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| committer | pgww <pgww@lists.pglaf.org> | 2026-07-06 04:37:15 -0700 |
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diff --git a/34060-h/34060-h.htm b/34060-h/34060-h.htm index d3416e3..2afa67b 100644 --- a/34060-h/34060-h.htm +++ b/34060-h/34060-h.htm @@ -1,18 +1,16 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" - "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<!DOCTYPE html> -<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> +<html lang="en"> <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> - <title> - The Project Gutenberg eBook of Prisoners of Poverty: Women Wage-Workers, Their Trades and Their Lives, by Helen Campbell. - </title> + <meta charset="utf-8"> - <style type="text/css"> + <title>Prisoners of Poverty | Project Gutenberg</title> + + <style> p {margin-top: .75em; text-align: justify; margin-bottom: .75em;} - body {margin-left: 12%; margin-right: 12%;} + body {margin-left: 8%; margin-right: 10%;} .pagenum {position: absolute; left: 92%; font-size: smaller; text-align: right; font-style: normal;} @@ -44,103 +42,75 @@ .hang {margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -2em;} +.h3 { + text-align: center; + display: block; + margin-left: 0; + margin-right: 0; + font-weight: bold; +} +.h3 { + font-size: 1.17em; + margin-top: 1em; + margin-bottom: 1em; +} </style> </head> <body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Prisoners of Poverty, by Helen Campbell - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: Prisoners of Poverty - Women Wage-Workers, Their Trades and Their Lives - -Author: Helen Campbell - -Release Date: October 12, 2010 [EBook #34060] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PRISONERS OF POVERTY *** - - - - -Produced by Bryan Ness and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This book was -produced from scanned images of public domain material -from the Google Print project.) - - - - - - -</pre> - - +<div style='text-align:center'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 34060 ***</div> <h1>PRISONERS OF POVERTY</h1> -<h3>WOMEN WAGE-WORKERS,<br /> -<i>THEIR TRADES AND THEIR LIVES</i>.</h3> +<div class="h3">WOMEN WAGE-WORKERS,<br> +<i>THEIR TRADES AND THEIR LIVES</i>.</div> <p> </p> -<p class="center">By<br /><big>HELEN CAMPBELL</big><br /> +<p class="center">By<br><span style="font-size: larger">HELEN CAMPBELL</span><br> <small>AUTHOR OF “MRS. HERNDON’S INCOME,” “MISS MELINDA’S OPPORTUNITY,” ETC.</small></p> <p> </p><p> </p> -<p class="center">BOSTON<br />LITTLE, BROWN, AND COMPANY<br />1900</p> +<p class="center">BOSTON<br>LITTLE, BROWN, AND COMPANY<br>1900</p> <p> </p><p> </p><p> </p> -<p class="center"><i>Copyright, 1887</i>,<br /> -<span class="smcap">By Helen Campbell</span><br /><br /><br /> -University Press:<br /> +<p class="center"><i>Copyright, 1887</i>,<br> +<span class="smcap">By Helen Campbell</span><br><br><br> +University Press:<br> <span class="smcap">John Wilson and Son, Cambridge</span></p> <p> </p><p> </p> -<hr style="width: 50%;" /> +<hr style="width: 50%;"> <p> </p><p> </p> <h2>PRISONERS OF POVERTY.</h2> <p> </p><p> </p> -<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table"> -<tr><td>“<i>Make no more giants, God,</i><br /> -<i>But elevate the race at once. We ask</i><br /> -<i>To put forth just our strength, our human strength.</i><br /> -<i>All starting fairly, all equipped alike,</i><br /> -<i>Gifted alike, all eagle-eyed, true-hearted,—</i><br /> -<i>See if we cannot beat Thy angels yet.</i>”<br /> -<br /> -“<i>Light, light, and light! to break and melt in sunder</i><br /> -<i>All clouds and chains that in one bondage bind</i><br /> -<i>Eyes, hands, and spirits, forged by fear and wonder</i><br /> -<i>And sleek fierce fraud with hidden knife behind;</i><br /> -<i>There goes no fire from heaven before their thunder,</i><br /> -<i>Nor are the links not malleable that wind</i><br /> -<i>Round the snared limbs and souls that ache thereunder;</i><br /> -<i>The hands are mighty were the head not blind.</i><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>Priest is the staff of king,</i></span><br /> -<i>And chains and clouds one thing,</i><br /> -<i>And fettered flesh with devastated mind.</i><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>Open thy soul to see,</i></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>Slave, and thy feet are free.</i></span><br /> -<i>Thy bonds and thy beliefs are one in kind,</i><br /> -<i>And of thy fears thine irons wrought,</i><br /> +<table style="border: none; padding: 0px; border-spacing: 5px;"> +<tr><td>“<i>Make no more giants, God,</i><br> +<i>But elevate the race at once. We ask</i><br> +<i>To put forth just our strength, our human strength.</i><br> +<i>All starting fairly, all equipped alike,</i><br> +<i>Gifted alike, all eagle-eyed, true-hearted,—</i><br> +<i>See if we cannot beat Thy angels yet.</i>”<br> +<br> +“<i>Light, light, and light! to break and melt in sunder</i><br> +<i>All clouds and chains that in one bondage bind</i><br> +<i>Eyes, hands, and spirits, forged by fear and wonder</i><br> +<i>And sleek fierce fraud with hidden knife behind;</i><br> +<i>There goes no fire from heaven before their thunder,</i><br> +<i>Nor are the links not malleable that wind</i><br> +<i>Round the snared limbs and souls that ache thereunder;</i><br> +<i>The hands are mighty were the head not blind.</i><br> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>Priest is the staff of king,</i></span><br> +<i>And chains and clouds one thing,</i><br> +<i>And fettered flesh with devastated mind.</i><br> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>Open thy soul to see,</i></span><br> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>Slave, and thy feet are free.</i></span><br> +<i>Thy bonds and thy beliefs are one in kind,</i><br> +<i>And of thy fears thine irons wrought,</i><br> <i>Hang weights upon thee fashioned out of thine own thought.</i>”</td></tr></table> <p> </p><p> </p> -<hr style="width: 50%;" /> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i" id="Page_i">[Pg i]</a></span></p> +<hr style="width: 50%;"> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_i">[Pg i]</a></span></p> <h2>PREFACE.</h2> <p class="dropcap"><span class="caps">The</span> chapters making up the present volume were prepared originally as a @@ -157,7 +127,7 @@ assured.</p> <p>It is such knowledge that the writer has aimed to present; and it takes more permanent form, not only for the many readers whose steady interest -has been an added demand for faithful work,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ii" id="Page_ii">[Pg ii]</a></span> but, it is hoped, for a +has been an added demand for faithful work,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_ii">[Pg ii]</a></span> but, it is hoped, for a circle yet unreached, who, whether agreeing or disagreeing with the conclusions, still know that to learn the struggle and sorrow of the workers is the first step toward any genuine help.</p> @@ -166,85 +136,85 @@ workers is the first step toward any genuine help.</p> <p> </p><p> </p> -<hr style="width: 50%;" /> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_iii" id="Page_iii">[Pg iii]</a></span></p> +<hr style="width: 50%;"> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_iii">[Pg iii]</a></span></p> <h2>CONTENTS.</h2> -<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table"> -<tr><td> </td><td align="right"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td></tr> -<tr><td align="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_FIRST">CHAPTER FIRST.</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="center"><span class="smcap">Worker and Trade</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_7">7</a></td></tr> -<tr><td> </td></tr> -<tr><td align="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_SECOND">CHAPTER SECOND.</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="center"><span class="smcap">The Case of Rose Haggerty</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td></tr> -<tr><td> </td></tr> -<tr><td align="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_THIRD">CHAPTER THIRD.</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="center"><span class="smcap">Some Methods of a Prosperous Firm</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_30">30</a></td></tr> -<tr><td> </td></tr> -<tr><td align="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_FOURTH">CHAPTER FOURTH.</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="center"><span class="smcap">The Bargain Counter</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td></tr> -<tr><td> </td></tr> -<tr><td align="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_FIFTH">CHAPTER FIFTH.</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="center"><span class="smcap">A Fashionable Dressmaker</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td></tr> -<tr><td> </td></tr> -<tr><td align="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_SIXTH">CHAPTER SIXTH.</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="center"><span class="smcap">More Methods of Prosperous Firms</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td></tr> -<tr><td> </td></tr> -<tr><td align="center"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_iv" id="Page_iv">[Pg iv]</a></span><a href="#CHAPTER_SEVENTH">CHAPTER SEVENTH.</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="center"><span class="smcap">Negative or Positive Gospel</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_76">76</a></td></tr> -<tr><td> </td></tr> -<tr><td align="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_EIGHTH">CHAPTER EIGHTH.</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="center"><span class="smcap">The True Story of Lotte Bauer</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_88">88</a></td></tr> -<tr><td> </td></tr> -<tr><td align="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_NINTH">CHAPTER NINTH.</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="center"><span class="smcap">The Evolution of a Jacket</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_100">100</a></td></tr> -<tr><td> </td></tr> -<tr><td align="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_TENTH">CHAPTER TENTH.</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="center"><span class="smcap">Between the Rivers</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_113">113</a></td></tr> -<tr><td> </td></tr> -<tr><td align="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_ELEVENTH">CHAPTER ELEVENTH.</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="center"><span class="smcap">Under the Bridge and Beyond</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_126">126</a></td></tr> -<tr><td> </td></tr> -<tr><td align="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_TWELFTH">CHAPTER TWELFTH.</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="center"><span class="smcap">One of the Fur-Sewers</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_139">139</a></td></tr> -<tr><td> </td></tr> -<tr><td align="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_THIRTEENTH">CHAPTER THIRTEENTH.</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="center"><span class="smcap">Some Difficulties of an Employer Who Experimented</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_150">150</a></td></tr> -<tr><td> </td></tr> -<tr><td align="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_FOURTEENTH">CHAPTER FOURTEENTH.</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="center"><span class="smcap">The Widow Maloney’s Boarders</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_160">160</a></td></tr> -<tr><td> </td></tr> -<tr><td align="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_FIFTEENTH">CHAPTER FIFTEENTH.</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="center"><span class="smcap">Among the Shop-Girls</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_173">173</a></td></tr> -<tr><td> </td></tr> -<tr><td align="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_SIXTEENTH">CHAPTER SIXTEENTH.</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="center"><span class="smcap">Two Hospital Beds</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_186">186</a></td></tr> -<tr><td> </td></tr> -<tr><td align="center"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[Pg v]</a></span><a href="#CHAPTER_SEVENTEENTH">CHAPTER SEVENTEENTH.</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="center"><span class="smcap">Child-Workers in New York</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_199">199</a></td></tr> -<tr><td> </td></tr> -<tr><td align="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_EIGHTEENTH">CHAPTER EIGHTEENTH.</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="center"><span class="smcap">Steady Trades and their Outlook</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_210">210</a></td></tr> -<tr><td> </td></tr> -<tr><td align="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_NINETEENTH">CHAPTER NINETEENTH.</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="center"><span class="smcap">Domestic Service and its Problems</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_221">221</a></td></tr> -<tr><td> </td></tr> -<tr><td align="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_TWENTIETH">CHAPTER TWENTIETH.</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="center"><span class="smcap">More Problems of Domestic Service</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_233">233</a></td></tr> -<tr><td> </td></tr> -<tr><td align="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_TWENTY-FIRST">CHAPTER TWENTY-FIRST.</a></td></tr> -<tr><td align="center"><span class="smcap">End and Beginning</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_244">244</a></td></tr></table> - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[Pg vi]</a></span></p> +<table style="border: none; padding: 0px; border-spacing: 5px;"> +<tr><td> </td><td style="text-align: right;"><span class="smcap">Page</span></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="#CHAPTER_FIRST">CHAPTER FIRST.</a></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span class="smcap">Worker and Trade</span></td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#Page_7">7</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="#CHAPTER_SECOND">CHAPTER SECOND.</a></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span class="smcap">The Case of Rose Haggerty</span></td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="#CHAPTER_THIRD">CHAPTER THIRD.</a></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span class="smcap">Some Methods of a Prosperous Firm</span></td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#Page_30">30</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="#CHAPTER_FOURTH">CHAPTER FOURTH.</a></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span class="smcap">The Bargain Counter</span></td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="#CHAPTER_FIFTH">CHAPTER FIFTH.</a></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span class="smcap">A Fashionable Dressmaker</span></td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="#CHAPTER_SIXTH">CHAPTER SIXTH.</a></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span class="smcap">More Methods of Prosperous Firms</span></td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_iv">[Pg iv]</a></span><a href="#CHAPTER_SEVENTH">CHAPTER SEVENTH.</a></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span class="smcap">Negative or Positive Gospel</span></td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#Page_76">76</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="#CHAPTER_EIGHTH">CHAPTER EIGHTH.</a></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span class="smcap">The True Story of Lotte Bauer</span></td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#Page_88">88</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="#CHAPTER_NINTH">CHAPTER NINTH.</a></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span class="smcap">The Evolution of a Jacket</span></td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#Page_100">100</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="#CHAPTER_TENTH">CHAPTER TENTH.</a></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span class="smcap">Between the Rivers</span></td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#Page_113">113</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="#CHAPTER_ELEVENTH">CHAPTER ELEVENTH.</a></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span class="smcap">Under the Bridge and Beyond</span></td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#Page_126">126</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="#CHAPTER_TWELFTH">CHAPTER TWELFTH.</a></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span class="smcap">One of the Fur-Sewers</span></td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#Page_139">139</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="#CHAPTER_THIRTEENTH">CHAPTER THIRTEENTH.</a></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span class="smcap">Some Difficulties of an Employer Who Experimented</span></td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#Page_150">150</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="#CHAPTER_FOURTEENTH">CHAPTER FOURTEENTH.</a></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span class="smcap">The Widow Maloney’s Boarders</span></td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#Page_160">160</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="#CHAPTER_FIFTEENTH">CHAPTER FIFTEENTH.</a></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span class="smcap">Among the Shop-Girls</span></td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#Page_173">173</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="#CHAPTER_SIXTEENTH">CHAPTER SIXTEENTH.</a></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span class="smcap">Two Hospital Beds</span></td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#Page_186">186</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_v">[Pg v]</a></span><a href="#CHAPTER_SEVENTEENTH">CHAPTER SEVENTEENTH.</a></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span class="smcap">Child-Workers in New York</span></td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#Page_199">199</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="#CHAPTER_EIGHTEENTH">CHAPTER EIGHTEENTH.</a></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span class="smcap">Steady Trades and their Outlook</span></td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#Page_210">210</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="#CHAPTER_NINETEENTH">CHAPTER NINETEENTH.</a></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span class="smcap">Domestic Service and its Problems</span></td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#Page_221">221</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="#CHAPTER_TWENTIETH">CHAPTER TWENTIETH.</a></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span class="smcap">More Problems of Domestic Service</span></td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#Page_233">233</a></td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="#CHAPTER_TWENTY-FIRST">CHAPTER TWENTY-FIRST.</a></td><td></td></tr> +<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span class="smcap">End and Beginning</span></td><td style="text-align: right;"><a href="#Page_244">244</a></td></tr></table> + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_vi">[Pg vi]</a></span></p> <p> </p><p> </p> -<hr style="width: 50%;" /> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span></p> +<hr style="width: 50%;"> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span></p> <h2>PRISONERS OF POVERTY.</h2> <p> </p> -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_FIRST" id="CHAPTER_FIRST"></a>CHAPTER FIRST.</h2> +<h2><a id="CHAPTER_FIRST"></a>CHAPTER FIRST.</h2> <h3>WORKER AND TRADE.</h3> <p> </p> @@ -260,7 +230,7 @@ portion of work as had been given untrammelled. The routine of the day demanded certain offices; but how these offices should be most easily fulfilled was no concern of master or mistress, who required simply fulfilment, and wasted no time on consideration of methods. In the homes -of Pompeii, once more open to the sun,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> are the underground rooms where +of Pompeii, once more open to the sun,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> are the underground rooms where wretched men and women bowed under the weight of fetters, whose corrosion was not only in weary flesh, but in the no less weary soul; and Rome itself can still show the same remnants of long-forgotten wrong @@ -284,7 +254,7 @@ of men is met and fulfilled.</p> permanent form in brick and mortar? Never since time began has charity been on so magnificent a scale; never has it been so intelligent, so far-seeing. No saints of the past were ever more vowed to good works -than these<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span> uncanonized saints of to-day who give their lives to the +than these<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span> uncanonized saints of to-day who give their lives to the poor and count them well lost. Shame on man or woman who questions the beautiful work or dares hint that under this fair surface rottenness and all foulness still seethe and simmer!”</p> @@ -308,7 +278,7 @@ What I write will be no fanciful picture of the hedged-in lives the conditions of which I began, many years ago, to study. If names are withheld, and localities not always indicated, it is not because they are not recorded in full, ready for reference or any required -corroboration. Where the facts make<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> against the worker, they are given +corroboration. Where the facts make<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> against the worker, they are given with as minute detail as where they make against the employer. The one aim in the investigation has been and is to tell the truth simply, directly, and in full, leaving it for the reader to determine what share @@ -331,7 +301,7 @@ of the same nature have been made at other points, notably Boston, in the work of Mr. Carroll D. Wright, one of the most widely known of our statisticians. But neither Boston nor any other city of the United States offers the same facilities or gives as varied a range of -employment<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> as is to be found in New York, where grinding poverty and +employment<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> as is to be found in New York, where grinding poverty and fabulous wealth walk side by side, and where the “life limit” in wages was established long before modern political economy had made the phrase current. This number does not include domestic servants, but is limited @@ -353,7 +323,7 @@ thing about the doing of which there can be no doubt or difficulty, is the one most overcrowded, most underpaid, and with its scale of payments lessening year by year. The girl too ignorant to reckon figures, too dull-witted to learn by observation, takes refuge in sewing in some of -its many forms as the one thing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> possible to all grades of intelligence; +its many forms as the one thing<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> possible to all grades of intelligence; and the woman with drunken or otherwise vicious husband, more helpless often than the widow who turns in the same direction, seeks the same sources of employment. If respectably dressed and able to furnish some @@ -376,7 +346,7 @@ starvation point; (3) contract work done in prisons or reformatories brings about the same result; and (4) she is underbid from still another quarter, that of the country woman who takes the work at any price offered.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span>These conditions govern the character and quality of the work obtained, +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span>These conditions govern the character and quality of the work obtained, even the best firms being somewhat affected by the last two clauses. And in every trade there may always be found three distinct classes of employers: the west-side firms, which in many cases care for their @@ -397,7 +367,7 @@ the shirt-maker fares far better than the majority of the workers on any other form of clothing. This always, however, if she is fortunate enough to have direct relation with some large factory, or with an establishment which gives out the work directly into the hands of the -women themselves. Given these conditions, it is possible for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> a +women themselves. Given these conditions, it is possible for<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> a first-class operator to make from seven to twelve dollars per week, the latter sum being certain only in the factories where steam is the motive power and where experience has given the utmost facility in handling the @@ -418,7 +388,7 @@ clothing trade, was never marked enough here to produce discharges or materially lessen production. The wages averaged seven dollars per week, though the laundry women and finishers seldom exceeded five. No middle-men were employed, and none of the customary exactions in the way -of fines and other impositions were practised. Piece-work was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> regarded +of fines and other impositions were practised. Piece-work was<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> regarded as the only secure method for both employer and employed, as in such case it rested with the girl herself to make the highest or the lowest rate at pleasure. There were no holidays beyond the legal ones, but all @@ -441,7 +411,7 @@ ventilation, offensive odors, facilities for washing, quality of drinking water, position of water-closets, length of time allowed for lunch, length of working day, etc. Here the quality of the work was lower, material, thread, and sewing being all of an order to be expected -from the price of the completed garment,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> ranging from forty to sixty +from the price of the completed garment,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> ranging from forty to sixty cents. The wages, however, did not fall so far below the average as might be expected, the operator earning from five to eight dollars a week during the busy season. But the greater number of manufacturers on @@ -463,7 +433,7 @@ sake of pin-money, which is expended in dress. Now and then it is a case of want, and often that of a woman who, failing to make her husband see that she has any right to an actual cash share in what the work of her own hands has helped to earn, turns to this as the only method of -securing some slight<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> personal income. But for the most part, it is only +securing some slight<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> personal income. But for the most part, it is only for pin-money; and no argument could convince these earners that their work is in any degree illegitimate or fraught with saddest consequences to those who, because of it, receive just so much the less. Nor would it @@ -488,9 +458,9 @@ the worker.</p> <p> </p><p> </p> -<hr style="width: 50%;" /> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span></p> -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_SECOND" id="CHAPTER_SECOND"></a>CHAPTER SECOND.</h2> +<hr style="width: 50%;"> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span></p> +<h2><a id="CHAPTER_SECOND"></a>CHAPTER SECOND.</h2> <h3>THE CASE OF ROSE HAGGERTY.</h3> <p> </p> @@ -509,7 +479,7 @@ unexpected power and meeting with the same success as the first class; (3) those who have known no other life but that of work, and who accept that to which they most incline with neither energy nor ability enough to rise beyond a certain level; and (4) those who would not work at all -save for the pressure of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> poverty, and who make no effort to gain more +save for the pressure of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> poverty, and who make no effort to gain more knowledge or to improve conditions. But the ebb and flow in this great sea of toiling humanity wipes out all dividing lines, and each class so shades into the next that formal division becomes impossible, but is @@ -532,7 +502,7 @@ Haggertys remaining from the brood of twelve.</p> overnight he’d sell his soul by the time mornin’ comes for even a thimbleful, he’s got jist to go to destruction, an’ there’s no sthoppin’ him. An’ I’ve small call to be blamin’ Norah whin she comforts herself a -bit in the same manner of way,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> nor will I so long’s me name’s Dennis +bit in the same manner of way,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> nor will I so long’s me name’s Dennis Haggerty. But you, Rose, you look out an’ get any money you’ll find in me pockets, an’ keep the children straight, an’ all the saints’ll see you through the job.”</p> @@ -554,7 +524,7 @@ when she saw the first symptoms of another debauch, to bundle every wearable thing together and take them and all small properties to the old shoemaker on the first floor, where they remained in hiding till it was safe to produce them again. She had learned this and many another -method before the fever which suddenly appeared in early spring took<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> +method before the fever which suddenly appeared in early spring took<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> not only her father and mother, but the small Dennis whose career as newsboy had been her pride and delight, and who had been relied upon as half at least of their future dependence. There remained, then, Norah, @@ -577,7 +547,7 @@ their rags of clothes, and brought such order as she could into the forlorn room.</p> <p>It was the old shoemaker, a patient, sad-eyed old Scotchman, who also -had his story, who settled for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> her at last that a machine must be had +had his story, who settled for<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> her at last that a machine must be had in order that she might work at home. The woman in the room back of his took in shirts from a manufacturer on Division Street, and made often seven and eight dollars a week. She was ready to teach, and in two or @@ -598,7 +568,7 @@ ignorance,—a poor possession at best. It was an ingrained repulsion, born Heaven knows how, and growing as mysteriously with her growth, an invisible yet most potent armor, recognized by every dweller in the swarming tenement. She had her father’s quick tongue and laughing eyes, -but<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> they could flash as well, and the few who tried a coarse jest +but<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> they could flash as well, and the few who tried a coarse jest shrunk back from both look and scorching word.</p> <p>Thus far all went well with the poor little fortunes. She worked always @@ -620,7 +590,7 @@ and twenty-five cents. Making nine a day, the week’s wages would be for the four dozen and a half $7.87, or $7.50 deducting thread; but Rose averaged five dozen weekly, and for nearly two years counted herself as certain of not less than thirty dollars per month and often thirty-five. -The machine had been<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> paid for. The room took on as comfortable a look +The machine had been<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> paid for. The room took on as comfortable a look as its dingy walls and narrow windows would allow; and Bridget, age five, had developed distinct genius for housekeeping, and washed dishes and faces with equal energy and enthusiasm. She did all errands also, @@ -647,7 +617,7 @@ expressage, a charge paid by the workers themselves.</p> <p>There were signs well known to the old hands of a probable reduction of prices, weeks before the first cut came. More fault was found. A slipped -stitch<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> or a break in the thread was pounced upon with even more +stitch<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> or a break in the thread was pounced upon with even more promptness than had been their usual portion. Some hands were discharged, and at last came the general cut, resented by some, wailed over by all, but accepted as inevitable. Another, and another, and @@ -668,7 +638,7 @@ dozen to the worker being at last from fifty to sixty cents. In the factories it was still possible to earn some approximation to the old rate, but employers had found that it was far cheaper to give out the work; some choosing to give the entire shirt at so much per dozen; -others preferring to send out what<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> is known as “team work,” flaps being +others preferring to send out what<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> is known as “team work,” flaps being done by one, bosoms by another, and so on.</p> <p>For a time Rose hemmed shirt-flaps at four cents a dozen, then took @@ -692,7 +662,7 @@ troubles in stale beer from the bucket-shop below.</p> be comfortable enough,” they said to her, but Rose shook her head.</p> <p>“I’ve mothered ’em so far, and I’ll see ’em through,” she said, “but the -saints only knows how.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> If I can’t do it by honest work, there’s one way +saints only knows how.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> If I can’t do it by honest work, there’s one way left that’s sure, an’ I’ll try that.”</p> <p>There came a Saturday night when she took her bundle of work, shirts @@ -719,7 +689,7 @@ the place, and in a moment half the band had been ripped.</p> <p>“Take it if you like,” he said indifferently, “but there’s no pay for that kind o’ work.”</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span>He had counted her money as he spoke, and Rose cried out as she saw the sum.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span>He had counted her money as he spoke, and Rose cried out as she saw the sum.</p> <p>“Do you mean you’ll cheat me of the whole dozen because half an inch on one is gone wrong?”</p> @@ -747,7 +717,7 @@ moment. Then she took his arm and walked with him toward Roosevelt Street.</p> <p>It might be dishonor, but it was certainly food and warmth for the -children, and what did it matter?<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> She had fought her fight for twenty +children, and what did it matter?<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> She had fought her fight for twenty years, and it had been a vain struggle. She took his money when morning came, and went home with the look that is on her face to-day.</p> @@ -765,9 +735,9 @@ driven, or them that drove me to the pass I’m in.”</p> <p> </p><p> </p> -<hr style="width: 50%;" /> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span></p> -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_THIRD" id="CHAPTER_THIRD"></a>CHAPTER THIRD.</h2> +<hr style="width: 50%;"> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span></p> +<h2><a id="CHAPTER_THIRD"></a>CHAPTER THIRD.</h2> <h3>SOME METHODS OF A PROSPEROUS FIRM.</h3> <p> </p> @@ -791,7 +761,7 @@ elegance on as small an expenditure of money. Bargains abound, and there is small excuse for dowdiness. The American woman is fast taking her place as the best-dressed woman in the civilized world.”</p></div> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span>Believing very ardently that the right of every woman born includes not +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span>Believing very ardently that the right of every woman born includes not only “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness,” but beauty also, it being one chief end of woman to include in her own personality all beauty attainable by reasonable means, I am in heartiest agreement with @@ -813,7 +783,7 @@ children at their knees, crying for more bread, or, silent from long weakness, looking with blank eyes at the flying needle, these women toil on, twelve, fourteen, sixteen hours even, before the fixed task is done. The slice of baker’s bread and the bowl of rank black tea, boiled to -extract every possibility of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> strength, are taken, still at the machine. +extract every possibility of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> strength, are taken, still at the machine. It is easier to sit there than in rising and movement to find what weariness is in every limb. There is always a child old enough to boil the kettle and run for a loaf of bread; and all share the tea, which @@ -836,7 +806,7 @@ accidents that are born of drunkenness, but there are other methods arising from the same greed that underlies most modern civilization. The enormous proportion of accidents, which, if not killing instantly, imply long disability and often death as the final result, come nine tenths of -the time from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> criminal disregard of any ordinary means of protecting +the time from<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> criminal disregard of any ordinary means of protecting machinery. One great corporation, owning thousands of miles of railroad, saw eight hundred men disabled in greater or less degree in one year, and still refused to adopt a method of coupling cars which would have @@ -859,7 +829,7 @@ one more widow to swell the number. It is of such men that a sturdy thinker wrote last year, “Man is a self-damnable animal,” and it is on such men that the curse of the worker lies heaviest. That they exist at all is hardly credited by the multitude who believe that, for this -country<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> at least, oppression and outrage are only names. That they +country<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> at least, oppression and outrage are only names. That they exist in numbers will be instantly denied; yet to one who has heard the testimony given by weeping women, and confirmed by the reluctant admissions of employers themselves, there comes belief that no words can @@ -883,7 +853,7 @@ look at your men as men,” said an impatient iron-worker not long ago. “They are simply so much producing power. I don’t propose to abuse them, but I’ve no time even to remember their faces, much less their names.”</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span>Precisely on this principle reasons the employer of women, who are even +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span>Precisely on this principle reasons the employer of women, who are even less to be regarded as personalities than men. For the latter, once a year at least the employer becomes conscious of the fact that these masses of “so much producing power” are resolvable into votes, and on @@ -905,7 +875,7 @@ in always-increasing ratio.</p> <p>In the early years of their existence as a firm they manufactured on the premises, but, like many other firms, found that it was a very -unnecessary<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> expense. A roof over the heads of a hundred or more women, +unnecessary<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> expense. A roof over the heads of a hundred or more women, with space for their machines, meant not less than twenty-five hundred dollars a year to be deducted from the profits. Even floors in some cheaper quarter were still an expense to be avoided if possible. The @@ -931,7 +901,7 @@ you don’t like the arrangement there are plenty waiting that it will suit well enough.”</p> <p>Plenty waiting! How well they knew it, and always more and more as the -ships came in, and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> great tide of “producing power” flowed through +ships came in, and the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> great tide of “producing power” flowed through Castle Garden, and stood, always at high-water mark, in the wards where cheap labor may be found. Plenty waiting; and these women who could not wait went home and turned over their small store of pennies for the @@ -955,7 +925,7 @@ the little widow said bitterly. “For my part, I begin to believe women are born fools, but I’ll see what I can do.”</p> <p>This “seeing” involved earning a dollar or two less for the week, but -the cheat seemed so despicable<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> a one that indignation made her +the cheat seemed so despicable<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> a one that indignation made her reckless, and she went to the woman who had first directed her to the firm and had been in its employ almost from the beginning.</p> @@ -980,7 +950,7 @@ capital. Hitherto payments had been made at the desk when work was brought in, but now checks were given on a Bowery bank, and the women must walk over in heat and storm alike, and wait their turn in the long line on the benches. If paid by the week this would make little -difference, as any loss of time would be the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span> employers’, but this form +difference, as any loss of time would be the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span> employers’, but this form of payment is practically abolished, piece-work done at home meaning the utmost amount of profit to the employer, every loss in time being paid by the workers themselves. When questioned as to why the check system of @@ -1005,7 +975,7 @@ information, but in most, questions are answered with suspicious glibness, and if reference is made to any difficulties encountered by the women in their employ, they take instant refuge in the statement:—</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span>“Oh, that was before the last foreman left. We discharged him as soon as +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span>“Oh, that was before the last foreman left. We discharged him as soon as we found out how he had served the women.”</p> <p>“Do you see those goods?” another asked, pointing to a counter filled @@ -1029,19 +999,19 @@ two-hundred-yard spools of cotton are required, at twenty-five cents per dozen, or eight cents per dozen garments. The seamer who sews up and hems the bodies of the garments receives thirty cents a dozen, and the “maker”—this being the technical term for the more experienced worker -who puts on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span> band and sleeves—receives from ninety cents to one dollar +who puts on<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span> band and sleeves—receives from ninety cents to one dollar a dozen, though at present the rates run from seventy-five to ninety cents. Our table, then, stands as follows:—</p> -<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="table"> -<tr><td>Cloth for one dozen chemises</td><td><span class="spacer"> </span></td><td align="right">$1.40</td></tr> -<tr><td>Edging <span class="spacer"> </span>"<span class="spacer"> </span><span class="spacer"> </span>"</td><td> </td><td align="right">1.35</td></tr> -<tr><td>Thread <span class="spacer"> </span>"<span class="spacer"> </span><span class="spacer"> </span>"</td><td> </td><td align="right">.08</td></tr> -<tr><td>Seamer<span class="spacer"> </span>"<span class="spacer"> </span><span class="spacer"> </span>"</td><td> </td><td align="right">.30</td></tr> -<tr><td>Maker <span class="spacer"> </span>"<span class="spacer"> </span><span class="spacer"> </span>"</td><td> </td><td class="bb" align="right">.90</td></tr> -<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Total cost of dozen</span></td><td> </td><td align="right">$4.03</td></tr> -<tr><td>Wholesale price per dozen</td><td> </td><td align="right">5.25</td></tr> -<tr><td>Profit per dozen</td><td> </td><td align="right">1.22</td></tr></table> +<table style="border: none; padding: 0px; border-spacing: 0px;"> +<tr><td>Cloth for one dozen chemises</td><td><span class="spacer"> </span></td><td style="text-align: right;">$1.40</td></tr> +<tr><td>Edging <span class="spacer"> </span>"<span class="spacer"> </span><span class="spacer"> </span>"</td><td> </td><td style="text-align: right;">1.35</td></tr> +<tr><td>Thread <span class="spacer"> </span>"<span class="spacer"> </span><span class="spacer"> </span>"</td><td> </td><td style="text-align: right;">.08</td></tr> +<tr><td>Seamer<span class="spacer"> </span>"<span class="spacer"> </span><span class="spacer"> </span>"</td><td> </td><td style="text-align: right;">.30</td></tr> +<tr><td>Maker <span class="spacer"> </span>"<span class="spacer"> </span><span class="spacer"> </span>"</td><td> </td><td style="text-align: right;">.90</td></tr> +<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Total cost of dozen</span></td><td> </td><td style="text-align: right;">$4.03</td></tr> +<tr><td>Wholesale price per dozen</td><td> </td><td style="text-align: right;">5.25</td></tr> +<tr><td>Profit per dozen</td><td> </td><td style="text-align: right;">1.22</td></tr></table> <p>The chemise which sells at seven dollars per dozen has the additional value in quality of cloth and edging, the same price being paid the @@ -1057,7 +1027,7 @@ if the question frame itself: “Why am I the maker of this thing, earning barest living, when, if I choose, I, too, can be buyer and wearer and live at ease?”</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span>Wonder rather +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span>Wonder rather that one remains honest when the only thing that pays is vice.</p> <p>For the garments of lowest grade to be found in the cheapest quarters of @@ -1077,9 +1047,9 @@ is on his side, never on the side of the worker.</p> <p> </p><p> </p> -<hr style="width: 50%;" /> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span></p> -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_FOURTH" id="CHAPTER_FOURTH"></a>CHAPTER FOURTH.</h2> +<hr style="width: 50%;"> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span></p> +<h2><a id="CHAPTER_FOURTH"></a>CHAPTER FOURTH.</h2> <h3>THE BARGAIN COUNTER.</h3> <p> </p> @@ -1098,7 +1068,7 @@ workers themselves, released for a time it may be by marriage, but taking up the trade again, either from choice or necessity. They have learned every possibility of cheating. They know also far better than men every possibility of nagging, and as they usually own a few machines -they<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> employ women on their own premises and keep a watchful eye lest +they<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> employ women on their own premises and keep a watchful eye lest the smallest advantage be gained. The majority prefer to act as “sweaters,” this releasing them from the uncertainties attending the wholesale manufacturer, and as the work is given to them at prices at or @@ -1121,7 +1091,7 @@ conceivable to the honest mind that cheating has wonderful staying power, and that not one nor a thousand exposures will turn into straight paths feet used to crooked ones. And when a business man, born to all good things and owning a name known as the synonyme of the best the -Republic offers to-day, states calmly, “There is no such thing as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> +Republic offers to-day, states calmly, “There is no such thing as<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> business without lying,” what room remains for honor or justice or humanity among men whose theory is the same, and who can gild it with no advantage of birth or training? It is a wonderful century, and we are @@ -1145,7 +1115,7 @@ poor beyond any possibility in those who have never known cold and hunger and rags save as uncomfortable terms used too freely by injudicious agitators. Like many another popular belief the groundwork is in the believer’s own mind, and has its most tangible existence in -story-books.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> There are isolated cases always of self-sacrifice and +story-books.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> There are isolated cases always of self-sacrifice and compassion and all gentle virtues, but long experience goes to show that if too great comfort is deadening, too little is brutalizing, and that pity dies in the soul of man or woman to whom no pity has been shown. It @@ -1167,7 +1137,7 @@ methods of obtaining hands are fraudulent, and who advertise for “girls to learn the trade,” with no intention of retaining them beyond the time in which they remain content to work without pay. There are a thousand methods of evasion, even when the law faces them and the victim has made -formal <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span>complaint. As a rule she is too ignorant and too timid for +formal <span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span>complaint. As a rule she is too ignorant and too timid for complaint or anything but abject submission, and this fact is relied upon as certain foundation for success. But, if determined enough, the woman has some redress in her power. Within a few years, after long and @@ -1189,7 +1159,7 @@ illustration of the difficulty of circumventing a woman bent upon cheating.</p> <p>A firm, a large proportion of whose goods are manufactured in this -manner, can well afford to stock the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> bargain counters of popular +manner, can well afford to stock the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> bargain counters of popular stores. They can afford also to lose slightly by work imperfectly done, though, even with learners, this is in smaller proportion than might be supposed. The girl who comes in answer to their advertisement is anxious @@ -1211,7 +1181,7 @@ has conducted a successful business built upon continuous fraud. She is a manufacturer of underwear, and the singular fact is that she has certain regular employees who have been with her from the beginning, and who, while apparently unconscious of her methods, are practically -partners in the fraud. She is a woman of good<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> presence and address, and +partners in the fraud. She is a woman of good<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> presence and address, and one to whom girls submit unquestioningly, contending, even in court, that she never meant to cheat them; and it is still an open question with those who know her best how far she herself recognizes the fraud in @@ -1232,7 +1202,7 @@ yet framed covers any ground that she has chosen as her own. Her prototypes are to be found in every trade open to women, and their numbers grow with the growth of the great city and strengthen in like proportion. The story of one is practically the story of all. Popularly -supposed to be a method of trickery confined chiefly to Jews,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> +supposed to be a method of trickery confined chiefly to Jews,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> investigation shows that Americans must share the odium in almost as great degree, and that the long list includes every nationality known to trade.</p> @@ -1255,7 +1225,7 @@ bearing a Jewish name had contracted to do the same work at eighty cents a dozen, and all other underwear in the same proportions. Steam had taken the place of foot-power, and the women must find employment with firms who were willing to keep to slower methods. Necessarily these are -an always lessening minority. Competition in this race for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span> wealth +an always lessening minority. Competition in this race for<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span> wealth crushes out every possibility of thought for the worker save as so much producing power, and what hand and foot cannot do steam must. In several cases in this special manufacture the factories have been transferred to @@ -1279,7 +1249,7 @@ thing. Lord help the women then, for there’ll be no help in man!”</p <p>“Suppose co-operation were tried? What would be the effect?”</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span>“No effect, because there isn’t confidence enough anywhere to make men +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span>“No effect, because there isn’t confidence enough anywhere to make men dare a co-operative scheme. Even the workers would distrust it, and a sharp business man laughs in your face if you mention the word. It doesn’t suit American notions. It might be a good thing if there were @@ -1303,7 +1273,7 @@ competitive system. And as he went, there came to me words spoken by one of the workers, in whose life hope was dead, and who also had her theory of any future under to-day’s conditions:—</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span>“I’ve worked eleven years. I’ve tried five trades with my needle and +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span>“I’ve worked eleven years. I’ve tried five trades with my needle and machine. My shortest day has been fourteen hours, for I had the children and they had to be fed. There’s not one of these trades that I don’t know well. It isn’t work that I’ve any trouble in getting. It’s wages. @@ -1323,7 +1293,7 @@ from going crazy many a time by saying it was His world and that somehow it must all come right in the end. But I don’t believe it any more. He’s forgotten. There’s nothing left but men that live to grind the face of the poor; that chuckle when they find a new way of making a cent or two -more a week out of starving women and children. I never<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> thought I +more a week out of starving women and children. I never<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> thought I should feel so; I don’t know myself; but I tell you I’m ready for murder when I think of these men. If there’s no justice above, it isn’t quite dead below; and if men with money will not heed, the men and the women @@ -1339,9 +1309,9 @@ between no words have spanned, and it widens day by day.</p> <p> </p><p> </p> -<hr style="width: 50%;" /> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span></p> -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_FIFTH" id="CHAPTER_FIFTH"></a>CHAPTER FIFTH.</h2> +<hr style="width: 50%;"> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span></p> +<h2><a id="CHAPTER_FIFTH"></a>CHAPTER FIFTH.</h2> <h3>A FASHIONABLE DRESSMAKER.</h3> <p> </p> @@ -1362,7 +1332,7 @@ more mysterious. For it was within sight of Broadway, on one of the best-known side streets near Union Square, where business signs were few and of the most decorous order, and where before one door, bearing the name of one of the best-known fashionable dressmakers, a line of -carriages stood each day during the busy season. A<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> name hardly less +carriages stood each day during the busy season. A<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> name hardly less known was on the door-plate of the great house before which she sat, and which still bore every mark of prosperous ownership, while from one of the windows looked the elaborately dressed head of Madame herself, the @@ -1387,7 +1357,7 @@ paused on the first step with a glance of curiosity at the little group.</p> said, as she rose from the steps and laid her hand detainingly on the hurrying figure.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span>“Yes,” the girl answered hesitatingly, pulling away from the hand that held.</p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span>“Yes,” the girl answered hesitatingly, pulling away from the hand that held.</p> <p>“Then, unless you’ve got anything else to do and like to give your time and strength for naught, keep away. You’ll get no wages, no matter @@ -1411,7 +1381,7 @@ significant movement, which indicated that bribery was as possible for one sex as for the other. “The law’ll straighten out anything that you’ve a mind to have it.”</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span>“The law! Lord help them that think the law is going to see them +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span>“The law! Lord help them that think the law is going to see them through,” the small woman said, with a fierceness that made the big policeman start and lay his hand on his club. “What’s the law worth when it can’t give to you one dollar of two hundred and eight that’s owed; @@ -1433,7 +1403,7 @@ hinder it.”</p> <p>The policeman had moved away before the words ended, the stout gentleman having descended the steps for a moment, and stood in a position which rendered his little transaction feasible and almost invisible. He -beckoned to me as the small woman<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span> sat down again on the steps, and I +beckoned to me as the small woman<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span> sat down again on the steps, and I followed him into the vestibule.</p> <p>“You’re interested, my dear madam,” he said. “You’re interested, and you @@ -1456,7 +1426,7 @@ this to a hundred or more, and as her three children were still small and her husband an undiscoverable factor, it became an interesting question to know where she placed the profits which, even when lessened by non-paying customers, could never be anything but great. Madame, -however, had been<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span> too keen even for the sharp-witted lawyer of the +however, had been<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span> too keen even for the sharp-witted lawyer of the Protective Union, whose utmost efforts only disclosed the fact that she was the probable backer of a manufacturer whose factory and farm were on Long Island, and whose business capacity had till within a few years @@ -1477,7 +1447,7 @@ skirt-hands receiving from seven to nine dollars a week and waist-hands from ten to fifteen. In the case of stores this latter class make from eighteen to forty dollars per week, and often accumulate enough capital to start in business for themselves. But a skirt-hand like Mary M—— -seldom passes on to anything higher, and counts herself well paid if<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span> +seldom passes on to anything higher, and counts herself well paid if<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span> her week of sixty hours brings her nine dollars, not daring to grumble seriously if it falls to seven or even six. On the east side the same work must be done for from four to six dollars a week, the latter sum @@ -1500,7 +1470,7 @@ her place had been filled; and she wandered from store to store seeking employment, doing such odd jobs as were found at intervals, and powerless to recover the lost ground.</p> -<p>“It was like heaven to me,” she said, “when my<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span> friend came back to the +<p>“It was like heaven to me,” she said, “when my<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span> friend came back to the city and got me that place as skirt-hand at Madame M——’s. I was so far gone I had even thought of the river, and said to myself it might be the easiest way out. You can’t help but like Madame, for she’s @@ -1521,7 +1491,7 @@ Jenny’s feet were on the ground and she hadn’t a stitch of warm underclothes, and she took a cold in December, and by January it had tight hold of her. I went to Madame myself then, and begged her to pay Jenny if it wasn’t but a little, and she cried and said if she could -only raise the money she would.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span> She didn’t; and by and by I went again, +only raise the money she would.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span> She didn’t; and by and by I went again, and then she turned ugly. I looked at her dumfounded when she spoke her real mind and said if we didn’t like it we could leave; there were plenty of others. I wouldn’t believe my ears even, and said to myself @@ -1543,7 +1513,7 @@ whether they get what they’ve earned. I’ve got work at home now. It don’t matter so much to me; but I’m a committee to attend to this thing, and I’ll find out every fraud in New York that I can. I’ve got nine names now,—three of ’em regular fashionables on the west side, and six -of ’em<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> following their example hard as they can on the east; and a +of ’em<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> following their example hard as they can on the east; and a friend of mine has printed, in large letters, ‘Beware of’ at the head of a slip, and I add names as fast as I get them, and every girl that comes in my way I warn against them. Do much good? No. They’ll get all the @@ -1566,7 +1536,7 @@ prices and wages are always at the lowest ebb, the girls who have used all their strength in overwork during the busy season of spring and fall must seek employment in cigar factories or in anything that offers in the intermediate time, the wages giving no margin for savings which -might aid<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span> in tiding over such periods. The dressmaker herself is often +might aid<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span> in tiding over such periods. The dressmaker herself is often a sufferer, conscienceless customers abounding, who pay for the work of one season only when anxious for that of the next. Often it is mere carelessness,—the recklessness which seems to make up the method of @@ -1592,9 +1562,9 @@ difficulties of the employer being reserved for the same occasion.</p> <p> </p><p> </p> -<hr style="width: 50%;" /> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span></p> -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_SIXTH" id="CHAPTER_SIXTH"></a>CHAPTER SIXTH.</h2> +<hr style="width: 50%;"> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span></p> +<h2><a id="CHAPTER_SIXTH"></a>CHAPTER SIXTH.</h2> <h3>MORE METHODS OF PROSPEROUS FIRMS.</h3> <p> </p> @@ -1614,7 +1584,7 @@ which his eyes are set from the beginning. Only in like power is any satisfaction to be found. Any result below this high-water mark can be counted little else than failure.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span>To this end, then, toils the employer of every grade, bringing every +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span>To this end, then, toils the employer of every grade, bringing every faculty to bear on the lessening of waste, whether in material or time; the conservation of every force working in line with his purpose. Naturally, the same effect is produced as that mentioned in a previous @@ -1637,7 +1607,7 @@ can’t do that with the choicest materials, and so we make it up in other directions. You would have to go into business yourself to understand just how we are driven.”</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span>“Suppose you refused to be driven? A firm of your standing must have +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span>“Suppose you refused to be driven? A firm of your standing must have matters a good deal in its own hands. Suppose—”</p> <p>“Suppose!” The manager threw out his hands in a gesture more full of @@ -1665,7 +1635,7 @@ dwindling with every year.”</p> <p>“Simply another form of robbery. We have investigated the history of co-operation, and it does not appear to affiliate with our institutions. -The <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span>lamentable failure of the Co-operative Dress Association ought to +The <span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span>lamentable failure of the Co-operative Dress Association ought to be the answer to that suggestion. No, madam. There is no profit in suits, or in any form of made-up clothing for ladies’ wear, if it is done on the premises. You have to turn it over to the wholesale @@ -1688,7 +1658,7 @@ a less pretentious establishment, has not yet been found to exist.</p> from thirty to fifty dollars a week, give that guarantee of style and elegance which is inherent in everything bearing the stamp of the firm. Experts run the machines in the sewing-machine room, being paid by the -day at the rate of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span> from six to eight dollars per week in the busy +day at the rate of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span> from six to eight dollars per week in the busy season. The buttonholes are made by women who do nothing else, and who are paid by the dozen, earning from five to seven dollars weekly. All stitched seams are done in the machine-room, and the dress passes from @@ -1711,7 +1681,7 @@ the superintendent to give out another piece of work which might fill this vacant time, and the girls dare not state their case to the employer. No member of the firm enters the work-rooms. Reports are made by the superintendent of the department, and the firm remains content -with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span> knowing that it has provided every comfort for its employees. +with<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span> knowing that it has provided every comfort for its employees. Complaint would insure discharge, and if a girl hints that she cannot live on five dollars a week the answer has been for the years during which the present superintendent has held the place, always the same:—</p> @@ -1735,7 +1705,7 @@ wage.</p> <p>In other large establishments on both sides of the city methods are much the same, with merely slight variations as to comfort of quarters, time -for lunch,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span> sanitary conditions, etc. But in all alike, the +for lunch,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span> sanitary conditions, etc. But in all alike, the indispensable, but always very helpless, sewing-girl appears to be one of the chief sources of profit, and to have small capacity and no opportunity for improving her condition. Even where the work comes from @@ -1757,7 +1727,7 @@ first floor,—five stories, and suits of every kind. The rooms are all crowded, and they give out piece-work, but they’ve managed it so that we all earn about alike. When the rush of the fall and spring season is over they do white work and flannel skirts and such things, and a great -many<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span> are discharged in the lull. But go where you will, up-town or +many<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span> are discharged in the lull. But go where you will, up-town or down, it doesn’t seem to matter how well you can turn off the work or how long you have been at it. They all say, if we ask for better pay, ‘It can’t be had as long as there is such competition. We’re losing @@ -1784,7 +1754,7 @@ it’s more independent as I am. Maybe things will be better by and by.̶ <p>There is no obstinacy like the obstinacy of deep-seated prejudice, and this exists to a bewildering degree among these workers, who, for some -inscrutable reason, seem filled with the conviction that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span> private employ +inscrutable reason, seem filled with the conviction that<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span> private employ of any nature whatever is inevitably a despotism filled with unknown horrors. There appears to be also a certain <i>esprit du corps</i> that holds sustaining power. The girl likes to speak of herself as one of such and @@ -1808,7 +1778,7 @@ easier for all of you?”</p> ten for each one of us that was turned off. Women come there by the hundred. That’s what they say to me in our firm: ‘What’s the use of fussing when here are dozens waiting to take your place?’ There isn’t -any use.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> They say now that it is the dull season, and they’ve put our +any use.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> They say now that it is the dull season, and they’ve put our room on flannel skirts; two tucks and a hem, and a muslin yoke that has to be gone round four times with the stitching. One day I made ten, but nine is all one can do without nearly killing themselves, and they pay @@ -1828,9 +1798,9 @@ for and against it having no place at this stage of the investigation.</p> <p> </p><p> </p> -<hr style="width: 50%;" /> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span></p> -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_SEVENTH" id="CHAPTER_SEVENTH"></a>CHAPTER SEVENTH.</h2> +<hr style="width: 50%;"> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span></p> +<h2><a id="CHAPTER_SEVENTH"></a>CHAPTER SEVENTH.</h2> <h3>NEGATIVE OR POSITIVE GOSPEL.</h3> <p> </p> @@ -1848,7 +1818,7 @@ dainty stitching and ornamentation of the cheaper shop-work. It is work that many women love, and, if living wages could be had, would do contentedly from year to year. Of their ignorance and blindness, and the mysterious possession they call pride, and the many stupidities on which -their small lives are founded, there is much to be said,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> when these +their small lives are founded, there is much to be said,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> when these papers have done their first and most essential work of showing conditions as they are;—as they are, and not as the disciples of <i>laissez faire</i> would have us to believe they are.</p> @@ -1875,7 +1845,7 @@ the pauperism of which you heard so much in the late campaign exists only in the minds of the Georgeites. The picture drawn of New York’s misery is over-colored, and its inspiration is in the distorted imaginations of the George fanatics.... The rum-holes are -the cause of all the misery.... I have<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span> been watching for +the cause of all the misery.... I have<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span> been watching for thirty-five years, and in all my investigations among the poor I never yet found a family borne down by poverty that did not owe its fall to rum.”</p></div> @@ -1900,7 +1870,7 @@ was forever unrecognized and unrecognizable.</p> seems the only safety for human kind; but to one who studies the question somewhat at least with the eyes of the physician, it becomes certain that no “thou shalt not” will ever give birth to either -conscience or love of goodness<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span> and purity and decent living, or any +conscience or love of goodness<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span> and purity and decent living, or any other good that man must know; and that till the Church learns this, her hold on men and women will lessen, year by year. Every fresh institution in the miles of asylums and hospitals that cover the islands of the East @@ -1923,7 +1893,7 @@ in truth and not in name, even to them it loses power at moments. To souls that sit at ease and leave to “the power that works for righteousness” the evolution of humanity from its prison of poverty and ignorance and pain, it is quite useless to speak. They have their -theory, and the present civilization contents<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span> them. But for the men and +theory, and the present civilization contents<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span> them. But for the men and women who are neither Georgeites merely, nor philanthropists merely, nor certain that any sect or creed or ism will help, but who know that the foulest man is still brother, and the wretchedest, weakest woman still @@ -1946,7 +1916,7 @@ done and is doing for New York, we know sufficiently well what Boston and Philadelphia and Chicago and all the host of lesser cities could easily tell us in detail. With the mass of poor who work chiefly to obtain money for drink, and who, with their progeny, are filling the -institutions in which we<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span> delight, we have absolutely nothing to do. It +institutions in which we<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span> delight, we have absolutely nothing to do. It is seldom from their ranks that workers are recruited. A small proportion, rescued by societies or mission schools, may be numbered among them, but the greater part are a grade above, and while perhaps @@ -1969,7 +1939,7 @@ $1.75. The same work now brings her eighty-five cents, and now and then but seventy-five. The husband was a “boss painter,” and they were comfortable, even prosperous, till the fate of his calling came upon him, and first the “drop hand,” and later blood-poisoning and -heart-disease followed. He is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span> just enough alive to care a little for +heart-disease followed. He is<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span> just enough alive to care a little for the children and to oversee the pitiful household affairs; the oldest girl, a child of seven, doing the marketing, boiling the kettle, etc., and this season going to school. They are fair-faced, gentle children, @@ -1991,7 +1961,7 @@ dozen. I can buy cotton at eighteen cents a dozen, but we have to take it from the manufacturer at twenty cents—sometimes twenty-five cents. Last week I was on corset-covers; I take whatever they send up, for I’m an old hand, and always sure of work. They were plain corset-covers, and -I got forty cents a dozen<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span> without the buttonholes. If I did them it +I got forty cents a dozen<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span> without the buttonholes. If I did them it would be five cents on every dozen, and sometimes I do. That pile in the corner is extra-size chemises. I get $1.50 a dozen for making them, and if I cord the bands, fifty cents a dozen for them. I can do seven or @@ -2013,7 +1983,7 @@ want standing room. God help us!—if there is a God; but I’ve my doub Why don’t he help, if there is one?”</p> <p>Here the average earnings were twenty-five dollars a month, the rent of -the room they occupied seven<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span> dollars, leaving eighteen dollars for +the room they occupied seven<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span> dollars, leaving eighteen dollars for food, fire, light, and clothing.</p> <p>Another disabled husband, recovering, but for many months unable to @@ -2038,7 +2008,7 @@ trade. I’m not strong, but somehow I can run the machines, and there’ nothing else. But we’re clean discouraged. It isn’t living, and we don’t know what way to turn.”</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span>In East Sixth Street, near the Bowery, Mrs. W., a widow still young and +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span>In East Sixth Street, near the Bowery, Mrs. W., a widow still young and with a nervously energetic face and manner, gave her experience. She had been forewoman in a factory before her husband’s death, having supported him through his last year of life, working all day and nursing him at @@ -2059,7 +2029,7 @@ thirty-five cents a dozen for making them. I can make two dozen a day sometimes, but fine ones not over a dozen, though they pay fifty cents. You wonder how they make anything. I’ve been forewoman, and I know the prices. Why, even at forty cents a pair they make on them. Twenty-one -yards of cloth at five cents makes a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span> dozen; that’s $1.05; and eighteen +yards of cloth at five cents makes a<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span> dozen; that’s $1.05; and eighteen yards of edge at four and a half cents, that’s eighty-one cents; and the making thirty-five cents; that’s $2.21. Thread and all, they won’t cost over $2.25, and they sell at wholesale at three dollars a dozen and @@ -2080,7 +2050,7 @@ me, with an invalid mother. She does flannel shirts, but before she got them she nearly starved on underwear. Now she earns a dollar a day, but she works fourteen hours for it, seven cents an hour. That’s nice pay in a Christian land. Christian! Bah! I used to believe there was -Christianity, but I’ve given it up, like many another. There’s just one<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> +Christianity, but I’ve given it up, like many another. There’s just one<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> religion left, and that is the worship of money. The Golden Calf is God, and every man sells his soul for a chance to bow to it. I don’t know but what I would myself. So far I’ve kept decent; I came of decent folks; @@ -2103,9 +2073,9 @@ employers, is groundless.”</p> <p> </p><p> </p> -<hr style="width: 50%;" /> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span></p> -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_EIGHTH" id="CHAPTER_EIGHTH"></a>CHAPTER EIGHTH.</h2> +<hr style="width: 50%;"> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span></p> +<h2><a id="CHAPTER_EIGHTH"></a>CHAPTER EIGHTH.</h2> <h3>THE TRUE STORY OF LOTTE BAUER.</h3> <p> </p> @@ -2123,7 +2093,7 @@ France was paying tribute; and, one by one, the few who had escaped French bullets came home to the little Prussian village and told their tales of the siege and of the three who had fallen at Sedan. Grossvater Bauer sat silent. He had been as silent when they brought the news to -him in the beginning. It was the fortune of war. He had served his own<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span> +him in the beginning. It was the fortune of war. He had served his own<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span> time, and having served it, accepted as part of his birthright the same necessity for his sons. They had worked side by side with him on the great farm where he had been for most of his life head laborer and @@ -2146,7 +2116,7 @@ standing army at all?</p> <p>Hans, when his time came, had learned to ask, but he had not learned to answer. The splendor of his uniform appeared to be in some sort a reply, and its tightness may also have had its effect in restricting his mental -operations. For three years the carefully<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span> kept accounts of Grossvater +operations. For three years the carefully<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span> kept accounts of Grossvater Bauer held the item: “Maintenance of son in army, $121.37.” Then Hans came home and married Lieschen, the little dairy-maid, and in due time Lotte’s blue eyes opened on the world whose mysteries were still not @@ -2169,7 +2139,7 @@ month they had set sail and the old life was over.</p> <p>“Work for all, homes for all, plenty for all,” Annchen had written how many times. Yet now, when the Grossvater appeared, and the round-eyed Lieschen and her tribe of five, Peter shook his head. He had prospered, -it is true. From journeyman tailor<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span> he had become master on a small +it is true. From journeyman tailor<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span> he had become master on a small scale, and packed himself and his men into a shop so tiny that it was miraculous how elbow-room remained to use the goose. But work for the Grossvater was quite another thing. He had no trade, and while his @@ -2192,7 +2162,7 @@ side.</p> <p>It is now only that the story of Lotte begins,—Lotte, who pined for the great farm and the fields across which the wind swept, and the cows she -had named and cared for. Her mother forgot, or did not<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span> care. She had +had named and cared for. Her mother forgot, or did not<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span> care. She had never loved her work, and liked better to chatter with the other women in the house, or even to run the machine hour after hour, than to milk, or feed the cattle, or churn. Lotte hated the machine. Her back ached, @@ -2213,7 +2183,7 @@ represented the maintenance of the family during Hans’s first year as soldier. Their food ration at home had been nine and a half cents daily. Wheat bread had stood for festivals and high days. Black bread, cabbage soup, beer, cheese, and sausage, with meat on Sundays, had been their -only ambition as to food,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span> and here Grossvater Bauer insisted upon the +only ambition as to food,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span> and here Grossvater Bauer insisted upon the same regimen, and frowned as one by one the fashions of the new country crept in. Peter had been right after all. One must work, it is true, but no harder and no longer, and the return was double. The little iron @@ -2240,7 +2210,7 @@ stronger then.”</p> there, where here it is dollars. Wait and you will see.”</p> <p>Lotte looked after him wonderingly as he turned away. To save was -becoming his passion. He<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span> grudged her even her shoes and the dress she +becoming his passion. He<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span> grudged her even her shoes and the dress she must have, though no one had so little. Peter revolted openly and came less and less. Lieschen cried, but still looked at the week’s wages as compensation for many evils, and Lotte worked on, the pink spot fixing @@ -2262,7 +2232,7 @@ was impossible, and doled out reluctantly the money they had helped him to save. Lieschen had always fretted him. Lotte was the best gift she had ever made the Bauer name, and when the funeral was over, he went home, secretly relieved that the long watch was over; went home to find -that the precious<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span> chest, hidden always under piles of bedding in the +that the precious<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span> chest, hidden always under piles of bedding in the closet where he locked his own possessions, had disappeared. There had been a moving from the story above. Men had gone up and down for an hour, and no one had noticed specially what was carried. There was no @@ -2283,7 +2253,7 @@ nearly thirteen, had helped her carry it, and had shrunk back frightened as the foreman put a finger under her chin, and nodded smilingly at the peach-like face and the great blue eyes. Lotte struck down his hand passionately. She knew better than Gretchen what the smile meant. The -child should never know if she could<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span> help it, and she did not mind the +child should never know if she could<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span> help it, and she did not mind the evil glance that followed her toward the door. There were people standing at their doors as she went slowly up the stairs, her breath coming quickly, as now it always did when she climbed them.</p> @@ -2307,7 +2277,7 @@ paralysis might linger for years, and Lotte must earn for him and for all. Even then a living might have been possible, for Gretchen had a place as cash-girl and earned two dollars a week, and Lisa was promised one after New Year’s. But it was a hard winter. They ate only what they -must, and Lotte’s<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span> blue eyes looked out from hollow sockets, and she +must, and Lotte’s<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span> blue eyes looked out from hollow sockets, and she shivered with cold. Wages had fallen, and they fell faster and faster till by January her ten and twelve hours’ work brought her but six dollars instead of the eight or nine she had always earned. The foreman @@ -2330,7 +2300,7 @@ some asylum.</p> <p>“I will even marry you with the children,” he said, “but never with the Grossvater who hindered and spoiled everything.”</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span>“He has cared for me always, even when he was hard,” said Lotte. “I +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span>“He has cared for me always, even when he was hard,” said Lotte. “I shall care for him now;” and Franz rushed away and had come no more.</p> <p>For a year Lotte’s struggle went on. She knew only the one form of work; @@ -2354,7 +2324,7 @@ the house, nor would be till she had taken home this work; but as she bent over it the blood poured in a stream from her mouth. She tried to rise, but fell back; and when the screaming children had brought in neighbors, Lotte’s struggle was quite over. When they had buried her in -the Potter’s Field by Lisa,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span> they took the bundle of work stained with +the Potter’s Field by Lisa,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span> they took the bundle of work stained with her life-blood and carried it back to its owners.</p> <p>“She’ll need no more,” said the old neighbor from the floor above as she @@ -2371,9 +2341,9 @@ day’s comin’ when you’ll maybe think different; an’ may <p> </p><p> </p> -<hr style="width: 50%;" /> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span></p> -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_NINTH" id="CHAPTER_NINTH"></a>CHAPTER NINTH.</h2> +<hr style="width: 50%;"> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span></p> +<h2><a id="CHAPTER_NINTH"></a>CHAPTER NINTH.</h2> <h3>THE EVOLUTION OF A JACKET.</h3> <p> </p> @@ -2393,7 +2363,7 @@ least semi-prosperity.”</p> underwear problem presented itself, each one more bewildering, more heart-sickening, than the last. Here and there had been the encounter with one who had always been sure of work and who had never failed to -receive a fair return. But the summary had been inevitably as it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span> stands +receive a fair return. But the summary had been inevitably as it<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span> stands recorded,—overwork, under-pay; a fruitless struggle against overwhelming odds.</p> @@ -2416,7 +2386,7 @@ perhaps higher. It saves them car fares and going out in all weathers, and a great many other inconveniences, when they work at home, and I don’t see why there should be any objections made. The amount of it is, there are too many women. The best thing to be done is to ship them -West. They say they’re wanted there, and there is certainly not<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span> room +West. They say they’re wanted there, and there is certainly not<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span> room enough for them here. Machinery will soon take their place, anyway. I have one in mind now that ought to do the work of ten women perfectly, and require simply a tender and finisher. We shall get the thing down to @@ -2443,7 +2413,7 @@ can always get plenty of work. The trouble is to get the wages for it.”</p establishment held jackets and wraps large and small, marked down for the holidays, their advertisement in a morning paper having read, “Jackets from $4 up.” Still further over, another window displayed -numbers as great, and a placard<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span> at one side announced: “These elegant +numbers as great, and a placard<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span> at one side announced: “These elegant jackets from $2.87 up.” The cloth might be shoddy, but here was a garment, fashionably cut, well finished to all appearance, and unexceptionable in pattern and color. All along the crowded avenue the @@ -2467,7 +2437,7 @@ married and emigrated at once. Work was plentiful when they arrived, and the husband found immediate employment at his trade, with wages so high that the wife had no occasion for any employment outside her own rooms. The youngest child, a girl of nine, went to school. They lived in -comfortable<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span> rooms on a decent street, put money in a savings bank, and +comfortable<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span> rooms on a decent street, put money in a savings bank, and felt that America held more good even than the name had always seemed to promise. Then came the financial troubles of 1879 and 1881, the gradual fall of wages, the long seasons when there was no work, and last, the @@ -2487,7 +2457,7 @@ the daughter, who had had good sense enough to take a place as child’s nurse, broke her leg, and became, even when able to walk again, too disabled to return to this work. She could run the machine, and her mother was an expert buttonhole-maker and had already learned various -forms of work on cloth, both in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span> cheap coats and pantaloons, and in +forms of work on cloth, both in<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span> cheap coats and pantaloons, and in jackets and cloaks. The jackets seemed to promise most, for in 1884 each one brought to the maker sixty cents, buttonholes being $1.50 per hundred, the presser receiving ten cents each and the finisher six @@ -2508,7 +2478,7 @@ floor,—waiting the various operations necessary before they can at last be bundled on the ex-painter’s back, who smiles to himself as he toils down to the firm’s headquarters, reflecting that he has saved the expressage another week. What are the returns? Lisa will give them,—the -wife whose English is still uncertain,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span> and whose gentle, anxious eyes +wife whose English is still uncertain,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span> and whose gentle, anxious eyes grow eager and bright as she talks, the husband nodding confirmation, or shaking his head as he sees the tears come suddenly, with a “Not so, not so, Lisa.”</p> @@ -2530,7 +2500,7 @@ leetle, for my back have such pain that I fall on the bed to say, ‘Ach Gott! is it living to work so in this rich, free America?’ But he is sick always, my man, even if he will laugh. He say he must laugh alway for two because I cannot. For when this work is past it is only -pantaloons, and sew so hard as we may it is five, six pair maybe, for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span> +pantaloons, and sew so hard as we may it is five, six pair maybe, for<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span> Gretchen and me all day, and that not always. Many day we do nothing because they say work is dull, and then goes away all we save before. But we need not to ask help. So much is good that we work and earn, but @@ -2553,7 +2523,7 @@ soft dark eyes and fair masses of hair loose on the pillow.</p> <p>“I try to keep her tidy,” the mother said, “but she can’t bear her hair up a minute, it’s so heavy on her head, an’ I’ve no time to ’tend to it -but the minute I take in the morning. It’s jackets now that I’m on.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span> I +but the minute I take in the morning. It’s jackets now that I’m on.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span> I thought maybe there’d be less risk in them than cloaks. Cloaks seem to give ’em so much chance to cheat. I wouldn’t work at all at home, I’d be out doing by the day, for I had a good run of work, but there’s Maggie, @@ -2575,7 +2545,7 @@ There’s three dollars, and that’s too much.’ ‘The work i always been. There’s no botching,’ I said; but he held out the three dollars. ‘No,’ I said, ‘If you won’t pay fair I’ll go to the Woman’s Protective Union and see what they’ll do.’ His face was black as -thunder. ‘Take your money,’ he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span> says, holding out the rest, ‘but you may +thunder. ‘Take your money,’ he<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span> says, holding out the rest, ‘but you may sing for more work from this establishment,’ and he flung the money on the floor. That didn’t trouble me, because I knew I could get work just below, and I did that same day; twenty cloaks, ten to be made at sixty @@ -2597,7 +2567,7 @@ home with $5.50 instead of eleven dollars for nearly a fortnight’s work. I changed the place, and so far nobody has docked me; but doing my best, and Angie working as steady as I do, we can’t make more than twenty cents on a jacket, and it’s a short season. When it’s over I do coats, -but it’s less pay than<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span> jackets, and there’s living and Maggie’s +but it’s less pay than<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span> jackets, and there’s living and Maggie’s medicine and the doctor, though he won’t take anything. I’d feel better if he did, but he won’t. Angie used to be in a factory, but there’s the baby now, and she doesn’t know what way to turn but this. See, he’s here @@ -2621,7 +2591,7 @@ was comfort and profusion compared with the facts that waited in a Fourth Ward street, and in a rookery not yet reached by any sanitary laws the city may count as in operation. Here and there still remains one of the old wooden houses with dormer windows, a remnant of the -city’s early<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span> days and given over to the lowest uses,—a saloon below +city’s early<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span> days and given over to the lowest uses,—a saloon below and tenements above. In one of these, in a room ten feet square, low-ceiled, and lighted by but one window whose panes were crusted with the dirt of a generation, seven women sat at work. Three machines were @@ -2642,7 +2612,7 @@ was taken when the sixteen hours of work ended,—sixteen hours of toil unrelieved by one gleam of hope or cheer; the net result of this accumulated and ever-accumulating misery being $3.50 a week. Two women, using their utmost diligence, could finish one cloak per day, receiving -from the “sweater,” through whose hands all must<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span> come, fifty cents each +from the “sweater,” through whose hands all must<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span> come, fifty cents each for a toil unequalled by any form of labor under the sun, unless it be that of the haggard wretches dressed in men’s clothes, but counted as female laborers, in Belgian mines. They cannot stop, they dare not stop, @@ -2666,9 +2636,9 @@ the flesh to know its nature or its demand.</p> <p> </p><p> </p> -<hr style="width: 50%;" /> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span></p> -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_TENTH" id="CHAPTER_TENTH"></a>CHAPTER TENTH.</h2> +<hr style="width: 50%;"> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span></p> +<h2><a id="CHAPTER_TENTH"></a>CHAPTER TENTH.</h2> <h3>BETWEEN THE RIVERS.</h3> <p> </p> @@ -2689,7 +2659,7 @@ to stop for any detail of how these workers live from day to day. But as the search has gone on through these hours when Christmas joy is in the air, when the smallest shop hangs out its Christmas token, and the great stores are thronged with buyers far into the evening, I think of the -lives in which Christmas has no place,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span> of the women for whom all days +lives in which Christmas has no place,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span> of the women for whom all days are alike, each one the synonyme of relentless, unending toil; of the children who have never known a childhood and for whom Christmas is but a name. For even when mission and refuge have done their utmost, there @@ -2712,7 +2682,7 @@ statement made of any save those too ignorant to define their wants and needs, too helpless to dare any protestation, even if more knowledge had come?”</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span>The professional political economist of the old school, the school to +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span>The professional political economist of the old school, the school to which all but a handful belong, takes refuge in the census returns as the one reply to any arraignment of the present. Blind as a bat to any figures save his own, he answers all complaint with the formula: “In @@ -2734,7 +2704,7 @@ perfectly comfortable.” Let us see how comfortable.</p> <p>I turn first to the pair, a mother and daughter, a portion of whose experience found place in the chapter on “More Methods of Prosperous Firms.” Here, as in so many cases, there had been better days, and when -these suddenly ended a period of bewildered helplessness,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span> in which the +these suddenly ended a period of bewildered helplessness,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span> in which the widow felt that respectability like hers must know no compromise, and that any step that would involve her “being talked about” was a step toward destruction. She must live on a decent street, in a house where @@ -2756,7 +2726,7 @@ I wasn’t used to the country, and then any work I could get to do was right here. I’d always liked to sew, and so had Emeline, and we found we could get regular work on children’s suits, with skirts and such things in the dull seasons. It was good pay, and we were comfortable till -prices began to fall. We made fifteen dollars a week <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span>sometimes, and +prices began to fall. We made fifteen dollars a week <span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span>sometimes, and could have got ahead if it hadn’t been for a little debt of my husband’s that I wanted to pay, for we’d never owed anybody a penny and I couldn’t let even that debt stand against his name. But when it was paid, somehow @@ -2779,15 +2749,15 @@ and clothes. ’Tisn’t much for two people, is it? You wouldn’t could be done, would you? Well, it is, and here’s the expense for one week for what we eat:—</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span></p> -<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="table"> -<tr><td>Sugar, 23; Tomatoes, 7; Potatoes, 5</td><td><span class="spacer"> </span></td><td align="right">$0.35</td></tr> -<tr><td>Tea, 15; Butter, 30; Bread, 12</td><td> </td><td align="right">0.57</td></tr> -<tr><td>Coal, 12; Milk, 15; Clams, 10</td><td> </td><td align="right">0.37</td></tr> -<tr><td>Oil, 15; Paper, 1; Clams, 10; Potatoes, 5</td><td> </td><td align="right">0.31</td></tr> -<tr><td>Cabbage, 5; Bread, 7; Flour, 15; Rolls, 3</td><td> </td><td align="right" class="bb">0.30</td></tr> -<tr><td>Total</td><td> </td><td align="right">$1.90</td></tr></table> +<table style="border: none; padding: 0px; border-spacing: 0px;"> +<tr><td>Sugar, 23; Tomatoes, 7; Potatoes, 5</td><td><span class="spacer"> </span></td><td style="text-align: right;">$0.35</td></tr> +<tr><td>Tea, 15; Butter, 30; Bread, 12</td><td> </td><td style="text-align: right;">0.57</td></tr> +<tr><td>Coal, 12; Milk, 15; Clams, 10</td><td> </td><td style="text-align: right;">0.37</td></tr> +<tr><td>Oil, 15; Paper, 1; Clams, 10; Potatoes, 5</td><td> </td><td style="text-align: right;">0.31</td></tr> +<tr><td>Cabbage, 5; Bread, 7; Flour, 15; Rolls, 3</td><td> </td><td style="text-align: right;">0.30</td></tr> +<tr><td>Total</td><td> </td><td style="text-align: right;">$1.90</td></tr></table> <p>“This week was an expensive one, for I got a pound of butter at once, but it will last into next week. And we had to have the scissors @@ -2805,7 +2775,7 @@ food, ought it, unless it stays because I have to use it cooking? We oughtn’t to spend so much on food, but I can’t seem to make it less. Really, when you take out the coal and oil and the paper,—and we do want to see a paper sometimes,—it’s only 1.62 for us both; eighty-one -cents apiece; almost twelve cents<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span> a day, but I can’t well seem to make +cents apiece; almost twelve cents<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span> a day, but I can’t well seem to make it less. I call it twelve cents a day apiece. For the month that makes $7.44, and so you see there’s $5.51 left. Then there are Emmy’s car-fares when she goes out, for sometimes she works down-town and only @@ -2828,7 +2798,7 @@ all!”</p> kettle, and tea and bread and butter what we have mostly. A gallon of oil goes a long way, and I can cook small things over it, too. The washing takes coal, and you see I must have soap and all that. I don’t -see how we could spend<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span> less. I’ve learned to manage even with what we +see how we could spend<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span> less. I’ve learned to manage even with what we get now, but there’s a woman next door that I know better than anybody in this house,—for here it always seemed to me best to keep quite to myself for many reasons, but the chief that I’m always hoping for a @@ -2852,7 +2822,7 @@ much, but I have sixty-five year. How shall I be quick? I earn forty-five, fifty cents sometime, but forty-five for day’s work when I go as I can. An’ so for week dat is $2.70; I can ten dollars a month, sometimes twelve dollars, and I pays three dollars for this room. To eat -I will buy<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span> tea and our bread,—rye, for dat is stronger as your fine +I will buy<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span> tea and our bread,—rye, for dat is stronger as your fine wheat. Tea is American, but I will not beer any more, since I see how women drinks it and de kinder, and it not like our beer but more tipsy. So I makes tea, and de cheese and de wurst is all not so much. It is de @@ -2875,7 +2845,7 @@ Two, and one six and one eight and cannot earn. She sew all day on machine. It is babies’ cloaks, so vite and nice. In two days she will make dree, for see, dere is two linings and cape and cuff is all scallop, and she must stitch first and then bind and hem. All is hem, -all over inside, so nice, and she make dem so nice. But eight<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span> dollars a +all over inside, so nice, and she make dem so nice. But eight<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span> dollars a dozen is all, and it is a week for nine, and so she get not more as five dollars because she is sick and must stop. And there is the grandvater that is old, and de kinder and she and all must live. Rent is $5.50, dat @@ -2897,7 +2867,7 @@ gave the utmost margin of profit to the seller, and the same fact applied to all provisions sold. In no case save the one first mentioned, where the mother had learned that cabbage-water can form the basis for a nourishing and very palatable soup, was there the faintest gleam of -understanding that the same<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span> amount of money could furnish a more +understanding that the same<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span> amount of money could furnish a more varied, more savory, and more nourishing regimen.</p> <p>“Beans!” said one indignant soul. “What time have I to think of beans, @@ -2922,7 +2892,7 @@ alive an’ at work. He cared naught for fancy things like beans an’ s It’s the tea that keeps you up, an’ as long as I can get that I’ll not bother about beans.”</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span>In the same house an old Swiss woman, who had fallen from her first +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span>In the same house an old Swiss woman, who had fallen from her first estate as lady’s maid through one grade and another of service, was ending her days on a wage of two dollars per week, earned in a suspender factory, where she sewed on buckles. In her case marriage with a @@ -2943,7 +2913,7 @@ things to flavor, and I buy rye bread and coffee to Sunday. Never tea, oh, no! Tea is so vicket. It make hand shake and head fly all round. Good soup is best, and more when one can. Vegetable is many and salad, and when I make more dollar I buy some egg. But not tea; not big loaf of -white bread dot swell and swell inside and ven it is gone leave one<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span> all +white bread dot swell and swell inside and ven it is gone leave one<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span> all so empty. I would teach many but they like it not. They want only de tea; always de tea.”</p> @@ -2956,9 +2926,9 @@ returns as the east side has to offer there is still room for further detail.</p <p> </p><p> </p> -<hr style="width: 50%;" /> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span></p> -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_ELEVENTH" id="CHAPTER_ELEVENTH"></a>CHAPTER ELEVENTH.</h2> +<hr style="width: 50%;"> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span></p> +<h2><a id="CHAPTER_ELEVENTH"></a>CHAPTER ELEVENTH.</h2> <h3>UNDER THE BRIDGE AND BEYOND.</h3> <p> </p> @@ -2976,7 +2946,7 @@ into some show of decency recognize many causes as having worked toward the same end; yet even when one notes to-day the changes wrought, first by business, the march of which has wiped out many former landmarks, setting in their place great warehouses and factories, and then of -philanthropy, which, as in the case of Miss Collins’s tenements,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span> has +philanthropy, which, as in the case of Miss Collins’s tenements,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span> has transformed dens into some semblance of homes, there remains the conviction that dens are uppermost still. The business man hurrying down Fulton or Beekman Street, the myriads who pass up and down in the @@ -2999,7 +2969,7 @@ victory?</p> <p>Under the great Bridge, whose piers have taken the place of much that was foulest in the Fourth Ward, stands a tenement-house so shadowed by the structure that, save at midday, natural light barely penetrates it. -The inhabitants are of all grades and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span> all nationalities. The men are +The inhabitants are of all grades and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span> all nationalities. The men are chiefly ’longshoremen, working intermittently on the wharves, varying this occupation by long seasons of drinking, during which every pawnable article vanishes, to be gradually redeemed or altogether lost, according @@ -3021,7 +2991,7 @@ breath of this noisomeness. The most determined one feels inclined to burn every garment worn during such quest, and wonders if Abana or Pharpar or even Jordan itself could carry healing and cleansing in their floods.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span>The dark halls have other uses than as receptacles for refuse or filth. +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span>The dark halls have other uses than as receptacles for refuse or filth. Hiding behind doors or in corners, or, grown bolder, seeking no concealment, children hardly more than babies teach one another such new facts of foulness as may so far have chanced to escape them,—baby @@ -3042,7 +3012,7 @@ of the State. Work as she may, the woman who must find home for herself and children in such surroundings is powerless to protect them from the all-pervading foulness. They may escape a portion of the actual degradation. They can never escape a knowledge the possibility of which -is unknown<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span> to what we call barbarism, but part and parcel of the daily +is unknown<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span> to what we call barbarism, but part and parcel of the daily life of civilization.</p> <p>Granted instantly that only the lowest order of worker must submit to @@ -3066,7 +3036,7 @@ and this light that blinds but holds no cheer shining upon the mass of weary humanity who have forgotten what sunshine may mean and who know no joy that life was meant to hold!</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span>In one of these rooms, clean, if cleanliness were possible where walls +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span>In one of these rooms, clean, if cleanliness were possible where walls and ceiling and every plank and beam reek with the foulness from sewer and closet, three women were at work on overalls. Two machines were placed directly under the windows to obtain every ray of light. The @@ -3087,7 +3057,7 @@ fingers flew as she made buttonholes in the waistband and flap of the overalls. “We were each in a room by ourselves, but after the fever, when the children died and I hadn’t but two left, it seemed as if we’d be more sensible to all go in together and see if we couldn’t be more -comfortable. We’d have left anyway, and tried for a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span> better place, but +comfortable. We’d have left anyway, and tried for a<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span> better place, but for one thing,—we hadn’t time to move; and for another, queer as it seems, you get used to even the worst places and feel as if you couldn’t change. We’ll have to, if the landlord doesn’t do something about the @@ -3110,7 +3080,7 @@ stand it if it wasn’t for tea.”</p> <p>“Are overalls steady pay through the year?”</p> -<p>“There’s nothing that’s steady, so far as I can<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span> find out, but want and +<p>“There’s nothing that’s steady, so far as I can<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span> find out, but want and misery. Just now overalls are up; the Lord only knows why, for you never can tell what’ll be up and what down. They’re up, and we’re making a dollar a dozen on these. I have done a dozen a day, but it’s generally @@ -3132,7 +3102,7 @@ it’s a wonder anybody keeps soul and body together.”</p> soul long ago, such as ’twas. Who’s got time to think about souls, grinding away here fourteen hours a day to turn out contract goods? ’Tain’t souls that count. It’s bodies that can be driven, an’ half -starved an’ driven still, till they drop<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span> in their tracks. I’m driving +starved an’ driven still, till they drop<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span> in their tracks. I’m driving now to pay a doctor’s bill for my three that went with the fever. Before that I was driving to put food into their mouths. I never owed a cent to no man. I’ve been honest and paid as I went and done a good turn when I @@ -3156,7 +3126,7 @@ twice this week, and we’ve kept warm. It’s the coal that eats up you money,—twelve cents a scuttle, and no place to keep more if ever we got ahead enough to get more at a time. It’s lucky that tea’s so staying. Give me plenty of tea, and the most I want generally besides is bread -and a scrape of butter. It’s all<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span> figured out. It’s long since I’ve +and a scrape of butter. It’s all<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span> figured out. It’s long since I’ve spent more than seventy-five cents a week for what I must eat. I’ve no time to cook even if I had anything, so it’s lucky I haven’t. I suppose there’d be plenty to eat if you once made up your mind to take a place.”</p> @@ -3178,7 +3148,7 @@ Nettie went to her when she come home. ‘Such things don’t happen unl the girl is to blame,’ she said. ‘Never show your shameless face here again.’ Nettie came home to me kind of dazed, and she stayed dazed till she went to a hospital and a baby was born dead, and she dead herself a -week after.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span> An’ it isn’t one time alone or my girl alone. It’s over an’ +week after.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span> An’ it isn’t one time alone or my girl alone. It’s over an’ over an’ over that that thing happens. There’s plenty that go to the bad of their own free will, but I know plenty more with the same chance that doesn’t, an’ there’s many a mother that’s been in service herself that @@ -3199,7 +3169,7 @@ and, strangely enough, in this house and in others of its kind inspected one after another, much the same story was told. In the “improved tenements” close at hand, where comparative comfort reigned, more than one woman gave willingly the detail of the weekly expenditure for food, -and added, as if the underlying question had made itself felt, “It’s<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span> +and added, as if the underlying question had made itself felt, “It’s<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span> betther to be a little short even an’ your own misthress,” with other words that have their place elsewhere. On the upper floor of one of these houses a pantaloon-maker sat in a fireless room, finishing the @@ -3220,7 +3190,7 @@ to the last, but I came to loathe the sight of it. He could live on six cents a day. I couldn’t. ‘I’m the kind for your contractors,’ he’d say. ‘It’s a glorious country, and the rich’ll be richer yet when there’s more like me.’ He didn’t mind what he said, an’ when a Bible-reader put -her head in one day, ‘Come in,’ he says. ‘My wife’s<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span> working for a +her head in one day, ‘Come in,’ he says. ‘My wife’s<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span> working for a Christian contractor at sixty-six cents a day, an’ I’m what’s left of another Christian’s dealings with me, keeping me as a packer in a damp basement and no fire. Come in and let’s see what more Christianity has @@ -3237,9 +3207,9 @@ day to day by these workers,—“never better, always worse and worse.& <p> </p><p> </p> -<hr style="width: 50%;" /> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span></p> -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_TWELFTH" id="CHAPTER_TWELFTH"></a>CHAPTER TWELFTH.</h2> +<hr style="width: 50%;"> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span></p> +<h2><a id="CHAPTER_TWELFTH"></a>CHAPTER TWELFTH.</h2> <h3>ONE OF THE FUR-SEWERS.</h3> <p> </p> @@ -3261,7 +3231,7 @@ come to our share had come to his. He’d laid wall from the time he was ten years old, and he’d sat on the hay an’ cried for pure lonesomeness. His folks weren’t any hands to talk, an’ he couldn’t even have the satisfaction of meetin’ Sundays, because they was Seventh Day Baptists, -an’ so set a minister couldn’t get<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span> near ’em. An’ Leander was +an’ so set a minister couldn’t get<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span> near ’em. An’ Leander was conscientious an’ thought he ought to stay by. I didn’t. I told him from the time we went to school together that I was bound to get to New York, an’ that sort of fired him up, an’ we’ve talked hours to time about what @@ -3288,7 +3258,7 @@ different.</p> <p>“All this time I hadn’t thought much what I’d do. Forty dollars seemed a big lot, enough for weeks ahead. I’d done most everything about a house, an’ I could make everything I wore. I had only to look at a pattern an’ -I could go home an cut out one like it. The dress I had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span> on was cheap +I could go home an’ cut out one like it. The dress I had<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span> on was cheap stuff, but when I looked at other folks’s I saw it wasn’t so much out o’ the way. So I said, most likely some dressmaker would take me, an’ I’d try my luck that way. This was before I got to Boston, an’ I went round @@ -3313,7 +3283,7 @@ about me. She was a Rhode Island girl an’ had worked in a mill near Providence, an’ gone to New York at last an’ learned fur-sewing. She said it was a good trade, an’ she made ten an’ twelve dollars a week while the season lasted an’ never less than five. This seemed a mint of -money, an’ when she said one of their old hands had died, an’ she<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span> could +money, an’ when she said one of their old hands had died, an’ she<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span> could take me right in as her friend an’ teach me herself, I felt as if my fortune was made.</p> @@ -3340,7 +3310,7 @@ It’s just an everlasting patchwork, for you’re always sewing togethe little bits, hundreds of them, that you have to match. You sew over an’ over with linen thread, an’ you’re always piecing out an’ altering shapes. It’s nothing to sew up a thing when you’ve once got it pieced -together. If it’s beaver, all the long<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span> hairs must be picked out, an’ +together. If it’s beaver, all the long<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span> hairs must be picked out, an’ it’s the same with sealskin. We made up everything; sable an’ Siberian squirrel, bear, fox, marten, mink, otter, an’ all the rest. There were some girls very slow in learning that only got a dollar a week, an’ in @@ -3366,7 +3336,7 @@ snug as could be an’ Hattie board with us. He gave in, an’ it’ did; for we hadn’t been married six months before he had a hemorrhage an’ just went into quick consumption. I’d kept right on with my trade, but I was pulled down myself an’ my eyelids so swollen sometimes I could -hardly see out of ’em. But I got a sewing-machine from money<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span> I’d saved, +hardly see out of ’em. But I got a sewing-machine from money<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span> I’d saved, an’ I took in work from a place on Canal Street,—a good one, too, that always paid fair. The trouble was my eyes. I’d used ’em up, an’ they got so I couldn’t see the needle nor sew straight, an’ had to give up the @@ -3393,7 +3363,7 @@ the doctor’s bill—an’ he was a kind man, I will say, an’ a tenth of what he had ought to—an’ the funeral an’ all, I was cleaned out of everything. I’d had to pawn a month before he died, an’ was just stripped. Sewing was no good. My eyes went back on me like everything -else, an’ in a fortnight I knew there wasn’t anything for it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span> but +else, an’ in a fortnight I knew there wasn’t anything for it<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span> but getting a place. I left such things as I had in charge of the old ladies an’ answered an advertisement for ‘a capable girl willing to work.’</p> @@ -3423,7 +3393,7 @@ holler up the tube in the middle o’ the night if she takes a notion.’ <p>“I wouldn’t ask questions, for I thought I should find out soon enough, so I said I’d like to go up to my room a minute.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span>“‘It’s our +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span>“‘It’s our room you’ll mane,’ she said. ‘There’s but the one, an’ it’s hard enough for two to be slapin’ on a bed that’s barely the width o’ one.’</p> @@ -3453,7 +3423,7 @@ that room and never complained.’</p> decency, an’ if you can’t give it I must try elsewhere.’</p> <p>“‘Then you’d better set about it at once,’ she says, an’ with that I bid -her good-afternoon an’ walked out.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span> I had another number in my pocket, +her good-afternoon an’ walked out.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span> I had another number in my pocket, an’ I went straight there; an’ this time I had sense enough to ask to see my room. It was bare enough, but clean. There were only three in the family, an’ it was a little house on Perry Street. There I stayed two @@ -3477,7 +3447,7 @@ round.’ She urged, but I was set, an’ I went from there when the mon I’ve been in seven places in six years. I could have stayed in every one, an’ about every one I could tell you things that make it plain enough why a self-respecting girl would rather try something else. I -don’t talk or think nonsense about wanting<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span> to be one of the family. I +don’t talk or think nonsense about wanting<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span> to be one of the family. I don’t. I’d much rather keep to myself. But out of these seven places there was just one in which the mistress seemed to think I was a human being with something in me the same as in her. I’ve been underfed an’ @@ -3502,7 +3472,7 @@ willing for such work, but she’s the first one I’ve heard of that tr to be just. That’s something that women don’t know much about. When they do there’ll be better times all round.”</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span>Here stands the record of a woman who has become invaluable to the +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span>Here stands the record of a woman who has become invaluable to the family she serves, but whose experiences before this harbor was reached include every form of oppression and even privation. Many more of the same nature are recorded and are arranging themselves under heads, the @@ -3516,9 +3486,9 @@ personal theory of the matter.</p> <p> </p><p> </p> -<hr style="width: 50%;" /> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span></p> -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_THIRTEENTH" id="CHAPTER_THIRTEENTH"></a>CHAPTER THIRTEENTH.</h2> +<hr style="width: 50%;"> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span></p> +<h2><a id="CHAPTER_THIRTEENTH"></a>CHAPTER THIRTEENTH.</h2> <h3>SOME DIFFICULTIES OF AN EMPLOYER WHO EXPERIMENTED.</h3> <p> </p> @@ -3537,7 +3507,7 @@ passionate desire being to escape from the ranks of the first and find his name enrolled among the last. He retains a number of negative virtues. He is, as a rule, “an excellent provider” where his own family is concerned, and he is kind beyond those limits if he has time for it. -He<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span> would not deliberately harm man or woman who serves him; but to keep +He<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span> would not deliberately harm man or woman who serves him; but to keep even with his competitors—if possible, to get beyond them—demands and exhausts every energy, leaving none to spare for other purposes. Such knowledge as comes from perpetual contact with the grasping, scheming @@ -3557,7 +3527,7 @@ the first consciousness of its own most desperate and pitiful poverty.</p> <p>This for one type, and a type more and more common with every year of the system in which competition is king. But here and there one finds -another,—that of the man whose conscience remains sensitive,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span> no matter +another,—that of the man whose conscience remains sensitive,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span> no matter what familiarity with legalized knavery may come, and who ponders the question of what he owes to those by whose aid his fortune is made. Nor is he the employer who evades the real issue by a series of what he @@ -3579,7 +3549,7 @@ of his trade; his face shrewd yet gentle and wise,—a face that child or woman would trust, and the business man be certain he could impose upon until some sudden turn brought out the shrewdness and the calm assurance of absolute knowledge in his own lines. For thirty years and more his -work has held its own,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span> and he has made for himself a place in the trade +work has held its own,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span> and he has made for himself a place in the trade that no crisis can affect. His own view of the situation is distinctly serious, but even for him there was a flickering smile as he recalled some passages of the experience given here in part. His English limps @@ -3604,7 +3574,7 @@ trade from my father and his father. We are silk-weavers from the time silk is known, but for myself I have chosen ribbons, and it is ribbons I make all my life and that my son will make after me.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span>“At first when I come here to this country that for years I hope for and +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span>“At first when I come here to this country that for years I hope for and must not reach, because I am held to my father who is old—at first I have little money and can only be with another who manufactures. But already some dishonesties have come in. The colors are not firm; the @@ -3629,7 +3599,7 @@ that they must learn also with me.</p> <p>“There is one thing that Americans will, more than all peoples of the earth. They will have a place so hot that breath is nowhere, and women more even than men. I begin to think how I shall keep them warm yet give -them to breathe. The place is old, as you see. No builder<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span> thought ever +them to breathe. The place is old, as you see. No builder<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span> thought ever of air in such time as this was built, and if they think to-day, it is chiefly wrong, for in all places I go one breathes the breath of all others, never true air of heaven. At first I open windows from top and @@ -3654,7 +3624,7 @@ coffee and milk, and for two cents you have a big cup so sweet as you will, or if you like better it shall be hot soup.’ Above in a room was a a Swiss that knew good soup, and that would, if I pay her a little, buy all that is wanted and a make a big pot, so that each could have a bowl. -This also I would have them pay for, three cents<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span> a bowl, and they like +This also I would have them pay for, three cents<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span> a bowl, and they like this best, and it is done for three weeks. They go up there and have full bowls, and I have a long table made before a bench where sometimes they rest, with oil-cloth, and here they eat and are comfortable. Three @@ -3681,7 +3651,7 @@ the worker always till thought begins they are conservative, and an experiment, a change, is distress to them. So I say, ‘Let them do they will. Air is here and that they cannot stop, but for food I will do no more.’</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span>“These all were small things, and as I went on I said, as in the +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span>“These all were small things, and as I went on I said, as in the beginning, that for those who did the same work must be the same wage. My men had always ten dollars, and sometimes twelve or fifteen dollars a week; but the best woman had ten dollars, and she had worked five years @@ -3706,7 +3676,7 @@ my work, and I lose much profit and take the old ones again. But this, too, is a small thing. My own mind goes on and I see that they should share with me. I read of co-operation, and to me it is truer than profit-sharing. I have seventy men and girls at work. I say they must -understand this business. I will try to teach<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span> them. Two evenings a week +understand this business. I will try to teach<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span> them. Two evenings a week I meet them all and talk and listen to them. One or two feel it plain. For most they say, ‘Old B—— wants to get a rise out of us somehow.’ At last I see that they are too foolish to understand co-operation, but it @@ -3731,7 +3701,7 @@ wish is naught and their effort vain. It is ignorance that rules. There is no knowledge, no understanding. In my trade and in all trades I know it is the same. A man will not believe a fact, and he will believe that to cheat is all one over him can wish. Even my workers that care for me, -a few of them, they laugh no more to my face, but they say: ‘Oh,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span> he has +a few of them, they laugh no more to my face, but they say: ‘Oh,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span> he has notions, that man! He will never get very rich, he has so many notions.’ They listen and they think a little. One man said yesterday: ‘If this had been put in my head when I was a growing lad it would have @@ -3749,9 +3719,9 @@ made to know?”</p> <p> </p><p> </p> -<hr style="width: 50%;" /> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span></p> -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_FOURTEENTH" id="CHAPTER_FOURTEENTH"></a>CHAPTER FOURTEENTH.</h2> +<hr style="width: 50%;"> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span></p> +<h2><a id="CHAPTER_FOURTEENTH"></a>CHAPTER FOURTEENTH.</h2> <h3>THE WIDOW MALONEY’S BOARDERS.</h3> <p> </p> @@ -3772,7 +3742,7 @@ police, and adventurous newspaper men, no thought of what life may be lived not a stone’s-throw from the great artery of New York, Broadway.</p> <p>On one point there can be no doubt. Not Africa in its most pestilential -and savage form holds surer<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span> disease or more determined barbarians than +and savage form holds surer<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span> disease or more determined barbarians than nest together under many a roof within hearing of the rush and roar of the busy streets where men come and go, eager for no knowledge or wisdom under the sun save the knowledge that will make them better bargainers. @@ -3793,7 +3763,7 @@ time for the habitation in prison or reformatory on which money is never spared,—who shall say? They are filled by free choice, these nests of all evil. The men and women who herd in them know nothing better; indeed, may have known something even worse. They are Polish Jews, -Bohemians, the lowest order<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span> of Italians, content with unending work, +Bohemians, the lowest order<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span> of Italians, content with unending work, the smallest wage, and an order of food that the American, no matter how low he may be brought, can never stomach. Yet they assimilate in one point, being as bent upon getting on as the most determined American, @@ -3815,7 +3785,7 @@ disposed to believe that I am merely “making up a case,” using a lit experience and a great deal of imagination, I refer him or her to the forty-third annual report of the New York Association for the Improvement of the Condition of the Poor. There, in detail to a degree -impossible<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span> here, will be found the official report of the inspector +impossible<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span> here, will be found the official report of the inspector appointed to examine the conditions of life in the building known as “The Big Flat,” in Mulberry Street. There are smaller houses that are worse in construction and condition, but there is none controlled by one @@ -3837,7 +3807,7 @@ she unfolded to me her views of life in general, her small gray eyes twinkling, her arms akimbo on her mighty hips, and her cap-border flapping about a face weather-beaten and high-colored to a degree not warranted even by her present profession as apple-woman. Whether -whiskey<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span> or stale beer is more responsible is unknown. It is only +whiskey<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span> or stale beer is more responsible is unknown. It is only certain that, having submitted with the utmost cheerfulness to the perennial beatings of a husband only half her size, she found consolation in a glass now and then with a sympathizing neighbor and at @@ -3858,7 +3828,7 @@ to bring home the amount demanded of them. Women, beaten and turned out into the night, fled to her for comfort, and the girl who had lost her place, or to whom worse misfortune had come, told her story to the big-hearted sinner, who nodded and cried and said, “It’s the Widdy -Maloney that’ll see you’re not<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span> put upon more. Hold on an’ be aisy, +Maloney that’ll see you’re not<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span> put upon more. Hold on an’ be aisy, honey, an’ all’ll come out the way you’d be havin’ it, an’ why not?”</p> <p>It was at this stage of experience that Mrs. Maloney decided to remove @@ -3880,7 +3850,7 @@ more, but a woman’s heart waking in her when the baby came, and prompting her to harder work and better life than she had ever known. There was no chance of either with the baby, and when at last she farmed out the encumbrance to an old couple in a back building who made this -their business, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span> took a place again in the store, it was relief as +their business, and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span> took a place again in the store, it was relief as well as sorrow that came when the wretched little life was over. But the descent had been a swift one. When what she had called life was quite over, and she sat dumb and despairing in the doorway to which she had @@ -3905,7 +3875,7 @@ an’ who’s a better right than me, though I’d not be sayin̵ housekeeper that’d need forty pair o’ eyes to her two to see what’s goin’ on under her nose.”</p> -<p>The “foot-warmer’s” office had ceased for one of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span> them before the month +<p>The “foot-warmer’s” office had ceased for one of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span> them before the month ended, and when the Potter’s Field had received the pine coffin followed only by the two watchers, the widow made haste to bring in another candidate for the same position; one upon whom she had kept her eye for @@ -3928,7 +3898,7 @@ quickness in one direction, had blunted all power in others. The fingers were unskilful and clumsy and her mind too wandering and inattentive to master details, and the place was quickly lost. She entered her name as candidate for the first vacancy in a Grand Street store, and in the mean -time went into a coffee and spice mill and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span> became coffee-picker at +time went into a coffee and spice mill and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span> became coffee-picker at three dollars a week. This lasted a month or two, but even here there was dissatisfaction with lack of thoroughness, and she was presently discharged. The vacancy had come, and she went at once into the store, @@ -3953,7 +3923,7 @@ from her last employment. The baker’s wife knew the symptoms, and on the same day discharged the girl.</p> <p>“I don’t say it’s your fault,” she said, “but he’s started about you, -and it’s for your own good I tell<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span> you to go. The best thing for you is +and it’s for your own good I tell<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span> you to go. The best thing for you is to go back to your mother, or else take a place with some nice woman that’ll keep an eye to you. You’ll always be run after. I know your kind, that no man looks at without wanting to fool with ’em. You take my @@ -3976,7 +3946,7 @@ abundance of coarse food and thus much advantage, but she had no knowledge that taught her how to make work easier, nor had her mistress any thought of training her. She was a dish-washing machine chiefly, and broke and chipped even the rough ware that formed the table furniture, -till the exasperated mistress threatened to turn her off if<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span> another +till the exasperated mistress threatened to turn her off if<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span> another piece were destroyed. It was a case of hopeless inaptitude; and when in early spring she sickened, and the physician grudgingly called in declared it a case of typhus brought on by the conditions in which she @@ -4003,7 +3973,7 @@ doctor said under his breath, and turned away with a sigh.</p> refuge with one of the bakery girls who had half of a dark bedroom in a tenement house near the Big Flat. She looked for work. She answered advertisements, and at last began upon the simplest form of necktie, and -in her slow, bungling fashion began to earn again. But she had no<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span> +in her slow, bungling fashion began to earn again. But she had no<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span> strength. She sat at the window and looked over to the Big Flat and watched the swarm that came and went; five hundred people in it, they told her, and half of them drunk at once. It was certain that there were @@ -4026,7 +3996,7 @@ she went at night as the Widow Maloney rose before her and said,—</p> <p>“You’ll come home wid me, me dear, an’ no wurruds about it.”</p> <p>Lizzie looked at her stupidly. “You’d better not stop me,” she said. -“I’m no good. I can’t earn my<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span> living anywhere any more. I don’t know +“I’m no good. I can’t earn my<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span> living anywhere any more. I don’t know how. I’d better be out of the way.”</p> <p>“Shure you’ll be enough out o’ the way whin you’re in the top o’ the Big @@ -4054,9 +4024,9 @@ the doin’ risted on you an’ no other?’”</p> <p> </p><p> </p> -<hr style="width: 50%;" /> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span></p> -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_FIFTEENTH" id="CHAPTER_FIFTEENTH"></a>CHAPTER FIFTEENTH.</h2> +<hr style="width: 50%;"> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span></p> +<h2><a id="CHAPTER_FIFTEENTH"></a>CHAPTER FIFTEENTH.</h2> <h3>AMONG THE SHOP-GIRLS.</h3> <p> </p> @@ -4076,7 +4046,7 @@ United States.</p> <p>“We don’t want men,” he said. “We wouldn’t have them even if they came at the same price. Of course cheapness has something to do with it, and -will have, but for my part give me a woman to deal with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span> every time. Now +will have, but for my part give me a woman to deal with<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span> every time. Now there’s an illustration over at that hat-counter. We were short of hands to-day, and I had to send for three girls that had applied for places, but were green—didn’t know the business. It didn’t take them ten @@ -4102,7 +4072,7 @@ they’re not likely to do better than that. Forty dollars a month is a fortune to a woman. A man must have his little fling, you know. Women manage better.”</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span>“If they are really worth so much to you, why can’t you give better pay? +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span>“If they are really worth so much to you, why can’t you give better pay? What chance has a girl to save anything, unless she lives at home?”</p> <p>“We give as high pay as anybody, and we don’t give more because for @@ -4128,7 +4098,7 @@ well-treated, nine times out of ten it’s their own airs that brought it on. It’s a shop-girl’s interest to behave herself and satisfy customers, and she’s more apt to do it than not, according to my experience.”</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span>“They’d drive a man clean out of his mind,” said another. “The tricks of +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span>“They’d drive a man clean out of his mind,” said another. “The tricks of girls are beyond telling. If it wasn’t for fines there wouldn’t one in twenty be here on time, and the same way with a dozen other things. But they learn quick, and they turn in anywhere where they’re wanted. They @@ -4152,7 +4122,7 @@ artificial-flower-maker who had been a shop-girl.</p> <p>“When I began,” said the first, “father was alive, and I used what I earned just for dressing myself. We were up at Morrisania, and I came -down every day. I was in the worsted and fancy department at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span> D——’s, +down every day. I was in the worsted and fancy department at<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span> D——’s, and I had such a good eye for matching and choosing that they seemed to think everything of me. But then father fell sick. He was a painter, and had painter’s colic awfully and at last paralysis. Then he died finally @@ -4175,7 +4145,7 @@ after seven, so that I am not home till eight.”</p> <p>I looked at the girl more attentively. She was colorless and emaciated, and, when not excited by speaking, languid and heavy.</p> -<p>“Are you sure that you have explained the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span> thing clearly so that the +<p>“Are you sure that you have explained the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span> thing clearly so that the manager understands?” I asked.</p> <p>“More than once,” the girl answered, “but he said I should be fined if I @@ -4200,7 +4170,7 @@ sat near her. “I’m down in the basement at M——’s, like me, and about forty little girls. There’s gas and electric light both, but there isn’t a breath of air, and it’s so hot that after an hour or two your head feels baked and your eyes as if they would fall -out. The dull<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span> season—that’s from spring to fall—lasts six months, and +out. The dull<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span> season—that’s from spring to fall—lasts six months, and then we work nine and a half hours and Saturdays thirteen. The other six months we work eleven hours, and holiday time till ten and eleven. I’m strong. I’m an old hand and somehow stand things, but I’ve a cousin at @@ -4222,7 +4192,7 @@ anything alone, no matter what it is.”</p> <p>A girl with clear dark eyes and a face that might have been almost beautiful but for its haggard, worn-out expression, turned from the -table where she had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span> been writing and smiled as she looked at the last +table where she had<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span> been writing and smiled as she looked at the last speaker.</p> <p>“That is because you happen to be made that way,” she said. “I am always @@ -4246,7 +4216,7 @@ and said she wasn’t going to have the store turned into an old-clothes shop.”</p> <p>“Well, it’s better than lots of them, no matter what she does,” said -another. “I was at H——’s<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span> for six months, and there you have to ask a +another. “I was at H——’s<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span> for six months, and there you have to ask a man for leave every time it is necessary to go upstairs, and half the time he would look and laugh with the other clerks. I’d rather be where there are all women. They’re hard on you sometimes, but they don’t use @@ -4268,7 +4238,7 @@ condition so perceptible among shop and factory workers, these being divided into many classes. For a large proportion it can be said that they are tolerably educated, so far as our public-school system can be said to educate, and are hard-working, self-sacrificing, patient girls -who have the American knack of dressing well on small outlay,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span> and who +who have the American knack of dressing well on small outlay,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span> and who have tastes and aspirations far beyond any means of gratifying them. For such girls the working-women’s guilds and the Friendly societies—these last of English origin—have proved of inestimable service, giving them @@ -4290,7 +4260,7 @@ problems. Again, the shop-girl as a class demonstrates the fact that not with her but with the class above her, through accident of birth or fortune, lies the real responsibility for the follies over which we make moan. The cheaper daily papers record in fullest detail the doings of -that fashionable world<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span> toward which many a weak girl or woman looks +that fashionable world<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span> toward which many a weak girl or woman looks with unspeakable longing; and the weekly “story papers” feed the flame with unending details of the rich marriage that lifted the poor girl into the luxury which stands to her empty mind as the sole thing to be @@ -4311,7 +4281,7 @@ finally takes rank is seldom recruited from sources that would seem most fruitful. The sewing-woman, the average factory worker, is devitalized to such an extent that even ambition dies and the brain barely responds to even the allurements of the weekly story paper. It is the class but a -grade removed, to whom<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span> no training has come from which strength or +grade removed, to whom<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span> no training has come from which strength or simplicity or any virtue of honest living could grow, that makes the army of women who have chosen degradation.</p> @@ -4337,7 +4307,7 @@ half lives.”</p></div> <p>“To know how that other half lives.” That is the demand made upon woman and man alike. Once at least put yourselves in the worker’s place, if it be but for half an hour, and think her thought and live her starved and -dreary life. Then ask what<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span> work must be done to alter conditions, to +dreary life. Then ask what<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span> work must be done to alter conditions, to kill false ideals, and vow that no day on earth shall pass that has not held some effort, in word or deed, to make true living more possible for every child of man. No mission, no guild, no sermon, has or can have @@ -4350,9 +4320,9 @@ forever we are our brothers’ keepers.</p> <p> </p><p> </p> -<hr style="width: 50%;" /> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span></p> -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_SIXTEENTH" id="CHAPTER_SIXTEENTH"></a>CHAPTER SIXTEENTH.</h2> +<hr style="width: 50%;"> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span></p> +<h2><a id="CHAPTER_SIXTEENTH"></a>CHAPTER SIXTEENTH.</h2> <h3>TWO HOSPITAL BEDS.</h3> <p> </p> @@ -4372,7 +4342,7 @@ man yet told us.</p> equal claim to the place. The birthplace and home of all reform, New England is the home also of a greed born of hard conditions and developing a keenness unequalled by that of any other bargainer on -earth. The Italian, the Greek, the Turk, find a certain æsthetic<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span> +earth. The Italian, the Greek, the Turk, find a certain æsthetic<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span> satisfaction in bargaining and do it methodically, but always picturesquely and with a relish unaffected by defeat; but with the Yankee it is a passionate, absorbing desire, sharpening every line of @@ -4396,7 +4366,7 @@ money.</p> <p>It is this latter fate that came to a man who would have no place in this record save for the fact that his last querulous and -still-questioning days were lived<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span> side by side with a man who had also +still-questioning days were lived<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span> side by side with a man who had also sought money, and having found it had chosen for it certain experimental uses by means of which siphon he was presently drained dry. For him also had been many defeats. A hospital ward held them both, and the two beds @@ -4418,7 +4388,7 @@ indifference. It was impossible even to ask his story; and it remained impossible until a day when arraignment was cut short and the disappointed, bitter soul passed on to such conditions as it had made for itself.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span>“You’ve got +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span>“You’ve got the best of me. They all do,” he said in dying, with a last turn of the sombre eyes toward his neighbor. “You ought to have gone first by a week, and there you are. But this time I guess it’s just as well. I don’t seem to want to fight any longer, and I’m glad @@ -4440,7 +4410,7 @@ couldn’t. It was a great cause. I cried over the negroes down South and went without sugar a year or so, and learned to knit so that I could knit some stockings for the small slaves my own size. But by the time I was eight years old it was plain enough to me that there were other -kinds of slavery quite as bad, and that my own mother wore as heavy<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span> +kinds of slavery quite as bad, and that my own mother wore as heavy<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span> bonds as any of them. She was a farmer’s wife, and from year’s end to year’s end she toiled and worked. She never had a cent of her own, for the butter money was consecrated to the cause, and she gave it gladly. @@ -4463,7 +4433,7 @@ you, mother, I’ll do for all women as long as I am on the earth.’</p hard time, and some brute was making it for her. I knew it was partly their own fault for not teaching their boys how to be unselfish and decent, but custom and tradition, the law and the prophets, were all -against them. I watched<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span> it all I could, but I was deep in trying to get +against them. I watched<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span> it all I could, but I was deep in trying to get ahead and I did. Somehow, in spite of my dreams and my fancies, there was a money-making streak in me. It’s a lost vein. You may search as you will and find no trace, but it was there once and gave good returns. I @@ -4485,7 +4455,7 @@ wages a week were from three to five dollars, and they were at it from seven <span class="smcaplc">A. M.</span> to six <span class="smcaplc">P. M.</span> There was a good woman in the office,—a woman with a head as well as a heart,—and she did the directing and disciplining. It was no joke to keep peace if the cooling delayed and -the creatures began squabbling together, but she managed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span> it, and by +the creatures began squabbling together, but she managed<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span> it, and by night they were always meek enough. You’re likely to be meek when you’ve carried soap ten pounds at a time ten hours a day, from the cutting table to the cooling table, across floors as slippery as glass or glare @@ -4507,7 +4477,7 @@ something: shorter hours; better wages; some sort of share in the money we were making. Friend Peter shook his head when I began to hint these things. ‘They fare well enough,’ he said. ‘Thee must not get socialistic notions in thy head.’ ‘I know nothing about socialism,’ I said. ‘All I -want is justice, and thee wants it too. Thee has cried out<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span> for it for +want is justice, and thee wants it too. Thee has cried out<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span> for it for the black brother and sister; why not for the white?’</p> <p>“‘Thee is talking folly,’ he said and would make no other answer.</p> @@ -4531,7 +4501,7 @@ fraudulent as if he cheated deliberately, he said, ‘Then thee need share them no longer. Go thy way for a hot-headed fool.’</p> <p>“I went. There was an opening in New York, and I had every detail at my -fingers’ ends. I went<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span> in with a man a little older, who seemed to think +fingers’ ends. I went<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span> in with a man a little older, who seemed to think as I did, and who did, till I made practical application of my theories. I had studied everything to be had on the subject. I had mastered a language or two in my evenings, for I lived like a hermit; but now I @@ -4551,7 +4521,7 @@ but talks where every man had a chance to speak five minutes if he would, and to ask questions. I coaxed the women to come. I wanted them to understand, and two or three took hold. I made a decent place for them to eat their dinners, and put these women in charge. I put in an -oil-stove and a table and seats, and gave them<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span> coffee and tea at two +oil-stove and a table and seats, and gave them<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span> coffee and tea at two cents a cup, and tried to have them care for the place. That has been done over and over by many an employer who pities his workers; and nine times out of ten the same result follows. The animal crops out. They @@ -4573,7 +4543,7 @@ you must go on alone.’</p> <p>“I did go on alone. He left and took his capital with him. The best men stayed with me and swore to take their chances. The soap was good, and I -made a hit in one or two fancy kinds, but I could<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span> not compete with men +made a hit in one or two fancy kinds, but I could<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span> not compete with men who used mean material and turned out something that looked as well at half the price. My money melted away, and a fire—set, they told me, by a man I had discharged for long-continued dishonesty—finished me. I had @@ -4597,7 +4567,7 @@ be a fool. You can’t stand out against a system.’</p> for any man’s hire. The time is coming when this rottenness must end. Make one more to fight it now.’</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span>“Men looked at me pitifully. ‘I was throwing away chances,’ they said. +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span>“Men looked at me pitifully. ‘I was throwing away chances,’ they said. ‘Why wouldn’t I hear reason? We were in the world, not in Utopia.’</p> <p>“‘We are in the hell we have made for all mankind,’ I said. ‘The only @@ -4619,7 +4589,7 @@ must be better understanding. I would give a thousand lives joyfully if only I could make men and women who sit at ease know the sorrow of the poor. It is their ignorance that is their curse. Teach them; study them. Care as much for the outcast at home as for the heathen abroad. And, oh, -if you can make<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span> anybody listen, beg them for Christ’s sake, for their +if you can make<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span> anybody listen, beg them for Christ’s sake, for their own sake, to hearken and to help! Beg them to study; not to say with no knowledge that help is impossible, but to study, to think, and then to work with their might. It is my last word,—a poor word that can reach @@ -4631,9 +4601,9 @@ ever he knows true life, has no other foundation.”</p> <p> </p><p> </p> -<hr style="width: 50%;" /> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span></p> -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_SEVENTEENTH" id="CHAPTER_SEVENTEENTH"></a>CHAPTER SEVENTEENTH.</h2> +<hr style="width: 50%;"> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span></p> +<h2><a id="CHAPTER_SEVENTEENTH"></a>CHAPTER SEVENTEENTH.</h2> <h3>CHILD-WORKERS IN NEW YORK.</h3> <p> </p> @@ -4657,7 +4627,7 @@ thirteen years of age. By thirteen a child isn’t likely to be stunted or hurt by overwork. We protect all classes and the weakest most.”</p></div> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span>Thus the political economist who stops at figures and considers any +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span>Thus the political economist who stops at figures and considers any further dealing with the question unnecessary. And if the law were of stringent application; if parents told the truth as to age, and if the two inspectors who are supposed to suffice for the thousands of @@ -4678,7 +4648,7 @@ Let us see in what fashion they make part of the system.</p> <p>For a large proportion of the women visited, among whom all forms of the clothing industry were the occupation, children under ten, and more often from four to eight, were valuable assistants. In a small room on -Hester Street, a woman on work on overalls—for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span> the making of which she +Hester Street, a woman on work on overalls—for<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span> the making of which she received one dollar a dozen—said:—</p> <p>“I couldn’t do as well if it wasn’t for Jinny and Mame there. Mame has @@ -4706,7 +4676,7 @@ to play with it.”</p> more in a minute or two, an’ you’re to see how Mame does one an’ do it good too, or I’ll find out why not.”</p> -<p>Mame had come forward and stood holding to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span> one thin garment which +<p>Mame had come forward and stood holding to the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span> one thin garment which but partly covered Jinny’s little bones. She too looked out from a wild thatch of black hair, and with the same expression of deep experience, the pallid, hungry little faces lighting suddenly as some cheap cakes @@ -4734,7 +4704,7 @@ to help.”</p> <p>“But one that sells papers. Last year is five, but mother and dree are gone with fever. It is many that die. What will you? It is the will of God.”</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span>On the floor below two children of seven and eight were found also +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span>On the floor below two children of seven and eight were found also sewing on buttons—in this case for four women who had their machines in one room and were making the cheapest order of corset-cover, for which they received fifty cents a dozen, each one having five buttons. It @@ -4756,7 +4726,7 @@ threads or sewed on buttons as needed; a haggard, wretched-looking child who did not look up as the door opened. A woman who had come down the stairs behind me stopped a moment, and as I passed out said:—</p> -<p>“If there was a law for him I’d have him up. It’s<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span> his own sister’s +<p>“If there was a law for him I’d have him up. It’s<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span> his own sister’s child, and he workin’ her ten hours a day an’ many a day into the night, an’ she with an open sore on her neck, an’ crying out many’s the time when she draws out a long needleful an’ so gives it a jerk. She’s sewed @@ -4778,7 +4748,7 @@ smell dominating that from the sinks and from the general filth, not only of this room but of the house as a whole. Two of the children sat on the floor stripping the leaves, and another on a small stool. A girl of twenty sat near them, and all alike had sores on lips and cheeks and -on the hands. Children from five or six years up can be taught to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span> strip +on the hands. Children from five or six years up can be taught to<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span> strip and thus add to the week’s income, which is far less for the tenement-house manufacture than for regular factory work, the latter averaging from eight to twelve dollars a week. But the work if done at @@ -4801,7 +4771,7 @@ most, growth being stunted, nervous disease developed and ending often in St. Vitus’s dance, and skin diseases of every order being the rule, the causes being not only tobacco, but the filth in which they live.</p> -<p>It is doubtful if the most inveterate smoker would<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span> feel much relish for +<p>It is doubtful if the most inveterate smoker would<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span> feel much relish for the cigar manufactured under such conditions; yet hundreds of thousands go out yearly from these houses, bearing in every leaf the poison of their preparation. In this one house nearly thirty children of all ages @@ -4824,7 +4794,7 @@ tenement-house manufacture absolutely can there be any safety for either consumer or producer.</p> <p>Following in the same line of inquiry I take here the facts furnished to -Professor Adler by a lady<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span> physician whose work has long lain among the +Professor Adler by a lady<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span> physician whose work has long lain among the poor. During the eighteen months prior to February 1, 1886, she found among the people with whom she came in contact five hundred and thirty-five children under twelve years old,—most of them between ten @@ -4846,7 +4816,7 @@ of the year, and the poorer class work from early morning till eight energy as is left they take their fourteen weeks of education, but even in these many methods of evasion are practised. It is easy to swear that the child is over fourteen, but small of its age, and this is constantly -done. It is sometimes done deliberately<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span> by thinking workmen, who deny +done. It is sometimes done deliberately<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span> by thinking workmen, who deny that the common school as it at present exists can give any training that they desire for their children, or that it will ever do so till manual training forms part of the course. But for most it is not @@ -4870,7 +4840,7 @@ system, even if it does make them smart.”</p> <p>An awful system, yet in its ranks march more and more thousands every year. It would seem as if every force in modern civilization bent toward -this one end of money-getting, and the child of days and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span> the old man of +this one end of money-getting, and the child of days and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span> the old man of years alike shared the passion and ran the same mad race. It is the passion itself that has outgrown all bounds and that faces us to-day,—the modern Medusa on which he who looks has no more heart of @@ -4884,9 +4854,9 @@ pleads: “Let my people go free”?</p> <p> </p><p> </p> -<hr style="width: 50%;" /> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span></p> -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_EIGHTEENTH" id="CHAPTER_EIGHTEENTH"></a>CHAPTER EIGHTEENTH.</h2> +<hr style="width: 50%;"> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span></p> +<h2><a id="CHAPTER_EIGHTEENTH"></a>CHAPTER EIGHTEENTH.</h2> <h3>STEADY TRADES AND THEIR OUTLOOK.</h3> <p> </p> @@ -4908,7 +4878,7 @@ not learning new ways, but it’s the same in all. Now, take mattress-making. I learned that because I could help my father best that way. He was an upholsterer in Aberdeen, and came over to better himself, and he did if he hadn’t signed notes for a friend and ruined himself. He -upholstered in the big families for thirty years, and everybody<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span> knew +upholstered in the big families for thirty years, and everybody<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span> knew his little place on Hudson Street. People then bought furniture to last, and had it covered with the best of stuff, and so with curtains and hangings. Damask was damask, I can tell you, and velvet lambrequins @@ -4929,7 +4899,7 @@ for years; and I’ve been forewoman in a big factory, but somehow a factory mattress never seems to me as springy and good as the old kind. Upholsterers make pretty good wages, but it can’t be called steady any more, though it used to be. I’ve thought many a time of going into -business for myself, but <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span>competition’s awful, and I’m afraid to try. I +business for myself, but <span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span>competition’s awful, and I’m afraid to try. I won’t cheat, and there’s no getting ahead unless you do.”</p> <p>“What are the wages?”</p> @@ -4954,7 +4924,7 @@ how many kinds there are. We even make stocks for a few old-fashioned gentlemen that will have them. It’s a business that a lady turns to first thing almost if she wants to earn, and we give out hundreds on hundreds to such, besides sending loads into the country. I often think -our house turns out enough for the whole United<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span> States, but we’re only +our house turns out enough for the whole United<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span> States, but we’re only a beginning. We pay well,—well as any, and better. Twenty-five cents a dozen is good pay now, and we see that our cutter leaves margin enough to keep the women from being cheated. That’s a great trick with some. @@ -4976,7 +4946,7 @@ It’s a genteel trade and a pretty steady one, but if a dull time comes the girls go into cigar-making and manage along somehow. I’ve coaxed a good many into service, but it isn’t one in a hundred will try that.”</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span>The third woman represented a hat-pressing factory in which she had been +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span>The third woman represented a hat-pressing factory in which she had been eleven years, and in which the wages had fallen year by year, till at present women, even when most expert, can earn not over six dollars per week as against from eight to twelve in previous years. The trade is @@ -4998,7 +4968,7 @@ restored their occupation.</p> both trades, and thus stood prepared to circumvent fate. “The trouble is, you never know a week ahead which will be up and which down. Lots of us have learned both, and when I see the firm putting their heads -together I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span> know what it means and just go across the way to +together I<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span> know what it means and just go across the way to Pillsbury’s, and the same with them. It’s good pay and one or the other steady, but the Lord only knows which.”</p> @@ -5020,7 +4990,7 @@ to carpets, convinced one that if nerves were hardened to the incessant noise of machinery, there were distinct advantages associated with it. The few Scotch in the mill, men and women who had been brought over from Dundee, the headquarters of the jute industry abroad, insisted that jute -was healthy, and long life<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span> for all who handled it a forgone conclusion. +was healthy, and long life<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span> for all who handled it a forgone conclusion. A tour among the workers seemed to confirm this impression, though here and there one found the factory face, with its dead paleness and dark-ringed eyes. Children as small as can be held to be consistent with @@ -5042,7 +5012,7 @@ rate of wages earned being nine dollars, while seven dollars is considered fair. There must be a certain apprenticeship, not less than six months being required to master details and understand each stage of the work. In one of the best of these establishments, where space was -plenty and ventilation and other<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span> conditions all good, one woman had +plenty and ventilation and other<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span> conditions all good, one woman had been in the firm’s employ for eighteen years and was practically forewoman, though no such office is recognized. Beginners were placed in her hands and did not leave her till a perfect box could be turned off. @@ -5064,7 +5034,7 @@ promotion beyond a certain point. In paper hangings wages do not rise above twenty-five dollars at most, and in paper collars and cuffs, as in everything connected with clothing, the rate is much less. Rags are the foundation industry in all these forms of paper manufacture, but the -two<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span> thousand women who work at sorting these seldom pass beyond five +two<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span> thousand women who work at sorting these seldom pass beyond five dollars, and more often receive but two and a half or three dollars per week.</p> @@ -5088,7 +5058,7 @@ braid, gimp, button, clasp, lining, or other article employed in its manufacture. In every one of these competition keeps wages at the lowest possible figure. Outside of the army here employed come the washers and ironers who laundry shirts and underwear, whose work is of the most -exhausting order,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span> who “lean hard” on the iron, and in time become the +exhausting order,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span> who “lean hard” on the iron, and in time become the victims of diseases resulting from ten hours a day of this “leaning hard,” and who complain bitterly that prisons and reformatories underbid them and keep wages down. It is quite true. Convict labor here as @@ -5110,7 +5080,7 @@ expert in any one of them is tolerably certain of steady employment, but wages have reached the lowest point and it does not appear that any rise is probable. Sharp competition rules and will rule till the working class themselves recognize the necessity of an education that will make -them something more than<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span> adjuncts to machinery, and of an organization +them something more than<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span> adjuncts to machinery, and of an organization in which co-operation will take the place of competition. That both must come is as certain as that evolution is upward and not downward, but it is still a distant day, and neither employer nor employed have yet @@ -5118,9 +5088,9 @@ learned the possibilities of either.</p> <p> </p><p> </p> -<hr style="width: 50%;" /> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</a></span></p> -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_NINETEENTH" id="CHAPTER_NINETEENTH"></a>CHAPTER NINETEENTH.</h2> +<hr style="width: 50%;"> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</a></span></p> +<h2><a id="CHAPTER_NINETEENTH"></a>CHAPTER NINETEENTH.</h2> <h3>DOMESTIC SERVICE AND ITS PROBLEMS.</h3> <p> </p> @@ -5139,7 +5109,7 @@ and hopeless and faithless as to remedies, the outlook is necessarily bounded by her own horizon. She listens with indignant contempt to the story of the thousands who choose their garrets and semi-starvation with independence, to the shelter and abundance of the homes in which they -might be made welcome. She<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</a></span> may even aver that any statement of their +might be made welcome. She<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</a></span> may even aver that any statement of their suffering is stupid sentimentality; the gush and maudlin melancholy of “humanitarian clergymen and newspaper reformers.”</p> @@ -5162,7 +5132,7 @@ interest lies in discovering what is at the bottom of the objection to domestic service; how far these objections are rational and to be treated with respect, and how they may be obviated. The mistress’s point of view we all know. We know, too, her presentation of objections as she -fancies she has discovered them. What we do not know is the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span> ground +fancies she has discovered them. What we do not know is the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span> ground taken by sensible, self-respecting girls, who have chosen trades in preference, and from whom full detail has been obtained as to the reasons for such choice. In listening to the countless stories of @@ -5187,7 +5157,7 @@ first guilds for working-women established in this country, objections being practically the same at whatever point they may be given. They were arranged under different heads and numbered in order.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span>In the present case it seems well to take the individual testimony, each +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span>In the present case it seems well to take the individual testimony, each girl whose verdict is chosen representing a class, and being really its mouthpiece.</p> <p>First on the list stands Margaret M——, an American, twenty-three years @@ -5209,7 +5179,7 @@ but I know I’d fight for mine.”</p> <p>“Women are always harder on women than men are,” said a fur-sewer, an intelligent American about thirty. “I got tired of always sitting, and -took a place as chambermaid. The work was all right and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span> the wages good, +took a place as chambermaid. The work was all right and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span> the wages good, but I’ll tell you what I couldn’t stand. The cook and the waitress were just common, uneducated Irish, and I had to room with one and stand the personal habits of both, and the way they did at table took all my @@ -5235,7 +5205,7 @@ ordering you round.”</p> <p>“That’s different. A man knows what he wants, and doesn’t go beyond it; but a woman never knows what she wants, and sort of bosses you -everlastingly.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</a></span> If there was such a thing as fixed hours it might be +everlastingly.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</a></span> If there was such a thing as fixed hours it might be different, but I tell every girl I know, ‘Whatever you do, don’t go into service. You’ll always be prisoners and always looked down on.’ You can do things at home for them as belongs to you that somehow it seems @@ -5258,7 +5228,7 @@ many would feel just the same.”</p> <p>“Oh, nobody need to tell me about poor servants,” said an energetic woman of forty, Irish-American, and for years in a shirt factory. “Don’t I know the way the hussies’ll do, comin’ out of a bog maybe, an’ not -knowing the names even, let alone the use, of half<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</a></span> the things in the +knowing the names even, let alone the use, of half<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</a></span> the things in the kitchen, and asking their twelve and fourteen dollars a month? Don’t I know it well, an’ the shame it is to ’em! but I know plenty o’ decent, hard-workin’ girls too, that give good satisfaction, an’ this is what @@ -5280,7 +5250,7 @@ outnumber ’em. Women make hard mistresses, and I say again, I’d rath be under a man, that knows what he wants. That’s the way with most.”</p> <p>“I don’t see why people are surprised that we don’t rush into places,” -said a shop-girl. “Our world<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</a></span> may be a very narrow world, and I know it +said a shop-girl. “Our world<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</a></span> may be a very narrow world, and I know it is; but for all that, it’s the only one we’ve got, and right or wrong, we’re out of it if we go into service. A teacher or cashier or anybody in a store, no matter if they have got common-sense, doesn’t want to @@ -5303,7 +5273,7 @@ she goes out with them?’ she got very red, and straightened up. ‘It& very different matter,’ she said; ‘you must not forget that in accepting a servant’s place you accept a servant’s limitations.’ That finished me. I loved the children, but I said, ‘If you have no other thought of what -I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span> am to the children than that, I had better go.’ I went, and she put a +I<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span> am to the children than that, I had better go.’ I went, and she put a common, uneducated Irish girl in my place. I know a good many who would take nurse’s places, and who are sensible enough not to want to push into the family life. But the trouble is that almost every one wants to @@ -5325,7 +5295,7 @@ little time to myself. I was all worn out, and at last I had to go. There was another reason. I had no place but the kitchen to see my friends. I was thirty years old and as well born and well educated as she, and it didn’t seem right. The mistresses think it’s all the girls’ -fault, but I’ve seen<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span> enough to know that women haven’t found out what +fault, but I’ve seen<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span> enough to know that women haven’t found out what justice means, and that a girl knows it, many a time, better than her employer. Anyway, you couldn’t make me try it again.”</p> @@ -5346,7 +5316,7 @@ think, when a girl was quiet and fond of her home, and treat her different from the kind that destroy everything; but I suppose the truth is, they’re worn out with that kind and don’t make any difference. It’s hard to give up your whole life to somebody else’s orders, and always -feel as if you was looked at over a wall like; but so it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</a></span> is, and you +feel as if you was looked at over a wall like; but so it<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</a></span> is, and you won’t get girls to try it, till somehow or other things are different.”</p> <p>Last on the record came a young woman born in Pennsylvania in a fairly @@ -5370,7 +5340,7 @@ rather pretty and independent, and showed she was somebody, to sling dishes on the table, and never say ‘ma’am’ nor ‘sir,’ and dress up afternoons and make believe they hadn’t a responsibility on earth. They hadn’t sense enough to do anything first-rate, for nobody had ever put -any<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</a></span> decent ambition into ’em. It isn’t to do work well; it’s to get +any<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</a></span> decent ambition into ’em. It isn’t to do work well; it’s to get somehow to a place where there won’t be any more work. So I say that it’s the way of living and thinking that’s all wrong; and that as soon as you get it ciphered out and plain before you that any woman, high or @@ -5386,9 +5356,9 @@ more distinct and formidable in the mind of the server.</p> <p> </p><p> </p> -<hr style="width: 50%;" /> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</a></span></p> -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_TWENTIETH" id="CHAPTER_TWENTIETH"></a>CHAPTER TWENTIETH.</h2> +<hr style="width: 50%;"> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</a></span></p> +<h2><a id="CHAPTER_TWENTIETH"></a>CHAPTER TWENTIETH.</h2> <h3>MORE PROBLEMS OF DOMESTIC SERVICE.</h3> <p> </p> @@ -5408,7 +5378,7 @@ enclosing neighbors of like mind, they exist and face at once all who look below the surface. The testimony of the class itself might be open to doubt. The testimony of the physicians whose work lies among them, or in the infirmaries to which they come, cannot be impugned. Shirk or deny -facts as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[Pg 234]</a></span> we may, it is certain that in the great cities, save for the +facts as<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_234">[Pg 234]</a></span> we may, it is certain that in the great cities, save for the comparatively small proportion of quiet homes where old methods still prevail, household service has become synonymous with the worst degradation that comes to woman. Women who have been in service, and @@ -5431,7 +5401,7 @@ corruption for every tenant. Even for the most decent there was small escape. To the children born in these quarters every inmost fact of human life was from the beginning a familiar story. Overcrowding, the impossibility of slightest privacy, the constant contact with the -grossest side<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</a></span> of life, soon deaden any susceptibility and destroy every +grossest side<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</a></span> of life, soon deaden any susceptibility and destroy every gleam of modesty or decency. In the lowest order of all rules an absolute shamelessness which conceals itself in the grade above, yet has no less firm hold of those who have come up in such conditions.</p> @@ -5454,7 +5424,7 @@ unsavory as the details will seem, their knowledge is an essential factor in the problem. The tenement-house stands to-day not only as the breeder of disease and physical degeneration for every inmate, but as equally potent in social demoralization for the class who ignore its -existence. Out of these houses come hundreds upon<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</a></span> hundreds of our +existence. Out of these houses come hundreds upon<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</a></span> hundreds of our domestic servants, whose influence is upon our children at the most impressible age, and who bring inherited and acquired foulness into our homes and lives. And if such make but the smallest proportion of those @@ -5477,7 +5447,7 @@ integral a part of the present social structure that temporary destruction would seem the inevitable result of change. Yet change must come before the only class who have legitimate place in our homes will or can take such place. If different ideals had ruled among us; if ease -and freedom from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</a></span> obligation and “a good time” had not come to be the +and freedom from<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</a></span> obligation and “a good time” had not come to be the chief end of man to-day; if our schools gave any training from which boy or girl could go out into life with the best in them developed and ready for actual practical use,—this mass of undisciplined, conscienceless, @@ -5498,13 +5468,13 @@ afford. But save for one here and there who has chanced to find an employer who knows the meaning of justice as well as of human sympathy, the mass turn away hopeless of any change in methods. Yet reform among intelligent employers could easily be brought about were the question -treated from the standpoint of justice, and the demand made<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</a></span> an equally +treated from the standpoint of justice, and the demand made<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</a></span> an equally imperative and binding one for each side. The mistresses who command the best service are those who make rigorous demands, but keep their own side of the bargain as rigorously. They are few, for the American temperament is one of submission, varied by sudden bursts of revolt, and despairing return to a worse state than the first. A training-school -school for mistresses is as much an essential as one for the servants. +for mistresses is as much an essential as one for the servants. The conditions of modern life come more complicated with every year; and as simplification becomes for the many less and less possible, it is all the more vitally necessary to study the subject from the new standpoint, @@ -5520,7 +5490,7 @@ they shirk or half fulfil their contract, find work taken from them. Were the same arrangement understood as equally binding in domestic service, thousands of self-respecting women would not hesitate to enter it. Family life cannot always move in fixed lines, and hours must often -vary; but conscientious tally could be kept, and over-hours receive the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</a></span> +vary; but conscientious tally could be kept, and over-hours receive the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</a></span> pay they have earned. A conscience on both sides would be the first necessity; and it is quite certain that the master of the house would require education as decidedly as the mistress, woman’s work within home @@ -5546,7 +5516,7 @@ the right to make? They are short and simple. They are absolutely reasonable, and their adoption would be an education to every household which accepted them:—</p> -<p>1. A definition of what a day’s work means, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</a></span> payment for all +<p>1. A definition of what a day’s work means, and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</a></span> payment for all over-time required, or certain hours of absolute freedom guaranteed, especially where the position is that of child’s nurse.</p> @@ -5574,7 +5544,7 @@ in the land, and its provisions honestly met, household revolution and anarchy would cease, and the whole question settle itself quietly and once for all. And this in spite of a thousand inherent difficulties known to every housekeeper, but which would prove self-adjusting so soon -as it was learned that service had found a rational basis. At present,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</a></span> +as it was learned that service had found a rational basis. At present,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</a></span> with the majority of mistresses, it is simply unending struggle to get the most out of the unwilling and grudging server, hopelessly unreasonable and giving warning on faintest provocation. Yet these very @@ -5599,7 +5569,7 @@ at all, but the birth of something better for every child of the Republic.</p> <p>For the individual standing alone, hampered by many cares and distracted -over the whole household<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[Pg 242]</a></span> problem, action may seem impossible. But if +over the whole household<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_242">[Pg 242]</a></span> problem, action may seem impossible. But if the most rational members of a community would band together, send prejudice and tradition to the winds, and make a new declaration of independence for the worker, it is certain that the tide would turn and @@ -5616,15 +5586,15 @@ it forever is another and a harder matter. Still harder is it to know its full meaning and what it is that makes the battle worth fighting. Union to such ends will be slow, but it must come:—</p> -<p class="poem">“Freedom is growth and not creation:<br /> -One man suffers, one man is free.<br /> -One brain forges a constitution,<br /> -But how shall the million souls be won?<br /> -Freedom is more than a revolution—<br /> +<p class="poem">“Freedom is growth and not creation:<br> +One man suffers, one man is free.<br> +One brain forges a constitution,<br> +But how shall the million souls be won?<br> +Freedom is more than a revolution—<br> He is not free who is free alone.”</p> <p>Is this the word of a dreamer whose imagination holds the only work of -reconstruction, and whose<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</a></span> hands are powerless to make the dream +reconstruction, and whose<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</a></span> hands are powerless to make the dream reality? On the contrary, many years of experience in which few of the usual troubles were encountered, added to that of others who had thought out the problem for themselves, have demonstrated that reform is @@ -5638,9 +5608,9 @@ for a few, and ask why it is not possible to make it so for the many.</p> <p> </p><p> </p> -<hr style="width: 50%;" /> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</a></span></p> -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_TWENTY-FIRST" id="CHAPTER_TWENTY-FIRST"></a>CHAPTER TWENTY-FIRST.</h2> +<hr style="width: 50%;"> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</a></span></p> +<h2><a id="CHAPTER_TWENTY-FIRST"></a>CHAPTER TWENTY-FIRST.</h2> <h3>END AND BEGINNING.</h3> <p> </p> @@ -5659,7 +5629,7 @@ fermenting brickwork, pouring out poison at every pore.”</p> <p>The prosperous have no such definition, nor do they admit that it can be true. For the poor, it is the only one that can have place. We pack them -away in tenements crowded and foul beyond anything<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</a></span> known even to +away in tenements crowded and foul beyond anything<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</a></span> known even to London, whose “Bitter Cry” had less reason than ours; and we have taken excellent care that no foot of ground shall remain that might mean breathing-space, or free sport of child, or any green growing thing. @@ -5681,7 +5651,7 @@ is our own system that has made these lives worthless, and sooner or later we must answer how it came, that living in a civilized land they had less chance than the heathen to whom we send our missionaries, and upon whose occasional conversions we plume ourselves as if thus the -Kingdom of Heaven were made wider. If it is true that for many only a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</a></span> +Kingdom of Heaven were made wider. If it is true that for many only a<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</a></span> little alleviation is possible, a little more justice, a little better apportionment of such good as they can comprehend, it is also true that something better is within the reach of all.</p> @@ -5705,7 +5675,7 @@ and men alike, has abolished training and slow, steady preparation for any trade. An American has been regarded as quick enough and keen enough to take in the essential features of a calling, as it were, at a glance, and apprenticeship has been taken as practically an insult to national -intelligence. Law has kept pace with such conviction, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</a></span> thus the door +intelligence. Law has kept pace with such conviction, and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</a></span> thus the door has been shut in the face of all learners, and foreigners have supplied our skilled workmen and work-women. The groundwork of any better order lies, if not in a return to the apprentice system, then in a training @@ -5727,7 +5697,7 @@ cemented in love and hope, and a knowledge of the beauty to come, that long ago died out of any work the present knows. The builders had small book knowledge. They could be talked down by any public-school child in its second or third year. But they knew the meaning of beauty and order -and law; and this trinity stands to-day, and will stand for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</a></span> many a +and law; and this trinity stands to-day, and will stand for<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</a></span> many a generation to come, as an ideal to which we must return till like causes work again to like ends. The child who could barely read saw beauty on every side, and took in the store of ballad and tradition that gave life @@ -5749,7 +5719,7 @@ something not yet attained by the many who, partially accepting his methods, pronounce his theories dangerous and destructive to what must be held sacred. However this may be, he and his band of co-workers have proved, in seven years of unceasing struggle against heavy odds, that a -development is possible even for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</a></span> the tenement-house child, that +development is possible even for<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</a></span> the tenement-house child, that reconstructs the entire view of life and makes possible the end for which all industrial training is but the preparation. It is in such training that children, rich or poor, best learn the demand bound up in @@ -5772,7 +5742,7 @@ sacrifice is necessary, to work and to wait in patience. Such power is born in the industrial school in its largest sense,—the school that trains heart and mind as well eye and hand, and makes the child ready for the best work its measure of power can know. This we can give by -State or by individual<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[Pg 250]</a></span> aid, as the case may be, and every ward in the +State or by individual<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_250">[Pg 250]</a></span> aid, as the case may be, and every ward in the city should own a sufficient number to include every child within it. A check upon emigration would seem an imperative demand,—not prevention, but some clause which might act to lessen the garbage-heaps dumped upon @@ -5795,7 +5765,7 @@ argument yet made for the cause.</p> <p>Industrial education for the child of to-day; co-operation as the end to be attained by the worker into which the child will grow,—in these two factors is bound up much of the problem. They will not touch many whose -miserable lives are recorded in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</a></span> these pages, but they will forever end +miserable lives are recorded in<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</a></span> these pages, but they will forever end any chance of another generation in like case. There are workers who think, who are being educated by sharp conflict with circumstances, and who look beyond their own present need to the future. These men and @@ -5817,7 +5787,7 @@ not alone their ignorance and stupidity and grossness and wilful blindness, but behind it an ignorance and stupidity no less dense upon which theirs is founded,—our own. The visible wretchedness is so appalling, the need for instant relief so pressing, that it is small -wonder that no power remains to look beyond the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</a></span> moment, or to +wonder that no power remains to look beyond the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</a></span> moment, or to disentangle one’s self from the myriad conflicting claims, and ask the real meaning of the demand. Mile after mile of the fair islands once the charm of the East River and the great Sound beyond are covered by @@ -5840,7 +5810,7 @@ alter, no work of our hands or desire of our hearts bring the better day we desire, till the foundations have been laid in something less shifting than the sands on which we build.</p> -<p>The mission of alleviation, of protection, of care for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[Pg 253]</a></span> the foulest and +<p>The mission of alleviation, of protection, of care for<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_253">[Pg 253]</a></span> the foulest and lowest of lives, has had its day. It is time that this mass of effort stirred against its perpetual reproduction, its existence, its ever more and more shameless demands. An improved home goes far toward making @@ -5863,7 +5833,7 @@ unenlightened emigrants pouring in a steady stream through Castle Garden have become our hands, and, as hands dependent on the heads of others, have fallen into the same category as the slaves, whose possession brought infinitely more degradation to owners than to owned. It is the -story<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[Pg 254]</a></span> of every civilized nation before its fall,—this exploitation of +story<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_254">[Pg 254]</a></span> of every civilized nation before its fall,—this exploitation of labor, this degradation of the worker; and the story of hopeless decay and collapse must be ours also, if different ideals do not rise to fill the place of this Golden Calf to which all have bent the knee. There is @@ -5885,7 +5855,7 @@ and unscrupulousness, the fruit not of honest labor but of pure speculation, is a burning disgrace to its owner, a plague-spot in civilization, shall we be able to convince girl or woman that labor is honorable, and better gains possible than any involved in merely getting -on. Never till this<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</a></span> furious fight for success, this system of +on. Never till this<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</a></span> furious fight for success, this system of competition which kills all regard for the individual, demanding only a machine capable of so much net product,—never till these and all methods of like nature have ceased to have place, or right to existence, @@ -5908,7 +5878,7 @@ new temple, fairer than any yet known to mortal eyes. If there is doubt for this generation of working-women toiling in blindest ignorance, it rests with us to lessen the doubt for the next, and to make it impossible in that better day for which we labor. Not one of us but can -ask,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[Pg 256]</a></span> “What is the source of the income which gives me ease? Is it +ask,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_256">[Pg 256]</a></span> “What is the source of the income which gives me ease? Is it possible for me to reconstruct my own life in such fashion that it shall mean more direct and personal relation to the worker? How can I bring more simplicity, less conventionality, more truth and right living into @@ -5930,7 +5900,7 @@ there is an exaggerated estimate of the value of money,—an involuntary and inevitable truckling to the one who has most,—and that, no matter what our teaching may be, the force of every act and tendency makes against it. And there can be no retracing of steps that have for -generations turned in the wrong<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[Pg 257]</a></span> direction. The very breath we draw on +generations turned in the wrong<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_257">[Pg 257]</a></span> direction. The very breath we draw on this American soil is poisoned by the foulness about us, and about us by our own act and choice. We have degraded labor till there is no lower depth, and not one but many generations must pass before these masses @@ -5956,11 +5926,11 @@ waits him who has chosen blindness.</p> <p> </p><p> </p><p> </p> -<hr style="width: 50%;" /> +<hr style="width: 50%;"> <div class="adverts"> -<p class="center"><big>MRS. CAMPBELL’S BOOKS.</big></p> +<p class="center"><span style="font-size: larger">MRS. CAMPBELL’S BOOKS.</span></p> -<p><br /><b>THE WHAT-TO-DO CLUB.</b> A Story for Girls. 16mo. $1.50.</p> +<p><br><b>THE WHAT-TO-DO CLUB.</b> A Story for Girls. 16mo. $1.50.</p> <p><b>MRS. HERNDON’S INCOME.</b> A Novel. 16mo. $1.50.</p> @@ -5985,18 +5955,18 @@ Italy, and the North. 50 cents.</p> <p><b>SOME PASSAGES IN THE PRACTICE OF DR. MARTHA SCARBOROUGH.</b> 16mo. $1.00.</p> -<p class="center"><br /><i>These books will be mailed, post-paid, on receipt of the price by the Publishers</i>,</p> +<p class="center"><br><i>These books will be mailed, post-paid, on receipt of the price by the Publishers</i>,</p> -<p class="center"><big>LITTLE, BROWN, & COMPANY,</big><br /> +<p class="center"><span style="font-size: larger">LITTLE, BROWN, & COMPANY,</span><br> 254 Washington Street, Boston, Mass.</p> <p class="center"><i>Terms for quantities, or for class use, will be sent on application.</i></p> <p> </p><p> </p> -<p class="center"><big>MRS. HERNDON’S INCOME.<br />A NOVEL.</big></p> +<p class="center"><span style="font-size: larger">MRS. HERNDON’S INCOME.<br>A NOVEL.</span></p> -<p class="center">BY HELEN CAMPBELL.<br /> +<p class="center">BY HELEN CAMPBELL.<br> <small>AUTHOR OF “THE WHAT-TO-DO CLUB.”</small></p> <p class="center">One volume. 16mo. Cloth. $1.50.</p> @@ -6042,15 +6012,15 @@ impressing us strongly with her convictions, there is nothing of dogmatism in their preaching. But the suggestiveness of every chapter is backed by pictures of real life.”—<i>New York World.</i></p> -<p class="center"><br /><i>Sold by all booksellers. Mailed, post-paid, on receipt of price, by the publishers</i>,</p> +<p class="center"><br><i>Sold by all booksellers. Mailed, post-paid, on receipt of price, by the publishers</i>,</p> -<p class="center"><big>LITTLE, BROWN, AND COMPANY,</big><br /><span class="smcap">Boston</span>.</p> +<p class="center"><span style="font-size: larger">LITTLE, BROWN, AND COMPANY,</span><br><span class="smcap">Boston</span>.</p> <p> </p><p> </p> -<p class="center"><big>MISS MELINDA’S OPPORTUNITY.</big><br /> +<p class="center"><span style="font-size: larger">MISS MELINDA’S OPPORTUNITY.</span><br> <b>A STORY.</b></p> -<p class="center">BY HELEN CAMPBELL,<br /> +<p class="center">BY HELEN CAMPBELL,<br> <small>AUTHOR OF “THE WHAT-TO-DO CLUB,” “MRS. HERNDON’S INCOME,” “PRISONERS OF POVERTY.”</small></p> <p class="center">16mo. Cloth, price, $1.00; paper covers, 50 cents.</p> @@ -6093,13 +6063,13 @@ unpretentious but well-sustained plot runs through the book, with a happy ending, in which Miss Melinda figures as the angel that she is.”—<i>Home Journal.</i></p> -<p class="center"><br /><i>Sold by all booksellers. Mailed, post-paid, on receipt of price, by the publishers</i>,</p> +<p class="center"><br><i>Sold by all booksellers. Mailed, post-paid, on receipt of price, by the publishers</i>,</p> -<p class="center"><big>LITTLE, BROWN, AND COMPANY,</big><br /><span class="smcap">Boston</span>.</p> +<p class="center"><span style="font-size: larger">LITTLE, BROWN, AND COMPANY,</span><br><span class="smcap">Boston</span>.</p> <p> </p><p> </p> -<p class="center"><big>THE WHAT-TO-DO CLUB.</big><br /> +<p class="center"><span style="font-size: larger">THE WHAT-TO-DO CLUB.</span><br> <b>A STORY FOR GIRLS.</b></p> <p class="center"><span class="smcap">By Helen Campbell.</span></p> <p class="center">16mo. Cloth. Price $1.50.</p> @@ -6149,13 +6119,13 @@ courtship, and matrimony. Fun and pathos, sense and sentiment, are mingled throughout, and the combination has resulted in one of the brightest stories of the season.”—<i>Woman’s Journal.</i></p> -<p class="center"><br /><i>Sold by all booksellers. Mailed, post-paid, by publishers</i>,</p> +<p class="center"><br><i>Sold by all booksellers. Mailed, post-paid, by publishers</i>,</p> -<p class="center"><big>LITTLE, BROWN, AND COMPANY,</big> <span class="smcap">Boston</span>.</p> +<p class="center"><span style="font-size: larger">LITTLE, BROWN, AND COMPANY,</span> <span class="smcap">Boston</span>.</p> <p> </p><p> </p> -<p class="center"><big>SOME PASSAGES IN THE PRACTICE OF DR. MARTHA SCARBOROUGH.</big></p> +<p class="center"><span style="font-size: larger">SOME PASSAGES IN THE PRACTICE OF DR. MARTHA SCARBOROUGH.</span></p> <p class="center">BY HELEN CAMPBELL.</p> <p class="center"><i>16mo. Cloth. Price, $1.00.</i></p> @@ -6173,7 +6143,7 @@ a child not yet in her teens when the narrative comes to an end, but she has a salutary power over many lives. Her father is a wise country physician, who makes his chaise, in his daily progress about the hills, serve as his little daughter’s cradle and kindergarten. When she gets -old enough to understand her expounds to her his views of the sins +old enough to understand he expounds to her his views of the sins committed against hygiene, and his lessons sink into an appreciative mind. When he encounters particularly hard cases she applies his principles with unfailing logic, and is able to suggest helpful means of @@ -6193,13 +6163,13 @@ poorest French peasants are really better suited to the sustenance of healthy life than the “messes” that pass for food in many parts of rural New England.—<i>The Beacon.</i></p> -<p class="center"><br /><i>Sold by all Booksellers. Mailed, post-paid, on receipt of price, by the publishers</i>,</p> +<p class="center"><br><i>Sold by all Booksellers. Mailed, post-paid, on receipt of price, by the publishers</i>,</p> -<p class="center"><big>LITTLE, BROWN, AND COMPANY,</big> <span class="smcap">Boston</span>.</p> +<p class="center"><span style="font-size: larger">LITTLE, BROWN, AND COMPANY,</span> <span class="smcap">Boston</span>.</p> <p> </p><p> </p> -<p class="center"><big>ROGER BERKELEY’S PROBATION.</big><br /> +<p class="center"><span style="font-size: larger">ROGER BERKELEY’S PROBATION.</span><br> <b>A Story.</b></p> <p class="center">BY HELEN CAMPBELL,</p> <p class="center"><i>Author of “Prisoners of Poverty,” “Mrs. Herndon’s Income,” “Miss @@ -6228,14 +6198,14 @@ tender; and the figures of Connie, poor little cripple, and Miss Medora Flint, angular and snappish domestic, lend picturesqueness to its group of characters.—<i>Literary World.</i></p> -<p class="center"><br /><i>Sold by all Booksellers. Mailed, postpaid, on receipt of price, by the Publishers</i>,</p> +<p class="center"><br><i>Sold by all Booksellers. Mailed, postpaid, on receipt of price, by the Publishers</i>,</p> -<p class="center"><big>LITTLE, BROWN, AND COMPANY,</big><br /><span class="smcap">Boston</span>.</p> +<p class="center"><span style="font-size: larger">LITTLE, BROWN, AND COMPANY,</span><br><span class="smcap">Boston</span>.</p> <p> </p><p> </p> -<p class="center"><big>PRISONERS OF POVERTY ABROAD</big></p> -<p class="center">By HELEN CAMPBELL,<br /> +<p class="center"><span style="font-size: larger">PRISONERS OF POVERTY ABROAD</span></p> +<p class="center">By HELEN CAMPBELL,<br> <small>AUTHOR OF “THE WHAT-TO-DO-CLUB,” “PRISONERS OF POVERTY,” “ROGER BERKELEY’S PROBATION,” ETC.</small></p> <p class="center"><i>16mo. Cloth. Price, $1.00; paper, 50 cents.</i></p> @@ -6286,17 +6256,17 @@ person of even ordinary sensibilities can read these books without experiencing a strong desire to do something to abate the monstrous injustice which they describe.—<i>Good Housekeeping.</i></p> -<p class="center"><br /><i>Sold by all Booksellers. Mailed, post-paid, on receipt of the price, by the Publishers</i>,</p> +<p class="center"><br><i>Sold by all Booksellers. Mailed, post-paid, on receipt of the price, by the Publishers</i>,</p> -<p class="center"><big>LITTLE, BROWN, AND COMPANY,</big><br /><span class="smcap">Boston</span>.</p> +<p class="center"><span style="font-size: larger">LITTLE, BROWN, AND COMPANY,</span><br><span class="smcap">Boston</span>.</p> <p> </p><p> </p> -<p class="center"><big><b><i>In Foreign Kitchens.</i></b></big></p> +<p class="center"><span style="font-size: larger"><b><i>In Foreign Kitchens.</i></b></span></p> <p class="center"><span class="smcap">With Choice Recipes from England, France, Germany, Italy, and the North.</span></p> -<p class="center">By HELEN CAMPBELL,<br /> +<p class="center">By HELEN CAMPBELL,<br> <small><i>Author of “The Easiest Way in Housekeeping and Cooking,” “Prisoners of Poverty,” “The What-To-Do Club,” etc.</i></small></p> @@ -6315,13 +6285,13 @@ shape has been determined upon; and it is hoped they may be a welcome addition to the housekeeper’s private store of rules for varying the monotony of the ordinary menu.</p> -<p class="center"><br /><i>Sold by all Booksellers. Mailed, postpaid, on receipt of the price by the Publishers</i>,</p> +<p class="center"><br><i>Sold by all Booksellers. Mailed, postpaid, on receipt of the price by the Publishers</i>,</p> -<p class="center"><big>LITTLE, BROWN, AND COMPANY,</big> <span class="smcap">Boston</span>.</p> +<p class="center"><span style="font-size: larger">LITTLE, BROWN, AND COMPANY,</span> <span class="smcap">Boston</span>.</p> <p> </p><p> </p> -<p class="hang"><big>Women Wage-Earners.</big> Their Past, their Present, and their Future. By <span class="smcap">Helen Campbell</span>. 16mo. Cloth. Price, $1.00.</p> +<p class="hang"><span style="font-size: larger">Women Wage-Earners.</span> Their Past, their Present, and their Future. By <span class="smcap">Helen Campbell</span>. 16mo. Cloth. Price, $1.00.</p> <p>The writer describes employments in the factory and home, compares the condition of women workers here and abroad, dwells upon the evils and @@ -6370,14 +6340,14 @@ status, and its prospect for the future.—<i>Worcester Spy.</i></p> of trained thought and of careful, conscientious research.—<i>Public Opinion.</i></p> -<p class="center"><br /><big>LITTLE, BROWN, & CO., Publishers,</big><br /> +<p class="center"><br><span style="font-size: larger">LITTLE, BROWN, & CO., Publishers,</span><br> 254 Washington Street, Boston.</p> <p> </p><p> </p> -<p class="center"><i>No Woman can give herself to a more noble occupation than the making of the ideal home.—The Beacon.</i></p> +<p class="center"><i>No woman can give herself to a more noble occupation than the making of the ideal home.—The Beacon.</i></p> -<p class="hang"><big>The Easiest Way in Housekeeping and Cooking.</big> Adapted to Domestic Use or Study in Classes. By <span class="smcap">Helen Campbell</span>. A new revised edition. 16mo. Cloth. Price, $1.00.</p> +<p class="hang"><span style="font-size: larger">The Easiest Way in Housekeeping and Cooking.</span> Adapted to Domestic Use or Study in Classes. By <span class="smcap">Helen Campbell</span>. A new revised edition. 16mo. Cloth. Price, $1.00.</p> <p>The work grew out of Mrs. Campbell’s experiences as a teacher of cookery, more especially at the South, but its principles are applicable @@ -6425,390 +6395,8 @@ indispensable companion.—<i>Boston Home Journal.</i></p> <p>It really is one of the most admirable of manuals for the usual young housekeeper.—<i>Providence Journal.</i></p> -<p class="center"><br /><big>LITTLE, BROWN, & COMPANY,</big><br />254 Washington Street, Boston, Mass.</p></div> - - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Prisoners of Poverty, by Helen Campbell - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PRISONERS OF POVERTY *** - -***** This file should be named 34060-h.htm or 34060-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - https://www.gutenberg.org/3/4/0/6/34060/ - -Produced by Bryan Ness and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This book was -produced from scanned images of public domain material -from the Google Print project.) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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