received and fed with +corn; but no land was ever sold, we never +<pb n='142'/><anchor id='Pg142'/> +sell any. They were all allowed to dwell +with us, to build houses and plant corn, as +our friends and allies. Because they were +hungry, and thought children of <foreign rend='italic'>Gishaki</foreign> +(the sun land) and not snakes nor children +of snakes.<note place='foot'>The assertion that no land was ever +sold to the colonists is singular. They +thought to buy land with trifling presents; +but the natives understood all the while the +permission to dwell with them.</note> +</p> + +<p> +5. And they were traders, bringing fine +new tools, and weapons, and cloth, and +beads, for which we exchanged skins and +shells and corn. And we liked them, with +their things, because we thought they were +good, and made by the children of <foreign rend='italic'>Gishaki</foreign>. +</p> + +<p> +6. But alas! they brought also fire guns +and fire waters, which burned and killed. +Also baubles and trinkets of no use; since +we had better ones. +</p> + +<p> +7. And after Mikwon, came the children +of <foreign rend='italic'>Dolojo-Sakima</foreign> (King George) who +said, more land, more land we must have, +and no limit could be put to their steps and +increase. +</p> + +<p> +8. But in the north were the children of +<foreign rend='italic'>Lowi-Sakima</foreign>, (King Louis), who were +our good friends, allies of our allies, foes of +our foes: yet <foreign rend='italic'>Dolojo</foreign> always wanted to war +with them. +</p> + +<p> +9. We had 3 kings after <foreign rend='italic'>Mikwon</foreign> came. +<foreign rend='italic'>Skalichi</foreign> who was another +<foreign rend='italic'>Tamenend</foreign>,<note place='foot'>This +is a third Tamanend, the great +king of the whole nation dwelling at the +forks of the Delaware, which appears in +Penn's treaties, and came in great pomp in +1697. The other chiefs mentioned in deeds, +were only his vassals: he is also called +Taminy; but is very different from <foreign rend='italic'>Tatami</foreign> +who was king till 1748 at Welakamika or +Nazareth, where he was killed by an Irish +settler. Hekewelder mentions him; but +has many blunders on Tamanend, having +mixt the three into one.</note> +and <foreign rend='italic'>Sasunam Wikwikhon</foreign> (our uncle the +builder), and <foreign rend='italic'>Tatami</foreign> (the beaver taker) +who was killed by a <foreign rend='italic'>Yankwako</foreign> (English +snake), and we vowed revenge. +</p> + +<p> +10. <foreign rend='italic'>Netatawis</foreign> (first renewed being) +became king of all the nations in the west, +again at <foreign rend='italic'>Talligewink</foreign> (Ohio or the Talega +<pb n='143'/><anchor id='Pg143'/> +place) on the river Cayahaga, with our old +allies the <foreign rend='italic'>Talamatans</foreign>: and he called on +all of the east. +</p> + +<p> +11. But <foreign rend='italic'>Tadeskung</foreign> was chief in the east +at <foreign rend='italic'>Mahoning</foreign> and +bribed by the <foreign rend='italic'>Yankwis</foreign>: +there he was burnt in his house, and many +of our people were massacred at <foreign rend='italic'>Hickory</foreign> +(Lancaster) by the land robbers <foreign rend='italic'>Yankwis</foreign>. +</p> + +<p> +12. Then we joined our friend <foreign rend='italic'>Lowi</foreign> in +war against the Yankwis; but they were +strong, and they took <foreign rend='italic'>Lowanaki</foreign> (north +land, Canada) from Lowi, and came to us +in <foreign rend='italic'>Talegawink</foreign>, when peace was made; +and we called them big knives <foreign rend='italic'>Kichikani</foreign>. +</p> + +<p> +13. Then <foreign rend='italic'>Alimi</foreign> (white-eyes) and +<foreign rend='italic'>Gelelenund</foreign> +(buck killer) were chiefs, and all +the nations near us were allies under us as +our grandchildren again.<note place='foot'>Netawatwis was king in the west +from 1748 till 1776. Alimi or Coquetha-gekton +(Heck.) was regent of his grandson +<foreign rend='italic'>Unamiwi</foreign> till 1780, after him Gelelelund +was regent till 1782 when the boy <foreign rend='italic'>Unamiwi</foreign> +was killed by the Bigknives.—(Heck.) this +was the cause of the wars till 1795.</note> +</p> + +<p> +14. When the eastern fires were set up, +and began to resist Dolojo, they said we +should be another fire with them. But +they killed our chiefs <foreign rend='italic'>Unamiwi</foreign> (turtling) +and our brothers on the Muskingum. Then +<foreign rend='italic'>Hopokan</foreign> (strong pipe) of the Wolf tribe +was made king, and he made war on the +<foreign rend='italic'>Kichikani Yankwis</foreign>, and become the ally +of Dolojo who was then very strong. +</p> + +<p> +15. But the eastern fires were stronger, +they did not take <foreign rend='italic'>Lowanaki</foreign> (Canada) but +become free from <foreign rend='italic'>Dolojo</foreign>. We went to +<foreign rend='italic'>Wapahani</foreign> (white river) to be further from +them; but they follow every where, and +we made war on them, till they sent <foreign rend='italic'>Makhiakho</foreign> +(black snake, General Wayne) who +made strong war.<note place='foot'>General Wayne was compared to +their old foes, and called Black Snake, because +he beat the allied nations.</note> +</p> + +<pb n='144'/><anchor id='Pg144'/> + +<p> +16. We made peace and settle limits. +Our next king was <foreign rend='italic'>Hacking-Ponskan</foreign> +(hard walker) who was good and peaceful. +He would not even join our brothers Shawanis +and Ottawas, nor Dolojo in the next +war. +</p> + +<p> +17. Yet after the last peace, the <foreign rend='italic'>Kichikani-Yankwis</foreign> +came in crowds all around +us, and they want also our lands of <foreign rend='italic'>Wapahani</foreign>. +It was useless to resist, because +they are getting stronger by increasing +united fires. +</p> + +<p> +18. <foreign rend='italic'>Kithtilkund</foreign> and +<foreign rend='italic'>Lapanibi</foreign> (white +water) were the chiefs of our two tribes, +when we resolved to exchange our lands, +and return at last beyond the <foreign rend='italic'>Masispek</foreign> +(muddy water, Mississippi) near to our old +country.<note place='foot'>These are the chiefs of the two united +tribes, that appear in the last treaty with +the United States.</note> +</p> + +<p> +19. We shall be near our foes the <foreign rend='italic'>Wakon</foreign> +(god of snakes, the Ozages) but they +are not worse than the <foreign rend='italic'>Yankwiakon</foreign> (English +snake), who want to possess the whole +big island.<note place='foot'>The United States here are called +snakes like the oldest foes of mankind. +The insiduous manner in which the English +settled North America, and wronged the +natives, has procured them that appellation. +The French and Canadians are never called +snakes. The former names of <foreign rend='italic'>Yankwis</foreign> +has only been preserved as our Yankees. +The belief of their being <foreign rend='italic'>Gishakis</foreign> or children +of the sun-land, at the sun-rise, has +long been exploded here as in South America. +The Spanish cruelties did since procure +to the Castillians the names of devils, +assassins, snakes of the sea &c.</note> +</p> + +<p> +20. Shall we be free and happy there? +at the new <foreign rend='italic'>Wapahani</foreign> (western white river). +We want rest, and peace, and wisdom. +</p> + +<p> +Such is one of the accounts of the transactions +between this people and the English, +United States &c; of which Loskiel, Holm +and Hekewelder have furnished other fragments, +and for which we have ample materials +in the colonial history and late records. +But this offers some new views and facts: +which shall be partly compared and discussed +in the notes; but more properly +<pb n='145'/><anchor id='Pg145'/> +examined and united in accordance with +other narratives, in the history of the North +American nations and tribes. The 11 +kings in about 220 years named in this +fragment, indicate 107 altogether till 1820 +and later. +</p> + +<p> +That so many generations and names can +be recollected, may appear doubtful to some; +but when symbolic signs and paintings, +with poetical songs, are added, the memory +can well retain and perpetuate their connection. +Even in Polynesia, where we +are not told of symbols, but mere historical +songs, they reach to the creation and flood; +Ellis and Tierman tell us that the kings +and priests of Tahiti, Ulieta or Raiaka, +Hawahi, Mowi &c. could repeat the names +of ancestors and kings for 100 generations. +It would have been well if instead of giving +us mere fragments of the songs and names, +they had translated the whole, and thus +furnished the connected annals of Polynesia. +</p> + +<p> +In the Linapi annals, we find not merely +their own deeds; but the mention of many +other nations, friends, allies or foes, as in +Cusick's Traditions of the Ongwis: and +this forms another clue for American history. +As early as the Asiatic period we +find them united to the related people +<foreign rend='italic'>Owini</foreign> and +<foreign rend='italic'>Nijini</foreign>, before the flood, and calling +their foes <foreign rend='italic'>Powako</foreign> +(rich snake), <foreign rend='italic'>Makowini</foreign> +(bad being,) <foreign rend='italic'>Maskanako</foreign> (strong +snake), similar to the satanic tribes of the +Hebrews &c.<note place='foot'>Many other notions on the primitive +nations, may be collected from the mythologies +of the various Linapi tribes. Their +true devils are similar to vampyres.</note> +</p> + +<pb n='146'/><anchor id='Pg146'/> + +<p> +At the flood they are saved with the +<foreign rend='italic'>Tulapin</foreign> turtlemen, and begin to call +themselves <foreign rend='italic'>Linapewi</foreign>. Soon after they +separate, go north and divide into tribes, +named after the winds, the mode of life +and animals. The hunters are <foreign rend='italic'>Elowi</foreign> Elohim +of the orientals, or Heros and Hercules; +they again meet snakemen, who fly to America +and must have produced there many +nations. +</p> + +<p> +After having filled the north, and after +the breaking of the land, at Behring strait, +part of the nation resolve to follow and +pursue the snakes to the east. The passage +by the <foreign rend='italic'>Olinis</foreign> over the hard sea or ice, is +beautifully sung in a peculiar hymn (see +last note); they settle at Shinaki, and begin +again to war on snakemen: after which the +beaver men or Tamakwi separate going east +where they became the Dinni nations, yet +called beaver tribes, who ascribe their origin +to a beaver and a dog, and call their +ancestor <foreign rend='italic'>Chapewi</foreign>, +similar to <foreign rend='italic'>Apiwi</foreign>, the +manly in Linapi. +</p> + +<p> +Meantime the main tribe going south +meets other nations which it is difficult to +identify, as the names are mere epithets +and nicknames, yet the <foreign rend='italic'>Assinipi</foreign> or stony +men, appear to be the Dacota or Sioux yet +called Assini or stony by the tribes of Linapi +origin. They reappear afterwards as +<foreign rend='italic'>Maskan-sini</foreign> or +<foreign rend='italic'>Sinako</foreign>, and appear to have +passed to America soon after the Linapi. +They are certainly of Asiatic origin, as the +<pb n='147'/><anchor id='Pg147'/> +languages prove, and very akin to the Hurons +or Ongwis in America. +</p> + +<p> +The <foreign rend='italic'>Akowini</foreign> are met again, which appear +to have become the ancestors of the +Cowetas and many Florida tribes. The +<foreign rend='italic'>Lowanuski</foreign> were either the Uskis or the +Skeres. The <foreign rend='italic'>Towakon</foreign> were not the Ottawas; +but probably the Ozages or their +ancestors the Wakons.<note place='foot'>Wakon is the god and ancestor of +all the Washashas or Ozage tribes, Arkanzas, +Sioux &c. belonging to the <foreign rend='italic'>Capaha</foreign> or +Missouri group of nations.</note> +</p> + +<p> +At last they meet the civilized <foreign rend='italic'>Talegas</foreign>, +who are not called snakes, but rather extolled, +and from whom they borrowed many +things: their symbol is very different from +that of the snakes. They were probably +of eastern or atlantic origin, akin to the +Tols, Talascas, and Telicos the ancient +Cherokis. The <foreign rend='italic'>Talamatan</foreign> become allies, +were the Hurons, the name means both <foreign rend='italic'>unlike +the Talegas</foreign> and <foreign rend='italic'>killer of the Talas</foreign>.—See +Cusick, and my Huron Traditions for +their own annals. +</p> + +<p> +The separations of the Nentegos and +Shawanis, Mohigans, and Wapanends or +Abenakis, are distinctly given; they filled +the sea shores from Florida to Acadia. +Three tribes of snakes reappear which are +similar to the former, except the <foreign rend='italic'>Lowako</foreign> +probably the same as <foreign rend='italic'>Lowanuski</foreign>. After +crossing the Alleghanies Tamenend II. reunites +all the tribes. The <foreign rend='italic'>Hiliniki</foreign> and +<foreign rend='italic'>Conowiki</foreign> easily identified remain west of +the mountains. The Iroquois and Eries +appear under peculiar Linapi names. +</p> + +<p> +The Otalis and Cowetas appear soon +<pb n='148'/><anchor id='Pg148'/> +after as snakes or foes; whether the Otalis +or Cherokis of the mountains were real +snakes of the west is doubtful; it is more +likely that they are a fragment of the Telicos, +which was their capital till lately, and +later they are called <foreign rend='italic'>Otaliwi</foreign> by the Linapis. +Compare the Tzuluki traditions with these. +</p> + +<p> +The Tawas who call themselves fathers, +as the Linapi grandfathers, of all the akin +tribes, had then towards 1400, a great +power in the west: their empire had a +pontiff <foreign rend='italic'>Mushkiwis</foreign> near lake Michigan, on +whom Cass has given some very important +traditions. +</p> + +<p> +The following chief chronological periods +are deducible from these annals, by reckoning +3 generations in a century. About +1600 years before Christ passage of Behring +strait on the ice, lead by <foreign rend='italic'>Wapalanewa</foreign>, +settlement at <foreign rend='italic'>Shinaki</foreign>. +</p> + +<p> +1450. <foreign rend='italic'>Chilili</foreign> leads them south, and the +<foreign rend='italic'>Tamakwi</foreign> separate. +</p> + +<p> +1040. Peace after long wars under <foreign rend='italic'>Langundewi</foreign> +at the land <foreign rend='italic'>Akolaking</foreign>. +</p> + +<p> +800. Annals written by <foreign rend='italic'>Olumapi</foreign>. +</p> + +<p> +750. <foreign rend='italic'>Takwachi</foreign> leads +to <foreign rend='italic'>Minihaking</foreign>. +</p> + +<p> +650. <foreign rend='italic'>Penkwonwi</foreign> leads east over mountains. +</p> + +<p> +460. The first <foreign rend='italic'>Tamenend</foreign> great king on +the Missouri. +</p> + +<p> +60. <foreign rend='italic'>Opekasit</foreign> leads to the Mississippi. +</p> + +<p> +About 50 years of our era, alliance with +the <foreign rend='italic'>Talamatans</foreign> +against the <foreign rend='italic'>Talegas</foreign>. +</p> + +<p> +150. Conquest or expulsion of the <foreign rend='italic'>Talegas</foreign>. +</p> + +<pb n='149'/><anchor id='Pg149'/> + +<p> +400. <foreign rend='italic'>Lekhihitan</foreign> writes the annals. +</p> + +<p> +540. Separation of the Shawanis and +Nentegos. +</p> + +<p> +800. <foreign rend='italic'>Wapalawikwan</foreign> leads over Alleghany +mountains to <foreign rend='italic'>Amangaki</foreign>. +</p> + +<p> +970. <foreign rend='italic'>Wolomenap</foreign> settles the central capital +at Trenton, and the Mohigans separate. +</p> + +<p> +1170. Under <foreign rend='italic'>Pitenumen</foreign> +arrival of <foreign rend='italic'>Wapsi</foreign> +the first white men or Europeans. +</p> + +<pb n='160'/><anchor id='Pg160'/> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Additional Note.</hi> As a specimen of the +original text and poetry of these annals, I +give now the poem on the passage to America: +the whole text and all the symbols will +be given hereafter. +</p> + +<pb n='161'/><anchor id='Pg161'/> + +<lg> +<l>13. Amakolen</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 4'>Nallahemen</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 4'>Agunuken</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 4'>Powasinep</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 4'>Wapasinep</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 4'>Akomenep.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>14. Wihlamok Kicholen luchundi</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 4'>Wematan akomen luchundi.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>15. Witéhen wémiluen</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 4'>Wémaken nihillen.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>16. Nguttichin Lowaniwi</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 4'>Nguttichin Wapanawi</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 4'>Agamunk topanpek</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 4'>Wulliton épannek.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>17. Wulélémil W'shakuppek</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 4'>Wémopannek hakhsinipek</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 4'>Kìtahìkan pokhakhopek</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>18. Tellenchen Kittapaki nillawi</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 4'>Wémoltin gutikuni nillawi</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 4'>Akomen wapanaki nillawi</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 4'>Ponskan-ponskan wémìwi Olini</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>19. Lowanapi Wapanapi Shawanapi</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 4'>Lanéwapi Tamakwapi Tuméwapi</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 4'>Elowapi Powatapi Wilawapi</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 4'>Okwisapi Danisapi Allumapi.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>20. Wemipayat gunéunga Shinaking</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 4'>Wunkénapi chanélendam payaking</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 4'>Allowélendam kowiyey Tulpaking.</l> +</lg> + +</div> + +<pb n='162'/><anchor id='Pg162'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Chapter VI.</head> + +<quote rend='display'> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>The poetical annals and traditions of +the Haytians or Tainos of the Antilles</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>collected in 1498 by</hi> <hi rend='smallcaps'>Roman &c.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>with additions by</hi> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Dangleria</hi> <hi rend='italic'>and +others, Notes, Remarks, and Ancient +Tribes</hi>. +</quote> + +<p> +Roman was a Jeromitan friar, come with +Columbus, who began to convert the Haytians +in 1496, and collected their traditions, +after learning their language, out of the +<foreign rend='italic'>Areitos</foreign> or songs and hymns used in festivals. +He wrote them in 1498 by order of +Columbus, and they are inserted at large +in his life by his son; but were almost neglected +by Irving. They give us not only +an insight into the belief, religion, traditions +of the Antillian people; but also a compendium +of fragments on their annals. +Although very desultory, much less connected +than those of Mexico, the Linapis, Ongwis +&c., and destitute of chronology; yet +they afford an essential addition to American +history, and the ancient accounts about +the Atlantis and Antilles. +</p> + +<p> +In order to bring them into a kind of +order, they shall be analyzed, reduced to +a succession of events and divided into 3 +parts, 1. Cosmogony and Theogony, 2. +the flood and primitive history, 3. ancient +<pb n='163'/><anchor id='Pg163'/> +history previous to Columbus or 1492. A +fourth part foreign to these traditions would +be their annals since that time, and till the +extinction of the nation; which shall be +given hereafter, with the account of the +language, and civilization—What is peculiar +to these traditions among the Americans, +are the metamorphoses of men into +beasts &c., as in Ovid. +</p> + +<p> +The nation who furnished these annals, +was the Haytian of Hayti, a branch of the +nation dwelling also in Cuba, and filling +the Lucayes and smaller Antilles: whose +collective proper name was <hi rend='smallcaps'>Taino</hi> meaning +noble. But they acknowledged as brothers, +many tribes of the continent under the collective +name of <hi rend='smallcaps'>Guatiaos</hi> brothers, this +was ascertained in 1520 by Figueroa.—(See +Herrera.) These <foreign rend='italic'>Guatiaos</foreign> were the +Aruac nations and tribes, that were not +cannibals. These tribes as enumerated by +Figueroa in 1520 were in the Antilles the +1. Haytians, 2. Cubans, 3. Jamaicans, 4. +Boriquans (Porto Rico), 5. Cairis that +dwelt in Trinidad, Barbuda, Marmagitas +and Gianis Islands. While those of the +continent were the 1. Aruacas of Guyana, +2. Paracurias of Cubagua, 3. Urinatos of +Oronoc, 4. Pavonas of Cariaco, 5. Cariatis, +6. Cumanas, 7. Chiribichis, 8. Coquibocoa, +9. Unatos. These five last were intermixt +with the <foreign rend='italic'>Canibas</foreign> or +<foreign rend='italic'>Caribas</foreign>, the cannibal +tribes, foes of the <foreign rend='italic'>Guatiaos</foreign>, which are the +Galibis and Carib tribes; that had desolated +<pb n='164'/><anchor id='Pg164'/> +and conquered most of the eastern +Antilles. +</p> + +<p> +All the Tainos spoke the same language +divided into several dialects; but understood +reciprocally. D'Angleria tells us in +1512 that two distinct languages were used +in Cuba, the eastern was a mere dialect of +Hayti; but in the west was a very different +language not understood; this was the +<foreign rend='italic'>Cami</foreign> derived +from the <foreign rend='italic'>Olmeca</foreign> of Oaxaca +or the <foreign rend='italic'>Maya</foreign> of Yucatan; they having sent +there a colony, and founded a kingdom.—(see +the Maya History.) In Hayti there +was also in the center of the island a kingdom +of Mayas? the people were called +<foreign rend='italic'>Mayo-riexes</foreign> or +<foreign rend='italic'>Macoryxes</foreign>, (meaning +<hi rend='italic'>Maya people</hi>). They spoke a language +different from the Haytian (Dangleria) +divided into 3 dialects <foreign rend='italic'>Cayabo</foreign>, +<foreign rend='italic'>Cubaba</foreign>, +and <foreign rend='italic'>Baichagua</foreign>. This kingdom of strangers +was called <foreign rend='italic'>Cubaba</foreign> or +<foreign rend='italic'>Caibaba</foreign>, and +<foreign rend='italic'>Ziguayos</foreign>. They are called Caribs by +some authors; but erroneously.<note place='foot'>The account of these strangers in +Hayti is very slender and confused, some +writers deem them the ancestors of all the +Caribs; yet they acknowledge Caonabo +as a late comer. <foreign rend='italic'>Mayo-banex</foreign> name of +their last king means Maya-head in the +Maya language. They must have been an +ancient colony or remain of the Mayas, +since they had already three dialects. All +strangers were called Caribs at last by the +Haytians, whence the blunder.</note> +</p> + +<p> +Many other additional traditions on the +Antilles are scattered in early writers, +D'Angleria, Gomara, Herrera, Munoz, +Acosta, St. Mery, Oviedo, Columbus, Brigstock, +Rochefort, Edwards, Garcia, Laet, +&c. which shall be partly noticed here as +a sequel to Roman, and all connected as a +general outline of a history of the Antillian +nations. +</p> + +<p> +Having succeeded to make out a fine +vocabulary of nearly three hundred words +<pb n='165'/><anchor id='Pg165'/> +of the Taino dialects, collected from Roman, +Columbus, Dangleria, Munoz, Las-Casas, +Herrera, Gili, Humboldt, Vater +&c.—and another of about 150 words of +the <foreign rend='italic'>Cairi</foreign> or +<foreign rend='italic'>Eyeri</foreign> language of the Aruac +Islanders out of Dudley, Rochefort &c. +I will be enabled to translate and elucidate +nearly all the Taino historical names and +allusions, so as to clear up the annals by +original etymologies. The orthography +will be Spanish, J must be pronounced as +Kh, and X as Sh. +</p> + +<p> +The Haytians had besides these songs, +other annals; since the priests taught history, +and the origin of things to the sons of +the nobles. They had also perhaps peculiar +symbols to keep their records, since +Dangleria mentions that they had paintings +of beasts, tygers, eagles &c. on cotton, +hung to walls. St. Mery says that in 1787 +was found in the mountains of Guanaminto +a tomb with a stone of 6 feet covered with +hieroglyphs! and in the mountains of Limbé, +engravings of human figures on a serpentine +rock; besides many sculptures in +Caves. Columbus saw in 1492 in Inagua +one of Lucayes a gold medal <emph>with letters +on it</emph>! If we had figures of these hieroglyphs +and engraved symbols, we should +probably obtain another clue to American +history and graphic systems. But they are +probably lost by neglect like those of North +America! The Antilles being on the way +from the east to the continent must have +<pb n='166'/><anchor id='Pg166'/> +served as a stepping place to many nations +on their passage to the continent.<note place='foot'>Traces +of 44 distinct nations or tribes +are found in the ancient history of the +Antilles, (see last note) which are the ancestors +of all the American nations of eastern +origin by the Atlantic ocean.</note> +</p> + +<p> +1st Part.—<hi rend='italic'>Theogony and Cosmogony.</hi> +</p> + +<p> +1. <hi rend='italic'>Fact.</hi> The Supreme God, bears +five names or titles given by Roman and +Dangleria in two dialects, and is male or +female. +</p> + +<table rend="latexcolumns: 'p{0.5cm} p{2cm} p{2cm} p{2cm}'; + tblcolumns: 'lw(4) lw(13) lw(13) lw(10)'"> +<row><cell></cell><cell>By Roman</cell><cell>By Dangleria</cell> + <cell>Meanings</cell></row> +<row><cell>1.</cell><cell>Attabei</cell><cell>Attabeira</cell> + <cell>Unic-Being.</cell></row> +<row><cell>2.</cell><cell>Jemao</cell><cell>Mamona</cell><cell>Eternal.</cell></row> +<row><cell>3.</cell><cell>Guacas or Apito</cell><cell>Guaca-rapita</cell> + <cell>Infinite.</cell></row> +<row><cell>4.</cell><cell>Apito or Siella</cell><cell>Liella</cell> + <cell>Omnipotent.</cell></row> +<row><cell>5.</cell><cell>Zuimaco</cell><cell>Guimazoa</cell><cell>Invisible.</cell></row> +</table> + +<p> +Roman calls it female, Dangleria a male +God. The titles of this god are sufficient +to indicate the supreme God of nature, and +they have astonishing analogies with the +primitive God of Asia and Europe, the +Basks, Pelasgians, Atlantes, Guanches &c. +The most common name was the first, in +Cuba <foreign rend='italic'>Atabex</foreign>. This and other great Gods +were not sculptured in idols. The Chillians +had similar names for the Supreme +God.<note place='foot'>These titles of the Supreme God might +furnish many pages of compared analogies. +<foreign rend='italic'>Mamona</foreign> is identic +with the <foreign rend='italic'>Mammon</foreign> of +Africa and Asia. <foreign rend='italic'>Liella</foreign> has analogies +with all the EL or suns, gods and lords of +the east. <foreign rend='italic'>Atabeira</foreign> is +identic with <foreign rend='italic'>Atabyrius</foreign> +the Jove of the Phrygians and +Pelasgians: The meaning <emph>Unic-being</emph> has +analogies in <foreign rend='italic'>Ata-beira</foreign> all over the world. +<foreign rend='italic'>Ata</foreign> is one or first in many languages. +Compare <foreign rend='italic'>Atmon</foreign> of Egypt, +<foreign rend='italic'>Baracata</foreign> or +<foreign rend='italic'>Paraxacta</foreign> the nature +or mother of <foreign rend='italic'>Brama</foreign> +of the Hindus. <foreign rend='italic'>Mamona</foreign> +with <foreign rend='italic'>Vimana</foreign> +eternal god of the Jains, the <foreign rend='italic'>Manitos</foreign> +of North America. <foreign rend='italic'>Até</foreign> was god in Thracian, +<foreign rend='italic'>Ata</foreign> in Brazil, +<foreign rend='italic'>Etua</foreign> and <foreign rend='italic'>Heyta</foreign> in +Polynesia. The names of God in the +Cantabrian and Oscan dialects is <foreign rend='italic'>Ian</foreign>, +<foreign rend='italic'>Ion</foreign>, <foreign rend='italic'>Jauna</foreign>, +<foreign rend='italic'>Jain</foreign>, <foreign rend='italic'>Janieva</foreign>, +<foreign rend='italic'>Janugoieva</foreign> +&c. similar to <foreign rend='italic'>Jemao</foreign>, +<foreign rend='italic'>Jocana</foreign> and <foreign rend='italic'>Hiauna</foreign> +of Hayti.</note> +</p> + +<p> +2. <hi rend='italic'>Fact.</hi> This God was father or mother +of another great God dwelling in the +sun with a double name, variable in the +dialects. +</p> + +<table rend="latexcolumns: 'p{2cm} p{2cm} p{2cm}'; + tblcolumns: 'lw(15) lw(15) lw(15)'"> + +<row><cell></cell><cell>First Name.</cell><cell>Second Name.</cell></row> +<row><cell>By Roman</cell><cell>Iocahuna</cell><cell>Guamaarocon.</cell></row> +<row><cell>By Dangleria</cell><cell>Iocauna</cell><cell>Guamaonocon.</cell></row> +<row><cell>In Cuba</cell><cell>Yocahuna</cell><cell>Guamaoxocoti.</cell></row> +<row><cell>In Jamaica</cell><cell>Yocahuna</cell><cell>——</cell></row> +<row><cell>In Boriquen</cell><cell>Iacana</cell><cell>Guamanomocon.</cell></row> +<row><cell>By Oviedo</cell><cell>Iovana</cell><cell>Guamamona.</cell></row> +<row><cell>Variations</cell><cell>Iocavaghama</cell><cell>Guamochyna.</cell></row> +</table> + +<pb n='167'/><anchor id='Pg167'/> + +<p> +The explication of these names is not +given; but they are identic with the gods +of the Cantabrians, and Guanches of Canary +islands.—The first appears to be the +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Jehovah</hi> and +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Yao</hi> of the Orientals, and is +evidently the <hi rend='smallcaps'>Hunaku</hi> or Supreme God of +the <foreign rend='italic'>Mayas</foreign>. The second name means +<emph>Lord of the World</emph> (<foreign rend='italic'>Guama-ocon</foreign>) and is +a title.<note place='foot'><foreign rend='italic'>Gua-ma-o-con</foreign> +was such-great-of-world, +in the early monosyllabic language +of the Antilles. Compare with <foreign rend='italic'>Con-el</foreign>, and +the gods of the Atlantes, Guanches &c.</note> +</p> + +<p> +3. <hi rend='italic'>Event.</hi> This last God made the +World, the Heavens <foreign rend='italic'>Turei</foreign>, and the Earth +before the terrestrial sun and moon; also +the <hi rend='smallcaps'>Zemis</hi> or angels, who are male and +female lesser gods, worshipped in idols, and +intercessors with the great gods. In the +dialects <foreign rend='italic'>Zemes</foreign>, <foreign rend='italic'>Chemes</foreign>, +<foreign rend='italic'>Chemis</foreign>. +</p> + +<p> +All the ancestors are since called <foreign rend='italic'>Zemis</foreign>: +their worship was spread through America, +under various names, and forms: as well +as in the east. They are the +</p> + +<lg> +<l><foreign rend='italic'>Shemayim</foreign> (Heavenly) of the Hebrews.</l> +<l><foreign rend='italic'>Shemsia</foreign> of the Pehlavis of Persia.</l> +<l><foreign rend='italic'>Samana & Hamsa</foreign> of the Hindus.</l> +<l><foreign rend='italic'>Shams</foreign> of the Arabic.</l> +<l><foreign rend='italic'>Esmun</foreign>, <foreign rend='italic'>Saman</foreign> of the old Irish.</l> +<l><foreign rend='italic'>Eshman</foreign> (devil) of the Carthuls of Caucasus.</l> +<l><foreign rend='italic'>Sumari</foreign> of Thibet, <foreign rend='italic'>Chuman</foreign> of Tartary.</l> +<l><foreign rend='italic'>Camus</foreign>, a synonym of Magi of Persia.</l> +<l><foreign rend='italic'>Shin</foreign> of the Chinese.</l> +<l><foreign rend='italic'>Zamzumin</foreign> ancient giants of Arabia.</l> +<l><foreign rend='italic'>Chamin & Zaones</foreign> of Egypt.</l> +<l><foreign rend='italic'>Chama</foreign> of the Phrygians.</l> +<l><foreign rend='italic'>Chamina</foreign> of the Etruscans.</l> +<pb n='168'/><anchor id='Pg168'/> +<l><foreign rend='italic'>Zeones & Zanim</foreign> of the Ammonians.</l> +<l><foreign rend='italic'>Zamones</foreign> (blest) of the Lybians.</l> +<l><foreign rend='italic'>Lemes</foreign>, <foreign rend='italic'>Zanes</foreign> +and <foreign rend='italic'>Annas</foreign> of the Pelasgians.</l> +<l><foreign rend='italic'>Chemin</foreign>, <foreign rend='italic'>Shemsho</foreign>, +<foreign rend='italic'>Naemas</foreign> and <foreign rend='italic'>Zamiel</foreign> +of Aram or Syria and Phenicia. <foreign rend='italic'>Chemarim</foreign> Priests.</l> +<l><foreign rend='italic'>Zin</foreign>, <foreign rend='italic'>Kami</foreign> +and <foreign rend='italic'>Kamona</foreign> of Japan and Yedzo.</l> +</lg> + +<p> +While in America we find the <foreign rend='italic'>Chemim</foreign> +of the Carib women. +</p> + +<lg> +<l><foreign rend='italic'>Tezmin</foreign> of the Mayas.</l> +<l><foreign rend='italic'>Inama</foreign> of the Apalachis.</l> +<l><foreign rend='italic'>Manito</foreign> of the Linapis.</l> +</lg> + +<p> +<foreign rend='italic'>Camayos</foreign> of the Peruvians.—Which are +all identic in meaning <emph>Angels</emph>, <emph>Spirits</emph> and +their idols. This name changes elsewhere +in sound: just like <foreign rend='italic'>Enzel</foreign> in Teutonic, +which has the import of <foreign rend='italic'>El</foreign>, +<foreign rend='italic'>Aones</foreign>, and +<foreign rend='italic'>Zemes</foreign>, is root +of our <emph>Angel</emph> now pronounced +<foreign rend='italic'>Endjel</foreign>. This oriental connection +of ideas, names and worship, appears to +be evident. They are not less in <foreign rend='italic'>Turei</foreign> +heaven, <foreign rend='italic'>Uran</foreign>, +<foreign rend='italic'>Turan</foreign> of the primitive +nation &c. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>4th Event.</hi> Some of these <hi rend='smallcaps'>Zemis</hi> became +bad beings, and devils <foreign rend='italic'>Tuyra</foreign>, who send +diseases, hurricanes (<foreign rend='italic'>Furacan</foreign>), earthquakes +and thunders to desolate the earth +and mankind. +</p> + +<p> +The names of <foreign rend='italic'>Tuyra</foreign> for devil and evil +has analogies throughout the earth. The +most striking are +</p> + +<pb n='169'/><anchor id='Pg169'/> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Out of America.</hi> +</p> + +<lg> +<l><foreign rend='italic'>Zitura</foreign> of Basks.</l> +<l><foreign rend='italic'>Guirati</foreign> of Biscayans.</l> +<l><foreign rend='italic'>Vetura</foreign> in Bali of Pallis.</l> +<l><foreign rend='italic'>Tororu</foreign> of Nukahiva island.</l> +<l><foreign rend='italic'>Yarua</foreign> of the Berber Atlantes.</l> +<l><foreign rend='italic'>Yurena</foreign> of the Guanches Atlantes.</l> +<l><foreign rend='italic'>Daruj</foreign>, <foreign rend='italic'>Puyri</foreign> of +Zend.</l> +<l><foreign rend='italic'>Turug</foreign> of Celts.</l> +<l><foreign rend='italic'>Tairi</foreign> in Turkish.</l> +<l><foreign rend='italic'>Tahyri</foreign> of Tahiti.</l> +<l><foreign rend='italic'>Fara</foreign>, <foreign rend='italic'>Wara</foreign> of +Japan.</l> +<l><foreign rend='italic'>Tarada</foreign> of the Papuas.</l> +<l><foreign rend='italic'>Uritiram</foreign> Synonym of Shiva.</l> +<l><foreign rend='italic'>Teripis</foreign> of Oscans.</l> +<l><foreign rend='italic'>Tyranos</foreign> of Greeks.</l> +</lg> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>In America.</hi> +</p> + +<lg> +<l><foreign rend='italic'>Yares</foreign> of the +<foreign rend='italic'>Tayronas</foreign> the Cyclops or forgers of Santa Marta.</l> +<l><foreign rend='italic'>Sura</foreign> of Poyays.</l> +<l><foreign rend='italic'>Tziri</foreign> of Poconchi.</l> +<l><foreign rend='italic'>Huraqui</foreign>, +<foreign rend='italic'>Sura</foreign> of Apalachi.</l> +<l><foreign rend='italic'>Tiviri</foreign> of the Yaquis.</l> +<l><foreign rend='italic'>Kiuras</foreign> of the Powhatans.</l> +<l><foreign rend='italic'>Tarahu</foreign>, of the Tarahumaras.</l> +<l><foreign rend='italic'>Prororu</foreign> of Cumana, derived from +<foreign rend='italic'>Pregonero</foreign> another subsequent devil of Hayti.</l> +</lg> + +<p> +By the change of R to L, we have the +<foreign rend='italic'>Tulas</foreign> and Atlantes +of America.—<hi rend='italic'>See Taraguva</hi> +of 10th Event. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>5th Event.</hi> The good Zemis were appointed +to make the earth and men, and to +rule over both. <foreign rend='italic'>Guabanzex</foreign>, a female +<pb n='170'/><anchor id='Pg170'/> +Zemis, made the air and water, and became +the goddess of the ocean and winds. +</p> + +<p> +This will answer to the first period of +the earth creation, when the water was +above the land, and the <foreign rend='italic'>Rkio</foreign> of Moses +was divided. The name appears to mean +<emph>the windy</emph>.<note place='foot'><p>Compare the following words for winds +with <foreign rend='italic'>Gua-banzex</foreign>. +</p> +<p> +<foreign rend='italic'>Vayajam</foreign> Sanscrit.<lb/> +<foreign rend='italic'>Band</foreign> old Arabic.<lb/> +<foreign rend='italic'>Watem</foreign>, <foreign rend='italic'>Vato</foreign> Zend.<lb/> +<foreign rend='italic'>Bangin</foreign> Bali.<lb/> +<foreign rend='italic'>Bentus</foreign> old Latin.<lb/> +<foreign rend='italic'>Ventus</foreign> Latin.<lb/> +<foreign rend='italic'>Andas</foreign> Etruscan.<lb/> +<foreign rend='italic'>Abka</foreign> Abask.<lb/> +<foreign rend='italic'>Sabam</foreign> Ceylon. +</p></note> +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>6th Event.</hi> The male Zemis <hi rend='smallcaps'>Jaia</hi> +(<foreign rend='italic'>Khaya</foreign>, +the earth) made the earth and islands; he +is the <foreign rend='italic'>Aion</foreign> of Sanchoniation. Every land +and island is animated. The island of Hayti +was a great animal like a turtle; the head +and mouth was in the east, the west end of +it was a long tail, called <foreign rend='italic'>Guaca-iarima</foreign> +(country of the Vent). The caves were +the holes of the body, venerated and used +afterwards as temples and tombs. +</p> + +<p> +This notion, and comparison of islands +with turtles, recalls to mind the primitive +turtle land of the Chinese, Hindus, Linapis +&c. <foreign rend='italic'>Jaia</foreign> or <foreign rend='italic'>Kaya</foreign> +for land has affinities +all over the world and is a primitive +word.<note place='foot'><p>It was <foreign rend='italic'>Jaia</foreign>, +<foreign rend='italic'>Khaya</foreign>, <foreign rend='italic'>Cayo</foreign>, +<foreign rend='italic'>Hay</foreign> in +the dialects and it is pure Greek and Egyptian. +Compare <foreign rend='italic'>Aya</foreign>, <foreign rend='italic'>Ai</foreign>, +<foreign rend='italic'>Eia</foreign>, <foreign rend='italic'>Ia</foreign>, +<foreign rend='italic'>Gaya</foreign>, +in the Pelasgic dialects, since become <foreign rend='italic'>Aya</foreign>, +<foreign rend='italic'>Yaia</foreign>, <foreign rend='italic'>Gea</foreign> in Greek. +</p> +<p> +<foreign rend='italic'>Kahi</foreign> Egyptian.<lb/> +<foreign rend='italic'>Akhé</foreign> Zend.<lb/> +<foreign rend='italic'>Kay</foreign> Deri of Iran.<lb/> +<foreign rend='italic'>Iya</foreign> Sanscrit.<lb/> +<foreign rend='italic'>Ca</foreign>, <foreign rend='italic'>Aion</foreign> Phenician.<lb/> +<foreign rend='italic'>Ay</foreign> Lybian.<lb/> +<foreign rend='italic'>Aya</foreign> old Irish.<lb/> +<foreign rend='italic'>Ayate</foreign>, +<foreign rend='italic'>Gays</foreign> Ausonian and Oscan. +</p> +<p> +In America numerous analogies are found, +</p> +<p> +<foreign rend='italic'>Aya</foreign> Betoy, <foreign rend='italic'>A</foreign> in Lulé, +<foreign rend='italic'>Catun</foreign> Tzuluki, +<foreign rend='italic'>Acuti</foreign> Moxos &c. +</p></note> +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>7th Event.</hi> <hi rend='smallcaps'>Jaia</hi> afterwards had a son, +who was called <foreign rend='italic'>Jaia-El</foreign>, +<foreign rend='italic'>Higuera</foreign>, or <foreign rend='italic'>Hibuera</foreign> +earth-son gourd. +</p> + +<p> +This first man like Adam is son of the +earth, and an EL or Angel, <foreign rend='italic'>Elohim</foreign> of the +orientals; it means in Haytian, son, offspring, +family and tribe. It will often recur +in subsequent history, in the singular for +the plural. The plurals were <foreign rend='italic'>Eli</foreign>, +<foreign rend='italic'>Ili</foreign>, +<foreign rend='italic'>guaili</foreign>.—<foreign rend='italic'>Gua</foreign> +is only the article <emph>This or +Such</emph>.<note place='foot'>EL for son was primitive Haytian +and synonymous with tribe, children, family, +divine or son of God as in Asia. In the +dialects <foreign rend='italic'>Rabu</foreign>, <foreign rend='italic'>Rahen</foreign>, +<foreign rend='italic'>Muru &c.</foreign> meant +Son. Compare <foreign rend='italic'>Ili</foreign> tribe in Persian, +<foreign rend='italic'>Zitl</foreign> +man in Circassian, <foreign rend='italic'>Leh</foreign> Osset, +<foreign rend='italic'>Lez</foreign> Lezghi. +<foreign rend='italic'>Lele</foreign> in Pelasgian, UL in +Turan, now <foreign rend='italic'>Oglu</foreign> +in Turk—<foreign rend='italic'>Olgos</foreign> Eolian, +<foreign rend='italic'>Vulgus</foreign> Latin, +<foreign rend='italic'>Chuli</foreign> in Carthulan, +<foreign rend='italic'>Oleos</foreign>, <foreign rend='italic'>Laos</foreign> in Greek, +<foreign rend='italic'>Eleuth</foreign> in Mongol, +<foreign rend='italic'>Chula</foreign> old Spanish, <foreign rend='italic'>Alu</foreign> +Copt, <foreign rend='italic'>Bail</foreign> Etruscan, +<foreign rend='italic'>Cobayl</foreign> Berber, <foreign rend='italic'>Haial</foreign> +in D. <foreign rend='italic'>Shiluh</foreign>, <foreign rend='italic'>Ulu</foreign> +Afgan, <foreign rend='italic'>Eli</foreign> Hungarian, +<foreign rend='italic'>Filius</foreign> and <foreign rend='italic'>fam-ilia</foreign> +Latin &c. Even our +words <emph>Fellow</emph>, <emph>Child</emph> and <emph>Folks</emph> derive +from this ancient source, the oriental EL, +IL, OL.—In America we find it in the +OL-mecas, Chols &c.—<foreign rend='italic'>Olo</foreign> in Vilela, +<foreign rend='italic'>Yoale</foreign> Abipon, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Eles</hi> +Mexican &c.</note> +</p> + +<pb n='171'/><anchor id='Pg171'/> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>8th Event.</hi> The sun and moon called +<foreign rend='italic'>Boiniael</foreign> and +<foreign rend='italic'>Maroio</foreign> by Roman; but +<foreign rend='italic'>Binthaitel</foreign> and +<foreign rend='italic'>Marohu</foreign> by Dangleria and +Ovieda, come out of the cave <foreign rend='italic'>Jovovava</foreign>: +they are Zemis and foes of mankind. A +cave with the same name was their temple +in Hayti. Dangleria calls it <foreign rend='italic'>Iovana-boina</foreign> +Jove Solar. +</p> + +<p> +The exact time of this appearance is +doubtful, and there appears to be two +blended events, one of cosmogony alluding +to the sun being long obscured by the primitive +misty atmosphere, another historical +alluding to the solar and lunar dynasties of +Asia or America. The meaning of <foreign rend='italic'>Jovo-vava</foreign> +or <foreign rend='italic'>Kovo-vava</foreign> is cave of fathers, both +primitive names. The solar and lunar +names have many analogies elsewhere, +among which the chief are +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Names of the Sun.</hi> +</p> + +<lg> +<l><foreign rend='italic'>Oin</foreign>, +<foreign rend='italic'>Oein</foreign> of Arabs and Ethiopia.</l> +<l><foreign rend='italic'>Oboh</foreign>, +<foreign rend='italic'>Baion</foreign>, old Egyptian.</l> +<l><foreign rend='italic'>Baon</foreign>, +<foreign rend='italic'>Oan</foreign> of Assyrians.</l> +<l><foreign rend='italic'>Ian</foreign> of the Etruscans.</l> +<l><foreign rend='italic'>Belen</foreign> of the Gauls.</l> +<l><foreign rend='italic'>Bun</foreign> of the Zend.</l> +<l><foreign rend='italic'>Abolion</foreign> of the Pelasgians.</l> +<l><foreign rend='italic'>Abloin</foreign> of the Thessalians.</l> +<l><foreign rend='italic'>Ntiélé</foreign> of the Illyrians.</l> +<l><foreign rend='italic'>Bian</foreign> of the Ausonians.</l> +<l><foreign rend='italic'>Anactes</foreign> of the Mysians.</l> +</lg> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Names of the Moon.</hi> +</p> + +<lg> +<l><foreign rend='italic'>Yarho</foreign> of the Syrians.</l> +<l><foreign rend='italic'>Aohri</foreign> of the Tibus.</l> +</lg> + +<pb n='172'/><anchor id='Pg172'/> + +<lg> +<l><foreign rend='italic'>Warha</foreign> of the Ethiopians.</l> +<l><foreign rend='italic'>Carara</foreign> of the Etruscans.</l> +<l><foreign rend='italic'>Teoro</foreign> of the Betoys, S. A.</l> +<l><foreign rend='italic'>Heriho</foreign> of Canaan.</l> +<l><foreign rend='italic'>Humuri</foreign> of Old Arabic.</l> +<l><foreign rend='italic'>Matuaré</foreign> of Carthul, Caucasus.</l> +<l><foreign rend='italic'>Maraca</foreign> of Guaramis, S. A.</l> +<l><foreign rend='italic'>Marama</foreign> of Polynesia.</l> +<l><foreign rend='italic'>Kamar</foreign> in Maroco.</l> +<l><foreign rend='italic'>Kamaria</foreign> in Pehlvi.</l> +<l><foreign rend='italic'>Gumara</foreign> in Nubian.</l> +</lg> + +<p> +Most of these synonyms and analogies +are found in the most ancient languages: +to which may be added that in the ancient +Haikan language of Armenia, the sun and +moon were called <foreign rend='italic'>Noah!</foreign> +and <foreign rend='italic'>Morante</foreign>, +names also of Noah and his wife. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>9th Event.</hi> The female Zemis, +<foreign rend='italic'>Coatris-quia</foreign> +makes the springs and streams to flow +over the earth, and became their goddess. +</p> + +<p> +This is another period of oriental cosmogony, +that of the irruption of subterranean +waters and rain, which in the bible is posterior +to Adam. The name of the Zemis is +of doubtful meaning, probably <foreign rend='italic'>Coatris-quia</foreign>, +hollow-quite. <foreign rend='italic'>Coa</foreign> +or <foreign rend='italic'>Cua</foreign> was the name +of ancient hollow temples all over America. +<foreign rend='italic'>Quia</foreign> is +found in <foreign rend='italic'>Quisqueia</foreign> oldest name of +Hayti or the <emph>great</emph> (land) <emph>universal</emph>. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>10th Event.</hi> <foreign rend='italic'>Taragava-el</foreign> +and <foreign rend='italic'>Corocora</foreign> +or <foreign rend='italic'>Epileguanita</foreign>, two male Zemis of the +woods and hunters, made the trees and +beasts. This includes probably two events +anterior to the men, unless they be men. +</p> + +<pb n='173'/><anchor id='Pg173'/> + +<p> +The meanings of these Zemis which +might guide us, are quite doubtful. <foreign rend='italic'>Taraguva</foreign> +resembles <foreign rend='italic'>Tuyra</foreign> +and also <foreign rend='italic'>Turei</foreign> +heaven; but <foreign rend='italic'>Epileguanita</foreign> was probably +the ancient god of the <foreign rend='italic'>Caracol</foreign> or Beastly-men, +since it was represented by a beast +or quadruped; while all the other Zemis +as men and women. <foreign rend='italic'>Ili-guanita</foreign> would +mean in Haytian <emph>children of the people</emph>. +Therefore I presume that these are personifications +of the ancient hunters, or men +of the woods with the beastly and savage +men of early times. Roman calls the second +<foreign rend='italic'>Corocore</foreign>, synonyme +of <foreign rend='italic'>Caracara</foreign>. +</p> + +<p> +Part II. <hi rend='italic'>Antidiluvian History and Flood.</hi> +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>11th Event.</hi> <hi rend='smallcaps'>Jaia-El</hi> rebels against his +father <hi rend='smallcaps'>Jaia</hi> and wants to kill him; a warfare, +in which <foreign rend='italic'>Jaia-El</foreign> is killed by his father, +who puts his bones into a gourd. <foreign rend='italic'>Higuera</foreign>, +or <foreign rend='italic'>Hibuera</foreign>, and people the land of that +name. +</p> + +<p> +This refers to the fall of man and the +wars of the Titans. The name for bones +is omitted, it would perhaps afford another +clue. Many American nations venerate +and animate bones. Dangleria says, that +<foreign rend='italic'>Jaia</foreign> peopled all the islands of the sea with +these bones. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>12th Event.</hi> <hi rend='smallcaps'>Jaia</hi> being childless marries +<foreign rend='italic'>Itiba-Jatuvava</foreign> from whom he has 4 twin +sons called <foreign rend='italic'>Dimivan</foreign>, who became afterwards +<foreign rend='italic'>Cara-cara-cols</foreign> or the great Cara-cols, +the great beastly beings; but their +mother dies at their birth. +</p> + +<pb n='174'/><anchor id='Pg174'/> + +<p> +<foreign rend='italic'>Itiba</foreign> means woman ancient and alludes +perhaps to <foreign rend='italic'>Thibet</foreign>, refuge, or land of Noah. +(<emph>I</emph>, is the article <emph>the</emph>). +<foreign rend='italic'>Jatuvava</foreign> perhaps +Japhet-father, but in Aruac <foreign rend='italic'>Kati-uiua</foreign> +means the moon heavenly. The name of +<foreign rend='italic'>Dimivan</foreign> is remarkable, being identic with +the <foreign rend='italic'>Demavends</foreign> or antidiluvians of Persia, +called <foreign rend='italic'>Dawand</foreign> in the Zendavesta, the +<foreign rend='italic'>Demoi</foreign> or old people of the Pelasgians, the +<foreign rend='italic'>Demons</foreign> of many nations. +The <foreign rend='italic'>Caras</foreign> and +<foreign rend='italic'>Cols</foreign> are found all over America and +Asia.<note place='foot'>The <foreign rend='italic'>Cols</foreign> +are perhaps the Chols, Olmecas, +<foreign rend='italic'>Colas</foreign> of Florida, +<foreign rend='italic'>Collas</foreign> of Peru &c. +The <foreign rend='italic'>Caras</foreign> may be the ancient Caribs, or +the Guaranis, the <foreign rend='italic'>Caras</foreign> of +Peru, the <foreign rend='italic'>Coras</foreign> +of Mexico &c.; compare with the ancient +Carians and many other primitive +nations.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>13th Event.</hi> <hi rend='smallcaps'>Ahiacavo</hi> (grand father) or +<foreign rend='italic'>Baia-manicoel</foreign> an +ancestor of the <foreign rend='italic'>Dimivan</foreign>, +forms the nation of <hi rend='smallcaps'>Con-El</hi>, +at <foreign rend='italic'>Basamanaco</foreign>, +and invents agriculture, with the +art of making cakes and bread. +</p> + +<p> +The Dimivan acknowledge him as grandfather +of mankind. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Con-El</hi> is certainly a +personification, meaning the sons or Elohim +of <hi rend='smallcaps'>Con</hi>, who is the primitive Lybian Hercules +KON or KHON; and is found in +Peruvian history as the first legislator of +Peru. The XONS or <hi rend='smallcaps'>Cones</hi> were the +oldest people of Spain and Italy, same as +<foreign rend='italic'>Xâones</foreign> of Greece. Their god was XON +or <foreign rend='italic'>Konah</foreign>. +<foreign rend='italic'>Basamanaco</foreign> is inexplicable +unless it alludes to the primitive antidiluvian +<foreign rend='italic'>Manaco</foreign> or <foreign rend='italic'>Manco</foreign> +of Peru. <foreign rend='italic'>Ba</foreign> is dwelling, +<foreign rend='italic'>Samana</foreign> an island near Hayti. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>14th Event.</hi> The four brothers +<foreign rend='italic'>Dimivan</foreign> +meeting a mute <foreign rend='italic'>Conel</foreign>, making bread, ask +him for some; but he only gives them instead +<foreign rend='italic'>Cogioba</foreign> or <foreign rend='italic'>Cohiba</foreign> +which is tobacco: +this happened at the door of Basamanaco. +<pb n='175'/><anchor id='Pg175'/> +This fable indicates an intercourse of the +Dimivans and the <foreign rend='italic'>Conels</foreign> which are probably +a branch of the Atlantes or Lybians. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>15th Event.</hi> This refusal of bread was +the cause of a quarrel and war, in which +<foreign rend='italic'>Conel</foreign> kills or destroys one of the brothers +or tribes of <foreign rend='italic'>Dimivan Caracol</foreign>, but a turtle +<foreign rend='italic'>Hicotea</foreign> came out of his body, or an island +thus called, as Hayti was. This <foreign rend='italic'>Conel</foreign> conqueror +was <foreign rend='italic'>Baia-mani-coel</foreign>, whose name +means <emph>Father of food celestial</emph>; but <foreign rend='italic'>Baya</foreign> +is also the ocean. +</p> + +<p> +This indicates a great war, and probably +alludes to that of the Atlantes.<note place='foot'>Although we do not meet in Hayti +the Greek name of Atlantis, we have so +many allusions to the devils <foreign rend='italic'>Taras</foreign>, and +Amazons <foreign rend='italic'>Amayuna</foreign>, that we can connect +these traditions with the Greek accounts. +The ancestors of the Haytians if Pelagians +were foes and vassals of the Atlantes; +but allies of the Amazons.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>16th Event.</hi> The <foreign rend='italic'>Dimivans</foreign>, probably +in revenge, broke the gourd of <hi rend='smallcaps'>Jaiael</hi> +(<foreign rend='italic'>Khayahel</foreign>); but a flood of waters issue +from it and drowns the land. +</p> + +<p> +This deluge is called <foreign rend='italic'>Niquen</foreign>: there is +no indication in Roman of the men who +were destroyed, nor who were saved and +how; but in Cuba was found a more ample +tradition of the flood as follows. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>17th Event.</hi> Three Behiques or priests +who come to Cuba later, taught them that +the flood had been general, had broken the +land; and that a good man had been saved +in a big boat with his family. That many +animals were also in the boat, a vulture +and dove are mentioned. +</p> + +<p> +Herrera and others relate this, but in different +words, and without native names. +Some have supposed this account made +out by the Spanish priests; but it appears +<pb n='176'/><anchor id='Pg176'/> +to refer to a tradition brought by the Olmecas +or Mayas in Cuba, being very similar +to the Mexican accounts. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>18th Event.</hi> Another subsequent flood +although omitted by Roman, is alluded to +by others, Garcia says that Hayti and Cuba +were then cut asunder and separated from +Yucatan. Dangleria says that the islands +Lucayas that then joined to the great +islands, were divided by irruptions of the +sea. It is the second flood of Peleg, which +in the Antilles broke the islands by volcanic +explosions. It is impossible to say what +events of the next period, may belong to +the interval between the two floods; but +probably some of them. All these antidiluvian +events appear to belong to a different +country than the Antilles, which did not +even then exist, at least in their actual +state, and may properly be referred to the +island Atlantis or the eastern hemisphere. +It was at this last cataclysm that the Antilles +assumed their actual shape and number. +</p> + +<p> +Part III.—<hi rend='italic'>Ancient History.</hi> +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>19th Event.</hi> After the floods the men +dwelt in caves on the mountain <foreign rend='italic'>Cauta</foreign> in +the land of <foreign rend='italic'>Caanau</foreign> or +<foreign rend='italic'>Caunana</foreign> or <foreign rend='italic'>Caona</foreign>. +</p> + +<p> +The mountains of <foreign rend='italic'>Cauta</foreign> must have been +the refuge of men at one of the floods: they +answer probably to the <foreign rend='italic'>Cuta</foreign> of the Hindus, +name given to many rocky lands and capes +besides mountains. The <foreign rend='italic'>Ceuta</foreign> mountain +of Africa south of Gibraltar, was one of +them, also called <foreign rend='italic'>Abyla</foreign> +from the <foreign rend='italic'>Cabyles</foreign> +<pb n='177'/><anchor id='Pg177'/> +or Nomadic Berbers. Dangleria states a +tradition that men were created on that +mountain. <foreign rend='italic'>Cauta</foreign> although unexplained +is identic with <foreign rend='italic'>Icota</foreign> turtle, +<foreign rend='italic'>Ca-uta</foreign> land +raised. <foreign rend='italic'>Caona</foreign> means golden. +</p> + +<p> +The land <foreign rend='italic'>Caanau</foreign> of Roman, +<foreign rend='italic'>Caunana</foreign> +of Dangleria, has been mistaken for the +land of <foreign rend='italic'>Canaan</foreign> by some writers: others +deem it Florida. Both are wrong. The +Haytians did not come from North America; +but may have sent colonies there. +They came from the east, South America +and Africa, or the Atlantis. The name +means land of Noah? (<foreign rend='italic'>Caa-Nau</foreign>, +<foreign rend='italic'>Cau-Nana</foreign>). +<foreign rend='italic'>Caunia</foreign> was the ancient name of +Asia Minor and Caria, the first Carians +were Caunians, a Pelagian tribe which +expelled by the Leleges, settled the Grecian +islands, and Lybia part of which was +called <foreign rend='italic'>Caani</foreign>. The +<foreign rend='italic'>Anakim</foreign> of Syria +giants dwelt in <foreign rend='italic'>Ca-anak</foreign>. +The <foreign rend='italic'>Khaoni</foreign> +were the ancestors of Epirians and Illyrians. +<foreign rend='italic'>Cauni</foreign> was a mauritanian tribe. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>20th Event.</hi> The sun and moon are two +great Zemis called <foreign rend='italic'>Binthaitel</foreign> (sun divine) +and his wife <foreign rend='italic'>Marohu</foreign> (moon), come out of +the cave <foreign rend='italic'>Iovana-boina</foreign> (Jehovah-Solar), +and rule the world, establishing the solar +and lunar dynasties. +</p> + +<p> +This historical event must be distinguished +from the 8th. This refers to the +solar dynasties of Asia and Africa. It +must be noticed that similar places were +often shown in Hayti, as the same names +<pb n='178'/><anchor id='Pg178'/> +had been applied by the subsequent settlers, +even when the event had happened elsewhere. +In this case, these solar caves +were temples in Hayti, where the figures +of the sun and moon were worshipped, and +prayed to for rain; but Herrera says they +had their hands bound, which indicates a +conquest. Pilgrims went to those caves, +from all parts of Hayti. It was in the land +of the king <foreign rend='italic'>Mauziation-El</foreign> (Roman) or +<foreign rend='italic'>Machiunech</foreign> (Dangleria); but whether +these were former dynasties and kings or +late rulers, is difficult to ascertain. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>21st Event.</hi> <foreign rend='italic'>Maroco-El</foreign> +(lunar son) called +<foreign rend='italic'>Machocha-El</foreign> by Dangleria, held the sway +over men, who were still in Cauta and Caanau, +and kept them confined to the caves. +</p> + +<p> +This indicates a lunar dominion over +mankind somewhere, and a state of confinement: +Perhaps in South America; in +Peru caves are also the first dwellings of +mankind. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>22d Event.</hi> The men were divided into +double tribes or two nations, the principal +or largest and of best men was called +<foreign rend='italic'>Cazibagiaga</foreign>—R. +<foreign rend='italic'>Cazibaxagua</foreign>—D. +(Royal Xagua) and the smaller <foreign rend='italic'>Amaianaba</foreign>—R. +<foreign rend='italic'>Amayauna</foreign>—D. (Mayas?), +ruled by Cazics for kings. +</p> + +<p> +We have here two nations well indicated. +The first the <foreign rend='italic'>Giaga</foreign> +or <foreign rend='italic'>Shaguas</foreign>, indicate +the Lunar tribe, the <foreign rend='italic'>Chia</foreign> of the Muyzcas, +and other South American tribes <foreign rend='italic'>Achaguas</foreign> +of Oronoc, the <foreign rend='italic'>Chaguays</foreign> +or <foreign rend='italic'>Changas</foreign> of +<pb n='179'/><anchor id='Pg179'/> +Peru, <foreign rend='italic'>Agaches</foreign> or +<foreign rend='italic'>Agaiz</foreign> or Paraguay; +but above all the <foreign rend='italic'>Cacha</foreign> +or <foreign rend='italic'>Xauxa</foreign> antidiluvian +people of Peru. While in the second +we trace again the Amazons or Atlantes, +one of their main African tribes being the +<foreign rend='italic'>Amantes</foreign> of Solin, +another the <foreign rend='italic'>Baniabas</foreign> +of Ptolemy, both in Lybia. In America the +progeny is found in the <foreign rend='italic'>Mayas</foreign> of Yucatan, +the <foreign rend='italic'>Maynas</foreign> of East +Peru, the <foreign rend='italic'>Mamayant</foreign> +of Brazil, the Mbayas of Chaco &c. +</p> + +<p> +The important name of Cazic for kings +begins to appear: it is evidently oriental, +and its affinities will be shown in a note.<note place='foot'><p>Compare +<foreign rend='italic'>Cazic</foreign> with the following +names for king: +</p> +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Oriental Names.</hi> +</p> +<p> +<foreign rend='italic'>Ach</foreign> Egypt and Etruscan.<lb/> +<foreign rend='italic'>Vasil</foreign> of Greeks.<lb/> +<foreign rend='italic'>Kasek</foreign> in Sitka.<lb/> +<foreign rend='italic'>Cazi</foreign> in Iran.<lb/> +<foreign rend='italic'>Sheik</foreign> in Arabic.<lb/> +<foreign rend='italic'>Zic</foreign> Iberians and Sicules.<lb/> +<foreign rend='italic'>Acalic</foreign>, +<foreign rend='italic'>Agazi</foreign> Berber.<lb/> +<foreign rend='italic'>Bazilik</foreign> Pelagian.<lb/> +<foreign rend='italic'>Cahin</foreign> Lybian.<lb/> +<foreign rend='italic'>Hazil</foreign> Carian.<lb/> +<foreign rend='italic'>Cay</foreign> Zend.<lb/> +<foreign rend='italic'>Iza</foreign> Tigreh.<lb/> +<foreign rend='italic'>Cazil</foreign> Mindanao island.<lb/> +<foreign rend='italic'>Cazis</foreign> Socotora island.<lb/> +<foreign rend='italic'>Izcan</foreign> of Haikans.<lb/> +<foreign rend='italic'>Izca</foreign>, +<foreign rend='italic'>Kan</foreign> of Turans.<lb/> +<foreign rend='italic'>Casis</foreign> of Syrians. +</p> +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>American Names.</hi><lb/> +</p> +<p> +<foreign rend='italic'>Acachi</foreign> of Totonacas.<lb/> +<foreign rend='italic'>Wachil</foreign> of Nachez.<lb/> +<foreign rend='italic'>Zac</foreign> of Muyzcas.<lb/> +<foreign rend='italic'>Cathi</foreign> of Pinindas.<lb/> +<foreign rend='italic'>Ahatic</foreign> of Huaztecas.<lb/> +<foreign rend='italic'>Inca</foreign> of Peruvians.<lb/> +<foreign rend='italic'>Chiaca</foreign> of Coras.<lb/> +<foreign rend='italic'>Cuchi</foreign> of Puncays.<lb/> +<foreign rend='italic'>Kiuska</foreign> of Tzulukis. +</p></note> +It is akin also to <foreign rend='italic'>Kachi</foreign> sun, in the Eyeri +dialect: the <foreign rend='italic'>Washil</foreign> of the Nachez. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>23d Event.</hi> <hi rend='smallcaps'>Machocha-El</hi> was set by +the sun to watch the caves, and many inhabitants +of the caves were killed by the +sun, if they came out in the day time; they +could only come out at night to seek for +food. (Dangleria) +</p> + +<p> +This either alludes to the great heat of +the sun in Africa and the tropics, or to a +dependance of the Lunar or Cave men +upon the Solar men. <foreign rend='italic'>Machocha</foreign> has some +affinities in the South American tribes; +<foreign rend='italic'>Machicuys</foreign> of +Tucumen, <foreign rend='italic'>Machacalis</foreign> of +Brazil, <foreign rend='italic'>Chaehas</foreign> of Perou, +<foreign rend='italic'>Chanchones</foreign> of +Quixos &c. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>24th Event.</hi> Some men having dared to +come in the day time, were changed into +stones by the sun; (<foreign rend='italic'>Ziba</foreign> is stone): also +<foreign rend='italic'>Machokael</foreign> for allowing it. +</p> + +<p> +This fable may allude to a war, between +<pb n='180'/><anchor id='Pg180'/> +the <foreign rend='italic'>Zibas</foreign> stony or strong men and the +solar tribes. These <foreign rend='italic'>Zibas</foreign> were probably +the <foreign rend='italic'>Zipas</foreign> or princes of the Muyzcas. In +Perou there is also a fable of men changed +to stones at the primitive city of Tiahuanaco, +which merely means a war and +change of dominion. The name of <foreign rend='italic'>Ziba</foreign> +for stone is primitive.—See the Note for +affinities.<note place='foot'><p>Compare +<foreign rend='italic'>Ziba</foreign> with the following +names for stone: +</p> +<p> +<foreign rend='italic'>Hiban</foreign> in Berber.<lb/> +<foreign rend='italic'>Uben</foreign> in Hebrew.<lb/> +<foreign rend='italic'>Aben</foreign> in Syriac.<lb/> +<foreign rend='italic'>Keibe</foreign> Celtic.<lb/> +<foreign rend='italic'>Siwa</foreign> Nukahiva island.<lb/> +<foreign rend='italic'>Ripa</foreign>, +<foreign rend='italic'>Rupes</foreign> in Latin.<lb/> +<foreign rend='italic'>Sitaba</foreign> Pelasgian.<lb/> +<foreign rend='italic'>Bahiba</foreign> old Arabic.<lb/> +<foreign rend='italic'>Iba</foreign> Samoyed.<lb/> +<foreign rend='italic'>Batu</foreign> Malay. +</p> +<p> +It is in America, <foreign rend='italic'>Siba</foreign> in +Cahiri, <foreign rend='italic'>Tabu</foreign> +in Yaoy; <foreign rend='italic'>Saba</foreign>, <foreign rend='italic'>Tebu</foreign>, +<foreign rend='italic'>Tobu</foreign> in Galibi dialects, +<foreign rend='italic'>Tushub</foreign> in Huasteca, +<foreign rend='italic'>Tepe</foreign> in Mexican, +<foreign rend='italic'>Tzacapu</foreign> in Talasca &c. +</p></note> +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>25th Event.</hi> Another set of men, going +to the shores to fish, were changed into +<foreign rend='italic'>Joboses</foreign> (myrobolan or plumb trees) by the +sun. +</p> + +<p> +This metamorphose is peculiar to these +fables: although the Mexicans called the +Olmecas, fruit-people or Zapotecas. The +analogies of <foreign rend='italic'>Jobos</foreign> +or <foreign rend='italic'>Kobos</foreign> are found in +<foreign rend='italic'>Coyba</foreign> of Darien, +Cuba or <foreign rend='italic'>Coaiba</foreign>, the +<foreign rend='italic'>Mocobis</foreign> of Chaco &c. Another war is +probably meant by this, and the <foreign rend='italic'>Jobos</foreign> are +a people. Have they any reference with +the <foreign rend='italic'>Jubas</foreign> of Mauritania? who formed a +divine and royal dynasty there. <foreign rend='italic'>Juba</foreign> was +also the Jove or God of the Lybians. +Several nations of Central and Mexican +America had trees for emblems. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>26th Event.</hi> The +dynasty of <foreign rend='italic'>Giona</foreign> or +<foreign rend='italic'>Hi-Auna</foreign> begins to rule over the men of +Caziba or royal caves in Cauta. +</p> + +<p> +This family of rulers or Cazics became +famous afterwards as we shall see, as leaders +of tribes to America. We can easily +perceive here the ancient Pelagian tribes +of <foreign rend='italic'>Ionia</foreign> and <foreign rend='italic'>Aones</foreign>. +<foreign rend='italic'>Hi-Auna</foreign> means +<pb n='181'/><anchor id='Pg181'/> +<foreign rend='italic'>the-Aones</foreign>. It was this dynasty or people +that sent colonies to America: Oviedo +says this happened in the time of Hesper +12th king of Spain, about 750 years after +the flood, or 1658 years B. C. He deems +the settlers Hesperians or Cantabrians. +The root is <hi rend='smallcaps'>Ona</hi> solar name of Lybians. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>27th Event.</hi> <hi rend='smallcaps'>Vagoniana</hi> a ruler of the +<foreign rend='italic'>Hi-Auna</foreign>, went fishing from the cave, and +became a bird or nightingale; who crossed +the sea, and settled the island <foreign rend='italic'>Mathinino</foreign> +(Martinico) with a people of women. +<foreign rend='italic'>Dangleria</foreign>. His wife in the sea gives him +two sons which became jewels <foreign rend='italic'>Ziba</foreign> and +<foreign rend='italic'>Guanin</foreign> marble and metal. +</p> + +<p> +This is a positive voyage over the Atlantic. +Whenever we meet tribes of birds, +in ancient history, they always mean travellers +and colonies, and often passage over +the sea in sailing boats, compared to birds. +The first ships of the Scandinavians and +Europeans seen in North America, were +called birds by the natives. V and B interchange +in the Haytian language as in +Greek; <foreign rend='italic'>Va-gon-iana</foreign>, +thus means <emph>Father-Solar-Iana</emph>. +His people are called women, +because unwarlike fishermen, or the Amazon +tribe. Martinico was the first island +settled by them: it bears the name of +<foreign rend='italic'>Matinino</foreign> in Roman, and was thus called +yet in 1492, Garcia mentions the 2 sons +and jewels.<note place='foot'><p>Although Matinino was one of the +names of Martinico, it may have been given +afterwards, and there may have been another +land of that name, perhaps the Atlantis +or Trinidad. +</p> +<p> +Garcia gives <foreign rend='italic'>Matalino</foreign> as a synonym, +<foreign rend='italic'>Ma</foreign> means great, and thus it would be the +great <hi rend='smallcaps'>Talino</hi>, the real great +<foreign rend='italic'>Atalantis</foreign>. +The conjecture is plausible; but the name +was afterwards transferred to South America. +If the real African Atlantis is meant, +the event must be before the last flood. +</p></note> +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>28th Event.</hi> <hi rend='smallcaps'>Guagu-giona</hi> king of Caziba, +sent <foreign rend='italic'>Jadruvaba</foreign> out of the caves, to collect +<pb n='182'/><anchor id='Pg182'/> +the holy herb <foreign rend='italic'>Digo</foreign> in order to purify and +wash the body; but he was changed by the +sun into a singing bird <foreign rend='italic'>Giahuba-Bogiael</foreign> +(the-singer bird-divine), and never returns. +</p> + +<p> +We have here a second voyage by sea in +a bird, and a contention with a solar people, +caused by a trading voyage to procure some +American commodity: Indigo probably +which is identic with <foreign rend='italic'>Digo</foreign>. +<foreign rend='italic'>Jadru-vaba</foreign> +or the father of <foreign rend='italic'>Khadru</foreign>, must be a new +colonist. <foreign rend='italic'>Khadru</foreign> has hardly any analogies +in America; but <foreign rend='italic'>Giahuba</foreign> in which +he was changed has some. It appears +analagous with the <foreign rend='italic'>Yaoy</foreign> +and <foreign rend='italic'>Shebaoy</foreign> two +<foreign rend='italic'>Aruac</foreign> tribes of Guyana, +and thus <foreign rend='italic'>Khadru</foreign> +might be the <foreign rend='italic'>Aruac</foreign> themselves; same +nation with the Haytians once, as the languages +prove; although extending to Tucuman +and Patagonia. The name of +<foreign rend='italic'>Aruac</foreign> or <foreign rend='italic'>Aruagas</foreign> +was inexplicable: it +may refer to this origin, or to the <foreign rend='italic'>Rocou</foreign> +the red paint used by them. But <foreign rend='italic'>Aruac</foreign> +may also mean <foreign rend='italic'>Aluac</foreign>; +akin to the <foreign rend='italic'>Labuyu</foreign> +of the Caribs their vassals, and the <foreign rend='italic'>Aluez</foreign> +vassals of the Nachez nation. Could they +derive from the ALE angels of the east; +here reduced to servitude by foes? +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>29th Event.</hi> <hi rend='smallcaps'>Guagu-Giona</hi> irritated that +Jadru-vaba does not return, leaves the +cave of <foreign rend='italic'>Caziba</foreign> in search of him, and went +with men and women to the island Matinino, +where the women were left, while the +men went to the land of <foreign rend='italic'>Guanin</foreign>. +</p> + +<p> +This is the third passage of the Atlantic, +<pb n='183'/><anchor id='Pg183'/> +unless that of <foreign rend='italic'>Vagoniana</foreign> only mentioned +by Dangleria and Garcia be the same; but +they are likely to be successive tribes of +Ionas. That all the women should be left +in Martinico is a fable, meaning that the +weakest or fishing tribes settled there or in +the islands; while the warriors went to the +American continent, called <foreign rend='italic'>Guanin</foreign>, which +has several meanings, land of Guanas or +lizard men, or land of metals. It became +afterwards the name of a peculiar metal +formed by the natural or artificial amalgam +of 18 parts gold, 6 silver, and 8 copper: +and a tribe assumed the name. <foreign rend='italic'>Guana</foreign> or +<foreign rend='italic'>Guanos</foreign> was the name of a large nation of +South America; perhaps come from the +<foreign rend='italic'>Guans</foreign> of the Canary islands; but slightly +related to the Aruacs by the languages: +yet perhaps akin: it was spread east of the +Andes, between the two tropics.<note place='foot'>This metal Guanin is the Orichalc +of the ancient Greeks; which has so much +puzzled the learned, being wrongly deemed +Platina, which would have been infusible. +It was the production of Atlantis!</note> +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>30th Event.</hi> The children were left behind, +because afraid to cross, and were +crying after their mothers; but became +changed into <foreign rend='italic'>Tona</foreign> or opossums. Garcia +says into <foreign rend='italic'>Toa</foreign> or frogs. +</p> + +<p> +There are no opossums in Hayti nor the +small islands, nor in Africa. But they are +plenty in South America, where the notion +must have sprung. This fable and metamorphosis +may imply a hidden meaning. +The opossums are the only animals bearing +their young in a pouch, as ships bear men. +Could not this indicate other ships without +sails, and thus no longer birds with wings? +</p> + +<pb n='184'/><anchor id='Pg184'/> + +<p> +TON is a remarkable word, since it is the +root of <foreign rend='italic'>Nei-ton</foreign> the Lybian neptunes or +navigators. The twin TUN are the holy +ancestors of the Chilians, <foreign rend='italic'>Tona-ca</foreign> (flesh +our) is the ancestor or Adam of some +Mexican nations. The frogs were the +emblem of the Muyzcas! +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>31st Event.</hi> <hi rend='smallcaps'>Guabonito</hi> a woman follows +<foreign rend='italic'>Guaga-Giona</foreign> +to the bigland of <foreign rend='italic'>Guanin</foreign> +by swimming. He is well pleased with it, +and calls her his own <foreign rend='italic'>Biberozi</foreign> (wife-loving): +but as she was diseased he puts her +apart in a <foreign rend='italic'>Guanara</foreign>, where she heals, and +he makes her queen. +</p> + +<p> +A singular romantic fable, the disease of +the woman is stated to be the syphilis! +<foreign rend='italic'>Guabo-n'ito</foreign> means fruit or Guava pear of +man! The allegory implies another colony +following <foreign rend='italic'>Guaga</foreign>, not by swimming; but +with paddles or on rafts; probably a part +of the lesser tribe of <foreign rend='italic'>Amaiuna</foreign> or Amazons, +so often called women in antiquity; although +a powerful African people. All the women +left in the islands might be of such a tribe, +and since become the Mayas of Yucatan, +Hayti &c., with the Manas or Manoas, +the Amazons of South America. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>32d Event.</hi> <hi rend='smallcaps'>Anacacugia</hi> (flower of Cacao) +brother of this wife or ally of <foreign rend='italic'>Guaga</foreign>, +runs away from him on the back of a manati +or seal, and goes back to the women of +Matinino. +</p> + +<p> +This implies a separation of tribes, one +returning to the islands, where they probably +<pb n='185'/><anchor id='Pg185'/> +formed the Cairi nation. The seal used +for boats, is a third fable, found in Greece; +boats are thus compared to birds, opossums +and seals. Many American languages +animate boats and ships. This seal must +mean a <foreign rend='italic'>Manati</foreign>, or sea cow; real seals not +being found in the Antilles. If the name +was <foreign rend='italic'>Manati</foreign>, it +has affinities with the <foreign rend='italic'>Ama-yuna</foreign> +or <foreign rend='italic'>Ama-Zons</foreign> tribe. +<foreign rend='italic'>Ma-ti-ni-no</foreign> +is in Haytian <emph>great-mount-the-good</emph>, while +<foreign rend='italic'>Mana-ti</foreign> is +<hi rend='italic'>moving mountain</hi>. Has not +<foreign rend='italic'>Anacacu</foreign> a reference to +the <foreign rend='italic'>Anakim</foreign> of +Asia, the <foreign rend='italic'>Cacus</foreign> of +Europe, and the <foreign rend='italic'>Tam-anacu</foreign> +of South America? +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>33d Event.</hi> <hi rend='smallcaps'>Hi-Auna</hi> +father of <foreign rend='italic'>Guago-giona</foreign> +comes with his son to the land of +Guanin, and being the grandfather of all +the tribes, they receive the names of <foreign rend='italic'>Hi-auna</foreign>; +which is afterwards changed to +children of Guanin. <foreign rend='italic'>Hin Gua-ili Gua-nin</foreign> +(the-plural such-children such-Nin), and +lastly the whole united nation is called +<foreign rend='italic'>Guanini</foreign>. +</p> + +<p> +The Aones came then also to America, +and there was a confederacy of the tribes. +<foreign rend='italic'>Gua-gu</foreign>, <foreign rend='italic'>Gua-go</foreign> +and <foreign rend='italic'>Gua-ga</foreign>, may be 3 +spellings of a same name; but they might +also be three successive and distinct tribes +of <foreign rend='italic'>Giona</foreign>. <foreign rend='italic'>Gua-bonito</foreign> +in one instance is +made another lord or tribe, instead of a +wife of <foreign rend='italic'>Guago</foreign>. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>34th Event.</hi> <hi rend='smallcaps'>Albebora</hi> +and his son <foreign rend='italic'>Al-bebora-El</foreign>, +were also Guanini lords or +Cazics, who came with the <foreign rend='italic'>Giona</foreign> tribe. +<pb n='186'/><anchor id='Pg186'/> +This indicates again another nation. The +name is remarkable, because it resembles +<foreign rend='italic'>Albion</foreign> and +<foreign rend='italic'>Bora</foreign>, two primitive nations of +the north, which settled England and the +boreal regions, becoming the Hyper-Boreans +of later times. Perhaps these Boras +are identic with the <foreign rend='italic'>Aboras</foreign> +and <foreign rend='italic'>Aboris</foreign> of +ancient Italy, the mountaineers since called +<foreign rend='italic'>Abori-genes</foreign> by the Greeks. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>35th Event.</hi> Another Guaga-giona II. or +<foreign rend='italic'>Guaba-giona</foreign> is mentioned afterwards, +whose son became the <foreign rend='italic'>Guanini</foreign> tribe. +</p> + +<p> +<foreign rend='italic'>Guaba</foreign> means both <emph>the father</emph> +and <emph>the Guava pear</emph>. The succession of these +<foreign rend='italic'>Gionas</foreign> is very obscure; but many are +probably omitted, and the whole poetical +records allude to the most famous of the +dynasty or nation. Guanini implies the +Golden tribe. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>36th Event.</hi> The settlement of the Guaninis +in Hayti was from Matinino and the +east; being exiled from Matinino, they are +led by <foreign rend='italic'>Camo</foreign> who begins the kingdom of +<foreign rend='italic'>Cabonao</foreign> in Hayti; they settle on the river +<foreign rend='italic'>Bahaboni</foreign>, where they built their houses, +and afterwards the great temple of <foreign rend='italic'>Camotzia</foreign>. +They gave to the island the name of +<foreign rend='italic'>Quisqueia</foreign> or great universe; but afterwards +<foreign rend='italic'>Hayti</foreign>, meaning land rough or hilly. +(Dangleria.) +</p> + +<p> +This important event is best given with +those details by Dangleria: while Roman +appears to mix it with the settlement of Guanin. +Yet <foreign rend='italic'>Quisqueia</foreign> was more probably +<pb n='187'/><anchor id='Pg187'/> +the first name given to South America, +rather than to Hayti: another name for +which was <foreign rend='italic'>Bohio</foreign> +or habitations. <foreign rend='italic'>Camo</foreign> +or <foreign rend='italic'>Guamo</foreign> means +lord or master, <foreign rend='italic'>Tzia</foreign> is +temple. The exile of the Guaninis from +the islands, must allude to another revolution +and perhaps invasion. This <foreign rend='italic'>Camo</foreign>, +was probably the same as the <foreign rend='italic'>Cami</foreign> or +<foreign rend='italic'>Coma</foreign> of Cuba +in later time, <foreign rend='italic'>Comayagua</foreign> +of Honduras; which assimilate the first +civilized Haytians with the tribes of Central +America. It might have happened that +these <foreign rend='italic'>Camos</foreign> +were <foreign rend='italic'>Mayas</foreign> and the ancestors +of the <foreign rend='italic'>Mayo-riexes</foreign>. The history of +the Mayas of Otolum, and Central America, +will be connected with these annals +hereafter; but much is left for conjecture. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>37th Event.</hi> Other exiles of Matinino +settle at the island <foreign rend='italic'>Cabini</foreign> now Turtle island; +and near it on the north shore of +Hayti, from whence they spread through +the island, which is called <foreign rend='italic'>Bouhi</foreign> +or <foreign rend='italic'>Bohio</foreign>, +meaning full of towns. +</p> + +<p> +Dangleria mentions this likewise. House +and town or habitation, are synonymous in +Haytian. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>38th Event.</hi> They found +some <foreign rend='italic'>Caracoles</foreign> +or <foreign rend='italic'>Taracolas</foreign>, crabs! or beastly men, +dwelling in the island. The <foreign rend='italic'>Guaninis</foreign> +wanting women, took some Caracols beasts +for wives, and made them suitable women, +by washing them, and giving them to eat +the fruit <foreign rend='italic'>Inriri Cahuvial</foreign>. This was done +by a <foreign rend='italic'>Vagoniana</foreign> II. +<pb n='188'/><anchor id='Pg188'/> +These Caracols had then survived the +flood or come before the Guaninis, the name +of the fruit that made them women, if explained, +might elucidate this event; but +the signification was not given; another +version will suggest other important analogies.<note place='foot'>But +Garcia gives a different version +of this fable, he says that the men being in +want of women sent 4 Caracols (their vassals?) +to catch wives, who were like ants +on trees; but slippery like eels: yet some +being caught became the wives of the +Guaninis. Ants were called <foreign rend='italic'>Comekhon</foreign> +in Haytian, and thus we have another tribe +akin to the <foreign rend='italic'>Comaguas</foreign>, +<foreign rend='italic'>Comayaguas &c.</foreign> +who were previous settlers of Hayti, and +descendants of <foreign rend='italic'>Kon</foreign>! +the <foreign rend='italic'>Khons</foreign> of Lybia? +But it is strange that we find here the +<foreign rend='italic'>Myrmidons</foreign> of Grecian fable! and many +affinities in the name of that tribe of ants. +<foreign rend='italic'>Mur-mekon</foreign> in Pelagian +and Greek, <foreign rend='italic'>Umekon</foreign> +in Thracian, <foreign rend='italic'>Formica</foreign> +in Latin, <foreign rend='italic'>Camot</foreign> +in Bali, <foreign rend='italic'>Mohur</foreign> in Iran &c., while in America +<foreign rend='italic'>Comagen</foreign> of Uraba, +<foreign rend='italic'>Camaxen</foreign> of the +Talascas and Opatas. All referring perhaps +to the ancient people of Ants; the +Pismires of Gothic tribes; a people of +dwarfs or weakness, akin to Pygmies and +Troglodytes! thus traced also to America.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>39th Event.</hi> These Caracols deprived of +their women, took other female beasts for +wives (another tribe) and from this union +most of the Haytians descended, becoming +<foreign rend='italic'>Anaborias</foreign> or vassals of the Guaninis. +</p> + +<p> +<foreign rend='italic'>Anaboria</foreign> means flower or lizard of labor! +these might be descended from <foreign rend='italic'>Albebora</foreign>. +This name for bondsmen, boors or +laborers, was widely spread in America, +and has affinities all over the world, even +with the Latin labor.<note place='foot'><p>Compare with +<foreign rend='italic'>Anaboria</foreign> or <foreign rend='italic'>Naboritas</foreign> +(working men) the following names +for vassals and laborers—<foreign rend='italic'>Naboriti</foreign> in +Coyba, <foreign rend='italic'>Labuyu</foreign> of Caribs, +<foreign rend='italic'>Anaconas</foreign> of +Peru and Muyzcas, <foreign rend='italic'>Naboria</foreign> of Mayas +&c.—and in the east. +</p> +<p> +<foreign rend='italic'>Tabara</foreign> in Turan.<lb/> +<foreign rend='italic'>Burutis</foreign> in Ausonian.<lb/> +<foreign rend='italic'>Aborian</foreign>, +<foreign rend='italic'>Abeirgon</foreign> Pelagic.<lb/> +<foreign rend='italic'>Boor</foreign>, <foreign rend='italic'>Bura</foreign> Frisic.<lb/> +<foreign rend='italic'>Ambactos</foreign> in Gaul.<lb/> +<foreign rend='italic'>Manahunis</foreign> in Tahiti.<lb/> +<foreign rend='italic'>Nerba</foreign> Hindostani.<lb/> +<foreign rend='italic'>Bendar</foreign> Pehlvi.<lb/> +<foreign rend='italic'>Abondas</foreign> Saxon.<lb/> +<foreign rend='italic'>Canabas</foreign>, Knave Gothic.<lb/> +<foreign rend='italic'>Nebara</foreign> Nepal.<lb/> +<foreign rend='italic'>Parias</foreign> India. +</p></note> +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>40th Event.</hi> These first inhabitants of +Hayti, fed on dates, bananas, cocos, fruits, +nuts, herbs, yams, roots, onions, mushrooms: +until taught the use of Cazabi or bread by +<foreign rend='italic'>Boition</foreign>, with maize, cotton, mandioc &c. +</p> + +<p> +Another fact of Dangleria, very natural +indicating the tropical food of old times. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>41st Event.</hi> <foreign rend='italic'>Michetauri Guauana</foreign>, +was the leader of the first colony to <foreign rend='italic'>Coaibai</foreign> +(death house) in the land of <foreign rend='italic'>Soraia</foreign> (setting +sun), and became the king of it. There +the people are called <foreign rend='italic'>Goeiz</foreign> (phantoms or +ghosts) and go about by night; but are not +dead people whose name is <foreign rend='italic'>Opia</foreign>. +</p> + +<p> +<foreign rend='italic'>Coaibai</foreign> is either Cuba or Coyba in Darien, +or both. It became the paradise of +<pb n='189'/><anchor id='Pg189'/> +the Haytians, placed in Cuba or further +west, and a place of delight. The names +and allusions are remarkable. They assimilate +to those of the Greeks &c. about +the fortunate islands of the west: those of +the Orientals and Hebrews about the island +<foreign rend='italic'>Elisha</foreign>, and +the <foreign rend='italic'>Sheol</foreign> or place of souls, the +Hebrew Plutonic region. <foreign rend='italic'>Soraya</foreign> for setting +sun, is identic with <foreign rend='italic'>Surya</foreign> of the Hindus: +whence came <foreign rend='italic'>Syria</foreign> the west, and +even our word <emph>sorrow</emph>; while <foreign rend='italic'>Sol</foreign> comes +from Sheol. <foreign rend='italic'>Azil</foreign> sun in Pelasgian, is akin +to <foreign rend='italic'>Elisha</foreign> whence our +word Azylum! <foreign rend='italic'>Goeiz</foreign> +is akin to ghost, <foreign rend='italic'>Ghaib</foreign> +in Syrian, <foreign rend='italic'>Coyocop</foreign> +of the Nachez, <foreign rend='italic'>Goz</foreign> +of the Vilelas. <foreign rend='italic'>Opi</foreign> +has affinities every where. <foreign rend='italic'>Michetauri</foreign> is +perhaps a synonym of <foreign rend='italic'>Machi-tuyra</foreign> great +devil, <foreign rend='italic'>Guauana</foreign> is such-Auna. Perhaps +this fable alludes to an anterior event and +the passage to America of a former Hi-Auna.<note place='foot'>It +is remarkable that the primitive +notions of the Haytians about ghosts &c. +prevail yet among the Negroes of the Antilles. +The <foreign rend='italic'>Obiah</foreign> or +sortilege, and <foreign rend='italic'>Dupin</foreign> +ghosts, of Jamaica &c., appear to have +survived. If introduced lately by the African +Negroes, it is strange they should be +similar to the Haytian names of old.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>42d Event.</hi> <hi rend='smallcaps'>Aumatex</hi> a great Cazic marries +the female Zemi <foreign rend='italic'>Guabanzex</foreign>, goddess +of waters and wind, and she has two sons +<foreign rend='italic'>Guatauva</foreign> and +<foreign rend='italic'>Pregonero</foreign>, who become +male Zemis. +</p> + +<p> +It is impossible to say if this event belongs +to this time or to the cosmogony. I +presume it is historical, alluding to new +tribes, and perhaps foreign to Hayti. The +names are difficult to explain, nor is it +stated what these sons performed; but +being sons of water and wind, they must +have led colonies by sea elsewhere. They +<pb n='190'/><anchor id='Pg190'/> +are perhaps the ancestors of the Guataios +and the Puruays?<note place='foot'>The two brothers became gods of +good and evil, as their names indicate—<foreign rend='italic'>Gua-tauva</foreign> +implies <emph>such goodness</emph>: while +<foreign rend='italic'>Pregonero</foreign> is the devil of Cumana, under +the names of <foreign rend='italic'>Proruru</foreign> +or <foreign rend='italic'>Proguro</foreign>.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>43d Event.</hi> <hi rend='smallcaps'>Corocoro</hi> the quadruped +Zemi of the Caracols? was the ancestor +of two lines of kings, <foreign rend='italic'>Guamorete</foreign> +and <foreign rend='italic'>Guatabanex</foreign>, +who rule in Hayti. His temple +was in <foreign rend='italic'>Sacaba</foreign>, and his high-priest was +called <foreign rend='italic'>Cavava-Niovava</foreign>. Cave father and +our father. +</p> + +<p> +This alludes to different tribes than the +Guaninis: <foreign rend='italic'>Coro</foreign> was a tribe in Cumana. +Perhaps this is another version of the +10th Event, or a proper indication of the +subsequent institutions of the Caracol nation, +when more civilized, and become the +Mayorex. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>44th Event.</hi> Arrival in Hayti, Cuba &c. +of the first <foreign rend='italic'>Bohito</foreign> (old man), a priest and +legislator, called <foreign rend='italic'>Boition</foreign> by Dangleria, +meaning both <emph>Priest-solar</emph> and Old <foreign rend='italic'>Ion</foreign>: he +introduces agriculture and the use of bread, +divides the nation into 3 castes, <foreign rend='italic'>Tainos</foreign>, or +nobles, <foreign rend='italic'>Bohitos</foreign> +or priests, <foreign rend='italic'>Anaborias</foreign> or +vassals, and these last into tillers, hunters +and fishermen. He becomes pontif, settles +the religion; establishing mysteries and +oracles, the worship of Zemis, and many +other institutions, holydays, festivals, religious +dances, schools &c., declaring the +land common to all, like the sun and water. +</p> + +<p> +There are at least 3 Bohitos, that came +to Hayti and Cuba, and civilized the people; +but it is difficult to distinguish the +deeds of each. They were probably priests +<pb n='191'/><anchor id='Pg191'/> +leading more civilized colonies from the +east or from America. Their name which +is variously spelt or varies in dialects was +also <foreign rend='italic'>Buhuti</foreign>, <foreign rend='italic'>Boitio</foreign>, +<foreign rend='italic'>Bauti</foreign>, <foreign rend='italic'>Buhui</foreign>, +<foreign rend='italic'>Boyeto</foreign> +&c., is akin to the <foreign rend='italic'>Boyez</foreign>, +<foreign rend='italic'>Poyes</foreign>, +<foreign rend='italic'>Piazes</foreign>, <foreign rend='italic'>Payes</foreign> +of South America, used by +the Aruacs, Guaranis and Carib tribes, +<foreign rend='italic'>Piaches</foreign> of Tamanacs, +<foreign rend='italic'>Bauti</foreign> of Dabaiba, +<foreign rend='italic'>Papas</foreign> of Central +America, <foreign rend='italic'>Bochica</foreign> of +Muyzcas; but the names of priests all over +ancient eastern nations, have still more +analogies<note place='foot'><p>These priests drest in white as in +Central America, and the Druids; are +primitive Lybian or Druidic priests and +Pelagic Bramins. Their name is found in +</p> +<p> +<foreign rend='italic'>Hubantes</foreign> in Pelagic.<lb/> +<foreign rend='italic'>Faybo</foreign> of the Guanches.<lb/> +<foreign rend='italic'>Vates</foreign> Ausonian and Gaul.<lb/> +<foreign rend='italic'>Aobu</foreign> in Aramic.<lb/> +<foreign rend='italic'>Behotus</foreign> Dorian.<lb/> +<foreign rend='italic'>Bedo</foreign> old French.<lb/> +<foreign rend='italic'>Phonto</foreign> in Egypt.<lb/> +<foreign rend='italic'>Purohito</foreign> in Sanscrit.<lb/> +<foreign rend='italic'>Budan</foreign> in Pelvi.<lb/> +<foreign rend='italic'>Budha</foreign> of Budhists.<lb/> +<foreign rend='italic'>Baharas</foreign> Nepal.<lb/> +<foreign rend='italic'>Heotes</foreign> Sicanian &c. +</p></note>—and therefore +they came from the east. The civilization +and religion introduced or improved +by them is also oriental; it was more advanced +than we are aware; since they had +ample fields and orchards, roads and canals, +schools in which they taught history, religion, +medicine and useful arts. Of their +astronomy nothing has been preserved, nor +of their hieroglyphs. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>45th Event.</hi> Bohito II. +or <foreign rend='italic'>Buhui-tihu</foreign> +(old eminent) comes and improves still further +the rites &c., becoming high-priest. +He introduces medicines, charms, the use +of cotton and cloth, burning of bodies instead +of mummies as formerly, the holy +herbs <foreign rend='italic'>Gueyo</foreign> and +<foreign rend='italic'>Zochen &c.</foreign> +</p> + +<p> +This is all what can be collected on this +second law-giver, and he is even blended +with the next, except by name. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>46th Event.</hi> Bohito III. +or <foreign rend='italic'>Baio-habao</foreign> +(sea-lyre) comes next, introducing music, +sacred instruments called after him, and +<pb n='192'/><anchor id='Pg192'/> +probably the rites of the triple named god +of the Hindu and Mayan trimurti: <foreign rend='italic'>Bugia</foreign>, +<foreign rend='italic'>Aiba</foreign> and +<foreign rend='italic'>Bradama</foreign>: who became the +Zemi of war, or perhaps led to a war. +</p> + +<p> +This god with three names is evidently +Vishnu, Shiba and Brama of India: found +in Yucatan as <foreign rend='italic'>Izona</foreign>, +<foreign rend='italic'>Echuah</foreign> and <foreign rend='italic'>Bacab</foreign>. +See my dissertation in Atlantic Journal, on +similar names of triple God all over America +and the east. It does not follow that +this worship came direct from India; but +it might come through the Pelagians, who +had it as <foreign rend='italic'>Bram</foreign>, <foreign rend='italic'>Amen</foreign> +and <foreign rend='italic'>Vix</foreign>, inverted +among the Ausonians, Oscans. The same +about a god creator preserver and destroyer +was prevalent in Asia, Iran, Thibet, Syria, +Egypt, Greece, Etruria, and even the Canary +islands. The Mayoriex came probably +with Bohito III. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>47th Event.</hi> Happy state of this civilized +people, hardly knowing war, passing the +time in festivals, dancing, singing and making +love: whence called the Fortunate islands, +by the navigators that happened to go +so far. They dwelt in wooden houses and +had towns of 1000 houses.—Herrera. +</p> + +<p> +This period is indicated by twenty authentic +sources of ancient history, and the +ancient traditions of Europe about the +happy land of the west, Elisha or Elysium, +Hesperides, Cocana of the Spaniards &c.: +besides the happy state in which Hayti +was found.—See the account of the ancient +notions and communications with America, +<pb n='193'/><anchor id='Pg193'/> +and the great Atlantis: the most explicit is +found in Diodorus Siculus, as follows. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>48th Event.</hi> The Phenicians driven by +a storm, while going from Gades to Africa, +discover the large island <hi rend='smallcaps'>Atlantis</hi>, many +days in the ocean west of Lybia. It was +very fruitful, with mountains, large plains +and navigable rivers; with many woods +and fruits, fine valleys, plenty of wild beasts +and fish. The air is mild and healthful; +it is a residence fit for gods: the inhabitants +are a strong and healthful people; they +have many towns, with stately buildings, +houses of pleasures, gardens, orchards &c.—Diod. +Book V. +</p> + +<p> +The translators of Diodorus have blundered +so far as to deem this island Madeira +or the Canaries; which are small islands, +without streams, and the first without inhabitants. +It can only apply to Hayti, or +even the continent of South America. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>49th Event.</hi> <emph>A black people</emph> came to +Hayti from the south or south-east, who +had darts of Guanin metal, and were called +the Black Guaninis. +</p> + +<p> +This tradition preserved by Herrera, +Garcia and Charlevoix, indicates a colony +of <emph>Negroes</emph> or men painting black, from +South America. They might be the black +Negroes of Quarequa mentioned by Dangleria, +or some other American Negro +nation, of which there are many.—See my +account of ancient Black Nations of America. +Dangleria mentions two wild tribes +<pb n='194'/><anchor id='Pg194'/> +of savages in Hayti towards 1500, one +speechless! (which means they spoke a +different language) probably a remain of +the Caracols, another swift dwelling in +caves, quite apart, seen in 1514 in Zauana +of Guacarima. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>50th Event.</hi> Navigations of the Haytians +and Cubans, settlements of the Lucayas islands, +Jamaica, and probably some parts of +Florida: mutual trade with Cuba and the +continent. +</p> + +<p> +These colonial and trading voyages must +have begun long before and have been continual. +Columbus met individuals in Cuba +who had visited Hayti, Jamaica and Yamaya, +the Maya land or Yucatan. <foreign rend='italic'>Yucayas</foreign> +or Lucayans knew Cuba, Hayti and Florida, +which was called <foreign rend='italic'>Cautio</foreign> says Fulgar, +quoted by Cardenas, who deems the Antilles +peopled from hence, blending it with <foreign rend='italic'>Cauta</foreign> +the original seat of the Haytians. South +America was once called <foreign rend='italic'>Guanin</foreign>, afterwards +<foreign rend='italic'>Caribana</foreign> when it was overspread +by the Carib tribes. The Nachez appear +to have come from Cuba. The Cumanas +knew Hayti and called it <foreign rend='italic'>Atsi</foreign>. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>51st Event.</hi> The +<foreign rend='italic'>Canibas</foreign> (whence our +Canibals) or the <foreign rend='italic'>Caribas</foreign>, (whence our +Caraibes), a savage people, often feeding +on human flesh, begin to spread to Guyana +and South America; becoming bold navigators +also, they send war parties and +colonies to the peaceful islands of the Antilles, +and even to Florida. +</p> + +<pb n='195'/><anchor id='Pg195'/> + +<p> +The Caribas evidently descended from +the Galibis, and other akin nations of South +America, did not originate in North America, +as supposed by Bridgstock and a few +others. Laborde who spent 20 years with +them, and knew well their language, has +published some of their traditions in 1704. +<foreign rend='italic'>Lon-quo</foreign> was their original god, who made +<foreign rend='italic'>Racumon</foreign> their chief or leader to America, +who leads there the tribes of snakes, men, +Cabatos-trees and birds. The true name +of the nation was <foreign rend='italic'>Cali</foreign>, those of the main +were <foreign rend='italic'>Cali-nago</foreign> or +<foreign rend='italic'>Calibis</foreign>, of the islands +<foreign rend='italic'>Cali-ponam</foreign>. Rochefort &c.—See my +Carib Traditions. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>52d Event.</hi> The Calibis of Guyana after +long wars with <foreign rend='italic'>Alouague</foreign> the kings of the +<foreign rend='italic'>Aruacas</foreign>, send the +general <foreign rend='italic'>Timani</foreign> to +conquer the Aruacas Islanders, <foreign rend='italic'>Cahiris</foreign>, +<foreign rend='italic'>Eyeris</foreign> &c. who +leads the tribe of <foreign rend='italic'>Labouyous</foreign> +(vassals) and conquer several islands, +killing the men and keeping the women.—Rochefort +&c. +</p> + +<p> +The period of this invasion is unknown; +those who bring the Caribs from North +America, make it much later of course; +but it is likely to be an old event: although +several invasions are probably meant and +blended. The <foreign rend='italic'>Timanis</foreign> +and <foreign rend='italic'>Labouyous</foreign> +must have effected this. They adopted +many customs and partly the religion of +the conquered women. The following tradition +belongs probably to the conquered +Eyeris. +</p> + +<pb n='196'/><anchor id='Pg196'/> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>53d Event.</hi> Once when living wretched +and on the spontaneous fruits of the earth, +<foreign rend='italic'>Oubek-Eyeri</foreign> (heaven man) a holy man +drest all in white cotton, comes from heaven +(<foreign rend='italic'>Oubek</foreign> above). He first appears to +a desolate old man <foreign rend='italic'>Boyez</foreign>, and teach him +to build houses, to cultivate mandioc and +make bread of it &c. +</p> + +<p> +This must have been a priest or bohito +of Hayti, who tried to civilize the Caribs: +unless it refers to anterior traditions. He +taught religion also, that good men would +go after death to the happy islands of the +west, and become <foreign rend='italic'>Chemin</foreign> or +<foreign rend='italic'>Icheiri</foreign> Zemis; +while bad men should become <foreign rend='italic'>Oumekoua</foreign> +wanderers at sea, and <foreign rend='italic'>Mabouyas</foreign> +devils. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>54th Event.</hi> The Caribas in search of +these fortunate islands go to Hayti and +Cuba; but are repulsed, and settle in Florida, +where they extended inland, becoming +the tribes of <foreign rend='italic'>Cofachi</foreign>, +<foreign rend='italic'>Matica</foreign> and +<foreign rend='italic'>Amana</foreign>. They dwell there a long while +often at war with the Apalachis, who conquer +them and incorporate at last. +</p> + +<p> +See Brigstock for this fact, and the wars +with the Apalachis; the details belong to +the history of North America and the nations +of Florida. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>55th Event.</hi> Some expelled Caribs hearing +by traders of Zigateo, steal some canos +and run away to this island, one of the +Lucayas; well received; but sent to Ayay +(Santa Cruz) desert island, where they +<pb n='197'/><anchor id='Pg197'/> +settle and increase. This happened towards +1150 of our era. +</p> + +<p> +This positive fact begins the certain +chronology of the Antilles; but Brigstock +is quite wrong in deeming these fugitives, +the ancestors of all the Carib and Galibis +tribes as far as Brazil. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>56th Event.</hi> Civil wars in Hayti, attempt +of some kings to become independent from +the <foreign rend='italic'>Bohitos</foreign> government. The Cazic +<foreign rend='italic'>Guamaretus</foreign> despise his +god or Zemi <foreign rend='italic'>Corochotum</foreign>, +for which he is overcome in +battle and his palace burnt. Dangleria. +</p> + +<p> +This indicates probably a revolution, and +attempt to overthrow the ancient religion, +perhaps before 1150. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>57th Event.</hi> <hi rend='smallcaps'>Cazi-baquel</hi> restores peace, +and the worship of the great God <foreign rend='italic'>Jocavaghama</foreign>, +with the Zemi <foreign rend='italic'>Tarugavael</foreign> found +in the woods. Meantime the god <hi rend='smallcaps'>Jocava</hi> +prophecies by an oracle that the <foreign rend='italic'>Maguacochios</foreign> +(great people clothed) would come, +with fire and thunder to destroy or enslave +the rebellious Haytians. This was understood +to apply to the Caribs, and Spaniards +afterwards.<note place='foot'>The Caribs went nearly naked; when +the Spaniards came with clothes and guns +the prophecy was explained. <foreign rend='italic'>Cochio</foreign> for +dress and mantle has affinities with many +ancient languages, <foreign rend='italic'>Gonachen</foreign> in Iran, +<foreign rend='italic'>Ahico</foreign> of Guanches, +<foreign rend='italic'>Poncho</foreign> of Peru and +Chili, <foreign rend='italic'>Cachaca</foreign> of Gauls, +<foreign rend='italic'>Cochaya</foreign> of Slavonians, +<foreign rend='italic'>Cota</foreign> in Celtic &c.: whence our +coat.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>58th Event.</hi> This great king <hi rend='smallcaps'>Baquel</hi>, +begins a dynasty, and has many successors +<foreign rend='italic'>Gamanacoel</foreign>, <foreign rend='italic'>Guarionel</foreign>, +<foreign rend='italic'>Guayaronel</foreign>, +<foreign rend='italic'>Guavanenechin</foreign>, +<foreign rend='italic'>Guavavo-conel</foreign>, +<foreign rend='italic'>Caramarex</foreign>, +<foreign rend='italic'>Guaramatex &c.</foreign>, who are the +chief kings of Hayti. <foreign rend='italic'>Guarionex</foreign> was his +successor when the Spaniards came. +</p> + +<p> +The ancestors of Guarionex had been +<pb n='198'/><anchor id='Pg198'/> +kings or cazics from time immemorial in +the great kingdom and valley of Maguana, +180 miles long and 30 broad, running from +east to west; having from east to west the +provinces Canobocoa, Hubabo, Cayaba, +Maricoa, Bainoa. The river Bahuan runs +through it, which is probably the same as +Bahaboni, where settled the Guaninis. +They appear to have been at the head of +the feodal system of Cazics and Tainos +established in Hayti. All the other kings +bearing them allegiance: and their dialect +was the court language. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>59th Event.</hi> The island becomes divided +into 5 principal kingdoms, with many provinces +each having a Cazic. They were +1. <foreign rend='italic'>Caizimu</foreign> in the east with 11 provinces, +Higuey was the first of them, 2. <foreign rend='italic'>Bainoa</foreign> +in the centre, the largest of all, belonging +to the <foreign rend='italic'>Baquel</foreign> dynasty, with 24 provinces, +Maguana being the first of them, 3. <foreign rend='italic'>Guacarima</foreign>, +the west end, with 12 provinces, +Xaragua being the main, 4. <foreign rend='italic'>Hubaba</foreign>, a +small kingdom with 3 provinces in the +south mountains, 5. <foreign rend='italic'>Cotoy</foreign> +or <foreign rend='italic'>Cayabo</foreign> in +the mountains of the north, held by the +<foreign rend='italic'>Mayoriex</foreign> people, with 7 provinces, and +the mountains Zibao. +</p> + +<p> +Dangleria gives the names of all these +provinces, but he has omitted the kingdom +of <foreign rend='italic'>Marien</foreign> in the north-west, he makes it +only a province of Bainoa. Laet, Charlevoix +and Munoz have given maps of old +Hayti, with the situations of many, the +<pb n='199'/><anchor id='Pg199'/> +rivers, towns, islands, mountains, lakes &c.; +see my Ancient Geography of the Antilles. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>60th Event.</hi> Meantime Cuba was also +divided into 7 kingdoms, 1. <foreign rend='italic'>Mayzi</foreign> +or <foreign rend='italic'>Maiti</foreign> +opposite Hayti, 2. <foreign rend='italic'>Bayamo</foreign> west of it, 3. +<foreign rend='italic'>Cueyba</foreign> in the centre, whence the name of +<foreign rend='italic'>Cuba</foreign>, probably +the head kingdom, 4. <foreign rend='italic'>Camayegua</foreign> +or <foreign rend='italic'>Camaguey</foreign> inhabited by a +different people, famous tribe, probably +<foreign rend='italic'>Comayaguas</foreign> of Honduras, or Olmecas, +5. <foreign rend='italic'>Xagua</foreign> near the middle, +6. <foreign rend='italic'>Macaca</foreign> in +the south opposite Jamaica, 7. <foreign rend='italic'>Haniguanica</foreign> +at the west end where are the high +mountains <foreign rend='italic'>Uhima</foreign>. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>61st Event.</hi> The island of Jamaica was +divided in two kingdoms. Boriquen also +Buchena or Burichina (D) now Porto-Rico, +formed one, but had 26 Cazics in as many +valleys, the high mountains of Guayamo +being desert. The <foreign rend='italic'>Yucayas</foreign> (white islands) +now Bahama, were numberless, the +largest being Amana, Zigateo, Bahama, +Bimini, Sumana, Yuma, Guanahani, Saomoto, +Abaco &c. The Cazics were much +respected there, being also Bohitos or Behiques +(priests) judges and stewards. Labor +was in common and the daily food given +from the public stores. Some islands were +at war; but only used sticks in their quarrels. +Yet all the islands formed a single kingdom, +the great Cazic resided at Saomoto. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>62d Event.</hi> The Caribas of Ayay having +multiplied, spread again over the eastern +islands: they are repulsed in Boriquen; +<pb n='200'/><anchor id='Pg200'/> +but meeting their ancient tribes in <foreign rend='italic'>Curucueria</foreign> +now Guadeloupe: it becomes their +chief island: whence they send war parties +to 1000 miles off, even to the continent; +and occupy <foreign rend='italic'>Galana</foreign> now Marigalante, +<foreign rend='italic'>Matinino</foreign> or +<foreign rend='italic'>Madinino</foreign> now Martinique, +<foreign rend='italic'>Liamaca</foreign> now Antigua, +<foreign rend='italic'>Liamuiga</foreign> St. +Christopher, <foreign rend='italic'>Bayaraco</foreign> +St. Vincent, <foreign rend='italic'>Bequia</foreign> +Grenada &c. called collectively <foreign rend='italic'>Caliaqua</foreign> +the islands of the Calibis. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>63d Event.</hi> They molest the shores of +Boriquen, where they are always repulsed, +but often steal men and children to eat +them. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>64th Event.</hi> They assail the shores of +Hayti, where they are much feared; signals +by smoke are made when they appear. +In Higuey and Caizimu, eastern regions of +the island, the Haytians become warlike to +defend themselves, and use poisoned arrows +as they did. Elsewhere the Haytians used +only darts, lances and macanas, peculiar +wooden swords. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>65th Event.</hi> The Caribs went as far as +the shores of Cuba, and desolated the south +shores: the Cubans removing their towns +inland. They were called Canibas and +Canimas: and succeed in forming a settlement +at Baracoa to the south-east. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>66th Event.</hi> They were repulsed in their +attempt against the warlike Jamaicans who +used arrows; they do not appear to have +molested the Yucayans, owing to their former +alliance and gift of the island Ayay. +</p> + +<pb n='201'/><anchor id='Pg201'/> + +<p> +These events are chiefly collected from +Columbus' own account, and personal narratives +of his travels, with other retrospective +hints by the Spanish writers. They +will also afford the notices of the subsequent +events. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>67th Event.</hi> The population of all the +Tainos in the Antilles was at least two +millions; 1,200,000 in Hayti; 600,000 in +Cuba; 100,000 in Boriquen; 60,000 in +Jamaica; 40,000 in the Yucayas; besides +the unknown Carib population. +</p> + +<p> +This is the least calculation, at the Spanish +arrival: others have swelled it to 6 +millions, including all the West Indies. +Las-Casas states that the Lucayas had +500,000, Jamaica and Boriquen 600,000. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>68th Event.</hi> The domestic animals of +these islands, were among beasts, Alco +dogs, gochi-dogs, agutis, cavias, pecari +hogs and manatis: turtles and guanas +among reptiles: parrots, doves, partridges, +fowls, ducks and red cranes among birds: +remoras among fishes; and even cucuyos +or fire flies used for lamps among insects. +</p> + +<p> +Such were found either in one or all +the islands; which were not therefore destitute +of domestic animals, as commonly +believed. Columbus found tame fowls at +Cuba in 1492; which were probably the +Powis fowls. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>69th Event.</hi> Beroica was king of Jamaica +(about the year 1420) he began a +dynasty; his two successors were Bemberoica +<pb n='202'/><anchor id='Pg202'/> +and <foreign rend='italic'>Abem-beroica</foreign>, meaning Beroica +II., Beroica III. +</p> + +<p> +Garcia states this fact; but in 1503 +Columbus found Ameyro Cazic of the east, +and Huarco of the west of Jamaica. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>70th Event.</hi> The island Puta or Cahiri +now Trinidad at the furthest east end of +the Antilles was still inhabited by several +Aruac tribes, Cahiris, Yaoy &c. which +resisted the inroads of their constant foes +the Galibis and Caribas. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>71st Event.</hi> Between 1450 and 1480 +Guaramatex was the greatest king and +Cazic of Hayti, in Bainoa and Maguana. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>72d Event.</hi> Cayacoa was king of Caizimu +and Higuey in the east from about 1460 to +1494 when he died. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>73d Event.</hi> About 1470 some Caribs +settle in Samana, the east peninsula of +Hayti; and two valiant brothers Caonabo +and Manicatex, form themselves a small +kingdom inland near to the Mayoriex nation, +Mayo-banex their king admits them +as allies. Caonabo conquers 3 provinces, +Dahabon, Zibaho and Manababo. He was +so much esteemed for his valor, that Anacoana +the Venus of Hayti, sister of the +king of Xaragua, becomes his wife soon +after.<note place='foot'>This is the most plausible account +of Caonabo; but he perhaps was a Maya +and not a Carib: his name is not Carib, +but Haytian, meaning <emph>gold of the house</emph>. +Anacaona would hardly have married a +Carib? I have attempted to put probable +dates to these retrospective events, loosely +mentioned by Dangleria and the Spanish +writers.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>74th Event.</hi> About 1475, Behechio is +king of Guacarima in the west, till 1500. +His capital was Xaragua. He became a +conqueror of several provinces, as far as +Neyba and Ozama rivers. He had 32 vassal +<pb n='203'/><anchor id='Pg203'/> +Cazics, and 30 wives, his favorite queen +was Guanahata. +</p> + +<p> +Dangleria calls him Beuchicus Anaca-choa, +and says that as usual with great +kings, he received many titles, being called +Shining Copper, Bright Highness, and +Rich Flood. These titles were really +</p> + +<lg> +<l><foreign rend='italic'>Tureigua hobin</foreign>, Heaven-like of Yellow Copper.</l> +<l><foreign rend='italic'>Siarei-huibo</foreign>, Star-bright Highness.</l> +<l><foreign rend='italic'>Duyh-zinequen</foreign>, Wealthy in Streams.</l> +</lg> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>75th Event.</hi> In 1480 Guarionex succeeds +Guaramatex as the greatest king of Hayti. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>76th Event.</hi> In 1486 the Cubans send a +colony to Florida, in search of a river and +spring restoring to youth; they visit the +<foreign rend='italic'>Pola</foreign> islands, now Martyrs or Florida keys, +the <foreign rend='italic'>Colas</foreign> nation of South Florida, and +settle the town of Abaiba near the cape of +Florida.—Herrera.<note place='foot'>The intercourse between Cuba, Florida +and the Lucayas was frequent. Dangleria +says the Lucayas were a happy +people, with beautiful women, for whose +sake many Cubans and Floridans came to +live there.</note> +</p> + +<p> +This proves a previous trade and knowledge +of Florida. The <foreign rend='italic'>Colas</foreign> are perhaps +descendants of the ancient Cara-<foreign rend='italic'>Cols</foreign> of +Hayti: they dwelt in Florida till 1760, +when they removed to Cuba. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>77th Event.</hi> In 1490 and previous to it, +war in Cuba between the kingdom of Cuba +or Colba, and Cavilla king of the <foreign rend='italic'>Cami</foreign> +nation, in the country of Bafan, whose +capital was Fava.—<hi rend='italic'>Columbus' Narrative.</hi> +</p> + +<p> +Columbus heard of this war in 1492. +The <foreign rend='italic'>Cami</foreign> are the same as the Cama-yegua, +the foreign people of Cuba.<note place='foot'><p>It will be proper to recapitulate here +the ancient nations and tribes of the Antilles, +mentioned in these traditions and +annals; adding to each some well-known +modern nations of the continent, bearing +nearly the same name, and most probably +descended from them: unless it is preferred +to consider them as ancestors rather than +posterity, a very improbable fact. Meantime +we acquire thereby a new clue to +American annals and ethnology: since +nearly all the nations of America may be +connected with those by other links of +languages, traditions &c. +</p> +<p> +1. <foreign rend='italic'>Zemis</foreign> or +<foreign rend='italic'>Chemes</foreign>, Compare Zemis and +Zemayos of Chaco and Chimus of Peru. +</p> +<p> +2. <foreign rend='italic'>Tuyras</foreign> or +<foreign rend='italic'>Taras</foreign>, Compare Tarascas +and Tarahumara of Mexico, Taricas and +Talas of Tucuman, Atures of Oronoc &c. +</p> +<p> +3. <foreign rend='italic'>Guabanz</foreign>, Compare Abays and Abipons +of Chaco? +</p> +<p> +4. <foreign rend='italic'>Khayas</foreign>, Compare Cayubas and Khakhas +of Peru. +</p> +<p> +5. <foreign rend='italic'>Higueras</foreign> or +<foreign rend='italic'>Hibueras</foreign>, Compare Guaranis, +they called man <foreign rend='italic'>Ibi</foreign>, the Borias &c. +</p> +<p> +6. <foreign rend='italic'>Boinis</foreign>, Bohanes of Charcas, and +names of priests in South America. +</p> +<p> +7. <foreign rend='italic'>Marohus</foreign> or +<foreign rend='italic'>Marocas</foreign>, Muras of Brazil, +Aymaras of Peru, Maronios of Charcas. +</p> +<p> +8. <foreign rend='italic'>Corocores</foreign>, Coretus of Brazil, Coras +of Peru, Coros of Cumana, Coras of Mexico. +</p> +<p> +9. <foreign rend='italic'>Coles</foreign>, probably same as Cores, Colas +of Florida, Collas of Peru, Chols of Central +America, Cholas of South America. +</p> +<p> +10. <foreign rend='italic'>Caracara</foreign> again same, Caras, Caris, +Carios of Guaranis and Peru, perhaps also +Caribs? +</p> +<p> +11. <foreign rend='italic'>Manicos</foreign> or +<foreign rend='italic'>Manacos</foreign>, the great +Nacos—Manicas or Manoas, Maynas of +Peru, Nacos of Comayagua. +</p> +<p> +12. <foreign rend='italic'>Icotas</foreign> or +<foreign rend='italic'>Hicoteas</foreign>, Cotos Carib +tribes. +</p> +<p> +13. <foreign rend='italic'>Cautas</foreign> appear same as +<foreign rend='italic'>I-cota</foreign>—<foreign rend='italic'>I</foreign> +and <foreign rend='italic'>Hi</foreign> are articles, Cotos and Cotas tribes +of Cumana and Oronoc. +</p> +<p> +14. <foreign rend='italic'>Caanau</foreign> or +<foreign rend='italic'>Caonas</foreign>, Cagnas, Canaris +of Peru. +</p> +<p> +15. <foreign rend='italic'>Giagau</foreign> or +<foreign rend='italic'>Xaguas</foreign>, Changas of Peru, +Achaguas of Guyana. +</p> +<p> +16. <foreign rend='italic'>Amayunas</foreign>, Mayoriexes of Hayti, +Mayas of Yucatan, Mbayas of Chaco. +</p> +<p> +17. <foreign rend='italic'>Machocha</foreign>, Machicuis of Charcas, +Chunchos of Peru. +</p> +<p> +18. <foreign rend='italic'>Zibas</foreign>, Zipas of Muyzcas, Shibaois +of Guyana. +</p> +<p> +19. <foreign rend='italic'>Khoboses</foreign>, Coropos of Brazil, Coybas +of Darien, Mocobis of Chaco. +</p> +<p> +20. <foreign rend='italic'>Gionas</foreign> or +<foreign rend='italic'>Aunas</foreign>, Yana-conas of +Peru. +</p> +<p> +21. <foreign rend='italic'>Kadrus</foreign>, Aruacs of Guyana. +</p> +<p> +22. <foreign rend='italic'>Giahubas</foreign>, Yaoys, Shiahubas and +Yahus of Guyana. +</p> +<p> +23. <foreign rend='italic'>Guaninis</foreign>, Guanas all over South +America. +</p> +<p> +24. <foreign rend='italic'>Tonas</foreign>, Atun-collas of Peru, Tuncas +of Popayan, Tun of Chili. +</p> +<p> +25. <foreign rend='italic'>Anacac</foreign> or +<foreign rend='italic'>Manati</foreign>, Tamanacus of +Guyana. +</p> +<p> +26. <foreign rend='italic'>Boras</foreign>, Anaborias of S. America. +Boroas of Chili. +</p> +<p> +27. <foreign rend='italic'>Comos</foreign>, <foreign rend='italic'>Comis</foreign> +or <foreign rend='italic'>Come-Khon</foreign>, Comayaguas +of Honduras, Comagre of Darien, +Aculma of Mexico. +</p> +<p> +28. <foreign rend='italic'>Goeiz</foreign>, Goyaz of Brazil, Guyanas of +Oronoc. +</p> +<p> +29. <foreign rend='italic'>Aumatex</foreign>, Yumas, Yameos of Peru, +Amatalas of Moxos. +</p> +<p> +30. <foreign rend='italic'>Guatauvas</foreign>, Guatayos or Aruac +tribes. +</p> +<p> +31. <foreign rend='italic'>Moretes</foreign>, Muretes of Moxos? Muras +of Brazil. +</p> +<p> +32. <foreign rend='italic'>Caribas</foreign>, <foreign rend='italic'>Canibas</foreign>, +<foreign rend='italic'>Canimas</foreign>, The +Calibis or Caribs. +</p> +<p> +33. <foreign rend='italic'>Timanis</foreign>, Timanas of Chaco, Tamanacs +and Tamecas of Oronoc. +</p> +<p> +34. <foreign rend='italic'>Labouyous</foreign>, Abuyas and Abayes +synonym of Mbayas. +</p> +<p> +35. <foreign rend='italic'>Cahiris</foreign> Caris of South America. +</p> +<p> +36. <foreign rend='italic'>Eyeris</foreign>, Yaros of Parana. +</p> +<p> +37. <foreign rend='italic'>Toas</foreign>, Taos of Tucuman, and of New +Mexico. +</p> +<p> +38. <foreign rend='italic'>Oumekwas</foreign>, Omaguas, Humayons of +Chaco &c. +</p> +<p> +39. <foreign rend='italic'>Mabuyas</foreign>, Abuyas, Poyas, Poyay of +North and South America. +</p> +<p> +40. <foreign rend='italic'>Cofachis,</foreign> Cofachis or Cowetas of +North America? +</p> +<p> +41. <foreign rend='italic'>Apalachis</foreign>, Apalaches, Yamasis of +North America. +</p> +<p> +42. <foreign rend='italic'>Mayoriex</foreign> or +<foreign rend='italic'>Ziguayos</foreign>, Mayas, +Guayos of Chaco. +</p> +<p> +43. <foreign rend='italic'>Cons</foreign>, Chons and Yana-Conas of +Peru, Conos of Chaco, Conivos and Conamas +of South America. +</p> +<p> +44. <foreign rend='italic'>Els</foreign> or <foreign rend='italic'>Ili</foreign> +(children), Eles and Ols +of Mexico, Yoales or Vilelas and Lules or +Pelé of Chaco. +</p> +<p> +Thus, how gratuitous was the common +opinion that only one nation filled the Antilles. +Meantime we find nowhere in these +annals that name of Antilia, which in their +language would have been <foreign rend='italic'>Anti-ili</foreign> sons of +Antes, or <foreign rend='italic'>Ana-ti-ili</foreign> flower-high-children. +It may be a Lybian name like Atlantes, both +referring to the <foreign rend='italic'>Antis</foreign> or Anteus, the early +inhabitants of North Africa, and of Peru. +</p></note> +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='215'/><anchor id='Pg215'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Chapter VII.</head> + +<quote rend='display'> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>The Haytian or Taino Language</hi> <hi rend='italic'>restored, +with fragments of the dialects of +Cuba, Jamaica, Lucayas, Boriquen, +Eyeri, Cairi, Araguas. Grammar, +roots, and comparative Vocabularies.</hi> +</quote> + +<p> +At an early period I endeavored to collect +all the scattered fragments of this language, +in order to elucidate and support +the historical traditions. This labour concluded +in 1828, has given very important +results, which shall now be explained. At +the time of the Spanish discovery and conquest, +many Spaniards spoke that language; +many slaves were sent to Spain; but philology +was not then attended to. Therefore +we have no dictionary nor grammar of this +language. Meantime the very nation has +disappeared, destroyed by Spanish cruelty. +</p> + +<p> +However, nearly all the early travellers +and writers on the West Indies have preserved +by chance, some words of it. Columbus +himself mentions some of them in +his original journal. Roman and Dangleria +explain many of the quoted words. Others +are scattered in Acosta, Gomara, Oviedo, +Garcia, Diaz, Las-Casas &c.; which had +never been all collected even by Vater nor +Edwards. Gili alone undertook to give a +long list of Haytian words; but three-fourths +<pb n='216'/><anchor id='Pg216'/> +of them are geographical or historical names +unexplained and unavailable. +</p> + +<p> +I have used, compared and brought together +all these loose materials, and thus +succeeded in restoring about 234 words of +this language, a list ample enough for all +historical purposes. This contains besides +50 words of the Eyeri and eastern dialects, +with 38 of the Cuban or western dialects, +useful to show the variations of dialects. +We know that from Bahama to Cuba, +Boriquen to Jamaica, a same language +was spoken in various slight dialects, but +understood by all: Columbus himself says so. +</p> + +<p> +But this language, which had also partly +spread in Florida, and in South America, +has the appearance of being a mixt speech. +This appears from the many synonyms, the +deviations of dialects, and the double forms, +or relative position of words. In the small +eastern islands the <hi rend='italic'>Eyeris</hi> or <hi rend='italic'>Cabres</hi> had +been destroyed by the Caribs, who preserved +the women, and these preserved their own +language, mixt with some Carib words and +taught it to their daughters; so as to produce +a double language, that of the women +being quite peculiar. This singular fact +well authenticated, will enable us to presume +a similar conquest and custom, wherever +we shall meet in America, with a peculiar +female idiom. +</p> + +<p> +The many nations or tribes mentioned +in the traditions, which had gradually amalgamated; +and the settlement in Cuba and +<pb n='217'/><anchor id='Pg217'/> +Hayti of the Mayas, will account for this +mixture of synonyms. But the existence +also of many homonyms, leads us to a former +more simple speech, probably monosyllabic +and quite regular as the oriental idioms, to +which it is most akin. +</p> + +<p> +From the primitive languages of North +Africa and South Europe, it had received +this regular position of ideas; but by the +mixture with the Maya and Mexican nations +using the inverse form, it borrowed +that new form. The same happened in +Europe to the Celtic and Oriental tribes, +who received in Greece and Italy the inverse +form of speech from the Scythian, +Illyrian and Gothic tribes. +</p> + +<p> +The comparative examination of the +Haytian and dialects, was pursued by me, +<hi rend='italic'>upon all the languages of the earth</hi>, as I +was determined that one American nation +at least, should be traced philologically to +its real origin. Thus I found many thousand +analogies of it, out of which I have +used about 1500 in the annals, notes and +vocabularies. A single American language +does then contain more comparative analogies +in about 200 words than all those collected +by Vater and Malte, out of 400 +American languages; and this fact upsets +all the illusions, theories and false views, +based thereon by them, Humboldt and +others. +</p> + +<p> +But this comprehensive labour teaches +<pb n='218'/><anchor id='Pg218'/> +other facts, by far more important and +available. 1. That American languages +have analogies with all the languages of +the earth, 2. That they have similar analogies +with each other, 3. That it is only the +superior number of analogies that may indicate +a filial or parental connection out +of America, 4. And that also similar greatest +number of analogies, indicate the parental +relations of American languages and +nations between themselves, 5. Lastly that +unless a language and nation is compared +<emph>with all the others</emph>, we can never ascertain +accurately, nor trace its real parentage +philologically. +</p> + +<p> +This consequence is obvious, although it +will not please the lazy or timid philologists +and historians. It shall be further pursued +and elucidated hereafter; but now let us +apply these rules to the Haytian. +</p> + +<p> +I could give 400 comparisons. Let us +select a few. +</p> + +<p> +1. <hi rend='italic'>Ainu of Choka</hi> islands between Japan +and <hi rend='italic'>Kamchatka</hi>, 22 comparable words 4 +alike in Haytian—Boat, house, no, drink—Mutual +affinity only 21 per cent. No parentage. +</p> + +<p> +2. <hi rend='italic'>Singala</hi> of Ceylon, 50 comparable +words, 16 analogies, with Haytian—Mutual +affinity 32 per cent. Very distant parentage. +</p> + +<p> +3. <hi rend='italic'>Guanch</hi> of the Canary island nearest +to Hayti in the east, 32 comparable words, +14 akin. Mutual affinity 42 per cent. +Distant connection. +</p> + +<pb n='219'/><anchor id='Pg219'/> + +<p> +4. <hi rend='italic'>Mandara.</hi> Handsome black nation +in the centre of Africa, 12 words comparable, +6 akin,—one, water, man, king, mother, +river—Mutual analogies 50 per cent. +Nearer connection than with the Guanch, +or separation less remote. +</p> + +<p> +5. <hi rend='italic'>Pelagic</hi>, or ancestors of the Greeks +and Italians. Comparable words in all the +ancient and modern dialects nearly 200, +whereof about 160 offer more or less analogies!—Mutual +affinity 80 per cent! Complete +and near connection. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Therefore the Haytians are of Pelagic +origin!</hi> No other group of languages offer +anything like as many. The nearest after, +are the Atlantic L. Lybian, Egyptian, Bask, +Sanscrit, Persian &c. who are all connected +with the Pelagic nations. The analogies +with the Tartars, Chinese, Polynesians &c., +are all less in amount. +</p> + +<p> +In America the Haytian affinities are of +course the greatest with the <hi rend='italic'>Aruac</hi> nations +of South America; who are their brothers, +and extend to the Taos of Tucuman and +the Tinguis or true Patagons of Pigafetta. +Yet they may have been divided long ago, +or ever since their American settlement: +since out of two selected for comparisons, +after the vocabularies, the <hi rend='italic'>Araguas</hi> had +only 70 per cent of analogy, and the <hi rend='italic'>Cairi</hi> +only 56 per cent. The nearest affinities +after these, were with the <hi rend='italic'>Apalachis</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Nachez</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Cadoz</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Huastecas</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Mexican</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Tarasca</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Maya</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Chontal</hi> &c. of N. America, +<pb n='220'/><anchor id='Pg220'/> +and the <hi rend='italic'>Darien</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Betoy</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Peruvian</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Chili</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Mbaya &c.</hi> of South America. +</p> + +<p> +Those with the nations of N. America of +Asiatic origin, and the nations of South +America of African origin, such as the +Linapis and Guaranis, were much reduced. +See the compared vocabularies. +</p> + +<p> +The Haytian shall now become therefore +one of the touchstones of other American +languages, to verify their eastern or Atlantic +origin, and above all the connection +with the American Pelagians. +</p> + +<p> +Let us now consider the forms and peculiarities +of this interesting language, and +first its phonology. +</p> + +<p> +It appears to have all the sounds of the +Italic languages; but it lacks the Greek +TH, PS, the Cairi had <hi rend='italic'>TH</hi>. It has been +written by Spaniards, and their simple orthography +applies well to it; but leaves a +doubt whether it had the Celtic and French +û (unless it be y) Hebrew and English SH, +lacking in Spanish. Their CH is as in +English, and the French TCH.—It had +the gutural X of the Greeks and Spanish, +written X and J. Also the Spanish LL, +GN or Ñ, and TZ. +</p> + +<p> +It had few P being changed to B; few +F often changed to V; few L changing to +Y; few S changed to Z; few D changed +to T.—It had no nasal sounds as in Italian, +AN becoming <hi rend='italic'>Ana</hi> &c. Many dipthongs +AO, OEI, IA, AI, UA, AU, EI &c. as in +Italian, each vowel sounded. This made +<pb n='221'/><anchor id='Pg221'/> +the language soft, pleasing and musical as +in Italian and Polynesian. Dangleria says +the accent was always on the last syllable, +as in French. +</p> + +<p> +On the grammar of it, nothing has been +written; what Vater has said is quite loose +and inaccurate. We have not even the +<hi rend='italic'>Lord's Prayer</hi> in it, so as to serve as a +model. Our only guides are a few translated +phrases of Roman and Dangleria; +but they enable us to perceive the main +features of it. +</p> + +<p> +One of the chief was the great use of +articles, as in Italian; but with a peculiar +one GUA, put commonly before, but sometimes +after the nouns. It was a demonstrative +article, meaning <hi rend='italic'>such</hi>, or +<hi rend='italic'>this</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>that</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>these</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>those</hi>; but never changing and common +as our <hi rend='italic'>The</hi>: while this indicative <hi rend='italic'>The</hi> +was declinable or changing as in the Italic +languages, and extremely various, although +always prefixed, expressed by I, HI, HIN, +NI, N', ZI, LI &c. A third kind of article +was O, which when added, appears to +have been comparative, and to mean <hi rend='italic'>Akin</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Like</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Similar</hi>, or our English AS. The +relative article <hi rend='italic'>Of</hi> was A prefixed. +</p> + +<p> +Examples of Articles. +</p> + +<lg> +<l><hi rend='italic'>Gua-yava</hi> This pear.</l> +<l><hi rend='italic'>Gua-ma</hi> This great, or lord.</l> +<l><hi rend='italic'>Gua-tiaos</hi> Those brothers.</l> +<l><hi rend='italic'>Ma-za-gua</hi> Great plain such.</l> +<l><hi rend='italic'>Bala-gua</hi> Sea such, the ocean.</l> +<l><hi rend='italic'>I-Guana</hi> The guana or lizard.</l> +<pb n='222'/><anchor id='Pg222'/> +<l><hi rend='italic'>Ni-taino</hi> The good or noble.</l> +<l><hi rend='italic'>Mi-taino</hi> My noble lord.</l> +<l><hi rend='italic'>Li-ani</hi> The wife. Eyeri dialect.</l> +<l><hi rend='italic'>Hin-Guaili</hi> The such-sons, the children.</l> +<l><hi rend='italic'>Ziba o</hi> Stone like, stony.</l> +<l><hi rend='italic'>A-na</hi> Of bloom, a flower.</l> +<l><hi rend='italic'>A-boria</hi> Of labor, a vassal.</l> +<l><hi rend='italic'>A-maca</hi> Of wood, a bed.</l> +<l><hi rend='italic'>A-ma</hi> Of great, water.</l> +<l><hi rend='italic'>A-reiti</hi> Of rite, song.</l> +</lg> + +<p> +These articles formed probably the declinations +of nouns, as we do not perceive +a different desinense. This form was more +like the Celtic, Oscan, and Greek, than the +Latin. +</p> + +<p> +The feminine was formed nearly as in +Italian, O changing to A.—<hi rend='italic'>Taino</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Taina</hi>, +Lord, Lady—<hi rend='italic'>Hito</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Hita</hi>, Man, Woman; +but there must have been irregularities +difficult to trace: as some words masculine +end in I, S, N, U, L. Perhaps some were +neutral. +</p> + +<p> +Some words are formed by duplication, +implying an amplitude, as in the Oriental +language.—<hi rend='italic'>Bi</hi> life, +<hi rend='italic'>Bibi</hi> mother and wife +in dialects. <hi rend='italic'>Ba</hi> habitation, +<hi rend='italic'>Baba</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Vava</hi> +Father. <hi rend='italic'>Ma</hi> great, +<hi rend='italic'>Mama</hi> mother. <hi rend='italic'>Xau</hi> +cake, <hi rend='italic'>Xauxau</hi> bread or large cake. +</p> + +<p> +The plurals are chiefly in I as in Italian, +or in S as in Spanish; but there are some +irregular plurals. <hi rend='italic'>Taino</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Taini</hi>, Lord, +Lords. <hi rend='italic'>Hito</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>hitos</hi> man, men. +</p> + +<p> +EL son. ILI sons. <hi rend='italic'>Zemi</hi> angel, <hi rend='italic'>Zemes</hi> +angels. +</p> + +<pb n='223'/><anchor id='Pg223'/> + +<p> +The Eyeri dialect forms many plurals in +UM. <hi rend='italic'>Eyeri</hi> man, <hi rend='italic'>Eyerium</hi> +men; <hi rend='italic'>Inaru</hi> +woman, <hi rend='italic'>Inayum</hi> women. +</p> + +<p> +The adjectives are put before or after +the substantives, blending the two forms; +and the prevailing form in compound words +is doubtful, perhaps the regular as in Latin. +</p> + +<p> +Examples of regular position. +</p> + +<lg> +<l><hi rend='italic'>Hay-ti</hi> Land-high.</l> +<l><hi rend='italic'>Ana-caona</hi> Flower (of) gold.</l> +<l><hi rend='italic'>Buhui-tihu</hi> Priest high or eminent.</l> +</lg> + +<p> +Examples of inverse positions. +</p> + +<lg> +<l><hi rend='italic'>Bo-hito</hi> Old man or priest.</l> +<l><hi rend='italic'>Jaya-el</hi> Earth-son.</l> +<l><hi rend='italic'>N'abor-itas</hi> The working men.</l> +</lg> + +<p> +The adjectives are chiefly formed from +nouns, and often by a simple O added, thus +<hi rend='italic'>Ziba</hi> stone, <hi rend='italic'>Zibao</hi> +stony, <hi rend='italic'>Zibayo</hi> mount. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Turei</hi> heaven, <hi rend='italic'>Tureigua</hi> heavenly or +heaven-like. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Duhos</hi> wealth, <hi rend='italic'>Duihzi</hi> wealthy or +wealth-is. +</p> + +<p> +The superlatives are commonly formed +by duplication. <hi rend='italic'>Ua</hi> old, <hi rend='italic'>Uaua</hi> very old. +<hi rend='italic'>Co</hi> fruitful, <hi rend='italic'>Coco</hi> very fruitful, the coco +nut. +</p> + +<p> +Or else by the affix <hi rend='italic'>Ma</hi> which amplifies +every thing. +</p> + +<p> +The pronouns appear very simple. +</p> + +<p> +MI, M' first person for I, me, my, mine; +but <hi rend='italic'>our</hi> is <hi rend='italic'>Ahia</hi>? +</p> + +<p> +TI, T' Second person for thee, thou, thy, +thine. +</p> + +<pb n='224'/><anchor id='Pg224'/> + +<p> +LI, L' Third person for he, she, his, her. +</p> + +<p> +NI, N' Common like <hi rend='italic'>It</hi> or rather <hi rend='italic'>On</hi> of +the French. +</p> + +<p> +How their plurals are formed, is doubtful; +but perhaps the inflexions alone formed +them. These pronouns are pure Italian! +or rather primitive. They were often dispensed +with as in Italian. +</p> + +<p> +Of the verbs we know little or nothing. +By a few examples of the verb <hi rend='italic'>to be</hi>, it was +quite irregular as with us. +</p> + +<lg> +<l><hi rend='italic'>Ei</hi> To be—<hi rend='italic'>Tei</hi> +be thou—<hi rend='italic'>Bei</hi> being.</l> +<l><hi rend='italic'>Beira</hi> a being—<hi rend='italic'>Dacha</hi> I am.</l> +<l><hi rend='italic'>El</hi> he is—<hi rend='italic'>Zi</hi> it is, this is.</l> +</lg> + +<p> +In these <hi rend='italic'>Ei</hi> appears the root, derives +from <hi rend='italic'>Eil</hi>, and was then similar to <hi rend='italic'>El</hi> son, +as <hi rend='italic'>Zi</hi> to <hi rend='italic'>Izi</hi> eyes. +</p> + +<p> +This verb joined to others was added to +words. <hi rend='italic'>Guarocoel</hi> we know he is, may be +analyzed <hi rend='italic'>Gua-roco-el</hi> such-know-he-is. +</p> + +<p> +We have an example of negative verbs +in <hi rend='italic'>Macabuca</hi> I do not care, which is <hi rend='italic'>Macabuca</hi> +not-care, or never-mind; in French +<hi rend='italic'>n'importe</hi>, in Italian <hi rend='italic'>non curo</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +Of the syntax we may form an idea by +the few preserved phrases; which I have +analyzed as follow, and compared with the +Italian. +</p> + +<lg> +<l>1. <hi rend='italic'>Teitoca</hi> thou be quiet. +<hi rend='italic'>Tacitu</hi> Italian.</l> +<l><hi rend='italic'>tocheta</hi> much. <hi rend='italic'>molto.</hi></l> +<l><hi rend='italic'>zinato</hi> angry. +<hi rend='italic'>irato.</hi></l> +<l><hi rend='italic'>Guame-chyna</hi> this +great God. <hi rend='italic'>gran-Nume.</hi></l> +</lg> + +<pb n='225'/><anchor id='Pg225'/> + +<lg> +<l>2. <hi rend='italic'>Gua-ibba</hi> that go. <hi rend='italic'>Vai</hi> It.</l> +<l><hi rend='italic'>zinato</hi> angry. <hi rend='italic'>irato.</hi></l> +<l><hi rend='italic'>macabuca</hi> not care. <hi rend='italic'>non curo.</hi></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>3. <hi rend='italic'>Dios</hi> Spanish God. <hi rend='italic'>Dio</hi> It.</l> +<l><hi rend='italic'>Aboria</hi> Servant. <hi rend='italic'>Servo.</hi></l> +<l><hi rend='italic'>dacha</hi> I am. <hi rend='italic'>Sono.</hi></l> +</lg> + +<p> +This idiom or position of words is perfect +in Italian which admits of many transpositions; +but in English syntax and idiom +these phrases mean +</p> + +<lg> +<l>1. Be quiet, God will be very angry.</l> +<l>2. Begone, I do not care if he is angry.</l> +<l>3. I am the servant of the Spanish God.</l> +</lg> + +<p> +The Haytian numbers have not been +transmitted to us, and I could only collect +the following secondary numbers—<hi rend='italic'>Ata</hi> +first, <hi rend='italic'>Bem</hi> second, <hi rend='italic'>Abem</hi> third: which +however are primitive and indicate a binary +numeration: although the language +had probably the decimals. +</p> + +<p> +By a careful analytical process I have +been able to decompose the compound +words, and even reach their monosyllabic +roots. All the long words can be thus +analyzed, and show that this compound +form only arises, as usual in American +languages, by the blunders of the Spanish +writers, who wrote long words instead of +short ones; blending articles and affixes. +The Haytian thus analyzed and reduced +is a very simple language, approximating +to the primitive and oriental forms, wherein +short monosyllables of generic import, +<pb n='226'/><anchor id='Pg226'/> +formed the base of the speech, and became +modified by union and relative position. +</p> + +<p> +By these means the following essential +roots of the language have been collected, +and are given to help future similar investigations +of American languages. +</p> + +<p> +Examples of composition. +</p> + +<lg> +<l><hi rend='italic'>Cazabi</hi> Bread. +<hi rend='italic'>Ca-za-bi</hi> soil-fruitful-life.</l> +<l><hi rend='italic'>Manati</hi> Sea cow. +<hi rend='italic'>Ma-na-ti</hi> great-thing-eminent.</l> +<l><hi rend='italic'>Turei</hi> Heaven. <hi rend='italic'>T'ur-ei</hi> Thou-light-be.</l> +<l><hi rend='italic'>Furzidi</hi> Cloudy. <hi rend='italic'>Fur-zi-di</hi> +gloom-it-is-day. (or now)</l> +<l><hi rend='italic'>Areiti</hi> Song, rites. <hi rend='italic'>A-rei-ti</hi> +of reality eminent.</l> +<l><hi rend='italic'>Nanichi</hi> Soul. <hi rend='italic'>Na-ni-chi</hi> +thing the active.</l> +<l><hi rend='italic'>Maroyo</hi> Moon. <hi rend='italic'>Ma-ro-yo</hi> great lovely.</l> +</lg> + +<p> +74 essential monosyllabic roots of this +language or genera of ideas. +</p> + +<lg> +<l>A, Of, as, like.</l> +<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Ac</hi>, Holy, sacred, religious.</l> +<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Am</hi>, Water, root, plenty.</l> +<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>An</hi>, Male thing, man, people, folk.</l> +<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>At</hi>, One, alone, first, unic.</l> +<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Ba</hi>, Father, ancestor, dwelling.</l> +<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Bal</hi>, Raft, floating, wave, sea.</l> +<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Ban</hi>, Wind, air.</l> +<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Bao</hi>, Music, lyre, instrument.</l> +<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Bat</hi>, Beating, game, play, ball.</l> +<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Bem</hi>, Second, double, twin, two, next.</l> +<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Bi</hi>, Life, wife, mother.</l> +<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Boa</hi>, Habitation, house.</l> +<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Bor</hi>, Labor, work, vassal, service.</l> +<pb n='227'/><anchor id='Pg227'/> +<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Ca</hi>, Land, soil, earth, dry.</l> +<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Can</hi>, Fish, swift, bad.</l> +<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Chi</hi>, Active, soul, work, wine, lively.</l> +<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Chon</hi>, Hot, dry, fever.</l> +<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Chuc</hi>, Take, grasp, hold.</l> +<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Co</hi>, Soil, fruitful, fountain, dog, thread.</l> +<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Coai</hi>, Joy, delight, happiness.</l> +<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Cu</hi>, Chapel, altar, hearth, fire, all.</l> +<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Cus</hi>, Worm, creeping.</l> +<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Di</hi>, Day, now, actual.</l> +<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Duh</hi>, Wealth, riches, treasures, property.</l> +<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Ei</hi>, Existence, to be.</l> +<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>El</hi>, Son, tribe, child, he is.</l> +<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Fur</hi>, Gloom, dark, cloud, fury.</l> +<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Gia</hi>, Fowl, bird, flying.</l> +<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Gua</hi>, Such, this, that, these, those.</l> +<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Guey</hi>, Shell, hollow, closed.</l> +<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Ha</hi>, Yes, sure, certain.</l> +<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Hi</hi>, The, indication, here.</l> +<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Hio</hi>, House, hut, cottage.</l> +<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Huib</hi>, Head.</l> +<l>I, The, sign of life and action.</l> +<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Io</hi>, God, the living-type.</l> +<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>It</hi>, Man, male.</l> +<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>In</hi>, Woman, female.</l> +<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Iz</hi>, Eyes, looks.</l> +<l>L', LI, He, she, they, his &c., oft. changed to Y.</l> +<l>MA, Great, big, larger, increase, mothers, water &c.</l> +<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Mas</hi>, Food, to eat &c.</l> +<l>MI, M', Me, my, mine.</l> +<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Na</hi>, Thing, bloom, lizard.</l> +<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Ni</hi>, N', The thing, my thing.</l> +<pb n='228'/><anchor id='Pg228'/> +<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>No</hi>, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Noa</hi>, +Boat, navigation, noble.</l> +<l>O, Like, similar, akin.</l> +<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Ob</hi>, Copper, yellow.</l> +<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Op</hi>, Dead.</l> +<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Pu</hi>, Wood, purple.</l> +<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Ra</hi>, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Rei</hi>, Real, rite, evidence, +offspring.</l> +<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Ris</hi>, Red.</l> +<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Ro</hi>, Love, belove.</l> +<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Ri</hi>, Male, people, men.</l> +<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Sor</hi>, West, Eve, late, far.</l> +<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Toa</hi>, Breast, milk.</l> +<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Ti</hi>, High, lofty, eminent.</l> +<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Tab</hi>, Tube, pipe.</l> +<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Tai</hi>, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Tiao</hi>, Brother, friend, +good.</l> +<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Toc</hi>, Rest, peace, quiet.</l> +<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Ua</hi>, Old, ancient.</l> +<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Ur</hi>, Light.</l> +<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Ut</hi>, Rabbits.</l> +<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Va</hi>, Cave, hollow, father, origin.</l> +<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Var</hi>, War, warrior.</l> +<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Xau</hi>, Cake, baked, bread.</l> +<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Xi</hi>, Strong, pungent, pepper.</l> +<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Yar</hi>, End, tail, vent.</l> +<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Yu</hi>, White, bright.</l> +<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Za</hi>, Grass, fruitful, plenty.</l> +<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Zem</hi>, Angels, deities, idols.</l> +<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Zib</hi>, Stone, rock.</l> +<l><hi rend='smallcaps'>Zic</hi>, King, ruler.</l> +</lg> + +<p> +Such was the Haytian language, once +spoken by several millions, and a western +branch of the Pelagic stock; that derived +from the Asiatic <hi rend='italic'>Pelegs</hi> and <hi rend='italic'>Palis</hi>, once +peopled nearly all the shores of the Mediterranean +3 or 4000 years ago. +</p> + +<pb n='229'/><anchor id='Pg229'/> + +<p> +The following comparative vocabularies +will prove this fact. They have not been +made to support it; but to find the truth, +and the probable ancestors of this American +nation, by seeking them all over the +earth. If this nation one of the nearest to +the eastern hemisphere, is thus found of +such remote antiquity, those further removed +and inland may well be deemed +equally old, or rather older still: which +their own history shall disclose. +</p> + +<p> +Out of the 234 words collected; many +it will be perceived, are hardly comparable; +being names of peculiar animals and plants. +About 200 offer comparisons with our languages +well known. It must be remarked +that the Spaniards borrowed many Haytian +words, which have since been introduced +into Spanish and other European languages. +Humboldt has given a list of them. Those +admitted in the English language now are, +hurricane, canoe, keys or islands, tobacco, +pimento, yam, tomato, cassava, savana, +mahogany, patatas, mangrove, indigo, copal, +maize, bananas, parrot, guano, coco, +cacao, guava, hammock or hanging bed &c.; +which must not be compared, since they +have been borrowed by us from the Haytian. +The Spaniards have besides, chichas, +balza, Cazic spelt cacique, aguti, manati, +maguey, tiburo, guayac, macana, bejuco, +nigua, tuna, aji, zeyba, &c. +</p> + +<pb n='230'/><anchor id='Pg230'/> + +<p> +Yet several of those words may be usefully +compared in ancient languages often +extinct, previous to the late connection +with America. Thus we find analogies +for maize, canoe, cazic, cayman, yam, +chicha, macana, manati &c., in many: indicating +very ancient connections.—Even +the words manati, hurricane, canoe, nigua +&c., have affinities in modern Italic languages, +not derived from Hayti. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Comparative</hi> <hi rend='smallcaps'>Taino</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>Vocabulary of +Hayti.</hi> +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Authorities</hi>,—R. Roman—C. Columbus—D. +Dangleria,—Ac. Acosta,—Her. +Herrera,—M. Munoz,—L. Las-Casas,—O. +Oviedo,—G. Garcia or Gili,—E. Edwards,—H. +Humboldt,—V. Vater,—A. all +or nearly all of them,—Laet,—Diaz,—St. +Mery,—Ey. Eyeri Dialect. +</p> + +<p> +All or whole <hi rend='smallcaps'>Quis</hi> R. D. Xus O. +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +Analogies, <hi rend='italic'>Oya</hi> Congo, <hi rend='italic'>Jikoga</hi> +Japan, <hi rend='italic'>Chukoat</hi> Nepal, +<hi rend='italic'>Huy</hi> Copt, <hi rend='italic'>Qualunque</hi> +Italy.—<hi rend='italic'>Ixquich</hi> Mexican, <hi rend='italic'>Kiyih</hi> +Mohigan &c. +</quote> + +<p> +Angel and Idol. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Zemi</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Zemes</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Chemes</hi> +A. analogies in annals. +</p> + +<p> +Alligator or crocodile. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Cayman A.</hi>— +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +<hi rend='italic'>Caram</hi> Bornu, <hi rend='italic'>Taymah</hi> Arabic, +<hi rend='italic'>Cuina</hi> Bechuana, +<hi rend='italic'>Caimio Chamoa</hi> Egyptian +Dialects.—<hi rend='italic'>Cayman</hi> Peruvian, +<hi rend='italic'>Camac</hi> Mexican, <hi rend='italic'>Amangam</hi> Linapi. +</quote> + +<p> +Ants or pismires <hi rend='smallcaps'>Comexon R.</hi> see notes. +Apple, pear, guava. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Guava</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Guaiva</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Guayaba</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Xagua A.</hi>— +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +<hi rend='italic'>Apis</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Puar</hi>, old French, +<hi rend='italic'>Apple</hi> English, <hi rend='italic'>Aguas</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Carba</hi> Pelagic, <hi rend='italic'>Carpos</hi> Greek, +<hi rend='italic'>Carpath</hi> Aramic, <hi rend='italic'>Ribi</hi> Egypt. +</quote> + +<pb n='231'/><anchor id='Pg231'/> + +<p> +Angry <hi rend='smallcaps'>Zynato</hi> D.— +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +<hi rend='italic'>Irato</hi> Ital, <hi rend='italic'>Orgytheis</hi> +Greek, <hi rend='italic'>Cato</hi> (bad) Ausonian, +<hi rend='italic'>Yahat</hi> Malay, <hi rend='italic'>Ita</hi> Tonga. +</quote> + +<p> +Am, I am <hi rend='smallcaps'>Dacha</hi> D.— +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +<hi rend='italic'>Nach</hi> Turan, <hi rend='italic'>Da</hi> +(is) Bask, <hi rend='italic'>Davo</hi> Sanscrit.—<hi rend='italic'>Naca</hi> +Maipuri, <hi rend='italic'>Ehaca</hi> Tarasca. +</quote> + +<p> +Arachis or ground-nut. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Mani</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Manis</hi> +A.—<hi rend='italic'>Nux</hi> +Latin. +</p> + +<p> +Aloe <hi rend='smallcaps'>Maguey</hi>. Magheih H.—<hi rend='italic'>Agave</hi> +Greek. +</p> + +<p> +Annona or Papaw <hi rend='smallcaps'>Guanavan</hi> H. +</p> + +<p> +Ananas or pine-apple <hi rend='smallcaps'>Boniama</hi> G. +<hi rend='italic'>Fanpolomi</hi> +E. +</p> + +<p> +Annato or red paint <hi rend='smallcaps'>Achioto</hi> H. <hi rend='italic'>Bixa</hi> G. +</p> + +<p> +Apart, aside, the side <hi rend='smallcaps'>Nara</hi> +R.—<hi rend='italic'>Parte</hi> +It., <hi rend='italic'>Share</hi> English &c. +</p> + +<p> +Armadillo <hi rend='smallcaps'>Atatu</hi> E. +</p> + +<p> +Army <hi rend='smallcaps'>Guaravara</hi> G., see War. +</p> + +<p> +Air, see Wind. +</p> + +<p> +Above <hi rend='italic'>Ubek</hi> in Eyeri. <hi rend='italic'>Super</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Ubique</hi>, +Latin. +</p> + +<p> +Breast and milk <hi rend='smallcaps'>Toa</hi> R—primitive word +found in all languages,— +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +<hi rend='italic'>Teth</hi> Celtic, <hi rend='italic'>Tit</hi> Saxon, +<hi rend='italic'>Tad</hi> Chaldaic, <hi rend='italic'>Toho</hi> Ainu, +<hi rend='italic'>Aha</hi> (milk) Aramic, <hi rend='italic'>Aho</hi> +Guanche, <hi rend='italic'>Tea</hi> Bisharis, <hi rend='italic'>Doa</hi> +Hindu &c. +</quote> + +<p> +Bread or cake <hi rend='smallcaps'>Cazabi</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Cazavi</hi> A. <hi rend='italic'>Cuac</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Maru</hi> in dialects.— +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +Also primitive found in 100 languages. <hi rend='italic'>Oguia</hi> Bask, +<hi rend='italic'>Ahran</hi> Celtic and Berber, <hi rend='italic'>Shakua</hi> +Abask, <hi rend='italic'>Kabaka</hi> +Nuba, <hi rend='italic'>Khas</hi> Haikan, <hi rend='italic'>Maru</hi> +Zingani, <hi rend='italic'>Yacu</hi> Dhagul +mountains, <hi rend='italic'>Axaus</hi> Pelagic, +<hi rend='italic'>Artos</hi> Greek &c.—<hi rend='italic'>Cuzavi</hi> +Tayrones, <hi rend='italic'>Cosque</hi> Chili, +<hi rend='italic'>Casaah</hi> Cado, <hi rend='italic'>Cancu</hi> Peru, +<hi rend='italic'>Shokua</hi> Atakapas, <hi rend='italic'>Pasca</hi> Apalachi &c. +</quote> + +<p> +Be, to be, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Tei</hi>, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Ei</hi> D.—Primitive. +</p> + +<pb n='232'/><anchor id='Pg232'/> + +<quote rend='display'> +<hi rend='italic'>Ei</hi> Aramic, <hi rend='italic'>E</hi> +Italic, <hi rend='italic'>Hei</hi> Arabic, <hi rend='italic'>Eu</hi> Armoric, +<hi rend='italic'>Hei</hi> Oscan, <hi rend='italic'>Esti</hi> +Greek, <hi rend='italic'>E</hi> Haikan, <hi rend='italic'>Hein</hi> Pelagic, +Eolian, <hi rend='italic'>Pet</hi> Egypt &c.—<hi rend='italic'>Eini</hi> +Tarasca, <hi rend='italic'>Atz</hi> Chaymas +&c. +</quote> + +<p> +Being, and a being, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Bei</hi>, +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Beira</hi> A.—primitive, +same roots, +</p> + +<p> +Boat, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Canoa</hi> A. <hi rend='italic'>Pages.</hi>— +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +Primitive word of 100 languages, <hi rend='italic'>Nau Sanscrit</hi>, Pelagic, +Osset, <hi rend='italic'>Nave</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Barca</hi> +Italic, <hi rend='italic'>Naus</hi> Greek, <hi rend='italic'>Guyon</hi> +Guanch, <hi rend='italic'>Scafo</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Cahekiu</hi> +Sicilian, <hi rend='italic'>Xepec</hi> Lybian, <hi rend='italic'>Bacolo</hi> +Illyric, <hi rend='italic'>Cahani</hi> Ainu, <hi rend='italic'>Cayic</hi> +Turk, <hi rend='italic'>Doa</hi> Arabic, +<hi rend='italic'>Naos</hi> Haikan, <hi rend='italic'>Ani</hi> +Aramic, <hi rend='italic'>Cana</hi> Bastul or Iberian, +<hi rend='italic'>Naoi</hi> Celtic, <hi rend='italic'>Kan</hi> +Teutonic &c.—<hi rend='italic'>Noatek</hi> Mbaya, +<hi rend='italic'>Canahua</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Canabir</hi> +Galibis, <hi rend='italic'>Palayak</hi> Aleutian, <hi rend='italic'>Banias</hi> +Panama &c. +</quote> + +<p> +Bird, fowl, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Bogiael</hi> R. <hi rend='italic'>Ipis</hi> +in Cuba.— +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +Compare <hi rend='italic'>Halit</hi> and <hi rend='italic'>Ibis</hi> +Egypt, <hi rend='italic'>Pirid</hi> old Saxon, +<hi rend='italic'>Ipira</hi> Hindu, <hi rend='italic'>Vogel</hi> +German, <hi rend='italic'>Pollo</hi> Oscan. <hi rend='italic'>Ugedu</hi> +Sicily, <hi rend='italic'>Ogia</hi> Celtic, <hi rend='italic'>Uchel</hi> +Ausonian, <hi rend='italic'>Bo</hi> Burman, +<hi rend='italic'>Mapel</hi> Suanic, <hi rend='italic'>Haliga</hi> +Pelagic &c.—<hi rend='italic'>Gualpa</hi> Peru, +<hi rend='italic'>Coxol</hi> Huasteca &c. +</quote> + +<p> +Bed. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Amaca</hi> A. <hi rend='italic'>Amazas</hi> +L. <hi rend='italic'>Barbacoa</hi> +H. <hi rend='italic'>Nehera</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Nekera in Dialects</hi>.— +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +<hi rend='italic'>Ekia</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Kunera</hi>, +Greek, <hi rend='italic'>Tamapat</hi> Malay, <hi rend='italic'>Nedokuri</hi> +Japan, <hi rend='italic'>Cama</hi> Lusitanian, <hi rend='italic'>Make</hi> +Egypt—<hi rend='italic'>Camata</hi> Peru, +<hi rend='italic'>Amaca</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Akat</hi> Galibi, +<hi rend='italic'>Mucara</hi> Betoy? <hi rend='italic'>Amaca</hi> Yaoy, +<hi rend='italic'>Chinchero</hi> Guarauna. +</quote> + +<p> +Blue and violet, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Tunna</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Quibey</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Guei</hi>, +dialects.—<hi rend='italic'>Cyanus</hi> Greek, <hi rend='italic'>Chuanta</hi> Abask. +</p> + +<p> +Beer, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Chicha</hi> A.— +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +<hi rend='italic'>Alicha</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Cheruisa</hi> Gauls, +<hi rend='italic'>Chelia</hi> Cantabrians, <hi rend='italic'>Chacoli</hi> +Bask, <hi rend='italic'>Shashu</hi> China, <hi rend='italic'>Ichua</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Isua</hi> African Atlantes, +<hi rend='italic'>Acha</hi> (Wine) Aramic—<hi rend='italic'>Chica</hi> +Peru, <hi rend='italic'>Chicha</hi> Chili, +Mbayas, <hi rend='italic'>Cachina</hi> Apalachi, +<hi rend='italic'>Huicu</hi> Galibis &c. +</quote> + +<p> +Beloved, loved, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Rozi</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Berozi</hi> R.— +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +<hi rend='italic'>Eros</hi> Greek, <hi rend='italic'>Behar</hi> Persian, +<hi rend='italic'>Careich</hi> Celtic, <hi rend='italic'>Cara</hi> +Italic and Hebrew, <hi rend='italic'>Heri</hi> Sanscrit, +<hi rend='italic'>Eiras</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Meres</hi> Egypt, +<hi rend='italic'>Amore</hi> Italian, <hi rend='italic'>Amuri</hi> Sicilian. +</quote> + +<pb n='233'/><anchor id='Pg233'/> + +<p> +Ball, ball-game, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Batos</hi> D. <hi rend='italic'>Batei</hi> G.— +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +<hi rend='italic'>Orpatos</hi> Greek, <hi rend='italic'>Ballota</hi> +Italic, <hi rend='italic'>Baton</hi> French, <hi rend='italic'>Bandy</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Bate</hi> old English—<hi rend='italic'>Pali</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Palican</hi> Chili. +</quote> + +<p> +Beast, beastly, wild, <hi rend='italic'>Caracol</hi> R.— +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +<hi rend='italic'>Caracal</hi> Lybian, <hi rend='italic'>Car</hi> +Turan, <hi rend='italic'>Heraca</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Ferua</hi> Italy, +<hi rend='italic'>Caracol</hi> Berber Atlantes, <hi rend='italic'>Caracoler</hi> +old French, <hi rend='italic'>Ho-lo</hi> +old Chinese, <hi rend='italic'>Olo-olo</hi> Bugis and Macasar. +</quote> + +<p> +Basket, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Hava</hi> G.—Primitive, see Cave. +</p> + +<p> +Bright, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Tureigna</hi> D.—see Light. +</p> + +<p> +Bananas, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Bananas</hi> Her. <hi rend='italic'>Camois</hi> G. +</p> + +<p> +Bad fellow, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Vaquiano</hi> Ac.—<hi rend='italic'>Paquiano</hi> +Sicily. +</p> + +<p> +Brother, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Guatiao</hi> Her.—<hi rend='italic'>Tayo</hi> +Polynesia, +<hi rend='italic'>Fratielo</hi> Ital. D. +</p> + +<p> +Blood, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Moinalu</hi> Ey.— +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +<hi rend='italic'>Omoina</hi> Aramic, <hi rend='italic'>Idoimen</hi> +African Atlantes, <hi rend='italic'>Odola</hi> +Bask, <hi rend='italic'>Zemo</hi> Zend, <hi rend='italic'>Tola</hi> +Arabic, <hi rend='italic'>Haimai</hi> Pelagic, +<hi rend='italic'>Haematos</hi> Greek, <hi rend='italic'>Aimonos</hi> +Romaic, <hi rend='italic'>Hamanos</hi> Illyric, +<hi rend='italic'>Mulu</hi> Koriak and Kamchatka. +</quote> + +<p> +Corn, maize, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Mahiz</hi>, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Mayz</hi> A.— +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +<hi rend='italic'>Maiza</hi> Bask. <hi rend='italic'>Mas</hi> +Nepal and Congo. <hi rend='italic'>May</hi> Kirata of +Imalaya, <hi rend='italic'>Me</hi> Chinese, <hi rend='italic'>Maza</hi> +Pelagic, <hi rend='italic'>Maiz</hi> Turan, +<hi rend='italic'>Zimidi</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Zimind</hi> +Caucasian languages, <hi rend='italic'>Mozen</hi> Guanch, +<hi rend='italic'>Tiemzin</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>timezin tomzin</hi> +African Atlantic—<hi rend='italic'>Hazez</hi> +Apalachi, <hi rend='italic'>Iziz</hi> Huasteca, +<hi rend='italic'>Zara</hi> Peru, <hi rend='italic'>Yasit</hi> Cora, +<hi rend='italic'>Umita</hi> Chili. +</quote> + +<p> +Cold, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Ymizui</hi> R.—<hi rend='italic'>Hima</hi> +Sanscrit, <hi rend='italic'>Hiems</hi> +Latin, <hi rend='italic'>Frimat</hi> French. +</p> + +<p> +Cave, cavern, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Cova</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Vava</hi> D. <hi rend='italic'>Giaga</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Beina</hi> O.— +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +<hi rend='italic'>Cava</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Cabina</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Phinon</hi> Pelagic, <hi rend='italic'>Caura</hi> +Lybian, <hi rend='italic'>Thebi</hi> +old Egyptian, <hi rend='italic'>Tabaita</hi> Ausonian, +<hi rend='italic'>Ketena</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Phian</hi> Oscan +and Etruscan? <hi rend='italic'>Libanah</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Cuena</hi> +Aramic, <hi rend='italic'>Tana</hi> +Sicily, <hi rend='italic'>Deina</hi> Teuton ... Primitive. +</quote> + +<p> +Cotton, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Mapu</hi> E. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Zeiba</hi> +A.—<hi rend='italic'>Gosupon</hi> +Greek, <hi rend='italic'>Kapas</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Kipi</hi> Sanscrit language, +</p> + +<pb n='234'/><anchor id='Pg234'/> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Bombaz</hi> Pelagic, <hi rend='italic'>Cosib</hi> old Arabic. +</p> + +<p> +Cloth, see dress. +</p> + +<p> +Club, see sword. +</p> + +<p> +Copper, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Tuob</hi> C. Yellow copper, +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Hobin</hi> +D.—<hi rend='italic'>Kuop</hi> Pelagic, +<hi rend='italic'>Kupros</hi> Greek, <hi rend='italic'>Cupreus</hi> +Latin. +</p> + +<p> +Careless, I don't care, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Macabuca</hi> +D.—<hi rend='italic'>Bucanaco</hi> +Congo. +</p> + +<p> +Cutting, knife, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Henequen</hi>.—<hi rend='italic'>Ecuta</hi> +Bask, +<hi rend='italic'>Totenika</hi> Greek, <hi rend='italic'>Sikunatant</hi> +Pehlvi, <hi rend='italic'>Kangiac</hi> +Arabic &c. +</p> + +<p> +Children or tribe, EL, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Ili</hi>, +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Guaili</hi> R.—Primitive, +analogies already given in annals. +</p> + +<p> +Clusia alba, or copal tree, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Copei</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Copal</hi> +G. H. +</p> + +<p> +Conch-shell, <hi rend='italic'>Maguey</hi> C. as Aloe. +</p> + +<p> +Cake, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Xauxau</hi> G. <hi rend='italic'>Akes</hi> C. see Bread. +<hi rend='italic'>Xau</hi> is primitive. +</p> + +<p> +Cocos, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Coco</hi> G. <hi rend='italic'>Coquillas</hi> in Boriquen. +</p> + +<p> +Cedar, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Cauvana</hi> G. +</p> + +<p> +Cacao, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Cacao</hi> A. same in Mexico &c. +</p> + +<p> +Church, temple, chapel, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Cu</hi> +Acosta, <hi rend='italic'>Tzia</hi>.—Primitive, +same name in Maya, Chontal, +Mexican &c. <hi rend='italic'>Gu</hi> Japan, <hi rend='italic'>Tia</hi> Chinese D. +</p> + +<p> +Cloudy, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Furzidi</hi>, Her. +</p> + +<p> +Cane, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Yaruma</hi>, Her. +</p> + +<p> +Crabs, <hi rend='italic'>Taracolas</hi>.—<hi rend='italic'>Grankio</hi> Italian, +<hi rend='italic'>Harkinos</hi> Greek. +</p> + +<p> +Dress, mantle, cloth, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Cochio</hi> D. R. <hi rend='italic'>Yaguas</hi> +Her.— +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +<hi rend='italic'>Ahico</hi> Guanch, <hi rend='italic'>Haico</hi> +Berber, <hi rend='italic'>Cachaca</hi> Gaul, <hi rend='italic'>Cochaya</hi> +Slavonian—<hi rend='italic'>Poncho</hi> Chili, <hi rend='italic'>Cuayo</hi> Galibi. +</quote> + +<p> +Danse and song, rites and worship <hi rend='smallcaps'>Areitos</hi> +<pb n='235'/><anchor id='Pg235'/> +A., <hi rend='italic'>Areites</hi> D., <hi rend='italic'>Areiti</hi> +G., <hi rend='italic'>Batocos</hi> G.— +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +<hi rend='italic'>Iroitos</hi> sacred songs of Greeks, +<hi rend='italic'>Ticos</hi> Illyrian, <hi rend='italic'>Artesis</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Orchesis</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Xoreite</hi>, danses of Pelagians and +Greeks, <hi rend='italic'>Ariette</hi> (song) French +and Ital., <hi rend='italic'>Hurah</hi> Saxon, +<hi rend='italic'>Ahura</hi> Havay—<hi rend='italic'>Yaravis</hi> +Peru, <hi rend='italic'>Mitotes</hi> Mexican. +</quote> + +<p> +Dog, <hi rend='italic'>Cuchis</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Gochis</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Alco</hi> (a peculiar +kind.)— +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +<hi rend='italic'>Khoy</hi> Caucasus, <hi rend='italic'>Cunis</hi> +Pelagic, <hi rend='italic'>Kiuen</hi> China, <hi rend='italic'>Chiu</hi> +Mungur of Nepal, <hi rend='italic'>Chien</hi> French, +<hi rend='italic'>Cucus</hi> Persian, <hi rend='italic'>Cucura</hi> +Sanscrit, <hi rend='italic'>Cucha</hi> Newar, +<hi rend='italic'>Cuxur</hi> Nepal, <hi rend='italic'>Cuncha</hi> +Guanch Atlantes, <hi rend='italic'>Cuch</hi> Curdish, +<hi rend='italic'>Cho</hi> Siam—<hi rend='italic'>Chichi</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Alco</hi> Mexican, <hi rend='italic'>Chegua</hi> +Chili, <hi rend='italic'>Cule</hi> Lule, <hi rend='italic'>Allco</hi> Peru, +<hi rend='italic'>Vichu</hi> Tarasca. +</quote> + +<p> +Day, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Di</hi>—Primitive +<hi rend='italic'>Dies</hi> Latin and all +Pelagic languages. +</p> + +<p> +Daughter, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Rahen</hi> Ey.— +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +<hi rend='italic'>Chera</hi> Copt, <hi rend='italic'>Ahu</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Raena</hi> Sanscrit, <hi rend='italic'>Nuora</hi> +Italic—<hi rend='italic'>Ninah</hi> +Darien, <hi rend='italic'>Tahira</hi> Omagua. +</quote> + +<p> +Dead, ghost, spirit, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Opia</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Opoyem</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Goeiz</hi>.— +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +<hi rend='italic'>Boa</hi> old Ethiopic, <hi rend='italic'>Aporoya</hi> +Pelagic, <hi rend='italic'>Iya</hi> Bishri, +<hi rend='italic'>Obit</hi> Latin, <hi rend='italic'>Leoba</hi> +Irish, <hi rend='italic'>Zabi</hi> Bask, <hi rend='italic'>Obiah</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Oabye</hi>, +Africans—<hi rend='italic'>Pitini</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Conopas</hi> +Peru, <hi rend='italic'>Ho</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Obihi</hi> Othomi, +<hi rend='italic'>Maboya</hi> Galibi, <hi rend='italic'>Chipi</hi> Ottawa. +</quote> + +<p> +Devil and Evil, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Tuyra</hi> D., see Annals. +<hi rend='italic'>Mabuya</hi> Eyeri is Carib. +</p> + +<p> +Eternal, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Mamona</hi> R. <hi rend='italic'>Jemao</hi>, title of God, +see Annals. +</p> + +<p> +Earth, land, and island, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Jaya</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Khaya</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Cayos</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Hay</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Guaca</hi> &c. A.—Primitive, +see Annals. +</p> + +<p> +Eat, to eat, food, to feed, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Imas</hi>, Mani A.— +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +<hi rend='italic'>Mets</hi> Celtic, <hi rend='italic'>Yam</hi> +Slavic, <hi rend='italic'>Jian</hi> Bask, <hi rend='italic'>Ishamas</hi> Kamchatka, +<hi rend='italic'>Macanu</hi> Malay, <hi rend='italic'>Uem</hi> Copt, +<hi rend='italic'>Mas</hi> Sanscrit and +Thibet, <hi rend='italic'>Mashu</hi> Nepal—<hi rend='italic'>Micuni</hi> Peruvian. +</quote> + +<p> +End, tail, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Yarima</hi> D.— +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +<hi rend='italic'>Uras</hi> Greek, <hi rend='italic'>Ora</hi> +Anglo-Saxon, <hi rend='italic'>Gomera</hi> Aramic, +<pb n='236'/><anchor id='Pg236'/> +<hi rend='italic'>Oari</hi> Japan, <hi rend='italic'>Ura</hi> +Manchu, <hi rend='italic'>Brim</hi> Teutonic—<hi rend='italic'>Yara</hi> +Tarasca. +</quote> + +<p> +Emerald, gem, and money, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Aguacat</hi>, +O.—<hi rend='italic'>Achates</hi> +Greek, <hi rend='italic'>Agata</hi> Latin &c. +</p> + +<p> +Eyes, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Izi</hi>, O.—Primitive, +<hi rend='italic'>Mizi</hi> in Polynesia, +<hi rend='italic'>Opsis</hi> Greek, <hi rend='italic'>Aiz</hi> +English, <hi rend='italic'>Iz</hi> Oriental +language—<hi rend='italic'>Cosi</hi> Cahiri. +</p> + +<p> +Field, plain, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Conuco</hi> G. V. +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Zavana</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Zanaga, +Mazagua</hi>, A.— +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +<hi rend='italic'>Khana</hi> Pehlvi, <hi rend='italic'>Bashan</hi> +old Arabic, <hi rend='italic'>Chonu</hi> Yakut, +<hi rend='italic'>Azagar, Zahal, Caha, Amaza</hi>, African +Atlantes, <hi rend='italic'>Coy</hi> +Copt, <hi rend='italic'>Ager</hi> Latin, <hi rend='italic'>Kuni</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Nabeku</hi> Iberian Spanish—<hi rend='italic'>Cog</hi> +Guarani, <hi rend='italic'>Cu</hi> Omaguas, <hi rend='italic'>Tzallan</hi> Huasteca. +</quote> + +<p> +Fly, flying-insect, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Cocuyo</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Cuinix</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Zievas</hi>.—<hi rend='italic'>Huica</hi> +Pelagic, Cuic Sanscrit, <hi rend='italic'>Musca</hi> +Latin. +</p> + +<p> +Fountain, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Coa</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Maca</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Mini</hi>.—<hi rend='italic'>Cum</hi> +Hindi, <hi rend='italic'>Ain</hi> Arabic, <hi rend='italic'>Hecoas</hi> Pelagic. +</p> + +<p> +Frog, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Toa</hi> G. Onomatopeia. +</p> + +<p> +Father, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Ahia</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Baia</hi>, R., +<hi rend='italic'>Vava</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Baba</hi> Ey.—Primitive, +found in 500 languages.— +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +<hi rend='italic'>Bap</hi> Lybian, <hi rend='italic'>Ibas Babas</hi> +of atlantes, <hi rend='italic'>Ab</hi> Oriental Lang, +<hi rend='italic'>Pa</hi> Thibet, <hi rend='italic'>Yaya</hi> +Kawi, <hi rend='italic'>Babo Avo</hi> Italy, <hi rend='italic'>Ayenl</hi> French, +<hi rend='italic'>Ay</hi> Votiac and Edda, <hi rend='italic'>Oaba</hi> +Abase, <hi rend='italic'>Aita</hi> Bask; <hi rend='italic'>Ba +Ab Baba</hi>, Sanscrit; <hi rend='italic'>Bay</hi> +Jolof.—<hi rend='italic'>Yaya</hi> Peru, <hi rend='italic'>Iyay</hi> +Taos, <hi rend='italic'>Haia</hi> Sheba, <hi rend='italic'>Ochai</hi> +Yaqui, <hi rend='italic'>Yapa</hi> Cora, <hi rend='italic'>Lahai</hi> +Cochimi and Lamones, <hi rend='italic'>Ahay</hi> Eslen, +<hi rend='italic'>Aoy</hi> Eclemac, +<hi rend='italic'>Aya</hi> Yarura, <hi rend='italic'>Yai</hi> +Zamuca, <hi rend='italic'>Ahen</hi> Yameos, <hi rend='italic'>Yare</hi> Puri, +<hi rend='italic'>Baba</hi> Saliva, <hi rend='italic'>Papa</hi> Tamanac and Cuna, etc. +</quote> + +<p> +Frolic, Intoxication.—<hi rend='italic'>Barbasco</hi> St. +Mary, <hi rend='italic'>Frasco</hi> Sicilian. +</p> + +<p> +Fish, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Ican</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Guaycan M</hi>.— +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +<hi rend='italic'>Ihan</hi> Malay, <hi rend='italic'>Icthos</hi> Greek, +<hi rend='italic'>Guiena</hi> Iolof, <hi rend='italic'>Nga</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Gna</hi> +Limbua and Newar of Nepal, <hi rend='italic'>Piscan</hi> +Oscan, <hi rend='italic'>Ica</hi> Tonga +and Nukahiva, <hi rend='italic'>Sakana</hi> Japan, +<hi rend='italic'>Iguah</hi> Java,—<hi rend='italic'>Yacun</hi> +Wokon, <hi rend='italic'>Hucat</hi> Cora, <hi rend='italic'>Makach</hi> Nachez. +</quote> + +<p> +Fire, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Cuyo</hi> D, <hi rend='italic'>Cuxo</hi> H.— +</p> + +<pb n='237'/><anchor id='Pg237'/> + +<quote rend='display'> +<hi rend='italic'>Ecu</hi> Hottentot, <hi rend='italic'>Cuat</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Taquat</hi> afr Atlantes, <hi rend='italic'>Guy</hi> Kawi, +<hi rend='italic'>Koke</hi> Coptic, <hi rend='italic'>Ogiak</hi> Turk, +<hi rend='italic'>Cuasi</hi> Japan, <hi rend='italic'>Fuyo</hi> Iberian, +<hi rend='italic'>Fuoco</hi> Italy, <hi rend='italic'>Ucut</hi> +Moluccas.—<hi rend='italic'>Totecuh</hi> Muscolgi, <hi rend='italic'>Cu</hi> +Sussih, <hi rend='italic'>Icu</hi> Lulè, <hi rend='italic'>Eguza</hi> +Saliva, <hi rend='italic'>Yucu</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Xucu</hi> Moxas, +<hi rend='italic'>Cutha</hi>, Chili, <hi rend='italic'>Cuyah</hi> +Malali, <hi rend='italic'>Cuati</hi> Sapibo, <hi rend='italic'>Kueh</hi> Taculis. +</quote> + +<p> +Fire-fly, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Cucuyos</hi> G. +<hi rend='italic'>Cucuyo</hi> H. <hi rend='italic'>Locuyos</hi> +H. <hi rend='italic'>Cucuix</hi> D. <hi rend='italic'>Zievas</hi> in Lucayas O. +see Fire and Fly. +</p> + +<p> +Foe, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Anaki</hi> O. <hi rend='italic'>Akani</hi> Ey.— +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +<hi rend='italic'>Katahi</hi> Japan, <hi rend='italic'>Neikos</hi> +(strife) Greek, <hi rend='italic'>Uaina</hi> Slavic, +<hi rend='italic'>Vahini</hi> Sanscrit, +<hi rend='italic'>Katalki</hi> Kendy, <hi rend='italic'>Anakim</hi> Aramic, +<hi rend='italic'>Acanitu</hi> Sicilian, <hi rend='italic'>Nemico</hi> Italian. +</quote> + +<p> +Flower, Blossom, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Ana</hi> A.— +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +<hi rend='italic'>Anu</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Mana</hi>, Egypt, +<hi rend='italic'>Anota</hi> Singala, <hi rend='italic'>Anathos</hi> Greek, +<hi rend='italic'>Suan</hi> Newar, <hi rend='italic'>Athina</hi> +Palo, <hi rend='italic'>Tana</hi> Japan, <hi rend='italic'>Dani</hi> Othomi. +</quote> + +<p> +Fruit. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Inas</hi>. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Guauanas</hi>, +Ac.—Derived +from Flower. +</p> + +<p> +Fruitful Co.—<hi rend='italic'>Com</hi> Iberian, <hi rend='italic'>Comestible</hi> +French. +</p> + +<p> +Fever, see heat. +</p> + +<p> +Flamingo, Red bird. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Ipiris</hi> Diaz in Cuba. +</p> + +<p> +God. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Jovana</hi> O. <hi rend='italic'>Yocahuna</hi> R. and +many other names and titles in all the Islands. +See the annals and notes. All are +compound primitive words: additional analogies.— +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +<hi rend='italic'>Jan</hi> Janus of Etruscans, +<hi rend='italic'>Ju</hi> Ombrian, <hi rend='italic'>Yu</hi> Ausonian, +<hi rend='italic'>Jovis</hi> Latin,—<hi rend='italic'>Jona</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Yauna</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Juncva</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Jaungoieva</hi> of +Basks—<hi rend='italic'>Jo-cauna</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Janum</hi> of Lybians, IEUE of Moses, +<hi rend='italic'>Joh</hi> Luchu, <hi rend='italic'>Yavang</hi> Sunda, +<hi rend='italic'>Iona</hi> Troyan, <hi rend='italic'>Iunak</hi> +Slavic, <hi rend='italic'>Achaman Ahican</hi> Guanch, +&c.—<hi rend='italic'>Yah</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>yoha +vah</hi> Chactah, <hi rend='italic'>Hioh</hi> New Albion, +<hi rend='italic'>Yaho</hi> Apalachi, <hi rend='italic'>Oyuac</hi> +Old Peruvian, <hi rend='italic'>Jahuagon</hi> Huron, +<hi rend='italic'>Wakon</hi> Ozages, +<hi rend='italic'>Conome</hi> Yaruras, +<hi rend='italic'>Oho</hi> Aleutian, <hi rend='italic'>Ogha</hi> Othomi, &c. +</quote> + +<pb n='238'/><anchor id='Pg238'/> + +<p> +Great, Big, Large. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Ma</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Magua</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Guama</hi>, +A.—Primitive, akin to all old Languages, +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +—<hi rend='italic'>Magnus</hi> Latin, <hi rend='italic'>Megas</hi> +Greek, <hi rend='italic'>Ma</hi> Oriental and Sanscrit +Languages, <hi rend='italic'>Masa</hi> Pehlvi, +<hi rend='italic'>Mese</hi> Zend, <hi rend='italic'>Maha</hi> +Hindu and Bali, <hi rend='italic'>Maque</hi> Jolof, +<hi rend='italic'>Maunu</hi> Fulah, <hi rend='italic'>Mah</hi> +Iran, <hi rend='italic'>Mag</hi> Medic and Irish, +<hi rend='italic'>Guadul</hi> Phenician, <hi rend='italic'>Maigh</hi> +Celtic, <hi rend='italic'>Magla</hi> Carthuli, +<hi rend='italic'>Waka</hi> Japan.—<hi rend='italic'>Ecuah</hi> Tzuluki, +<hi rend='italic'>Gua</hi> Nachez, <hi rend='italic'>Guazu</hi> +Guarami, <hi rend='italic'>Zhuma</hi> Muyzcas, +<hi rend='italic'>Ma</hi> Apalachi, <hi rend='italic'>Manaho</hi> Othomi. +</quote> + +<p> +Green. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Huarahua</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Guaragua</hi> Laet.— +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +<hi rend='italic'>Xloris</hi> Greek, <hi rend='italic'>Viridis</hi> +Latin, <hi rend='italic'>Huryo</hi> Nepal,—<hi rend='italic'>Veragua</hi> +Chontal. +</quote> + +<p> +Gold. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Caona, Cauni</hi>— +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +<hi rend='italic'>Canchana</hi> Sanscrit, <hi rend='italic'>Sona</hi> +Hindu, <hi rend='italic'>Kin</hi> China, <hi rend='italic'>Sanu</hi> +Manding, <hi rend='italic'>Sun</hi> Nepal, <hi rend='italic'>Cancha</hi>, Peru. +</quote> + +<p> +Go and Come. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Ha.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Guaiba</hi> D.— +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +<hi rend='italic'>Odebo</hi> Greek, <hi rend='italic'>Amòular</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Va</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Vaya</hi> Italic D, +<hi rend='italic'>Hanba</hi> +Cosa afr, <hi rend='italic'>Ya</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Gati</hi> +Sanscrit,—<hi rend='italic'>Hoye</hi> Tarahumara, +<hi rend='italic'>Hupua</hi> Yaqui, <hi rend='italic'>Aya</hi> +Chactah, <hi rend='italic'>Hai</hi> Patagon, <hi rend='italic'>Auha</hi> +Aleutian. +</quote> + +<p> +Gourd. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Higuera</hi>. <hi rend='italic'>Hibuera</hi> +D. O. <hi rend='italic'>Hibue +ra</hi> M.— +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +<hi rend='italic'>Guara</hi> Bask, <hi rend='italic'>Cucurbita</hi> Latin. +</quote> + +<p> +Gentle, mild, tame. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Matum</hi> D. <hi rend='italic'>Boniatum</hi> +O.— +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +<hi rend='italic'>Manso</hi> Italy, <hi rend='italic'>Matio</hi> +(Foolish,) <hi rend='italic'>Amato</hi> (beloved), <hi rend='italic'>Bonus</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>mitis</hi> Latin, <hi rend='italic'>Gathos</hi> Greek. +</quote> + +<p> +Guitar, Lyre. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Habao.</hi> R.— +<hi rend='italic'>Hiuhaba</hi> Bask, <hi rend='italic'>Chobao</hi> +Hindi, <hi rend='italic'>Balajo</hi> Jolof, <hi rend='italic'>Oboe</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Hinoa</hi> Italic D. +</p> + +<p> +Garden, Delight, Joy, Happiness. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Coai</hi> +R. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Chali</hi> Ey.— +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +<hi rend='italic'>Lali</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Loula</hi> Egypt, +<hi rend='italic'>Chagla</hi> Aramic, <hi rend='italic'>Shali</hi> Cashmir, +<hi rend='italic'>Shialar</hi> Sicily, <hi rend='italic'>Gala</hi> +Italy, <hi rend='italic'>Yaul</hi> Scand, <hi rend='italic'>Hali</hi> Zend, +<hi rend='italic'>Coya</hi> Pelagic, <hi rend='italic'>Noali</hi> +Armoric,—<hi rend='italic'>Quali</hi> Mexican, +<hi rend='italic'>Haylli</hi> Peru, <hi rend='italic'>Ululaez</hi> Maya. +</quote> + +<p> +Ghost, Spirit of Dead. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Goeiz.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Opoyem</hi> +Ey.— +</p> + +<pb n='239'/><anchor id='Pg239'/> + +<quote rend='display'> +<hi rend='italic'>Necuya</hi> Epirian, <hi rend='italic'>Goe</hi> +Greek, <hi rend='italic'>Ghaib</hi> Aramic and Persian, +<hi rend='italic'>Goiti</hi> Slavic—<hi rend='italic'>Goz</hi> +Vilela, <hi rend='italic'>Coyocop</hi> Nachez, +<hi rend='italic'>Aguis</hi> Peru. +</quote> + +<p> +Grand-father. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Ahiacavo</hi> R. See Father. +<hi rend='italic'>Narguti</hi> In Eyeri D. +</p> + +<p> +Guayac, Holy-wood. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Guayac</hi>. <hi rend='italic'>Guayacan</hi> +H. <hi rend='italic'>Guacum</hi> O. +</p> + +<p> +Grove, Forest. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Arcabutos</hi> Ac. +</p> + +<p> +Good. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Tiao</hi> R. <hi rend='italic'>Taino</hi> D. See noble. +</p> + +<p> +House, Habitation. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Boa</hi>. +<hi rend='italic'>Bohio</hi> A. <hi rend='italic'>Bai</hi> +R. <hi rend='italic'>Canei</hi> M. <hi rend='italic'>Tunohoko</hi> +Eyeri D. Primitive.— +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +<hi rend='italic'>Ocos</hi> Pelagic, <hi rend='italic'>Hustau</hi> +Romanic, <hi rend='italic'>Acam</hi> Afr Atlantic, +<hi rend='italic'>Uyon</hi> Uigur, <hi rend='italic'>Huis</hi> +Old French, <hi rend='italic'>Khaneh</hi> Persian, <hi rend='italic'>Kanaba</hi> +Thibet, <hi rend='italic'>Oneh</hi> Old Egypt, +<hi rend='italic'>Bantaba</hi> Fulah, <hi rend='italic'>Beit</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>baith</hi> Aramic, <hi rend='italic'>Bara</hi> +Pelvi, <hi rend='italic'>Batos</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Beotes</hi> Pelagic, +<hi rend='italic'>Xoa</hi> Dorian, <hi rend='italic'>Hu</hi> +Chinese, <hi rend='italic'>Bohiga</hi> Celtic, <hi rend='italic'>Ca</hi> Etruscan, +<hi rend='italic'>Abode, Booth</hi> English—<hi rend='italic'>Bohio</hi> +Apalachi, <hi rend='italic'>Buhio</hi> Maya, +<hi rend='italic'>Ochoch</hi> Poconchi, <hi rend='italic'>Aothi, +Baua</hi> Galibi, <hi rend='italic'>Pokos</hi> Tao, <hi rend='italic'>Nixai</hi> +Quiché, <hi rend='italic'>Uya</hi> Lulé, <hi rend='italic'>Bahi</hi> +Aruac, <hi rend='italic'>Huachi</hi> Peru, <hi rend='italic'>Oca</hi> +Guarani, <hi rend='italic'>Uca</hi> Omagua, <hi rend='italic'>Ba</hi> +Mizteca, <hi rend='italic'>Chaho</hi> Tarasca. +</quote> + +<p> +Head, Summit, beginning, upon, peak. +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Zimu</hi> D. <hi rend='italic'>Huibo</hi>.— +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +<hi rend='italic'>Cima</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Suma</hi> +Italic, <hi rend='italic'>Ima Sama</hi> Pelagic and Sanscrit, +<hi rend='italic'>Imula</hi> Ombay Id, <hi rend='italic'>Kimita</hi> +Yedzo, <hi rend='italic'>Kima</hi> Ligurian, +<hi rend='italic'>Iman</hi> Arabic, <hi rend='italic'>Zimba</hi> +Bunda Congo, <hi rend='italic'>Yuma</hi> Japan—<hi rend='italic'>Uma</hi> +Peruvian, <hi rend='italic'>Chémé</hi> Quiché, +<hi rend='italic'>China</hi> Poconchi, <hi rend='italic'>Umitz</hi> +Nutka, <hi rend='italic'>Muhuti</hi> Cora, <hi rend='italic'>Yama</hi> Othomi. +</quote> + +<p> +Heliconia. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Bihao</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +High, lofty, eminent, excellent, strong, +raised. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Tihu</hi>. <hi rend='italic'>Tichetu, Car, Huibo, +Uta</hi>— +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +<hi rend='italic'>Ti</hi> Pelagic, <hi rend='italic'>Tien</hi> +Chinese, <hi rend='italic'>Tithos</hi> Greek, <hi rend='italic'>Auti, Alti</hi> +Italic, L. <hi rend='italic'>Tith</hi> Lybian, +<hi rend='italic'>Tip</hi> Saxon, <hi rend='italic'>Timal</hi> Oscan, +<hi rend='italic'>Tohu</hi> Copt, <hi rend='italic'>Gibor</hi> +Aramic, <hi rend='italic'>Bop</hi> Jolof, <hi rend='italic'>Obo</hi> +Mogol, <hi rend='italic'>Ube</hi> +Singala.—<hi rend='italic'>Iba</hi> Apalachi, +<hi rend='italic'>Uebo, Uipo</hi> Galibi, <hi rend='italic'>Hayo</hi> +Cado. +</quote> + +<pb n='240'/><anchor id='Pg240'/> + +<p> +Heaven, sky. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Turei</hi> D. +<hi rend='italic'>Siela</hi> O, <hi rend='italic'>Coaiba</hi> +R. <hi rend='italic'>Coyaba</hi> (Paradise.) <hi rend='italic'>Soraya</hi> (West +sky.) <hi rend='italic'>Ubec</hi> Ey.— +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +<hi rend='italic'>Uranus</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Skia</hi> +Greek, <hi rend='italic'>Turan</hi> Old Persian, <hi rend='italic'>Irem</hi> Persian, +<hi rend='italic'>Aru</hi> Osset, <hi rend='italic'>Ciel</hi> +French, <hi rend='italic'>Coelum</hi> Latin, <hi rend='italic'>Arai</hi> Tahiti, +<hi rend='italic'>Coelba</hi> Ausonian, <hi rend='italic'>Suraga</hi> +Bugis, <hi rend='italic'>Suroloyo</hi> Kawi, +<hi rend='italic'>Surya</hi> Sanscrit, <hi rend='italic'>Sora</hi> +Japan, <hi rend='italic'>Uren</hi> Armoric, <hi rend='italic'>Arai</hi> Turan, +<hi rend='italic'>Serua</hi> Baik, <hi rend='italic'>Urain</hi> +Pelagic, <hi rend='italic'>Hyalla</hi> Fullah.—<hi rend='italic'>Capu</hi> +Yaoy and Tamanac, <hi rend='italic'>Coane</hi> Maya, <hi rend='italic'>Cabu</hi> +Otomacas, <hi rend='italic'>Turci</hi> Paria, <hi rend='italic'>Hetucoba</hi> +Apalachi, <hi rend='italic'>Yabe</hi> Guarani, +<hi rend='italic'>Purini</hi> Tarasca, <hi rend='italic'>Cabo</hi> +Galibi, <hi rend='italic'>Tacab</hi> Poconchi, <hi rend='italic'>Pacha</hi> +Aymara. +</quote> + +<p> +Heart and Soul. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Nanichi</hi>— +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +<hi rend='italic'>Nasha</hi> Chaldic, <hi rend='italic'>Anima</hi> +Latin, <hi rend='italic'>Han</hi> Chinese, <hi rend='italic'>Gan</hi> +Turk, <hi rend='italic'>Huchi</hi> Deri Persian, +<hi rend='italic'>Uhane</hi> Havay, <hi rend='italic'>Zinio</hi> Afgan, +<hi rend='italic'>Nima</hi> Pelagic, <hi rend='italic'>Amé</hi> +Egypt, <hi rend='italic'>Anichal</hi> Celtic, +<hi rend='italic'>Nehima</hi> Congo,—<hi rend='italic'>Kaueshin</hi> +Aleutian, <hi rend='italic'>Ichick</hi> Huazteca, +<hi rend='italic'>Agna</hi> Cumana, <hi rend='italic'>Cama</hi> +Peru, <hi rend='italic'>Nashawanith</hi> Powhatan, +<hi rend='italic'>Ninohuani</hi> Galibi, <hi rend='italic'>Nandi</hi> +Ottomaca, <hi rend='italic'>Juani</hi> Yarura, +<hi rend='italic'>Amitani</hi> Maipuri, &c. +</quote> + +<p> +Holy. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Auc</hi> D. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Yac</hi> +G. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Guaca</hi> R.— +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +<hi rend='italic'>Cadish</hi> Aramic, <hi rend='italic'>Aucus</hi> +Old Latin, <hi rend='italic'>Hagios</hi> Greek, <hi rend='italic'>Agi</hi> +Touga, <hi rend='italic'>Haga</hi> Pelagic, <hi rend='italic'>Ca</hi> +Turan, <hi rend='italic'>Hancus</hi> Ausonian, +<hi rend='italic'>Khuab</hi> Old Egypt,—<hi rend='italic'>Aca</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>huaca</hi> Peru, <hi rend='italic'>Wakon</hi> Dacota, +<hi rend='italic'>Huacan</hi> Cora, <hi rend='italic'>Hualic</hi> Huazteca. +</quote> + +<p> +Heat, hot, fever, dry. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Zechon</hi>. +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Zeziones</hi> +M.— +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +<hi rend='italic'>Ako</hi> Old Arabic, <hi rend='italic'>Sicus</hi> +Latin, <hi rend='italic'>Xerone</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Chaone</hi> Pelagian, +<hi rend='italic'>Chon</hi> Egypt, <hi rend='italic'>Chaud</hi> +(Cho) French, <hi rend='italic'>Cau</hi> Romanic,—<hi rend='italic'>Achi</hi> +Chili. +</quote> + +<p> +Hog, Swine, Pecari. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Zaino</hi>. <hi rend='italic'>Scuna</hi> Ac. +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +—<hi rend='italic'>Sis-ino</hi> Japan, <hi rend='italic'>Chinia</hi> +Ausonian, <hi rend='italic'>Suina</hi> Russian, +<hi rend='italic'>Zayos</hi> Pelagic, <hi rend='italic'>Zanno</hi> +Oscan, <hi rend='italic'>Zinial</hi> Ligurian, <hi rend='italic'>Muaca</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Charcu</hi> Celtic, <hi rend='italic'>Taguazen</hi> +Guanch,—<hi rend='italic'>Tayasu</hi> Guarani, +<hi rend='italic'>Sayones</hi> Calamari, <hi rend='italic'>Nigda</hi> Mbaya. +</quote> + +<p> +His, her, He, she. LI. +</p> + +<p> +Hill. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Huibo</hi> D. <hi rend='italic'>Carive</hi> Laet, see mountain. +</p> + +<pb n='241'/><anchor id='Pg241'/> + +<p> +Hollow, hole, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Yara</hi>. <hi rend='italic'>Yari</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Yaru</hi>. +<hi rend='italic'>Coatris</hi>.—<hi rend='italic'>Trou</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Creux</hi> French. +</p> + +<p> +Hut. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Boharque</hi> M. +<hi rend='italic'>Canei</hi> G. <hi rend='italic'>Tuhonoko</hi> +Ey. See House. +</p> + +<p> +Insect. See Little. +</p> + +<p> +Island, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Caya</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Caic</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Caiz</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Caiques</hi>. All—see +Earth and Land. +</p> + +<p> +Infinite, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Rapita</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Apito</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Virita</hi> R. D. O. +title of God with <hi rend='italic'>Guaca</hi> holy. Analogies +with <hi rend='italic'>Rapid</hi> and <hi rend='italic'>Veritas</hi> Latin. +</p> + +<p> +Invisible, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Guimazoa</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Zuimaco</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Quinazona</hi> +R. D. O.—other title of God, compound +words, perhaps of different import: +with many affinities in divine names of +Lybia, &c. +</p> + +<p> +In, Within, Inside. <hi rend='italic'>Hiqui</hi> in Cuba Laet. +<hi rend='italic'>Nacan</hi> C. +</p> + +<p> +Indigo, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Digo</hi> R. +</p> + +<p> +Is, it is, this is. ZI—primitive <hi rend='italic'>Ze</hi> in Mosaic +and Oriental Languages.—He is, she +is, EL or <hi rend='italic'>eil</hi>, see Grammar. +</p> + +<p> +King. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Cazic</hi> A. <hi rend='italic'>Cacique</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Caciqui</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Caxicus</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Casiche</hi> Various spellings.—See the +Annals. +</p> + +<p> +Knowledge, to know. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Guaroco</hi>, +D.—<hi rend='italic'>Char</hi> +Aramic, <hi rend='italic'>Imparar</hi> Italic, <hi rend='italic'>Rasaca</hi> +Malay. +</p> + +<p> +Life. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Bi</hi> G.—Primitive. I Oriental L. +<hi rend='italic'>Vita</hi> Italic, <hi rend='italic'>Bios</hi> +Greek, <hi rend='italic'>Vie</hi> French. +</p> + +<p> +Lizard. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Guana</hi>. <hi rend='italic'>Iguana</hi> +A. <hi rend='italic'>Yuanas</hi> +Her,—<hi rend='italic'>Aguana</hi> Guinea, <hi rend='italic'>Iagandu</hi> Congo, +<hi rend='italic'>Athaguan</hi> Pelagic, <hi rend='italic'>Manatha</hi> +Aramic, <hi rend='italic'>Guha</hi> +Singala,—<hi rend='italic'>Iuganas</hi> Cumana, <hi rend='italic'>Leguan</hi> +Aruwak. +</p> + +<pb n='242'/><anchor id='Pg242'/> + +<p> +Labor. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Boria</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +Laborer, Vassal, Servant. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Nabor</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Anaboria</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Naboritis</hi>. See Annals. +</p> + +<p> +Little, Small, Nothing, Insect. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Nigua</hi>. +<hi rend='italic'>Nianti</hi> Ey.— +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +<hi rend='italic'>Nigu</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>niga</hi> Sicily, +<hi rend='italic'>Niente</hi> Italic, <hi rend='italic'>Ngai</hi> +Birman, <hi rend='italic'>Naga</hi> +Hindi, <hi rend='italic'>Ngni</hi> Newar, <hi rend='italic'>Guti</hi> +Bask, <hi rend='italic'>Minizi</hi> Gothic,—<hi rend='italic'>Piqua</hi> +Peru, <hi rend='italic'>Chigua</hi> Darien, +<hi rend='italic'>Nechet</hi> Adaiz, <hi rend='italic'>Enchique</hi> +Yaoy. +</quote> + +<p> +Land. See Earth. +</p> + +<p> +Lord. See Noble. +</p> + +<p> +Light, Shining. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Tureigna</hi> D. See Heaven. +</p> + +<p> +Lake, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Haguai</hi>. See Water. +</p> + +<p> +Man, men, male, husband, people. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Hito +Guani</hi>, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Cari</hi> R. <hi rend='italic'>Magua</hi> G. 3 roots IT, +RI, AN, connected all over the world: IT +found in +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Iota</hi> Old Gothic, <hi rend='italic'>Itua</hi> +Polynesia, <hi rend='italic'>Toy</hi> Old Egypt, +<hi rend='italic'>Hitnos</hi> Pelagic, <hi rend='italic'>Hita</hi> +Sanscrit, <hi rend='italic'>Ati</hi> Zend, <hi rend='italic'>Itga</hi> Nubian, +<hi rend='italic'>Hetus</hi> Ausonian, <hi rend='italic'>Het</hi> +Talahet, <hi rend='italic'>Dito</hi> Kawi, <hi rend='italic'>Fito</hi> +Japan, <hi rend='italic'>Tuhihuit</hi> Cumanche, &c.— +</p> + +<p> +RI in <hi rend='italic'>Ria</hi> Congo, <hi rend='italic'>Vir</hi> +Latin, <hi rend='italic'>Hari</hi> Tombuctu, <hi rend='italic'>Ira</hi> +Tambu, <hi rend='italic'>Er</hi> Turk, <hi rend='italic'>Air</hi> +Celtic and Haikan, <hi rend='italic'>Yeri</hi> Hungarian, +<hi rend='italic'>Ari</hi> Peruvian, <hi rend='italic'>Nieri</hi> +Illyrian, <hi rend='italic'>Vair</hi> Gothic, +<hi rend='italic'>Viro</hi> Timuacan, <hi rend='italic'>Ir</hi> Oscan, &c.— +</p> + +<p> +AN in <hi rend='italic'>Nan</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Yang</hi>, +Chinese D. <hi rend='italic'>Ani</hi> Anam, <hi rend='italic'>Gens</hi> +Latin, <hi rend='italic'>Han</hi> Mbaya, <hi rend='italic'>Huinac</hi> +Tzendal, <hi rend='italic'>Aner</hi> Greek, +<hi rend='italic'>Orang</hi> Malay, <hi rend='italic'>Guan</hi> +Gaunch,—<hi rend='italic'>Hua</hi> Apalachi, <hi rend='italic'>Huentu</hi> +Chili, <hi rend='italic'>Guana</hi> Guanas, &c. +</p> +</quote> + +<p> +Mother. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Mama</hi> D.—Primitive word, +found in 500 Languages; identic or nearly +so in all the Sanscrit and European Languages, +the Atlantic Dialects, Bask and +Manchu, Egypt and Tartary, Thibet and +Polynesia; changed to <hi rend='italic'>Mu</hi> in Chinese; +<hi rend='italic'>Am</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Om</hi> in Arabic Languages—In America +<pb n='243'/><anchor id='Pg243'/> +quite common also, least changed in +<hi rend='italic'>Hama</hi> Shebaoy, <hi rend='italic'>Amani</hi>, +Adaiz <hi rend='italic'>Ma</hi> Mobima, +<hi rend='italic'>Mama</hi> Betoy, Omagua and Peru. +</p> + +<p> +Moon. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Maroyo</hi> R. +<hi rend='italic'>Marohus</hi> O. <hi rend='italic'>Mona</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Kati</hi> in Eyeri. See the Annals. +</p> + +<p> +Much, Many. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Tocheta</hi> +D.—<hi rend='italic'>Tucho</hi> Iberian, +<hi rend='italic'>Chuanti</hi> Ausonian, <hi rend='italic'>Chehel</hi> Persian, +<hi rend='italic'>Totus</hi> Latin.—<hi rend='italic'>Tacha</hi> +Achagua, <hi rend='italic'>Mioch</hi> +Mexican, <hi rend='italic'>Tobu</hi> Brazilian. +</p> + +<p> +Mammeafruit. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Mamey</hi> D. +</p> + +<p> +Millet. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Panycke</hi> D.—<hi rend='italic'>Panicum</hi> Latin. +</p> + +<p> +Mountain or hill, highlands, rough country. +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Tihui</hi>. <hi rend='italic'>Huibo</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Baino</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Zibao</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Hayti</hi>.— +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +<hi rend='italic'>Mtay</hi> Carthul, <hi rend='italic'>Oiten</hi> +Lusitanian, <hi rend='italic'>Hauteur</hi> (pr hotoer) +French, <hi rend='italic'>Tith</hi> Pelagic, +<hi rend='italic'>Buno</hi>, Romaic, <hi rend='italic'>Guibo</hi> Aramic, +<hi rend='italic'>Tohu</hi> Copt,—<hi rend='italic'>Uibui</hi> +Galibi, <hi rend='italic'>Caquihuin</hi> Totonaca, +<hi rend='italic'>Titi</hi> Collas of Peru, <hi rend='italic'>Ehuata</hi> +Omagua, <hi rend='italic'>Vata</hi> Tarasca, +<hi rend='italic'>Hatez</hi> Chontal, <hi rend='italic'>Guetia</hi> Mbaya, &c. +</quote> + +<p> +Music, Noise. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Habao</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Giahuba</hi>.— +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +<hi rend='italic'>Hapan</hi> Pelagic, <hi rend='italic'>Hubub</hi> +Celtic, <hi rend='italic'>Buba</hi> Congo, <hi rend='italic'>Bhatai</hi> +Bali, <hi rend='italic'>Behan</hi> Turan and +Khorazan.—<hi rend='italic'>Paypa</hi> Peru, +<hi rend='italic'>Ahbal</hi> Huazteca, <hi rend='italic'>Tupan</hi> Guarani. +</quote> + +<p> +Me, I, my, mine, myself—NI, N', MI, +M'.—Primitive, found in all the European +and Asiatic Languages more or less deviated— +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +<hi rend='italic'>Ni</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Mich</hi> Bask, +<hi rend='italic'>Ani</hi> Aramic, <hi rend='italic'>Mina</hi> Negro Langs, +<hi rend='italic'>Nio</hi> Japan,—<hi rend='italic'>Ne</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Me</hi> Mexican Languages, <hi rend='italic'>Na</hi> Apalachi, +<hi rend='italic'>Ni</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Mi</hi> Linapi Dial, +<hi rend='italic'>Hi</hi> Tarasca, <hi rend='italic'>Ani</hi> Pimas +Muscolgi, <hi rend='italic'>Nia</hi> Cora, <hi rend='italic'>Mio</hi> +Dacota, <hi rend='italic'>Gane</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Kuno</hi> Japan. +</quote> + +<p> +Metal, hard. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Nin</hi>. <hi rend='italic'>Guanin</hi> +C. <hi rend='italic'>Hobin</hi> +D.—<hi rend='italic'>Irania</hi> Sanscrit, +<hi rend='italic'>Vina</hi> Jolof,—<hi rend='italic'>Panilgue</hi> +(Iron) Chili. +</p> + +<p> +Manati, Sea-Cow. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Manati</hi> A.—<hi rend='italic'>Lamantin</hi> +French, <hi rend='italic'>Mamatino</hi> Sicilian. +</p> + +<pb n='244'/><anchor id='Pg244'/> + +<p> +Mosquito. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Jejen</hi> D.—<hi rend='italic'>Zinzara</hi> Toscan. +</p> + +<p> +Mushroom. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Yegan</hi>. <hi rend='italic'>Guayegan</hi> +R.—<hi rend='italic'>Fungus</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Agaricus</hi> Latin, <hi rend='italic'>Mycos</hi> +Greek, <hi rend='italic'>Guarib</hi> +Slavic, <hi rend='italic'>Guaygrion</hi> Celtic, and Old +French. +</p> + +<p> +Meadow. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Zavana</hi>. <hi rend='italic'>Zabana</hi> A. See +Field. +</p> + +<p> +Master, Lord. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Guama</hi>. See Prince. +</p> + +<p> +Mantle. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Yaguas</hi>. Her. See Dress. +</p> + +<p> +Moving. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Mana</hi>. See Grammar. +</p> + +<p> +Manioc. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Boniata</hi> O, is the mild kind, +<hi rend='italic'>Yuco</hi> D. +</p> + +<p> +Mahogany. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Mahogani</hi> H. <hi rend='italic'>Cahoba</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +Mangrove tree. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Mangle</hi> H. +</p> + +<p> +Noble, good, fine, handsome, lord, chief. +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Taino</hi> A. <hi rend='italic'>Mato</hi> +Her, <hi rend='italic'>Nitaino</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Mitaino</hi> +Dialects.— +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +<hi rend='italic'>Thano</hi> Oscan, <hi rend='italic'>Tona</hi> Japan, +<hi rend='italic'>Hainac</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Theano</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Tuyano</hi> +Pelagian, <hi rend='italic'>Turanos</hi> Greek, <hi rend='italic'>Zain</hi> +Turk, <hi rend='italic'>Atueyn</hi> Birman, +<hi rend='italic'>No</hi> (fine) Greek, <hi rend='italic'>Ethauo</hi> +Singala, <hi rend='italic'>Tayon</hi> Kamchatka, +<hi rend='italic'>Talen</hi> Iberian, <hi rend='italic'>Ona</hi> +(good) Bask, <hi rend='italic'>Sitino</hi> Old Arabic; +<hi rend='italic'>Tonos</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Taminas</hi> +Scythian, <hi rend='italic'>Maitai</hi> Polynesia,—<hi rend='italic'>Toani</hi> +Mexican, <hi rend='italic'>Tzalleine</hi> Huazteca, <hi rend='italic'>Votan</hi> Chontal, +<hi rend='italic'>Noen</hi> Mocobi, <hi rend='italic'>Nin</hi> +Abipon, <hi rend='italic'>Hitana</hi> Apalachi. +</quote> + +<p> +No, Not, Nothing, Bad. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Mayana</hi>, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Maca</hi> +D.— +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +<hi rend='italic'>Eyni</hi> Mozabi, Lybian; <hi rend='italic'>Nani</hi> +Romanic, <hi rend='italic'>May</hi> Dorian, +<hi rend='italic'>Niani</hi> Ausonian, <hi rend='italic'>Niente</hi> +Italian, <hi rend='italic'>Ima</hi> Tahiti, <hi rend='italic'>Mabi</hi> +Birman, <hi rend='italic'>An</hi> Copt,—<hi rend='italic'>Ama</hi> +Othomi, <hi rend='italic'>Isana</hi> Cado, <hi rend='italic'>Nitio</hi> +Guarani, <hi rend='italic'>Mayan</hi> Puncays; <hi rend='italic'>Ma</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Matar</hi> Maya, +<hi rend='italic'>Mana</hi> Peru, <hi rend='italic'>Mani</hi> Poconchi. +</quote> + +<p> +Nuts. <hi rend='italic'>Zibayos</hi> D—Derived from <hi rend='italic'>Ziba</hi> +Stone. +</p> + +<p> +Now, To-day. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Di</hi>. See Grammar.—<hi rend='italic'>Adesso +Oggidi</hi> Italian. +</p> + +<p> +One, first, alone, unique. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Ata</hi>, +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Atu</hi> R. +<pb n='245'/><anchor id='Pg245'/> +D.—Primitive, found in 200 Languages. +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +<hi rend='italic'>Bat</hi> Bask, <hi rend='italic'>Yat</hi> +Kong Chinese, <hi rend='italic'>Atus</hi> Oscan, <hi rend='italic'>Ada</hi> Aramic, +<hi rend='italic'>Ath</hi> Egypt, <hi rend='italic'>Ata</hi> +Pelagic, <hi rend='italic'>Tahi</hi> Polynesia, <hi rend='italic'>Tah</hi> +Gaman Afr, <hi rend='italic'>Auto</hi> Greek, +<hi rend='italic'>Yat</hi> Shilo Atlantic, <hi rend='italic'>Suat</hi> +Sumatra.—<hi rend='italic'>Ata</hi> Muyzcas, +<hi rend='italic'>Hatun</hi> Peru, <hi rend='italic'>Mato</hi> Pimas, +<hi rend='italic'>Ata</hi> Innuit, <hi rend='italic'>Aguit</hi> +Vilela, <hi rend='italic'>Carata</hi> Sapibo, <hi rend='italic'>Nacut</hi> +Micmac, <hi rend='italic'>Scatta</hi> Onondago. +</quote> + +<p> +Old, oldman. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Ua</hi>, +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Boh</hi>. <hi rend='italic'>Beh</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Bohito</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Bohique</hi> A. See Priest.—<hi rend='italic'>Holbo</hi> +Copt,—<hi rend='italic'>Bial</hi> +Huazteca, &c.—Very old Uaua +as in Mexican. +</p> + +<p> +Oldest, Eldest. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Nenechin</hi>, R.—<hi rend='italic'>Ainé</hi> +French. +</p> + +<p> +Onion, Bulb. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Cabaicos</hi> R. <hi rend='italic'>Macoanes</hi> +D.— +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +<hi rend='italic'>Cepa</hi> Latin, <hi rend='italic'>Ceba</hi> Tonga +Isl., <hi rend='italic'>Kipo</hi> Nepal, <hi rend='italic'>Cipola</hi> Italian, +<hi rend='italic'>Cipuda</hi> Sicilian, <hi rend='italic'>Zaibel</hi> +German, <hi rend='italic'>Bacang</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Bawang</hi> +Malay and Javan. +</quote> + +<p> +Omnipotent. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Liella</hi> R. <hi rend='italic'>Siela</hi>. Title of +God, analogies with EL, and <hi rend='italic'>Ciel</hi> Heaven +in French, pr. <hi rend='italic'>Siel</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +Opossum. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Tona</hi> R. +</p> + +<p> +Ocymum. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Zochen</hi> R. +</p> + +<p> +Paddle, Oar. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Pagaya</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Pages</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Nae</hi> D.—<hi rend='italic'>Pahi</hi> +(boat) Tahiti, <hi rend='italic'>Nae</hi> is the root of +boat in all Oriental and Pelagic Languages. +</p> + +<p> +Pheasant. <hi rend='italic'>Babiayas</hi> Her. +Cuba.—<hi rend='italic'>Phasianus</hi> +Latin. +</p> + +<p> +Palace. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Canei</hi> H. See House. +</p> + +<p> +Peace, repose, rest, quiet. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Toca</hi> +D.—<hi rend='italic'>Sata</hi> +Lybian, <hi rend='italic'>Netuc</hi> Tozi old Arabic, <hi rend='italic'>Cueto</hi> +Sicilian, <hi rend='italic'>Paca</hi> Aussonian, <hi rend='italic'>Thegi</hi> Scand. +</p> + +<p> +Pepper, pungent, sharp, strong taste. +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Axi</hi>, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Aji</hi>. +<hi rend='italic'>Ages</hi> A.—<hi rend='italic'>Ac</hi> is a primitive +word for sharp. <hi rend='italic'>Ac</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>ag</hi> +Celtic, <hi rend='italic'>Acutus</hi> Latin, +<hi rend='italic'>Oxus</hi> Greek,—<hi rend='italic'>Axi</hi> Cumana. +</p> + +<pb n='246'/><anchor id='Pg246'/> + +<p> +Priest. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Bohito</hi>. <hi rend='italic'>Bautio</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Buhui</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Bohique</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Behique</hi>. <hi rend='italic'>Boition</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Bouiti</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Buutio</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Boyeto</hi>, &c., by different writers, and in +Dialects. See the Annals and Notes. +</p> + +<p> +Pontif, High-priest. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Buhui-tihu</hi> A. See +High. +</p> + +<p> +Part or Share. See Apart. +</p> + +<p> +Pipe, Tube. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Tobaco</hi> D. <hi rend='italic'>Tubus</hi> Latin, +<hi rend='italic'>Sipos</hi> Greek, <hi rend='italic'>Hukah</hi> +Hindi, <hi rend='italic'>Chibuc</hi> Turk,—<hi rend='italic'>Bacana</hi> +Carib. +</p> + +<p> +Purple. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Ragui</hi>. <hi rend='italic'>Anigua</hi> +D.—<hi rend='italic'>Uarg</hi> Celtic, +<hi rend='italic'>Banicos</hi>, Iberian. +</p> + +<p> +Patatos. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Batatas</hi>.—The same in South +America. +</p> + +<p> +Place. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Guara</hi> R. +</p> + +<p> +People, men. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Chivi</hi>, +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Ibar</hi> D. <hi rend='italic'>Cabres</hi> +Eyeri. See Man. +</p> + +<p> +Parrot. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Paraca</hi>. <hi rend='italic'>Maca</hi> Cuba and Aruac. +</p> + +<p> +Psidium pyriferum. Guava pear. <hi rend='italic'>Guayava</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Guaxaba</hi> D. +</p> + +<p> +Pimento. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Pimento</hi>.—<hi rend='italic'>Pimienta</hi> Maya. +</p> + +<p> +Poke. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Cucato</hi>. +<hi rend='italic'>Xucato</hi>.—<hi rend='italic'>Pocan</hi> Powhatan, +<hi rend='italic'>Coacum</hi> Mohigan, <hi rend='italic'>Cuechiliz</hi> Mexican. +</p> + +<p> +Plain. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Magua</hi>. See Field. +</p> + +<p> +Palm. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Yagua</hi> O. <hi rend='italic'>Caico</hi> Eyeri. +</p> + +<p> +Paradise. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Coaibai</hi> R. Her. See Heaven. +</p> + +<p> +Physician. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Boiti</hi> G. See Priest. +</p> + +<p> +Parsnep. <hi rend='italic'>Guaieros</hi> D. +</p> + +<p> +Plumbtree, Myrobolan. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Xobos</hi> R. Plumbs +<hi rend='italic'>Hicaco</hi> H. <hi rend='italic'>Cainito</hi> D. +</p> + +<p> +Prince, Lord. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Guama</hi> D. +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +<hi rend='italic'>Tequeni-gua</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Gua-miniqui</hi> +Her, <hi rend='italic'>Hamon</hi> afr Atlantes, +<pb n='247'/><anchor id='Pg247'/> +<hi rend='italic'>Samah</hi> Lybian, <hi rend='italic'>Lucumon</hi> +Etruscan, <hi rend='italic'>Vimala</hi> Sanscrit, +<hi rend='italic'>Magister</hi> Lat., <hi rend='italic'>Mana</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Menuh</hi>, Zend and Old Sanser, +<hi rend='italic'>Haman</hi> Iran, <hi rend='italic'>Buyama</hi> +Old Arabic—<hi rend='italic'>Tequanes</hi> Mexican., +<hi rend='italic'>Tuinametin</hi> Tarasca, <hi rend='italic'>Tequenes</hi> +Muyzcas, <hi rend='italic'>Inquathil</hi> +Huazteca, <hi rend='italic'>Amo</hi> Choco, <hi rend='italic'>Ahan</hi> Maya, &c. +</quote> + +<p> +Raft. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Balza</hi> A.—<hi rend='italic'>Balza</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Balca</hi> Italian +D. <hi rend='italic'>Balagan</hi> Malay. +</p> + +<p> +Root, Yam. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Niames</hi>. <hi rend='italic'>Ames</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>M'ames</hi>.— +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +<hi rend='italic'>Ima</hi> Molucas, <hi rend='italic'>Lami</hi> +Macasar, <hi rend='italic'>Nuni</hi> Copt, <hi rend='italic'>Boniam</hi> +Celtic, <hi rend='italic'>Boan</hi> Persian, <hi rend='italic'>Niami</hi> +African L.—<hi rend='italic'>Nanat</hi> +Cora, <hi rend='italic'>Moniatos</hi> Calamari. +</quote> + +<p> +Rabbits. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Aguti</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Aguchi</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Huti</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Utia</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Cuti</hi> A. R. Peculiar Genus <hi rend='italic'>Cavia</hi> like +Rabbits, 4 kinds in Hayti, says Laet.—<hi rend='italic'>Hutia</hi> +Largest; <hi rend='italic'>Chemi</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Cori</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Mohuy</hi>, +Smallest.—<hi rend='italic'>Cavia</hi> and +<hi rend='italic'>Pucarara</hi> in Dialects +E. <hi rend='italic'>Quinaxes</hi> E. Cuba.— +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +<hi rend='italic'>Saraguchi</hi> Egypt, +<hi rend='italic'>Guniyu</hi> Sicilian, <hi rend='italic'>Cuniculus</hi> Latin, +<hi rend='italic'>Lagotis</hi> Greek,—<hi rend='italic'>Cuyes</hi> +Quito, <hi rend='italic'>Coy</hi> Huazteca, <hi rend='italic'>Cuya</hi> +Peru, <hi rend='italic'>Curus</hi> Tayronas, <hi rend='italic'>Quinazis</hi> Cauca. +</quote> + +<p> +Red. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Ris</hi>. Diaz, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Achioto</hi> Her. Bay or +Scarlet-red. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Pu</hi>, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Bu</hi>.— +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +<hi rend='italic'>Giria</hi> Bask, <hi rend='italic'>Kiris</hi> +Arab, <hi rend='italic'>Rehita</hi> Sanscrit, <hi rend='italic'>Rosso</hi> Italian, +<hi rend='italic'>Rubus</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Badius</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Puniceus</hi> Latin, <hi rend='italic'>Phoenis</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Erythros</hi> +Greek, <hi rend='italic'>Bai</hi> Egypt, <hi rend='italic'>Bugra</hi> +Maroco, <hi rend='italic'>Arbho</hi> Thibet. +</quote> + +<p> +Rich, Wealth, Wealthy, Treasure. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Duchi</hi> +M. <hi rend='italic'>Duhos</hi> G. <hi rend='italic'>Duyhzi</hi> D.— +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +<hi rend='italic'>Divitia</hi> Latin, <hi rend='italic'>Guhya</hi> +Sanscrit, <hi rend='italic'>Duhut</hi> Hindi,—<hi rend='italic'>Dites</hi> +Darien, <hi rend='italic'>Cusca</hi> Quichè. +</quote> + +<p> +Rattle, Holy music. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Maraca</hi>.— +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +<hi rend='italic'>Amara</hi> Bali, <hi rend='italic'>Raya</hi> +Pelagic.—<hi rend='italic'>Quaqua</hi> Huazteca, +<hi rend='italic'>Amaraca</hi> Tupi Brazil, <hi rend='italic'>Tamaraca</hi> +Aruac and Anzerma, +<hi rend='italic'>Malaca</hi> Apalachi. +</quote> + +<p> +Retreat. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Tiba</hi>.—<hi rend='italic'>Thbe</hi> +Moses, <hi rend='italic'>Tiba</hi> Thibet, +<hi rend='italic'>Theba</hi> Egypt. &c. +</p> + +<p> +Remora fish. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Remora</hi> G. <hi rend='italic'>Reveo</hi> H. +<hi rend='italic'>Rambos</hi> Ac.—<hi rend='italic'>Remor</hi> Pelagic. +</p> + +<p> +Rope. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Cabuya</hi> G.—<hi rend='italic'>Cable</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Cord</hi>, English, +French, Italian. +</p> + +<p> +River. See Stream. +</p> + +<pb n='248'/><anchor id='Pg248'/> + +<p> +Rites, worship, reality. +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Reiti</hi>.—<hi rend='italic'>Ritus</hi> +Latin &c. +</p> + +<p> +Sea, Ocean. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Bagua</hi> V. <hi rend='italic'>Balahua</hi> Ey. +Evident analogy with <hi rend='italic'>Agua</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Aqua</hi>, (water) +in Spanish and Italian.— +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +<hi rend='italic'>Talahua</hi> Mogol, <hi rend='italic'>Balua</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Pela</hi> Pelagic, <hi rend='italic'>Va</hi> Sanscrit, +<hi rend='italic'>Ab</hi> Persian, <hi rend='italic'>Baa</hi> +Sussu of Afr, <hi rend='italic'>Panyui</hi> Tarahum, <hi rend='italic'>Cagua</hi> +Saliva, <hi rend='italic'>Gua</hi> Tupi. +</quote> + +<p> +Star, Bright. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Starei</hi> D.—Primitive, +found from England to India. +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +<hi rend='italic'>Asterias</hi> Greek, <hi rend='italic'>Aster</hi> +Pelagic, <hi rend='italic'>Sial</hi> Osset, <hi rend='italic'>Taroth</hi> +Aramic, <hi rend='italic'>Tara</hi> Hindi, <hi rend='italic'>Stara</hi> +Sanscrit, <hi rend='italic'>Izeran</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Yethra</hi> +African Atlantic, <hi rend='italic'>Izara</hi> Bask, +<hi rend='italic'>Sitarah</hi> Persian.—<hi rend='italic'>Sirica</hi> +Galibi, Tamanac and Otomaca, <hi rend='italic'>Chirica</hi> Yaoy, +<hi rend='italic'>Silico</hi> Betoy, <hi rend='italic'>Ergrai</hi> +Abipon, <hi rend='italic'>Stan</hi> Aleutian, <hi rend='italic'>Setere</hi> +Patagon. +</quote> + +<p> +Sword, Club, Weapon. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Macana</hi> A. <hi rend='italic'>Machana</hi> +O.— +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +<hi rend='italic'>Mukenai</hi> Dorian, <hi rend='italic'>Makaira</hi> +Greek, <hi rend='italic'>Magal</hi> Aramic, +<hi rend='italic'>Maguila</hi> Bask, <hi rend='italic'>Maco</hi> +(spear) Gaunch, <hi rend='italic'>Mayado</hi> (club) +Do. <hi rend='italic'>Mazza</hi> Italian, +<hi rend='italic'>Mace</hi> Old English,—<hi rend='italic'>Macana</hi> +Darien, and many other languages of South America. +<hi rend='italic'>Macahui</hi> Mexican. +</quote> + +<p> +Stream, River, Flood, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Niquen</hi>. <hi rend='italic'>Neguin</hi> +D. <hi rend='italic'>Ziniquin</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Cuhen</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Agua</hi> in Cuba.— +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +<hi rend='italic'>Dhuni</hi> Sanscrit, <hi rend='italic'>Dunic</hi> +Osset, <hi rend='italic'>Dexamen</hi> Guanch, +<hi rend='italic'>Chuen</hi> Chinese, <hi rend='italic'>Cuemen</hi> +Celtic, <hi rend='italic'>Hunica Kayan</hi> Turan, +<hi rend='italic'>Nahuen</hi> Pehlvi, <hi rend='italic'>Amnica</hi> +Ausonian, <hi rend='italic'>Nukil</hi> Afgan, +<hi rend='italic'>Binanga</hi> Bugi, <hi rend='italic'>Annigan</hi> +Scand, <hi rend='italic'>Annegar</hi> (to drown) +Italian, <hi rend='italic'>Nikli</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Khian</hi> +Lezghi, <hi rend='italic'>Nikar</hi>, Toba Old Arabic.—<hi rend='italic'>Wuinic</hi> +Aruac, <hi rend='italic'>Necua</hi> Yarura, <hi rend='italic'>Cuyk</hi> Aleutian, +<hi rend='italic'>Nidachi</hi> Cado, <hi rend='italic'>Uchi</hi> Chacta. +</quote> + +<p> +Storm, Hurricane, Fury. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Furacane</hi> D. +<hi rend='italic'>Huracanes</hi> G. <hi rend='italic'>Urogan</hi> Ey. Derived from +rage and fury of elements, primitive roots.— +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +<hi rend='italic'>Rages Soarah</hi>, (rage and storm) Aramic, +<hi rend='italic'>Racas</hi> +Toba Arabic, <hi rend='italic'>Taravat</hi> African Negros, +<hi rend='italic'>Burasca</hi> Italian, +<hi rend='italic'>Orage</hi> French, <hi rend='italic'>Hurlig</hi> Saxon, &c. +</quote> + +<p> +Sun. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Boinial</hi>, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Binthaitel</hi>. See Annals. +<hi rend='italic'>Kachi</hi> in Eyeri. See King. +</p> + +<pb n='249'/><anchor id='Pg249'/> + +<p> +Setting Sun, the West. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Soraya</hi>. See +Heaven.— +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +<hi rend='italic'>Surya</hi> Sanscrit, <hi rend='italic'>Soir</hi> +evening in French, <hi rend='italic'>Sera</hi> in Italian, +<hi rend='italic'>Vesper</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Hesper</hi>, +Pelagic, <hi rend='italic'>Spera</hi> Romaic. +</quote> + +<p> +Song, see Dance.—Soul, see Heart.—Small, +see Little. +</p> + +<p> +Son, EL. Sons, ILI. See Annals. <hi rend='italic'>Rabu</hi>, +in Eyeri. See Grammar. +</p> + +<p> +Stone, Rock. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Ziba</hi> A. See the Annals. +Rocky <hi rend='italic'>Zibao</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +Such. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Gua</hi>. Demonstrative article much +employed, found in many old languages.—<hi rend='italic'>Ath</hi> +Aramic, Arabic, Hebrew, Egyptian, +&c.—<hi rend='italic'>Gua</hi> in South America. +</p> + +<p> +Shell. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Guey</hi> C. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Cohob</hi> O. +</p> + +<p> +Strong. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Carib</hi>, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Agi</hi> A. See Pepper. +</p> + +<p> +Shark. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Tiburon</hi> Ac. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Tebura</hi> O. +</p> + +<p> +Stranger. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Chapeton</hi> AC. <hi rend='italic'>Guachinango</hi> +Diaz in Cuba. +</p> + +<p> +Soup, Boiled. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Calalu</hi>.—<hi rend='italic'>Bollito</hi> +It. <hi rend='italic'>Olla</hi> +Spt. +</p> + +<p> +Snake. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Boba</hi> in Boriquen.—<hi rend='italic'>Boa</hi> +African +L., <hi rend='italic'>Ob</hi> Oriental L., <hi rend='italic'>Coluber</hi> Latin, +<hi rend='italic'>Ophis</hi> Greek.—<hi rend='italic'>Coa</hi> +Mexican, <hi rend='italic'>Boya</hi> Guarani. +</p> + +<p> +The, English indicative article I, HI, HIN, +ZI, NI, LI.—Primitive, variable in Dialects, +root I, same as I Italian, IL, L' do. +Y, <hi rend='italic'>Ye</hi> Old English, I Persian and Lybian, +<hi rend='italic'>Yn</hi> Celtic, Y Old Arabic, +<hi rend='italic'>Ni</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>N'</hi> Illyrian, +<hi rend='italic'>Ohi</hi> Havay,—TI Cora, TL Mexican, +<hi rend='italic'>Ini</hi> Pimal, <hi rend='italic'>Ni</hi> +Lapani D., <hi rend='italic'>Nuya</hi> Achagua, +<hi rend='italic'>Iu</hi> Payuri. See Grammar. +</p> + +<p> +This, that, these, those. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Gua</hi>, same as +such. See Grammar. +</p> + +<pb n='250'/><anchor id='Pg250'/> + +<p> +Thou, thy, thine. TI, TE.—Primitive +from Celtic to Sanscrit. <hi rend='italic'>Ti</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>te</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>toi</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>tien</hi> +Greek and Illiryan, nearly similar in Bask, +Gothic, Pelagic, Latin, Italian, Persian, +Magyar, &c. +</p> + +<p> +Take. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Chuc</hi> C. <hi rend='italic'>Chugue</hi> +Her.—<hi rend='italic'>Busca</hi> +Italian, <hi rend='italic'>Aku</hi> Lampung of Sumatra.—<hi rend='italic'>Huyca</hi> +Huazteca, <hi rend='italic'>Uhca</hi> Tarasca. +</p> + +<p> +Tomato. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Tomates</hi> G. +</p> + +<p> +Temple. See Church. +</p> + +<p> +Tree. See Wood. +</p> + +<p> +Town, habitation. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Bohio</hi>, same as house— +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +<hi rend='italic'>Bahus</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Pagus</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Urbis</hi> Italic L., <hi rend='italic'>Paese</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Pays</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Payz</hi> +Modern I., <hi rend='italic'>Choyo</hi> Greek D., <hi rend='italic'>Bajeth</hi> +Aramic, <hi rend='italic'>Huebo</hi> +Iberian, <hi rend='italic'>Bohus</hi> Pelagic, <hi rend='italic'>Bya</hi> Scand, &c. +</quote> + +<p> +Thread. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Hico</hi> D.—<hi rend='italic'>Hilo</hi> +Oscan, <hi rend='italic'>Trico</hi> +Greek, <hi rend='italic'>Hagu</hi> Nepal—<hi rend='italic'>Hito</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Pito</hi> Maya. +</p> + +<p> +Tobacco, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Cohiba</hi> O. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Cogioba</hi> +R. <hi rend='italic'>Cohoba</hi> +D.—<hi rend='italic'>Dokhan</hi> Arabic, <hi rend='italic'>Tuhica</hi> +Nuba. +</p> + +<p> +Turtle. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Icota</hi> G. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Icotea</hi> +H. <hi rend='italic'>Cabini</hi> D.—<hi rend='italic'>Chucua</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Icuma</hi> Sanscrit, <hi rend='italic'>Boco</hi> +Bali.—<hi rend='italic'>Cotos</hi> +Cumana. +</p> + +<p> +Two, or Second. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Bem</hi>?—<hi rend='italic'>Bi</hi> +Bask, <hi rend='italic'>Binus</hi> +Latin, <hi rend='italic'>Ambi</hi> Italian. +</p> + +<p> +Three, or Third. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Abem</hi>? +</p> + +<p> +Tame, Mild. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Matum</hi> D. +<hi rend='italic'>Boniatum</hi> O.—<hi rend='italic'>Bonus</hi> +Latin. +</p> + +<p> +Throne. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Duchi</hi> M. +</p> + +<p> +Vine, Creeper. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Bejuco</hi> D.—<hi rend='italic'>Bixuco</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Bexucum</hi> O., <hi rend='italic'>Bochuco</hi> M. Grape-vine. +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Uveriu</hi>. <hi rend='italic'>Uyeros</hi> +M.—<hi rend='italic'>Uva</hi> Italian, <hi rend='italic'>Viniera</hi> +Catalan, <hi rend='italic'>Zibi</hi> Arabic, <hi rend='italic'>Ivy</hi> (pr Aivi) English. +</p> + +<p> +Vassal. See Laborer. +</p> + +<pb n='251'/><anchor id='Pg251'/> + +<p> +Water. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Ama</hi>. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Bagua</hi>.— +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +Primitive. <hi rend='italic'>Ma</hi> Atlantes and +Lybian, <hi rend='italic'>Aman</hi> Modern +Atlantes, <hi rend='italic'>Aemon</hi> Gaunch, +<hi rend='italic'>Mohu</hi> Copt, <hi rend='italic'>Nam</hi> Siam, +<hi rend='italic'>Maim</hi> Arabic, +<hi rend='italic'>Balua</hi> Pelagic, <hi rend='italic'>Oman</hi> Old Arabic, +<hi rend='italic'>Ameh</hi> Affadeh Negros, +<hi rend='italic'>Maza</hi> Congo, <hi rend='italic'>Kama</hi> Corana, +<hi rend='italic'>Asma</hi> Romaic, +<hi rend='italic'>Agua</hi> Spanish, <hi rend='italic'>Aigo</hi> +Romanic, <hi rend='italic'>Lagus</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Lacus</hi> (lake) Latin and +Celtic.—<hi rend='italic'>May</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Mayu</hi>, Peru, +<hi rend='italic'>Nhama</hi> Puris, <hi rend='italic'>Amuk</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Ahua</hi> Tzuluki, <hi rend='italic'>Iia</hi> +Chontal, <hi rend='italic'>Maya</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>A</hi> Mexican, <hi rend='italic'>Agua</hi> +Veragua, <hi rend='italic'>Ak</hi> Atakapus, <hi rend='italic'>Haya</hi> +Shebay, <hi rend='italic'>Aya</hi> Yarura, <hi rend='italic'>Ahay</hi> Eslen, &c. +</quote> + +<p> +Woman, Wife. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Inuya</hi>. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Hita</hi>. +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Iti</hi>. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Bibi</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>Inara</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Liani</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Churon</hi>, Ey.— +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +Several roots, <hi rend='italic'>Iti</hi> same as +<hi rend='italic'>Hito</hi> man,—<hi rend='italic'>Bibi</hi> is wife D. +<hi rend='italic'>Gyna</hi> Greek, <hi rend='italic'>Guine</hi> +Old French, <hi rend='italic'>Nurin</hi> Desatir and +Hindi, <hi rend='italic'>Cunica</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Enaztia</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Toya</hi> Bask D., <hi rend='italic'>Iona</hi> Pelagic, +<hi rend='italic'>Zaita</hi> (girl) Bask, +<hi rend='italic'>Zitta</hi> (bride) Sicilian, <hi rend='italic'>Tanaya</hi> +Tedla Atlantic, <hi rend='italic'>Yuri</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Nin</hi> +Chinese Dialects, <hi rend='italic'>Ita</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Itua</hi>, +Oscan, <hi rend='italic'>Gin</hi> Haikan, <hi rend='italic'>Gina</hi> +Australia, <hi rend='italic'>Cuinta</hi> Congo, +<hi rend='italic'>Nuriu</hi> Hindi, <hi rend='italic'>Machini</hi> +Polynesia; <hi rend='italic'>Ana</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Biana</hi> Oscan, +<hi rend='italic'>Puta</hi> Venitian, <hi rend='italic'>Heana Beana</hi> +Celtic, <hi rend='italic'>Zitella</hi> (girl) +Italian, <hi rend='italic'>Nurani</hi> Pehlvi, +<hi rend='italic'>Shina</hi> Copt, <hi rend='italic'>Wanito</hi> Kawi, +<hi rend='italic'>Uxor</hi> (wife) Latin, <hi rend='italic'>Boba</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Chura</hi> Slavic Bulgar, <hi rend='italic'>Biby</hi> +Malabar, <hi rend='italic'>Muchn</hi> Iran, <hi rend='italic'>Keron</hi> +(girl) Dorian Greek, +<hi rend='italic'>Koriza</hi> Romanic, &c.—<hi rend='italic'>Uita</hi> +Cora, <hi rend='italic'>Zitua</hi> Mexican, +<hi rend='italic'>Nuatitu</hi> Saliva, <hi rend='italic'>Esena</hi> +Moxas, <hi rend='italic'>Tiguy</hi> Muyzcas, <hi rend='italic'>Tinio</hi> +Maypuri, <hi rend='italic'>Yatè</hi> Mocobi, <hi rend='italic'>Nikib</hi> +Atakapus, <hi rend='italic'>Zina</hi> (girl) +Othomi, <hi rend='italic'>Wanita</hi> Uchi, <hi rend='italic'>Iras</hi> +Cumana, <hi rend='italic'>Ira</hi> Coyba, <hi rend='italic'>Nia</hi> +Apalachi. +</quote> + +<p> +White. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Yuca</hi>, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Luca</hi> A.— +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +<hi rend='italic'>Leucas</hi> Greek, <hi rend='italic'>Ca</hi> +Turan, <hi rend='italic'>Casis</hi> Scythian, <hi rend='italic'>Chuna</hi> Bask, +<hi rend='italic'>Aluca</hi> Lezghi, <hi rend='italic'>Cucua</hi> +Abask,—<hi rend='italic'>Luza</hi> Chacta, <hi rend='italic'>Elu</hi> +Galibi, <hi rend='italic'>Lapaca</hi> Mbaya, <hi rend='italic'>Zaco</hi> +Totonaca, <hi rend='italic'>Luc</hi> Chili, <hi rend='italic'>Yurac</hi> +Peru, <hi rend='italic'>Hacaya</hi> Cado, <hi rend='italic'>Usca</hi> +Ozage, <hi rend='italic'>Yutaga</hi> Mocobi, +<hi rend='italic'>Zac</hi> Maya. +</quote> + +<p> +Wood or Tree. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Maca</hi>, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Mapu</hi> +A. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Butos</hi> +Ac.—<hi rend='italic'>Maica Chimala</hi> Dialects.— +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +<hi rend='italic'>Kha</hi> Circaz, <hi rend='italic'>Micha</hi> +Abask, <hi rend='italic'>Khad</hi> Osset, <hi rend='italic'>Taimala</hi> +Lezghi, <hi rend='italic'>Makia</hi> Oscan, (yet forest in +Toscan.) <hi rend='italic'>Gas</hi> +Hindi, <hi rend='italic'>Gatz</hi> Pehlvi, <hi rend='italic'>Agaz</hi> +Tartar, <hi rend='italic'>Cayu</hi> Malay,—<hi rend='italic'>Ca</hi> +Omagua and Guarani, <hi rend='italic'>Caa</hi> Mbaya, <hi rend='italic'>Kag</hi> Atakapas, +<hi rend='italic'>Canch</hi> Nachez, <hi rend='italic'>Manga</hi> +Adaiz, <hi rend='italic'>Aca</hi> Peru, +<pb n='252'/><anchor id='Pg252'/> +&c. <hi rend='italic'>Butos</hi> is like <hi rend='italic'>Bois</hi> +(bua) French, <hi rend='italic'>Wood</hi> (Vud) +English. +</quote> + +<p> +War, Army. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Guazavara</hi> G. <hi rend='italic'>Huctu</hi> Ey. +Warrior. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Vara</hi>.—Root same as in English +and Gothic, <hi rend='italic'>Guerra</hi> Italian, &c. +</p> + +<p> +Wanderer. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Umakua</hi> Ey.—<hi rend='italic'>Omuvagu</hi> Sicilian. +</p> + +<p> +Wind or Air. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Banzex</hi> D.—Primitive. +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +<hi rend='italic'>Baud</hi> Old Arabic, <hi rend='italic'>Bao</hi> +Hindu, <hi rend='italic'>Bad</hi> Persian, <hi rend='italic'>Bau</hi> Ruyaga, +<hi rend='italic'>Andai</hi> Oscan, <hi rend='italic'>Nabha</hi> +Sanscrit, <hi rend='italic'>Bentus</hi> Ausonian, +<hi rend='italic'>Bana</hi> Kawi, <hi rend='italic'>Hanem</hi> +Pelagic, <hi rend='italic'>Abklia</hi> Abask,—<hi rend='italic'>Eheca</hi> +Mexican, <hi rend='italic'>Acate</hi> Cora, <hi rend='italic'>Peco</hi> +Chetimacha, &c. +</quote> + +<p> +West. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Soraia</hi> R.—<hi rend='italic'>Warab</hi> Old Arabic, +<hi rend='italic'>Varapa</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Saraya</hi> +Sanscrit, <hi rend='italic'>Urop</hi> Pelagic, +<hi rend='italic'>Hesper</hi> Greek, <hi rend='italic'>Vesper</hi> +Latin, <hi rend='italic'>Urai</hi> Bugis. +<hi rend='italic'>Sor</hi> Aramic. See Setting Sun. +</p> + +<p> +World. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Queya</hi>, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Ocon</hi> +R. D.—<hi rend='italic'>On</hi> Oriental +Root, <hi rend='italic'>Xton</hi> Greek, <hi rend='italic'>Queya</hi> +from <hi rend='italic'>Quiscaya</hi> +whole earth. +</p> + +<p> +Which, <hi rend='smallcaps'>Hiqui</hi> Laet.—<hi rend='italic'>Qui</hi> +French, <hi rend='italic'>Ilquale</hi> +Italian, <hi rend='italic'>Cui</hi> Sicilian. +</p> + +<p> +Worms. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Cusi</hi>. <hi rend='italic'>Piojo</hi> +in Jamaica.—<hi rend='italic'>Cus</hi> +Lybian, <hi rend='italic'>Baco</hi> Toscan, <hi rend='italic'>Pioc</hi> (vermin) +Celtic. +</p> + +<p> +Yes. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Ha</hi>.—Primitive. +<hi rend='italic'>Ha</hi> Lezghi, <hi rend='italic'>Ya</hi> +Gothic and Lamut, <hi rend='italic'>Do</hi> Ostiac, <hi rend='italic'>Aham</hi> +Arabic, <hi rend='italic'>Am</hi> Haikan, <hi rend='italic'>A</hi> Timani and Bulam +Africa, <hi rend='italic'>Uaa</hi> Jolof, +<hi rend='italic'>Yaga</hi> Congo, <hi rend='italic'>Ay</hi> +English, <hi rend='italic'>Hea</hi> African Atlantes,—<hi rend='italic'>Haha</hi> +Apalachi, <hi rend='italic'>Aa</hi> Aleutian, <hi rend='italic'>Haa</hi> Otomaco, +Othomi and Cumanchi, <hi rend='italic'>Ya</hi> Totonac and +Puris, <hi rend='italic'>May</hi> Chili, +<hi rend='italic'>Oyah</hi> Ozage, <hi rend='italic'>Ahi</hi> Cado, +<hi rend='italic'>Yasay</hi> Aruac. +</p> + +<p> +Yellow. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Hobas</hi>.—<hi rend='italic'>Majob</hi> +Lezghi, <hi rend='italic'>Lobidus</hi> +Ausonian, <hi rend='italic'>Bahenda</hi> Biaju of Borneo, +<pb n='253'/><anchor id='Pg253'/> +<hi rend='italic'>Aubain</hi> (Oben) Old French, <hi rend='italic'>Hoang</hi> Chinese. +</p> + +<p> +Yuca gloriosa. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Yuca</hi> E. same in Mexico, +meaning bright, white. +</p> + +<p> +Fragments On The Western Dialects Of +Cuba, Jamaica, And The Lucayas Islands +</p> + +<p> +C. Cuba, by Herrera, Diaz, Columbus, +Acosta, Laet, Munoz, &c. +</p> + +<p> +J. Jamaica, by Columbus, Garcia, Gomara, +&c. +</p> + +<p> +L. Lucayas, by Columbus, Acosta, Oviedo, +&c. +</p> + +<p> +Land or Country, <hi rend='italic'>Katos</hi>, L. <hi rend='italic'>Xai</hi> J. <hi rend='italic'>Nacan</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Guaca</hi>, C. +</p> + +<p> +Island, <hi rend='italic'>Caya</hi>, L <hi rend='italic'>Cayo</hi>, C <hi rend='italic'>Caic</hi> J. +</p> + +<p> +Stranger, <hi rend='italic'>Guachinango</hi>, C. +</p> + +<p> +House, <hi rend='italic'>Bohio</hi>, C. +</p> + +<p> +Remora, <hi rend='italic'>Reves</hi>, C. +</p> + +<p> +Partridge, <hi rend='italic'>Lizas</hi>, C. by Ocampo. +</p> + +<p> +Pheasant, <hi rend='italic'>Babiayas</hi>, C. +</p> + +<p> +Parrot, <hi rend='italic'>Maxa</hi> C. <hi rend='italic'>Macan</hi>, J. +</p> + +<p> +Prince, Lord, <hi rend='italic'>Guami</hi>, C. +</p> + +<p> +Rabbits, <hi rend='italic'>Usias</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Hutic</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Quinaxes</hi> C. +<hi rend='italic'>Hutia</hi> L. +</p> + +<p> +Opuntia, <hi rend='italic'>Tuna</hi> C. +</p> + +<p> +Cacao, <hi rend='italic'>Cacao</hi> C. +</p> + +<p> +Priest, <hi rend='italic'>Behique</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Bohique</hi> C. L. +</p> + +<p> +River, <hi rend='italic'>Agua</hi> C. +</p> + +<p> +Corn, <hi rend='italic'>Maysi</hi>, C. +</p> + +<p> +Bread, <hi rend='italic'>Zabi</hi>, C. +</p> + +<p> +God, <hi rend='italic'>Yocahuna</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Guama-coti</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Guama-oxocoti</hi>, +C. +</p> + +<p> +Supreme being, <hi rend='italic'>Attabex</hi>, C. +</p> + +<pb n='254'/><anchor id='Pg254'/> + +<p> +Ghost, <hi rend='italic'>Dupi</hi>, J. +</p> + +<p> +Life, <hi rend='italic'>Bi</hi>, C. L. +</p> + +<p> +Fountain, <hi rend='italic'>Mini</hi>, C. L. +</p> + +<p> +Wood, <hi rend='italic'>Maica</hi>, J. +</p> + +<p> +Cedar, <hi rend='italic'>Cauvana</hi>, C. +</p> + +<p> +Dog, <hi rend='italic'>Alco</hi>, C. +</p> + +<p> +Alligator, <hi rend='italic'>Cayaman</hi>, C. +</p> + +<p> +Poke, <hi rend='italic'>Cucato</hi>, J. +</p> + +<p> +Fire-fly, <hi rend='italic'>Locuyos</hi>, C. <hi rend='italic'>Zievas</hi>, L. +</p> + +<p> +Noble, <hi rend='italic'>To</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Mato</hi>, C. +</p> + +<p> +Shell, <hi rend='italic'>Cohobas</hi>, C. +</p> + +<p> +Guayac, Guacum, C. +</p> + +<p> +Red, <hi rend='italic'>Ris</hi>, C. +</p> + +<p> +White Worm, <hi rend='italic'>Cusi</hi>, J. +</p> + +<p> +Palm Worm, <hi rend='italic'>Piojo</hi>, J. +</p> + +<p> +King. <hi rend='italic'>Caxicus</hi>, C. +</p> + +<p> +Within, <hi rend='italic'>Hiqui</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Nacan</hi>, C. +</p> + +<p> +Gold, <hi rend='italic'>Nucay</hi>, C. L. Columbus. +</p> + +<p> +Yams, <hi rend='italic'>Mames</hi>, C. +</p> + +<p> +Grape Vine, <hi rend='italic'>Uveros</hi>, C. +</p> + +<p> +Fragments On The Eyeri Eastern Dialects +Of Boriquen And The Carib Islands. +</p> + +<p> +B. Boriquen, by Herrera, Acosta, &c. +</p> + +<p> +E. Dialect of the Women of Carib, quite +different from Carib, by Rochefort, &c. +</p> + +<p> +Land, Island, <hi rend='italic'>Kati</hi>, E. <hi rend='italic'>Ca</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Ay</hi>, B. +</p> + +<p> +God, <hi rend='italic'>Iocana</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Guama-nomocon</hi>, B. +</p> + +<p> +Noble, <hi rend='italic'>Ditayno</hi>, B. +</p> + +<p> +Snake, <hi rend='italic'>Boba</hi>, B. +</p> + +<p> +Cloudy, <hi rend='italic'>Furzidi</hi>, B. +</p> + +<p> +Mahogany, <hi rend='italic'>Maga</hi>, B. +</p> + +<p> +Poison Apple, <hi rend='italic'>Manzanila</hi>, B. +</p> + +<p> +Cotton Tree, <hi rend='italic'>Zeyba,</hi> B. +</p> + +<p> +Violet, <hi rend='italic'>Quibey</hi>, B. +</p> + +<pb n='255'/><anchor id='Pg255'/> + +<p> +Bananas, <hi rend='italic'>Camois</hi>, E. +</p> + +<p> +Coco, <hi rend='italic'>Coquillas</hi>, B. +</p> + +<p> +Guayac, <hi rend='italic'>Guage</hi>, B. +</p> + +<p> +Hog, <hi rend='italic'>Saine</hi>, B. +</p> + +<p> +Boat, <hi rend='italic'>Piraguas</hi>, B. +</p> + +<p> +Wood, Tree, Bow, <hi rend='italic'>Chimala</hi>, E. +</p> + +<p> +Angel, <hi rend='italic'>Chemin</hi>, Angels, <hi rend='italic'>Chemignum</hi>, E. +</p> + +<p> +Spirits, <hi rend='italic'>Opoyem</hi>, E. +</p> + +<p> +Moon, <hi rend='italic'>Mona</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Kati</hi>, E. +</p> + +<p> +Storm, <hi rend='italic'>Urogan</hi>, E. +</p> + +<p> +Blood, <hi rend='italic'>Moinalu</hi>, E. +</p> + +<p> +Heaven or above, <hi rend='italic'>Ubec</hi>, E. +</p> + +<p> +Bread, <hi rend='italic'>Maru</hi>, E. +</p> + +<p> +Boat, <hi rend='italic'>Canoa</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Pages</hi>, E. +</p> + +<p> +Man, <hi rend='italic'>Eyeri</hi>, Men, <hi rend='italic'>Eyerium</hi>, E. +</p> + +<p> +Woman, <hi rend='italic'>Inaru</hi>, Women, <hi rend='italic'>Inuyum</hi>, E. +</p> + +<p> +Foe, <hi rend='italic'>Akani</hi>, E. +</p> + +<p> +Little, <hi rend='italic'>Nianti</hi>, E. +</p> + +<p> +House, Hut, <hi rend='italic'>Tuhonoco</hi>, E. +</p> + +<p> +Garden, <hi rend='italic'>Chali</hi>, E. +</p> + +<p> +War, <hi rend='italic'>Nihuctu</hi>, E. +</p> + +<p> +Mother, <hi rend='italic'>Bibi</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Nucu-churon</hi>, E. +</p> + +<p> +Father, <hi rend='italic'>Baba</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Nucu-chili</hi>, E. +</p> + +<p> +Grandfather, <hi rend='italic'>Narguti</hi>, E. +</p> + +<p> +Wife, <hi rend='italic'>Liani</hi>, E. +</p> + +<p> +Son, <hi rend='italic'>Rabu</hi>, E. +</p> + +<p> +Daughter, <hi rend='italic'>Rahen</hi>, E. +</p> + +<p> +The, <hi rend='italic'>Ni</hi>, N'. +</p> + +<p> +Heart, <hi rend='italic'> Nanichi</hi>, E. +</p> + +<p> +Vassal, <hi rend='italic'>Labuyu</hi>, E. +</p> + +<p> +Sea, <hi rend='italic'>Balana</hi>, E. +</p> + +<p> +Bed, <hi rend='italic'>Nekera</hi>, E. +</p> + +<p> +Sun, <hi rend='italic'>Kachi</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Cochi</hi>, E. +</p> + +<p> +Money, <hi rend='italic'>Agucat</hi>. +</p> + +<pb n='256'/><anchor id='Pg256'/> + +<p> +Palm, <hi rend='italic'>Caico</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +Red, <hi rend='italic'>Pu</hi>, E. +</p> + +<p> +People, <hi rend='italic'>Ibas</hi>, B. Cabres, E. +</p> + +<p> +Priest, <hi rend='italic'>Boyez</hi>, E. +</p> + +<p> +Wanderer, <hi rend='italic'>Umckua</hi>, E. +</p> + +<p> +Devil, <hi rend='italic'>Mabuya</hi>, E. +</p> + +<p> +Vocabulary Of The Cairi Of Trinidad +Island, 1594. +</p> + +<p> +This Dialect of the <hi rend='smallcaps'>aruac</hi> is the nearest +geographically to the <hi rend='italic'>Eyeri</hi>, and yet very +different; nearer in words to the <hi rend='italic'>Aruac</hi> of +the Continent. Therefore the <hi rend='italic'>Aruac</hi> and +<hi rend='italic'>Taino</hi> altho' belonging to the same group, +are distinct Languages, and the two people +had been separated for ages. +</p> + +<p> +Dudley collected in 1594, about 55 words +of it, which are in Purchas, yet have been +neglected by all the Philologists. Out of +these 27 are in my <hi rend='italic'>Taino</hi> List, and offer +16 affinities, equal to 56 per cent. The remainder +27, lack there and cannot be compared; +but afford a kind of supplement to it. +</p> + +<p> +16 Comparable Words Akin In Both. +</p> + +<p> +Man, <hi rend='italic'>Guttemock</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +Woman, <hi rend='italic'>Hiaru</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +Heaven, <hi rend='italic'>Huihua</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +Gold, <hi rend='italic'>Calcoari</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +Maize, <hi rend='italic'>Mauris</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +Pipe, <hi rend='italic'>Bayu</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +Shell, <hi rend='italic'>Tibetibe</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +Water, <hi rend='italic'>Bara</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Oronuy</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +Sun, <hi rend='italic'>Hadali</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +Moon, <hi rend='italic'>Katti</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +Bread, <hi rend='italic'>Callit</hi>. +</p> + +<pb n='257'/><anchor id='Pg257'/> + +<p> +Fire, <hi rend='italic'>Hicket</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +Eyes, <hi rend='italic'>Cosi</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Scrath</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +Boat, <hi rend='italic'>Canoa</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Canosin</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +Stone, <hi rend='italic'>Sibath</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +Head, <hi rend='italic'>Cabbo</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +12 Different Comparable Words. +</p> + +<p> +Copper, <hi rend='italic'>Arara</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +Metal, Iron, <hi rend='italic'>Mointiman</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +Emerald, <hi rend='italic'>Taarao</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +Sword, <hi rend='italic'>Caspara</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +This, My, <hi rend='italic'>Da</hi>, D. +</p> + +<p> +Parrot, <hi rend='italic'>Wahowa</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +Tree, <hi rend='italic'>Mentini</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +Potato, <hi rend='italic'>Halete</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +Batatas, <hi rend='italic'>Caenuda</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +Knife, <hi rend='italic'>Yedola</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +Basket, <hi rend='italic'>Queca</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +Tobacco, <hi rend='italic'>Hurreit</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +27 Additional Words Not Comparable. +</p> + +<p> +Hand, <hi rend='italic'>Can</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +Feet, <hi rend='italic'>Cutti</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +Knees, <hi rend='italic'>Cude</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +Toes, <hi rend='italic'>Boda</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +Hair, <hi rend='italic'>Bairo</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Barah</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +Bow, <hi rend='italic'>Marahabo</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +Arrow, <hi rend='italic'>Semaro</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +Spoon, <hi rend='italic'>Heldaro</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +Silver, <hi rend='italic'>Perota</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +Forehead, <hi rend='italic'>Dessi</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +Tongue, <hi rend='italic'>Dill</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +Ears, <hi rend='italic'>Dudica</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +Lips, <hi rend='italic'>Desire</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +Teeth, <hi rend='italic'>Arehe</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +Monkey, <hi rend='italic'>Howa</hi>. +</p> + +<pb n='258'/><anchor id='Pg258'/> + +<p> +Chest, <hi rend='italic'>Bodad</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +Well, <hi rend='italic'>Sakel</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +Bracelet, <hi rend='italic'>Techir</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +Scissors, <hi rend='italic'>Arkeano</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +Comb, <hi rend='italic'>Baruda</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +Mouth, <hi rend='italic'>Lacoak</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +Bell, <hi rend='italic'>Toletilero</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +Stick, <hi rend='italic'>Adoth</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +Beach, <hi rend='italic'>Barenaine</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +Flying fish, <hi rend='italic'>Bohery</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +Tunny fish, <hi rend='italic'>Uassa</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +I don't know, <hi rend='italic'>Nonguo</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Nonquapa</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +Fragment On The Araguas Of Brazil, 1519. +</p> + +<p> +As early as 1519, Pigafetta collected a +dozen words of the Brazilian Language; +which are quite different from the <hi rend='italic'>Tupi</hi>; +but very akin to the Haytian. Altho' he +does not name the tribe he visited, they +must have been <hi rend='italic'>Araguas</hi>, who are thus +traced to the <hi rend='italic'>Aruac</hi> Stock. This great nation +was still further extended; since the +Patagons or <hi rend='italic'>Tinguis</hi>, the Chiquitos or +<hi rend='italic'>Taos</hi>, and perhaps the <hi rend='italic'>Charruas</hi> belonged +to it, as I shall show elsewhere. Meantime +adding some words from Cabot & Vespucci, +we have 17 Araguas words, whereof 14 are +comparable with the Haytian, offering 10 +affinities, which gives 72 per cent of mutual +analogy, much more than with the <hi rend='italic'>Cairi</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +10 Consimilar Words. +</p> + +<p> +House, <hi rend='italic'>Boi</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Bohio</hi>, by Cabot. +</p> + +<p> +Corn, <hi rend='italic'>Maiz</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +Rattle, <hi rend='italic'>Hanmaraca</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +Boat, <hi rend='italic'>Canoe</hi>. +</p> + +<pb n='259'/><anchor id='Pg259'/> + +<p> +Sword, <hi rend='italic'>Macana</hi>, Cabot. +King, <hi rend='italic'>Cachic</hi>, (written <hi rend='italic'>Cacich</hi>) Italian +Orthography. +</p> + +<p> +Good, <hi rend='italic'>Tum</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +Bed, <hi rend='italic'>Hamac</hi>. +Big-land, <hi rend='italic'>Taquino</hi>, by Vespuci, name of +Brazil. +</p> + +<p> +4 Different Comparable Words. +</p> + +<p> +Knife, <hi rend='italic'>Tarse</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +Bananas, <hi rend='italic'>Pacaras</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +Pear, <hi rend='italic'>Caxus</hi>, by Cabot. +</p> + +<p> +Meal or Cassave, <hi rend='italic'>Hui</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +3 Words Not Comparable. +</p> + +<p> +Hook, <hi rend='italic'>Pinda</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +Scissors, <hi rend='italic'>Pirame</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +Comb, <hi rend='italic'>Chipag</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +End Of First Volume. +</p> + +</div> + +</body> +<back rend="page-break-before: right"> + <div id="footnotes"> + <index index="toc" /> + <index index="pdf" /> + <head>Footnotes</head> + <divGen type="footnotes"/> + </div> + <div rend="page-break-before: right"> + <divGen type="pgfooter" /> + </div> +</back> +</text> +</TEI.2> |