diff options
Diffstat (limited to '34049.txt')
| -rw-r--r-- | 34049.txt | 11165 |
1 files changed, 11165 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/34049.txt b/34049.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bc4dd97 --- /dev/null +++ b/34049.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11165 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Settlement of Illinois, 1778-1830 by +Arthur Clinton Boggess + + + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no +restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under +the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or +online at http://www.gutenberg.org/license + + + +Title: The Settlement of Illinois, 1778-1830 + +Author: Arthur Clinton Boggess + +Release Date: October 9, 2010 [Ebook #34049] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: US-ASCII + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS, 1778-1830*** + + + + + + Chicago Historical Society's Collection.--Vol. V. + + The Settlement of Illinois + + 1778-1830 + + by Arthur Clinton Boggess, Ph.D. + + Professor of History and political Science in Pacific University; a + Director of the Oregon Historical Society; sometime Harrison Scholar in + American History in the University of Pennsylvania; sometime Fellow in + American History in the University of Wisconsin. + + Chicago + + Published by the society + + 1908 + + + + + +CONTENTS + + +Preface. +Chapter I. The County of Illinois. +Chapter II. The Period of Anarchy in Illinois. +Chapter III. + I. The Land and Indian Questions. 1790 to 1809. + II. Government Succeeding the Period of Anarchy, 1790 to 1809. + III. Obstacles to Immigration. 1790 to 1809. +Chapter IV. Illinois During Its Territorial Period. 1809 to 1818. + I. The Land and Indian Questions. + II. Territorial Government of Illinois. 1809 to 1818. + IV. Transportation and Settlement, 1809 to 1818. + IV. Life of the Settlers. +Chapter V. The First Years of Statehood, 1818 to 1830. + The Indian and Land Questions. + The Government and Its Representatives, 1818 to 1830. + Transportation. + Life of the People. +Chapter VI. Slavery in Illinois As Affecting Settlement. +Chapter VII. Successful Frontiersmen. +Works Consulted. +Index. +Footnotes + + + + + + +PREFACE. + + +In the work here presented, an attempt has been made to apply in the field +of history, the study of types so long in use in biological science. If +the settlement of Illinois had been an isolated historical fact, its +narration would have been too provincial to be seriously considered, but +in many respects, the history of this settlement is typical of that of +other regions. The Indian question, the land question, the transportation +problem, the problem of local government; these are a few of the classes +of questions wherein the experience of Illinois was not unique. + +This work was prepared while the writer was a student in the University of +Wisconsin. The first draft was critically and carefully read by Prof. +Frederick Jackson Turner, of that University, and the second draft was +read by Prof. John Bach McMaster, of the University of Pennsylvania. In +addition to suggestions received from my teachers, valuable aid has been +rendered by Miss Caroline M. McIlvaine, the librarian of the Chicago +Historical Society, who placed at my disposal her wide knowledge of the +sources of Illinois history. + +The omission of any reference in this work to the French manuscripts, +found by Clarence W. Alvord, is due to the fact that at the time they were +found, my work was so nearly completed that it was loaned to Mr. Alvord to +use in the preparation of his article on the County of Illinois, while the +press of professional duties has been such that a subsequent use of the +manuscripts has been impracticable. + +ARTHUR C. BOGGESS. + +Pacific University, +Forest Grove, Oregon. +September 14, 1907. + + + + + +CHAPTER I. THE COUNTY OF ILLINOIS. + + +An Act for establishing the County of Illinois, and for the more effectual +protection and defence thereof, passed both houses of the Virginia +legislature on December 9, 1778.(1) The new county was to include the +inhabitants of Virginia, north of the Ohio River, but its location was not +more definitely prescribed.(2) + +The words "for the more effectual protection and defence thereof" in the +title of the Act were thoroughly appropriate. The Indians were in almost +undisputed possession of the land in Illinois, save the inconsiderable +holdings of the French. Some grants and sales of large tracts of land had +been made. In 1769, John Wilkins, British commandant in Illinois, granted +to the trading-firm of Baynton, Wharton and Morgan, a great tract of land +lying between the Kaskaskia and the Mississippi rivers. The claim to the +land descended to John Edgar, who shared it with John Murray St. Clair, +son of Gov. Arthur St. Clair. The claim was filed for 13,986 acres, but +was found on survey to contain 23,000 acres, and was confirmed by Gov. St. +Clair. At a later examination of titles, this claim was rejected because +the grant was made in the first instance counter to the king's +proclamation of 1763, and because the confirmation by Gov. St. Clair was +made after his authority ceased and was not signed by the Secretary of the +Northwest Territory.(3) In 1773, William Murray and others, subsequently +known as the Illinois Land Company, bought two large tracts of land in +Illinois from the Illinois Indians. In 1775, a great tract lying on both +sides of the Wabash was similarly purchased by what later became the +Wabash Land Company. The purchase of the Illinois Company was made in the +presence, but without the sanction, of the British officers, and Gen. +Thomas Gage had the Indians re-convened and the validity of the purchase +expressly denied. These large grants were illegal, and the Indians were +not in consequence disposessed of them.(4) Thus far, the Indians of the +region had been undisturbed by white occupation. British landholders were +few and the French clearings were too small to affect the hunting-grounds. +French and British alike were interested in the fur trade. A French town +was more suited to be the center of an Indian community than to become a +point on its periphery, for here the Indians came for religious +instruction, provisions, fire-arms, and fire-water. The Illinois Indian of +1778 had been degraded rather than elevated by his contact with the +whites. The observation made by an acute French woman of large experience, +although made at another time and place, was applicable here. She said +that it was much easier for a Frenchman to learn to live like an Indian +than for an Indian to learn to live like a Frenchman.(5) + +In point of numbers and of occupied territory, the French population was +trifling in comparison with the Indian. In 1766-67, the white inhabitants +of the region were estimated at about two thousand.(6) Some five years +later,(7) Kaskaskia was reported as having about five hundred white and +between four and five hundred black inhabitants; Prairie du Rocher, one +hundred whites and eighty negroes; Fort Chartres, a very few inhabitants; +St. Philips, two or three families; and Cahokia, three hundred whites and +eighty negroes. At the same time, there was a village of the Kaskaskia +tribe with about two hundred and ten persons, including sixty warriors, +three miles north of Kaskaskia, and a village of one hundred and seventy +warriors of the Peoria and Mitchigamia Indians, one mile northwest of Fort +Chartres. It is said of these Indians: "They were formerly brave and +warlike, but are degenerated into a drunken and debauched tribe, and so +indolent, as scarcely to procure a sufficiency of Skins and Furrs to +barter for clothing," and a pastoral letter of August 7, 1767, from the +Bishop of Quebec to the inhabitants of Kaskaskia shows the character of +the French. The French are told that if they will not acknowledge the +authority of the vicar-general--Father Meurin, pastor of Cahokia--cease to +marry without the intervention of the priest, and cease to absent +themselves from church services, they will be abandoned by the bishop as +unworthy of his care.(8) Two years earlier, George Croghan had visited +Vincennes, of which he wrote: "I found a village of about eighty or ninety +French families settled on the east side of this river [Wabash], being one +of the finest situations that can be found.... The French inhabitants, +hereabouts, are an idle, lazy people, a parcel of renegadoes from Canada, +and are much worse than the Indians."(9) Although slave-holders, a large +proportion of the French were almost abjectly poor. Illiteracy was very +common as is shown by the large proportion who signed legal documents by +their marks.(10) The people had been accustomed to a paternal rule and had +not become acquainted with English methods during the few years of British +rule. Such deeds as were given during the French period were usually +written upon scraps of paper, described the location of the land deeded +either inaccurately or not at all, and were frequently lost.(11) Land +holdings were in long narrow strips along the rivers.(12) + +The country was physically in a state of almost primeval simplicity. The +chief highways were the winding rivers, although roads, likewise winding, +connected the various settlements. These roads were impassable in times of +much rain. All settlements were near the water, living on a prairie being +regarded as impossible and living far from a river as at least +impracticable.(13) The difficulties of George Rogers Clark in finding his +way, overland, from the Ohio River to Kaskaskia and Vincennes on his awful +winter march, are such as must manifestly have confronted anyone who +wished to go over the same routes at the same season of the year. + +Wild animals were abundant. A quarter of a century after the Revolution, +two hunters killed twenty-five deer before nine in the morning near the +Illinois settlements.(14) In 1787, the country between Vincennes and +Kaskaskia abounded in buffalo, deer, and bear.(15) For years, the chase +furnished a large part of the provisions. The raising of hogs was rendered +difficult by the presence of wolves. Game-birds were plentiful, and birds +were sometimes a pest because of their destruction of corn and smaller +grains and even of mast. + +An early traveler wrote in 1796: "The province of the Illinois is, +perhaps, the only spot respecting which travelers have given no +exaggerated accounts; it is superior to any description which has been +made, for local beauty, fertility, climate, and the means of every kind +which nature has lavished upon it for the facility of commerce."(16) The +wide-spreading prairies added to the beauty of the country. Land which now +produces one hundred bushels of corn to the acre must have been capable of +producing wonderful crops at the beginning of its cultivation. Coal was +not known to exist in great quantities in the region nor was its use as a +fuel yet known. + +Such was the country and such the people now organized into the County of +Illinois.(17) The Act establishing the county provided that the governor +and council should appoint a county-lieutenant or commandant-in-chief, who +should appoint and commission as many deputy-commandants, militia +officers, and commissaries as were needed. The religion, civil rights, +property and law of the inhabitants should be respected. The people of the +county should pay the salaries of such officers as they had been +accustomed to, but officers with new duties, including the +county-lieutenant, were to be paid by Virginia. The governor and council +might send five hundred troops, paid by Virginia, to defend Illinois. +Courts were to be established with judges elected by the people, although +the judges of other county-courts of Virginia were appointed by the +governor and council.(18) + +While Gov. Patrick Henry was writing instructions concerning the +organization of government in Illinois, the British general, Hamilton, was +marching to take Vincennes. Henry did not know this particular fact, but +he had a keen perception of the difficulties, both civil and military, +which awaited the county. On December 12, 1778, without waiting for the +formal signing of the act creating the county, he wrote instructions to +George Rogers Clark, to Col. John Todd, jr., and to Lieut.-Col. John +Montgomery. Clark was instructed to retain the command of the troops then +in the Illinois country, and to assume command of five other companies, +soon to be sent out.(19) Col. Todd was appointed county-lieutenant or +commandant. His instructions contained much wise direction. He was to take +care to cultivate and conciliate the affections of the French and Indians, +to cooeperate with Clark and give the military department all the aid +possible, to use the French against the British, if the French were +willing, but otherwise to remain on the defensive, to inculcate in the +people an appreciation of the value of liberty, to see that the +inhabitants had justice done them for any injuries from the troops. A +neglect of this last instruction, it was pointed out, might be fatal. +"Consider yourself as at the head of the civil department, and as such +having the command of the militia, who are not to be under the command of +the military, until ordered out by the civil authority and act in +conjunction with them." An express was to be sent to Virginia every three +months with a report. A letter to the Spanish commandant at Ste. Genevieve +was inclosed, and Todd was told to be very friendly to him.(20) Col. +Montgomery, then in Virginia, was ordered to recruit men to reenforce +Clark. "As soon as the state of affairs in the recruiting business will +permit, you are to go to the Illinois country & join Col. Clarke, I need +not tell you how necessary the greatest possible Dispatch is to the good +of the service in which you are engaged. Our party at Illinois may be +lost, together with the present favorable Disposition of the French and +Indians there, unless every moment is improved for their preservation, & +no future opportunity, if the present is lost, can ever be expected so +favorable to the Interest of the commonwealth." Montgomery was urged not +to be daunted by the inclement season, the great distance to Illinois, the +"want of many necessaries," or opposition from enemies.(21) Gov. Henry +deserves much credit for his prompt and aggressive action at a time when +Virginia was in the very midst of the Revolution. + +Col. Clark was much pleased with the appointment of Col. Todd, both +because civil duties were irksome to the conqueror and because of his +confidence in Todd's ability.(22) Upon the arrival of the new +county-lieutenant, Clark called a meeting of the citizens of Kaskaskia to +meet the new officer and to elect judges. He introduced Col. Todd as +governor and said that he was the only person in the state whom he had +desired for the place. The people were told that the government, Virginia, +was going to send a regiment of regular troops for their defense, that the +new governor would arrange and settle their affairs, and that they would +soon become accustomed to the American system of government. In regard to +the election of judges, Clark said: "I pray you to consider the importance +of this choice; to make it without partiality, and to choose the persons +most worthy of such posts."(23) The nine members of the court of +Kaskaskia, the seven members of the court of Cahokia, and the nine members +of the court of Vincennes, as also the respective clerks were French. Of +the three sheriffs, Richard Winston, sheriff of Kaskaskia, was the only +one who was not French.(24) + +Military commissions were promptly made out, those of the districts of +Kaskaskia and Cahokia being dated May 14, 1779. So many of the persons +elected judges were also given military commissions that it seems probable +that the supply of suitable men was small. No fewer than fourteen such +cases occur. Of the militia officers appointed at Vincennes, P. Legras, +appointed lieutenant-colonel, had been a major in the British service, and +F. Bosseron, appointed major, had been a captain in the British +service.(25) + +The position of Illinois among the counties of Virginia was necessarily +anomalous. All counties, except the County of Illinois, were asked to +furnish one twenty-fifth of their militia to defend the state. Illinois +county was omitted from the western counties enumerated in "An act for +adjusting and settling the titles of claimers to unpatented lands under +the present and former government, previous to the establishment of the +commonwealth's land office." Settlers northwest of the Ohio were warned to +remove. No settlement would be permitted there, and if attempted, the +intruder might be removed by force--"_Provided_, That nothing herein +contained shall be construed in any manner to injure or affect any French, +Canadian, or other families, or persons heretofore actually settled in or +about the villages near or adjacent to the posts reduced by the forces of +this state." These exceptions were made at the May session of 1779. At +this session, there was passed an act for raising one troop of cavalry, +consisting of one captain, one lieutenant, one cornet, and thirty-two +privates to defend the inhabitants of Illinois county. All officers were +to be appointed by the governor and council. The men were to receive the +same pay as Continentals. Any soldier who would serve in Illinois during +the war should receive a bounty of seven hundred and fifty dollars and a +grant of one hundred acres of land.(26) + +Acting upon the policy that caused Virginia to warn all intruders not to +settle northwest of the Ohio, Todd issued a proclamation warning all +persons against such settlement, "unless in manner and form as heretofore +made by the French inhabitants." All inhabitants were ordered to file a +description of lands held by them, together with a deed or deposition, in +order to be ready for the press of adventurers that was expected.(27) + +Some of the incidents of the summer of 1779 indicate difficulties of the +new government. When the governor was to be absent for a short time, he +wrote to Winston, who as commander of Kaskaskia would be acting governor, +telling him not to impress property, and by all means to keep up a good +understanding with Col. Clark and the officers. The judges of the court at +Kaskaskia were ordered to hold court "at the usual place of holding court +... any adjournment to the contrary notwithstanding." Richard McCarty, of +Cahokia, wrote to the county-lieutenant complaining that the writer's +stock had been killed by the French inhabitants. McCarty had allowed his +stock to run at large and they had destroyed uninclosed crops, which +crops, he contended, were not in their proper place. Two months later, +McCarty wrote from Cahokia: "Col. Todd residence hear will spoil the +people intirely. I think it would be a happy thing could we get Colol Todd +out of the country for he will possitively sett the Inhabitants and us by +the Ears. I have wrote him a pritty sharp Letter on his signing a Death +warrant against my poor hog's for runing in the Oppen fields ... on some +complaints by the Inhabitants the other day he wished that there was not a +Soldier in the country."(28) McCarty's hogs were not his only trouble. A +fellow-officer wrote: "I received a line from Capt. McCarty [captain of +troops at Cahokia] yesterday. He is well. He writes to me that he has lost +most of his French soldiers, and that the inhabitants are so saucy that +they threaten to drive him and his soldiers away, telling him that he has +no business there--nobody sent for him. They are very discontented. The +civil law has ruined them."(29) + +Col. Todd's position was difficult because of the discontent prevailing +among both the French and the Americans in Illinois. His salary was so +small that he feared that he must sell his property in Kentucky to support +himself while in public service. He regarded Kentucky as a much better +place than Illinois for the ambitious man, the retired farmer, or the +young merchant.(30) He had been scarcely more than three months in office +when he wrote to the governor of Virginia: "I expected to have been +prepared to present to your excellency some amendments upon the form of +Government for Illinois, but the present will be attended with no great +inconveniences till the Spring Session, when I beg your permission to +attend and get a Discharge from an Office, which an unwholesome air, a +distance from my connexions, a Language not familiar to me, and an +impossibility of procuring many of the conveniences of Life suitable; all +tend to render uncomfortable."(31) This letter was intercepted by the +British and did not reach the governor. + +Great difficulty was experienced in securing supplies for the soldiers. At +times, both troops and people suffered from lack of clothing. The Spanish +refused to allow the Americans to navigate the Mississippi, Virginia money +entirely lost its credit, hard money was scarce, and peltry was difficult +for the military commissaries to obtain. Col. Todd, in desperation, +refused to allow the commander at Kaskaskia to pay the people peltry for +provisions as had been promised, and calling the inhabitants in council, +he told them that if they would not sell on the credit of the state they +would be subject to military discipline.(32) The fall of 1779 saw the +garrison at Vincennes without salt, and starving; while at Kaskaskia the +money was worthless, troops were without clothes and deserting daily.(33) +This great lack of supplies resulted in the impressment of supplies, in +disagreement among the officers, and was a prominent factor in a +resolution to withdraw the troops from their several situations and +concentrate them at a single point on the Ohio River. The discontent of +the French was extreme, and it was increased by the departure of Col. Todd +for Virginia. The officers who were left in command ruled with a rod of +iron and took cattle, flour, wood, and other necessaries, without +payment.(34) Capt. Dodge, of Kaskaskia, refused to honor a draft +presented, apparently, by the government of Virginia, and when sued in the +civil court, he declared that he had nothing but his body and that could +not be levied upon; besides, he was an officer and as such was not +amenable to civil law.(35) + +In the very midst of starvation, the French, unaccustomed to English ways, +were wishing to increase the expense of government. An unsigned official +letter says, in speaking of affairs in Illinois: "I find that justices of +the peace, appointed among them, expect to be paid, this not being the +practice under our laws, there is no provision for it. Would it not be +expedient to restrain these appointments to a very small number, and for +these (if it be necessary) to require small contributions either from the +litigants or the people at large, as you find would be most agreeable. In +time, I suppose even this might be discontinued. The Clerks & Sheriffs +perhaps may be paid, as with us, only converting Tobacco fees into their +worth in peltry. As to the rules of decision & modes of proceding, I +suppose ours can be only gradually introduced. It would be well to get +their militia disciplined by calling them regularly together according to +our usage; however, all this can only be recommended to your +Discretion."(36) Some eight years later the exaction of exorbitant fees +was one of the chief reasons which caused the reform of the French court +at Vincennes.(37) + +The plan for concentrating most of the Illinois troops at a single point +was carried out in the spring of 1780. The chief objects sought were to +procure supplies and to prevent the advance of the Spaniards. At first, it +was thought advisable to locate the new fort on the north side of the Ohio +near the Mississippi, and Col. Todd made some grants of land to such +persons as were willing to settle in the vicinity and assist in raising +provisions, but the fact that Virginia currency, although refused in +Illinois, was accepted in Kentucky caused the fort to be built south of +the Ohio, and it is probable that Todd's grants of land at the site first +proposed lapsed.(38) As the troops had a great need for settlers to raise +crops, Capt. Dodge suggested to the governor of Virginia that immigrants +to Illinois should receive aid from Virginia. This would aid the troops +and would stop emigration to the Spanish possessions west of the +Mississippi.(39) + +As the French could neither support the soldiers nor do without them, +commissions in blank were sent to Maj. Bosseron, district commandant at +Vincennes, with power to raise a company there, and to assure the company +that pay would be allowed by the government. It was feared that the +settlers at Vincennes would consider themselves abandoned upon the +withdrawal of troops. It was proposed to leave enough troops among the +French to satisfy them, but scarcely had the new fort been established +when the people of Cahokia sent a special messenger to Clark at Fort +Jefferson, the new fort, asking that troops be sent to protect them. The +Indians so surround the place, say the petitioners, that the fields can +not be cultivated. If troops are sent the people can not feed them, but if +they are not sent the people can not long feed themselves.(40) French +creditors of the government were unpaid and some of them must have been in +sore need.(41) + +The act establishing the County of Illinois would terminate by limitation +at the end of the May session of 1780, unless renewed. At that session, +the act was renewed "for one year after the passing of this act, and from +thence to the end of the next session of assembly."(42) + +The condition of the people in the county during the latter half of 1780 +was one of misery. Contemporary accounts have a melancholy interest. An +attack by Indians upon Fort Jefferson being imminent, the few troops in +the outlying districts were ordered to come to the aid of the garrison. +The order reached Cahokia when its few defenders were sick and starving. +Corn, without grease or salt, was their only food. Deaths were of frequent +occurrence. The people of the village had petitioned Col. Montgomery to +ease their burden by quartering some of the troops in other villages, but +he refused the request of other officers for a council and threatened to +abandon the country entirely. In such a condition of affairs, Capt. +McCarty proceeded to obey the orders from Fort Jefferson. The only boats +at the disposal of the garrison were unseaworthy, so five small boats were +pressed for use. On the way, several of the famished soldiers became so +sick that they had to be left along the route. Even military discipline +was bad in the country. Capt. McCarty, upon being arrested for having +quarreled with Dodge, because the latter would not buy food for the +starving troops, was left for months without trial because Col. Montgomery +had left the country and a military court could not be convened.(43) In +October, McCarty wrote: "In short, we are become the hated beasts of a +whole people by pressing horses, boats, &c., &c., &c., killing cattle, +&c., &c., for which no valuable consideration is given; even many not a +certificate, which is here looked upon as next to nothing."(44) + +Of the same tenor as McCarty's testimony to Illinois conditions is that of +Winston. A remonstrance of the civil authorities against the extravagance +of the military officers was treated as insolent and impertinent. The +military power refused the civil department the use of the military +prison, even when pay was offered, and made strenuous efforts to establish +military rule. Col. Montgomery and Capt. Brashears had departed for New +Orleans without settling the account for the peltry which Todd had +committed to the joint care of Montgomery and Winston. Montgomery was +openly accused of having taken a large amount of public property away with +him. Capt. Dodge was a notorious disturber of the peace, and Capt. +Bentley, a more recent arrival, was equally undesirable. In the closing +paragraph of a long letter is the significant statement: "It Being so long +a time since we had any news from you, we conclude therefrom that the +Government has given us up to do for Ourselves the Best we can, untill +such time as it pleases Some other State or Power to take us under their +Protection--a few lines from you would give Some of us great satisfaction, +yett the Generality of the People are of Opinion that this Country will be +given up to France...."(45) + +At the close of October, the troops, with the exception of a very few, +were collected at Fort Jefferson. There the garrison was sick and +starving,(46) clothes were much needed, desertion was rife, and the +abandonment of the post seemed imminent.(47) Among the few troops that +were not called to Fort Jefferson were those of Capt. Rogers, at +Kaskaskia. This company "had to impress supplies, giving certificates for +the value--thus would kill cattle when they wanted them, hogs, & take flour +from the horse-mills--& thus lived very comfortably."(48) + +Mutual recrimination was common among the officers. Todd, in a letter to +Gov. Jefferson, in which he inclosed letters from the Illinois officers, +said: "Winston is commandant at Kaskaskia; McCarty, a captain in the +Illinois regiment, who has long since rendered himself disagreeable by +endeavoring to enforce military law upon the civil department at Kohos. + +"The peltry, mentioned by Winston as purloined or embezzled by Montgomery, +was committed to their joint care by me in Novr, 1779; and from the +circumstance of Montgomery's taking up with an infamous girl, leaving his +wife, & flying down the river, I am inclined to believe the worst that can +be said of him. Being so far out of the road of business, I can not do the +State that justice I wish by sending down his case immediately to the +Spanish commandants on the Mississippi."(49) From January 28, 1779, to +October 18, 1780, Montgomery drew drafts upon Virginia to the amount of +thirty-nine thousand three hundred twenty dollars.(50) Winston and McCarty +accused Capt. Rogers, who succeeded Col. Montgomery in command at +Kaskaskia, of shooting down the stock of the inhabitants without warrant. +In a dignified defence, Capt. Rogers declared that he took only so much +food as was absolutely required to save his starving sick, and that Mr. +Bentley, who endeavored to secure supplies from the people, offering his +personal credit, was persistently opposed by Winston and McCarty. "I can +not conclude without informing you that 'tis my positive opinion the +people of the Illinois & Post Vincennes have been in an absolute state of +rebellion for these several months past, & ought to have no further +indulgence shown them; and such is the nature of those people, the more +they are indulged, the more turbulant they grow. I look upon it that +Winston and McCarty have been principal instruments to bring them to the +pitch they are now at."(51) Capt. Dodge, against whom complaints had +become general, and Capt. McCarty, whose quarrel has been narrated, were +ordered to appear before a court of inquiry at Fort Jefferson.(52) Clark +was very angry at Montgomery's conduct. He sent a message to New Orleans +ordering him to return for trial; he warned all persons against trusting +the offender on the credit of the State, and he requested the governor of +Virginia to arrest the fugitive if he should come to Richmond.(53) How low +public morals had sunk is shown by the fact that Montgomery had the +effrontery to return to Fort Jefferson, where he arrived on May 1, 1781, +and resumed his command. In February, 1783, he made his defense and asked +for his pay.(54) In April, 1781, Todd wrote: "I still receive complaints +from the Illinois. That Department suffers, I fear, through the avarice +and prodigality of our officers; they all vent complaints against each +other. I believe our French friends have the justest grounds of +dissatisfaction."(55) + +On June 2, 1781, Capt. McCarty was killed in a fight between the Illinois +troops and some Indians on the one side and a party of Ouia Indians, who +favored the British, on the other. The engagement took place near the +Wabash. McCarty's papers were sent to the British, who laconically +reported: "They give no information other than that himself and all the +Inhabitants of the Illenoise were heartily tired of the Virginians."(56) +There is slight reason to doubt the truth of the statement. It is enforced +by the fact that in 1781, a letter written in French to the governor of +Virginia and said to be signed in the name of the inhabitants of Vincennes +and to give the views of the people of Vincennes, Kaskaskia, Vermilion, +Ouia, etc., declared that the French had decided to receive no troops +except those sent by the king of France to aid in defeating the enemies of +the country. The Indians who are friendly to the French, said the writer, +would regard the coming of Virginia troops as a hostile act. A copy of the +memoir sent by the French settlers to the French minister Luzerne was +inclosed.(57) + +On June 8, 1781, the garrison of Fort Jefferson, being without food, +without credit, and for more than two years without pay, evacuated the +place and withdrew to the Falls of Ohio, only to find themselves without +credit in even the adjoining counties of Virginia. The troops were +billeted in small parties.(58) Once again there comes a despairing plea +from the feeble garrison at Vincennes, in the County of Illinois. The +commander wrote: "Sir, I must inform you once more that I can not keep +garrison any longer, without some speedy relief from you. My men have been +15 days upon half-allowance; there is plenty of provisions here but no +credit--I can not press, being the weakest party--Some of the Gentlemen +would help us, but their credit is as bad as ours, therefore, if you have +not provisions send us Whisky which will answer as good an end."(59) + +In the Virginia House of Delegates, a committee for courts of justice +reported that the laws which would expire at the end of the session had +been examined, together with certain other laws, and that a series of +resolutions had been agreed upon by the committee. Among these resolutions +was the following: "_Resolved, That it is the opinion of this committee_, +That the act of assembly, passed in the year 1778, entitled 'an act, for +establishing the county of Illinois, and for the more effectual protection +and defence thereof;' which was continued and amended by a subsequent act, +and will expire at the end of this present session of assembly, ought to +be further continued." This report was presented and the resolutions +agreed to by the House on November 22, 1781. Three days later, a bill in +accordance with the resolution was presented. The consideration of the +bill in a committee of the whole House was postponed from day to day until +December 14, when it was considered and the question being upon +engrossment and advancement to a third reading, it passed in the +negative.(60) On January 5, 1782, the General Assembly adjourned, and the +County of Illinois ceased to exist.(61) So far as instituting a civil +government was concerned, the county was a failure. Its military history +shows a mixture of American, British, French, and Spanish efforts at +mastery. + +The first important military operation in which the County of Illinois was +concerned, after the well-known movements of Clark and Hamilton, was +organized by the British at Detroit in compliance with a circular letter +from Lord George Germain. The plan was to attack St. Louis, the French +settlements near it on the east side of the Mississippi, Vincennes, Fort +Nelson at the falls of the Ohio, and Kentucky. Large use was to be made of +Indians, and British emissaries were busy among the tribes early in 1780. +An expedition was to be led against Kentucky, while diversions should be +made at outlying posts. It was thought that the reduction of St. Louis +would present little difficulty, because it was known to be unfortified, +and was reported to be garrisoned by but twenty men. In addition to this, +it was regarded as an easy matter to use Indians against the place from +the circumstance that many Indians frequented it. Less assurance was felt +as to holding the place after it should have been captured, and to make +this easier, it was proposed to appeal to the cupidity of the British fur +traders. By the middle of February, a war-party had been sent out from +Michilimackinac to arouse and act with the Sioux Indians, and early the +next month another party was sent out to engage Indians to attack St. +Louis and the Illinois towns. Seven hundred and fifty traders, servants, +and Indians having been collected, on the 2d of May they started down the +Mississippi, and at the lead mines, near the present Galena, seventeen +Spanish and American prisoners were taken. In conjunction with this +expedition, another, with a chosen band of Indians and French, was to +advance by way of Chicago and the Illinois River; a third was to guard the +prairies between the Wabash and the Illinois; and the chief of the Sioux +was to attack St. Genevieve and Kaskaskia.(62) + +The expedition against St. Louis and the Illinois towns, as well as in its +larger aspect, was not successful. It was impossible to keep it secret and +as early as March, an attack was expected. Spanish and Americans joined in +repulsing the intruders. Another potent element in the failure was the +treachery of some of the traders who acted as leaders for the British, +notably that of Ducharme and Calve, who had a lucrative trade and regarded +the prospect of increasing it by the proposed attack as doubtful. In the +last week of May, 1780, the attack on St. Louis was made. Several persons +were killed, but the place was not taken. Cahokia was beleaguered for +three days, but it was so well defended by George Rogers Clark that on the +third night the enemy withdrew, when Clark hastened to intercept the +expedition against Kentucky, while the Illinois and Spanish troops pursued +the retreating enemy and burned the towns of the Sauk and Fox Indians. The +British were much chagrined at the result of the expedition, yet they +resolved to continue their plan of using Indians and sending out several +parties at once.(63) + +An expedition which gains much interest from the character of its leader +was that of Col. Augustin Mottin de la Balme. This man had been +commissioned quartermaster of gendarmerie, by the authorities of +Versailles, in 1766; had come to America and been recommended by Silas +Deane and Benjamin Franklin to the president of Congress, John Hancock, as +a man who would be of service in training cavalry; had been breveted +lieutenant-colonel of cavalry, in May, 1777; made inspector of cavalry, +with the rank of colonel, in July following; and had resigned in October +of the same year. The next year, a public notice, in French with English +and German translations, announced that carpenters, bakers, and some other +classes of laborers could find shelter and employment at a workshop +established by La Balme, twenty-eight miles from Philadelphia.(64) In the +summer of 1780, La Balme went from Fort Pitt to the Illinois country. + +A contemporary who writes from Vincennes speaks of La Balme as a French +colonel. He was regarded by the Americans with much suspicion. Capt. +Dalton, the American commander at Vincennes, whose character was later +much questioned, allowed him to go among the Indians,(65) whereupon La +Balme advised them to send word to the tribes which Clark was preparing to +attack and to warn them of their danger. La Balme also ingratiated himself +with the discontented French, asking why they did not drive "these +vagabonds," the American soldiers, away, and saying that to refuse to +furnish provisions was the most efficient method. "Everything he advances +tends to advance the French interest and depreciate the American. The +people here are easily misled; buoy'd up with the flattering hopes of +being again subject to the king of France, he could easily prevail on them +to drive every American out of the Place and this appears to me to be his +Plan." After thoroughly stirring up the people at Vincennes, the +adventurer left, with an escort of thirty French and Indians, to visit +Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and St. Louis. He and Col. Montgomery, then the +superior officer in Illinois, did not meet, and he received not the +slightest countenance from the Spanish commandant at St. Louis. By the +French inhabitants, La Balme "was received ... just as the Jews would +receive the Messiah--was conducted from the post here [at Kaskaskia] by a +large detachment of the inhabitants as well as different tribes of +Indians." The French in the towns near the Mississippi were so +enthusiastic that La Balme had little difficulty in raising forty or fifty +troops for an expedition against Detroit. Some of the American soldiers at +Cahokia deserted to him, and when placed under arrest by the military +authorities were rescued by a mob. On October 5, 1780, after telling the +Indians to be quiet because they would see the French in Illinois in the +spring, the French troops set out from Cahokia.(66) + +The troops from Illinois were to be joined by a body from Vincennes, but +without waiting for them La Balme pushed on to the Miami towns, where he +hoped to capture a British Indian trader who was especially hated by the +French. The trader was not found, but his store of goods to the amount of +one hundred horse-loads was seized. The expected reinforcements not +arriving, La Balme felt too weak to attack Detroit and started to return. +He was attacked by the Indians on the river Aboite, eleven miles southwest +of the present Fort Wayne, and he and some thirty of his men were killed +and at least one hundred horses, richly laden with plunder, were taken by +the Indians. It was reported that disaffected inhabitants of Detroit had +concealed five hundred stands of arms with which to assist the forces of +La Balme in taking the place. Among La Balme's papers, which fell into the +hands of the British and are now in the Canadian archives, were addresses, +in French, by M. Mottin de la Balme, French colonel, etc., to the French +settled on the Mississippi, dated St. Louis, September 17, 1780; a +declaration, in French, in the name of the inhabitants of the village of +Cahokia, addressed to La Balme: "We unanimously request you to listen with +a favorable ear to the declaration which we venture to present to you, +touching all the bad treatment we have suffered patiently since the +Virginian troops unfortunately arrived amongst us till now," dated +Cahokia, September 21, 1780; a note from F. Trottier, a member of the +court of Cahokia, elected under the Virginia government, to La Balme, +saying that no meeting can be held until Sunday next, when he hopes the +young men will show themselves worthy the high idea La Balme has of them, +but that at present there are only twelve entirely determined to follow +him wherever he goes, although others may follow their example, and asking +La Balme to receive depositions against the Virginians, dated Cahokia, +September 27, 1780; a petition, in French, addressed to the Chevalier de +la Luzerne, minister plenipotentiary from France to the United States, by +inhabitants of Post Vincennes, dated Vincennes, August 22, 1780; and a +commission to Augustin Mottin de la Balme as quartermaster of gendarmerie, +dated Versailles, February 23, 1766.(67) The British promptly set about +promoting the Indian trader whom La Balme and the French had sought to +kill, believing that he would be serviceable as a spy.(68) + +In the autumn of 1780, a party of seventeen men from Cahokia went on an +expedition against St. Josephs. The party was commanded by "a half +Indian," and seems to have included but one American. The attack was so +timed as to come when the Indians in the vicinity of St. Josephs were out +hunting. The place was taken without difficulty, the traders of the place +were captured and plundered, and the party, laden with booty, set out on +the route to Chicago. A pursuing party was quickly organized and at the +_Riviere du Chemin_, a small stream in Indiana, emptying into the +southeastern part of Lake Michigan, the returning victors were summoned to +surrender, on December 5, 1780. Upon their refusal, four were killed, two +wounded, seven made prisoners, while three escaped.(69) The one American, +Brady, was among the prisoners. He told the British that the party was +sent by the creoles to plunder St. Josephs, and that there was not a +Virginian in all the Illinois country, including Vincennes.(70) + +In the very midst of winter, on January 2, 1781, an expedition commanded +by Eugenio Pierre, a Spanish captain of militia, set out from St. Louis +against St. Josephs. According to a Spanish account, the party consisted +of sixty-five militia men and sixty Indians, while an American account +declares it to have contained thirty Spaniards, twenty men from Cahokia, +and two hundred Indians. + +The purpose of the expedition was to retaliate upon the British for the +attack on St. Louis and for the defeat of La Balme. On the march, severe +difficulties incident to the season were encountered. The post was easily +taken, the Indians were conciliated by a liberal proportion of the booty, +the Spanish flag was raised and the Illinois country with St. Josephs and +its dependencies was claimed for the crown of Spain. The British flag was +given to Commandant Cruzat, of St. Louis. These proceedings made some +prominent Americans fear that Spain would advance claims to the region at +the close of the Revolution.(71) + +In the summer of 1781, a party of seven men was sent out by the commandant +at Michilimackinac with a letter to the inhabitants of Cahokia and +Kaskaskia asking them to furnish troops to be paid by the king of England, +and to assume the defensive against the Spaniards. The men reached St. +Louis before visiting Cahokia or Kaskaskia, and were arrested by the +Spanish commandant, who sent a copy of the letter to Major Williams, +knowing no officer in Illinois superior to him. This created jealousy at +Cahokia and Kaskaskia, each of several officers claiming superiority. +Charles Gratiot, a man of some ability, who had removed from Cahokia to +St. Louis because unable to endure the lawlessness at the former place, +wrote that he did not know what course the Illinois people might have +taken if Cruzat had not intercepted the British agents. Illinois was a +country without a head where everyone expected to do as he pleased.(72) + +In noting the operations of the medley of military forces in the County of +Illinois, it is easy to conceive how the result might have been different, +but the fact is that as the county ceased to exist, no nation had +established a better title to the region than that of the Americans. + + + + + +CHAPTER II. THE PERIOD OF ANARCHY IN ILLINOIS.(73) + + +Illinois was practically in a state of anarchy during the time that it was +a county of Virginia, and when that county ceased to be, anarchy became +technically as well as practically its condition, and remained so until +government under the Ordinance of 1787 was inaugurated in 1790. + +Virginia's legacy from her ephemeral county was one of unpaid bills. +Scarcely had the general assembly adjourned, in January, 1782, when +Benjamin Harrison wrote: "We know of no power given to any person to draw +bills on the State but to Colo Clarke and yet we find them drawn to an +immense amount by Colo Montgomery, and Captn Robt. George and some others; +we have but too much reason to suppose a collusion and fraud betwixt the +drawers and those they are made payable to; most of them are for specie +when they well knew we had none amongst us, and from the largeness of the +sums, proves the transactions must have been in paper and the depreciation +taken into account, when the bargains were made; indeed George confesses +this to have been the case when he gave Philip Barbour a bill for two +hundred and thirty two thousand, three hundred and twenty Dollars and uses +the plea of ignorance." The transactions of Oliver Pollock, purchasing +agent at New Orleans, should be carefully examined from the time he began +to act with Montgomery.(74) Thimothe Demunbrunt, as he signed his name, +asked pay for his services as lieutenant, in order that he might not be a +charge to his friends--a thing which would be shameful to one of noble +descent. He wished to be able to support his family and to go with Clark +on a proposed expedition. His petition was supported by a certificate from +Col. Montgomery, testifying that Demunbrunt had been active in his +military duty, had gone against the savages in the spring of 1780, had +gone on the "Expedition up the Wabash," and had gone to the relief of Fort +Jefferson when Montgomery could raise only twelve men.(75) + +The military troubles continued. The commander at Vincennes reported his +troops as destitute and unpaid. Richard Winston, of Kaskaskia, who had +succeeded Todd as head of the civil government in Illinois, was arrested +by military force and put in jail. The prisoner claimed that the +proceedings were wholly irregular and that he was unacquainted with the +nature of the charge against him.(76) The next year, he was accused of +treason, the accuser declaring that Winston had proposed to turn Illinois +over to Spain, but that his proposal had been despised by the Spanish +commandant.(77) Upon Winston was also laid the chief blame for the +discontent of the French, he being charged with having told Montgomery +that the French were strangers to liberty and must be ruled with a rod of +iron or the bayonet, and that if he wanted anything he must send his +guards and take it by force; while, at the same time, he told the French +that the military was a band of robbers and came to Illinois for +plunder.(78) However, numerous and well-founded as the accusations might +be, both accused and accuser laid their claims for salary before the +Virginia Board of Commissioners for the Settlement of Western +Accounts.(79) Even the notorious Col. Montgomery presented before this +board his defence, which consisted of a recital of his meritorious deeds, +others being omitted.(80) + +Another visitor to the Board of Commissioners was Francis Carbonneaux, +prothonotary and notary public for the Illinois country. Although he came +to get some private affairs settled, his chief mission was to lay before +the Board the confusion in Illinois, and the Board correctly surmised that +if Virginia did not afford relief the messenger would proceed to +Congress.(81) It was but natural that at this time, the people of Illinois +should be in doubt as to whom to present their petition, because Virginia +had offered to cede her western lands to Congress, although the terms of +cession were not yet agreed upon. Carbonneaux complained that Illinois was +wholly without law or government; that the magistrates, from indolence or +sinister views, had for some time been lax in the execution of their +duties, and were now altogether without authority; that crimes of the +greatest enormity might be committed with impunity, and a man be murdered +in his own house and no one regard it; that there was neither sheriff nor +prison; and to crown the general confusion, that many persons had made +large purchases of three and four hundred leagues, and were endeavoring to +have themselves established lords of the soil, as some had done in Canada, +and to have settlements made on these purchases, composed of a set of men +wholly subservient to their views. The Spanish traded freely in Illinois, +but strictly prohibited Illinois from trading in Spanish dominions. +Complaint was also made that the Board of Commissioners had not settled +the Illinois accounts in peltry according to the known rule and practice, +namely: that fifty pounds of peltry should represent one hundred livres in +money. + +The petitioners prayed that a president of judicature be sent to them, +with executive powers to a certain extent, and that subordinate civil +officers be appointed, to reside in each village or station, with power to +hear and decide all causes upon obligations not exceeding three hundred +dollars, higher amounts to be determined by a court to be held at +Kaskaskia and to be composed of the president and a majority of the +magistrates. It was desired that the grant in which the Kaskaskia +settlements lay should be considered as one district. It contained five +villages, of which Kaskaskia and Cahokia were the largest. The grant +extended to the headwaters of the Illinois River on the north. The land +had been granted to the settlers by the Indians, and the Indians, having +given their consent by solemn treaties, had never denied the sale. The +tract referred to was probably the two purchases of the Illinois Company. +Maps give but one of these and, in fact, the other was said to be so +described as to comprise _a line only_. Naturally, this fact was not known +at the time of purchase. + +It was frankly acknowledged that Illinois had no man fitted for the office +of president. It was hoped that Virginia would furnish one, and would send +with him a company of regulars to act under his direction and enforce laws +and authority. The president should be empowered to grant land in small +tracts to immigrants. The privilege of trading in Spanish waters, +especially on the Missouri, was much desired. It was said that Carbonneaux +"appears to have been instructed as to the ground of his message by the +better disposed part of the inhabitants of the country whose complaints he +represents."(82) + +At the time of Carbonneaux's petition, there was no legal way by which +newcomers to Illinois could acquire public land. Virginia had prepared to +open a land-office, soon after the conquest of the Illinois country, but +she seems to have heeded the recommendation of Congress that no +unappropriated land be sold during the war.(83) Some grants had been made +by Todd, Demunbrunt, the Indians, and others with less show of right, but +they were made without governmental authority. The Indians had presented a +tract of land to Clark, but the view consistently held was that +individuals could not receive Indian land merely upon their own +initiative.(84) One of the grants made at Vincennes, which seems to have +been a typical one, was signed by Le Grand, "Colonel commandant and +President of the Court," and was made by the authority granted to the +magistrates of the court of Vincennes by John Todd, "Colonel and Grand +civil Judge for the United States." The purpose of the grant, which +comprised four hundred arpents "in circumference," was to induce +immigration.(85) The grants made by the court of Vincennes became +notorious from the fact that thousands of acres were granted by the court +to its own members.(86) + +On March 1, 1784, Virginia ceded her western lands to the United States, +thus transferring to the general government the question of land titles. +The country had been in a state of unconcealed anarchy for more than two +years, all semblance of Virginia authority having ceased, and the cession +is quite as much a tribute to Virginia's shrewdness as to her generosity. +Never was so large a present made with less sacrifice. The cession was +made with the following conditions, some of which were to have a direct +and potent influence upon the settlement of the ceded region: + +1. The territory should be formed into states of not less than one hundred +nor more than one hundred and fifty square miles each; + +2. Virginia's expenses in subduing and governing the territory should be +reimbursed by the United States; + +3. Settlers should have their "possessions and titles confirmed;" + +4. One hundred and fifty thousand acres, or less, should be granted to +George Rogers Clark and his soldiers; + +5. The Virginia military bounty lands should be located north of the Ohio +River, unless there should prove to be enough land for the purpose south +of that river; + +6. The proceeds from the sale of the lands should be for the United +States, severally.(87) + +In the year of the Virginia cession, Congress passed the Ordinance for the +Government of the Western Territory, but as it never went into effect, its +importance is slight except as indicative of the trend of public feeling +on the subjects which it involved. Should Jefferson's plan, proposed at +this time, have been carried out, Illinois would have been parts of the +states of Polypotamia, Illinois, Assenisipia, and Saratoga.(88) + +Carbonneaux, the messenger from Illinois to Virginia, carried his petition +to Congress. Congress paid the messenger, referred the petition to a +committee, and upon the report of the committee voted to choose one or +more commissioners to go to Illinois and investigate conditions there.(89) +No record of the appointment of such commissioners has been found. +Congress considered Carbonneaux's petition early in 1785. In November of +the same year comes a record of the anarchy in Illinois. This was +addressed to George Rogers Clark, who was the hope of the people of that +neglected country. The commandant at St. Louis is afraid of an attack from +the Royalists at Michilimackinac, or he has given orders for all the +people in that place to be in readiness when called on, with their arms. + +"The Indians are very troublesome on the rivers, and declare an open war +with the Americans, which I am sure is nothing lessened by the advice of +our neighbors, the French in this place, and the people from +Michilimackinac, who openly say they will oppose all the Americans that +come into this country. For my part, it is impossible to live here, if we +have not regular justice very soon. They are worse than the Indians, and +ought to be ruled with a rod of iron."(90) + +During the year 1786, George Rogers Clark was the chief factor in Illinois +affairs. He was regarded by the people as their advocate before Congress. +In March, seven of the leading men of Vincennes, at the request of the +French and American inhabitants, sent a petition to him asking him to +persuade Congress to send troops to defend them from the Indians, and also +saying: "We have unanimously agreed to present a petition to Congress for +relief, apprehensive that the Deed we received from an office, established +or rather continued by Colo Todd for lands, may possibly be a slender +foundation; so that after we have passed through a scene of suffering in +forming settlements in a remote and dangerous part may have the +mortification to be totally deprived of our improvements."(91) In June, +seventy-one American subscribers from Vincennes, "in the County of +Illinois," asked Congress to settle their land-titles and give them a +government. They held land from grants from an office established by Col. +Todd, whose validity they questioned. The commandant and magistracy had +resigned because of the disobedience of the people. There was no +executive, no law, no government, and the Indians were very hostile.(92) + +Clark was not unmindful of the needs of the people. He wrote to the +president of Congress: "The inhabitants of the different towns in the +Illinois are worthy the attention of Congress. They have it in their power +to be of infinite service to us, and might act as a great barrier to the +frontier, if under proper regulation; but having no law or government +among them, they are in great confusion, and without the authority of +Congress is extended to them, they must, in all probability, fall a +sacrifice to the savages, who may take advantage of the disorder and want +of proper authority in that country. I have recommended it to them, to +re-assume their former customs, and appoint temporary officers until the +pleasure of Congress is known, which I have flattered them would be in a +short time. How far the recommendation will answer the desired purpose is +not yet known."(93) + +Clark's fears of the Indians were only too well grounded. During the +summer, the American settlers were compelled to retire to a fort at +Bellefontaine, and four of their number were killed. At the same time, +about twenty Americans were killed about Vincennes. The French were still +safe from Indian attacks and were very angry because the Americans +complained of existing conditions.(94) The strife between the French and +the Americans at Vincennes, over the proper relations of the whites to the +Indians, became intense. The French contended that the Indians should be +allowed to come and go freely, while the Americans held that it was unsafe +to grant such freedom. At last, upon the occasion of the killing of an +Indian by the Americans, after they had been attacked by the Indians, the +French citizens ordered all persons, who had not permission to settle from +the government under which they last resided, to leave at once and at +their own risk. The French told the Americans plainly that they were not +wanted, and that they, the French, did not know whether the place belonged +to the United States or to Great Britain.(95) This last assertion was +probably true. The British Michilimackinac Company had a large +trading-house at Cahokia for supplying the Indians, they held Detroit, and +their machinations among the Indians were constant. The feeling of all +intelligent Americans in Illinois must have been expressed by John Edgar +when he wrote that the Illinois country was totally lost unless a +government should soon be established.(96) Clark wrote a vigorous letter +to the people at Vincennes, telling them that unless they stopped +quarreling military rule would be established; that the government +established under Virginia was still in force, having been confirmed by +Congress upon the acceptance of the Virginia deed of cession, and that the +court, if depleted, should be filled by election.(97) + +In one respect, even during this trying period, the western country gave +promise of its future growth. There was a large crop. Flour and pork, +quoted, strangely enough, together, sold at the Falls of Ohio at twelve +shillings per hundred pounds, while Indian corn sold at nine pence per +bushel.(98) + +On August 24, 1786, Congress ordered its secretary to inform the +inhabitants of Kaskaskia that a government was being prepared for +them.(99) In 1787, conditions in the Illinois country became too serious +to be ignored. The Indian troubles were grave and persistent, but graver +still was the danger of the rebellion or secession of the Western Country +or else of a war with Spain. The closure of the Mississippi by Spain made +the West desperate. Discontent, anarchy, and petitions might drag a weary +length, but when troops raised without authority were quartered at +Vincennes, when these troops seized Spanish goods, and impressed the +property of the inhabitants of Vincennes, and proposed to treat with the +Indians, the time for action was at hand. In April, Gen. Josiah Harmar, +then at Falls of Ohio, was ordered to move the greater part of his troops +to Vincennes to restore order among the distracted people at that place. +Intruders upon the public lands were to be removed, and the lawless and +illegally levied troops were to be dispersed.(100) + +Arrived at Vincennes, Gen. Harmar proceeded with vigor. The resolution of +Congress against intruders on the public lands was published in English +and in French. The inhabitants, especially the Americans whose hold on +their lands was the more insecure, were dismayed, and French and Americans +each prepared a petition to Congress, and appointed Bartholomew Tardiveau, +who was to go to Congress within a month, as their agent. Tardiveau was +especially fitted for this task by his intimate acquaintance with the land +grants of the region. Each party at Vincennes also prepared an address to +Gen. Harmar, the Americans declaring that they were settled on French +lands and feared that their lands would be taken from them without payment +and asking aid from Congress, and the French expressing their joy at being +freed from their former bad government. Many of Clark's militia had made +tomahawk-rights, and this added to the confusion of titles.(101) + +From August 9 to 16, Gen. Harmar, with an officer and thirty men, some +Indian hunters, and Tardiveau, journeyed overland from Vincennes to +Kaskaskia, where conditions were to be investigated. The August sun poured +down its rays upon the parched prairies and dwindling streams. Water was +bad and scarce, but buffalo, deer, bear, and smaller game were abundant. + +Harmar found life in the settlements he visited as crude as the path he +traveled. Kaskaskia was a French village of one hundred and ninety-one +men, old and young, with an accompaniment of women and children of various +mixtures of white and red blood. Cahokia, then the metropolis, had two +hundred and thirty-nine Frenchmen, old and young, with an accompaniment +similarly mixed. Between these settlements was Bellefontaine, a small +stockade, inhabited altogether by Americans, who had settled without +authority. The situation was a beautiful one; the land was fertile; there +was no taxation, and the people had an abundance to live upon. They were +much alarmed when told of their precarious state respecting a title to +their lands, and they gave Tardiveau a petition to carry to Congress. On +the route to Cahokia, another stockade, Grand Ruisseau, similarly +inhabited by Americans, was passed. There were about thirty other American +intruders in the fertile valleys near the Mississippi, and they, too, gave +Tardiveau a petition to Congress. + +The Kaskaskia, Peoria, Cahokia, and Mitcha tribes of Indians numbered only +about forty or fifty members, of whom but ten or eleven individuals +composed the Kaskaskia tribe; but this does not mean that danger from the +Indians was not great, because other and more hostile tribes came in great +numbers to hunt in the Illinois country. The significance of the +diminished numbers of these particular tribes lies in the fact that they +had the strongest claim to that part of Illinois which would be first +needed for settlement. At Kaskaskia and Cahokia, the French were advised +to obey their magistrates until Congress had a government ready for them, +and Cahokia was advised to put its militia into better shape, and to put +any turbulent or refractory persons under guard until a government could +be instituted.(102) + +Having finished his work in the settlements near the Mississippi, Harmar +returned to Vincennes, where he held councils with the Indians, and on +October 1, set out on his return to Fort Harmar. Although without +authority to give permanent redress, he had persuaded the French at +Vincennes to relinquish their charter and to throw themselves upon the +generosity of Congress. "As it would have been impolitic, after the parade +we had made, to entirely abandon the country," he left Maj. John F. +Hamtramck, with ninety-five men, at Vincennes.(103) Harmar's visit was +doubtless of some value, but he had not been gone five weeks when +Hamtramck wrote to him: "Our civil administration has been, and is, in a +great confusion. Many people are displeased with the Magistrates; how it +will go at the election, which is to be the 2d of Decr, I know not. But it +is to be hoped that Congress will soon establish some mode of government, +for I never saw so injudicious administration. Application has repeatedly +been made to me for redress. I have avoided to give answer, not knowing +how far my powers extended. In my opinion, the Minister of War should have +that matter determined, and sincerely beg you would push it. I confess to +you, that I have been very much at a loss how to act on many +occasions."(104) + +Not earlier than the 24th of November, Tardiveau set out for Congress with +his petitions from the Illinois country. Harmar was much pleased to have +so able a messenger, and spoke of him as sensible, well-informed, and able +to give a minute and particular description of the western country, +particularly the Illinois. He had been preceded to Congress by Joseph +Parker, of Kaskaskia. Harmar seems to have regarded Tardiveau as a sort of +antidote to Parker, for he closes his recommendation of the former by +saying: "There have been some imposters before Congress, particularly one +Parker, a whining, canting Methodist, a kind of _would-be governor_. He is +extremely unpopular at Kaskaskia, and despised by the inhabitants."(105) + +This detracts from the value of Parker's representations, which had been +made in a letter to St. Clair, the President of Congress. After explaining +that when he left Kaskaskia, on June 5, 1787, the people did not have an +intended petition ready, Parker complained of the lack of government in +Illinois, the presence of British traders, the depopulation of the country +by the inducements of the Spaniards, and the high rate at which it was +proposed to sell lands. His complaints were true, although he may have +failed to give them in their proper proportion.(106) + +On July 13, 1787, the Ordinance of 1787 had been passed by Congress. The +Illinois country was at that time ready for war against the Spanish, who +persisted in closing the Mississippi. The troops, irregularly levied by +George Rogers Clark at Vincennes, had seized some Spanish goods on the +theory that if the Spanish would not allow the United States to navigate +the lower Mississippi, the Spanish should not be allowed to navigate the +upper Mississippi. John Rice Jones, later the first lawyer in Illinois, +was Clark's commissary.(107) + +The Ordinance of 1787 was the only oil then at hand for these troubled +waters. The situation in Illinois was a complicated one, and probably the +numerical weakness of the population alone saved the country from +disastrous results. The few Americans in Illinois desired governmental +protection from the Spanish, the Indians, the British, and any Americans +who might seek to jump the claims of the first squatters; the few French +desired protection from the Spanish, the Americans, the British, and soon +from the Indians; the numerous Indians, permanent or transient, desired +protection from the Spanish, the Americans, and in rare cases from an +Americanized Frenchman. Americans, French, Spanish, British, and Indians +made an opportunity for many combinations. + +For the French inhabitants, the somewhat paternal character of the +government provided for by the Ordinance was a matter of no concern. The +great rock of offense for them was the prohibition of slavery. An exodus +to the Spanish side of the Mississippi resulted and St. Louis profited by +what the older villages of Illinois lost.(108) In addition to a +justifiable feeling of uncertainty as to whether they would be allowed to +retain their slaves, the credulous French had their fears wrought upon by +persons interested in the sale of Spanish lands. These persons took pains +to inculcate the belief that all slaves would be released upon American +occupancy. The Spanish officials were also active. The commandant at St. +Louis wrote to the French at Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and Vincennes, +respectively, inviting them to settle west of the Mississippi and offering +free lands.(109) Mr. Tardiveau, the agent for the Illinois settlers to +Congress, tried to induce Congress to repeal the anti-slavery clause of +the Ordinance. He said that it threatened to be the ruin of Illinois. +Designing persons had told the French that the moment Gen. St. Clair +arrived all their slaves would be free. Failing in his efforts to secure a +repeal, he wrote to Gen. St. Clair, asking him to secure from Congress a +resolution giving the true intent of the act.(110) In this letter, +Tardiveau advanced the doctrine, later so much used, that the evils of +slavery would be mitigated by its diffusion.(111) The first panic of the +French only gradually subsided and the question of slavery was a +persistent one. + +One of the most industrious of those interested in the sale of Spanish +lands was George Morgan, of New Jersey.(112) In 1788, he tried to secure +land in Illinois also. He and his associates petitioned Congress to sell +them a tract of land on the Mississippi. A congressional committee found +upon investigation that the proposed purchase comprised all of the French +settlements in Illinois.(113) Thereupon was passed the Act of June 20, +1788. According to its provisions, the French inhabitants of Illinois were +to be confirmed in their possessions and each family which was living in +the district before the year 1783 was to be given a bounty of four hundred +acres. These bounty-lands were to be laid off in three parallelograms, at +Kaskaskia, Prairie du Rocher, and Cahokia, respectively. They were to be +bounded on the east by the ridge of rocks--a natural formation trending +from north to south, a short distance to the east of the French +settlements. Morgan was to be sold a large described tract for not less +than sixty-six and two-thirds cents per acre. Indian titles were to be +extinguished if necessary.(114) + +The Act of June 20, 1788, is an important landmark in the settlement of +Illinois. The grant of bounty-lands was made for the purpose of giving the +French settlers a means of support when the fur-trade and hunting should +have become unprofitable from the advance of American settlement. This was +a clear acknowledgment that the Indians were right in believing, as they +did, that the American settlement would be fatal to Indian +hunting-grounds. The Indians were soon bitterly hostile. Then, too, the +claims of the settlers to land, founded upon French, British, or Virginia +grants, were to be investigated. This investigation dragged on year after +year, even for decades, and as it was the policy of the United States not +to sell public land in Illinois until these claims were settled, the +country became a great squatters'(115) camp. The length of the +investigation was doubtless due in part to the utter carelessness of the +French in giving and in keeping their evidences of title. + +By a congressional resolution of August 28, 1788, it was provided that the +lands donated to Illinois settlers should be located east, instead of +west, of the ridge of rocks. As this would throw the land too far from the +settlements to be available, petitions followed for the restoration of the +provisions of June 20, and in 1791 the original location was decreed. By a +resolution of August 29, 1788, the governor of the Northwest Territory was +ordered to carry out the provisions of the acts of June 20 and August 28, +1788, respectively.(116) + +The beginning of operations, in accordance with the acts just cited, was +delayed by the fact that the governor and judges, appointed under the +Ordinance of 1787, and who alone could institute government under it, did +not reach the Illinois country until 1790. In the meantime, anarchy +continued. Contemporary accounts give a good idea of the attempts at +government during the time, and the fact of their great interest, combined +with the fact that most of them are yet unpublished, seems to warrant +treatment of the subject at some length. + +The court at Kaskaskia met more than a score of times during 1787 and +1788. Its record consists in large part of mere meetings and adjournments. +All members of the court were French, while litigants and the single jury +recorded were Americans. Jurors from Bellefontaine received forty-five +livres each, and those from Prairie du Rocher, twenty-five livres each. +This court seems to have been utterly worthless.(117) At Vincennes, +matters were at least as bad. "It was the most unjust court that could +have been invented. If anybody called for a court, the president had 20 +livers in peltry; 14 magistrates, each 10 livers; for a room, 10 livers; +other small expenses, 10 livers; total in peltry, 180 livers--which is 360 +in money. So that a man who had twenty or thirty dollars due, was obliged +to pay, if he wanted a court, 180 livers in peltry: This court also never +granted an execution, but only took care to have the fees of the court +paid. The government of this country has been in the Le Gras and Gamelin +family for a long time, to the great dissatisfaction of the people, who +presented me a Petition some days ago, wherein they complained of the +injustice of their court--in consequence of which, I have dissolved the old +court, ordered new magistrates to be elected, and established new +regulations for them to go by."(118) Upon the dissolution of the court, +Maj. Hamtramck issued the following: + +"REGULATIONS FOR THE COURT OF POST VINCENNES. + +"In consequence of a Petition presented to me by the people of Post +Vincennes, wherein they complain of the great expence to which each +individual is exposed in the recovery of his property by the present +court, and as they express a wish to have another mode established for the +administration of justice--I do, therefore, by these presents, dissolve the +said court, and direct that five magistrates be elected by the suffrages +of the people who, when chosen, will meet and settle their seniority. + +"One magistrate will have power to try causes, not exceeding fifty livers +in peltry. Two magistrates will determine all causes not exceeding one +hundred livers in peltry,--from their decision any person aggrieved may (on +paying the cost of the suit) appeal to the District Court, which will +consist of three magistrates; the senior one will preside. They will meet +the third Tuesday in every month and set two days, unless the business +before them be completed within that time. All causes in this court shall +be determined by a jury of twelve inhabitants. Any person summoned by the +sheriff as a juryman who refuses or neglects to attend, shall be fined the +price of a day's labour. In case of indisposition, he will, previous to +the sitting of the court, inform the clerk, Mr. Antoine Gamelin, who will +order such vacancies to be filled. + +"The fees of the court shall be as follows: A magistrate, for every cause +of fifty livers or upwards in peltry, shall receive one pistole in peltry, +and in proportion for a lesser sum. The sheriff for serving a writ or a +warrant shall receive three livers in peltry; for levying an execution, 5 +per cent, including the fees of the clerk of the court. + +"The clerk for issuing a writ shall receive three livers in peltry, and +all other fees as heretofore. The jury being an office which will be +reciprocal, are not to receive pay. All expenses of the court are to be +paid by the person that is cast. This last part may appear to you to be an +extraordinary charge--but my reason for mentioning it is, that formerly the +court made the one who was most able pay the fees of the court, whether he +lost or no. + +"The magistrates, before they enter into the execution of their office, +will take the following oath before the commandant: I, A., do swear that I +will administer justice impartially, and to the best of my knowledge and +understanding, so help me God. + +"Given under my hand this 5th day of April, 1788." + +(Signed) J. F. HAMTRAMCK, +Majr. Comd'g.(119) + +A little later, Hamtramck wrote: "Our new government has taken place; five +magistrates have been elected by the suffrage of the people, but not one +of the Ottoman families remains in. One Mr. Miliet, Mr. Henry, Mr. +Bagargon, Capt. Johnson, and Capt. Dalton, have been elected. You will be +surprised to see Dalton in office; but I found that he had too many +friends to refuse him. I keep a watch-side eye over him, and find that he +conducts himself with great propriety."(120) + +The relief afforded by the new court was not complete, for soon came the +report: "The people are very impatient to see Gen. St. Clair or some of +the judges; in fact, they are very much wanted."(121) The term of the +members of the court expired in April, 1789, and no new members were +elected, because the early arrival of Gen. St. Clair was expected.(122) An +interregnum occurred, and in November, 1789, Hamtramck wrote to Harmar: +"It is high time that government should take place in this country, and if +it should happen that the Governor was not to come, nor any of the Judges, +I would beg (for the sake of the people) that his Excellency would give me +certain powers to create magistrates, a Sheriff and other officers, for +the purpose of establishing Courts of Justice--for, at present, there are +none, owing to the daily expectation of the arrival of the Governor. Those +that had been appointed by the people last year, their authority has been +refused in the courts of Kentucky, they declaring that by the resolve of +Congress, neither the people of Post Vincennes, or the commanding officer, +had a right to appoint magistrates; that the power was vested in the +Governor only, and that it was an usurped authority. You see, Sir, how +much to the prejudice of the people their present situation is, and how +necessary it is that some steps should be taken to relieve them. + +"The powers of the magistrates may be circumscribed as his Excellency may +think proper, but the necessity of having such characters will appear when +I assure you that at present no person here, can administer an oath which +will be considered legal in the courts of Kentucky--and for the reasons +above mentioned."(123) + +At last, on June 19, 1790, the judges for the Northwest Territory arrived +at Vincennes.(124) + +The situation at Kaskaskia was even worse than that at Vincennes, because +Vincennes had a garrison. To understand the complaints of the time, it is +necessary to notice the relations with Spain. On the first day of 1788, +Hamtramck wrote: "The Spanish commanding officers of the different posts +on the Mississippi are encouraging settlers by giving them lands gratis. A +village by the name of Zewapetas, which is about thirty miles above the +mouth of the Ohio, and which was begun last summer, consists now of thirty +or fifty families."(125) In the following October, Morgan made flattering +offers to persons who would settle at New Madrid.(126) At the same time, +the Mississippi was closed to Americans. Joseph St. Marie, of Vincennes, +sent his clerk with a load of peltry to be traded to the Indians on the +banks of the Mississippi. His goods were seized and confiscated by the +Spanish commander at the Arkansas Post. The commander said that his orders +were to seize all goods of Americans, found in the Mississippi below the +mouth of the Ohio. Upon appeal to Gov. Miro, of Louisiana, the governor +said that the court of Spain had given orders to send offending traders +prisoners to the mines of Brazil.(127) + +The combination of inducements to such as would become Spanish subjects +and of severity to such as would not do so, secured Spain some settlers. +Hamtramck said: "I am fearful that the Governor will not find many people +in the Illinois, as they are daily going on the Spanish side. I believe +that all our Americans of Post Vincennes will go to Morgan--a number of +them are already gone to see him. I am told that Mr. Morgan has taken +unwarrantable measures to invite the people of Illinois to come to him, +saying that the Governor never would come in that country, and that their +negroes were all free the moment the government should be established--for +which all the remaining good inhabitants propose to go to him. I can not +give you this for certain; I will know better in a short time, and inform +you."(128) "I have the honor to enclose you Mr. Morgan's letter _at his +request_, and one for you. You will see in Mr. Morgan's that a post will +be established opposite the Ohio; and if what Mr. Morgan says is true +(which I doubt not), respecting the inhabitants of the Illinois, the +Governor will have no occasion to go there. Will you be so good as to +inform me if Congress have changed their resolution respecting the freedom +of the negroes of this country; and if they are free from the day of the +resolve, or if from the day it is published in a district."(129) A few +weeks later, Harmar wrote to St. Clair: "The emigration continues, it +possible, more rapid than ever; within these twenty days, not less than +one hundred souls have passed [Fort Harmar, at Falls of Ohio] daily: the +people are all taken up with Col. Morgan's New Madrid.... The generality +of the inhabitants of Kaskaskias, and a number of those at Post Vincennes, +I am informed, have quit those villages, and gone over to the Spanish +side. The arrival of your Excellency amongst them, I believe is anxiously +expected."(130) + +The Indians were very hostile, and it is noteworthy that by the middle of +1789, the comparative immunity of the French from attack had ceased. Only +negroes were safe, and they, probably, because they sold well.(131) Civil +government was at low ebb in the Kaskaskia region. By January, 1789, the +court at Kaskaskia had dissolved.(132) + +The depopulation of Illinois led Hamtramck to write to Bartholomew +Tardiveau, at the Falls of Ohio, asking whether it were true that the +slaves of the French were to be free. Tardiveau responded that it was not +true, and that he had written from New York, the preceding December, to +Hamtramck and to Illinois concerning the matter, but that his letters had +been intercepted. The true meaning of the resolve of Congress was +published at Vincennes upon the receipt of Tardiveau's letter and was to +be published in Illinois at the first opportunity. The narration of these +facts was closed by the statement that if the governor or the judges did +not come soon, most of the people would go to the Spanish side, "for they +begin to think there are no such men as a Governor or Judges."(133) + +In September, 1789, Hamtramck received the following petition from +Kaskaskia: + +"To John Francis Hamtramck, Esqr., Major of the 1st U. S. Regt. and +commandant at Post Vincennes, &c. &c. + +"The inhabitants of Kaskaskias, in the Illinois, beg leave to address you, +as the next commanding officer in the service of the United States, to lay +before you the deplorable situation we are reduced to, and the absolute +necessity of our being speedily succoured to prevent as well our total +ruin, as that of the place. + +"The Indians are greatly more numerous than the white people, and are +rather hostilely inclined; the name of an American among them is a +disgrace, because we have no superior. Our horses, horned cattle, and corn +are stolen and destroyed without the power of making any effectual +resistance. Our houses are in ruin and decay; our lands are uncultivated; +debtors absconded and absconding; our little commerce destroyed. We are +apprehensive of a dearth of corn, and our best prospects are misery and +distress, or what is more than probable an untimely death by the hands of +Savages. + +"We are well convinced that all these misfortunes have befallen us for +want of some superior, or commanding authority; for ever since the cession +of this Territory to Congress, we have been neglected as an abandoned +people, to encounter all the difficulties that are always attendant upon +anarchy and confusion; neither did we know from authority until latterly, +to what power we were subject. The greater part of our citizens have left +the country on this account to reside in the Spanish dominions; others are +now following, and we are fearful, nay, certain, that without your +assistance, the small remainder will be obliged to follow their example. + +"Thus situated, our last resource is to you, Sir, hoping and praying that +you will so far use your authority to save an almost deserted country from +destruction, and to order or procure the small number of twenty men with +an officer, to be stationed among us for our defence; and that you will +make order for the establishment of a civil court to take place +immediately and to continue in force until the pleasure of his Excellency +the Governor shall be known, and to whom we beg you would communicate our +distress. + +"We beg your answer by the return of the bearer, addressed to the Revd Mr. +Le Dru, our Priest, who signs this in the name and at the request, of the +inhabitants. + +"Dated at Kaskaskia the fourteenth day of September, 1789. + +"Ledru, cure Des Kaskaskias pour tous les habitans Francais de l'endroit +et outres voisins de la partie Americaine. + +"JNO EDGAR."(134) + +John Edgar offered to furnish provisions for the twenty soldiers asked for +in the petition, and to take bills on Congress in payment.(135) + +Hamtramck responded to the petition by saying that sickness prevailed +among the troops at Vincennes to such an extent that twenty men could not +be sent thence to Kaskaskia, but that the request would be sent to +headquarters. As to the civil department, the people were advised to elect +two or three magistrates in every village. These should prevent debtors +from leaving, and should levy on the goods of such debtors as had already +gone to the Spanish side. "Let your magistrates be respectable men by +their moral character, as well as in point of property; let them attend +with vigilance to all disputes that may arise amongst you, and in a +particular manner to the Indian affairs."(136) This reply reached Edgar on +the night of October 27, 1789. The next day, Edgar wrote to Hamtramck +saying that it was probable that the recommendations in regard to +establishing a civil government could not be carried out without a +military force. The French were easily governed by a superior, but they +knew nothing of government by an equal. Indians were constantly incited by +the Spanish. They stole horses and escaped to the Spanish side. Edgar +enclosed correspondence and depositions showing that on the night of the +eighth of October, John Dodge and Michael Antanya, with a party of whites +and Indians, came from the Spanish side to Kaskaskia, made an unsuccessful +attempt to carry off some of Edgar's slaves, and threatened to burn the +village. He adds "[In] the spring it is impossible I can stand my ground, +surrounded as we are by savage enemies. I have waited five years in hopes +of a government; I shall still wait until March, as I may be able to +withstand them in the winter season, but if no succour nor government +should then arrive, I shall be compelled to abandon the country, and I +shall go to live at St. Louis. Inclination, interest and love for the +country prompt me to reside here, but when in so doing it is ten to one +but both my life and property will fall a sacrifice, you nor any impartial +mind can blame me for the part I shall take."(137) + +One day later, John Rice Jones wrote from Kaskaskia. The answer to the +petition sent by Ducoigne and addressed to Ledru and Edgar, had been +opened by the latter in the absence and by the consent of the former. +Ledru had gone to be priest at St. Louis. At first he had refused the +offer of the position, but when he received his tithes at Kaskaskia, he +found that they would not support him, so he was compelled to move. He met +no better treatment than de la Valiniere and Gibault before him, and no +priest was likely to fare any better until a government was established. +St. Pierre, priest at Cahokia, had gone to be priest at Ste. Genevieve, +and it was said that Gibault was to be priest at L'Anse a la Graisse (New +Madrid). Morgan had been coolly received at New Orleans, and his boasted +settlement at New Madrid was almost broken up. The attempted seizure of +Edgar's negroes could not be punished, because there was no one with +authority to remonstrate with the Spanish, and private remonstrances were +unheeded. The Spanish were making every effort to depopulate Illinois. +They well knew that the people would follow their priests. Flattering +offers had been made to Edgar by the Spanish, among them being free lands, +no taxes, and free permission to work at the lead mines and salt springs. +He had refused all offers, but if government was not established by the +next March he would go to St. Louis, and if he went, Kaskaskia would be +practically at an end. Twenty-four British trading-boats from +Michilimackinac were on the Mississippi on the American side opposite the +mouth of the Missouri. Their purpose was to attract Indian trade.(138) + +Gov. St. Clair arrived at Kaskaskia on March 5, 1790.(139) With his coming +anarchy technically ceased, but naturally the institution of an orderly +government was a gradual process. In August, Tardiveau wrote to Hamtramck +from Kaskaskia, saying that he hoped that Maj. Wyllys had given Hamtramck +such a specimen of the difficulty of establishing a regular government and +organizing the militia in Illinois as would induce the sending of a few +regular troops from Vincennes. Even ten men would be a help. The Indians +daily stole horses, and Tardiveau tried to raise a force to go and punish +the offenders, but he was effectually opposed by a lawless band of +ringleaders. A militia law and the Illinois civil power were useless to +remedy the matter. There were plenty of provisions in Illinois to supply +any soldiers that might be sent.(140) Tardiveau was then +lieutenant-colonel of the first regiment of militia, and also judge of +probate, having been appointed by the governor.(141) Harmar replied that +it was utterly impracticable to comply with Tardiveau's request for +soldiers.(142) + +On June 20, 1788, a congressional committee reported that there were about +eighty families at Kaskaskia, twelve at Prairie du Rocher, four or five at +Fort Chartres and St. Philips, and about fifty at Cahokia, making one +hundred and forty-six or one hundred and forty-seven families in these +villages.(143) In 1766-7, the same villages, with Vincennes, were supposed +to have about two thousand inhabitants(144); and about five years later, +1772, there were some fifteen hundred inhabitants in these villages, not +including Vincennes.(145) + +It is not surprising that the population of the Illinois country decreased +from 1765 to 1790. During these years, British and Americans had attempted +to impose upon the French settlers a form of government for which they had +neither desire nor aptitude. The attempt to immediately transform a +subject people was a signal failure, but neither the attempt nor the +failure was unique. + + + + + +CHAPTER III. + + + + +I. The Land and Indian Questions. 1790 to 1809. + + +A proclamation issued by Estevan Miro, Governor and Intendant of the +Provinces of Louisiana and Florida in 1789, offered to immigrants a +liberal donation of land, graduated according to the number of laborers in +the family; freedom of religion and from payment of tithes, although no +public worship except Catholic would be allowed; freedom from taxation; +and a free market at New Orleans for produce or manufactures. All settlers +must swear allegiance to Spain.(146) This proclamation came at a time when +the West was divided in opinion as to whether to make war upon Spain for +her closure of the Mississippi or to secede from the United States and +become a part of Spain.(147) It tended to continue the emigration from the +Illinois country to Spanish territory, for public land was not yet for +sale in Illinois. + +To the professional rover, the inability to secure a title to land was the +cause of small concern, but the more substantial and desirable the +settler, the more concerned was he about the matter. Settlement and +improvements were retarded. Before the affairs of the Ohio Company had +progressed far enough to permit sales of land to settlers, the little +company at Marietta saw, with deep chagrin, thousands of settlers float by +on their way to Kentucky, where land could be bought.(148) Squatters in +Illinois were constantly expecting that the public lands would soon be +offered for sale. The natural result was petitions for the right of +preemption, because without such a right, the settler was in danger of +losing whatever improvements he had made. In 1790, James Piggott and +forty-five others petitioned for such a right. The petitioners stated that +they had settled since 1783 and had suffered much from Indians. They could +not cultivate their land except under guard. Seventeen families had no +more tillable land than four could tend. The land on which they lived was +the property of two individuals.(149) + + [Illustration: Indian Cessions.] + +Petitions from various classes of settlers, not provided for by the acts +of June 20, August 28, and August 29, 1788, led Congress to pass the act +of March 3, 1791. By this act, four hundred acres was to be given to each +head of a family who, in 1783, was resident in the Illinois country or at +Vincennes, and who had since moved from the one to the other. The same +donation was to be made to all persons who had moved away, if they should +return within five years. Such persons should also have confirmed to them +the land they originally held. This was intended to bring back persons who +had gone to the Spanish side of the Mississippi. Grants previously made by +courts having no authority should be confirmed to persons who had made +improvements, to an extent not exceeding four hundred acres to any one +person. As these lands had in some cases been repeatedly sold, the parties +making the improvements were frequently guiltless of any knowledge of +fraud. The Cahokia commons were confirmed to that village. One hundred +acres was to be granted to each militiaman enrolled on August 1, 1790, and +who had received no other grant.(150) This act throws considerable light +on the causes of discontent then prevailing among the settlers and on the +conditions to which immigrants came. + +This same spring, about two hundred and fifty of the inhabitants of +Vincennes had gone to settle at New Madrid.(151) It is not strange that +the act of March 3, 1791, made provisions intended to induce the Americans +who had emigrated to the Spanish possessions to return. The history of the +threatened Spanish aggression upon the western part of the United States +is known in essence to anyone who has made the slightest special study of +the period at which it was at its height. Morgan's scheme for a purchase +of land in Illinois was not carried out, and he turned his attention to +peopling his settlement at New Madrid. Down the Mississippi to New Orleans +seemed the natural route for Illinois commerce. Slavery flourished +unmolested west of the Mississippi. In 1794, Baron de Carondolet gave +orders to the governor of Natchez to incite the Chickasaw Indians to expel +the Americans from Fort Massac. The governor refused to obey the order, +because Fort Massac had been occupied by the Americans in pursuance of a +request by the Spanish representative at the capital of the United States +that the president would put a stop to the proposed expedition of the +French against the Spanish. The claim was advanced by Carondolet that the +Americans had no right to the land on which the fort stood, but that the +land belonged to the Chickasaws, who were independent allies of Spain. Two +other reasons given for not obeying the order were that it would preclude +the successful issue of the Spanish intrigue for the separation of +Kentucky from the United States, and would hinder negotiations, then +pending, for a commercial treaty between Spain and the United States.(152) +Carondolet regarded the Indians as Spain's best defence against the +Americans,(153) yet the whites prepared for defence, and in anticipation +of the proposed French expedition of George Rogers Clark, a garrison of +thirty men and an officer was placed at Ste. Genevieve, opposite +Kaskaskia. Carondolet said: "This will suffice to prevent the smuggling +carried on by the Americans of the settlement of Kaskaskias situated +opposite, which increases daily."(154) + +Early in 1796, a petition was sent from Kaskaskia to Congress. The +petitioners desired that they might be permitted to locate their donation +of four hundred acres per family on Long Prairie, a few miles above +Kaskaskia, on the Kaskaskia River, and that the expense of surveying the +land might be paid by the United States. The act granting the +donation-land had provided for its location between the Kaskaskia and the +Mississippi. This land the petitioners declared to be private land and +some of it was of poor quality.(155) Confirmation of land claims directed +to be made upon the Governor's visit in 1790 were delayed by the lack of a +surveyor and the poverty of the inhabitants.(156) The petition was signed +by John Edgar, William Morrison, William St. Clair, and John Demoulin(157) +"for the inhabitants of the counties of St. Clair and Randolph"(158)--the +Illinois counties. The petitioners ranked high in the mercantile and legal +life of the Illinois settlements, but they must have been novices in the +art of petitioning if they thought that a petition signed by four men from +the Illinois country, with no sign of their being legally representative, +would be regarded by Congress as an expression of the opinion of the +Northwest Territory. The part of the petition relating to lands was +granted, but the major part, which related to other subjects, was denied +on the ground that the petitioners probably did not represent public +sentiment.(159) During this same year Congress denied a number of +petitions for the right of preemption in the Northwest Territory, because +such a right would encourage illegal settling. It was also during this +year that the first sales of public land in the Northwest Territory were +authorized. The land to be sold was in what is now Ohio. No tract of less +than four thousand acres could be purchased.(160) + +In 1800, two hundred and sixty-eight inhabitants of Illinois, chiefly +French, petitioned Congress that Indian titles to land in the southern +part of Illinois might be extinguished and the land offered for sale; that +tracts of land at the distance of a day's journey from each other, lying +between Vincennes and the Illinois settlements, might be ceded to such +persons as would keep taverns, and that one or two garrisons might be +stationed in Illinois. The petitioners state that the Kaskaskia tribe of +Indians numbered not more than fifteen members and that their title to +land could be easily extinguished; that not enough land is open to +settlement to admit a population sufficient to support ordinary county +establishments; that roads are much needed, and that many of the +inhabitants are crossing the Mississippi with their slaves. The petition +was not considered.(161) + +A new factor now appears in the forces affecting Illinois settlement. The +Northwest Territory having advanced to the second grade of territorial +government, in December, 1799, its delegate took his seat in Congress. The +step was an important one for the struggling colony. Before this time such +petitions as were prepared by inhabitants of the territory for the +consideration of Congress had been subjected to all the vicissitudes of +being addressed to some public officer or of being confided to some member +of Congress who represented a different portion of the country. Up to this +time the public lands could only be bought in tracts of four thousand +acres. Largely through the influence of the delegate from the Northwest +Territory, a bill was passed which authorized the sale of sections and +half-sections. In consequence, emigration soon began to flow rapidly into +Ohio. Land in Illinois was not yet offered for sale, but this bill is +important because the policy of offering land in smaller tracts was to +continue.(162) + +The territorial delegate was also active in procuring the passage of a +bill for the division of the Northwest Territory. While the bill was +pending, a petition from Illinois, praying for the division and for the +establishment of such a government in the western part as was provided for +by the Ordinance of 1787, was presented. The act for division was signed +by the President on May 7, 1800; it formed Indiana Territory, with +Vincennes as its capital.(163) + +The propositions made by a convention of representatives elected by the +citizens of Indiana to prepare petitions to Congress, near the close of +1802, illustrate the needs of the time. It was desired that the Indian +title to land lying in Southern Illinois and Southwestern Indiana might be +extinguished and the land sold in smaller tracts and at a lower +price;(164) that a preemption act might be passed; that a grant of +seminary and school lands might be made; that land for taverns, twenty +miles or less apart, might be granted along certain specified routes; that +donation-lands might be chosen in separate tracts, instead of in three +specified areas, in order to avoid "absolutely useless" prairies, and also +lands claimed by ancient grants; and that the qualification of a freehold +of fifty acres of land, prescribed for the electors of representatives to +the territorial legislature, might be changed to manhood suffrage, because +the freehold qualification was said to tend "to throw too great a weight +in the scale of wealth." The petition was considered in committees, but it +led to no legislation.(165) + +None of the above complaints was better founded than that concerning the +restriction of the suffrage, and it is well to note subsequent proceedings +in regard to it. No qualification less suitable to the time and place +could well have been devised, and this is especially true of the Illinois +portion of the territory, because there unsettled French claims were to +delay the sales of public lands until 1814, and thus early settlers could +neither buy land nor vote unless they owned it, unless indeed they +purchased land claims from the needy and unbusiness-like French. An +interesting petition of 1807 from the settlement on Richland Creek,(166) +for the right of preemption, throws light upon conditions then obtaining. +The petitioner inclosed a map of the settlement, with the following +explanation: "Those persons whose names are enclosed in said plot, within +surveyed lines, have confirmed and located rights, amounting to 3,775 +acres; ... the residue of the said settlers, occupying about 6,000 acres +of land, have, without any right, settled upon the public land." The map +shows that there were eleven owners and twenty-two squatters.(167) As the +law then stood, the twenty-two squatters, occupying more than three-fifths +of the land, could not vote. The eleven land-owners must have secured +their land either under the acts of 1788 or that of 1791, or by the +purchase of French claims, a trade vigorously carried on. In 1808,(168) +Congress so far extended the suffrage in Indiana as to make the ownership +of a town lot worth one hundred dollars an alternative qualification to +the possession of a freehold of fifty acres. This was in advance of the +law in some of the Eastern states. + +After 1802, the land question can not be traced without reference to the +Indian question in Illinois. That question became important as soon as +American occupation was assured, and it remained important for fifty years +after the Revolution. The desire of the American settlers for land was +directly counter to the desire of the Indians to preserve their +hunting-grounds. Before the close of the eighteenth century, the list of +bloody deeds in Illinois had grown long.(169) The United States Government +appreciated the gravity of the situation and early made efforts to +purchase the land from the Indians. That part of the treaty of Greenville, +of 1795, which affected Illinois, extinguished the Indian title to a tract +six miles square, at the mouth of Chicago River; one six miles square, at +Peoria; one twelve miles square, near the mouth of the Illinois River; the +post of Fort Massac, and the land in the possession of the whites.(170) +The treaty of Fort Wayne, in 1803, ceded four square miles or less, at the +salt springs on Saline Creek, and some land west and southwest from +Vincennes. This treaty, with another made in the following August, ceded +three tracts of land, each one mile square, between Vincennes and +Kaskaskia, to be sites for taverns.(171) The treaty of Vincennes, of +August, 1803, ceded land in Illinois bounded by the Ohio, the Mississippi, +the Illinois, and the western watershed of the Wabash, except three +hundred and fifty acres near Kaskaskia, and twelve hundred and eighty +acres to be located. This last treaty was made with the depleted Kaskaskia +tribe.(172) As the claims of various tribes overlapped, an Indian treaty +rarely signifies that all controversy in regard to the land ceded is at an +end. Frequently one or more treaties must yet be made with other tribes, +and frequently a tribe refuses to abide by its agreement. + +Previous to 1804, no land was sold in the Northwest Territory west of the +mouth of the Kentucky River. An act of March 26 of that year provided for +the opening of a land-office at Detroit to sell lands north of Ohio; one +at Vincennes to sell lands in its vicinity ceded by the treaty of Fort +Wayne; and one at Kaskaskia to sell so much of the land ceded by the +treaty of Vincennes (August, 1803) as was not claimed by any other tribe +than those represented in the cession. The register and the receiver of +public moneys of these respective districts were to be commissioners to +settle private land claims. Evidences of claims should be filed before +January 1, 1805, and after the adjustment of claims the public lands +should be sold at auction to the highest bidder. Two dollars per acre was +to be the minimum price; no land should be sold in less than +quarter-sections, except fractional portions caused by irregularities in +topography or survey, and lands unsold after the auction might be sold at +private sale. Although this act provided for the sale of public lands in +Illinois after private claims should have been satisfied, and directed +that such claims should be filed not later than January 1, 1805, Congress +repeatedly extended the time for the filing of claims, and ten years after +the passage of this act there were still unsatisfied claims.(173) Not +until 1814 did sales of public land begin in Illinois. The delay retarded +immigration of that class which would have made the most desirable +citizens. + +By the treaty of St. Louis, November 3, 1804, the Sauk and Foxes ceded +that part of Illinois west of the Illinois and Fox rivers. Black Hawk, the +principal chief of the Sauk, did not sign the treaty.(174) By the treaty +of Vincennes, 1805, the Piankashaws ceded a tract lying between the lower +Wabash and its western watershed.(175) No more Indian titles to land in +Illinois were extinguished, and no public land was sold in Illinois until +after that part of the country became a separate territory. + +Early in 1806, there came to Congress from Illinois a petition which +betrayed the anxiety of the French settlers, and of the Americans who had +bought French claims, lest the peculiar shape of their holdings should be +disturbed by the orderly system of government surveys. The petitioners +asked that a line might be run from a point north of Cahokia to an +unspecified river south of Kaskaskia, in such a manner as to include all +settlements between the two points, and that the land so included be +exempt from the mode of survey and terms of sale of other public lands of +the United States. The petition was apparently not reported upon, but a +detailed map of the region referred to shows that the holdings were left +in their bewildering complexity.(176) + +By the time Indiana Territory was divided some progress had been made in +extinguishing Indian titles, and some also in investigating land claims of +the French and their assignees; but the American immigrant had still the +hard choice of buying a French claim with uncertain title or squatting on +government land with the risk of losing whatever improvement he might +make, and often the added risk of being killed by the suspicious, hostile, +untrustworthy Indians. This was one class of hindrances to settlement. +Another hindrance, next to be noticed, was the unstable governmental +conditions following the anarchy already recited. + + + + +II. Government Succeeding the Period of Anarchy, 1790 to 1809. + + +When St. Clair County was formed, in 1790, it was made to include all the +settlements of the Northwest Territory to the westward of Vincennes. On +account of its geographical extent it was divided into three judicial +districts, but it could not be made into three separate counties, because +there were not enough men capable of holding office to furnish the +necessary officials. The American settlers were few and a large proportion +of them were unskilled in matters of government, while the French were +totally unfit to govern. In 1795, St. Clair, when referring to conditions +in 1790, wrote that since then the population of Illinois had decreased +considerably.(177) Combining this decrease with the fact that there were +in the settlements in what is now Missouri 1491 inhabitants in 1785, 2093 +in 1788, and 6028, including 883 slaves, in 1799,(178) the conclusion is +inevitable that emigration across the Mississippi was the immediate cause +of the decrease in Illinois. + +In 1795, notwithstanding the decreased population, and perhaps in the hope +of checking the decrease, St. Clair County was divided by proclamation of +Governor St. Clair. The division was by an east and west line running a +little south of the settlement of New Design.(179) St. Clair County lay to +the north, Randolph County to the south of the line.(180) + +The early laws of the Northwest Territory throw light upon the conditions +existing upon the frontier. Minute provisions for establishing and +maintaining ferries, with no mention of bridges, indicate the primitive +methods of travel.(181) Millers were required to use a prescribed set of +measures and to grind for a prescribed toll, the toll for the use of a +horse-mill being higher than that for a water-mill, unless the owner of +the grain furnished the horses.(182) Guide-posts were to be put up at the +forks of every public road.(183) No stray stock should be taken up between +the first of April and the first of November, unless the stray should have +broken into the inclosure of the taker-up.(184) In those days stock was +turned out and crops were fenced in. Prairies or cleared land were not to +be fired except between December 1 and March 10, unless upon one's own +land.(185) The following rates of county taxation were prescribed: + +Horses, per head, not more than $.50 +Neat cattle, not more than .12-1/2 +Bond servant, not more than 1.00 +Single man, 21 yrs. or older, with less than $200 worth of property, not + more than 2.00 nor less than .50 +Retail merchants, not more than 10.00(186) + +A bounty, varying at different times between 1799 and 1810 from 50 cents +to $2 per head, was given for killing wolves.(187) Imprisonment for debt, +a law antedating by many years similar laws in several of the other parts +of the United States, was practically abolished.(188) A frontier region +does not have that social stratification which makes oppression of the +debtor class easy. A county too poor to build a log jail without +difficulty is not likely to be so senseless as to make a practice of +confining and boarding its debtor class. + +For the purpose of taxation land was to be listed in three classes +according to value. No specification as to the value of the respective +classes was prescribed. The tax was eighty-five, sixty, or twenty-five +cents per one hundred acres, according as land was first, second, or third +class. No unimproved land in Illinois was to be listed higher than second +class.(189) + +The laws above cited were enacted by the legislature of the Northwest +Territory. In May, 1800, that territory was divided, the western part, +including Illinois, becoming Indiana Territory. This made the Illinois +country more distinctly frontier by again reducing it to the first grade +of territorial government, Indiana Territory, as such, not being +represented in Congress until December, 1805.(190) Among the reasons +advanced for dividing the Northwest Territory was the fact that in five +years there had been but one court for criminal cases in the three western +counties.(191) + +Illinois soon sought admission to the second grade of territorial +government. In April, 1801, John Edgar wrote from Kaskaskia to St. Clair: +"During a few weeks past, we have put into circulation petitions addressed +to Governor Harrison, for a General Assembly, and we have had the +satisfaction to find that about nine-tenths of the inhabitants of the +counties of St. Clair and Randolph approve of the measure, a great +proportion of whom have already put their signatures to the petition.... I +have no doubt but that the undertaking will meet with early success, so as +to admit of the House of Representatives meeting in the fall."(192) The +movement for advancement to the second grade was not, however, destined to +such early success, and when it did take place such a change had occurred +that Illinois was much enraged. + +The Illinois country early became restive under the government of Indiana +Territory. Much the same causes for discontent existed as had caused +Kentucky to wish to separate from Virginia, Tennessee from North Carolina, +and the country west of the Alleghanies from the United States. In each +case a frontier minority saw its wishes, if not its rights, infringed by a +more eastern majority. In each case the eastern people were themselves too +weak to furnish sufficient succor to the struggling West. The conflict was +natural and inevitable. The grave charge against Governor Harrison, who +had large powers of patronage, was local favoritism. So discontented was +Illinois, that in 1803 it had petitioned for annexation to the territory +of Louisiana when such territory should be formed.(193) Antagonism to the +Indiana government became still more bitter when, in December, 1804, after +an election which was so hurried that an outlying county did not get to +vote, the territory entered the second grade of territorial +government.(194) + +In the summer of 1805, discontent in Illinois was again expressed in a +memorial to Congress. About three hundred and fifty inhabitants of the +region petitioned for a division of Indiana Territory, From the Illinois +settlements to the capital, Vincennes, was said to be one hundred and +eighty miles, "through a dreary and inhospitable wilderness, uninhabited, +and which during one part of the year, can scarcely afford water +sufficient to sustain nature, and that of the most indifferent quality, +besides presenting other hardships equally severe, while in another it is +part under water, and in places to the extent of some miles, by which the +road is rendered almost impassable, and the traveler is not only subjected +to the greatest difficulties, but his life placed in the most imminent +danger." It resulted that the attendance of Illinois inhabitants upon +either the legislature or the supreme court was fraught with many +inconveniences. Because of the extensive prairies between Illinois and +Vincennes, "a communication between them and the settlements east of that +river [the Wabash] can not in the common course of things, for centuries +yet to come, be supported with the least benefit, or be of the least +moment to either of them." Illinois objected to having been precipitated +into the second grade of government. In the election for that purpose, +said the memorialists, only Knox county voted in the affirmative, and +Wayne county did not vote, because the writs of election arrived too late. +Since entering the second grade the County of Wayne (Michigan) had been +struck off. It was believed that if the prayer for separation should be +granted, the rage for emigration to Louisiana would, in great measure, +cease, the value of public lands in Illinois would be increased, and their +sale would also be more rapid, while an increased population would render +Illinois flourishing and self-supporting rather than a claimant for +governmental support.(195) + +At the same time that Congress received the above memorial, it received a +petition from a majority of the members of the respective houses of the +Indiana legislature. This petition asked that the freehold qualification +for electors be abolished; that Indiana Territory be not divided, and that +the undivided territory be soon made a state. It was said that the people +were too poor to support a divided government, and that as the general +court met annually in each county it was slight hardship to the frontier +to have the supreme court meet at Vincennes.(196) It was probably true at +this time, as it certainly was in 1807, that the general court met as +above stated. Appeal by bill of exceptions was, however, allowed. The +supreme court had no original, exclusive jurisdiction.(197) Nothing +daunted by this memorial from the legislature, Illinois, in a short time, +prepared another memorial--this time with twenty signatures. This adds to +the grievances recited in the previous memorial that the wealthy appeal +cases against the Illinois poor to the supreme court at Vincennes; that +landholders on the Wabash are interested in preventing the population of +lands on the Mississippi; that preemption is needed, and that it is hoped +that the general government will not pass unnoticed the act of the last +legislature authorizing the importation of slaves into the territory. It +violates the Ordinance of 1787. The memorialists desired such importation, +but it must be authorized by Congress to be legal. The population of +Illinois was given as follows: + + + By the census of April 1, 1801: 2,361 + + Inhabitants of Prairie du Chien and on the Illinois River, not + included in above: 550 + + "Emigration" since 1801, at least one-third increase: 750 + + Settlements on the Ohio River: 650 + + 4,311(198) + + +The truth of some of the complaints from Illinois is apparent. That a land +company on the Wabash wished to hinder settlement on the Mississippi is +probably true, for Matthew Lyon, of Kentucky, said in Congress, in the +winter of 1805-6: "The price of lands is various. I know of two hundred +thousand acres of land on the Wabash, which is offered for sale at twenty +cents per acre."(199) It is to be presumed that the company making the +offer could not give a secure title to the land. + +In 1806, a congressional committee reported on the various memorials and +petitions from Illinois, but the report led to no legislation and thus +settled nothing, and in 1807 petitioning continued.(200) Illinois again +petitioned for separation from the remainder of Indiana Territory, this +petition bearing seventeen signatures. An inclosed census is lost, but a +population of five thousand is spoken of. A new and significant paragraph +occurs: "When your Memorialists contemplate the probable movements which +may arise out of an European peace, now apparently about to take place, +they cannot but feel the importance of union, of energy, of population on +this shore of the Mississippi--they cannot but shudder at the horrors which +may arise from a _disaffection in the West_...." A government was needed, +and that of Indiana Territory was not acceptable to the people of +Illinois. One hundred and two inhabitants of Illinois sent a +counter-petition, in which they said that Illinois had paid no taxes and +needed no separate government, also that the committee that prepared the +above petition was not legally chosen. Most of the signers of the petition +were Americans, while most of the signers of the counter-petition were +French, forty-two of the latter being illiterate.(201) The report of a +congressional committee on the petition was adverse,(202) as was also a +report on three petitions for division that came from Illinois in the +spring of 1808.(203) In the following December, the representative of +Indiana Territory in Congress was appointed chairman of a committee to +consider the expediency of dividing the territory, and to this committee +petitions both for and against division were referred. This territorial +delegate was in favor of division, and his committee presented a favorable +report, in which the number of inhabitants of Indiana east of the Wabash +was estimated to be seventeen thousand, and the number west of the Wabash +to be eleven thousand--numbers thought to be sufficiently large to justify +division, and an estimate which the census of 1810 proves to have been +almost correct. In February, 1809, the bill providing for the division so +ardently desired by Illinois was approved, the division to take place on +the first of the next March. The western division was to be known as +Illinois Territory and was to have for its eastern boundary a line due +north from Vincennes to the Canadian line.(204) In the debate in the House +of Representatives, preceding the passage of the bill for division, the +arguments in its favor were that the Wabash was a natural dividing line; +that a wide extent of wilderness intervened between Vincennes and the +western settlements; that the power of the executive was enervated by the +dispersed condition of the settlements; that to render justice was almost +impossible; that the United States would be more than compensated for the +increased expense by the rise in value of the public lands. Opponents of +the bill declared that the complaints made by Illinois were common to many +parts of the country; that the number of officers would be needlessly +increased by the proposed division; and that "a compliance with this +petition would but serve to foster their factions, and produce more +petitions." No significant geographical division of the vote on the bill +is apparent.(205) + + + + +III. Obstacles to Immigration. 1790 to 1809. + + +In addition to the inability to secure land titles on account of unsettled +French claims, to the presence of Indians and to the discontent with the +government of Indiana Territory, almost every cause which made settlement +on the frontier difficult was found in the Illinois country in its most +pronounced form, because Illinois was the far corner of the frontier. The +census reports of the United Status give the following statistics of +population: + + 1790. 1800. 1810. +Kentucky 73,677 220,955 406,511 +Ohio 45,365 230,760 +Indiana 2,517 24,520 +Illinois 2,458 12,282 + +These figures show how conspicuously small was the immigration to +Illinois. Enough has already been said to show some of the reasons for +this sluggish settlement. When, in 1793, Governor St. Clair wrote to +Alexander Hamilton, "In compassion to a poor devil banished to another +planet, tell me what is doing in yours, if you can snatch a moment from +the weighty cares of your office,"(206) he doubtless felt that the +language was not too strong, and voiced a feeling of loneliness that was +common to the settlers. Nor was there a lack of land in the East to make +westward movement imperative. Massachusetts was much opposed to her people +emigrating to Ohio, because she wished them to settle on her own eastern +frontier (Maine), and Vermont and New York had vacant lands.(207) + +One who settled in Illinois at this period came through danger to danger, +for Indians lurked in the woods and malaria waited in the lowlands. The +journey made by the immigrants was tedious and difficult, and was often +rendered dangerous by precipitous and rough hills and swollen streams, if +the journey was overland, or by snags, shoals and rapids, if by water. A +large proportion of the settlers came from Maryland, Virginia, or the +Carolinas. Those from Virginia and Maryland were induced to emigrate by +the glowing descriptions of the Illinois country given by the soldiers of +George Rogers Clark, and these soldiers sometimes led the first +contingent. A typical Virginia settlement in Illinois was that called New +Design, located in what is now Monroe county, between Kaskaskia and +Cahokia. Founded about 1786 by a native of Berkeley county, the settlement +received important additions in 1793, and four years later a party of more +than one hundred and fifty arrived from near the headwaters of the south +branch of the Potomac, this last contingent led by a Baptist minister, who +had organized a church on a previous visit.(208) In general, persons +Scotch-Irish by birth were opposed to slavery, as were also the members of +the Quaker church. This caused a considerable emigration from the +Carolinas. Another motive for people from all sections was that expressed +by settlers of Illinois, in 1806, when they said that they came west in +order to secure "such an establishment in land as they despaired of ever +being able to procure in the old settlements."(209) We have seen how long +deferred was the fulfillment of their hope of getting a title to the +coveted land. Although the East was not crowded, it is true that land +there was more expensive than that of the same quality in the West. In +1806, three dollars per acre was the maximum price in even the settled +parts of Indiana Territory, while fifty dollars per acre had been paid for +choice Kentucky land.(210) + +The greater number of immigrants came by water, but a family too poor to +travel thus, or whose starting-point was not near a navigable stream, +could come overland. Illinois was favored by having a number of large +rivers leading toward it; the Ohio, Kentucky, Cumberland, Tennessee, and +their tributaries were much used by emigrants. The chief route by land was +the Wilderness Road, over which thousands of the inhabitants of Kentucky +had come. Its existence helps to explain the wonderful growth of +Kentucky--in 1774 the first cabin, in 1790 a population of 73,000. It +crossed the mountains at Cumberland Gap, wound its way by the most +convenient course to Crab Orchard, and was early extended to the Falls of +the Ohio and later to Vincennes and St. Louis. The legislature of Kentucky +provided, in 1795, that the road from Cumberland Gap to Crab Orchard +should be made perfectly commodious and passable for wagons carrying a +weight of one ton, and appropriated two thousand pounds for the work. Two +years later five hundred dollars were appropriated for the repair of the +road, and the highway was made a turnpike with prescribed toll, although +it did not become such a road as the word turnpike suggests.(211) + +A traveler of 1807 described the river craft of the period. The smallest +kind in use was a simple log canoe. This was followed by the pirogue, +which was a larger kind of canoe and sufficiently strong and capacious to +carry from twelve to fifteen barrels of salt. Skiffs were built of all +sizes, from five hundred to twenty thousand pounds burden, and batteaux +were the same as the larger skiffs, being indifferently known by either +name. Kentucky boats were strong frames of an oblong form, varying in size +from twenty to fifty feet in length and from ten to fourteen in breadth, +were sided and roofed, and guided by huge oars. New Orleans boats +resembled Kentucky boats, but were larger and stronger and had arched +roofs. The largest could carry four hundred and fifty barrels of flour. +Keel boats were generally built from forty to eighty feet in length and +from seven to nine feet in width. The largest required one man to steer +and two to row in descending the Ohio, and would carry about one hundred +barrels of salt; but to ascend the stream, at least six or eight men were +required to make any considerable progress. A barge would carry from four +thousand to sixty thousand pounds, and required four men, besides the +helmsman, to descend the river, while to return with a load from eight to +twelve men were required.(212) + +Shipments of produce from Illinois were usually made in flat-bottomed +boats of fifteen tons burden. Such a boat cost about one hundred dollars, +the crew of five men was paid one hundred dollars each, the support of the +crew was reckoned at one hundred dollars, and insurance at one hundred +dollars, thus making a freightage cost of eight hundred dollars for +fifteen tons. The boat was either set adrift or sold for the price of +firewood at New Orleans. It was estimated that the use of boats of four +hundred and fifty tons burden would save four dollars per barrel on +shipping flour to New Orleans, where flour had often sold at less than +three dollars per barrel, but such boats were not yet used in the +West.(213) Canoes cost an emigrant from one to three dollars; pirogues, +five to twenty dollars; small skiffs, five to ten dollars; large skiffs or +batteaux, twenty to fifty dollars; Kentucky and New Orleans boats, one +dollar to one and one-half dollars per foot; keel boats, two dollars and a +half to three dollars per foot; and barges, four to five dollars per +foot.(214) + +Horses, cattle, and household goods were carried on boats. Travel by +either land or water was beset with difficulties. The river, without pilot +or dredge, had dangers peculiar to itself. Sometimes, when traveling +overland, a broken wheel or axle, or a horse lost or stolen by Indians, +caused protracted and vexatious delays. It is well to notice, also, that +to travel a given distance into the wilderness was more than twice as +difficult as to travel one-half that distance, because of the constantly +increasing separation between the traveler and what had previously been +his base of supplies.(215) + +Sometimes immigrants debarked at Fort Massac and completed their journey +by land. Two roads led from Fort Massac, one called the lower road and the +other the upper road, the former, practicable only in the dry season and +then only for travel on foot or on horseback, was some eighty miles long, +while the latter was one hundred and fifty miles long. Roads of a like +character connected Kaskaskia and Cahokia.(216) + +A party of more than one hundred and fifty, which came from Virginia to +the New Design settlement in 1797, set out from the south branch of the +Potomac. They came from Redstone (now Brownsville), on the Monongahela, to +Fort Massac, on flat-boats, and then by land, in twenty-one days, to New +Design. The summer was wet and hot, a malignant fever broke out among the +newcomers, and one-half of them died before winter. The old settlers were +not affected by the fever, but they were too few to properly care for so +many immigrants.(217) + +Commerce in Illinois was in its infancy. Some cattle, corn, pork, and +various other commodities were sent at irregular intervals to New +Orleans.(218) The fur trade was carried on much as under the French +regime. Salt was made at the salt springs on Saline Creek, the labor being +performed chiefly by Kentucky and Tennessee slaves under the supervision +of contractors who leased the works from the United States. The +contractors agreed to sell no salt at the works for more than fifty cents +per bushel, but by means of silent partners to whom the entire supply was +sold, the price was sometimes raised as high as two dollars per +bushel.(219) The commerce of the West suffered from a lack of vessels +going from New Orleans to Atlantic ports, and as a result corn sold in New +Orleans at fifty cents per bushel in 1805, while in some of the Atlantic +ports it sold for more than two dollars. At the same time the West had a +good crop, and Kentucky alone could have spared five hundred thousand +bushels of corn, if it could have been shipped.(220) + +To secure laborers was difficult. A petition of 1796 said that farm +laborers could not be secured for less than one dollar per day, exclusive +of washing, lodging, and boarding; that every kind of tradesman was paid +from one dollar and a half to two dollars per day, and that at these +prices laborers were scarce. Labor was cheaper on the Spanish side of the +Mississippi, because of the larger proportion of slaves.(221) These wages +were doubtless high in comparison with those paid in the East, just as the +one dollar per day and board paid at the Galena lead mines in 1788 was +more than double the wages then paid in New England,(222) but an Illinois +price list of 1795 shows that the wages of 1796 were by no means +comparable to those of today in purchasing power. Making shoes was two +dollars per pair; potatoes were one dollar per bushel; brandy, one dollar +per quart; corn, one dollar per bushel.(223) + +Among the early difficulties in the way of settlement, one of the most +persistent was the presence of prairies. This is by no means far-fetched, +although it sounds so to modern ears. In 1786, Monroe wrote to Jefferson +concerning the Northwest Territory: "A great part of the territory is +miserably poor, especially that near Lakes Michigan and Erie, and that +upon the Mississippi and the Illinois consists of extensive plains which +have not had, from appearances, and will not have, a single bush on them +for ages. The districts, therefore, within which these fall will never +contain a sufficient number of inhabitants to entitle them to membership +in the confederacy."(224) Some of the most fertile of the Illinois +prairies were not settled until far into the nineteenth century. The false +prophets of the early days will be judged less harshly if we recall that +wood was then a necessity, that no railroads and few roads existed, that +wells now in use in prairie regions are much deeper than the early +settlers could dig, and that the vast quantities of coal under the surface +of Illinois were undiscovered. + +As causes for the fact that more than a quarter of a century after the +Revolution, Illinois had a population estimated at only eleven thousand, +may be suggested the presence of hostile Indians; the inability of +settlers to secure a title to their land; the unsettled condition of the +slavery question; the great distance from the older portions of the United +States and from any market; the fact that Kentucky, Ohio, and Indiana had +vast quantities of unoccupied land more accessible to emigrants than was +Illinois; the danger and the cost of moving; privation incident to a +scanty population, such as lack of roads, schools, churches and mills; the +existence of large prairies in Illinois. To remove or mitigate these +difficulties was still the problem of Illinois settlers. On some of them a +beginning had been made before 1809, but none were yet removed. + + + + + +CHAPTER IV. ILLINOIS DURING ITS TERRITORIAL PERIOD. 1809 TO 1818. + + + + +I. The Land and Indian Questions. + + +Probably nothing affected settlement in Illinois from 1809 to 1818 more +profoundly than did changes in the land question, for during this period +Congress passed important acts relative to land sales, and this was also +the period of the first sales of public lands in the territory. It seems +strange that such sales should have been so long delayed, yet the +settlement of French claims, although begun by the Governor of the +Northwest Territory at an early day, and continued by commissioners +authorized by Congress and appointed in 1804, was incomplete when Illinois +became a separate territory, and the United States government adhered to +its policy of selling no land in the territory until the claims were +finally adjudicated. When a list of decisions reported by the +commissioners to Congress late in 1809 was confirmed in the following +May,(225) and the next year a long list of rejected claims arising chiefly +from the work of professional falsifiers, was reported,(226) it seemed +probable that the work was nearing completion, but a final settlement was +still delayed, and the long-suffering Illinois squatters were bitterly +disappointed when, in February, 1812, in accordance with a resolution +presented by the Committee on Public Lands, Congress made provision for +the appointment of a committee to revise the confirmations made by the +Governor years before.(227) The first legislature of Illinois met in the +succeeding November, and adopted a memorial to Congress in which it was +pointed out that the establishment of a land-office in the territory, +several years before, had led to the opinion that the public land would +soon be sold, and that because of this opinion those who constituted the +majority of the inhabitants of the territory had been induced to settle, +hoping that they would have an opportunity to purchase land before they +should have made such improvements as would tempt the competition of +avaricious speculators. The fulfillment of this hope having been long +deferred, many squatters had now made valuable improvements which they +were in danger of losing, either at the public sales of land or through +the designs of the few speculators who had bought from the needy and +unbusinesslike French most of the unlocated claims. For the relief of the +squatters a law was desired that would permit actual settlers to enter the +land on which their improvements stood, and requiring persons holding +unlocated claims to locate them on unimproved lands lying in the region +designated by Congress for that purpose. It was also hoped that as +Congress had given one hundred acres of land to each regular soldier, as +much would be granted to each member of the Illinois militia, since the +militiaman had not only fought as bravely as the regular, but had also +furnished his own supplies. If such a donation was not made it was hoped +that a right of preemption would be given to the militia, or failing even +this, that they might be given the right, legally, to collect from anyone +entering their land, the value of their improvements.(228) In proof of the +fact stated in the memorial, that speculators had bought many French +claims, it may be noted that William Morrison had ninety-two of the claims +granted at Kaskaskia, his affirmed claims comprising more than eighteen +thousand acres, exclusive of a large number of claims measured in French +units, while John Edgar received a satisfactory report on claims +aggregating more than forty thousand acres, in addition to a number of +claims previously affirmed to him.(229) + +A few days after preparing the above memorial, the legislature prepared an +address to Congress, in which reference was made to the arrangement made +between Congress and Ohio by the Act of April 30, 1802, granting to Ohio +two salt springs on condition that the state should agree not to tax such +public lands as should be sold within her borders, until after five years +from the date of sale. Illinois wished in similar fashion to gain control +of the salt springs on Saline creek. The Illinois delegate in Congress was +instructed that if the bargain could not be made, he should attempt to +secure an appropriation for opening a road from Shawneetown to the Saline +and thence to Kaskaskia. It was also desired that the Secretary of the +Treasury should authorize the designation of the college township reserved +by the Ordinance of 1787 and by the Act of 1804, and because "labor in +this Territory is abundant, and laborers at this time extremely scarce," +it was hoped that slaves from Kentucky or elsewhere might be employed at +the salines for a period of not more than three years, after which they +should return to their masters.(230) Each prayer of this address was +granted. The enabling act and the Illinois constitution ceded the salt +springs to the state and agreed that public lands sold in Illinois should +be exempt from taxation for five years from date of sale; the Illinois +Constitution provided for the employment of slaves at the salt works; an +act provided for the location of the college township; and in 1816 the +making of the desired road was authorized, although at the beginning of +1818 the route had been merely surveyed and mapped.(231) + +The memorial which preceded the address was also in large measure +successful. An act of February, 1813, granted to the squatters in Illinois +the right of preempting a quarter section, each, of the lands they +occupied, and of entering the land upon the payment of one-twentieth of +the purchase money, as was then required in private sales.(232) This act +was of prime importance. For more than thirty years settlers in Illinois +had improved their lands at the risk of losing them. Since the +appointment, in 1804, of commissioners to settle the French land claims, +the settlers had been expecting the public lands, including those they +occupied, to be offered for sale; thus it was inevitable that anxiety +concerning the right of preemption should increase as the settlement of +claims neared completion, and contemporaries record that the inability to +secure land titles seriously retarded settlement;(233) now, however, the +granting of the right of preemption, before any public lands in Illinois +were offered for sale, ended the long suspense of the settlers. Years +before this, Kentucky, now selling its public lands at twenty cents per +acre, had passed liberal preemption laws, and they were repeatedly +renewed,(234) facts which increased the anxiety of Illinois. + +Year after year the settlement of land claims dragged on, thus delaying +the sales of land.(235) In an official report of December, 1813, it is +stated that: "In the Territory of Illinois, two land-offices are directed +by law to be opened; one at Kaskaskia, the other at Shawneetown, so soon +as the private claims and donations are all located, and the lands +surveyed, which are in great forwardness."(236) A tract of land was set +apart in April, 1814, to satisfy the claims recommended by the +commissioners for confirmation.(237) A report of November, 1815, said that +the commissioners hoped to open the land-office at Kaskaskia on May 15, +1816; and finally, in a report on the public lands sold from October 1, +1815, to September 30, 1816, we find that about thirty-four thousand acres +have been sold at Shawneetown and somewhat less than thirteen thousand +acres at Kaskaskia, the price at the latter place being precisely the two +dollars per acre which was then the minimum, while that at Shawneetown was +slightly higher,(238) presumably due to the sale of town lots, which had +been authorized in 1810, although no sales took place earlier than +1814.(239) + +The long delay in opening the land-offices in Illinois was fatal to an +early settlement of the region, because the old states had public lands +which they offered for sale at low rates, thus depriving Illinois of a +fair chance as a competitor. In 1779 Kentucky granted to each family which +had settled before January 1, 1778, the right of preemption--four hundred +acres if no improvement had been made and one thousand acres if a hut had +been built. The preemptor, by a law of 1786, was to pay 13_s_. 4_d._ per +one hundred acres.(240) In 1781 the sheriffs of Lincoln, Fayette, and +Jefferson counties, Virginia, were authorized to survey not more than four +hundred acres for each poor family in Kentucky, for which twenty shillings +per one hundred acres should be paid within two and one-half years.(241) +In 1791 more than three and one-half millions of acres were sold in New +York at eight pence per acre, while many thousands of acres in addition +were sold for less than four shillings per acre--many for less than two +shillings.(242) Pennsylvania offered homestead claims, in 1792, at seven +pounds ten shillings per hundred acres.(243) + +In December, 1796, Kentucky sheriffs were ordered to sell no more land for +taxes until directed by the legislature to do so.(244) In 1800, and again +in 1812, Kentucky offered land at twenty cents per acre, and in 1820 at +fifteen cents per acre,(245) while during the interval preemption acts +were repeatedly passed.(246) Land in Tennessee sold at from twelve and +one-half to twenty-five cents per acre in 1814, and in 1819 at fifty +cents.(247) + +In 1816 various classes of claimants were given increased facilities and +an extension of time for locating their claims in Illinois. The business +of satisfying claims was to linger for years, but with the opening of the +land-offices it ceased to be a potent factor in retarding settlement.(248) + +One writer says of Illinois: "The public lands have rarely sold for more +than five dollars per acre, _at auction_. Those sold at Edwardsville in +October, 1816, averaged four dollars. Private sales at the land-office are +fixed by law, at two dollars per acre. The old French locations command +various prices, from one to fifty dollars. Titles derived from the United +States government are always valid, and those from individuals rarely +false."(249) At this time emigrants were going in large numbers to +Missouri, and the Illinois river country, not yet relieved of its Indian +title, was being explored.(250) + +Reports concerning the sales of public lands give the quantity of land +sold in Illinois toward the close of the territorial period, the figures +for 1817 and 1818 being as follows: + + Acres in Acres in Jan. 1, Sept. 30, + 1817. 1818. 1818. 1818. +Shawneetown 72,384 216,315 $291,429 $637,468 +Kaskaskia 90,493 121,052 209,295 406,288 +Edwardsville(251) 149,165 121,923 301,701 451,499(252) + 312,042 459,290 $802,425 $1,495,255 + +The percentage of debt showed a marked increase in the first nine months +of 1818. There were received in three-quarters of 1817 and 1818, +respectively: + + 1817. 1818. +At Shawneetown $32,837 $112,759 +At Kaskaskia 41,218 68,975 +At Edwardsville 41,426 78,788 + +During this same period the receipts at Steubenville, Marietta, and +Wooster, Ohio, decreased,(253) showing that Illinois was beginning to +surpass Ohio as an objective point for emigrants wishing to enter land. + +The Indian question was interwoven with the land question during the +territorial period. In 1809 the Indians relinquished their claim to some +small tracts of land lying near the point where the Wabash ceases to be a +state boundary line.(254) No more cessions were made until after the war +of 1812. Although the population of Illinois increased, during the +territorial period, from some eleven thousand to about forty thousand, the +increase before the war was slight, and thus it came about that during the +war the few whites were kept busy defending themselves from the large and +hostile Indian population. So well does the manner of defence in Illinois +illustrate the frontier character of the region that a sketch of the same +may be given. When, in 1811, the Indians became hostile and murdered a few +whites, the condition of the settlers was precarious in the extreme. Today +the term city would be almost a favor to a place containing no more +inhabitants than were then to be found in the white settlements in +Illinois. Moreover, few as were the whites, they were dispersed in a long +half-oval extending from a point on the Mississippi near the present Alton +southward to the Ohio, and thence up that river and the Wabash to a point +considerably north of Vincennes. This fringe of settlement was but a few +miles wide in some places, while so sparse was the population near the +mouth of the Ohio that the communication between northern and southern +Indians was unchecked. Carlyle was regarded as the extreme eastern +boundary of settlements to the westward; a fort on Muddy River, near where +the old Fort Massac trace crossed the stream, was considered as one of the +most exposed situations; and Fort La Motte, on a creek of the same name +above Vincennes, was a far northern point. The exposed outside was some +hundreds of miles long, and the interior and north were occupied by ten +times as many hostile savages as there were whites in the country, the +savages being given counsel and ammunition by the British garrisons on the +north.(255) Under conditions then existing, aid from the United States +could be expected only in the event of dire necessity. Stout frontiersmen +were almost ready to seek refuge in flight, but no general exodus took +place, although in February, 1812, Governor Edwards wrote to the Secretary +of War: "The alarms and apprehensions of the people are becoming so +universal, that really I should not be surprised if we should, in three +months, lose more than one-half of our present population. In places, in +my opinion, entirely out of danger, many are removing. In other parts, +large settlements are about to be totally deserted. Even in my own +neighborhood, several families have removed, and others are preparing to +do so in a week or two. A few days past, a gentleman of respectability +arrived here from Kentucky, and he informed me that he saw on the road, in +one day, upwards of twenty wagons conveying families out of this +Territory. Every effort to check the prevalence of such terror seems to be +ineffectual, and although much of it is unreasonably indulged, yet it is +very certain the Territory will very shortly be in considerable danger. +Its physical force is very inconsiderable, and is growing weaker, while it +presents numerous points of attack."(256) + +To the first feeling of fear succeeded a determination to hold the ground. +Before the middle of 1812, Governor Edwards had established Fort Russell, +a few miles northwest of the present Edwardsville, bringing to this place, +which was to be his headquarters, the cannon which Louis XIV. had had +placed in Fort Chartres;(257) and two volunteer companies had been raised, +and had "ranged to a great distance--principally between the Illinois and +the Kaskaskia rivers, and sometimes between the Kaskaskia and the +Wabash--always keeping their line of march never less than one and +sometimes three days' journey outside of all the settlements"(258)--which +incidentally shows what great unoccupied regions still existed even in the +southern part of Illinois. As the rangers furnished their own supplies, +the two companies went out alternately for periods of fifteen days. +Sometimes the company on duty divided, one part marching in one direction +and the other in the opposite, in order to produce the greatest possible +effect upon the Indians. Settlers on the frontier--and that comprised a +large proportion of the population--"forted themselves," as it was then +expressed. Where a few families lived near each other, one of the most +substantial houses was fortified, and here the community staid at night, +and in case of imminent danger in the daytime as well. Isolated outlying +families left their homes and retired to the nearest fort. Such places of +refuge were numerous and many were the attacks which they successfully +withstood. + +Rangers and frontier forts were used with much effect, but the great +dispersion of settlement and the large numbers of Indians combined to make +it wholly impossible to make such means of defence entirely adequate. In +August, 1812, the Governor wrote to the Secretary of War: "The principal +settlements of this Territory being on the Mississippi, are at least one +hundred and fifty miles from those of Indiana, and immense prairies +intervene between them. There can, therefore, be no concert of operations +for the protection of their frontiers and ours.... No troops of any kind +have yet arrived in this Territory, and I think you may count on hearing +of a bloody stroke upon us very soon. I have been extremely reluctant to +send my family away, but, unless I hear shortly of more assistance than a +few rangers, I shall bury my papers in the ground, send my family off, and +stand my ground as long as possible."(259) The "bloody stroke" predicted +by the Governor fell on the garrison at Fort Dearborn, where Chicago now +stands. Some regular troops were subsequently sent to the territory, but +the war did not lose its frontier character. One of the most +characteristic features was that troops sometimes set out on a campaign of +considerable length, in an uninhabited region, without any baggage train +and practically without pack horses, the men carrying their provisions on +their horses, and the horses living on wild grass.(260) Unflagging energy +was shown by the settlers, several effective campaigns being carried on, +and by the close of 1814 the war was closed in Illinois.(261) + +Extinction of Indian titles to land was retarded by the war and also by +the policy of the United States, which was expressed by Secretary of War +Crawford, in 1816, as follows: "The determination to purchase land only +when demanded for settlement will form the settled policy of the +Government. Experience has sufficiently proven that our population will +spread over any cession, however extensive, before it can be brought into +market, and before there is any regular and steady demand for settlement, +thereby increasing the difficulty of protection, embarrassing the +Government by broils with the natives, and rendering the execution of the +laws regulating intercourse with the Indian tribes utterly +impracticable."(262) Some progress, however, was made in extinguishing +Indian titles during the territorial period after the close of the war. In +1816, several tribes confirmed the cession of 1804 of land lying south of +an east and west line passing through the southern point of Lake Michigan, +and ceded a route for an Illinois-Michigan canal.(263) At Edwardsville, on +September 25, 1818, the Peoria, Kaskaskia, Michigamia, Cahokia, and +Tamarois ceded a tract comprising most of southern and much of central +Illinois.(264) The significance of this cession would have been immense +had it not been that it was made by weak tribes, while the powerful +Kickapoo still claimed and held all that part of the ceded tract lying +north of the parallel of 39 deg.--a little to the north of the mouth of the +Illinois river. This Kickapoo claim included the fertile and already +famous Sangamon country, in which the state capital was eventually to be +located, and squatters were pressing hard upon the Indian frontier, yet +the Indians still held the land when Illinois became a state. + +During the territorial period, Illinois gained the long-sought right of +preemption; the French claims ceased to retard settlement; some progress +was made in the extinction of Indian titles, and the sale of public land +was begun. The new state was to find the Indian question a pressing one, +and some changes in the land system were yet desired, but the crucial +point was passed. + + + + +II. Territorial Government of Illinois. 1809 to 1818. + + +The act for the division of Indiana Territory provided that Illinois, +during the first stage of its territorial existence, should have a +government similar to that of the Northwest Territory under the Ordinance +of 1787. In 1809 there were in Illinois two distinct and hostile parties, +which had been formed on questions arising in Indiana Territory before +division. It was with sound judgment, therefore, that the President, going +outside of Illinois, appointed as Governor, Ninian Edwards of Kentucky, a +native of Maryland, who successfully resisted all efforts to involve him +in party quarrels.(265) + +Laws for the government of the territory were to be chosen by the Governor +and the judges from the laws of the states. The judges were Jesse B. +Thomas and William Sprigg, natives of Maryland, and Alexander Stuart, a +native of Virginia. It is worthy of note that of the twelve laws chosen +before the meeting of the first territorial legislature, five were from +Kentucky, three from Georgia, two from Virginia, one from South Carolina, +and one from Pennsylvania.(266) A people practically southern in origin +was being governed by officials from the south under southern laws. + +Illinois entered the second grade of territorial government in 1812, +electing its first legislature in October.(267) In the preceding May, +Congress had passed an act making radical and most important extensions in +the suffrage in Illinois, over that which had been prescribed by the +Ordinance of 1787. The new provision was: "Every free white male person +who shall have attained the age of twenty-one years, and who shall have +paid a county or territorial tax, and who shall have resided one year in +said Territory previous to any general election, and be at the time of any +such election a resident thereof, shall be entitled to vote for members of +the Legislative Council and House of Representatives of the said +Territory." Each county was to elect one member of the Legislative +Council, to serve for four years. The territorial delegate to Congress was +also made elective by the citizens.(268) One has but to consider what a +complete revolution this act brought about to appreciate its great +significance. Previously the Legislative Council had been appointive by +the President of the United States, from nominees of the territorial House +of Representatives, the nominees being twice the number necessary; the +delegate to Congress had not been chosen by popular vote; and a freehold +qualification for the elective franchise had obtained. Early petitions +show how much the people complained of a landed aristocracy,(269) and +letters written by Governor Edwards early in 1812 show how well founded +was the complaint. No preemption act had yet been passed, and of the more +than twelve thousand inhabitants of Illinois some two hundred and twenty +possessed a freehold of fifty acres, thus giving the balance of power, if +the territory should enter the second grade under the old provision, to +one hundred and eleven persons. Nearly one-third of the entire population +lived either near the Ohio or between it and the Kaskaskia, and among them +there were not more than three or four freeholders, and not one who +possessed two hundred acres--the necessary qualification for a +representative. With no public lands yet offered for sale, with no right +of preemption, with a freehold qualification for the suffrage, this law +enfranchising squatters was of prime importance.(270) + +The first legislature had few French members, and was apparently southern +in nativity.(271) After more than three years and a half of legislation by +the Governor and judges, the inhabitants at last had an elective +legislature. The journals of the two houses indicate that the belief that +had been expressed in petitions to Congress some years before that such a +body would provide an efficient government, was well founded. The laws +passed were eminently practical for the frontier conditions under which +they were to operate.(272) A man contemplating settlement in Illinois +could now be sure that he would be governed by Illinois men whom he had a +share in electing. + +The rude character of the facilities for transportation is indicated by +the fact that the earlier laws of the territory deal with ferries only +rarely and with bridges not at all, while as time progresses and +population increases, ferries multiply and bridges begin to be +constructed. By 1817-18 the desire for banks and for internal +improvements, which was to be disastrous to the state at a later period, +began to show itself. As examples, the Bank of Cairo and the Illinois +Navigation Company will suffice. Nine men purchased the low peninsula +lying near the junction of the Ohio and the Mississippi, and were +incorporated by "An Act to Incorporate the City and Bank of Cairo." A site +for a city comprising at least two thousand lots, with streets eighty feet +wide, was to be laid out. The lots were to be sold at one hundred and +fifty dollars each and were to be not less than one hundred and twenty by +sixty-six feet in size. Of the purchase money, two-thirds should go into +the stock of the Bank of Cairo, and one-third to a fund to build dykes to +keep the city from being flooded.(273) Considering the time and the +location, the scheme was utterly impracticable. "An Act to Incorporate the +Stockholders of the Illinois Navigation Company" authorized the formation +of a company with a capital of one hundred thousand dollars, for the +purpose of cutting a canal through the peninsula between the Ohio and the +Mississippi. Within twelve years a canal sufficiently large for the +passage of a vessel of twenty tons burden should be completed. The company +was given the right of eminent domain.(274) Here again the character of +the project was unsuited to existing conditions. Population was increasing +rapidly at the time these laws were passed, but they required for their +success an increase much more rapid. They were, however, pleasing to the +settlers and the prospective settlers of the day. + +On January 16, 1818, Mr. Pope, of Illinois, was appointed chairman of a +select committee to consider a petition from the Illinois legislature +praying for a state government. One week later the committee reported a +bill to enable Illinois to form such a government, and to admit the state +into the union. When the enabling act came up for discussion, Mr. Pope +offered the amendment which changed the northern boundary of Illinois from +a line due west from the southern extremity of Lake Michigan, as provided +by the Ordinance of 1787, to a line running from that lake to the +Mississippi on the parallel of 42 deg. 30'. "The object of this amendment, Mr. +Pope said, was to gain, for the proposed state, a coast on Lake Michigan. +This would offer additional security to the perpetuity of the union, +inasmuch as the state would thereby be connected with the states of +Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York, through the lakes. The facility +of opening a canal between Lake Michigan and the Illinois River, said Mr. +Pope, is acknowledged by every one who has visited the place. Giving to +the proposed state the port of Chicago (embraced in the proposed limits), +will draw its attention to the opening of the communication between the +Illinois River and that place, and the improvement of that harbor. It was +believed, he said, upon good authority, that the line of separation +between Indiana and Illinois would strike Lake Michigan south of Chicago, +and not pass west of it, as had been supposed by some geographers...." +Although an avowed violation of the Ordinance of 1787, the amendment was +adopted without division or recorded debate. Mr. Pope also secured an +amendment to the effect that the state's proportion of the proceeds of the +sales of public lands, instead of being applied to the making of roads and +canals in the state, should be used in making roads leading to the state, +and for the encouragement of learning, two-fifths being applied to the +former purpose. Pope pointed out that people would build roads as they +needed them, much more readily than they would supply schools, and that +waste school lands in a new country would produce slight revenue. +Subsequent history of the state justified both statements. The enabling +act met with little opposition and was signed by President Monroe on April +18, 1818.(275) + +One of the provisions of the enabling act was that, in order to become a +state, Illinois must have as many as forty thousand inhabitants. In +anticipation of such a provision, the territorial legislature had passed a +law in January, 1818, providing that a census of the territory should be +taken between April 1 and June 1. A supplemental act provided that as a +great increase in population might be expected between June 1 and +December, census takers should continue to take the census in their +districts of all who should remove into them between June 1 and December +1. The law as framed gave an opportunity to count not only immigrants, but +to re-count all who moved from one county to another (such moving being +common), and to count in each successive county persons passing through +the state. There is no reasonable doubt that at the time the census was +taken, the territory had fewer than forty thousand inhabitants. Dana gives +a census of 1818, in which the number is given as thirty-four thousand six +hundred and sixty-six, and adds: "Another enumeration having been taken a +few months after, the amount of population returned was forty thousand one +hundred and fifty-six, which exceeded the number entitling the territory +to become a state."(276) + +In August, 1818, the Constitution of Illinois was completed. Its +provisions most likely to influence settlement were those concerning the +elective franchise and slavery. It provided that "In all elections, all +white male inhabitants above the age of twenty-one years, having resided +in the state six months next preceding the election, shall enjoy the right +of an elector; but no person shall be entitled to vote except in the +county or district in which he shall actually reside at the time of the +election." Slaves could not hereafter be brought into the state, but +existing slavery was not abolished, and existing indentures--and some were +for ninety-nine years--should be carried out, although future indentures +should not run for a longer term than one year. Male children of slaves or +indentured servants should be free at the age of twenty-one, and females +at eighteen. Slaves from other states could be employed only at the Saline +Creek salt works, and there only until 1825.(277) + +During the congressional debate on the acceptance of the Illinois +Constitution, objection to admitting the state was made on the ground that +the number of inhabitants was doubtful, and that slavery was not +distinctly prohibited, Tallmadge, of New York, who later wished to +restrict slavery in Missouri, being the chief objector. The state was +admitted, however, and on December 4, 1818, the representatives and +senators from Illinois took their seats in Congress.(278) + +Between 1809 and 1818, Illinois passed from a non-representative +territorial government to a liberal state government. The energy of the +settlers had done much to hasten the change, and the change, in turn, did +much to hasten settlement. + + + + +IV. Transportation and Settlement, 1809 to 1818. + + +At the close of the War of 1812, an unparalleled emigration to the +frontiers of the United States began. Contemporary accounts speak of its +great volume. "Through New York and down the Alleghany River is now the +track of many emigrants from the east to the west. Two hundred and sixty +waggons have passed a certain house on this route in nine days, besides +many persons on horseback and on foot. The editor of the Gennessee Farmer +observes, that he himself met on the road to Hamilton a cavalcade of +upwards of twenty waggons, containing one company of one hundred and +sixteen persons, on their way to _Indiana_, and all from one town in the +district of Maine. So great is the emigration to _Illinois_ and _Missouri_ +also, that it is apprehended that many must suffer for want of provisions +the ensuing winter."(279) "Nothing more strongly proves the superiority of +the western territory than the vast emigration to it from the eastern and +southern states; during the eighteen months previous to April, 1816, +fifteen thousand waggons passed over the bridge at Cayuga, containing +emigrants to the western country."(280) "Old America seems to be breaking +up, and moving westward.... The number of emigrants who passed this way +[St. Clairsville, Ohio], was greater last year than in any preceding; and +the present spring they are still more numerous than the last. Fourteen +waggons yesterday, and thirteen today, have gone through this town. +Myriads take their course down the Ohio. The waggons swarm with children. +I heard today of three together, which contain forty-two of these young +citizens."(281) From Hamilton, New York: "It is estimated, that there are +now in this village and its vicinity, three hundred families, besides +single travellers, amounting in all to fifteen hundred souls, waiting for +a rise of water to embark for 'the promised land.' "(282) "The numerous +companies of emigrants that flock to this country, might appear, to those +who have not witnessed them, almost incredible. But there is scarce a day, +except when the river is impeded with ice, but what there is a greater or +less number of boats to be seen floating down its gentle current, to some +place of destination. No less than five hundred families stopped at +Cincinnati at one time, and many of them having come a great distance, and +being of the poorer class of people, before they could provide for +themselves, were in a suffering condition; but to the honor of the +citizens of Cincinnati, they raised a donation and relieved their +distress."(283) Of the remote districts, Missouri and Michigan were +receiving crowds of immigrants.(284) + +The changes in government and in the land question in Illinois were +typical of changes in other frontier regions, but although worthy of note +as helping to make a more attractive place for settlement, they are by no +means sufficient to account for the great migration to the westward. Why +that migration took place and how it was accomplished are interesting and +important questions. + +Emigration from New England resulted largely from financial and industrial +disorganization caused by the close of the war, and a year of such +continued cold weather as to produce a famine. This movement was +interesting, dramatic, and large in volume, but its influence upon +Illinois was slight, because the tide was stayed to the eastward of that +state.(285) Migration from the South was also large, and it was from this +source that most of the immigrants to Illinois came. In 1816 there was a +severe drought in eastern North Carolina, and many planters cut their +immature corn for their cattle, while great numbers sold their property +and joined the emigrants.(286) Kentucky, still a favorite place for +settlement, was in the midst of a land boom which reached such proportions +as to cause a large volume of emigration to Illinois, Missouri, and the +southwest. The buyer of Kentucky land was often a neighbor who wished to +enlarge his farm and work on a larger scale, or some well-to-do immigrant +who preferred the location to a more remote region. Land sold on credit +and at fictitious prices, the seller in turn buying land for which he +frequently could make only the first payment. Retribution did not come, +however, until after 1820, and for some years it seemed as if Kentucky was +to become a source of population, for it was to Illinois and Missouri, and +to a lesser degree to Alabama, what New England was to Ohio.(287) Probably +chief among the reasons for migration from the South was the increase of +slavery, with the resulting changes in industrial and social conditions. +Early in the century the growing importance of the cotton crop began to +hasten a stratification of opinion which was determined by physiographic +areas. The western parts of Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina, +the northern part of Georgia, and the eastern parts of Kentucky and +Tennessee, respectively, being hilly and less fertile than the coastal +plain, became the center of the southern anti-slavery sentiment. On the +plain settled the wealthy planters, and later the poorer Germans and +Quakers settled in the uplands. Only when cotton-raising became very +profitable was slavery to intrude upon the latter location.(288) + +During the war the production of cotton in the United States had been +almost constant in amount and less than in preceding years, but 1815 saw +an increase of over forty-two per cent and 1816 an increase of twenty-four +per cent,(289) while in the latter year South Carolina, after an interval +of thirteen years, resumed its slavery legislation by passing the first of +a series of acts which show that the slavery problem was becoming +increasingly difficult. Similar legislation took place in Tennessee, and +to a lesser degree in Kentucky.(290) Increased production of cotton was +accompanied by an increase in price, middling upland cotton selling at New +York at 15 cents per pound in 1814, at 21 cents in 1815, at 29-1/2 cents in +1816, at 26-1/2 cents in 1817, and at 34 cents in 1818, while South Carolina +sea-island cotton sold at Charleston in 1816 at 55 cents a pound.(291) An +increase in cotton production meant an increase of the plantation system +with its slaves, this meant an increased demand for large farms, and also +a strengthening of the antagonism between pro-slavery and anti-slavery +parties. Even in 1812, a man who wished to sell, lease, or rent his +manufacturing establishment in the northwestern part of Virginia, +Frederick county, lamented in his advertisement that "some good men of +strict moral or religious principles should object against forming settled +abodes in Virginia" or other slave states.(292) Census reports show that +the proportion of negroes to whites increased in the western counties of +North Carolina during the decade 1810 to 1820 over the proportion in 1800 +to 1810. Conditions above described naturally led to the emigration of at +least four classes of people: those who were anti-slavery, those who did +not wish to change from small farming to the plantation system, the poor +whites who found themselves increasingly disgraced and who at the same +time found that their land was in demand, the slave-holder who wished a +large tract of virgin soil. It is very important to note that these forces +were merely beginning to operate in the time from 1814 to 1818, and that +they did not reach their maximum of influence until after 1830, yet as the +population of Illinois increased less than twenty-eight thousand from 1810 +to 1818, it is altogether probable that a considerable proportion were +influenced by the causes suggested. It is also true that some pioneers +moved merely from habit, without any well-defined cause. + +Although it is true that the first steamboat that passed down the Ohio and +Mississippi made its trip in the winter of 1811-12, and by 1816 an +enterprising captain had made a successful experiment of running a +steamboat with coal for fuel, also that the speed of steamboats in eastern +waters was a matter for enthusiastic comment, yet it is also true that +immigrants to Illinois did not usually arrive by steamer.(293) The +development of steamboat navigation in western waters was slow, the first +steamboat reaching St. Louis on August 2, 1817.(294) Peter Cartwright +wrote of his trip from the West to the General Conference in Baltimore, in +1816: "We had no steamboats, railroad cars, or comfortable stages in those +days. We had to travel from the extreme West on horseback. It generally +took us near a month to go; a month was spent at General Conference, and +nearly a month in returning to our fields of labor."(295) + +Some instances of the manner and cost of emigration may be given. A man +with his wife and brother having arrived at Philadelphia from England, _en +route_ to Birkbeck's settlement(296) in Illinois, the party was directed +to Pittsburg, which they reached after a wearisome journey of over three +hundred miles across the mountains. At Pittsburg they bought a little boat +for six or seven dollars, and came down the Ohio to Shawneetown, whence +they proceeded on foot.(297) In the summer of 1818, a party of +eighty-eight came over the same route in much the same manner, using +flat-boats on the river.(298) In 1817, John Mason Peck, with his wife and +three children, went from Litchfield, Connecticut, to Shawneetown, +Illinois, in a one-horse wagon. The journey was begun on July 25 and +Shawneetown was reached on the sixth of November. "Nearly one month was +occupied in passing from Philadelphia through the State of Pennsylvania +over the Alleghany Mountains, till on the 10th of September he passed into +Ohio. Three weeks he journeyed in that State, and on the 23d of October +recrossed the Ohio River into the State of Kentucky ..., and on the 6th of +November again crossed the Ohio River, into the then Territory of +Illinois, at Shawneetown."(299) Here the family was delayed by floods +which rendered the roads impassable. Leaving the horse and wagon at +Shawneetown to be brought on by a friend, they proceeded to St. Louis in a +keel-boat, paying twenty-five dollars fare, and arrived at their +destination on the first of December.(300) + +Shawneetown was a sort of center from which emigrants radiated to their +destinations. It owed much to its location, being on the main route from +the southern states to St. Louis and what was then called the Missouri, +and being also the port for the salt works on Saline Creek. It was the +seat of a land-office. The town thus had a business which was out of all +proportion to the number of its permanent inhabitants. In 1817 it +consisted of but about thirty log houses, a log bank, and a land-office. +When a certain traveler came to the place from the South, in 1818, he +found the number of wagons, horses, and passengers waiting to cross the +Ohio, on the ferry, so great that he had to wait "a great part of the +morning" for his turn.(301) + +During the latter part of the territorial period freight charges from +Philadelphia to Pittsburg, by land, were from seven to ten dollars per +hundredweight;(302) from Pittsburg to Shawneetown, one dollar; from +Louisville to Shawneetown, thirty-seven cents; and from New Orleans to +Shawneetown, four dollars and a half.(303) The use of arks was common. +These were flat-bottomed boats of a tonnage of from twenty-five to thirty +tons, covered, square at the ends, of a uniform size of fifty feet in +length and fourteen in breadth, usually sold for seventy-five dollars, and +would carry three or four families. A common practice was to re-sell them +at a somewhat reduced price to someone going further down the river. Two +dollars was the charge for piloting an ark over the falls of the +Ohio.(304) + +There is much truth in the remarks made by a German traveler in 1818-19. +He said: "The State of Illinois is from one thousand to twelve hundred +miles distant from the sea ports. The journey thither is often as costly +and tedious, for a man with a family, as the sea passage. Any father of a +family, unless he is well-to-do, can certainly count on being impoverished +upon his arrival in Illinois. At Williamsport, on the Susquehanna, I found +a Swiss, who, with his wife and ten children, had spent one thousand +French crown-dollars for their journey. In the village of Williamsport, an +old German schoolmaster, who seems to have been formerly a merchant in +Nassau, told me that the passage of himself and family had cost thirteen +hundred dollars. For an adult the fare is seventy-five dollars--one dollar +is equal to one thaler, ten groschen, Prussian--for children under twelve +years, half so much, for children of two years, one-fourth so much, and +only babes in arms go free."(305) + +It can now be understood why people emigrated to the West, and also why +many went overland. A family too poor to go by water could go in a buggy +or wagon, and if poorer still they might walk, as many actually did. The +immigration to Illinois, which was but a small fraction of the great +westward movement, was still largely southern in origin, Ohio, Michigan, +Indiana, and even New York still staying, in large measure, the tide from +New England. In New England it was the "Ohio fever" and not the Illinois +fever which carried away the people, and the designation is geographically +correct. The men prominent in Illinois politics at the close of the +territorial period, and at the beginning of the state period, were natives +of southern states, a fact hardly conceivable if New England had been +largely represented in Illinois. Then, too, the natural routes from the +South led to, or near to, Illinois, the great road from the South crossing +the Ohio River at Shawneetown, and the Kentucky and Cumberland rivers +being natural water routes. Another fact to be noticed is that much of the +emigration was of relatives and friends to join those who had gone before, +and as Virginia, Maryland, Kentucky, Tennessee, the Carolinas, and even +Georgia, had furnished a large number of early settlers to Illinois, this +was a powerful inducement to continued emigration from the same sources. +Similarly Ohio and Michigan had early received settlers from the East. + +Immigration to Illinois was not large in comparison to that to neighboring +states or territories. Indians still held the greater part of Illinois, +and the inconveniences incident to frontier life were more pronounced as +the distance from the East increased. Pro-slavery men, and anti-slavery +men as well, were still in doubt as to the ultimate fate of slavery in +Illinois. This had a deterrent effect upon immigration. + + + + +IV. Life of the Settlers. + + +According to the marshal's return the manufactures in Illinois, in 1810, +were as follows: + +Spinning-wheels, $630 +Looms, 460; cloth produced, 90,039 yards, $54,028 +Tanneries, 9; leather dressed, $7,750 +Distilleries, 10,200 gallons, $7,500 +Flour, 6,440 barrels, $32,200 +Maple sugar, 15,600 lbs., $1,980(306)--$104,088 + +This list incidentally indicates the average price of several manufactured +articles. For the first six months of 1814, the internal revenue assessed +in Illinois was: + +Licenses for stills and boilers, $490.14 +Carriages, $62.00 +Licenses to retailers, $835.00 +Stamps, $5.60--$1392.74 + +Of this amount ($1392.74), $1047.37 had been paid by October 10, +1814.(307) For the period from April 18, 1815, to February 22, 1816, the +following were the internal duties: + +Hats, caps, and bonnets, $ 66.50-1/2 +Saddles and bridles, $65.25 +Boots and bootees, $7.26 +Leather, $184.35-1/2--$323.37 + +This was the smallest sum listed in any part of the United States, except +Michigan Territory.(308) For 1818: + +Licenses for stills, $214.91 +Licenses at 20c. per gal., $549.23 +Duty on spirits at 25c. per gal., $701.26 +On eighteen carriages, $36.75 +Licenses to retailers, $1248.80 +On stamped paper and bank-notes, $4.50 +Manufactured goods, $220.14--$2975.59 + +Of this amount, $1966.41 was paid, only Indiana and Missouri territories +paying a smaller proportion of their assessment.(309) The small proportion +paid in these three territories may have been due to the poverty of their +inhabitants. + +Most of the manufactured articles were consumed within the territory. Both +cotton and flax were raised and made into cloth; maple sugar was sometimes +sold and exported, but a large proportion of the supply was used as a +substitute for sugar, another substitute much used being wild honey. A +certain Smith's Prairie was celebrated for the numerous plum and crabapple +orchards that grew around its borders. The large red and yellow plums grew +there in such abundance that people would come from long distances and +haul them away by the wagon-loads, and would preserve them with honey or +maple sugar, which was the only sweetening they had in pioneer times.(310) + +Previous to the War of 1812, little commerce was carried on, although a +few trips had been made to New Orleans with keel-boats or pirogues, and +some goods were occasionally brought over the Alleghany Mountains by means +of wagons. The round trip to New Orleans and back then required six +months; the trip down was easy and required a comparatively short time, +but the return trip was slow. It was entirely a barter trade, money being +almost unknown. Furs, wild honey, and other commodities of Illinois, as +well as lead from the Missouri mines, were carried down and exchanged for +groceries, cloth, and other articles of a large value and small bulk. As a +natural consequence of having to be transported up stream, goods of that +nature were extremely dear, the common price of tea being sixteen dollars +a pound, of coffee fifty cents, and of calico fifty cents per yard.(311) +To go up the Mississippi from St. Louis to Prairie du Chien, in 1815, +required from twelve days to a month, while the return trip was made in +from six to ten days.(312) + +In the great American Bottom of the Mississippi, extending from the mouth +of the Kaskaskia almost to the mouth of the Illinois, cattle raising was a +leading industry, the cattle being driven to the Philadelphia or Baltimore +markets.(313) Towards the close of the period land could easily be secured +by government entry. The fertility of the land was such as must have been +new to those immigrants who came from the poorer parts of the older +states. Land was subject to a tax of a little more that two cents per +acre, the tax being about equally divided between the territory and the +county.(314) Public lands were not to be taxed by the state, after 1818, +until five years from the date of their sale. Governor Edwards, who was a +large landowner, offered to pay three dollars per acre for plowing.(315) +Prairies were not yet settled to any considerable extent, but it is worthy +of note that a traveler of 1818-19 suggested what was eventually to be the +solution of the question of prairie settlement. He wrote: "It will +probably be some time before these vast prairies can be settled, owing to +the inconvenience attending the want of timber. I know of no way, unless +the plan is adopted of ditching and hedging, and the building of brick +houses, and substituting the stone coal for fuel. It seems as if the +bountiful hand of nature, where it has withheld one gift has always +furnished another; for instance, where there is a scarcity of wood, there +are coal mines."(316) The remedy suggested was the one adopted, except +that brick houses did not become common. + +Really good roads were entirely lacking. Most of the settlements were +connected by roads that were practicable at most seasons for packers and +travelers on horseback, but in times of flood the suspension of travel by +land was practically complete. A post-road had been established between +Vincennes and Cahokia in 1805, and in 1810 a route was established from +Vincennes, by way of Kaskaskia, Prairie du Rocher, and Cahokia, to St. +Louis. At this time and place, however, a post-route does not necessarily +imply anything more than a bridle-path. Mail was received at irregular +intervals, although the trips were regularly made in good weather. The +post-office nearest Chicago was Fort Wayne, Indiana, whence a soldier on +foot carried the mail once a month.(317) A report for the first six months +of 1814 shows, in Illinois, nine post-offices, three hundred and +eighty-eight miles of post-roads, about $143 received for postage, and +$1002 paid for transportation of mail--a balance of some $859 against the +United States.(318) At this time even Cleveland, Chillicothe, and Marietta +received mail but twice per week.(319) + +Books were very scarce,(320) and no newspapers had been published in +Illinois before its separate territorial organization. Between 1809 and +1818 there were founded the _Illinois Herald_ and the _Western +Intelligencer_, at Kaskaskia, the latter becoming the _Illinois +Intelligencer_ on May 27, 1818; and the _Shawnee Chief_, at +Shawneetown.(321) In 1816 the citizens of Shawneetown gave notice through +the papers of Kaskaskia, Frankfort, Kentucky, and Nashville, Tennessee, +that they would apply to the Legislature of Illinois for the establishment +of a bank.(322) This may indicate that the papers of the places named had +a considerable circulation in Illinois. + +The character of the immigrants left much to be desired. A good observer +wrote: "After residing awhile in White County, Tennessee, I migrated in +May, 1817, to the southern part of the then Territory of Illinois, and +settled in Madison County, twenty-five miles east of St. Louis, which town +then contained about five thousand inhabitants. The surrounding country, +however, was quite sparsely settled, and destitute of any energy or +enterprise among the people; their labors and attention being chiefly +confined to the hunting of game, which then abounded, and tilling a small +patch of corn for bread, relying on game for the remaining supplies of the +table. The inhabitants were of the most generous and hospitable character, +and were principally from the southern states; harmony and the utmost good +feeling prevailed throughout the country."(323) Naturally this description +was not of universal application, but the source of the population and the +reasons for removing from the old homes make it probable that it was +widely appropriate. + +If it was difficult for an emigrant to reach Illinois, and if, after +reaching it, he was inconvenienced by the poor facilities for commerce, +the bad roads, the infrequency of mails, the scarcity of schools and +churches, he at least found it easy to obtain a living, and to some of the +immigrants of the territorial period it was worth something not to starve, +even though living was reduced to its lowest terms. The poorest immigrant +had access to land on the borders of settlement, because the laws against +squatting were not enforced. This same class could procure game in +abundance, while maple sugar, wild honey, persimmons, crabapples, nuts, +pawpaws, wild grapes, wild plums, fish, mushrooms, "greens," berries of +several kinds, and other palatable natural products known to the Illinois +frontiersman, were to be had in most, if not all, of the localities then +settled. Hogs fattened on the mast. Log houses could be built without +nails. The problem of clothing was probably more difficult at first than +that of food, but although clothing could not be picked up in the woods, +the materials for making it could be grown in the fields. Spinning, and +the processes necessarily preceding and following it, involved a certain +amount of labor. Taxes were not high, nor were tax laws rigidly enforced. +It is thus easy to understand the reasoning that may have led a large +proportion of the immigrants during this period to leave their old homes. + + + + + +CHAPTER V. THE FIRST YEARS OF STATEHOOD, 1818 TO 1830. + + + + +The Indian and Land Questions. + + +One of the most important cessions of land in Illinois ever made by the +Indians was that made by the Kickapoo in 1819, of the vast region lying +north of the parallel of 39--a little north of the mouth of the Illinois +River, and southeast of the Illinois River.(324) Settlement had been +crowding hard upon this region and many squatters anxiously awaited the +survey and sale of the land, especially of that in the famous Sangamon +country. In northern Illinois settlement was still retarded by the +presence of Indians. In 1825, the Menominee, Kaskaskia, Sauk and Fox, +Potawatomi, and Chippewa tribes claimed over 5,314,000 acres of land in +Illinois,(325) and there was a licensed Indian trader at Sangamo, one at +the saline near the present Danville, and two on Fever River.(326) Two +years later there were three such traders at Fever River, and two at +Chicago,(327) and in 1827-28 there was one at Fever River with a capital +of about $2000.(328) In February, 1829, there were Indian agents at +Chicago, Fort Armstrong, Kaskaskia, and Peoria, as well as others near the +borders of Illinois.(329) At this time, the Ottawa, Chippewa, Potawatomi, +Kaskaskia, and Winnebago claimed land in the state, although only about +6000 of the more than 25,000 members of these tribes resided in the state. +The eight members of the Kaskaskia tribe held a small reservation near the +Kaskaskia River. Of the twenty-two hundred members of the Kickapoo tribe, +which had relinquished all claim to land east of the Mississippi, about +two hundred still lived on the Mackinaw River, but they were expected to +move in a few weeks.(330) By a treaty of July 29, 1829, the Chippewa, +Ottawa, and Potawatomi ceded their claims in northern Illinois.(331) There +still remained the Winnebago tribe, and not until 1833 was Illinois to be +free from Indian claims.(332) + +A war with the Winnebago tribe was imminent in 1827. Settlers in the +northern part of the state either fled to the southward or collected at +such points as Galena or Prairie du Chien. "This was a period of great +suffering at Galena. The weather was inclement and two or three thousand +persons driven suddenly in, with scant provisions, without ammunition or +weapons encamped in the open air, or cloth tents which were but little +better, were placed in a very disagreeable and critical position."(333) +The prompt action of Governor Lewis Cass, of Michigan, averted what would +in all probability have been a bloody war, if prompt action had not been +taken.(334) + +To September 30, 1819, the record of land sales in Illinois was as +follows: + + Acres Unsold. Acres Sold. Price. +Shawneetown 4,561,920 562,296 $1,153,897 +Kaskaskia 2,188,800 407,027 1,781,773 +Edwardsville 2,625,960 394,730 795,531(335) + +The balances unpaid by purchasers of public lands steadily increased from +1813 to 1819 until on September 30, 1819, there was due from purchasers of +land in the area of the old Northwest Territory nearly ten million +dollars.(336) An increase would have resulted merely from an increased +sale of public lands under the credit system, but it is also true that the +difficulty of collecting the unpaid balances became so great that the +government at last abolished the credit system, by the act of April 24, +1820. The act provided that after July 1, 1820, no credit whatever should +be given to the purchasers of public lands; that land might be sold in +either sections, half-sections, quarter-sections, or eighth-sections; that +the minimum price should be reduced from two dollars to one dollar and +twenty-five cents per acre; and that reverted lands should be offered at +auction before being offered at private sale.(337) At least two of the +provisions of this act had long been desired by Illinois in common with +other frontier regions: the reduction of the minimum price and the sale in +smaller tracts. Under the new law a man with one hundred dollars could buy +eighty acres of land, while previously the same man would have had to pay +eighty of his one hundred dollars as the first payment on one hundred and +sixty acres, the smallest tract then sold. The great danger had been that +the second, third, and fourth payments could not be made. In Illinois, +before July 1, 1820, there had been sold 1,593,247.53 acres of the public +land at an average price of about $2.02 per acre. Some of this reverted +from non-payment.(338) + + [Illustration: Indian Cessions.] + +During the third quarter of 1820, all sales in Illinois were at the +minimum price and a considerable proportion were of the minimum area. At +the same time, some of the land in Ohio, and a very few tracts in Indiana, +sold at a higher price, one tract in Ohio, but only one, selling for more +than seven dollars per acre.(339) To October 1, 1821, the land-offices in +Illinois reported: + + Acres Sold. Surveyed, but + Unsold. +Shawneetown 592,464 2,401,936 +Kaskaskia 419,898 1,615,942 +Palestine 714 2,880,720 +Edwardsville 437,993 2,696,727 +Vandalia 7,923 2,545,677 + +All land in the districts of Shawneetown and Kaskaskia had been surveyed, +but the remaining districts were still indefinite on the north.(340) At +this time, Illinois money passed in the state at par, and the Bank of +Illinois was among those whose notes were received in payment for public +lands.(341) + +As more and more land was opened to settlement, a new difficulty arose and +became increasingly troublesome. All public land was to be entered at the +same minimum price, and as a natural result, the poorest land was not +taken up and settlement became widely dispersed on the best tracts of +land. In December, 1824, the Illinois legislature sent a memorial to +Congress portraying the evils of sparse settlement, and asking that land +that had been offered for sale for five years or more might be sold at +fifty cents per acre. Better roads, better markets, and better +institutions were expected to result from such sales.(342) Two years +later, another memorial was sent. This asked that land be offered for sale +at prices graduated according to the quality of the land, suggested that +the poorest land might well be donated to settlers, and declared that +settlement was retarded by the high minimum price of land.(343) Governor +Ninian Edwards pointed out that in 1790, Hamilton had recommended that +public lands be sold at twenty cents per acre, which "was the price at +which Kentucky, long afterward, sold her lands."(344) In 1828, the +Committee on Public Lands recommended that public lands unsold at public +sale be first offered at one dollar per acre, and if still unsold, that +the price be reduced twenty-five cents per acre each two years until sold +or reduced to twenty-five cents per acre; that eighty-acre homestead +claims be given to such persons as would cultivate and occupy them for +five years; and that lands unsold at twenty-five cents per acre be ceded +to the states in which they lay, upon payment of the cost of survey and +twenty-five cents per acre. At this time, there was in Illinois 1,403,482 +acres surveyed and sold; 19,684,186 acres surveyed and unsold, of the +39,000,000 acres estimated to be in the State.(345) Still another memorial +from the legislature was sent to Congress in 1829. It pointed out, in +strong terms, the inconvenience arising from the high price at which +public land was offered for sale. Unsold public land could neither be +taxed nor legally settled. It was stated that of the forty millions of +acres in Illinois, little over one and one-half millions had been sold at +public sales. A granting of the right of preemption, which implies the +presence in the state of squatters, is suggested.(346) + +The implication of the presence of squatters was well founded. When Peter +Cartwright, in 1823, visited a settlement in the Sangamon country, he +found it a community of squatters, on land which had been surveyed, but +was not yet offered for sale. Money was hoarded up to enter land when +Congress should order sales. Cartwright paid a squatter two hundred +dollars for his improvement and his claim, bought some stock, and rented +out the place, to which he was to remove from Kentucky the following +year.(347) This squatting on surveyed land, and even on unsurveyed land, +was a regular procedure. It added much to the difficulty of governing the +state--hence the memorials to Congress, and hence the great significance to +Illinois of an act of May 29, 1830, which gave to all settlers who had +cultivated land in 1829 the right to preempt not more than one hundred and +sixty acres.(348) This law was of general application. Even now the +Illinois legislature sent another petition concerning preemption to +Congress, because one of the provisions of the act of May, 1830, was that +the plat of survey should have been filed in the land-office, and this +provision debarred about one thousand Illinois squatters from the benefit +of the act. A modification in their favor was desired.(349) + +The land claims of the ancient settlers, as they are called in government +documents, continued to occupy the attention of Congress, in a desultory +way, throughout the period, but their influence upon settlement had +practically ceased with the opening of the public land-offices.(350) + +Among the obstacles to settlement was the holding of land by +non-residents. Such lands were subject to a triple tax in case of +delinquency, and when sold for taxes and costs frequently did not bring +enough for that purpose, in which event they reverted to the state and the +state paid the costs. Redemption, although possible, was rare.(351) In +1823, about nine thousand quarter-sections of land in the Military Tract, +lying between the Illinois and the Mississippi, were advertised for sale, +because of the non-payment of taxes by non-resident landholders.(352) At +this time, two of the prominent men of the state who wished to dispose of +a large amount of state paper, advertised that they would pay such +delinquent taxes at twenty-five per cent discount.(353) In 1826, +thirty-eight pages of the _Illinois Intelligencer_ were filled with a +description, in double column, of lands owned by non-residents, the lands +being for sale for taxes. In 1829, a similar list filled thirty-two +pages.(354) Much discontent was manifested in the state on account of the +laws concerning the public lands, and Governor Edwards' message to the +legislature, in 1830, elaborated a theory that all public lands belonged +of right to the states in which they lay.(355) + +Illinois early understood that an Illinois-Michigan canal would help to +people her northern lands. This led to many efforts to secure such a +waterway. In 1819 a favorable topographical report concerning the route +for the proposed canal was made,(356) and in 1822 the state was authorized +to construct the canal, but no tangible aid was given.(357) In 1825 the +legislature petitioned Congress for a grant of the townships through which +the canal would pass. A committee report of March, 1826, which was almost +identical with another presented in February, 1825, pointed out that the +cost of transporting a ton of merchandise from Philadelphia, New York, or +Baltimore was about ninety dollars, and required from twenty to twenty-two +days. The probable cost by the proposed canal, the Lakes, and the Erie +Canal, from St. Louis to New York was from sixty-three to sixty-five +dollars per ton, and the time from twelve to fifteen days. The canal would +bind Illinois and Missouri to the North.(358) Congress received a memorial +from the legislature on the same subject in January, 1827, requesting the +grant of "two entire townships, along the whole course of the canal," and +declaring that markets at New Orleans fluctuated because of speculators, +and that grain and goods sent from the West to the Atlantic ports by way +of New Orleans was exposed to the dangers of both the southern climate and +the sea.(359) A few weeks later the desired grant was made, the state +being given one-half of five sections in width on each side of the canal, +the United States reserving the alternate sections.(360) The canal +commissioners promptly platted the original town of Chicago and sold lots +at from twenty to eighty dollars each, but no immediate settlement +followed the land sale, and Chicago remained for some years longer an +Indian town. The prospect of having a canal doubtless had some influence +upon settlement, but at the close of 1830 the actual construction of the +canal was still a thing of the future. By the close of 1828, Congress had +donated to Illinois, for various purposes, chiefly for schools and +internal improvements, 1,346,000 acres.(361) + +The salt springs had been vested in the state of Illinois with the +provision that no part of the reservations should be sold. Large +reservations were made at the Saline River salt works and at the Vermilion +saline near Danville, the object being to reserve a supply of wood for the +making of salt. Upon the discovery of coal near the springs the state was +permitted to sell not more than thirty thousand acres of the Saline River +reservation.(362) + +Illinois as a landowner sometimes mingled church and state. The original +proprietors of Alton having donated one hundred lots, one-half for the +support of the gospel, and one-half for the support of a public school, +the state vested the donated lots in the trustees of the town, upon its +incorporation in 1821. A similar donation made by the proprietors of Mt. +Carmel was confirmed in the same manner.(363) The Cumberland Presbyterians +having built a church on a school section, the state provided that for +ninety-nine years the building should be used as a schoolhouse also, the +school being under the joint direction of the trustees of the township and +the church society.(364) + +The receipts for public lands in 1828 and 1829, respectively, were: + + 1828 1829. +Kaskaskia $ 4,639.82 $ 10,503.99 +Shawneetown 7,250.28 16,058.79 +Edwardsville 23,536.49 38,001.35 +Vandalia 4,489.71 24,258.13 +Palestine 25,671.62 59,026.81 +Springfield 56,507.63 108,175.47 + $122,095.55 $256,024.54(365) + +The receipts for 1828 were for 96,092.91 acres; of 1829, for 196,324.92 +acres.(366) From October 1, 1829, to September 30, 1830, sales, receipts, +and prices were: + + Acres. Average Price + per Acre. +Illinois 291,401.28 $364,369.87 $1.2504 +Indiana 413,253.63 521,715.13 1.2624 +Alabama 233,369.27 291,715.20 1.25 +Missouri 182,929.63 228,748.12 1.2505 +Michigan 106,201.28 132,751.68 1.25 +Ohio 160,182.14 201,923.50 1.2606 +Mississippi 103,795.61 130,475.87 1.257(367) + +The northward movement of population in Illinois is well indicated by the +figures for 1828 and 1829. The Indian barrier was being pushed back, and +the Sangamon country, with its land-office at Springfield, was a favorite +place for settlement. The rapid increase in the amount of land sold is +also striking. As the third decade of the century closed Indiana was the +favorite place for frontier settlement. The sales of public lands in Ohio +were diminishing. A prophetic glance would have seen that as the +ever-shifting frontier passed westward Illinois was to overtake and then +to far surpass Indiana in number of settlers. + +The period from 1818 to 1830 saw the Indian title to a great fertile tract +of land in Illinois extinguished, the price of all public lands lowered +and the land offered for sale in smaller tracts, the right of preemption +granted to squatters who had settled before 1830, considerable grants of +land made to the state for internal improvements, the great salt spring +reservations reduced. These changes did much to make Illinois a more +attractive place for settlement. When a committee of workingmen in +Wheeling, Virginia, made a report, in October, 1830, on a method of +escaping from the ills of workingmen, they presented an elaborate plan for +buying land and forming a colony in Illinois.(368) The experience of the +squatter who settled with four or five sows for breeders and in four years +or less drove forty-two fat hogs to market and sold them for $135, with +which he bought eighty acres of land and paid his debts, was not a rare +one.(369) + +As 1830 closed there were still problems connected with the land to solve. +The Indian question persisted, non-resident landholders were troublesome, +and the state would still seek grants for internal improvements, but none +of these was to be long a serious impediment to settlement. + + + + +The Government and Its Representatives, 1818 to 1830. + + +In some respects the character of the state government of Illinois shows +the character of the settlers. The nativity of the governors and the +congressmen of the state indicates that the South was the origin of a +majority of the population. Before the end of 1830 there had been no +northern-born representative of the state in the national House of +Representatives; the first northern-born senator was chosen in the last +month of 1825, and the first northern governor in 1830.(370) Pierre +Menard, a French Canadian, the first lieutenant-governor, came to Illinois +in 1790, and can not fairly be cited as a type of the French descendants +of the first white settlers of Illinois.(371) As a matter of fact, the +French element was not a political factor of importance. Nor is it true +that all southerners were pro-slavery, for the most noted anti-slavery +governor of Illinois, and her governor during the Civil War, were from the +South, while her first northern senator was pro-slavery. The great influx +of immigrants from New England and the rest of the North did not come +until after 1830. It was retarded, after the opening of the Erie Canal +(1825), by the Winnebago and Black Hawk wars, and did not reach its height +until the latter war had closed and the Indian claims to land in northern +Illinois had been extinguished. Immigration from the northern states +increased proportionally, however, after 1820. + +Illinois men in Congress give a number of indications of the feeling of +the people on questions having a more or less intimate relation to +settlement. Constant and insistent demands for more land-offices, more +post-roads, more pensions, donations of land for poor settlers, grants of +land for internal improvements, the right of preemption for squatters, and +the reduction of the price of public lands show that the frontier was in +favor of a liberal governmental expenditure.(372) Congressmen from +Illinois, without exception, favored the tariff bills of 1824 and +1828.(373) In 1828, the only senator from Illinois who voted on the +question, voted for the bill abolishing imprisonment for debt on processes +issuing from a United States court.(374) Since Illinois early abolished +such imprisonment, it is interesting to note that three hundred and +thirty-eight persons were committed to the Essex county jail in New +Jersey, for debt, in the year ending April 1, 1823, of whom one hundred +and forty-one were in close confinement. The aggregate of debt was +fifty-five thousand dollars.(375) + +Within the state one of the phenomena which has characterized frontier +regions appeared about the year 1821. A desperate gang of immigrants had +robbed and plundered until, after a most notable robbery, "a public +meeting was held, and among other things, a company was formed, consisting +of ten law-abiding men of well-known courage, who bound themselves +together, under the name of the Regulators of the Valley, to rid the +country of horse thieves and robbers.... A regular constitution was drawn +up and subscribed to." After the leader of the desperadoes had been killed +the remainder fled.(376) A frontier condition is indicated also by the +fact that when Sangamon county was formed, on January 30, 1821, a special +law provided that housekeepers in the county should perform the duties and +receive the privileges of freeholders. The same provision was made for +Morgan county two years later. As land sales in the Sangamon country, in +which these counties lay, did not begin until November, 1823, these laws +probably resulted from the formation of counties whose entire population +consisted of squatters.(377) The persistence of wolf bounties bears +testimony to continued wild surroundings.(378) In 1829 alien Irish, and +presumably all other aliens, could vote at all elections. An election law +of this year provided that voting should be by the voter's approaching the +bar, in the election room, and naming in an audible voice the persons for +whom he voted, or, if the voter preferred, by delivering to the judges a +ballot which should be read aloud by them, the alternative being for the +benefit of illiterate voters. Voting had previously been by ballot.(379) + +Although frontier conditions obtained, there were evidences of their +gradual amelioration. A law of 1823 provided that counterfeiting, which, +in the territorial period, had been punishable by death, should be +punished by a fine of not more than one thousand dollars, whipping with +not fewer than one hundred nor more than two hundred lashes, imprisonment +for not more than twelve months, and being rendered forever infamous.(380) +The state established a system of common schools to be supported, in part, +by the state, in 1825; but in 1829 the sections of the act which provided +that two per cent of all money received into the state treasury, and +five-sixths of the interest of the school fund, should be for the support +of public schools, were repealed,(381) taxation for such a purpose not +being then in accord with public sentiment. A mechanic's lien law, passed +in 1825, provided that in case of a contract between a landowner and a +mechanic, the mechanic should have a lien upon the product of his labor +for three months, after which the lien lapsed unless suit had been +commenced. Three years later an unsuccessful attempt to secure such a law +was made in New York.(382) + +Two accounts on the records of the state are of sufficient interest to +give at length. The first gives the amount of money received into the +treasury during the two years ending December 27, 1822: + + + "The amount paid into the treasury by the different sheriffs + within the two years ending as aforesaid, is $ 7,121.09 + + The amount of a judgment obtained against the former sheriff of + Randolph [County] for non-resident tax of 1818, is 147.14 + + The amount from non-residents for the two preceding years, + including back taxes, redemptions, interest, &c., is 38,437.75 + + The amount from non-residents' bank stock, is 97.77 + + The amount from the Saline on the Ohio, is 10,563.09 + + The amount from the Saline on Muddy river, is 200.00 + + The amount from the sale of Lots in the town of Vandalia, is + 5659.86 + + Total amount of money paid at the Treasury between the 1st of + January, 1821, and the 27th of December, 1822, $62,226.70" + + +The balance in the treasury was $33,661.11, but Governor Edwards, in his +message of December 2, 1828, reported a state indebtedness of $44,140.03 +and taxes in Illinois as precisely eight times as high as those in +Kentucky which were payable in the same kind of currency.(383) The rage +for internal improvements was partly responsible, and for this in turn the +wide dispersion of the settlements in Illinois, caused by the fact that +all public lands were offered at the same minimum price and that the +prairies were in large measure shunned, furnishes a partial explanation. + +The second account of the state, above referred to, shows that in 1822 it +cost $151.82 to make a trip from Vandalia to Shawneetown and return, and +one from Vandalia to Kaskaskia and return, to convey to the capital some +money paid by the United States on the three per cent fund due the state. +The former trip occupied fourteen days, the latter eight days.(384) + +Governor Cass' protection of Galena during the Winnebago War of 1827 may +have been influenced by its uncertain governmental status. In 1828 miners +in what is now southwestern Wisconsin voted for members of Congress from +Illinois, and in 1829 Galena was enumerated among the thriving towns of +Huron or Ouisconsin Territory. November 29, 1828, one hundred and +eighty-seven inhabitants of Galena and vicinity sent a memorial to +Congress asking that a separate territory be formed, the territory to be +bounded on the south by a line drawn due west from the southern point of +Lake Michigan to the Mississippi, and by the northern boundary of +Missouri. The memorial began: "The undersigned, inhabitants of that +portion of the 'Territory Northwest of the Ohio,' lying north of a due +east and west line drawn through the southernmost end of Lake Michigan, +and west of that lake to the British possessions, comprehending the mining +district, more generally known as the Fever River Lead Mines." The +petitioners referred to the violation of the Ordinance of 1787, and also +stated that they were subject to two separate governments, each some +hundreds of miles from them, and each unacquainted with their needs. The +petition was read and tabled.(385) It is true that the situation of Galena +was peculiarly difficult. No mail could be carried along the rude trail +from Peoria to Galena during the wet season, and when the Illinois +legislature, seeking to give relief, passed a bill for laying out a road +between the "Illinois settlements and Galena," it was vetoed by the +governor and council because the road would pass through lands of the +United States and of the Indians. When the river was frozen provisions +were very high, and mail was sent forward from Fort Edwards once a month. +These conditions were more aggravating as the number of inhabitants +increased, and in 1827, notwithstanding the trouble with the Winnebago +Indians, there were about four thousand men at Galena, and they mined +about fifteen times as much lead as had been mined in 1823. In January, +1828, a congressional committee reported favorably on a proposition to +open a road to Galena.(386) In a letter written one year later by the +delegate from Michigan Territory, to the committee on territories, the +suggestion is made that a new territory, to be called Huron, should be +formed, because the region at Galena was said to have received hundreds of +settlers during the preceding summer and to have at the time of writing +ten thousand or more, and government in the lead region could not be +properly carried on from Detroit, which was eight hundred or one thousand +miles distant, by the routes commonly traveled. The legislature of +Michigan was said to be compelled to meet in the summer in order to enable +delegates to attend and that was the busy time at the mines.(387) A +congressional act of February, 1829, provided for the laying out of a +village at Galena. The plat was not to exceed one section of land, no lot +was to be larger than one-fourth of an acre, unimproved lots were to be +sold at not less than five dollars, improved lots were to be graded, +without reference to their improvements, into three grades, to sell at the +rate of twenty-five, fifteen, and ten dollars, respectively, per acre, the +occupants having the right of preemption.(388) Another mode of relief, +which the inhabitants were working out for themselves, is described in a +Galena paper of September 14, 1829: "Mr. Soulard's wagon and mule team +returned, a few days since, from Chicago, near the southernmost bend of +Lake Michigan; to which place it had been taken across the country, with a +load of lead. This is the first wagon that has ever passed from the +Mississippi River to Chicago. The route taken from the mines was, to +Ogee's ferry, on Rock River, eighty miles; thence an east course sixty +miles, to the Missionary establishment on the Fox River of the Illinois; +and thence a north-easterly course sixty miles to Chicago, as travelled, +two hundred miles. The wagon was loaded with one ton and a half of lead. +The trip out was performed in eleven, and the return trip in eight days. +The lead was taken, by water, from Chicago to Detroit. Should a road be +surveyed and marked, on the best ground, and the shortest distance, a trip +could be performed in much less time. And if salt could be obtained at +Chicago, from the New York Salt Works, it would be a profitable and +advantageous trade."(389) + +As the life history of an individual recapitulates the history of the +development of a species, so does the history of Galena, in respect to the +difficulties of its early settlers, recapitulate the history of the +several parts of the United States in their early days. As Illinois had +sent petitions for relief to the governments of the Northwest Territory, +of Indiana Territory, and of the United States, so did Galena send similar +petitions to the governments of Illinois, of Michigan Territory, and of +the United States. In each case the prayers of the petitioners were but +partially granted. In each case the difficulties from Indians, lack of +facilities for commerce, distance from the seat of government, inability +to secure lands, were gradually mitigated until the steady onward sweep of +settlement engulfed the outlying region and it ceased to be the frontier, +and turned its energies to other questions--different, although probably as +difficult. Galena, even at the close of 1830, was a frontier region on the +outskirts of Illinois settlement. + + + + +Transportation. + + +Transportation was long a difficult problem, although it became gradually +less so. Travel by either water or land was slow and difficult. When a +party of about one hundred men, conducted by Colonel R. M. Johnson, went, +in six or eight boats, from St. Louis to the site of the present Galena, +in 1819, to make an arrangement with the Indians which would permit the +whites to mine lead, the upward voyage occupied some twenty days.(390) +Doubtless the journey of Edward Coles from Albemarle county, Virginia, to +Illinois, in 1819, was typical of that of the better class of immigrants. +At the Virginia homestead, slaves, horses and wagons were prepared for the +long journey. A trusty slave was put in charge of the caravan of emigrant +wagons and started out on the long journey over the Alleghanies to +Brownsville, Pennsylvania. Mr. Coles started a few days later, overtook +the party one day's journey from Brownsville, and upon arriving at that +place bought two flat-bottomed boats, upon which negroes, horses and +wagons, with their owner, were embarked. The drunken pilot was discharged +at Pittsburg, and Coles acted as captain and pilot on the voyage of some +six hundred miles down the Ohio to a point below Louisville, whence, the +boats being sold, the journey was continued by land to Edwardsville, +Illinois.(391) + +April 5, 1823, a party of forty-three started from Cincinnati in a +keel-boat, arriving at Galena, June 1, 1823. Twenty-two days were required +to stem the flooded Mississippi from the mouth of the Ohio to St. Louis, +and twenty of these were rainy days.(392) In 1822 the English settlement +in Edwards county sent several flat-boats loaded with corn, flour, beef, +pork, sausage, etc., to New Orleans.(393) Improvement of the Wabash was +entrusted to an incorporated company in 1825, and several years earlier a +canal across the peninsula at the junction of the Ohio and the Mississippi +was contemplated.(394) + +Many immigrants came overland. The following is typical: "In the year 1819 +a party of six men, and families of three of them, started from Casey +County, Kentucky, for Illinois.... The first three were young unmarried +men, the last three had their wives and children with them. They came in +an old-fashioned Tennessee wagon, that resembled a flat-boat on wheels. +The younger readers of this sketch can form but a faint idea of the +curious and awkward appearance of one of these old fashioned wagons, +covered over with white sheeting, the front and rear bows set at an angle +of forty-five degrees to correspond with the ends of the body, and then +the enormous quantity of freight that could be stowed away in the hole +would astonish even a modern omnibus driver! Women, children, beds, +buckets, tubs, old fashioned chairs, including all the household furniture +usually used by our log-cabin ancestors; a chicken coop, with 'two or +three hens and a jolly rooster for a start,' tied on behind, while, under +the wagon, trotted a full-blood, long-eared hound, fastened by a short +rope to the hind axle. Without much effort on your part, you can, in +imagination, see this party on the road, one of the men in the saddle on +the near horse, driving; the other two, perhaps on horseback, slowly +plodding along in the rear of the wagon, while the boys 'walked ahead,' +with rifles on their shoulders 'at half-mast,' on the lookout for +squirrels, turkey, deer, or '_Injin_.' "(395) Muddy roads sometimes caused +emigrants to make long detours in the hope of finding better ones, and if +the roads became impassable water transportation might be resorted to when +the locality permitted.(396) The fear of breaking down was omnipresent and +danger from professional bandits(397) was not lacking. There was also +danger of being lost on the enormous prairies in Illinois.(398) + +The best road from North Carolina to Indiana, for loaded wagons, was that +which crossed the Blue Ridge at Ward's Gap, in Western Virginia, led +through East Tennessee and Kentucky, and reached the Ohio River at +Cincinnati,(399) and this was a part of the route for some of the Illinois +immigrants. Illustrations of the moving instinct, the ever-present desire +to go frontierward, were constantly appearing.(400) Although the greater +proportion of immigrants came by either wagon or boat, some came on +horseback and some on foot.(401) One pioneer wrote: "My mother was a +delicate woman and in the hope of prolonging her life, my father, in 1830, +broke up his home at Windsor, Connecticut, and started overland for +Jacksonville, Illinois. Most of the household furniture was shipped by +water, _via_ New Orleans and did not reach its destination until a year +afterwards, six months after our arrival. The wagon for my mother was made +strong and wide, drawn by three horses, so that a bed could be put in it +and most of the way she lay in this bed. Most of the time the drive was +pleasant but over the mountains it was rough and over the national +corduroy road of Indiana, it was perfectly horrible."(402) A journey was +made in 1827 in about four weeks over the same route that it had taken the +same traveler seven and a half weeks to cover in 1822.(403) + +Within the state changes in facilities for transportation were constant. +From Shawneetown to St. Louis, by way of Kaskaskia and Cahokia, passed the +great western road. There was also a road from Shawneetown, by way of +Carmi, to Birkbeck's settlement in Edwards county.(404) Frontier roads to +different places seem to have been designated by different numbers of +notches cut in the trees along the wayside.(405) New roads were in +constant demand. In February, 1821, the legislature authorized the +building of a turnpike road, one hundred feet wide, from the Mississippi, +opposite St. Louis, across the American Bottom to the Bluffs. Toll was to +be regulated by the county commissioners, but it must be not less than +twelve and one-half cents for a man and horse, twenty-five cents for a +one-horse wagon or carriage, six and one-fourth cents for each wheel and +each horse of other wagons and carriages, six and one-fourth cents for +each single horse or head of cattle, and two cents for each hog or sheep. +If at any time the county should pay the cost of the road, plus six per +cent, the county should become the owner.(406) A traveler writing late in +1822 says that a public road had just been opened between Vandalia and +Springfield.(407) During the same year, Gurdon Saltonstall Hubbard, one of +the most active of the agents of the American Fur Company in Illinois, +established a direct path or track from Iroquois Post to Danville. In 1824 +this path, which was known as "Hubbard's Trail," was extended northward to +Chicago, and southward to a point about one hundred and fifty miles +southwest of Danville. Along this trail trading-posts were established at +intervals of forty or fifty miles. The southern extremity of the trail was +Blue Point, in Effingham county.(408) This became the regularly traveled +route between points connected by it. + +Springfield was the northern terminus of the mail route early in 1823, and +the next year Sangamon county, in which the village lay, was almost +entirely without ferries, bridges, or roads.(409) In 1830 mail was carried +between Vincennes and St. Louis thrice a week; between Maysville and St. +Louis, and between Belleville and St. Charles twice a week. No point in +Illinois, not on one of these routes, received mail oftener than once a +week. There was at this time a mail route from Peoria to Galena.(410) The +legislatures of Indiana and Illinois petitioned Congress for an +appropriation to improve the mail route from Louisville, Kentucky, to St. +Louis, Missouri. The length of that part of the route which lay between +Vincennes and St. Louis was one hundred and sixty miles, but a more direct +route, recently surveyed by authority of the legislature of Illinois, +reduced the distance to one hundred and forty-five miles. The distance +between Vincennes and St. Louis was made up of about one-fourth of timber +land and three-fourths of prairies, from five to twenty miles across. "The +settlements are therefore scattered, and far between, and confined to the +vicinity of the timbered land. More than nineteen-twentieths of the land, +over which the road passes, is the property of the Federal Government. To +make the necessary causeways and bridges, and to keep the road in a proper +state of repair, is beyond the capacity of the people who reside upon it." +Another writer says of the route: "It must, for many years, be the channel +of communication, through which the Government shall transmit, and +receive, all its intelligence relative to the mines in the region of +Galena, and Prairie Du Chien, the Military Posts of the Upper Mississippi, +Missouri, and their tributary streams, and the whole northwestern Indian +frontier."(411) + +Galena remained much isolated. A man who had horses and cattle, purchased +in southern Illinois and driven to Galena, by way of Springfield and +Peoria, in 1823, says that there was no settlement between Peoria and +Fever River. A year before, a traveler who went from St. Louis to Galena, +on horseback, arrived in time to assist in completing the second cabin in +the place.(412) Two travelers who walked from Upper Alton to Galena, in +January and February, 1826, had to camp out several nights, because no +residence was in reach. Much of the way no trail existed.(413) About 1827 +it was common for men to go with teams of four yoke of oxen, and strong +canvas-covered wagons from southern Illinois to the lead regions. In those +regions they spent the summer in hauling from the mines to the furnaces or +from the furnaces to the place of shipment, usually Galena, and taking +back to the mines a load of supplies. In the fall the teamsters returned +to their homes, sometimes, in the early days, taking a load of lead to St. +Louis. These men lived in their wagons, and cooked their own food. The +oxen lived by browsing at night.(414) + +Transportation rates can be only approximately given, because they varied +with the condition of the weather or of the roads, and were frequently +agreed upon by a special bargain. In 1817 steamboats are said to have +descended the Ohio and the Mississippi at the rate of ten miles per hour, +and to have charged passengers six cents per mile. Freight, by steamboat, +from New Orleans to Shippingport (Falls of the Ohio), and thence by boats +to Zanesville, was about $6.50 per 100 pounds.(415) It took about one +month to make the trip from New Orleans to Shawneetown--June 6 to July 10 +in a specific case. Nine-tenths of the trade was still carried on in the +old style--by flat-boats, barges, pirogues, etc.(416) In December, 1817, +freight from Shawneetown to Louisville was $1.12-1/2 per hundred weight; to +New Orleans, $1.00; to Pittsburg, $3.50; to Shawneetown from Pittsburg, +$1.00; from Louisville, $0.37-1/2; from New Orleans, $4.50. The great +difference between the rates up stream and those down stream was due to +the difficulty of going against the current.(417) Cobbett estimated that +Birkbeck's settlement, fifty miles north of Shawneetown, could be reached +from the eastern seaboard for five pounds sterling per person.(418) In +1819, the passenger rate, by steamboat, from New Orleans to Shawneetown, +was $110; the freight rate $0.04-1/2 to $0.06 per pound, the high charges +being attributed to a lack of competition, which the many new boats then +building were expected to remedy.(419) A party of nine people with +somewhat more than six thousand pounds of luggage, wishing to start from +Baltimore for Illinois, in July, 1819, learned that the water was so low +that large boats could with difficulty pass from Pittsburg to Wheeling. +They accordingly went from Baltimore to Wheeling, a distance of two +hundred and eighty miles, by land. They had two wagons with six horses and +a driver to each wagon. The price for transportation was three hundred and +fifty dollars. At Wheeling a contract was made for transportation to +Louisville, six hundred miles distance. For this, fifty dollars was paid, +the passengers agreeing to help navigate the boat. At Louisville an ark +was bought for twenty-five dollars, and two men were hired for eighteen +dollars and their board, to take the party to Shawneetown, about three +hundred miles distant. At Shawneetown the master of a keel-boat was +engaged to take the luggage of six thousand pounds to a point about eleven +miles from Birkbeck's settlement, for 37-1/2 cents per hundred pounds. The +travelers proceeded on foot. The time occupied in the journey was: From +Baltimore to Wheeling, sixteen days; from Wheeling to Shawneetown, +thirty-eight days; from Shawneetown to the Birkbeck settlement, four +days.(420) A traveler in Illinois, in 1819, said that the usual price of +land carriage was fifty cents per hundred pounds for each twenty miles; +sometimes higher, never lower, and that it would not pay to have corn +transported twenty miles.(421) In 1820, the charge for carrying either +baggage or persons from Baltimore to Wheeling was reported as from five to +seven dollars per hundred weight. Persons wishing to travel cheaply had +their luggage transported while they walked.(422) + +In 1823 the following passenger rates, by steamboat, were quoted: From +Cincinnati to New Orleans, $25.00; to Louisville, $4.00; to Pittsburg, +$15.00; to Wheeling, $14.00; from New Orleans to Cincinnati, $50.00; from +Louisville to Cincinnati, $6.00; from Pittsburg to Cincinnati, $12.00; +from Wheeling to Cincinnati, $10.00. The time quoted for passage up stream +was never less than twice that for passage down stream.(423) Early in 1825 +the _Louisiana Gazette_ (presumably of New Orleans) reported that a +steamboat had made the 2200 miles from Pittsburg in sixteen days,(424) and +a few weeks later another steamer arrived at Shippingport, at the Falls of +the Ohio about two miles below Louisville, thirteen days from New Orleans, +this time including three days detention from the breaking of a +crank.(425) Rates quoted in 1826, per one hundred pounds, were: From +Pittsburg to St. Louis, in keel-boats, $1.62-1/2; to Nashville, $1.50; to +Louisville, $0.75; to Cincinnati, $0.62-1/2; to Maysville, $0.50; to +Marietta, $0.40; to Wheeling, $0.18-3/4; in wagons, from Pittsburg to +Philadelphia, $1.00 to $1.12-1/2; from Philadelphia to Pittsburg, $3.00; +from Philadelphia to Wheeling, $3.50.(426) A Columbus, Ohio, editor +declared that it required thirty days and cost $5.00 per hundred to +transport goods from Philadelphia to Columbus, while it required but +twenty days and $2.50 to transport from New York.(427) No explanation was +given, but the most probable one is the opening of the Erie Canal. +Illinois buyers could, of course, take advantage of the cheaper rate as +well as the inhabitants of Columbus. The freight schedule agreed upon by +the owners, masters, and agents of steamboats in July, 1830, was, per 100 +pounds, as follows: Pittsburg to Cincinnati, $0.45; Pittsburg to +Louisville, $0.50; Wheeling to Cincinnati, $0.40; Wheeling to Louisville, +$0.45; Cincinnati to Louisville, $0.12-1/2; in the reverse direction rates +were the same, except that the rate from Louisville to Cincinnati was +$0.16. Freight on pork, from Cincinnati to Louisville was $0.20 per +barrel, and on flour and light (probably meaning empty) barrels, $0.15 per +barrel. The schedule rates were not, however, generally adhered to, many +boats carrying freight at from 2-1/2 to 5 cents lower than the quoted +rate.(428) At this time there were 213 steamboats in use in western +waters--an increase of about three-fold since 1820.(429) Improved +transportation caused a better market price for produce in the West. In +1819, at Cincinnati, flour sold at $1.37-1/2 per barrel, corn at from $0.10 +to $0.12 per bushel, and pork at $0.10-1/2 per pound,(430) while in 1830, in +the same market, flour from wagons sold at $2.65 per barrel, or from store +at $3.00; corn at $0.18 to $0.20, and pork at $0.05 per pound ($10.00 to +$10.50 per barrel).(431) The influence of improved transportation on +emigration is obvious. In regard to steamboat navigation it should be +noted that in 1817 rates up-stream were more than three times as high as +rates down-stream, in 1823 the former were less than twice the latter, and +in 1830 the two were about equal. During the same period the time of +up-stream passage was diminished more than one-half. Steamboats had not +driven out the ruder crafts, but more and more use was being made of the +more expeditious means of transportation, and its effect on the future +economic activity of the West could already be seen. + +Naturally the difference in price of the same commodity in two different +markets was dependent in large measure on the ease or difficulty of +transportation. In the latter part of 1817, corn was $0.24 to $0.30 and +wheat $0.75, in Illinois, while corn was $0.50 and wheat $0.75 at +Cincinnati.(432) In 1825 wheat was worth hardly $0.25 per bushel, while it +sold for $0.80 to $0.87-1/2 in Petersburg, Virginia, and flour was $6.00 per +barrel at Charleston, South Carolina, and was scarce even at that price in +Nashville, Tennessee. At the same time corn sold for from $0.08 to $0.10 +in Illinois, and for $1.75 to $2.00 in Petersburg, Virginia.(433) In 1826 +wheat sold in Illinois at $0.37-1/2, and in England at $2.00 (nine +shillings).(434) In 1829 flour was scarce at Galena. A supply from the +more southern settlements in Illinois sold at $8.00 per barrel, and the +farmers were urged to bring more.(435) This was in October. In November +flour was quoted at Galena at $9.00 to $10.00 per barrel, while it sold at +St. Louis for $4.50 to $5.50. In December, Cincinnati flour was from +$10.00 to $10.50 and Illinois flour from $8.00 to $8.50, at Galena, +whereas in the succeeding August they were $5.00 and $4.00, respectively. +In November, 1829, the one article of food that was quoted as cheaper at +Galena than at St. Louis was potatoes. They were $0.25 per bushel, at +Galena, and from $0.37-1/2 to $0.50 at St. Louis. Butter was $0.25 to +$0.37-1/2 at Galena, and $0.12-1/2 to $0.20 at St. Louis; corn, $0.50 at +Galena, and $0.25 to $0.31 at St. Louis; beef, $0.03-1/2 to $0.04-1/2 at +Galena, and $0.01-1/2 to $0.02 at St. Louis; whisky, $0.62-1/2 per gallon at +Galena, and $0.30 to $0.33 at St. Louis.(436) + + + + +Life of the People. + + +Of the 13,635 persons who were following some occupation in Illinois in +1820, nearly 91 per cent (12,395) were engaged in agriculture.(437) To +this pursuit the state was naturally well adapted. One of the most +observant of German travelers in America wrote that the meaning of +"fertile land" was very different in this region from its meaning in +Germany. In America fertile land of the first class required no fertilizer +for the first century and was too rich for wheat during the first decade, +while fertile land of the second class needed no fertilizer during the +first twelve to twenty years of its cultivation. Bottom-lands belonged to +the first class.(438) The prairies remained unappreciated by the +Americans, although some foreign farmers preferred to settle in Illinois, +because there they could avoid having to clear land, and could raise a +crop the first year, while coal could serve as fuel,(439) and a ditch and +bank fence, requiring little wood, could be constructed, or a hedge could +be grown.(440) A traveler of 1819 speaks of one of the largest prairies as +not well adapted to cultivation, because of the scarcity of wood, and in +the fall of 1825 there was but one house on the way from Paris to +Springfield, leading across eighty miles of a prairie ninety miles in +length.(441) + +It was easy to obtain land. After 1820 it could be bought from the +government of the United States at $1.25 per acre, it could be +rented--sometimes for one peck of corn per acre per year(442)--, or the +claim of a squatter could be purchased. When Peter Cartwright moved from +Kentucky to Illinois in 1824, he gave as reasons for moving the fact that +he had six children and but one hundred and fifty acres of land, and that +Kentucky land was high and rising in value; the increase of a disposition +in the South to justify slavery; the distinction in Kentucky between young +people reared without working and those who worked; the danger that his +four daughters might marry into slave families; and the need of preachers +in the new country.(443) The land being obtained, the first cultivation +was difficult. Writers often give the idea that after a year or two the +land which had been heavily timbered was left free from trees, stumps, or +roots, but many a pioneer plowed for twenty years among the stumps. Stump +fields are today no novelty in Illinois, and farming has not retrograded. +Usually the settler's first need was a crop, and in order to hasten its +production the trees were girdled, a process which might either precede or +follow the planting, according to the time of year in which the immigrant +arrived. If prairie land was plowed six horses, or their equivalent of +power in oxen, were required for the first breaking, and a summer's fallow +usually followed in order to allow the roots to decay. In 1819 five +dollars per acre was paid for the first plowing of the prairie, and three +or four dollars for the second.(444) + +Agricultural products exhibited considerable variety, although corn was +the chief article raised, because it furnished food for man and beast, it +gave a large yield, and it was more easily harvested than wheat. Wheat was +raised without any great degree of care as to its culture, being +frequently sowed upon ground that was poorly prepared, and being threshed +in a most wasteful manner. Both wheat and flour were exported. +Flour-mills, often of a rude sort, were found at inconveniently long +distances from each other. Ferdinand Ernst, traveling in 1819, found a +turbine wheel at the mill of Mr. Jarrott, a few miles from St. Louis, and +mentioned the fact as a peculiar feature.(445) Some of the settlers in +Sangamon county had to go sixty miles to mill in 1824.(446) In 1830 the +first flour mill in northern Illinois was erected on Fox River. It was +operated by the same power that ran a saw-mill, and the millstones were +boulders, laboriously dressed by hand.(447) Tobacco of excellent quality +was grown, and sometimes formed an article of export.(448) Cotton was an +important article for home consumption. In the early years of the state +hopes were entertained that cotton might become an article of export, but +it was found that the crop required so much labor as to make raising it in +large quantities unprofitable. It was after 1830, however, that it ceased +to be cultivated in the state. It was raised at least as far north as the +present Danville, about one hundred and twenty-five miles south of +Chicago.(449) A woman whose parents moved to Sangamon county in 1819 says +that when in that county they raised, picked, spun, and wove their own +cotton. The children had to seed the cotton before the fire in the long +winter evenings. The importance of cotton as a factor in inducing +immigration may have been considerable.(450) Large quantities of castor +oil were made in the state from home-grown castor beans.(451) Vegetables +were large, although not always of good flavor.(452) Peaches, apples, +pears, quinces and cherries were cultivated successfully, while grapes, +plums, crabapples, persimmons, mulberries, strawberries, raspberries and +blackberries grew wild.(453) An agricultural society was formed in 1819, a +chief purpose being to rid the state of stagnant water.(454) + +It is not easy to exaggerate the simplicity of the farming of pioneer +times. When one reads that in 1817 a log cabin of two rooms could be built +for from $50.00 to $70.00; a frame house, ten by fourteen feet, for +$575.00 to $665.00; a log kitchen for $31.00 to $35.50; a log stable for +$31.00 to $40.00; a barn for $80.00 to $97.75; a fence for $0.25 per rod, +and a prairie ditch for $0.29 to $0.44 per rod; that a strong wagon cost +$160.00; that a log house, eighteen by sixteen feet, was made by contract +for $20, and ceiled and floored with sawn boards for $10 more; that a cow +and calf cost $12.00 to $16.00, and a breeding sow, $2.00 or $3.00; that +laborers received $0.75 per day without board, and a man and two horses +$1.00 per day; and that various other useful articles could be procured at +certain prices, care is needed in order to avoid the conclusion that an +immigrant must have had several dollars, if not a few hundreds of them. +This need for care is increased by the fact that the most detailed +statistical data for early Illinois is given by Birkbeck or his visitors, +and is applicable to the English settlement in Edwards county--a settlement +with enough unique features to make the data almost more of an obstacle +than a help. As a matter of fact, many immigrants before 1820 had only +enough money to make the first payment on their land ($80.00), or after +July 1, 1820, only enough to buy the minimum tract offered for sale +($100.00), while in both periods hundreds had not even as much money as +$80.00 or $100.00, and had to become squatters. A log house, and +practically all of the first houses were of logs, was usually built +without the expenditure of one cent in cash, being erected by the family +which was to occupy it, or, if neighbors were within reach, on the +"frolic" system. Ceilings and floors were both rare, and if a floor +existed it was usually made of puncheons. The number of pioneers who +actually paid as much as $31.00 for a log stable must have been small +indeed. First fences were often of brush, or brush and logs, and many +times crops were raised unfenced. Territorial laws prohibited allowing +stock to run at large during the crop season. An immigrant often brought +his cow and sow, and if not he either did without, which in the latter +case was small privation in a region almost crowded with game, or secured +the desired animals by barter or by working for a few days. Men frequently +traded work, but the payment of cash wages was rare, the cheapness of land +and the ease of securing a living leaving small inducement to anyone to +become a day laborer;(455) while for the same reason those who were +professional laborers were often of an undesirable type.(456) Foreigners +were sometimes shocked at the utter carelessness of Illinois farmers. A +soil of great fertility, a region so abundantly supplied with game and +wild products as to make it almost possible to live from the forest alone, +combined with a lack of efficient means of transportation, made such a +temptation to a life of idle ease as many pioneers did not resist. Be it +remembered, also, that although towns, retail trade, and export trade had +begun in Illinois by 1830, these changes were not simultaneous throughout +the state. As 1830 closed Illinois still had squatters many miles from a +mill, it still had Indians, it still had unbridged streams, it still had +regions far from a market--in a word, it had still persisting in some part +of its wide extent each of the ills that had at various times confronted +it in respect to personal danger and lack of inducements to farmers. The +minority of really progressive farmers overcame the difficulties +confronting them by raising cattle or hogs and driving them to distant +markets, the price received being almost clear profit, or by constructing +their own boats and shipping their produce.(457) + +Although the great majority of the population of Illinois was engaged in +agriculture, there were salt works in the southeast and lead mines in the +northwest. The salt industry was important. Far the greater part of the +salt made in the state was made at the Gallatin county saline, near +Shawneetown. In 1819 the indefinite statement was made that these springs +furnished between 200,000 and 300,000 bushels of salt annually, the salt +being sold at the works at from fifty to seventy-five cents per +bushel.(458) In 1822, the price of salt in Illinois was reported to have +fallen from $1.25 to $0.50, because of the discovery of copious and strong +salt wells.(459) The next year a strong well was reported twenty miles +east of Carlyle.(460) In 1825, a visitor to the Vermilion county saline +found twenty kettles in operation, producing about one hundred bushels of +salt per week.(461) In 1828, an official report of the superintendent of +the Gallatin county saline stated that about 100,000 bushels of salt was +made annually, and sold at from $0.30 to $0.50 per bushel. The lessees +paid $2,160.50 rent during the year.(462) In 1830, the salt works in +Gallatin county had a capital of $50,000; a product of from 100,000 to +130,000 bushels, selling at from $0.40 to $0.50; and three hundred +employees. The saline in Vermilion county had a capital of $3500; a +product of 3000 to 4000 bushels, selling at $1.25 to $1.50 per bushel; and +eight employees. The works in Jackson county produced 3000 to 4000 +bushels, selling at $0.75 to $1.00; and had from six to eight employees. +The difference in price is noteworthy as indicating what must have been +the difficulty of transporting salt from Gallatin county to either +Vermilion or Jackson counties. At the Gallatin county works fuel was +becoming scarce and water had to be carried some distance in pipes, thus +increasing the cost of production. At the springs in Indiana salt was +$1.25 per bushel, and in Kentucky it was $0.50 to $1.00. The states of New +York, Virginia, Massachusetts and Ohio, respectively, produced more salt +than did Illinois.(463) + +The lead industry at Galena was still in its infancy, notwithstanding the +fact that the richness of the mines was early known.(464) In 1822, a +number of persons went to Galena from Sangamon county.(465) For some years +it was a common practice to go to the mines in the summer and return to +the older settlements for the winter.(466) The population of Galena was 74 +in August, 1823;(467) about 100 on July 1, 1825; 151 on December 31, 1825; +194 on March 31, 1826; 406 on June 30, 1826;(468) and 1000 to 1500 in +1829.(469) In 1826 a part of Lord Selkirk's French-Swiss colony on the Red +River moved to Galena and became farmers in that region.(470) The rush to +the lead region began in 1826 and became intense in the next year.(471) In +1827, a rude log hut, sixteen by twenty feet, rented for $35.00 per month. +Galena had then about two hundred log houses,(472) and in the same year +the first framed house was raised.(473) In July, 1828, five hundred lead +miners were wanted at $17.00 to $25.00 and board per month.(474) + +A pursuit that was once common and profitable is described by a lawyer who +traveled the first Illinois circuit, consisting of the counties of Greene, +Sangamon, Peoria, Fulton, Schuyler, Adams, Pike and Calhoun, in 1827, as +follows: "On this circuit we found but little business in any of the +counties--parties, jurymen and witnesses were reported in all the counties +after Peoria, as being absent bee and deer hunting--a business that was +then profitable, as well as necessary to the sustenance of families during +the winter."(475) + +Not until after 1830 was a common school system with effective provision +for its support established, although subscription schools existed some +years before the close of the eighteenth century. Instruction given in the +earliest schools was slight, and in 1818 a most competent observer +declared that he believed that in Missouri "at least one-third of the +schools were really a public nuisance, and did the people more harm than +good; another third about balanced the account, by doing about as much +harm as good; and perhaps one-third were advantageous to the community in +various degrees. Not a few drunken, profane, worthless Irishmen were +perambulating the country, and getting up schools; and yet they could +neither speak, read, pronounce, spell, or write the English +language."(476) These schools closely resembled those of Illinois. +Schoolbooks were rare and children carried to school whatever book they +chanced to have, the Old Testament with its long proper names sometimes +serving in lieu of a chart or primer.(477) In some schools pupils studied +aloud. Reading, writing, spelling and arithmetic were the only branches +commonly taught, although as early as 1806 surveying was taught in a +"seminary" near the present Belleville.(478) In 1827 Rock Spring Seminary, +now Shortleff College, was opened by Baptists, and the following year +instruction was begun in what was to become McKendree College +(Methodist).(479) The teacher of the first school in McLean county (1825) +received $2.50 per pupil for the term of four months.(480) The next year a +teacher in Jacksonville was to be paid in cash or produce, or in pork, +cattle, or hogs at cash prices, and to pay board in similar commodities at +the rate of one dollar per week. This included washing, fuel and lights. +School was open ten, and often twelve, hours per day.(481) + +Religious societies were early organized, but the building of churches was +not then common. In 1796 a Baptist society was organized, and previous to +this time both Baptists and Methodists, without organized societies, had +united in holding prayer-meetings in which the Bible and published sermons +were read, prayers offered, and hymns sung.(482) Before the close of the +century the Methodists organized. The Presbyterians were prominent in the +early years of statehood, but in 1818 they were just beginning their work +in Illinois.(483) Meetings were usually held in private houses until such +time as the congregation felt that a church building should be erected, or +at least until some one felt the need, for the first church was sometimes +built by a few individuals.(484) Ministers were of two types--those who +devoted all of their time to religious work and traveled over large areas, +and those who combined ministerial duties with farming, hunting, or some +other frontier occupation. Neither class received much money. Peter +Cartwright, one of the most famous pioneer preachers, received $40 one +year (1824-25) and $60 the next--and this he considered good wages.(485) +Pioneer energy was displayed in the overcoming of difficulties. For more +than ten years the Baptists held meetings on alternate months at two +places thirty-six miles apart, and several families regularly traveled +that distance to the two-days' meeting, even in unfavorable weather--and +this, too, after Illinois had become a state.(486) In 1829, the +Presbyterians, true to their missionary spirit, occupied the extreme +frontier at Galena.(487) Catholicism increased but slowly.(488) Divisions +such as were found in the East or South reached Illinois, and at one time +the Baptists were divided into three factions, which had about the same +kind of fraternal relations as the Jews and the Samaritans. The chief +questions for contention were whether or not missionaries should be sent +out by the church and whether fellowship with slaveholders should be +maintained.(489) An association of anti-slavery Baptists was formed, as +also Bible societies and temperance societies.(490) Camp-meetings, with +their well-known phenomena, were common in the early years of statehood, +and it is no reflection upon their value to say that they were one of the +chief diversions for the pioneers. + + + + + +CHAPTER VI. SLAVERY IN ILLINOIS AS AFFECTING SETTLEMENT. + + +Slavery, as well as indentured servitude, existed in Illinois as late as +1845,(491) and the "Black Laws" of the state were repealed on February 7, +1865.(492) From 1787 until years after 1830 the slavery question was an +unsettled one. In addition to the arguments for or against the institution +that were used everywhere, the pro-slavery party in Illinois asserted that +as the Ordinance of 1787 guaranteed to the French inhabitants their +property, the French could hold slaves, and that as all citizens of a +state had equal rights other persons in Illinois could hold slaves. The +reply was that the Ordinance plainly forbade slavery.(493) + +Whatever the merits of the argument, slavery did exist in Illinois. The +fear of the French that they might lose their slaves, and the desire to +attract slaveholders to Illinois, led to determined and repeated efforts +to legalize slavery. Early in 1796 a petition was sent from Kaskaskia to +Congress, praying that the anti-slavery article in the Ordinance of 1787 +might be either repealed or so altered as to permit the introduction of +slaves from the original states or elsewhere into the country of Illinois, +that a law might be enacted permitting the introduction of such slaves as +servants for life, and that it might be declared for what period the +children of such servants should serve the masters of their parents. This +petition was signed by four men, including some of the largest landowners +in Illinois, but as the petition, while purporting to come from Illinois +alone, concerned the entire Northwest Territory, as there was no +indication that the four petitioners represented Illinois sentiment, and +as the congressional committee was informed that many of the inhabitants +of the territory did not desire the proposed change, the prayer of the +petition was denied.(494) + +In 1800, two hundred and sixty-eight inhabitants of Illinois, chiefly +French, petitioned Congress to repeal the anti-slavery provision of the +Ordinance, stating that many of the inhabitants were crossing the +Mississippi with their slaves. The petition was not considered.(495) A +similar request, presented late in 1802, was twice reported upon by +committees, one report (Randolph's) declaring that the growth of Ohio +proved that a lack of slavery would not seriously retard settlement, while +the other was in favor of suspending the anti-slavery article for ten +years, the male descendants of immigrating slaves to be free at the age of +twenty-five years, and the females at twenty-one.(496) In 1805 a majority +of the members of the respective houses of the Indiana legislature +petitioned for the repeal of the anti-slavery article, and this petition +was closely followed by a memorial from Illinois expressing the hope that +the general government would not pass unnoticed the act of the last +legislature authorizing the importation of slaves into the territory. It +violated the Ordinance, the memorialists declared, and although they +desired slavery they professed themselves to be law-abiding.(497) A +committee report on the petition and memorial recommended that permission +to import slaves into Indiana (then including Illinois) for ten years be +granted, in order that the evil effects of slavery might be mitigated by +its dispersion, but no legislation resulted from the report,(498) and the +next year petitioning was resumed. The legislature sent resolutions asking +for the suspension of the anti-slavery article, and elaborating the +argument for such suspension. A committee of which the territorial +delegate from Indiana was chairman, presented a favorable report.(499) + +In September, 1807, a petition for the suspension of the anti-slavery +article was sent to Congress from the Indiana legislature. It was signed +by Jesse B. Thomas, later author of the Missouri Compromise, but then +Speaker of the territorial House of Representatives, and resident in what +was to become the State of Indiana, and by the president _pro tem._ of the +Legislative Council. Action in committee was adverse,(500) Congress being +then busied with the question of the abolition of the slave trade. + +During the territorial period in Illinois (1809-1818), the slavery +question was not much agitated. The Constitution of 1818 provided that +slaves could not be thereafter brought into the State, except such as +should be brought under contract to labor at the Saline Creek salt works, +said contract to be limited to one year, although renewable, and the +proviso to be void after 1825, but existing slavery was not abolished, and +existing indentures--and some were for ninety-nine years(501)--should be +carried out. Male children of slaves or indentured servants should be free +at the age of twenty-one and females at eighteen.(502) In Congress, as has +been seen, Tallmadge, of New York, objected to admitting Illinois before +she abolished slavery, but his objection was ineffectual. + +In March, 1819, a slave code was enacted. Any black or mulatto coming into +the State was required to file with the clerk of a circuit court a +certificate of freedom. Slaves should not be brought into the state for +the purpose of emancipation. Resident negroes, other than slaves and +indentured servants, must file certificates of freedom. Slaves were to be +whipped instead of fined, thirty-nine stripes being the maximum number +that might be inflicted. Contracts with slaves were void. Not more than +two slaves should meet together without written permission from their +masters. Any master emancipating his slaves must give a bond of $1000 per +head that such emancipated slaves should not become public charges, +failure to give such a bond being punishable by a fine of $200 per head. +Colored people must present passes when traveling.(503) + +Stringent as was the code of 1819, it was of a type that was common in the +slave states. Its passage may have kept some negroes, both free and slave, +from coming into the state upon their own initiative without certificates +of freedom. From 1810 to 1820 the number of slaves in Illinois increased +from 168 to 917, Illinois being the only state north of Mason and Dixon's +line having an increase in the number of slaves during the decade, +although in the Territory of Missouri, during this time, the number +increased from about 3000 to over 10,200. At the same time the number of +free blacks in Illinois decreased from about 600 to some 450, while they +increased in Indiana from nearly 400 to over 1200. Of the slaves in +Illinois in 1820 precisely 500 were in the counties of Gallatin and +Randolph, the former being the center of the salt-making industry, and the +latter the seat of the early French settlement at Kaskaskia.(504) + +Whether the anti-slavery clause of the Ordinance of 1787 freed the slaves +of the old French settlers was long a disputed question, and it is certain +that a strict construction of the Illinois Constitution of 1818 made +further importation of slaves illegal. Many slave-owners passed through +southern Illinois to Missouri, because the main road for emigration by +land to that territory crossed the Ohio River at Shawneetown. Many of the +slaves who produced the large increase in the number of slaves in Missouri +from 1810 to 1820 must have gone over this route. In 1820 more than +one-seventh of the population of Missouri was slave.(505) The people of +Illinois could not fail to see that they were losing a certain class of +emigrants--the prosperous slaveholders. The loss became greater as the +likelihood of Missouri's admittance as a slave state increased. As early +as 1820 there was a rumor of the formation of a party in Illinois to +introduce slavery into the state in a legal manner.(506) The next year an +editorial in a leading newspaper of Illinois said: "Will the admission of +slavery in a new state tend to increase its population?--is a question +which has been of late much discussed both within and without this state. +It has been contended that its admission would induce the emigration of +citizens of states as well where slavery was, as where it was not +tolerated--that while it would attract the attention of the wealthy +southern planter, it would not deter the industrious northern farmer." The +editor cites Ohio and Kentucky as proof against the above argument. In +1810 Ohio had a population, in round numbers, of 230,700 and Kentucky one +of 406,500; in 1820 Ohio had 581,400, while Kentucky had 563,300, giving a +difference in favor of Ohio of over 18,000; and an excess of gain during +the decade, in favor of Ohio, of 93,847. "We are willing to take into +consideration the unsettled titles of land in the last-mentioned state +[Kentucky], and admit that in this respect Ohio had a decided advantage--we +will therefore deduct the fraction of 93,847, believing it equivalent to +the loss of population from this cause--there is still a difference of +100,000."(507) The editor's figures for 1810 were correct and those for +1820 were approximately so. It is also true, and in line with his +argument, that during the same decade Indiana showed an increase from +24,500 to 147,200, while Missouri's increase was from 20,800 to 66,500; +the increase in Illinois being between the two in proportion of +increase--from 12,282 to 55,162.(508) The passing of the slaveholders to +Missouri continued and the discussion of the slavery question became +animated. + +In the gubernatorial election of 1822 there were four candidates for +governor, two being anti-slavery and two pro-slavery in belief. Edward +Coles, from Virginia, an anti-slavery man, was elected by a plurality of +but a few votes. His election was due to a division in the ranks of the +opposite party, as is shown by the fact that the pro-slavery party polled +over 5300 votes, while the anti-slavery party polled only some 3300.(509) +In his message of December 5, 1822, Governor Coles strongly urged the +passage of a law to prevent kidnapping(510)--then a regular trade. This was +referred to a select committee which reported as follows: "Your committee +have carefully examined the laws upon the subject, and with deep regret +announce their incapability of devising a more effectual plan than the one +already prescribed by law for the suppression of such infamous crimes. It +is believed that the benevolent views of the executive and the benign +purposes of the statutes can only be realized by the redoubled diligence +of our grand juries and our magistrates, aided by the well-directed +support of all just and good men."(511) The legislature was politically +opposed to the governor, and the committee's report sounds like the +baldest irony. With the report was presented a scheme for introducing +slavery into the state,(512) a scheme which eventually led to the vote of +1824.(513) + +The Constitution of Illinois provided that upon the vote of two-thirds of +the members of each house of the legislature, the question of calling a +convention for the revision of the Constitution should be submitted to the +people. For calling a convention only a majority vote from the people was +necessary. This method of procedure the pro-slavery party determined upon. +The two-thirds in favor of the project could be secured without difficulty +in the senate, but in the house the desperate expedient of reconsidering +the right of a member to a contested seat and seating his opponent was +resorted to.(514) This being done the resolution to submit the question of +a constitutional convention to the people was passed by a bare two-thirds +vote in each house.(515) Of the eighteen men who voted against the +resolution, eleven were natives of southern states, two of New York, two +of Connecticut, one of Massachusetts, one of Vermont, and one of Sweden. +There were some northern men who voted in favor of the resolution.(516) + +The campaign resulting from the passage of the convention resolution was +waged for eighteen months with great vigor. Press and pulpit were actively +employed.(517) A large anti-slavery society was formed in Morgan +county,(518) and it was in all probability one of many such organizations. +In August, 1824, came the final vote, and the official count of the votes +showed a majority of 1668 against calling a constitutional +convention.(519) + +It is noteworthy that in this struggle the governor of the state was an +anti-slavery southerner; eleven of the eighteen anti-slavery men in the +legislature were southern; the pro-slavery party, which polled 1971 more +votes than its opponents in 1822, was defeated by 1668 votes in 1824. It +is also true that of the leaders in the campaign some of the most noted +were southern anti-slavery or northern pro-slavery men. + + [Illustration: Election Results.] + +The history of settlement suggests several explanations for the votes of +1822 and 1824. The legislature which passed the convention resolution had +not been chosen with the avowed purpose of doing so. Some designing +politicians had such an object in view and secured the election of +pro-slavery men by anti-slavery constituents. The number of such cases was +not large, but as the resolution passed by the minimum vote they are +important.(520) In 1822, however, there was almost without doubt a +pro-slavery majority in the state, but it is improbable that there was a +two-thirds majority. In the election of 1822, there were 8635 votes cast, +while in that of 1824 there were 11,612 votes cast. This great increase +indicates a large immigration. Immigration at this time was largely to the +northern counties of the state, and it is a point of prime significance +that each of the seven northern counties gave large majorities against the +calling of the convention, and that without the vote of these seven +counties the vote would have been 4523 for a convention and 4408 against a +convention, thus changing the decision of the state. This vote of the +northern counties can not be explained by an increased immigration from +the north, because no such increase to any significant degree is +discoverable. The admission of Missouri as a slave state would naturally +lead pro-slavery emigrants to go to that state instead of to Illinois. +Another event which tended to influence the vote in Illinois was the +decision of Indiana against slavery, in the summer of 1823, in the midst +of the campaign in Illinois.(521) The unjust action of the Illinois House +of Representatives in unseating an anti-convention member was a powerful +argument against the pro-slavery party. + +In his message to the legislature, on November 16, 1824, Governor Coles +said: "In the observations I had the honor to make to the last +Legislature, I recommended that provision should be made for the abolition +of the remnant of African slavery which still existed in this state. The +full discussion of the principles and policy of personal slavery, which +has taken place since that period, resulting in its rejection by the +decided voice of the people, still more imperiously makes it my duty to +call your attention in an especial manner to this subject, and earnestly +to entreat you to make just and equitable provision for as speedy an +abolition of this remnant of slavery, as may be deemed consistent with the +rights and claims of the parties concerned. + +"In close connection with this subject, is my former recommendation, to +which I again solicit your attention, that the law as it respects those +held in service should be rendered less severe, and more accordant with +our political institutions and local situation; and that more severe +penalties should be enacted against the unnatural crime of kidnapping, +which then prevailed to a great extent and has since considerably +increased, in consequence of the defects of the present law. Regarding the +former, our laws in general are a mere transcript of those of the more +southern states, where the great number of slaves makes it necessary for +the safety of the whites, that the laws for their government, and +concerning free blacks, should be very strict.--But, there being no such +motive here, the necessity of such laws ceases, and consequently their +injustice and cruelty are the more apparent. The latter are found every +day more and more defective and inefficient; and kidnapping has now become +a regular trade, which is carried on to a vast extent to the country +bordering on the lower Mississippi, up the Red River, and to the West +Indies. To put an immediate and effectual stop to this nefarious traffic, +is the imperious duty of the Legislature."(522) + +The house of representatives referred the governor's remarks concerning +kidnapping to a select committee. A bill was reported, but after being +weakened by amendments it was tabled.(523) In his message in 1826 the +governor renewed his recommendations,(524) and a section of the criminal +code of January, 1827, provided that kidnapping should be punishable by +confinement in the penitentiary for not less than one nor more than seven +years.(525) An act of January, 1825, provided that anyone who had failed +to give the bond required by the black code of 1819 from those who +emancipated slaves, should be released from any verdict or judgment +arising from such failure, upon indemnifying the county for any money +expended for the relief of the freedmen.(526) By an act of 1829 relating +to slaves, whites were not to marry blacks, slaves were not to come to the +state in order to be free, and runaway slaves should be advertised in the +newspapers of the state.(527) The number of slaves in Illinois decreased +after 1820. In 1820 there were 917 slaves in the state; in 1830, 747; in +1840, 331,(528) and before the next census slavery in the state was +abolished. + +The vote of 1824 against calling a constitutional convention marked the +end of the slavery question as an obstacle to the immigration of an +anti-slavery population. Slaveholders, never a large proportion of the +immigrants, practically ceased to come to the state, while the immigration +of anti-slavery southerners continued, and the aggregate immigration +greatly increased. The population of the state was 55,162 in 1820; 72,817, +in 1825; and 157,445 in 1830. Missouri, more populous than Illinois by +more than 11,000 in 1820, was less so by 17,000 in 1830.(529) Governor +Coles, in his message of January 3, 1826, said: "The tide of emigration, +which had been for several years checked by various causes, both general +and local, has again set in, and has afforded a greater accession of +population during the past, than it had for the three preceding years. +This addition to our population and wealth has given a new impulse to the +industry and enterprise of our citizens, and has sensibly animated the +face of our country. And as the causes which have impeded the prosperity +of the state are daily diminishing, and the inducements to emigration are +increasing, we may confidently anticipate a more steady and rapid +augmentation of its population and resources."(530) + +From 1820 to 1825 the increase of population in Illinois was 17,655, while +from 1825 to 1830 it was 84,628. Contemporaries have left some interesting +records of immigration during the latter five years--a period in which the +population of the state increased more than 116 per cent. Immigration had +begun to be brisk by the fall of 1824. At the general election in August, +1820, there were 1132 votes cast in Madison county, while at a similar +election in August, 1824, there were 3223 votes cast in the same +territory, Madison county having been divided into Madison, Pike, Fulton, +Sangamon, Morgan and Greene counties. A Madison county newspaper said: +"That country bordering on the Illinois River is populating at this time +more rapidly than at any former period. Family wagons with emigrants are +daily passing this place [Edwardsville], on their way thither."(531) +During the five weeks ending October 28, 1825, about two hundred and fifty +wagons, with an average of five persons to each, passed through Vandalia, +bound chiefly for the Sangamo country.(532) The unsettled condition of the +slavery question from 1820 to August, 1824, is given as the cause of the +slight increase in population during that period, and the settlement of +the question is thought to have been a chief cause for the increase after +1824.(533) It must not be supposed, however, that any one cause excludes +all others. The country as a whole had scarcely recovered from the great +financial depression of 1819; Kentucky was in turmoil over her bank, land +titles and old and new courts;(534) early in 1825 over 65,000 acres in a +single county in Tennessee were advertised for sale for the delinquent +taxes of 1824;(535) and in 1826 a great drought in North Carolina caused a +marked emigration from that state.(536) + +In 1829 emigration was great. Some forty English families from Yorkshire +came by way of Canada and settled near Jacksonville, Illinois. They +brought agricultural implements and some money.(537) The _Kentucky +Gazette_ lamented the fact that a large number of the best families of +Lexington were removing to Illinois.(538) An Illinois newspaper reported: +"The number of emigrants passing through our Town [Vandalia] this fall, is +unusually great. During the last week the waggons and teams going to the +north amounted to several hundred. At no previous period has our State +encreased so rapidly, as it is now encreasing."(539) Another editor +estimated the annual increase in population from 1826 to 1829 at not less +than 12,000(540)--a figure which was almost certainly too low. In 1830 a +meeting of gentlemen from the counties of Hampshire and Hampden +(Massachusetts) was held at Northampton to consider the expediency of +forming a colony to remove to Illinois. After a discussion it was voted to +adjourn to meet on the 10th of October at Warner's Coffee House in +Southampton. Similar meetings were held at Pawtucket and Worcester.(541) + +The immigration to Illinois was but part of a general westward movement. +From Charleston, Virginia, we hear: "The tide of emigration through this +place is rapid, and we believe, unprecedented. It is believed that not +less than eight thousand individuals, since the 1st September last +[written on November 6, 1829], have passed on this route. They are +principally from the lower part of this state and South Carolina, bound +for Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan.--They jog on, careless of the varying +climate, and apparently without regret for the friends and the country +they leave behind, seeking forests to fell, and a new country to settle." +The editor attributes this movement to the fact that slavery had rendered +white labor disreputable.(542) Three thousand persons bound for the West +arrived at Buffalo in one week and six thousand per week were reported as +passing through Indianapolis, bound for the Wabash country alone.(543) The +great northern tide was chiefly bound to Ohio and Michigan,(544) northern +Illinois not being open to settlement. Five years after Detroit received +three hundred arrivals per week, Chicago had about a dozen houses, besides +Fort Dearborn. This was the Chicago of 1830.(545) + + + + + +CHAPTER VII. SUCCESSFUL FRONTIERSMEN. + + +The character of the men who succeed in gaining the favor of those among +whom they live indicates the character of those whose favor has been +gained. Preachers, land dealers, lawyers, town builders, and politicians +can not thrive in a hostile community. It is worth while in studying +Illinois in its frontier stage to notice some of the chief traits of its +leaders. + +No better type of the pioneer preacher need be sought than the Rev. Dr. +Peter Cartwright. He preached in the West for nearly seventy years, during +which time he delivered some eighteen thousand sermons, baptized some +fifteen thousand persons, received into the church nearly twelve thousand +members, and licensed preachers enough to make a whole conference. He was +for fifty years a presiding elder in the Methodist Episcopal church. His +home was in Illinois from 1824 until his death in 1872. Aside from his +ministerial duties he twice represented Sangamon county in the Illinois +House of Representatives; was a candidate for congressman against Abraham +Lincoln in 1846; and was a member of an historical society founded as +early as 1827. + +Cartwright had a number of traits that attracted frontiersmen. In person +he was about five feet ten inches high, and of square build, having a +powerful physical frame and weighing nearly two hundred pounds. "The +roughs and bruisers at camp-meetings and elsewhere stood in awe of his +brawny arm, and many anecdotes are told of his courage and daring that +sent terror to their ranks. He felt that he was one of the Lord's breaking +plows, and that he had to drive his way through all kinds of roots and +stubborn soil.... His gesticulation, his manner of listening, his walk, +and his laugh were peculiar, and would command attention in a crowd of a +thousand. There was something undefinable about the whole man that was +attractive to the majority of the people, and made them linger in his +presence and want to see him again." He had a remarkable power to read +men, his first impressions being quickly made and almost always correct. +He was often gay, but never frivolous; often eccentric, but never silly. A +Cumberland Presbyterian, after attending a communion service administered +by Cartwright and at which the Baptist, Rev. John M. Peck, was present, +wrote: "After meeting, I invited these two men to spend the night with me, +which they did; and such a night!--of all Western anecdotes and manners, +flow of soul and out-spoken brotherhood--we had never seen, and never +expect to enjoy again. These were, then [1824 c.], the two strongest men +of mark in the ministry, in this State [Illinois]." Cartwright's vitality +was remarkable. In the sixty-sixth year of his ministry, and the +eighty-sixth of his life, he dedicated eight churches, preached at +seventy-seven funerals, addressed eight schools, baptized twenty adults +and fifty children, married five couples, received fifteen into the church +on probation and twenty-five into full connection, raised twenty-five +dollars missionary money, donated twenty dollars for new churches, wrote +one hundred and twelve letters, delivered many lectures, and sold two +hundred dollars worth of books. Many frontier preachers of the time were +lacking in common sense, but they were not popular. This is the testimony +of a contemporary (1828) writer whose analysis of western character has +rarely been excelled.(546) + +John Edgar, a native of Ireland, was one of the largest landholders who +ever lived in Illinois. At the outbreak of the American Revolution he was +a British officer living at Detroit, but becoming implicated in the +efforts of his American wife to aid British soldiers in deserting, he was +imprisoned. He escaped, and in 1784 settled in Kaskaskia, where his wife +joined him two years later, having saved from confiscation some twelve +thousand dollars. This made Edgar the rich man of the community. "In very +early times, he erected, at great expense, a fine flouring mill on the +same site where M. Paget had built one sixty years before. This mill was a +great benefit to the public and also profitable to the proprietor. Before +the year 1800, this mill manufactured great quantities of flour for the +New Orleans market which would compare well with the Atlantic flour." +Edgar built a splendid mansion in Kaskaskia and entertained royally. At a +time when hospitality was common he improved upon it. His home was the +fashionable resort for almost half a century. It was here that Lafayette +was entertained. In addition to his flour mill, which attracted settlers +to its vicinity near Kaskaskia and which for many years did most of the +merchant business in flour in the country, Edgar owned and operated salt +works near the Mississippi, northwest of Kaskaskia, and also invested +largely in land. Before the commissioners appointed to settle land claims +he claimed thirty-six thousand acres in one claim as the assignee of +ninety donation-rights, while he and John Murry St. Clair claimed 13,986 +acres which proved upon survey to cover almost thirty thousand acres. In +territorial times Edgar paid more taxes than any one else in the +territory. In 1790 Edgar was appointed chief justice of the Kaskaskia +district of St. Clair county; in 1800 he was "Lieutenant-Colonel +Commandant of the First Regiment of Militia of the County of Randolph"; in +1802 he was commissioned an associate judge of the Criminal Court of +Randolph county, by Governor Harrison. He had never studied law "but +common sense, a good education, and experience in business with perfect +honesty made him a very respectable officer." Edgar's correspondence with +Clark and Hamtramck show him to have been a leader in Illinois during its +period of anarchy preceding the establishment of government in 1790. He +offered to board a garrison on the credit of the United States, if a +garrison should be sent to protect Illinois. At a time when slaveholding +was regarded as eminently respectable by the people of Illinois, Edgar +held slaves, and in 1796 he was one of four who petitioned Congress to +introduce slavery into the territory. He was a member of the legislature +of the Northwest Territory, was worshipful master of the first Lodge of +Ancient Free and Accepted Masons in Illinois, constituted at Kaskaskia in +1806, and was major-general of militia, in which capacity he presided at +reviews with much dignity. In person Gen. Edgar was large and portly. He +was definitely charged with forgery by the commissioners to settle land +titles at Kaskaskia. In one case a letter signed in a fair hand by one who +had made his mark to a deed was produced by Edgar. The letter was an offer +of the illiterate owner to sell his land to Edgar. There is no indication +that this conduct of the hospitable and popular man changed the esteem in +which he was held by his contemporaries.(547) + +John Rice Jones, the first lawyer in Illinois, was eminently successful. +He was born in Wales in 1759, received a collegiate education at Oxford, +England, and afterward took regular courses in both medicine and law. In +1783 he was a lawyer in London and owned property in Wales. The next year +he came to Philadelphia where he practiced law and became acquainted with +Benjamin Rush, Benjamin Franklin, Myers Fisher, and other distinguished +men. In 1786 he came to Kentucky and joined Clark's troops against the +Wabash Indians. A garrison was irregularly established at Vincennes and +Jones was made commissary-general. He sold seized Spanish goods to +partially indemnify those whose goods had been seized by the Spanish. In +1790 Jones removed to Kaskaskia, bringing to his residence on the frontier +a mind well trained by education and experience. He early became a large +landowner, in 1808 paying taxes on 16,400 acres in Monroe county alone. +The list of offices held by Jones shows him to have been prominent +wherever he went. He was attorney-general of the Northwest Territory, a +member and president of the legislative council of the same, joint-revisor +with John Johnson, of the laws of Indiana Territory, one of the first +trustees, as well as a chief promoter, of Vincennes University, official +interpreter and translator of French for the commissioners appointed to +settle land claims at Kaskaskia, and after his removal to Missouri, about +1810, a member of the Missouri Constitutional Convention of 1820, and, +upon the admission of the state, justice of its Supreme Court until his +death in February, 1824. In Missouri he engaged in lead mining and +smelting with Moses Austin and later with Austin's sons. He made an +exhaustive report on the lead mines of Missouri in 1816. Jones was well +versed in English, French and Spanish law, especially in regard to land +titles. He was an excellent mathematician, and had also a thorough +acquaintance with the Greek, Latin, French, Spanish, English, and Welsh +languages. The pioneers recognized his peculiar fitness for a legal career +on the frontier. Governor Reynolds, a fellow-townsman of Jones, says: +"Judge Jones lived a life of great activity and was conspicuous and +prominent in all the important transactions of the country ... His +integrity, honor, and honesty were always above doubt or suspicion. He was +exemplary in his moral habits, and lived a temperate and orderly man in +all things."(548) + +The founding of the towns of Mt. Carmel, Alton and Springfield illustrates +the work of successful town building on the frontier. Mt. Carmel was laid +out in 1817, Alton in 1818, and the land where Springfield now stands was +entered in 1823. + +The town of Mt. Carmel was founded by three ministers, Thomas S. Hinde, +William McDowell and William Beauchamp, the first two being proprietors +and the last agent and surveyor. McDowell probably never settled in +Illinois. Hinde and Beauchamp were men of more than ordinary ability. The +former was a son of the well-known Dr. Hinde, of Virginia, who was a +surgeon in the British navy during the French and Indian war. Dr. Hinde +moved to Kentucky and there the boy Thomas grew up. At one time he was a +neighbor of Daniel Boone, and later of Simon Kenton. He was in the office +of the Superior Court of Kentucky for some time, during which he became +well acquainted with Governor Madison and his nephew, John Madison, +kinsmen of President James Madison. He was well informed as to some of the +obscure movements of Aaron Burr. This led him to send copies of the +_Fredonian_, which he published in order to oppose Burr, to Henry Clay, +then secretary of state, although the copies later unaccountably +disappeared; and, in 1829, to write to James Madison, who was reported as +contemplating the writing of a political history, offering to furnish +information which he possessed at first hand concerning the conspiracy. +Madison denied any intention of writing a history, but asked Hinde to +furnish an account of Burr's transactions to be filed with Madison's +papers. This was done. In 1806, Hinde moved to Ohio to get away from +slavery. + +William Beauchamp was born in Kent county, Delaware, in 1772. He became a +minister in the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1794, but located in 1801 on +account of ill health. His ministry had been markedly successful and he +had been stationed in New York and Boston. In 1807 he settled on the +Little Kanawha River in Virginia, and in 1815 moved to Chillicothe, Ohio, +where he acted as editor of the _Western Christian Monitor_, Hinde being a +contributor. Beauchamp knew Latin, Greek and Hebrew, was a writer of +considerable ability, and was well fitted to be editor. In 1816, however, +the General Conference decided to establish a magazine, and in the +following year Beauchamp retired from the editorship of the _Monitor_, +having successfully established the first Methodist magazine in America. +Beauchamp, Hinde and McDowell were now fellow-townsmen. They resolved to +establish a town where their ideas of rectitude might be applied. + +The site chosen for the town was a point on the west bank of the Wabash +opposite the mouth of the White River, and twenty-four miles southwest of +Vincennes. This point was selected because of the available water power +and of the likelihood that main roads from east to west would pass here. +The town became a railroad and manufacturing center and justified the +wisdom of its founders. An elaborate circular, called the "Articles of +Association, for the City of Mount Carmel," was issued at Chillicothe in +1817. The purpose of the association was announced to be "to build a city +on liberal and advantageous principles, and to constitute funds for the +establishment of seminaries of learning and for religious purposes." The +proprietors reserved for themselves one-fourth of the lots, these being +called "proprietors' lots;" one-fourth were called "public donation lots;" +and one-half were called "private donation lots." The plan of survey and +sale was described as follows: "The front street is 132 feet wide; the +others 99. The in-lots are six poles in front, and eleven and a half back; +containing each sixty-eight perches, nearly half an acre. The most of the +out-lots contain four acres and eight square poles; some of them more, +(five and six acres on the back range); and a few of them less. There are +748 in-lots, and 331 out-lots--1079 in the whole. + + + "The lots are offered at private sale, at the following prices: + + In-Lots On Front Street. + + Corners, $150 each + Not corners, 100 + + The Rest Of The In-Lots. + + Corners, $120 each + Not corners, 80 + The out-lots, $100 each + + "The payments are to be made in four annual instalments; the first + at the time of sale. + + "A bank is to be constituted by the sale of the lots. + + "One-fourth of the lots are appropriated to the use of schools and + religious purposes. + + "One-half of the lots are to be given away to those who will + improve them according to the articles of association. A person + may have as many gift, or private donation out-lots, as he has + such in-lots; the out-lots not required to be improved. The gift + lots are to be disposed of on the following terms: the persons + receiving them pay the prices above stated, and receive for the + money thus paid, stock in the aforesaid bank. They are to improve + the in-lots thus given to them, by building one dwelling-house for + every such in-lot; one-half of the houses to be built within five + years, and the other half within ten years, from the sale of said + lots. The houses to be framed, brick, or stone, and to contain two + rooms, and two fire-places each." + + +The bank referred to was "The Bank of Mount Carmel." Its shares were ten +dollars each. The proprietors might put into the stock one-half of the +money received from the sale of proprietors' lots; all the money received +for public donation lots was to be divided into three equal parts, one +part to be funded in the bank in the name of the trustees (to be +appointed) of the Methodist Episcopal Church, the proceeds to be applied +to the building of "Methodist Episcopal meeting houses in the city of +Mount Carmel, and to other religious purposes," not including ministers' +salary; the second part to be funded in the name of the trustees (to be +appointed) of a male academy; the third part to be similarly funded for a +female academy; the money from private donation lots to be funded in the +name of the purchasers, after deducting ten per cent for expenses, which +ten per cent should remain in the bank as permanent stock. The articles of +association were elaborate. The 18th article became known as the "Blue +Laws." It read as follows: "ART. 18. No theatre or play-house shall ever +be built within the bounds of this city. No person who shall be guilty of +drunkenness, profane swearing or cursing, Sabbath breaking, or who shall +keep a disorderly house, shall gamble, or suffer gambling in his house, or +raise a riot, or break the peace within the city, or be guilty of any +other crime of greater magnitude in guilt than those here mentioned, and +shall be convicted thereof before the mayor, council, or any other court +having cognizance of such crime or crimes, shall be eligible to any office +of the city of Mount Carmel or its bank, or be entitled to vote for any +such officer, within three years after such conviction, notwithstanding +anything in these articles to the contrary." + +The plan for a town was successful. Beauchamp was surveyor, pastor, +teacher, and lawyer in the beginning of settlement. By 1819 a school was +established; four or five years later a school-house was built; by 1820 +Mt. Carmel circuit of the M. E. church had been formed; in 1825 a brick +church was erected; the same year the town was incorporated by the state +on the plan laid down in the articles of association; in 1827 the annual +conference of the Illinois Conference was held at Mt. Carmel. + +Beauchamp's health having improved he reentered the ministry in 1822, and +at the General Conference two years later he lacked but two votes of being +chosen bishop. He died in 1824. + +Hinde, in 1825, was a member of the Wabash Navigation Company, consisting +of seventeen prominent Indiana and Illinois men, and having a capital +stock of one million dollars. He was one of the nine directors for the +first year. He continued to be a contributor to periodical literature and +became the biographer of his friend Beauchamp. In a letter from Mt. +Carmel, of May 6, 1842, Hinde says: "I have just returned from the East, +having visited the Atlantic cities generally for the first time, after +forty-five years pioneering in the wilderness of the West. I have been +three times a citizen of Kentucky, twice of Ohio, and twice of Illinois." +Hinde died in 1846 and was buried at Mt. Carmel. Among his writings is +found one of the most acute analyses of frontier character that has +appeared. The writer points out that eastern ministers have often been +unsuccessful and eastern immigrants unpopular, because they have +underrated the people of the West, among whom there are many people of +culture. They prefer "the _useful_ to the shining or showy talent." In the +West the best work has been done by westerners. The English spoken in the +West is the purest to be found, because the various provincialisms of the +immigrants are mutually corrective. The Virginian, who retained his +unbounded hospitality, was the most prominent character in the West. "If +we expect to find on crossing the mountains a people either illiterate or +ignorant as a body, we will assuredly, in many instances, be happily +disappointed. It too often happens, that one puffed up with self +importance, and possessing a conceited and heated imagination, will form +wild conjectures as to men and things. We have been amused at the +bewildered minds of such, with the 'whys' and 'wherefores'; and one of the +most ridiculous whims of some, is to endeavour to press every thing into +their own _mould_; and shape it, be it what it may, if possible, after +their own manner, custom, or operation, forgetting that 'we have to take +the world as it is, and not as we would have it to be.' The fact is, an +emigrant should come forth as an inquirer, and set himself down to learn +at the threshold of experience. On this rock thousands have been injured, +and none have suffered more than the English emigrants. Oh! with what +poignant grief have I heard the English emigrant exclaim with the +bitterest invectives on his own course and conduct, as to this particular. +Conceiving that he knew every thing, when he came here to test his +experience, he soon found that he 'knew nothing.' This circumstance I have +found too to have its bearings upon American emigrants from different +states; upon families, upon individuals, and upon preachers also. How +often have I heard the old settler complaining, (who having himself +learned by _experience_) of the impertinent conduct of an emigrant, who +sometimes carries his local policy through all the ramifications of his +life, and often into the religious society, as well as elsewhere; he +wishing every thing done, as he saw it done in Boston, New-York, +Philadelphia, Baltimore, and very often 'Old England' and 'Ireland!' as if +men who have to act, and reflect upon the circumstances of the case, +different from any ever before presented except among themselves, are to +be governed by acts and doings of people in the moon!"(549) A man who thus +knew the frontier was fitted to be the founder of a western town. + +Rufus Easton was the founder of the town of Alton. Like Hinde, he brought +to his work a fund of experience gained on the frontier and in public +affairs. Easton was born at Washington, Litchfield county, Connecticut, in +1774. He descended from pioneers, being a direct descendant of Joseph +Easton, who came from England to Newtowne, now Cambridge, Massachusetts, +about 1633, and was later one of Rev. Thos. Hooker's colony which founded +Hartford, Connecticut, of which Easton was an original proprietor. In 1792 +Rufus Easton's father, a Tory, obtained a large grant of land near +Wolford, now Easton Corners, Ontario. Rufus received a good education +before studying law. In 1798 he was practicing law in Rome, New York, then +a frontier town. November, 1801, Easton, with thirteen other prominent +men, held a banquet to celebrate the election of Thos. Jefferson as +President. The prominence of the young lawyer at this time is shown by the +fact that he was consulted in regard to federal appointments, and that he +was in 1803 a confidential correspondent of De Witt Clinton. The winter of +1803-4 Easton spent in Washington, where he became a friend of Aaron Burr, +Postmaster-General Granger, and others. In the spring of 1804 he started +for New Orleans. Aaron Burr gave him a letter of introduction to Abm. R. +Ellery, Esq., of New Orleans, in which he said: "You will certainly be +greatly amused to converse with a man who has passed the whole winter in +this city--who has had free intercourse with the officers of Govt. & +members of Congress--who has discernment to see beyond the surface, and +frankness and independence enough to speak his own sentiments." Easton did +not, however, go to New Orleans. He stopped for a short time at Vincennes +and then located at St. Louis. He was appointed by Jefferson judge of the +Territory of Louisiana and first postmaster of St. Louis. In September, +1805, Burr, Wilkinson and Easton had a conference at St. Louis. Easton +turned a deaf ear to Burr's questionable proposals and from this time +Wilkinson was hostile to Easton. Easton corresponded with Jefferson and +Granger concerning the Burr conspiracy. Jefferson appointed him United +States attorney, 1814-18 he was delegate to Congress from Missouri, +1821-26 he was attorney-general of Missouri. Easton was very prominent, +entertaining almost all visitors of note. Edward Bates, Lincoln's +attorney-general, read law in Easton's office. + +Soon after coming to St. Louis, Easton began to buy up claims to land in +Missouri and Illinois. When seeking to find a suitable place for a town in +Illinois, he selected a point on the east bank of the Mississippi, +twenty-five miles north of St. Louis and twenty miles south of the mouth +of the Illinois. There was here a good landing place for boats, and also +extensive beds of coal and limestone. The town was named Alton in honor of +the founder's son. One hundred lots in the new town were donated to the +support of the gospel and public schools, one-half of the proceeds to be +devoted to each. This provision was confirmed by the act of incorporation +of January 30, 1821, and the trustees were given the right to tax +undonated lots for the support of schools. This latter provision was in +advance of public sentiment and two years later it was repealed. Alton, +like Mt. Carmel and to a much greater extent, proved the wisdom of its +location. It has long been noted for its manufactures and is a thriving +modern city.(550) + +The town of Springfield, since 1839 the capital of Illinois, was laid out +in 1822, before the land upon which it stood was offered for sale. When +the land was sold in November, 1823, the section upon which the town stood +was bought by Elijah Iles, Pascal Paoli Enos, Thomas Cox, and Daniel P. +Cook, each purchasing one quarter, but the title being vested by agreement +in Iles and Enos. Cook, like McDowell in the founding of Mt. Carmel, seems +to have been a non-resident proprietor. + +Elijah Iles was a child of the wilderness. He was born in Kentucky in +1796, and died at Springfield, Illinois, in 1883, leaving valuable +reminiscences of his long experience on the frontier. His mother was +Elizabeth Crockett Iles, a relative of David Crockett. Elijah attended +school two winters and taught two winters. In 1812, although but sixteen +years of age, he acted as deputy for his father, who was sheriff of Bath +county, Kentucky. Some three years later his father gave him three hundred +dollars, with which he bought one hundred head of yearling cattle. For +three years he herded these cattle among the mountains of Kentucky, about +twenty miles from civilization, having as his only companions his horse, +dog, gun, milk cow, and the cattle. His meals usually consisted of a stew +made of bear meat, venison, or turkey, and a piece of fat bacon. At the +end of the three years the cattle were sold for about ten dollars a head, +and the youthful dealer having attained his majority went to Missouri and +became a land agent for eastern speculators, and soon began to speculate +for himself. In 1821, concluding that Missouri was too far from a market, +he sold some of his land and resolved to move to Illinois. At that time +the site upon which Springfield was to stand had been chosen as the +temporary county seat of Sangamon county, because eight men, some of whom +had families, lived within a radius of two miles from the site, and at no +other place in the county could the lawyers and judge secure board and +lodging. Iles quickly discerned the advantages of the Sangamon country as +a place of settlement, and straightway built a log store sixteen feet +square, went to St. Louis and bought fifteen hundred dollars worth of +goods, which he loaded on a keel-boat and had towed up the Mississippi and +the Illinois by six men, whom he paid seventy-five dollars for their +services. When the land was offered for sale, in 1823, Iles bought a +quarter-section. + +Another quarter-section of the town site was bought by Pascal Paoli Enos. +The fact that the frontier is a great social leveler is well illustrated +by the combination of Enos and Iles as joint owners of a town site. The +Enos family had come from England in 1648, and Pascal Paoli Enos, son of +Major-General Roger Enos, was born in Windsor, Connecticut, in 1770. He +was graduated from Dartmouth College in 1794, studied law, was a member of +the Vermont legislature in 1804, married in Vermont and moved to +Cincinnati in 1815, later to St. Charles, Missouri, then to St. Louis, +then to Madison county, Illinois, and in 1823 was appointed by President +Monroe receiver of public moneys for the land-office in the District of +Sangamo. Thus the elderly scholar joined the shrewd but youthful +frontiersman. + +Col. Thomas Cox was the third of the trio of the resident proprietors of +Springfield. He had signed a petition for the division of Randolph county +in 1812, represented Union county as a senator in the first general +assembly of Illinois, and in 1820 was appointed register of the +land-office at Vandalia. In 1823 he came to Springfield as register of the +land-office at that place. Col. Cox was six feet tall, weighed two hundred +and forty pounds, and was a drunkard within a short time after the +founding of Springfield. + +The most important thing about the founding of the town is the +heterogeneous character of its founders. A few incidents in their +subsequent history will emphasize this, and also show how well they worked +together when surrounded by the same conditions. When the commissioners +came to locate a permanent county seat Springfield, then called Calhoun, +had a formidable rival for the honor. Iles and Enos managed to have a +mutual friend engaged as guide to the commissioners. The guide conducted +them to the rival settlement by a long and rough route and upon being +requested to take them back over a shorter route he took a course more +difficult still. The commissioners decided that the rival settlement was +inaccessible. Iles was twice state senator, major in the Winnebago war, +and captain in the Black Hawk war, in which he served with Zachary Taylor, +Jefferson Davis, Abraham Lincoln, John T. Stuart, Robt. Anderson, of Fort +Sumter fame, and others. Iles was also a large stock dealer, selling hogs +and cattle in St. Louis and mules in Kentucky, until 1838, in which year +he lost ten thousand dollars on hogs packed at Alton. In 1838-9 he built +the American House in Springfield. This was then the largest hotel in the +state and its erection created a great sensation. He was four times state +senator, and was an officer of the Bank of Edwardsville. Enos held his +position as receiver until removed for political reasons by Jackson in +1829. Cox had an eventful career. He was removed from his position of +register, under charges of misconduct, early in 1827; the next year he was +keeping a hotel in Springfield; later he removed to Iowa, then Wisconsin, +having secured a contract for the survey of public lands. He was three +times a member of the Iowa territorial House of Representatives and twice +a member of the territorial Council. A band of murderers, horsethieves, +counterfeiters, and blacklegs, having gained possession of the town of +Bellevue, on the Mississippi, in Jackson county, Iowa, Col. Cox led the +citizens in a successful attack in which seven men were killed outright +and some ten or fifteen wounded. At this time Cox was recognized as a +pronounced drunkard, but his undoubted courage, ability to command, and +strong physique secured him a following.(551) + +Shadrach Bond, the first governor of Illinois, and Pierre Menard, the +first lieutenant-governor, were both poorly educated, but they had a good +knowledge of men and a large fund of information concerning practical +affairs.(552) Edward Coles, the second governor of the state, is a good +example of the polished, well-educated gentleman succeeding with a rude +constituency. Coles was born in 1786, in Albemarle county, Virginia, +fitted for college by private tutors, educated at Hampden Sidney and later +at William and Mary College. His father's home was visited by Patrick +Henry, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, the Randolphs, Tazwell, Wirt, and +others. For six years Coles was the private secretary of President +Madison, and during this time he became an intimate friend of Nicholas +Biddle. In 1815 he visited Illinois in what must have seemed at that time +great state, for he traveled not only with a horse and buggy, but with a +servant and a saddle-horse as well. In 1816-17 he was sent as a special +messenger to Russia, stopping at Paris on his return, meeting Louis XVIII. +of France and becoming a friend of Lafayette. In 1819 he came to +Edwardsville, Illinois, emancipated his slaves, and assumed his duties as +register of the land-office. The rough pioneers were very anxious to get a +title to their lands. "When the settler reached Edwardsville, dressed in +jeans and wearing moccasins, with his money in his belt, having traveled +on foot or on horseback long distances, and first presented himself to the +Register of the Land Office, there he found Edward Coles, who had recently +emigrated into the State from Virginia. It was known to some of them that +he had been the private secretary for President Madison, and had been on +an important mission to Europe. + +"They found him a young man of handsome, but somewhat awkward personal +appearance, genteelly dressed, and of kind and agreeable manners. The +anxious settler was at once put at ease by the suavity of his address, the +interest he appeared to feel in aiding him, and the thoroughly intelligent +manner in which he discharged his duty. No man went away who was not +delighted with his intercourse with the 'Register.' And herein is +illustrated the great mistake so often made by politicians and candidates +for popular favor. Too many candidates for the suffrage of the people in +our early political contests thought it necessary, in order to make +themselves popular, to affect slovenly and unclean dress and vulgar +manners in their campaigns. There was never a greater mistake. However +rough, ill-clothed and unintelligent the voter might be, he always +preferred to vote for the man who was dressed and acted like a gentleman +to the one who dressed like and acted like himself."(553) Coles was always +dignified, always gentlemanly, and always respected. His brief residence +in Illinois affected its history for all time to come. Like Coles in +several respects was his successor as governor, Ninian Edwards. Born in +Maryland in 1775, educated by the celebrated William Wirt, and later +graduating from Dickinson College, Pennsylvania, at nineteen years of age +he came to Kentucky. Here he served two terms in the Kentucky legislature, +was presiding judge of the general court, circuit judge, and chief-justice +of the court of appeals. Henry Clay gave as Edwards' marked +characteristics, good understanding, weight of character, and conciliatory +manners. In his campaign for governor of Illinois, Edwards presented +himself as the highest type of a polished and well-dressed gentleman, +always riding in his own carriage and driven by his negro servant, and +dressing in all the style of an old-fashioned gentleman with broad-cloth +coat, ruffled shirt, and high-topped boots. The people were not repelled +by such a display, but considered it an honor to vote for such a man. The +egotistical Adolphus Frederick Hubbard, who was one of the two opponents +of Edwards, intermingled bad grammar and poor attempts at wit in his +electioneering speeches, and received less than one-tenth of the number of +votes cast for either of the two other candidates.(554) + + + + + +WORKS CONSULTED. + + + + +I. Sources. + + +_American Historical Association, Annual Report of the. Washington: +Government Printing Office._ + +Report for 1893, pp. 199-227, see Turner, Frederick Jackson; Report of +1896, Vol. I., pp. 930-1107, has "Selections from the Draper Collection in +the possession of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, to elucidate +the proposed French expedition under George Rogers Clark against +Louisiana, in the years 1793-94." + +_American monthly Magazine and critical Review. New York: H. Biglow, +editor._ + +Volumes I.-III. (1817-18) give information of much value concerning +European conditions inducing emigration. A few of the notices concern +emigration from east to west in the United States. + +_American Register; or, Summary Review of History, Politics, and +Literature. Philadelphia._ + +Volume II., 202, 203, 216 (1817), tells of improvements in steamboat +navigation. + +_Americans as they are; described in a Tour through the Valley of the +Mississippi. London: Hurst, Chance & Co.,_ 1828. vi. + 218 pp. + +Observations on Illinois are more suggestive than accurate. + +ATWATER, CALEB. _Remarks made on a Tour to Prairie du Chien. Columbus, +Ohio: Isaac N. Whiting_, 1831. 296 pp. + +The tour was from Circleville, Ohio, to Prairie du Chien, in 1829, and +thence to Washington. The writer's remarks give valuable material for the +history of the time. + +---- _Writings. Columbus, Ohio: Caleb Atwater_, 1833. 408 pp. + +The author was one of a commission to treat with the Indians at Prairie du +Chien for the cession of the lead region. In 1829 he went from St. Louis +to Prairie du Chien. He gives good descriptions of Quincy, Galena, and a +few other places. The part of the Writings describing this journey was +separately printed in 1831. The edition of 1833 is somewhat better than +the previous one. + +BALESTIER, JOSEPH N. _Annals of Chicago: a Lecture delivered before the +Chicago Lyceum, Jan. 21, 1840. Republished from the original Edition of +1840, with an Introduction, written by the Author in 1876. Chicago: Fergus +Printing Co._, 1876. In _Fergus historical Series_, I., No. 1. 48 pp. + +Contains a copy of Capt. Heald's letter of 1812, describing the massacre +at Fort Dearborn. + +BIGGS, WILLIAM. _Narrative of William Biggs, while he was a Prisoner with +the Kickepoo Indians ... on the west Bank of the Wabash River ... Printed +for the author, June, 1826._ 22 pp. + +Biggs was captured on March 28, 1788, and remained a captive for several +weeks. This very rare book gives valuable insight into the revolting +customs of the Indians. + +BIRKBECK, MORRIS. _Extracts from a supplementary Letter from the Illinois: +an Address to British Emigrants, and a Reply to the Remarks of William +Cobbett, Esq. 2d ed. London: James Ridgeway_, 1819. 36 pp. + +Birkbeck had issued an address to British emigrants, advertising the +virtues of his English settlement in Illinois. William Cobbett declared +that Birkbeck's account of the fertility and salubrity of Illinois was not +true. Birkbeck issued a somewhat scathing reply, showing Cobbett's +ignorance. + +---- _Letters from Illinois. Philadelphia: M. Carey & Son_, 1818. 12mo. vii. ++ 154 pp. + +Twenty-two letters written from November, 1817, to March, 1818, by Morris +Birkbeck, from the English settlement in Edwards county, Ill., of which +settlement he was the founder. Very valuable for notes concerning +transportation and the manner of life of the early settlers of Illinois. + +---- _Notes on a Journey in America from the Coast of Virginia to the +Territory of Illinois. Philadelphia: Richardson_, 1817. + +Passed through several editions in England. + +A graphic account of the journey of Birkbeck from 500 miles east of Cape +Henry, Va. (April 26, 1817), to Shawneetown, Ill., where on August 2, +1817, he bought 1440 acres of land as a site for his English settlement. +Very valuable for information concerning transportation and western +conditions. + +BLANEY, Capt. _An Excursion through the United States and __ Canada during +the years 1822-23. By an English Gentleman. London: Baldwin, Cradock, and +Joy_, 1824. 16mo. 511 pp. + +Pages 156-92 tell of the author's trip across Illinois. He visited Albion +and then went to St. Louis overland. The descriptions of Birkbeck's +settlement, the difficulties of prairie travel, and of the frontier life +encountered are much above the average of travelers' reports. + +BONNER, T. D. _Life and Adventures of James P. Beckwourth, Mountaineer, +Scout, and Pioneer, and Chief of the Crow Nation of Indians. Written from +his own Dictation. New York: Harper & Bros._, 1858. 16mo. 535 pp. + +The book deals almost entirely with the region west of the Mississippi, +but in 1820 Beckwourth visited Galena. He went from St. Louis with a party +led by Col. R. M. Johnson, the object of the party being to gain a mining +concession from the Sauk Indians. + +BRANNAN, JOHN (_Editor_). _Official Letters of the military and naval +Officers of the United States, during the War with Great Britain in the +Years 1812, 13, 14, & 15. Washington: Way & Gideon, 1823._ 510 pp. + +A valuable collection. Printed without comment. Pages 84-5 give Capt. +Heald's official report of the massacre at Fort Dearborn, August 15, 1812. +The report is in a letter to Thos. H. Cushing, Adjutant General, written +from Pittsburg, October 23, 1812. + +BRODHEAD, Col. DANIEL. _A Letter from Brodhead to Gen. Washington +referring to La Balme's Expedition._ + +In _The olden Time_, II., 390-91. + +BUTRICKE, GEORGE. _Affairs at Fort Chartres, 1768-1781. Albany: J. +Munsell_, 1864. 10 pp. + +Reprinted from _Historical Magazine_, VIII., No, 8. Valuable. Several +letters written by Geo. Butricke, then stationed at Fort Chartres. +Contains interesting notes on Indians, Spaniards, and British. Tells of +epidemic. + +_Calendar of Virginia State Papers and other Manuscripts. Richmond, Va._, +1875-1900. 9 vols. + +The early volumes have documents of great value concerning the period when +Illinois was a part of Virginia. + +CARTWRIGHT, PETER, _Autobiography of Peter Cartwright, the __ backwoods +Preacher. Ed. by W. P. Strickland. New York: Carlton & Porter_, 1857, +16mo. 525 pp. + +The author was from 1803 to the time of writing his book (1856) one of the +most famous circuit riders. His first work was in Kentucky. He came to +Illinois in 1823. His views on slavery, which caused his removal, are +interesting. A valuable work, especially for giving an insight into the +social life of the time. + +CHETLAIN, Gen. AUGUSTUS LOUIS. _Recollections of seventy Years. Galena: +The Gazette Pub. Co._, 1899. 304 pp. + +The author was one of the first settlers in Galena, and gives valuable +information concerning that important region--1821 ff. + +_Chicago Historical Society's Collections. Chicago_, 1882-90:-- + + + I. History of the English Settlement in Edwards County, Illinois, + by George Flower, 1882. 408 pp. + + II. Sketch of Enoch Long, by Harvey Reid, 1884. 112 pp. + + III. The Edwards Papers, edited by E. B. Washburne, 1884. 632 pp. + + IV. Early Chicago and Illinois, 1889. 400 pp. Of great value. + + +CHILDS, Col. EBENEZER. _Recollections of Wisconsin since 1820. In Wis. +Hist. Coll._, IV., 1859, 153-95. + +The writer describes Chicago as it was in 1821, at which time he visited +it. + +_Christian Spectator_, V., 1823, 20-26. _Remarks on the States of Illinois +and Missouri_, by Edward Hollister. + +The author had recently completed a missionary tour in these states, and +his remarks give an insight into the social conditions of the time. + +COBBETT, WILLIAM. _A Years Residence, in the United States of America, 3d +ed. London: William Cobbett_, 1828. 370 pp. + +Cobbett was in the United States in 1817-18. He declared that Birkbeck and +Fearon had deceived the people of England by portraying America as better +than it was. His book is unfair. + +COFFIN, LEVI. _Reminiscences of Levi Coffin, the reputed President of the +Underground Railroad.... Cincinnati: Western Tract Society_ [c. 1876]. _2d +ed. with appendix. Cincinnati: Robert Clarke & Co._, 1880. 732 pp. + +Pages 89-99 describe the author's visit to a Quaker settlement in Sangamon +county, Ill., in 1823. Lost on the prairies. + +COLLOT, VICTOR. _A Journey in North America, containing a Survey of the +Countries watered by the Mississippi, Ohio, Missouri, and other affluing +Rivers ... Illustrated by 36 Maps, Plans, Views, and divers Cuts. Paris: +Arthus Bertrand_, 1826. 2 vols. and atlas in one. iv. + 310; v. + 272 pp. + +The author traveled through Illinois in 1796. His observations were acute +and are more helpful than would be expected from a soldier of fortune. The +New Orleans _Picayune_ of March 18, 1901, has a valuable article on the +journey of Collot and its purpose. See his _Map of the Country of the +Illinois_, in pocket. + +_Columbian Centinel. Boston, June-December_, 1790; 1791-1801; 1802-1829. + +The issue for June 16, 1790, has a note on the current experiments with +steamboats. In Library of Wisconsin State Historical Society. + +CROGHAN, GEORGE. _Journal_, 1765. In Thwaites, _Early western Travels, I., +126-73. Cleveland, Ohio: Arthur H. Clark Company_, 1904. + +The Journal is of a trip to the West, and characterizes the early French +settlers. + +CUMING, FORTESCUE. _Sketches of a Tour to the western Country,... +commenced at Philadelphia in the Winter of 1807 and concluded in 1809. +Pittsburg: Cramer, Spear & Eichbaum_, 1810. 12mo. 504 pp. + +Describes Shawneetown and gives some information in regard to routes. Very +slight, however, in respect to Illinois. Criticism: _The Inter Ocean, +August 3, 1904._ + +CUTLER, JULIA PERKINS. _Life and Times of Ephraim Cutler. Prepared from +his Journals and Correspondence. Cincinnati: Robert Clarke & Co._, 1890. +353 pp. + +Cutler early settled in Ohio. This work gives good examples of the +difficulties of travel, between 1795 and 1809, on some of the Alleghany +routes frequented by emigrants to Illinois. The driving of western cattle +to market is also described. + +CUTLER, WILLIAM PARKER, and CUTLER, JULIA PERKINS. _Life, Journals and +Correspondence of Rev. Manasseh Cutler_, LL. D. Cincinnati: Robert Clarke +& Co., 1888. 2 vols. 9 + 524; 495 PP. + +Considerable information concerning early eastern opposition to western +settlement is given. Dr. Cutler kept a diary from 1765 to 1823, of which +nine years are missing. + +DE PEYSTER, J. WATTS, LL. D. _Miscellanies, by an Officer_ [Colonel Arent +Schuyler de Peyster, B. A.], 1774-1813. _New York: A. E. Chasmar & Co._, +1888. 80 pp., and an appendix of cci. pp. + +Pages xxvi.-xxvii. contain a letter from Arent De Peyster to Capt. McKee +describing an Illinois expedition against St. Josephs in 1780 or 1781. +Letter dated Detroit, Feb. 1, 1781. + +_Draper Collection of Manuscripts._ + +This collection, made by Lyman C. Draper, is the property of the State +Historical Society of Wisconsin. It has been of more value to the writer +than any other single source, being especially helpful for the hitherto +obscure period immediately succeeding the expedition of George Rogers +Clark, 1779-1790. Most important of all are the Harmar Papers, although +the Illinois MSS., the Clark MSS., and Draper's Notes were much used. The +Hinde MSS. have little historical value, consisting as they do, largely of +religious musings of the writer's old age. + +DUDEN, GOTTFRIED. _Bericht ueber eine Reise nach den westlichen Staaten +Nordamerika's and einen mehrjaehrigen Aufenthalt am Missouri (in den Jahren +1824-1827) in Bezug auf Auswanderung und Uebervoelkerung. 1st ed. of 1500 +copies. 2d ed. Bonn, In Commission bei Eduard Weber_, 1834. lviii. + 404 +pp. + +Contains a prediction of Illinois future greatness. Gives valuable +information concerning the cost and manner of transportation, and +concerning social life. Comparison of American and European conditions. + +DUNN, JACOB PIATT, _Compiler. Slavery Petitions and Papers. In Indiana +Hist. Soc. Pub., II., 443-529. Indianapolis: The Bowen-Merrill Company_, +1894. + +"The following papers are the petitions to Congress from Northwest and +Indiana Territories for the suspension of the sixth article of compact of +the Ordinance of 1787, and the admission of slavery to the Territory, +together with the counter-petitions, the reports on them, and the +accompanying documents,"--Compiler's introduction. + +_Edwardsville Spectator. Edwardsville, Ill.: Hooper Warren, pub., Apr. 18, +1820-Feb. 8, 1825, and 1820-22._ + +Material has been gleaned from the issues of Nov. 7, 1820; August 31, +1822; Nov. 30, 1822; Nov. 29, 1823; Jan. 27, 1824; and Oct 5, 1824. In +Library of Chicago Historical Society. + +ERNST, FERDINAND. _Travels in Illinois in 1819. Translation from the +German Original._ In _Pub. No. 8 of the Ill. Hist. Lib._ pp. 150-65. +_Springfield, Ill.: Phillips Bros._, 1904. + +Ernst was the leader of a party of German immigrants who settled at +Vandalia soon after his journey to Illinois. He gives a vivid picture of +the rapidly settling Illinois with its squatters and its fertile and +inviting land. He visited the Sangamo country and the Kickapoo United +States treaty conference. + +FAUX, W. _Memorable Days in America: being a Journal of a Tour to the +United States, principally undertaken to ascertain, by positive Evidence, +the Condition and probable Prospects of British Emigrants; including +Accounts of Mr. Birkbeck's Settlement in the Illinois ... London: W. +Simpkin & R. Marshall_, 1823. 488 pp. + +Sufficiently pessimistic to require cautious use. The journey was +performed in 1819-20. + +FAY, H. A. _Collection of the official Accounts, in Detail, of all the +Battles fought by Sea and Land, between the Navy and Army of the United +States, and the Navy and Army of Great Britain, during the Years_ 1812, +13, 14, & 15. _New York: E. Conrad_, 1817. 295 pp. + +Contains Capt. Heald's official report of the massacre at Fort Dearborn, +August 15, 1812, and Col. Russell's official report of Gov. Edwards' +attack on the Indians near Peoria in 1812. + +FEARON, HENRY BRADSHAW. _Sketches of America. A Narrative of a Journey of +five thousand Miles through the eastern and western States of America ... +With Remarks on Mr. Birkbeck's __"__Notes__"__ and __"__Letters.__"__ 3d +ed. London: Strahan and Spottiswoode_, 1819. xv. + 454 pp. + +The work gives a glimpse of Illinois through a foreigner's eye. Fearon +paints in sober colors, but his values are fairly true. Of considerable +value as a work on society in the U. S. in 1817-18. + +FLINT, JAMES. _Letters from America, containing Observations on the +Climate and Agriculture of the western States, the Manners of the People, +and the Prospects of Emigrants, &c., &c. Edinburgh: W. & C. Tait, 1822._ +16mo. 330 pp. + +The author probably did not reach Illinois, but his letters from Ohio, +Indiana and Kentucky give interesting bits of information in regard to the +manner and cost of travel--1818 to 1820. + +FLOWER, GEORGE. _History of the English Settlement in Edwards County, +Illinois, founded in 1817 and 1818, by Morris Birkbeck and George Flower. +Chicago: Fergus Printing Co., 1882._ 16mo. 401 pp. + +The work is volume I. of the Chicago Historical Society's Collections. The +best book on this important episode in immigration to Illinois. + +FLOWER, RICHARD. _Letters from Lexington and the Illinois, containing a +brief Account of the English Settlement in the latter Territory, and a +Refutation of the Misrepresentations of Mr. Cobbett. London: J. Rigdway, +1819._ iv. + 32 pp. + +Two letters--one from Lexington and the other from New Albion, Ill. Highly +colored. + +FORSYTH, Maj. THOMAS, _Indian Agent_. _Journal of a Voyage from St. Louis +to the Falls of St. Anthony, in 1819._ In _Wis. Hist. Coll._, VI., +188-215. _Madison, Wis.: Atwood & Culver, State Printers, 1872._ + +Incidentally the writer gives an account of the atrocities committed in +1812 by Capt. Thomas E. Craig upon the inhabitants of Peoria. Forsyth was +an eye-witness of the barbarities described. + +_Galena Advertiser. Galena, Ill. Pub. by H. Newhall, Philleo and Co., July +20, 1829-May 24, 1830, and July 20, 1829-May 10, 1830._ + +July 20, July 27, August 10, Sept. 14, Sept. 21, 1829, have been used. In +Library of Chicago Historical Society. + +_Galena (Ill.) Weekly Gazette._ + +The issue for May 2, 1879, contains reminiscences of Mrs. Adile B. +Gratiot, whose husband settled in Galena, Ill., in 1825. This account +furnishes a valuable bit of reliable history. It describes Galena, +northern Illinois, a Fourth of July celebration (1826), the coming of Lord +Selkirk's colonists, and the trouble with the Sauk Indians (1827). + +GILLESPIE, Hon. JOSEPH. _Recollections of early Illinois and her noted +Men. Fergus hist. Series_, No. 13. 51 pp. _Chicago: Fergus Printing Co., +1880._ + +Valuable because of the author's direct knowledge of persons and events. + +GOODRICH, SAMUEL GRISWOLD. _Recollections of a Life Time; or, Men and +Things I have seen: in a Series of Letters to a Friend, historical, +biographical, anecdotal, and descriptive. New York: Miller, Orton & Co., +1857._ 2 vols. 542, 563 pp. + +Letter XXXIII. describes the emigration from East to West in 1816-17. + +GRATIOT, Mrs. ADILE. _In early Illinois (Towns)._ + +A volume of newspaper clippings in the Library of the Chicago Historical +Society. Mrs. Gratiot, who early lived in Galena, gives reminiscences of +her life there. Describes the trouble with the Winnebago Indians. + +HALL, JAMES. _Letters from the West; containing Sketches of Scenery, +Manners, and Customs; and Anecdotes connected with the first Settlements +of the western Sections of the United States. London: Henry Colburn, +1828._ 16mo. 385 pp. + +Verbose, but not without value. One of the twenty-two letters is from +Shawneetown and describes the vicinity. Illinois is defended from her +foreign detractors. Routes and manner of travel receive much attention. + +HAMILTON, HENRY EDWARD. _Incidents and Events in the Life of Gurdon +Saltonstall Hubbard, collected from personal Narrations and other Sources, +and arranged by his Nephew, Henry E. Hamilton. Chicago: Rand, McNally & +Co., 1888._ 189 pp. + +Very valuable for the history of northern and eastern Illinois from 1818 +to the close of the Black Hawk war. Most of the work is autobiographical. +Mr. Hubbard was an employee of the American Fur Company. Later he was in +business in Danville and Chicago. + +HARDING, BENJAMIN. _A Tour through the Western Country, A. D. 1818 & 1819. +New London: Samuel Green, 1819._ 8vo. 17 pp. + +The inducements which Illinois offered to emigrants are described with a +degree of sense rarely displayed in the period to which the work belongs +by writers of advice to emigrants. The American Bottom and the prairies +are described. + +HARRIS, WILLIAM TELL. _Remarks made during a Tour through the United +States of America, in the Years 1817, 1818, and 1819._ + +Describes Shawneetown (1818), and speaks of the great number of wagons, +horses, and passengers which crossed the ferry there. + +HECKE, J. VAL. _Reise durch die Vereinigten Staaten von Nord-Amerika in +den Jahren 1818 und 1819. Nebst einer kurzen Uebersicht der neuesten +Ereignisse auf dem Kriegs-Schauplatz in Sud-Amerika und West-Indien. +Berlin: H. Ph. Petri_, 1820-21. 2 vols. 16mo. I., 228; II., xvi. + 326. +pp. + +Interesting and incorrect. The author tells well both of what he knows and +what he does not know. Tells foreigners how to reach Illinois. + +HENRY, WILLIAM WIRT. _Patrick Henry. Life, Correspondence, and Speeches. +New York: Charles Scribners Sons_, 1891. 3 vols. I., 20 + 622; II., 652; +III., 672 pp. + +The third volume contains instructions issued by Gov. Henry to officers of +the County of Illinois, and some correspondence of those officers. + +_Historical Register of the United States. Philadelphia: G. Palmer_, +1814-1816. + +II., 60-62 (second pagination) gives Capt. Heald's official report of the +massacre at Fort Dearborn on August 15, 1812. + +HODGSON, ADAM. _Remarks during a Journey through North America in the +Years 1819-21, in a Series of Letters: with an Appendix, containing an +Account of several of the Indian Tribes, and the principal missionary +Stations, &c. New York: Samuel Whiting, 1823._ 8vo. iv. + 335 pp. + +The author did not visit Illinois, but he gives an interesting criticism +of Mr. Birkbeck's venture in Illinois. He conversed with persons who had +visited Birkbeck's settlement. Criticism rather unfavorable. + +HOLMES, ISAAC. _An Account of the United States of America_, [1823] +_derived from actual Observation, during a Residence of four Years in that +Republic: including original Communications. London: Caxton Press_, 1823. +16mo. viii. + 476 pp. + +Most of the author's remarks are general. He, however, mentions Birkbeck +and advises emigrants to settle in the East rather than to go West as +Birkbeck advised. + +HULME, THOMAS. _Journal._ In Cobbett, "A Year's Residence in the United +States of America," 259-309. 3d ed. _Andover: B. Bensley_, 1828. + +The Journal was of a journey through the West in 1817. Birkbeck's +settlement and the manner of traveling were described. Some information in +regard to prices was given. + +HUTCHINS, Capt. THOMAS. _A topographical Description of Virginia, +Pennsylvania, Maryland, and North Carolina, comprehending the Rivers Ohio, +Kenhawa, Sioto, Cherokee, Wabash, Illinois, Mississippi, etc.... With a +Plan of the Rapids of the Ohio, a Plan of the several Villages in the +Illinois Country ... and an Appendix containing Mr. Patrick Kennedy's +Journal up the Illinois River. London: T. Hutchins_, 1778. 8vo. 67 pp. + +Valuable for its map of the Illinois country and a description of the +settlements. + +ILLINOIS AND WABASH LAND COMPANIES:-- + +_An Account of the Proceedings of the Illinois and Ouabache Land +Companies, in Pursuance of their Purchases made of the independent +Natives, July 5th, 1773, and 18th October, 1775. Philadelphia: William +Young_, 1796. 55 pp. + +_Memorial of the Illinois and Wabash Land Company, 13th January, 1797. +Referred to Mr. Jeremiah Smith, Mr. Kittera, and Mr. Baldwin. Published by +Order of the House of Representatives. Philadelphia: Richard Folwell_, [c. +1797.] 26 pp. + +_An Account of the Proceedings of the Illinois and Ouabache Land +Companies, in Pursuance of their Purchases made of the independent +Natives, July 5th, 1773, and 18th October, 1775. Philadelphia: William +Duane_, 1803. 74 pp. + +_Memorial of the Illinois and Ouabache Land Companies to the honorable +Congress of the United States. Intended as a full Recapitulation and clear +Statement of the former Addresses, Petitions, __ Memorials, &c., of the +Company; and their short and final Prayer for Redress, without Delay: +presented at the Sessions_, 1802. 20 pp. + +_Memorial of the United Illinois and Wabash Land Companies, to the Senate +and House of Representatives of the United States. Baltimore: Joseph +Robinson_, 1816. 48 pp. + +_Illinois, House Journal, 1824-25. Vandalia, Ill.: Robert Blackwell & +Co._, 1824. 305 pp. + +Contains items on slavery (pp. 13, 151-2), and tells of the election of a +U. S. senator to succeed Ninian Edwards (pp. 38-9). + +_Illinois Intelligencer. Edwardsville, Ill.: Hooper Warren, ed._, 1826-30. + +In St. Louis Mercantile Library. + +_Illinois Laws_, 1824-25. 190 pp. + +Pages 50-51 give the text of an act to amend an act entitled "An act +respecting free Negroes, Mulattoes, Servants, and Slaves," approved 30th +March, 1819. + +_Illinois monthly Magazine. Vandalia, Ill.: conducted by James Hall._ + +Notes on Illinois in Volumes I. and II. (1830-1832) and the History of St. +Louis in Volume II. are of some service. The articles are, however, +unsigned, and are of too popular a type to be wholly relied upon. + +_Illinois Revised Laws of 1833. Vandalia, Ill.: Greiner & Sherman_, 1833. +677 pp. and index. + +Contains the negro codes of 1819 and 1829, respectively. + +IMLAY, GILBERT. _A topographical Description of the Western Territory of +North America, containing a succinct Account of its Climate, natural +History, Population, Agriculture, Manners and Customs. London: J. +Debrett_, 1792. 8vo. xv. + 247 pp. _3d ed._, 1797, enlarged. More +valuable. + +The best early authority on the subject treated. Not very full in regard +to Illinois. Predicts western state-making. + +KEATING, WILLIAM H. _Narrative of an Expedition to the Source of St. +Peter's River, Lake Winnepeek, Lake of the Woods, __ &c., &c., performed +in the Year 1823 ... compiled from the Notes of Major Long, Messrs. Say, +Keating, and Colhoun. Philadelphia: Carey & Lea_, 1824. 2 vols. 8vo. I., +xii. + 439; II., 459 pp. Same, _London: Whittaker_, 1825. + +Contains an extremely interesting and important description of Chicago and +its vicinity, and in less detail, of northern Illinois. + +KINZIE, Mrs. JOHN H. (Juliette A. McGill Kinzie). _Wau-Bun, the __"__Early +Day__"__ in the North-West._ New edition with an introduction and notes by +Reuben Gold Thwaites. _Chicago: The Caxton Club_, 1901. xxvii. + 451 pp. + +This work, which first appeared in 1856, has the best account, not by an +eye-witness, of the massacre at Fort Dearborn in 1812. Mrs. Helm gives +this account. + +----_Narrative of the Massacre at Chicago, August 15, 1812, and of some +preceding Events. Chicago: Ellis & Fergus_, 1844. 34 pp. + +A valuable account, written by Mrs. Kinzie from the dictation of her +mother-in-law, who was an eye-witness of the massacre. Incorporated almost +verbatim in Mrs. Kinzie's "Wau-Bun." The edition of 1844 was the first, +not the second, as stated in the Chicago Magazine, I., 103, and repeated +by Dr. Thwaites. + +LAUSSAT, Count. _The military Title of Louisiana and the Territory of +Illinois, dated New Orleans, Jan. 12, 1804, and signed by Count Laussat, +Napoleon's Ambassador. It is also the order to Gen. De Lassus to deliver +the Territory over to Capt. Amos Stoddard, of the U. S. Artillery._ + +Original manuscript letter, in French, in the Illinois State Historical +Library, Springfield, Ill. + +LOOMIS, CHESTER A. _The Notes of a Journey to the Great West in 1825._ 28 +unnumbered pages, six chapters. Printed without place, name of publisher, +or date. + +The writer entered Illinois in the present Vermilion county, went south to +the Wabash, west to Vandalia, then to Kaskaskia. His observations are +acute and readable. Describes Vermilion county salines, Illinois farm +products, pioneer homes, and the inconvenience attendant upon traveling on +horseback. Bound with other pamphlets in the Champaign (Illinois) Public +Library. + +----_A Journey on Horseback through the Great West, in 1825. Visiting +Alleghany Towns, Olean, Warren, Franklin, Pittsburg, New Lisbon, Elyria, +Norfolk, Columbus, Zanesville, Vermilion, Kaskaskia, Vandalia, Sandusky, +and many other places. Bath, N. Y.; Plaindealer Press._ 27 unnumbered +pages. + +The writer was from Rushville, Ontario county, N. Y. Same as the +preceding. In library of State Historical Society of Wisconsin. + +_McLean County Historical Society, Transactions of the._ Vol. II. +_Bloomington, Ill.: Pantagraph Printing and Stationery Co._, 1903. 695 +pages. + +Some facts of interest concerning the first school in the county, and the +early settlers and their manner of living, are given by those old settlers +who were chief actors. + +_Mandements des Eveques de Quebec. Quebec: Imprimerie Generale A. Cote et +Cie._, 1887-88. I., (1659-1740), 588; II., (1741-1806), 566; III., +(1806-1850), 635; IV., (1850-1870), 794 pp. + +A valuable collection of manuscripts. They tell of a monopoly on sending +missionaries to Illinois, and one letter (II., 205) gives a good idea of +the worldliness of the Kaskaskians of 1767. The first two volumes alone +concern us. + +MASON, EDWARD G. (_Editor_). _Early Chicago and Illinois. Chicago: Fergus +Printing Co._, 1890. 521 pp. + +This volume is the fourth of the collections of the Chicago Historical +Society. It is one of the most valuable collections for the study of early +Illinois history. Contains, among other things, Pierre Menard Papers, John +Todd Papers, John Todd's Record-Book, Lists of Early Illinois Citizens, +and Rocheblave Papers. + +MEEKER, Dr. MOSES. _Early History of the Lead Region of Wisconsin. In Wis. +Hist. Coll._, VI., 271-96. _Madison, Wis.: Atwood & Culver, State +Printers_, 1872. + +Very valuable. Dr. Meeker came to Galena in 1822 and settled there in +1823. The article gives the history of the settlement of the lead region +to 1825. + +_Michigan pioneer and historical Collections. Lansing, Mich._, 1877-1900. +29 vols. + +Valuable for the French and British periods of Illinois history. + +_Mount Carmel, Articles of Association, for the City of. Chillicothe: John +Bailhache_, 1817. 4to. 22 pp. + +Mt. Carmel was to be, and now is, on the west bank of the Wabash in what +is now Wabash county, Illinois. The articles drawn up by the proprietors +and their agent contain curious provisions in regard to the support of +church and school. Some Puritanic rules are given. (In _Ill. Local Hist. +Pam._, VII., in Library of Wisconsin State Historical Society.) + +_Niles' weekly Register, Baltimore._ + +Of great value for the period 1811-1830. Its notices of foreign +immigration are extensive. + +OGDEN, GEORGE W. _Letters from the West. New-Bedford: Melcher & Rogers_, +1823. 126 pp. + +Describes several of the Illinois towns, and characterizes their +inhabitants. A part of the work is plagiarized from Harding, _Tour through +the western Country_. Reprinted in Thwaites, _Early western Travels_, XIX. + +_Olden Time_, I., 1846, 403-15. _George Croghan's Journal of his Route._ + +Interesting sketches of the French. + +OWEN, A. R. _Ums Jahr 1819 und 1829._ In _Deutsch-Amerikanische +Geschichtsblaetter_, Jahrgang 2, Heft 2, pp. 41-43. _Chicago: April_, 1902. + +Not sufficiently definite, reliable, or extensive to be of much value. + +PALMER, JOHN. _Journal of Travels in the United States of North America +and in Lower Canada, performed in the year 1817. London: Sherwood, Neely, +and Jones_, 1818. vii. 456 pp. + +Pages 411-20 are on Illinois. Too inaccurate to be of great value, +although some information in regard to roads may be used. Tells of routes, +methods, and cost of travel. + +PALMER, JOHN MCCAULEY. _Personal Recollections of John M. Palmer. +Cincinnati: The Robert Clarke Co._, 1901. 631 pp. + +The writer came to Illinois in 1831, but he had previously lived in +Kentucky, and he gives some facts concerning slavery that are of value. + +PARKISON, Col. DANIEL M. _Pioneer Life in Wisconsin._ In _Wis. Hist. +Coll._, II., 326-64. _Madison, Wis.: Calkins & Proudfit_, 1856. + +The author came from Tennessee to Madison county, Illinois, in 1817; in +1819, to Sangamon county, Illinois; in 1827, to Galena, Illinois. Gives a +valuable statement concerning the feeling of Yankees toward Southerners, +tells of the first sermon in Sangamon county, and of the Winnebago war of +1827. + +PECK, Rev. JOHN MASON. _A Guide for Emigrants_ (1831), _containing +Sketches of Illinois, Missouri, and the adjacent Parts. Boston: Lincoln & +Edmands_, 1831. 336 pp. + +Contains a great amount of fairly accurate information. Its description of +cities is especially useful. Page 184 gives an amusing and instructive +illustration of the need of energy and work in even a frontier settlement +(1829). + +----_Memoir of John Mason Peck, D. D., edited from his Journals and +Correspondence. By Rufus Babcock. Philadelphia: Am. Baptist Pub. Soc._, +1864. 12mo. 360 pp. + +Not in good literary form. Throws much light upon the moral and religious +life in Illinois and Missouri from 1817 to 1857. + +----_The Religion and Morals of Illinois prior to 1818. In Reynolds, Pioneer +History of Illinois_. Pp. 253-275. + +The writer came to Illinois before 1818, and knew many of the persons of +whom he wrote. + +_Pennsylvania Packet and daily Advertiser. Philadelphia_, 1785-89; _Apr._, +1789; _Mar._, 1790; _Apr.-Dec._, 1790. In Library of Wisconsin State +Historical Society. + +August 23, 1790, the expression of apprehension of the depopulation of the +East by emigration to the West is said not to be well founded. + +_Peoria County, Illinois, Marriage Licences, 1825-1855._ On file in the +court house in Peoria, Ill. + +The early names show the French origin of the inhabitants. The absence of +clergymen is noticeable. + +PIKE, Lieut. ZEBULON MONTGOMERY. _An Account of a Voyage up the +Mississippi River, from St. Louis to its Source; made under the Orders of +the War Department, by Lieut. Pike, of the U. S. Army, in the Years 1805 +and 1806. Compiled from Mr. Pike's Journal._ A 68 page pamphlet without +place, publisher, or date. + +Locates the largest Sauk village. These reports are of extreme importance. +An edition including the trip of 1807 was issued in 1895 by Harper, F. P., +New York. 3 vols. $10.00. + +_Pioneer of the Valley of the Mississippi, The. Rock Spring, Ill.: Rev. J. +M. Peck, editor._ + +Issue of April 24, 1829, in St. Louis Mercantile Library. + +PITTMAN, Capt. PHILIP. _The present State of the European Settlements on +the Mississippi, with a geographical Description of that River; +illustrated by Plans and Draughts. London: J. Nourse_, 1770. viii. +99 pp. +8 maps. + +Describes the settlements in Illinois and gives a map of the region. Of +great value. + +Criticism in _Narrative and Critical History of America_, VI., 702. + +_Regulators of the Valley._ + +Charles M. Eames, in his _Historic Morgan and Classic Jacksonville_ +(1885), says that a vigilance committee with the above title was formed in +1821, or thereabouts, to rid the country of horse-thieves and robbers. "A +regular constitution was drawn up and subscribed to, and this paper is +still in existence." C. M. Eames, son of the now deceased author, in a +letter of Oct. 7, 1903, said that he had made an unsuccessful search for +the manuscript. + +REYNOLDS, JOHN, _My own Times, embracing also, the History of my Life. +Belleville, Ill._, 1855. Reprinted, _Chicago: Fergus Printing Co._, 1879. +iv.+395 pp. $7.50. + +Verbose, but has much wheat among the chaff. Covers the period from 1800 +to 1853. The first edition is now very rare. + +ROSS, HARVEY LEE. _The early Pioneers and pioneer Events of the State of +Illinois. Chicago_, 1899. + +A medley of facts, written by a pioneer of 1820. The author was acquainted +with both Cartwright and Lincoln, and speaks of them and of pioneer events +with authority. Tells of a trip from New Jersey by wagons. + +SCHOOLCRAFT, HENRY ROWE. _Summary Narrative of an exploratory Expedition +to the Sources of the Mississippi River, in 1820; resumed and completed, +by the Discovery of its Origin in Itasca Lake, in 1832. By authority of +the United States. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Grambo, & Co._, 1855. 596 pp. + +The book is chiefly of interest to us because of its description of +Chicago. + +----_Travels in the central Portions of the Mississippi Valley: comprising +Observations on its mineral Geography, internal Resources, and aboriginal +Population. Performed under the Sanction of Government, in the Year 1821. +New York: Collins & Hannay_, 1825. 459 pp. + +The writer descended the Wabash, the Ohio, and then ascended the +Mississippi and the Illinois to Chicago. His descriptions of places, +peoples and things are well written and are a chief historical source. + +SCHULTZ, CHRISTIAN. _Travels on an inland Voyage through the States of +New-York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee, and +through the Territories of Indiana, Louisiana, Mississippi and +New-Orleans; performed in the Years 1807 and 1808. New York: Isaac Riley_, +1810. 2 vols. I., xviii.+206; II., 224 pp. + +Has an interesting description of Illinois settlements. + +SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY, _Editor. The St. Clair Papers. The Life and public +Services of Arthur St. Clair ... with his Correspondence and other Papers. +Cincinnati: Robert Clarke & Co._, 1882. 2 vols. I., viii.+609; II., 649 +pp. + +Much information concerning Illinois under the Ordinance of 1787. +Criticisms: _Nation_, XXXIV., 383; _New York Tribune, June_ 16, 1882. + +_Stories of the pioneer Mothers of Illinois. A collection of Manuscript +Letters from the pioneer Women of the State, giving their early +Experiences. Collected for the World's Columbian Exposition and afterward +deposited in the Illinois State Historical Library._ + +Especially valuable for information on reasons for immigration and on +methods of traveling. + +STORROW, SAMUEL A. _The North-West in 1817._ In _Wis. Hist. Coll._, VI., +pp. 154-87. _Madison, Wis.: Atwood & Culver, State Printers_, 1872. + +The narrative, which is in the form of a letter to Maj.-Gen. Brown, was +first published in pamphlet form. The letter is dated Dec. 1, 1817. It +deals chiefly with the country to the north of Illinois, but the author +visited Chicago, was entertained at Fort Dearborn, and wrote of the +desirability of an Illinois-Michigan canal. + +TENNEY, H. A. _Early Times in Wisconsin_. In _Wis. Hist. Coll._, I., pp. +94-102. _Madison, Wis.: Beriah Brown_, 1855. + +Written in 1849. Gives considerable information concerning the Galena +region. Tells of the size of Galena and of Springfield, Ill., in 1822. +Criticism: _Draper MSS., Z_ 24. + +THOMAS, Judge WILLIAM. _Reminiscences._ Printed in the _Jacksonville, +Ill., Weekly Journal, Apr._ 18, 1877. Clipping bound in _Ill. Local Hist. +Pamphlets_, V., in Library of Wisconsin State Historical Society. + +The article is of extreme interest to a student of early society in +Illinois. The author settled in Jacksonville, Ill., in 1826. His +observations were unusually acute. He was a lawyer and a teacher. He tells +of Yankees vs. Southerners, of early lawlessness, and of early Galena. + +----_Winnebago Outbreak of 1827._ In _Chicago Tribune, Apr._ 7, 1877. +Reprinted from the _Jacksonville (Ill.) Journal_ of Aug. 17, 1871. + +The article is important because the writer was a volunteer in the +campaign against the Winnebagoes. + +THWAITES, REUBEN GOLD. _Narrative of Morgan L. Martin. In an Interview +with the Editor_ [Thwaites]. In _Wis. Hist. Coll._, XI., pp. 385-415. +_Madison, Wis.: Democrat Printing Co., State Printers_, 1888. + +Page 398 gives an estimate of the population of Galena, which Martin +visited in 1829. + +TILLSON, CHRISTIANA HOLMES. _Reminiscences of early Life in Illinois._ +Privately printed--as late as 1870. iv.+138 pp. + +A very rare book. Copy in the Chicago Historical Society Library. The best +book I know of from which to secure a knowledge of life in Illinois from +1822 to 1827. The writer was observant, and her command of English is far +superior to that of many old persons who write reminiscences. Of great +value. + +VAN ZANDT, NICHOLAS BIDDLE. _A full Description of the Soil, Water, +Timber, and Prairies of each Lot, or quarter Section of the Military Lands +between the Mississippi and Illinois Rivers. Washington City: P. Force_, +1818. 8vo. 127 pp. + +Rare and valuable. Pages 109-25 contain a venomous account of Birkbeck's +settlement in Illinois. In Library of Wisconsin State Historical Society. + +_Vermont. Records of the Council of Safety and Governor and Council of the +State of Vermont, to which are prefixed the Records of the general +Conventions from July, 1775, to December, 1777. Montpelier: J. & J. M. +Poland, 1873-80._ 8 vols. + +Vol. VI., 431-2 contains remarks of Governor Galusha on the scarcity of +food in 1816. + +_Virginia Patriot and Richmond mercantile Advertiser. Richmond, Va., +Apr.-Dec., 1816._ In Library of Wisconsin State Historical Society. + +Sept. 7, 11, 21, 1816, tell of the cold in New England and the drought in +the South. + +VOLNEY, CONSTANTIN FRANCOIS CHASSE-BOEUF. _A View of the Soil and Climate +of the United States of America: with supplementary Remarks upon Florida; +on the French Colonies on the Mississippi and Ohio, and in Canada; and on +the aboriginal Tribes of America. Philadelphia, 1804. London, 1804._ xxv. ++ 446 pp. + +Translated by C. B. Brown. The author gives a moderately full description +of the Illinois of the close of the 18th century. Valuable for +characterization of the inhabitants. + +WASHBURNE, ELIHU BENJAMIN. _Sketch of Edward Coles, second Governor of +Illinois, and of the slavery Struggle of 1823-4. Prepared for the Chicago +Historical Society. Chicago: Jansen, McClurg & Co., 1882._ 253 pp. + +Indispensable for a specialist in this period of Illinois history. Well +written. Quotes many letters. + +---- _Editor_. _The Edwards Papers. (Volume II. of the Chicago Historical +Society's Collections.) Chicago: Fergus Printing Co., 1884._ 8 + xxviii. + +633 pp. + +Pages 86-90 give Capt. Thos. E. Craig's official report to Governor +Edwards of the attack on Peoria in 1812. The volume has a description of +Peoria in 1827, and considerable information concerning the Indian +troubles of that year. + +WELBY, ADLARD, Esq. _A Visit to North America and the English Settlements +in Illinois, with a winter Residence at Philadelphia; __ solely to +ascertain the actual Prospects of the emigrating Agriculturist, Mechanic, +and Commercial Speculator. London: J. Drury,_ 1821. 16mo. xii.+224 pp. + +_Wheeling, Va. Report of a Meeting of Workingmen in the City of Wheeling, +Virginia, on forming a Settlement in the State of Illinois._ 12 pp. + +The report is dated Oct. 4, 1830. Printed without place and publisher's +name. In Library of Chicago Historical Society. Rare. It set forth a +scheme for purchasing and settling a county in Illinois. + +WILLIAMS, SAMUEL. _Sketches of the War, between the United States and the +British Isles: intended as a faithful History of all the material Events +from the Time of the Declaration in 1812 to and including the Treaty of +Peace in 1815. Rutland, Vt.: Fay & Davison_, 1815. 496 pp. + +Contains Capt. Heald's official account of the massacre at Fort Dearborn, +August 15, 1812. + +WOODS, JOHN. _Two Years' Residence in the Settlement on the English +Prairie, in the Illinois Country, U. S. With an Account of its animal and +vegetable Productions, Agriculture, &c. &c. A Description of the principal +Towns, Villages, &c. &c. With the Habits and Customs of the Back-woodsmen. +London: Longman & others_, 1822. 310 pp. + +Of great value. Unusually conservative as to Illinois advantages, but +apparently truthful. + +WRIGHT, JOHN S. _Letters from the West; or, A Caution to Emigrants. Salem, +N. Y.: Dodd & Stevenson,_ 1819. 72 pp. + +A series of letters from one who traveled through the West in 1818-19. In +a fair manner the discouragements which emigrants may expect to meet are +portrayed. In Library of Chicago Historical Society. + + + + +II. Secondary Works. + + +ABBOTT, JOHN STEVENS CABOT. _History of Maine from the earliest Discovery +of the Region by the Northmen until the present Time. Boston: B. B. +Russell_, 1875. 556 pp. + +Tells of the "Ohio fever," which raged about the close of the war of 1812, +and which furnished some settlers to Illinois. + +AGNEW, Hon. DANIEL, LL. D. _History of the Region of Pennsylvania north of +the Ohio and west of the Allegheny River ... also, an Account of the +Division of the Territory for public Purposes, and of the Lands, Laws, +Titles, Settlements, Controversies, and Litigation within this Region. +Philadelphia: Kay & Brother,_ 1887. 4+246 pp. + +The work shows the price at which Pennsylvania public lands sold at the +time Illinois was being settled. + +ALLEN, J. A. _American Bisons, living and extinct. Cambridge, Mass.: +Welch, Bigelow, & Co._, 1876. ix.+246 pp. and 12 plates. + +Carefully done. Tells of the great herds of buffalo early found in +Illinois and of their extermination in that region. + +ALLEN, WILLIAM FRANCIS. _The Place of the North-West in general History._ +Pages 92-111 of the author's _Essays and Monographs. Boston: Geo. H. +Ellis_, 1890. 392 pp. Found also in _Papers of the Am. Hist. Ass'n_., +III., pp. 329-48. + +Good for a view of our subject as connected with larger portions of the +world's history. + +_Alton city Directory_, 1858. _Alton, Ill.: McEvoy & Bowron_, 1858. 156 +pp. + +A short historical sketch of Alton is given. Its authority is on a par +with that of county histories. + +_American historical Review._ New York. Vol. IV., 623-35. See Boyd, Carl +Evans, below. + +ANDREAS, A. T. _History of Chicago from the earliest Period to the present +Time. Chicago: A. T. Andreas_, 1884. I., 648; II., 780; III., 876 pp. + +Only pages 31-111 of Volume I. concern the period before 1830. The +narrative is written with considerable care, and the work is especially +rich in copies of old maps, having not fewer than two dozen before 1830. + +ASBURY, HENRY. _Reminiscences of Quincy, Illinois, containing historical +Events, Anecdotes, Matters concerning old Settlers and old Times, etc. +Quincy, Ill.: D. Wilcox & Sons_, 1882. 224 pp. + +Tells of the first settlement of Adams county, under the congressional act +of Jan. 13, 1825. The large number of New Englanders is suggestive of the +increase of northern over southern immigration. + +_Atlantic Monthly. Boston and London._ Vol. II., 579-95. (May, 1861.) See +Clarke, S. C. + +BARBER, JOHN WARNER, and HOWE, HENRY. _All the Western States and +Territories, from the Alleghanies to the Pacific, and from the Lakes to +the Gulf. Cincinnati: Howe's Subscription Book Concern_, 1867. 16mo. 733 +pp. + +Pages 195-250 are on Illinois. Early settlement, Clark's campaign, and the +Chicago Massacre of 1812 are described. The work is popular in character, +yet its citation of sources makes it of some value. + +BARRY, Hon. P. T. _The first Irish in Illinois. Reminiscent of Old +Kaskaskia Days._ In _Trans. of the Ill. State Hist. Soc._, 1902. +_Springfield, Ill.: Phillips Bros., State Printers_, 1902. pp. 63-70. + +Almost exclusively concerned with the period before 1830. Tells of the +work of Chevalier Makarty, George Croghan, John Reynolds, and of the Irish +soldiers under George Rogers Clark. + +BARSTOW, GEORGE. _The History of New Hampshire, from its Discovery, in +1614, to the Passage of the Toleration Act in 1819. 2d ed. New York: G. P. +Putnam & Co._, 1853. 8vo. iv. +456 pp. + +Gives a short account of the unusual cold of 1816-17, which affected +western immigration. There is nothing to indicate that the second edition +is not an exact reprint of the first. Copyright, 1842. + +BECK, LEWIS C. _A Gazetteer of the States of Illinois and Missouri; +containing a general View of each State, a general View of their Counties, +and a particular Description of their Towns, Villages, Rivers, &c., &c. +Albany: Charles R. and George Webster,_ 1823. 352 pp. + +165 pages are devoted to Illinois. Much interesting material is given, but +the nature of the publication makes caution in its use necessary. + +BECKLEY, HOSEA, A. M. _The History of Vermont; with Descriptions, physical +and topographical. Brattleboro: George H. Salisbury_, 1846. 16mo. 396 pp. + +Describes the effects of the unusual cold of 1816-17, which greatly +affected western emigration. + +BECKWITH, HIRAM WILLIAMS. _Historic Notes on the North-west, gleaned from +early Authors, old Maps and Manuscripts, private and official +Correspondence, and other authentic, though, for the most part, +out-of-the-way Sources._ (In _Hist. of Vermilion County, Ill. Chicago: H. +H. Hill & Co._, 1879. 11-304 pp). + +Deals with the period before Illinois became a state (1818). "The +authorities consulted show a large range of acquaintance with the very +best sources of information extant"--Lyman C. Draper. Strong on French and +Indians. + +----_A brief History of Danville, Illinois, with a concise Statement of its +mining, manufacturing, and commercial Advantages. Danville, Ill.: Danville +Printing Co._, 1874. 11 pp. (unnumbered). + +Slight, but tells of the beginnings of the city in the third decade of the +19th century. + +BECKWITH, PAUL. _Creoles of St. Louis. St. Louis: Nixon-Jones Printing +Co._, 1893. 169 pp. + +The genealogy of the five branches of the Chouteau family is given. As +many of this family were prominent in early Illinois the work is of some +interest, although not wholly reliable. + +BEGGS, Rev. STEPHEN R. _Pages from the early History of the West and +North-West: embracing Reminiscences and Incidents of Settlement and +Growth, and Sketches of the material and religious Progress of the States +of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Missouri, with especial Reference to the +History of Methodism. Cincinnati: Methodist Book Concern_, 1868. 325 pp. + +Good upon the beginnings of northern Illinois. Tells of the Chicago +massacre (1812), of the work of Rev. Jesse Walker, and of early pioneer +life. No clerical bias, in the bad sense. + +BERNHEIM, G. D. _History of the German Settlements and of __ the Lutheran +Church in North and South Carolina, from the earliest Period of the +Colonization of the Dutch, German and Swiss Settlers to the Close of the +first Half of the present Century. Philadelphia: The Lutheran Book Store_, +1872. ix.+557 pp. + +Pages 471-3 tell of the North Carolina Synod sending a missionary to +Illinois in 1827. + +BIRNEY, WILLIAM. _James G. Birney and his Times. The Genesis of the +Republican Party with some Account of abolition Movements in the South +before 1828. New York: D. Appleton & Co._, 1890. 24mo. x.+443 pp. + +Chapter 12 is on abolition in the South before 1828. The work is helpful +in learning the conditions from which southern emigrants moved. + +BLANCHARD, RUFUS. _Discovery and Conquest of the Northwest, with the +History of Chicago. Wheaton: R. Blanchard & Co., 1879. Chicago: Cushing_, +1880. 768 pp. 8vo. + +A well-written and valuable book for discovery and conquest, but of little +value for a study of mere immigration before 1831. What it has of +immigration is almost exclusively confined to immigration to the region of +the present Chicago. + +----_History of Illinois, to accompany an historical Map of the State. +Chicago: National School Furnishing Company_, 1883. 128 pp. + +The text is a disconnected symposium, and has in some cases been +superseded by later research. The map is the most valuable part of the +work. It is 27-1/2x42-1/2 inches in size, mounted on heavy cloth, and shows, +with dates, Indian trails, routes of exploring and military expeditions, +early stage and mail routes, historic sites, dates of settlement of the +principal towns. + +BONHAM, JERIAH. _Fifty Years' Recollections with Observations and +Reflections on historical Events, giving Sketches of eminent +Citizens--their Lives and public Services. Peoria: J. W. Franks & Sons_, +1883. 536 pp. + +The "fifty years" seem to have begun shortly after 1830. The biographical +sketches, however, give several facts in regard to the origin and +immigration of such early leaders as Coles, Edwards, Reynolds, Carlin, and +others. + +BOYD, CARL EVANS. _County of Illinois, The. Am. Hist. Rev._, IV., 623-35. +July, 1899. + +A scholarly history of Virginia's ephemeral County of Illinois, although +in error as to the dates of its beginning and ending, respectively. + +BRACKENRIDGE, HENRY MARIE, Esq. _History of the late War between the +United States and Great Britain. Containing a minute Account of the +various military and naval Operations. Baltimore: Cushing, 1817. 4th ed. +Baltimore: Cushing & Jewett_, 1818. xxiv.+348 pp. _6th ed. Philadelphia: +James Kay_, 1839. 298 pp. + +Valuable. Several times translated. Impartial. Gives a short account of +the massacre at Fort Dearborn, August 15, 1812. + +BROWN, CHARLES R. _The Old Northwest Territory: its Missions, Forts, and +trading Posts. Kalamazoo, Mich.: Brown, Moore & Quale_, 1875. 32 pp. + +The work consists of an historical and chronological map (14-1/2 x 15 +inches), and notes upon the 94 sites located upon it. Eleven of the sites +are in Illinois. Valuable and suggestive, although deficient in citation +of authorities. + +BROWN, HENRY. _The History of Illinois from its first Discovery and +Settlement to the present Time. New York: J. Winchester_, 1844. vi.+492 +pp. + +The author confesses to having written in haste and to having borrowed +stories from other states simply to amuse his readers. Worthless except to +furnish a few topics which one may wish to verify. Criticism: _Draper +MSS_., Z No. 2. + +BROWN, SAMUEL R. _The Western Gazetteer; or, Emigrant's Directory, (1817) +containing a geographical Description of the western States and +Territories, viz., the States of Ky., Ind., La., O., Tenn., and Miss., and +the Territories of Ill., Mo., Ala., Mich., and N. Western, with an +Appendix containing Sketches of some of the western Counties of N. Y., Pa. +and Va.; a description of the Gt. Northern Lakes; Indian Annuities, and +Directions to Emigrants. Auburn, N. Y.: H. C. Southwick_, 1817. 360 pp. + +Pages 17-35 give an inaccurate description of Illinois' population and +resources. + +BROWN, WILLIAM HUBBARD. _An historical Sketch of the early Movement in +Illinois for the Legalization of Slavery, read at the annual Meeting of +the Chicago Historical Society, Dec. 5, 1864._ + +_Chicago: Fergus Printing Co._, 1876. 31 pp. _Fergus hist. Series_, No. 4. +8vo. 25 cents. + +Especially valuable for the great struggle over slavery in Illinois in +1822-24. First printed in 1865, under the auspices of the Chicago +Historical Society. + +BUCKLEY, JAMES MONROE. _A History of Methodists in the United States._ +(Volume V. of _American Church History_.) _New York: The Christian +Literature Co._, 1896. xix.+714 pp. + +Tells of the founding of Lebanon Seminary, later McKendree College, at +Lebanon, Ill., in 1828. + +_Chicago City Directory, for the Year 1855-56, and Northern Illinois +Gazetteer. Chicago: Robert Fergus_, 1855. 150+xxxii.+208+128 pp. + +Of slight value for our purpose, although the historical introductions to +the directories of the various cities and towns have a few usable +statements. + +_Chicago daily Democratic Press. Railroads, History and Commerce of +Chicago, three Articles. 2d ed. Chicago: Democratic Press Job and Book +Steam Print_, 1854. 80 pp. + +Of considerable interest, although many statements are of too late a date +to be used. + +_Chicago Magazine. Chicago, Ill._ + +I., 103-16 (1857), gives an account of the massacre at Fort Dearborn, +August 15, 1812, largely taken from the Kinzie narrative. + +_Chicago Sunday Tribune, Nov._ 28, 1897. + +New light thrown on Old Fort Dearborn. An account of the finding of +important records in the archives of the U. S. government. The archives +contained the original order for building a fort where Fort Dearborn later +stood (order of 1803), and sketches of Fort Dearborn as early as January, +1808. The sketches are reproduced. + +CLARKE, S. C. _Prairie State, The._ (_Atlantic Monthly_, VII., 579-595, +_May_, 1861.) + +Well written and treats a large number of subjects. + +COPELAND, LOUIS ALBERT, B. L. _The Cornish in southwest Wisconsin._ Pages +301-334 of _Wis. Hist. Coll._, XIV. _Madison, Wis.: Democrat Printing Co., +State Printer_, 1898. + +Gives several facts concerning the early history of the Galena region. +Most of the Cornish, however, came after 1830. + +DANA, E. _Geographical Sketches on the Western Country: designed for +Emigrants and Settlers: being the Result of extensive Researches and +Remarks. To which is added a Summary of all the most interesting Matters +on the Subject, including a particular Description of the unsold public +Lands, ... also, a List of the principal Roads. Cincinnati: Looker, +Reynolds & Co._, 1819. 312 pp. + +Pages 133-156 are devoted to Illinois. A suggestion of the fraudulent +count in the census of 1818 is given. + +----_A Description of the bounty Lands in the State of Illinois: also, the +principal Roads and Routes, by Land and Water, through the Territory of +the United States. Cincinnati: Looker, Reynolds & Co._, 1819. 12mo. 108 +pp. + +Gives very few references to settlement and few descriptions of historic +sites. + +DAVIDSON, ALEXANDER, _and_ STUVE, BERNARD. _A complete History of Illinois +from 1673 to 1873; embracing the physical Features of the Country; its +early Explorations, aboriginal Inhabitants; French and British Occupation; +Conquest by Virginia; territorial Condition and the subsequent civil, +military and political Events of the State. Springfield, Ill.: Ill. +Journal Co._, 1874. 944 pp. + +Crude, but no specialist in Illinois history should be without it. Not +minute in treatment of immigration. + +_Decatur, Macon County, Illinois, History of. Decatur, Ill.: Compiled and +published by Wiggins & Co., Cleveland, O._, 1871. 51 pp. + +A symposium without historical merit. Almost exclusively of a later period +than 1830, but tells of the first settlement of the county in 1820. + +DRAKE, SAMUEL ADAMS. _The Making of the Ohio Valley States, 1660-1837. New +York: Charles Scribner's Sons_, 1894. 16mo. 269 pp. + +A very few pages are devoted to Illinois, and naturally the larger events +alone are noted. + +DREW, BENJAMIN. _The Refugee; or, The Narratives of fugitive Slaves in +Canada. Related by themselves, with an Account of the History and +Condition of the colored Population of Upper Canada. Boston: John P. +Jewett & Co._, 1856. 12mo. 387 pp. + +A few of the refugees whose escapes are narrated passed through Illinois +on the Underground Railroad. + +EAMES, CHARLES M. _Historic Morgan and Classic Jacksonville. Jacksonville, +Ill.: Daily Journal Steam Job Printing Office_, 1885. 336 pp. In Library +of Chicago Historical Society. + +Of great interest because of its details concerning early methods of +travel and concerning the beginnings in Morgan county. Deals with pioneer +and slavery history. + +EDWARDS, NINIAN WIRT. _History of Illinois, from 1778 to 1833; and Life +and Times of Ninian Edwards. Springfield, Ill.: Ill. State Journal Co._, +1870. 549 + iii. pp. + +Written by the son of Gov. Ninian Edwards. Not in good form, but has much +authentic material. + +_Family Magazine: or, Monthly Abstract of general Knowledge. New York, +Boston, Cincinnati._ + +Volumes IV. (1837) and V. (1839) have short articles on Illinois, which +are too light to be taken seriously. + +FARMER, SILAS. _The History of Detroit and Michigan, or the Metropolis +illustrated. A chronological Cyclopedia of the Past end Present, including +a full Record of territorial Days in Michigan and the Annals of Wayne +County. Detroit: Silas Farmer & Co._, 1884. Revised and enlarged, 1890. 2 +vols. + +Valuable for information concerning Clark, Hamilton, Vigo, and La Balme. + +FLAGLER, Major D. W. _A History of the Rock Island Arsenal from its +establishment in 1863 to December, 1876: and of the Island of Rock Island, +the Site of the Arsenal, from 1804 to 1863. Washington: Government +Printing Office_, 1877. 483 pp. 13 plates, 2 pictures. + +The first chapter of the book refers to the first white settlement in the +region of Rock Island, about 1828. + +FORD, GOV. THOMAS. _A History of Illinois, from its Commencement __ as a +State in 1818 to 1847. Containing a full Account of the Black Hawk War, +the Rise, Progress, and Fall of Mormonism, the Alton and Lovejoy Riots, +and other important and interesting Events. Chicago: S. C. Griggs & Co._, +1854. 447 pp. + +As the title indicates, the book is chiefly valuable for a period later +than 1830. It is also largely political. The first one hundred and ten +pages will be found useful and deal to some extent with the social life +when the state was young. Criticism: _Draper MSS._, Z 13. + +GERHARD, FRED. _Illinois as it is; its History, Geography, Statistics, +Constitution, Laws, Government, Finances, Climate, Soil, Plants, Animals, +State of Health, Prairies, Agriculture, Cattle-breeding, Orcharding, +Cultivation of the Grape, Timber-growing, Market-prices, Lands and +Land-prices ... etc. Philadelphia: Charles Desilver_, 1857. 451 pp. + +Pages 13-137 are devoted to the history of Illinois. The author is +conspicuously accurate and treats a large number of topics. A valuable +secondary work. + +_Glimpses of the Monastery. Scenes from the History of the Ursulines of +Quebec during two hundred Years, 1639-1839. By a Member of the Community. +Second edition, completed by Reminiscences of the last fifty Years, +1839-1889. Quebec: L. J. Domers & Frere_, 1897. ix.+418+184 pp. + +Pages 84-93 of the first pagination give a suggestive discussion of the +capability of the Indian for civilization. + +GREEN, THOMAS MARSHALL. _Historic Families of Kentucky. (First Series.) +Cincinnati: Robert Clarke & Co._, 1889. 304 pp. + +Gives a few facts concerning John Todd and John Todd Stuart, who were +active in Illinois. The latter was a cousin of Mary Todd Lincoln and had +much early influence upon Lincoln. The volume deals with McDowells, +Logans, and Allens. Well written and valuable. + +HAIGHT, WALTER C., _B. L. The Ordinance of 1787._ (pp. 343-402 of _Pub. of +the Mich. Pol. Sci. Ass'n._ II.), 1896, 1897. + +A discussion of the binding effect of the Ordinance of 1787. The question +has a close connection with slavery in Illinois. + +HALL, B. F. _The early History of the North Western States, __ embracing +New York, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Iowa and Wisconsin, with +their land Laws, etc., and an Appendix containing the Constitutions of +those States. Buffalo: Geo. H. Derby & Co., 1849._ Duodecimo. 477 pp. + +Statements made in this book must be carefully verified. The rise of +conflicting land titles is fairly well treated. + +HARRIS, N. DWIGHT, Ph. D. _The History of Negro Servitude in Illinois and +of the slavery Agitation in that State 1719-1864. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & +Co., 1904._ 276 pp. + +An erudite work, compiled from many sources previously unused. + +HAYES, A. A., Jr. _The Metropolis of the Prairies. (Harper's New Monthly +Mag._, LXI., 711-730, Oct. 1880). + +A readable popular article. Chiefly concerned with events later than 1830. + +HEATON, JOHN L. _The Story of Vermont. Boston: D. Lothrop Co., 1889._ 319 +pp. + +Has an interesting chapter of twenty pages on The Great West. More +reliable than so popular a book usually is. + +HENDERSON, JOHN G. _Early History of the __"__Sangamon Country,__"__ being +Notes on the first Settlements in the Territory now comprised within the +Limits of Morgan, Scott and Cass Counties. Davenport, Iowa: Day, Egbert & +Fidlar, 1873._ 33 pp. + +Of great interest for a study of early troubles with the Indians. Treats +of East _vs._ South in Illinois and of Regulators. Deals almost +exclusively with the period before 1830. Compiled largely from interviews +with old settlers, hence not wholly reliable. + +HINSDALE, BURKE AARON. _The Old Northwest with a View of the thirteen +Colonies as constituted by the royal Charters. New York: Townsend MacCoun, +1888._ 8vo. 440 pp. _2d ed., rev. New York: Silver, Burdett & Co., 1899._ +$2.50. + +In general only the boldest outlines of immigration to Illinois are +sketched. The slavery struggle in Illinois (1822-24) is treated with +comparative fullness. Criticism: _Boston Herald, July 2, 1888_. + +HOSKINS, NATHAN. _A History of the State of Vermont, from its Discovery +and Settlement to the Close of the Year 1830. Vergennes: J. Shedd, 1831._ +12 mo. 316 pp. + +Tells of the unusually cold summer of 1816. + +HOWE, HENRY. _Historical Collections of the great West: containing +Narratives of the most important and interesting Events in western +History--remarkable individual Adventures--Sketches of frontier +Life--Descriptions of natural Curiosities: to which is appended historical +and descriptive Sketches of Oregon, New Mexico, Texas, Minnesota, Utah and +California. Cincinnati: Henry Howe, 1853._ 8vo. 440 pp. + +Compiled from a large number of sources, largely secondary. + +HUBBARD, GEORGE D. _A Case of geographic Influence upon human Affairs._ +Pages 145-157 of _Bulletin of the American Geographical Society_, XXXVI., +No. 3, _March_, 1904. _Pub. by the Society, New York._ + +A scientific discussion of the effect of glaciation upon the character of +the people of different portions of Illinois. + +HULBERT, ARCHER BUTLER. _Red-Men's Roads. The Indian Thoroughfares of the +central West. Columbus, Ohio: Fred J. Heer & Co., 1900._ 37 pp. + +The book has many maps and is a help toward an understanding of the ways +by which early settlers reached Illinois. + +HYNES, Rev. THOMAS W. _History of a Century. An Address delivered at +Greenville, Bond Co., Ill., on July 4, 1876._ + +A newspaper clipping, bound, without the name of the paper from which it +was taken, in _Illinois Local History Pamphlets_, V., in Library of the +Wisconsin State Historical Society. It contains a valuable historical +letter from Mrs. Almira Morse, a resident as early as 1820. + +_Illinois. Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois. Chicago and New York: +Munsell Pub. Co., 1900._ 608 pp. + +Edited by Newton Bateman, LL. D., and Paul Selby, A. M. Much more reliable +than many books of the same literary type. + +_International Monthly. Burlington, Vt._, IV., 794-820. See Turner, +Frederick Jackson. + +JAMES, EDMUND JANES, and LOVELESS, MILO J. _A Bibliography of Newspapers +published in Illinois prior to 1860. Springfield, Ill., Phillips Bros., +State Printers, 1899._ 94 pp. + +A very valuable work. An appendix gives a list of the Illinois and +Missouri papers (1808-1897) in the St. Louis Mercantile Library, while a +second appendix enumerates the county histories of Illinois and tells +where they may be found. + +JOHNSON, ERIC and PETERSON, C. F. _Svenskarne i Illinois. Chicago: W. +Williamson, 1880._ 471 pp. + +Chiefly valuable for a later period. The salient points of early Illinois +history are canvassed. + +KINGDOM, WILLIAM, Jr. _America and the British Colonies, an abstract of +all the most useful Information relative to the United States of America, +and the British Colonies of Canada, the Cape of Good Hope, New South +Wales, and Van Diemen's Island. London: G. and W. B. Whittaker, 1820._ +16mo. 359 pp. + +Pages 61-73 describe Illinois and give some judicious advice to emigrants. +Conservative, but not cynical. Entire pages are reprinted from other +authors, notably Fearon, without the use of quotation marks. + +KINGSTON, Hon. JOHN T. _Early Western Days._ (In _Wis. Hist. Coll._, VII., +297-344). _Madison, Wis.: E. B. Bolens, 1876._ + +Gives a short account of the slavery struggle in Illinois in 1822-24. + +---- _Slavery in Illinois. Necedah, Wis.: Necedah Republican._ 6 pp. +Reprinted, without date, in pamphlet form. In Library of State Historical +Society of Wisconsin. + +A very short sketch of slavery in Illinois from its introduction in +1719-20. + +KIRKLAND, JOSEPH. _The Story of Chicago. Chicago: Dibble Pub. Co., 1892._ +470 pp. + +The book makes large reference to authorities and is in consequence +valuable for reference. + +KOeRNER, GUSTAV. _Das deutsche Element in den Vereinigten Staaten von +Nordamerika, 1818-1848. Cincinnati: A. E. Wilde & Co., 1880._ 16mo. 461 +pp. + +The 12th chapter (pp. 244-81) treats of German settlement in Illinois. +Tells of the first German and Swiss settlements in the state. Naturally +this chapter and the work as a whole is largely concerned with a period +later than 1830. + +LAW, Judge JOHN. _Address delivered before the Vincennes Historical and +Antiquarian Society, February 22, 1839. Louisville, __ Ky.: Prentice & +Weissinger_, 1839. 48 pp. Enlarged and reprinted as _The colonial History +of Vincennes. Vincennes: Harvey, Mason & Co_., 1858. 156 pp. + +Of great value on account of its description of Clark's campaign, and its +notes on Mermet, Gibault, Hamilton, Tecumseh, La Balme, and on the public +lands. + +LAWRENCE, JOHN. _The History of the Church of the United Brethren in +Christ. Dayton, Ohio: W. J. Shuey_, 1868. 2 vols. I., vi.+416; II., +vii.+431 pp. + +The book contains many facts concerning early emigration and settlement. +Its bearing on early Illinois history is, however, slight. + +LEATON, Rev. JAMES. _History of Methodism in Illinois, from 1793 to 1832. +Cincinnati: Walden & Stowe_, 1883. 410 pp. + +Very interesting notes on Peter Cartwright, Jesse Walker, and other +pioneers. + +LEE, FRANCIS BAGLEY. _New Jersey as a Colony and as a State. New York: The +Publishing Soc. of New Jersey_, 1902. 4 vols. I., 422; II., 456; III., +400; IV., 402 pp. + +The work is superbly printed and illustrated and contains a vast amount of +information, but is totally lacking in bibliography or references, except +a few indications in the index to the illustrations. + +LOeHER, FRANZ. _Geschichte und Zustaende der Deutschen in Amerika. +Cincinnati: Eggers & Wulkop_, 1847. v.+544 pp. + +The chapters of especial interest to us are "Ausstroemen der Yankees," pp. +237-41; "Einwanderung von 1815 bis 1830," pp. 253-58; "Die Wohnsitze" +(Illinois and Missouri), pp. 337-40. The author cites many authorities, +and his book is of very great value in the study of the assimilation of an +expatriated people. + +LOTHROP, J. S. _J. S. Lothrop's Champaign County (Ill.) Directory for +1870-1, with History of the same, and of each Township therein. Chicago: +J. S. Lothrop_, 1871. + +Tells a great many things--several of which are false--concerning the early +period of Illinois history. + +LUSK, D. W. _Eighty Years of Illinois Politics and Politicians, Anecdotes +and Incidents. A succinct History of the State, 1809-1889. 3d ed. Revised +and enlarged. Springfield, Ill.: H. W. Rokker_, 1889. 609+109 pp. + +The 609 pages are political. The 109 pages have a great interest, dealing +as they do with the beginnings of Illinois. Secondary sources are largely +quoted. Not exact enough for critical work, yet very suggestive. + +M'AFEE, ROBERT B. _History of the late War in the Western Country, +comprising a full Account of all the Transactions in that Quarter, from +the Commencement of Hostilities at Tippecanoe, to the Termination of the +Contest at New Orleans on the Return of Peace. Lexington, Ky.: Worsley & +Smith, 1816._ 8vo. 534 pp. + +Very rare. In the Chicago Historical Society Library. A valuable book. +Describes the attack on Fort Dearborn in 1812. + +MACKENZIE, E. _An historical, topographical, and descriptive View of the +United States of America, and of Upper and Lower Canada ... the present +State of Mexico and South America, and also of the native Tribes of the +New World. Newcastle-upon-Tyne: Mackenzie & Dent, 1819._ viii. + 432 pp. + +The four pages devoted to Illinois are interesting and fairly reliable, +though scarcely up to date. The author mentions eighteen works used in +compiling his book. + +MCLAUGHLIN, ANDREW C. _Lewis Cass. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1891._ +363 pp. $1.25. + +Describes the expedition of General Cass to northern Illinois during the +Sauk outbreak of 1827. Criticism: _Nation_, LIII., 204. + +MARIETTA, O. _Report of the Commissioners of the National Centennial +Celebration of the Early Settlement of the Territory North West of the +Ohio River, ... held at Marietta, O., July 15-19, inclusive, 1888. +Columbus, O.: The Westbote Company, State Printers, 1889._ 292 pp. + +Contains many speeches of varying historical accuracy and importance. + +MASON, EDWARD GAY. _Chapters from Illinois History. Chicago: Herbert S. +Stone, 1901._ 322 pp. + +Scholarly and accurate, and rich in citation of sources. Tells of Old Fort +Chartres, John Todd's Record-Book, the march of the Spaniards across +Illinois, and the Chicago massacre. + +---- _March of the Spaniards across Illinois._ (In his _Chapters of Illinois +History, Chicago, 1901_; also in _Mag. of Am. Hist._ N. Y., XV., 457-469, +1886.) + +Refers to a number of sources. The march is that of 1781 against St. +Joseph. + +MATHER, IRWIN F. _The Making of Illinois. Chicago: A. Flanagan, 1900._ 292 +pp. + +The work is strong in the number of subjects which it treats. The Illinois +of our period is well covered. The bibliography cites many valuable +sources, but no references are given in the body of the work. The date of +the founding of the village of Kaskaskia is given as 1695--a confusion of +the mission on the Illinois River with the later village of the same name. + +MAYO, A. D. _Western Emigration and Western Character._ (_Christian +Examiner_, N. Y., LXXXII., 265-82, 1867.) + +The subject is well treated, but the value of the article for our purpose +is not so great as it would have been if confined to the early period. + +MEIGS, WILLIAM M. _The Life of Thomas Hart Benton. Philadelphia and +London: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1904._ 535 pp. + +The work throws much light upon the policy of the United States in regard +to the sale of public lands, and the attitude of the West towards that +policy. + +MELISH, JOHN. _A geographical Description of the United States, with the +contiguous British and Spanish Possessions. Philadelphia: John Melish, +1816._ 182 pp. + +A trifle over one page is devoted to Illinois. Of interest only as showing +what was presented to the East at the time concerning Illinois. Melish was +a professional map and gazetteer maker. His work typifies that of the +geographers of the time, who described the world with marvelous audacity. + +---- _A geographical Description of the United States, with the contiguous +Countries, including Mexico and the West Indies. Philadelphia: John +Melish, 1822._ v.+491 pp. + +Seven pages are devoted to Illinois. The description of several Illinois +towns is useful. This was a second and much improved edition of the +author's similar work of 1816. + +---- _Information and Advice to Emigrants to the United States: and from the +Eastern to the Western States: illustrated by a Map of the United States +and a Chart of the Atlantic Ocean. Philadelphia: John Melish, 1819._ 12mo. +v.+144 pp. + +An entire chapter of twenty six pages is devoted to Birkbeck's settlement +in Illinois. The map shows several routes in Illinois, but it must have +been old. The book is a good type of its class. + +MOORE, CHARLES. _The Northwest under three Flags, 1635-1796. New York: +Harper & Bros., 1900._ xxiii. + 402 pp. + +Many facts concerning the Illinois of the period are given. This work is +of considerable historical value. References to sources, although not +abundant, are helpful. + +MOSES, JOHN. _Illinois, historical and statistical. Comprising the +essential Facts of its Planting and Growth as a Province, County, +Territory, and State. Derived from the most authentic Sources, including +original Documents and Papers. Together with carefully prepared +statistical Tables.... Chicago: Fergus Printing Co., 1889-93._ 2 vols. +1316 pp. + +The author was secretary and librarian of the Chicago Historical Society. +His work is perhaps the best that has appeared. + +MOWRY, WILLIAM AUGUSTUS. _The territorial Growth of the United States. New +York: Silver, Burdett & Co., 1902._ 225 pp. + +The chapter on the Northwest Territory tells of various cessions of land +comprised in the present Illinois. + +MURAT, ACHILLE. _America and the Americans. New York: William H. Graham, +1849._ Duodecimo. vii. + 260 pp. + +Too late in date to be of much service, although some valuable suggestions +as to the social and political development of the frontier can be +obtained. The writer was an acute observer. He treats politics, slavery, +society, religion, justice, etc. The book was written about 1829. +Describes customs and extra legal proceedings in the West. + +_Nashville, Tennessee, History of, with full Outline of the natural +Advantages.... Nashville, Tenn.: Pub. House of the M. E. Church, South, +1890._ 656 pp. + +Tells of passage of emigrants from North Carolina to Illinois in 1780, of +French traders from Illinois to Tennessee in 1779, of Tennesseeans getting +head rights from George Rogers Clark. + +_North American Review, Boston._ + +Volume LI., 92-140 (July, 1840) has an exhaustive review of Peck's +Gazetteer of Illinois. The review is probably of much more historical +interest than the Gazetteer. + +PALMER, B. M. _Slavery in Illinois. (Dubuque semi-weekly Telegraph, Tues., +Sept. 19, 1899.)_ + +Gives the bill of sale, taken from the county records of Jo Daviess +County, Ill., and executed in that county in 1830, of a negro mother and +child. + +PATTERSON, ROBERT WILSON. _Early Society in southern Illinois. Chicago: +Fergus Printing Co._, 1879. Pp. 103-131 of _Fergus historical Series_ No. +14. + +A characterization, in general terms, of early Illinois society, its +manners and its origin. This was a lecture read before the Chicago +Historical Society, Oct. 19, 1880. + +PECK, Rev. JOHN MASON, _Editor. __"__Father Clark__"__ or the Pioneer +Preacher. Sketches and Incidents of Rev. John Clark, by An Old Pioneer. +New York: Sheldon, Lamport & Blakeman_, 1855. 287 pp. + +Gives considerable religious and Indian material for Illinois history from +1790 to 1833, but chiefly on the earlier part of that period. + +---- _An historical Sketch of the early American Settlements in Illinois, +from 1780-1800. Read before the Ill. State Lyceum, at its anniversary_, +Aug. 16, 1832. (_Western monthly Mag._, I., 73-83. Feb. 1833.) + +Popular, but of some value. + +POST, Rev. T. M. [Author of pp. 93-102.] _Contributions to the +ecclesiastical History of Connecticut; prepared under the Direction of the +General Association, to commemorate the Completion of one hundred and +fifty Years since its first annual Assembly. New Haven: Wm. L. Kingsley_, +1861. xiv. + 562 pp. + +A symposium. The article by Rev. Mr. Post is on "The Mission of +Congregationalism at the West." It is suggestive on the moral effects of +frontier life. + +POWELL, J. W., Director. _Eighteenth annual Report of the Bureau of +American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, +1896-97. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1899. Part 2. Indian land +Cessions in the United States compiled by Charles C. Royce, with an +Introduction by Cyrus Thomas_. 521-997 pp. and 67 plates. + +Valuable. The work was used in preparing the outline maps of Indian +cessions contained in this work. + +REID, HARVEY. _Biographical Sketch of Enoch Long, an Illinois Pioneer. +Chicago: Fergus Printing Co., 1884._ 134 pp. This is Volume II. of the +_Chicago Historical Society's Collections_. + +Mr. Long visited St. Louis and resided at Alton and Galena before 1827. +The book is of great interest on account of its notes on the methods of +travel and the extent of Illinois settlements at that date. + +REYNOLDS, JOHN. _Belleville in January, 1854._ A 12-page pamphlet, printed +without place, publisher, or date. In Library of Wisconsin State +Historical Society. + +Tells of the laying out of the city in the cornfield of George Blair, in +1814. + +---- _A biographical Sketch._ (_Western Journal and Civilian_, XV., +100-114). + +Gives glimpses of early travel and of pioneer life. + +---- _The pioneer History of Illinois, containing the Discovery, in 1673, +and the History of the Country to the Year 1818. Belleville, Ill.: N. A. +Randall, 1852. 2d ed., with portrait, notes and index, Chicago: Fergus +Printing Co., 1887._ 459 pp. + +Contains much valuable biographical material, and describes the life of +the early settlers in a clear way. Criticism: _Draper MSS._, Z 13, 14. + +ROOSEVELT, THEODORE. _The Winning of the West. New York: G. W. Putnam's +Sons, 1889-96._ Vols. I.-IV.. I., xiv. + 352: II., 427; III., 339: IV., +363 pp. + +Valuable, although bearing marks of haste in preparation. Criticism: _Am. +Hist. Rev._, II., 171. + +SANBORN, EDWIN DAVID. _History of New Hampshire, from its Discovery to the +Year 1830. Manchester, N. H.: John B. Clarke, 1875._ 422 pp. + +Describes the unusually cold summer of 1816 and its effect upon western +migration. The book is written in an extremely disconnected style, and is +without index, references, or bibliography. + +SERGEANT, THOMAS, Esq. _View of the land Laws of Pennsylvania. With +Notices of its early History and Legislation. Philadelphia: James Kay, +Jr., and Brother. Pittsburgh: John I. Kay & Co., 1838._ 13 + 203 pp. + +Valuable for ascertaining the price at which Pennsylvania public lands, +which competed with government lands in the West, were sold. + +SHALER, NATHANIEL SOUTHGATE. _Kentucky. A pioneer Commonwealth. Boston: +Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1885._ viii. + 433 pp. + +Useful as giving an insight into the character of a neighboring state from +which many of the early settlers of Illinois came. One of the best of the +American Commonwealths series. + +SHEA, JOHN GILMARY. _History of the Catholic Church in the United States, +1808-1843. New York: John G. Shea, 1890._ vii. + 731 pp. + +References to Illinois are very few, but are important. The volume is the +third in the author's four-volumed History of the Catholic Church in the +United States. + +SIEBERT, WILBUR HENRY. _The Underground Rail Road from Slavery to Freedom; +with an Introduction by Albert Bushnell Hart. New York; The Macmillan Co., +1898._ viii. + iii. + 478 pp. + +Has notes of great interest on the U. G. R. R. in Illinois before 1830. +Criticism: _Am. Hist. Rev._, IV., 557. + +SMITH, THEODORE CLARKE. _The Liberty and Free Soil Parties in the +Northwest. New York: Longmans, Green & Co., 1897._ vii. + 351 pp. +(_Harvard Hist. Studies_, VI.) + +A well-written book, but only the first chapter concerns the period before +1830. This chapter is, however, well worth attention. + +STEINHARD, S. _Deutschland und sein Volk. Gotha: Hugo Scheube, 1856-7._ 2 +vols. I., x. + 658; II., 826 pp. + +Pages 28-46 of volume II. are on the Germans in the United States and +contain a few important facts, including statistics, for our period. The +Vandalia (Ill.) settlement of 1820 is mentioned. + +STEVENS, ABEL, LL. D. _History of the Methodist Episcopal Church in the +United States of America. New York: Phillips & Hunt, 1884._ 4 vols. I., +423; II., 511; III., 510; IV., 522 pp. + +The fourth volume of this history has interesting notes on Benjamin Young +and Jesse Walker, respectively. These men came to Illinois as pioneer +ministers; the former in 1804, the latter in 1806. + +STRONG, MOSES M., A. M. _History of the Territory of Wisconsin, from 1836 +to 1848. Preceded by an Account of some Events __ during the Period in +which it was under the Dominion of Kings, States or other Territories, +previous to the Year 1836. Madison, Wis.: Democrat Printing Co., State +Printers_, 1885. 16mo. 637 pp. + +A valuable book. Its chief interest for us is its sketches of early +settlement in the Galena lead region. + +SULTE, BENJAMIN. _Histoire des Canadiens-Francais, 1608-1880. Montreal: +Wilson & Cie._, 1882-4. 8 vols. 8vo. About 160 pp. per vol. _Montreal: +Granger Freres._ 40 parts, paper, $10; 4 vols, cloth. + +Gives only slight attention to the French of Illinois. A popular work, but +quite useful for a study of social institutions. + +SUMMERS, THOMAS O. _Biographical Sketches of eminent itinerant Ministers +distinguished, for the most Part, as Pioneers of Methodism within the +Bounds of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South. Nashville, Tenn.: +Southern Methodist Publishing House_, 1859. 374 pp. + +Pages 48-56 give a character sketch of Jesse Walker and an idea of the +character of the men to whom he preached in Illinois in 1807. + +SWAYNE, WAGER. _The Ordinance of 1787; and the War of 1861. An Address +delivered before the N. Y. Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal +Legion. New York: C. G. Burgoyne_, [c. 1893]. 90 pp. + +Contains interesting notes on George Rogers Clark and on slavery in +Illinois. + +THOMSON, JOHN LEWIS. _Historical Sketches of the late War between the +United States and Great Britain. Philadelphia: Thos. Desilver_, 1816. 359 +pp. _5th ed._, 1818. + +Contains one of the earliest accounts of the massacre at Fort Dearborn, +August 15, 1812. The account is short, but tolerably correct. The work was +reprinted in 1887 [Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co.], with a short +account of the war with Mexico added. 656 pp. + +THOMPSON, ZADOCK. _History of the State of Vermont, from its earliest +Settlement to the Close of the Year 1832. Burlington: Edward Smith_, 1833. +12mo. 252 pp. _Reprinted with natural Hist. of Vt. and Gazetteer of Vt. +Burlington: Zadock Thompson_, 1853. 8vo. 224+224+200+63 pp. + +Describes the cold season of 1816-17. + +THWAITES, REUBEN GOLD. _Early Lead-mining in Illinois and Wisconsin._ +Pages 191-196 of _Am. Hist. Ass'n. Rep't._, 1893. _Washington: Government +Printing Office_, 1894. + +Contains several interesting statements concerning the early history of +the Galena region. + +TUCKER, GEORGE. _Progress of the United States in Population and Wealth in +fifty Years, as exhibited by the decennial Census. Boston: Little & Brown, +1843._ 12mo. 211 pp. + +The fifty years were 1790-1840. Very useful for material concerning the +relative growth of different sections of the country. + +TURNER, FREDERICK JACKSON. _Middle West, The._ _International Monthly_, +IV., 794-820 (1901). + +The article has a few suggestions that are of value for our period. + +---- _The Significance of the Frontier in American History._ Pages 199-227 +of _Rep't. of Am. Hist. Ass'n., 1893_. + +Contains a valuable characterization of the French as colonizers. + +VARNEY, GEORGE JONES. _A brief History of Maine. Portland, Me.: McLellan, +Mosher & Co., 1888._ 336 pp. + +Tells of the intense cold of 1816-17 and of the great Western exodus. A +"Young People's History." Popular. Without references. + +WALKER, EDWIN SAWYER. _History of the Springfield (Illinois) Baptist +Association. Springfield, Ill.: H. W. Rokker, 1881._ 140 pp. + +Tells of the organization of the United Baptist Church, of Springfield, on +July 17, 1830, with eight members. + +WALLACE, JOSEPH. _The History of Illinois and Louisiana under the French +Rule, embracing a general View of the French Dominion in North America, +with some Account of the English Occupation of Illinois. Cincinnati: +Robert Clarke & Co., 1893._ vi. + 433 pp. + +Contains a great deal of material. Usually, though not always, correct. + +WARDEN, DAVID BAILLIE. _A statistical, political and historical Account of +the U. S. of N. A.; from the period of their first Colonization to the +present Day. Edinburgh: Archibald Constable & Co., 1819._ 3 vols. 16mo. +I., lxiv. + 552; II., 571; III., 588 pp. + +Pages 43-65 of Volume III. deal with Illinois exclusively. At the close of +the chapter the author gives a bibliography for Illinois--five titles and +two maps. A useful book. + +WENTWORTH, Hon. JOHN. _Early Chicago. Two Lectures delivered April 11, +1875, and May 7, 1876, respectively._ 48 and 56 pp. Nos. 8 and 7 of +_Fergus historical Series. Chicago: Fergus Printing Co., 1876._ + +The critical supplemental notes are of especial interest. + +WEST, MARY ALLEN. _A MS. Letter in the Illinois State Historical Library._ + +Tells the story of the coming of James Moore and his party from Virginia +in 1781. + +_Western monthly Magazine. Conducted by James Hall. Cincinnati_, I., +73-83. _See_ Peck, Rev. John Mason. + +WHITE, EMMA SIGGINS. _Genealogy of the Descendants of John Walker of +Wigton, Scotland, with Records and some fragmentary Notes pertaining to +the History of Virginia, 1600-1902. Tiernan-Dart Printing Co., 1902._ xxx. ++ 722 pp. + +Valuable. Has original letters from Western emigrants. Suggests the great +influx of people into Illinois in the third decade of the 19th century. +Gives a good idea of the westward drift of population in the United +States. + +WHITON, JOHN MILTON. _Sketches of the History of New-Hampshire, from its +Settlement in 1623 to 1833. Concord: Marsh, Capen & Lyon, 1834._ 222 pp. + +Describes the great cold of 1816 and the great emigration to the West. An +unimportant work, confessedly popular, and without references. + +WILBUR, LA FAYETTE. _Early History of Vermont. Jericho, Vt.: Roscoe +Printing House, 1899-1903._ 4 vols. I., 362; II., 419; III., 397; IV., 463 +pp. + +Pages 162-3 of Volume III. tell of the unusual cold of 1816-17 and quote +Governor Galusha's reference to the impending famine. No references are +given. + +WILLIAMS, GEORGE WASHINGTON. _History of the Negro Race in America from +1619-1880. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1882._ 2 vols. I., X. + 481; +II., 611 pp. The two volumes are also issued as one. + +Gives some statistics concerning slaves in Illinois and notes on Illinois +slavery legislation. The author was a negro. + +WILLIAMSON, WILLIAM DURKEE. _The History of the State of Maine: from its +first Discovery, A. D. 1602, to the Separation, A. D. 1820. inclusive. +Hallowell: Glazier, Masters & Co._, 1832. 2 vols. I., iv. + 696; II., 729 +pp. + +Tells of the unusual cold of 1816-17 and of the great movement toward the +West. Strong in citation of authorities. Much above the average of State +histories of its time. + +WILSON, HENRY. _History of the Rise and Fall of the slave Power in +America. Boston: James R. Osgood & Co._, 1872-7. 3 vols. I., vii. + 670; +II., 720: III., 774 pp. _Houghton._ 3 vols. + +Valuable material on slavery in Illinois. A strong work. + +WINSOR, JUSTIN. _The westward Movement: the Colonies and the Republic west +of the Alleghanies, 1673-98; with full cartographical Illustrations from +contemporary Sources. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co._, 1897. 595 pp. + +Criticism: _Am. Hist. Rev._, III., 556. + +WITHERS, ALEXANDER SCOTT. _Chronicles of border Warfare, or A History of +the Settlement by the Whites, of North-western Virginia: and of the Indian +Wars and Massacres, in that Section of the State. Clarksburg, Va.: Joseph +Israel_, 1831. 319+iv. pp. Very rare. _Same. New ed., edited and annotated +by Reuben Gold Thwaites. Cincinnati: Clarke_, 1895. + +A few references are to events in Illinois. Criticism: _Am. Hist. Rev._, +I., 170. + +YOUNG, WILLIAM T. _Life and public Services of General Lewis Cass. 2d ed. +Detroit: Markham & Elwood_, 1852. 420 pp. + +Tells of Gen. Cass' expedition to Illinois during the trouble with the +Sauk Indians in 1827. + + + + + +INDEX. + + +A + +Aboite river, 35. + +Act creating Illinois county, 9, 15. + +Act enabling Illinois to form a state government, 115. + +Agricultural Society, formed, 168. + +Agriculture, 130, 165. _See also_ Farming, Fruits, etc. + +Albemarle county, _Va._, 153, 154. + +Alton, founding of, 196, 204; + land donations for church and school, 142. + +Alvord, Clarence W., 5. + +American Bottom, 130, 134, 157; map, _in pocket_. + +American Fur Company, 157, 158. + +American House, Springfield, 207. + +Anarchy in Illinois, 40 _et seq._; + ended, 69. + +Ancient Free and Accepted Masons, founded, 194. + +Anderson, Robert, mention, 207. + +Antanya, Michael, 67. + +Anti slavery agitation. _See under_ Slavery. + +Anti slavery Society, Morgan Co., 183. + +Arkansas Post, 63. + +Arks, 125, 126; + price of, 161. + _See also_ Flat-boats. + +Assenisipia, mention, 46. + +Augusta county, _Va._, 15. + +Austin, Moses, 196. + +B + +Bagargon, _Mr._, elected magistrate, 61. + +Baker, David J., 145. + +Baltimore, 123, 160, 161. + +Bandits, 155. + +Bank of Cairo, 114. + +Bank of Edwardsville, 207. + +Bank of Mt. Carmel, 199. + +Baptists, organized, 172; + found Shurtleff college, 174; + divided on slavery, 175. + +Barbour, Philip, mention, 40. + +Barges, 94, 129, 160. + +Barter, 130. _See also under_ Money. + +Bates, Edward, 204. + +Batteaux, 94. + +Baynton, Wharton and Morgan, trading firm, 10. + +Bears, 14, 173. + +Beauchamp, William, 197, 198. + +Beef, cost of, 164. + +Bellefontaine, 51. + +Bellevue, Iowa, terrorized by mob, 208. + +Bentley, _Capt._, 26. + +Biddle, Nicholas, mention, 209. + +Biggs, William, leg. coun., 113. + +Birds, 14. + +Birkbeck, Morris, founds English settlement, 124; + method of fencing, 165. + +Birkbeck's Settlement. _See_ English Settlement, The. + +Black Hawk, 81. + +Black Hawk War, 146; + mention, 207. + +"Black Laws," 176, 186. + +"Blue Laws," of Mt. Carmel, 200. + +Blue Point, 157. + +Bond, Shadrach, delegate to Congress, 113; + governor of Illinois, 145, 208. + +Books, 132. + +Bosseron, _Maj._ F., 18, 24. + +Bountylands. _See_ Military bounty lands. + +Brady, ----, 38. + +Brandy, price of, 97. + +Brashears, _Capt._, mention, 26. + +Brick houses, 131. + +Bridges, 114. + +British at Michilimackinac attempt to divert Indian trade, 69; + expeditions against Illinois settlers, 31-39, 107. + +British Michilimackinac Company, 49. + +Buffalo, 14. + +Building, cost of, 168. + +Burr, Aaron, mention, 203. + +Butter, price of, 164. + +C + +Cahokia, attacked by British and Indians, 33; + bounty lands, 57; + commons, 72; + court, 17; + distress at, 25; + population, 12. + +Cahokia Indians, 53. + +Cairo, Bank of, 114; + dykes at, 114. + +Calhoun, original name of Springfield, 207. + +Calico, price of, 130. + +Calve, ----, trader, 33. + +Canadian French settlers, 19. + +Canal route ceded, 110. + +Carbonneaux, Francis, 42-46. + +Carlyle, eastern limit of frontier, 107; + salt discovered, 18, 23, 171. + +Carolinas, The, settlers from, 91. + +Carondelet, _Baron_ de, orders expulsion of Americans from Ft. Massac, 73. + +Cartwright, Peter, journey to Baltimore, 1816, 123; + personal traits, 191, 192; + purchases land, 139; + reasons for moving to Illinois, 166; + representative from Sangamon Co., 191. + +Cass, _Gov._ Lewis, averts Indian war, 135; + protects Galena, 150. + +Catholicism, slow increase of, 175. + +Cattle, allowed to run at large, 20; + raising of, 130. + _See also_ Live-stock. + +Census of 1801, 88. + +Cessions of land, by Indians, 44, 79-81, maps, 72, 104, 136; + by individuals, 10, 24, 71, 196; + by Virginia to United States, 45, 46; + congressional, 57, 70, 72, 79. + +Charleston, _Va._, emigration from to Illinois, 190. + +Chicago, in 1830, 190; + massacre at, 109; + platted, 142; + post-office, 151; + route to, 152; + valuable port, 116. + +Chicago Historical Society, 5, 11. + +Chicago river, Indians cede tract six miles square at, 79. + +Chickasaws, allies of Spain, 73. + +Chippewa Indians, 134. + +Cincinnati, trip from to Illinois, 1823, 154. + +Clark, George Rogers, 14, 40, 45 _et seq._; + land granted to, 46; + seizes Spanish goods, 54. + +Clay, Henry, mention, 210. + +Clergy, 174, 175, 196. + +Climate, 95. + +Clinton, De Witt, mention, 203. + +Coal, in Illinois, 14, 131, 142, 165. + +Cobbett, William, 160. + +Coffee, price of, 130. + +Coles, _Gov._ Edward, character, 210; + emancipates slaves, 209; + governor, 145, 208; + message against slavery, 183; + special envoy to Russia, 209; + urges law to prevent kidnapping, 182. + +College township, reserved by Ordinance of 1787, 101, 102. + +Colleges, McKendree, 174; + Shurtleff, 174. + +Collot, _Gen._ [George Henry] Victor, "Journey in N. A.," 14, etc.; + Map of the Country of the Illinois, _in pocket_. + +Commerce in territorial period, 95, 96, 129. + +Committee of Workingmen of Wheeling, _Va._, 144. + +Commodities, prices of, 49, 59, 130, 164. + +Commons, Cahokia, 72. + +Congress, delegate of N. W. Territory in, 76. 77; + donates land, 142; + early Illinoisians in, 146; + memorialized:--by Galena, 150; + by Illinois, 87, 100, 101, 138; + petitioned, 53, 74, 75, 77, 78, 81, 86, 88. + +Constitution of Illinois, provisions of, 117. + +Constitutional Convention, 1824, 182, 183; + votes for and against, chart of, 184. + +Cook, Daniel P., non-resident proprietor of Springfield, 205; + representative in Congress, 145. + +Corn, price of, 96, 164. + +Cotton, production of, in United States 122, 129; + raised in Illinois, 167, 168. + +Counterfeiting, penalty for, 148. + +Counties in Illinois, 1824, list of, 183. + +Courts, 15, 17, 60, 62. + _See also_ under Illinois, Kaskaskia, Vincennes. + +Cox, _Col._ Thomas, joint owner of Springfield, 206-208. + +Crawford, William Henry, _Secretary of __ War_, announces land policy, + 109. + +Crockett, David, mention, 205. + +Croghan, George, description of Vincennes, 13. + +Cruzat, _Spanish Commandant at St. Louis_, 39. + +Cumberland Presbyterians, 143. + +D + +Dalton, _Capt._, 34; + elected magistrate, 61. + +Dartmouth College, mention, 206. + +Davis, Jefferson, mention, 207. + +Deane, Silas, mention, 34. + +Debtors, imprisonment of, 147. + +Deer, 14. + +Demoulin, Dumoulin, _or_ De Moulin, John, 74. + +Demunbrunt, Demunbrun, _or_ De Munbrun, Thimothe, 22, 41. + +Detroit, land office at, 80; + mention, 190; + threatened by de la Balme, 35, 36. + +Dickinson College, mention, 210. + +Dixon's ferry. _See_ Ogee's ferry. + +Dodge, _Capt._ John, 22-23, 26-27, 67. + +Ducharme, _trader_, 33. + +Ducoigne, ----, 68. + +Duncan, Joseph, 145. + +E + +Easton, Joseph, emigrant from England, 1633, 203. + +Easton, Rufus, founder of Alton, 203; + political career, 204. + +Edgar, John, career of, 174, 193, 194; + correspondence concerning anarchy in Illinois, 67; + land holdings of, 10, 101; + letter to St. Clair, 85. + +Edwards, Ninian, appointed governor of Illinois Territory, 111, 113, 145; + in War of 1812, 107, 108; + message of 1828, 149; + on prices of public lands, 138; + political career of, 210; + wages offered by, 130. + +Edwards county, Birkbeck's settlement in. _See_ English Settlement. + +Edwardsville, Bank of, 207; + public lands at, 105, 137. + +Ellery, Abm. R., mention, 203. + +Emancipation. _See under_ Slavery. + +Emigration and immigration, 127, 176 _et seq_.; + causes of:--from New England, 120, + from the South, 121, 189; + cost of, 124; + food supply for emigrants, 119, 133; + increase, 180; + opposition to immigration, 91. + +English Settlement, The, 124, 157, 161, 169; + cost of transportation to, 100; + ships produce to New Orleans 154. + _See also_ Birkbeck, Morris; _also_ Flower, George. + +Enos, Pascal Paoli, joint proprietor of Springfield, 205, 206. + +Enos, _Maj.-Gen._ Roger, 206. + +Ernst, Ferdinand, mention, 167. + +Extinguishment of Indian land titles, 77, 79, 81, 109, 144, 146. + +F + +Falls of Ohio, 30, 64, 65, 160, 162. + _See also_ Ft. Harmar; + _also_ Shipping-port. + +Farming methods 168. + +Federal Government owns land, 158. + +Fencing, 165 n., 169. + +Ferguson, Thomas, leg. coun., 13. + +Ferries, 83, 114, 152. + +Fever, 95. + _See also under_ Health. + +Fever river, 134; + lead mines at, 150. + +Financial panic, 1819, 188-189. + +Fisher, _Dr._ George, rep., 113. + +Fisher, Myers, mention, 195. + +Flat-boats, 94, 124, 125, 129, 154, 160. + _See also_ Arks. + +Flax, 129. + +Florida, Province of, 71. + +Flour, price of, 49, 50, 94, 163, 164. + +Flour-mills, 167; + built by John Edgar, 193. + +Flower, George, 124. + _See also_ English Settlement. + +Food, scarcity, 21-23, 25, 28, 30; + supply of, 133. + _See also under_ names of food products. + +Fort Chartres, cannon from, 108; + inhabitants, 12. + +Fort Dearborn, massacre at, 109; + mention, 190. + +Fort Edwards, terminus of mail route, 151. + +Fort Harmar, 64. + +Fort Jefferson, 24, 25, 30. + +Fort La Motte, mention, 107. + +Fort Massac, 73, 79, 95, 107. + +Fort Nelson, mention, 32. + +Fort Russell, established, 108. + +Fort Stanwix, mention, 56. + +Fort Wayne, Treaty of, 79. + +Fox Indians, 33, 81. + +Fox river, first flour-mill on, 167. + +Franklin, Benjamin, mention, 34, 195. + +_Fredonian_, mention, 197. + +Free masons, organized, 194 + +Freehold qualifications, 77, 112, 113. + +Freeholders, housekeepers privileged as, 147. + +Freight charges, 94, 124, 160 _et seq._ + +French, Augustus C., 145. + +French settlers, attitude toward Americans, 47-49; + land holdings 13, 18, 99; + misled by La Balme, 34; + offered free land by Spanish, 55; + priests, emigrate from Illinois co., 68; + towns, character of, 11. + +French-Swiss from Lord Selkirk's colony reach Galena, 172. + +Frontier, The, 48, 91, 100, 147, 206; + Carlyle eastern limit of, 107. + +Frontiersman, analysis of character of, 191, 201, 202. + +Fruit, 129, 133, 168. + +Fuel, scarcity of, 131. + +Fulton county separated from Madison, 188. + +Fur trade, 96. + _See also_ American Fur Company. + +Furs, 130. + +G + +Gage, _Gen._ Thomas, 10. + +Galena, 150-53; lead-mining, 172. + +Gallatin county, saline, 170; + slaves in, 180. + +Game, 14, 51, 132. + +Gamelin, Antoine, clerk of District Court, Post Vincennes, 60. + +George, _Capt._ Robert, mention, 40. + +Germain, _Lord_ George, mention, 32. + +Gibault, _Father_ Pierre, mention, 68. + +Governor and judges, 58, 62. + +Grammar, John, rep., 113. + +Grand Ruisseau, 52. + +Granger, _Postmaster-General_ Gideon, mention, 203. + +Gratiot, Charles, 39. + +Great Britain, King's proclamation, 1763, 10. + +Great Western Road, 157. + +Greene county, separated from Madison, 188. + +Greenville, Treaty of, 79. + +H + +Hamilton, Alexander, 138; + mention, 91. + +Hamilton, _Gen._, leads British against Vincennes, 15. + +Hampden Sidney College, mention, 209. + +Hamtramck, _Maj._ John F., at Kaskaskia, 53; + petitioned for troops, 65. + +Hancock, John, mention, 34. + +Harmar, _Gen._ Josiah, 50; advice to French, 52; + expedition from Vincennes to Kaskaskia, 51; + on emigration from Illinois, 64; + refuses request for troops, 69. + +Harrison, Benjamin, 40; + receives petition for General Assembly, 85. + +Health, 27, 91, 95. + +Henry, Mr., elected magistrate, 61. + +Henry, Patrick, 209; + instructions concerning Illinois County, 9. + +Hinde, Thomas S., career in Illinois, 196, 197; + description of Peter Cartwright, 192. + +Hog raising, 14, 20. + +Hogs, 144. + +Honey, 129, 130, 133. + +Hooker, _Rev._ Thomas, founder of Hartford, _Conn._, 203. + +Horse stealing, 65, 67, 69. + +Hubbard, Adolphus Frederick, 210. + +Hubbard, Gurdon Saltonstall, agent American Fur Company, 157. + +Hubbard's Trail, extent of, 157. + +Hunting, as occupation, 132. + +Huron (Ouisconsin or Wisconsin) Territory, claims Galena, 150. + +I + +Iles, Elijah, career of, 205, 206. + +Iles, Elizabeth Crockett, mention, 205. + +Illinois:-- + _Country_, British in, 10 _et seq._; + climate, 14, 95; + Collot's description of, 14; + map, _in pocket_: + conditions in 1787, 50, 51; + development, 97, 98; + enters second grade of territorial government, 85, 86; + French population, 10, 12, 13, 30; + French settlers offered free land by Spanish, 55; + game in, 14, 51; + governor and judges, 58; + Indian owners of, 10 _et __ seq._; + inhabitants of, 12, 13; + immigration to, 91, 92; + labor conditions in, 96, 97; + population in 1767, 1772, 1788, 70; + in 1790, 1800, 1810; 91, 97; + racial conflicts in, 54, 55; + rivers of, 92, 94; + roads, 13, 14, 93, 94, 131; + separation from Indiana, 85 _et seq._; + squatters in, 71. + + _County_ (1778-1783), Act creating, 9, 15; + Act renewed, 25; + Act dissolved, 31; + anarchy, 40 _et seq._; + anomalous position, 18; + bankrupt, 40; + civil organization, 15; + condition in 1780, 25, 26; + courts, 15; + extent of, 9, 10; + French inhabitants dissatisfied, 30; + hardships in early period, 21, 22; + judges, election of, 17; + military and civil authorities conflict, 25-27; + military operations, 19, 22-24, 32-39; + money scarce, 21; + Spanish claims, 38. + + _Territory_, books in, 132; + boundaries, 90; + cattle raising, 130; + commerce in, 96, 129; + delegates in Congress, 113; + election of officials, 112; + enters second grade of territorial government, 112; + extent, 89; + formed, 89-90; + governor and judges, 111, 113; + immigration to, 120, 121, 124, 126, 132; + Indian troubles in, 106 _et seq._; + internal improvements proposed, 114; + internal revenue, 1814, 128; + judges for, 111; + land office authorized, 103; + land policy, 111; + laws, 111, 112, 114; + legislature, 100, 113; + legislature southern in nativity, 112 n., 113; + manufactures, 1810, 128, 129; + newspapers in, 132; + petitions for state government, 115; + physical features, 86; + population, 1810, 91; + post-roads, 131; + productions, 129 _et seq._, 133; + qualifications for representative, 113; + slavery, _see_ general alphabet; + suffrage in, 112; + taxes, 133; + transportation, 114, 129, 130. + + _State_, admission proposed, 115, opposed, 118; + agriculture in 1820, 165; + "Black Laws," 176, 186; + boundary, eastern, 90, northern, 115; + cattle raising, 130; + cessions of Indian lands, 134, 135; + coal in, 14, 142, 165; + constitution completed, 117; + cost of living in, 130; + counties, list of, 183; + debtors, 147; + election in 1822, 181; + election laws, 1826, 148; + emigration, _see_ General alphabet; + Enabling Act of 1818, 115; + food supplies, 133; + government southern in character, 145; + governors, list of, 145; + House of Representatives, mention, 185; + in Congress, 118, 146; + Indian agents, 134; + Indian land claims, 134, 135; + Indian traders, 134; + Indian wars, 146, 207; + internal revenue, 128; + judicial circuit, 173; + land, _see_ general alphabet; + laws, southern influence on, 186; + manners and customs, 128 _et seq._, 165; + manufactures, 128; + money, substitutes for, 130; + New Englanders in, 146; + newspapers, 132; + northern boundary changed, 115; + population required for admission, 116, 117; + postal facilities in, 151, 158, 159; + products of, 129, 167 _et seq._; + public lands, 136; + salt springs legislation, 101; + school tax, 148; + senators and representatives, 145; + settlement typical, 5; + slavery, _see_ general alphabet; + southern influence in, 183, 184, 186; + taxation, 1828, compared with that of Kentucky, 149, 150; + transportation, cost of, 150; facilities, 124, _see also_ general + alphabet; + treasury receipts 149; + squatter population, 148; + voting in 1820, 148. + +Illinois and Michigan Canal, estimated cost of transportation by, 141; + route ceded, 110; + mention, 115. + +Illinois Company, holdings of, 10, 44. + +Illinois Herald, 132. + +Illinois Intelligencer, 132, 140. + +Illinois Land Company, 10 _et seq._ + +Illinois river settlements, 134. + +Illinois Navigation Company, 114, 115. + +Illiteracy of French inhabitants, 13. + +Immigration. _See with_ Emigration. + +Indentured servitude, 117, 176 _et seq._ + +Indian agents, 134. + +Indians, 11, 12; + employed by British, 32; + land cessions, maps: 1705-1801, 72; + 1809-1818, 104; + 1818-1830, 136; + reservations, 134, 135; + titles to land extinguished, 77, 79, 81, 109, 144, 146; + traders, 134; + tribes: Cahokias, 52; + Chickasaws, 73; + Chippewas, 134; + Foxes, 33, 81; + Kaskaskias, 12; + Kickapoos, 110; + Menominees, 134; + Mitchas, 52; + Mitchigamias, 12; + Ottawas, 135; + Ouias, 29; + Peorias, 12, 52; + Piankashaws, 81; + Potawatomies, 134; + Sauks, 33, 81; + Sioux, 31; + Tamarois, 110; + Winnebagoes, 135. + +Indiana, population, 91, 181; + route to, from North Carolina, 156; + slavery, 185. + +Indiana Territory, divided, 81, 88, 89; + formed, 84. + +J + +Jacksonville, 156; + English emigrants at, 189. + +Jarrott's mill, 167. + +Jefferson, Thomas, mention, 203, 204. + +Johnson, _Capt._ elected magistrate, 61. + +Johnson, _Col._ R. M., 163. + +Jones, John Rice, career of, 195, 196; + death, 196; + mention, 68; + with Clark, 54. + +Jones, _Rev._ William, rep., 113. + +Judges, election of, 17, 58, 111. + +Judy, Samuel, leg. coun., 113. + +Jurors paid, 58. + +Jury, trial by, 60. + +Justices of the peace, not paid, 23. + +K + +Kane, Elias K., 145. + +Kaskaskia, bounty lands, 57; + court, 17, 19; + judicial district of, 44; + land office at, 103, 136, 137, 138, 143. + +Kaskaskia Indians, 12. + +Keel-boats, 125, 129; + rates, 161. + +Kenton, Simon, 179. + +Kentucky, emigration to Illinois, 189; + journey from, to Illinois, 1819, 155; + mention, 21, 24, 32, 33, 189; + population, 1790, 1800, 1810, 91, 93; + 1820, 181. + +Kentucky boats, 93, 94. + +_Kentucky Gazette_, 189. + +Kickapoo Indians, 110. + +Kidnapping of negroes, 186. + +King's proclamation, 1763, 10. + +Knox county, 75 n., 86. + +Kohos (Cahokia), mention, 27. + +L + +La Balme, _Col._ Augustin Mottin de, career of, 33 _et seq._ + +Labor questions, 96, 97, 99, 130, 169. + +Lafayette, _Marquis_ de, entertained by John Edgar, 193; + mention, 209. + +Lake Michigan, advantages to Illinois of port on, 115, 116. + +Land, Act of 1791, 72; canal, 141, 142; + cessions by Indian tribes, 72, 104, 110, 136; + cession by Virginia to U. S., 45, 46; + church and school, 141, 142; + classified for taxation, 84; + cultivation of, 166; + fertility of, 14, 165; + form of holdings, 13, 38; + French deeds to, 13; + government entry of, 130; + Kickapoo cession of, 1819, 134; + military, 100; + owned by Federal Government, 158; + prices, 57, 80, 88, 92, 103-5, 136-8, 143; + rental of, 166; + Spanish donate to French, 55; + tavern sites, 75; + taxes on, 130; + unoccupied in Kentucky, Ohio and Indiana, 98. + _See also_ Public lands. + +Land-claims, 10; + in Illinois, 140. + +Land-companies, 10, 11. + +Land-frauds, referred to Congress, 99, 100. + +Land-grants, investigated, 57. + +Land-holders, non-resident, mention, 140, 145. + +Land-offices 80; + in Illinois, 44 _et seq._, 103. + +Land-titles, insecure, 51, 71; + King's proclamation, 1763, 10. + +Laws: "Black Laws," 176, 186; + "Blue Laws," 200; + territorial, 111-14. + +La Valiniere, Pierre Huet de, mention, 68. + +Lead, output of, 1823-1827, 151. + +Lead region, rush to, 1826, 172. + +Le Dru, removes to St. Louis, 68; + signs petition, 66. + +Le Grand, signature on land grant, 45. + +Legras, _Col._ P., at Vincennes, 18. + +Limestone beds at Alton, 204. + +Lincoln, Abraham, in Black Hawk War, 207. + +Linctot, 38 n., 39 n. + +Live-stock, 27, 83, 169. _See also_ Cattle. + +Log canoes, 93. + +Log houses, cost of, 168. + +Long Prairie, 74. + +Louis XVIII. of France, mention, 209. + +Louisiana, emigration to, 86; + province of, 91. + +_Louisiana Gazette_, report of steamboat speed, 162. + +Luzerne, _Chevalier_, 30, 36. + +Lyon, Matthew, on price of lands, 88. + +M + +McCarty, Richard, 19, 20, 26, 27; + killed, 29. + +McDowell, William, 196. + +McIlvaine, _Miss_ Caroline M., 5. + +McKendree College, opened by Methodists in 1828, 174. + +McLean, John, 145. + +McMaster, John Bach, 5. + +Madison, _Governor of Kentucky_, 197. + +Madison, James, mention, 209. + +Madison, John, 196. + +Madison county, population 1820, 1824, 1825, 132, 188. + +Magistrates, 59 _et seq._, 67. + +Mail routes 1825-1830, 158, 159. + +Malaria, 91, 95. + +Manufactures, 128, 129. + +Maple sugar, 129. + +Marietta, O., 71. + +Marriage, mixed, 51; + without priest, 12. + +Mary of the Incarnation, _Mother_, 11. + +Maryland, settlers from, 91. + +Mason and Dixon's line, 179. + +Massachusetts, emigration to Illinois, 189. + +Mechanics' lien, 149. + +Menard, Pierre, leg. coun., 113, 208; + Lt.-Gov., 145. + +Menominee Indians, 134. + +Methodist Episcopal Church, 174; + mention, 191. + +Meurin, _Father_, mention, 12. + +Michigan, legislature meets in summer, 152. + +Michilimackinac, British at, 32, 39, 46, 47, 69. + +Miliet, _Mr._, elected magistrate, 61. + +Military bounty lands, 57. + +Military organization, etc. _See under_ Illinois. + +Military Tract, land in, sold for taxes, 140. + +Mills, 83, 167. + +Miro, Estevan, _Governor of Louisiana and Florida_, proclamation of, 63, + 71. + +Mississippi river, navigation of, 21; + settlement on hindered, 88. + +Missouri, population, 82, 181; + slavery in, 179, 180. + +Missouri Compromise, 178. + +Mitchigamia Indians, 12, 52. + +Money, scarcity, 21, 22. + +Monroe, _President_ James, letter to Jefferson, 97; + mention, 209. + +Montgomery, _Lieut.-Col._ John, 15 _et seq._ + +Morals. _See_ Public morals. + +Morgan, ----, member of trading company, 10. + +Morgan, George, agent of Indiana Company, 56; + land frauds, 56, 57. + +Morgan county, anti-slavery society, 183; + freehold rights to housekeepers, 147; + separated from Madison, 188. + +Morrison, William, landholdings of, 74, 100, 101. + +Mount Carmel, Bank of, 199; + donation of land for church and schools, 142; + founding of, 196, 198; + incorporation, 200. + +Murray, Edward, 23. + +Murray, William, mention, 10. + +N + +Negroes, 12, 64; + punishment of, 179. + _See also_ Slavery. + +New Design, founded. 91, 92, 95; + mention, 83. + +New England, immigrants from, 146. + +New Jersey Land Company, 11. + +New Madrid (L'Anse a la Graisse), 63 _et seq._ + +New Orleans, flour market, 193; + mention, 26. + +New Orleans boats, 93, 94. + +Newspapers:-- + _Illinois Herald_, 132; + _Illinois Intelligencer_, 132, 140; + _Kentucky Gazette_, 189; + _Louisiana Gazette_, 162; + _Shawnee Chief_, 132; + _Western Intelligencer_, 132. + +Non-resident landholders, 140, 145. + +North Carolina, route from, to Indiana, 156. + +Northwest Territory, bounties in, 84; + congressional delegate seated, 76; + divided, 76, 84, 85; + enters second degree, 75; + first sale of public land in, 75; + judges, 62; + laws, 83, 84; + magistrates, 61; + mention, 58; + taxation, 83. + +O + +Ogee's (Dixon's) ferry, 152. + +Oglesby, _Rev._ Joshua, rep., 113. + +Ohio, emigration to, 76, 190; + population, 91, 181; + public land sale, 144. + +Ohio Company, 71. + +Ohio river, boundary of Illinois, 10; + settlers, 88; + settlers northwest of, 18, 19. + +Ordinance of 1784, 46. + +Ordinance of 1787, 40; + amendments to, 115, 116; + anti-slavery article, 176 _et seq._; + college township reserved by, 101; + effect on Illinois country, 54, 55; + violation of, 87. + +Ottawa Indians, 135. + +Ouia, town, 30. + +Ouia (Wea) Indians, 29. + +Ouisconsin (Wisconsin) Territory, Galena claimed by, 150. + +P + +Paget, M., mill built by, 193. + +Palestine, sale of public lands at, 137. + +Parker, Joseph, of Kaskaskia, 53, 54. + +Peck, _Rev._ John M., Baptist minister, 124, 125, 192. + +Peltry, debts paid in, 21, 43, 60. + +Peoria, Indian agent at, 134; + mention, 79. + +Peoria Indians, 12. + +Philips, Joseph, territorial secretary, 113. + +Piankashaw Indians, 81. + +Pierre, Eugenio, 38. + +Pike county, separated from Madison, 188. + +Pioneer clergy, 191 _et seq._ + +Pirogues, 93, 94, 160. + +Plums, at Smith's Prairie, 129. + +Pollock, Oliver, 40. + +Polypotamia, mention, 46. + +Pope, Nathaniel, and the northern boundary, 115, 116; + delegate in Congress, 113. + +Population, 1788, 70; + 1785-1799, 82; + 1801, 88; + 1790-1810, 91; + 1818, 116; + 1812, 113; + 1820-1840, 187, 188; + French, 1766-1777, 12. + +Post routes. _See_ Mail routes. + +Post Vincennes, court regulations for, 59, 135. + _See also_ Vincennes. + +Potatoes, price, 97, 164. + +Potawatomie Indians, 134. + +Prairie du Chien, inhabitants, 1801, 88. + +Prairie du Rocher, bounty lands, 57; + inhabitants, 1766-1777, 12; + 1801, 88. + +Prairies, 83, 86, 97, 109, 131, 156; + fertility of, 165 _et seq._; + settlement, 130, 131. + +Preemption rights, 72, 75, 77, 78, 100, 102, 111, 113, 139, 144, 152; + in various states, 102 _et seq._ + +Presbyterians, at Galena, 175; + Cumberland Presbyterians, 143. + +Prices of commodities, 49, 59, 97, 130, 131, 164; + of land, _see under_ Land. + +Priests, French, emigrate from Illinois, 68. + +Pro-slavery agitation. _See under_ Slavery. + +Provisions, scarcity of, 21-23, 25, 28. + +Public lands, donated for schools and internal improvements, 142; + price of in various states, 103, 104, 105; + proceeds of sales applied to roads and schools, 116; + receipts from sale of, 143; + sales in Illinois, 77, 81, 105, 106, 137, 143; + sales in other states, 103, 104, 144; + tax regulations of, up to 1818, 130. + +Public morals, 28, 29. + +Publications. _See_ Books, Newspapers. + +Q + +Quebec, Bishop of, pastoral letter, 1767, 12. + +R + +Randolphs, The, mention, 209. + +Randolph county, formed, 75 n., 83; + slaves in, 180. + +Rangers, volunteer for guard service, 108, 109. + +Regulators of the Valley, 147. + +Religious denominations, 172 _et seq._ + +Reynolds, _Gov._ John, 145, 196. + +Richland Creek, settlement, 78. + +River craft, 93, 94, 126, 129. + +Riviere du Chemin, fight at, 37. + +Roads, 86, 116, 153 _et seq._; + Illinois settlements to Galena, 151; + repairs, 158; + Shawneetown to Birkbeck's settlement, 157; + to Kaskaskia, Cahokia and St. Louis, 101, 102, 157; + Vandalia to Springfield, 157. + _See also under_ Illinois; _also_ Toll roads. + +Rock river, 152. + +Rock Spring Seminary (Shurtleff College) founded by Baptists in 1827, 174. + +Rogers, _Capt._ ----, defense of, 28, 29. + +Roosevelt, Theodore, "Winning of the West," 9. + +Rush, Benjamin, mention, 195. + +S + +St. Clair, _Gov._ Arthur, 10, 64; + at Kaskaskia, 69; + establishes counties, 83; + president of Congress, 54. + +St. Clair, James, 74. + +St. Clair, John Murray, 10, 193. + +St. Clair, William, 74. + +St. Clair county, divided, 83; + formed, 75 n., 82. + +St. Josephs, expedition against, 37, 38. + +St. Louis, attacked by British, 33; + population of, 1817, 132; + Treaty of, 1804, 81. + +St. Marie, Joseph, goods confiscated by Spanish, 63. + +St. Philips, inhabitants of, 12. + +St. Pierre, _Father_, leaves Cahokia, 68. + +Ste. Genevieve, garrisoned by Spanish, 74. + +Saline creek salt works, slave labor at, 117. + +Saline river reservation, sale of, 142. + +Saline spring in Gallatin county, 170, 171. + +Salt, discovered at Carlyle, 1823, 171; + legislation concerning, 101; + prices of, 170 _et seq._; + works, New York, 153. + +Sangamon county, emigration to, 1810-1825, 188; + housekeepers as freeholders, 147; + separated from Madison, 188. + +Sauk Indians, 33, 81. + +Schools, academic, funds given for, 199; + common, established, 173; + early, 173; + land granted for, 116, 141, 142; + teachers, 173, 174. + +Scotch-Irish opposed to slavery, 92. + +Selkirk, _Lord_, colony, 172. + +Seminaries, location of, 174. + +Servitude, indentured, 117, 176, 177, 179. + +_Shawnee Chief_, 132. + +Shawneetown, description, 1817, 125-7; + land-office at, 103; + road to Kaskaskia, 101, 102, 157; + sale of public lands, 105, 137. + +Shipping, 93, 94, 125, 129. + +Shippingport, Falls of Ohio, mention, 162. + +Short, Jacob, rep., 113. + +Shurtleff College (Rock Springs Seminary) founded by Baptists in 1827, + 174. + +Sickness. _See under_ Health. + +Sioux Indians, 31, 32. + +Skiffs, 93, 94. + +Slave code, enacted in 1819, 179. + +Slavery, 64, 65, 176 _et seq._; + abolition recommended by Coles, 185; + anti-slavery article of Ordinance of 1787, 55, 177, 180; + "Black Laws" of Illinois, 176, 186; + children of slaves, 177; + constitutional provisions, 178; + decrease of, 187; + effect on settlement, 177; + freeing of slaves, 64, 65, 177, 179; + French slaveholders, 55, 176, 177; + importation of slaves authorized, 87; + increase, 180, 181; + indentured servitude, 117, 176 _et seq._; + legalization, 176; + number of slaves, 1820, 1840, 187; + Ordinance of 1787, 55, 176, 177, 180; + whipping of slaves, 179. + +Slave-trade, abolition of, 178. + +Smith's Prairie, fruit at, 129. + +Soulard, _Mr._, 152. + +Southern influence in Illinois, 145, 180. + +Spain claims the Illinois country, 38; + offers free land to Illinois settlers, 55, 71; + refuses to allow navigation of Mississippi, 21. + +Spanish, aggression upon United States, 73; + trouble Illinois settlers, 21, 24. + +Sprigg, _Judge_ William, 111. + +Springfield, called Calhoun when founded, 196; + first store, 206; + land-office at, 144; + sales of public land, 137, 143; + terminus of mail route, 158. + +Squatters in Illinois, 50, 58, 72, 99, 148. + +State Historical Society of Wisconsin. _See under_ Wisconsin. + +Steamboats, first on Ohio and Mississippi, 123; + speed and rates of, 160, 162, 163. + +Stephenson, Benjamin, delegate in Congress, 113. + +Stuart, _Judge_ Alexander, 111, 113. + +Stuart, John T., mention, 207. + +Suffrage, qualifications, 77, 78, 112-14, 117, 147, 148. + +Sugar, maple, 129. + +Supreme Court, U. S., decision of, 11. + +T + +Talbott, Benjamin, leg. coun., 113. + +Tallmadge, James, opposes admission of Illinois, 118, 179. + +Tamarois, Indians, 110. + +Tardiveau, Bartholomew, 51, 52, 55, 69. + +Tavern-keepers (housekeepers) given freehold privileges, 147. + +Tavern-sites, land ceded for, 75, 79. + +Taxation, in N.-W. terr., 83; + of land, 130, 133; + of live-stock, 83. + +Taylor, Zachary, mention, 207. + +Tazewell, L. W., mention, 209. + +Tea, price of, 130. + +Teachers, salaries of, 174. + +Tennessee, lands sold for taxes, 189. + +Tennessee wagon, 155. + +Thomas, _Judge_ Jesse B., signs petition for retention of slavery in + Illinois, 111, 178; + territorial judge, 113, 145. + +Timber, want of, 131. + +Todd, _Col._ John, _Jr._, 15, 16 _et seq._ + +Toll roads, 157. + +Tomahawk rights, 51. + +Trading firms: Baynton, Wharton and Morgan, 10; + British Michilimackinac Company, 49. + +Trammell, Philip, rep., 113. + +Transportation, + cost: + _via_ canals, 141; + _via_ rivers, 124, 125, 126, 160; + improvement in facilities, 157; + land, 93, 126, 154-7, 161; + water, 83, 92 _et seq._, 114, 126, 129. + _See also_ River craft, Wagons. + +Treaties.--Fort Wayne, 1803, 79; + Greenville, 1795, 79; + St. Louis, 1804, 81; + Spain-U. S., commercial treaty, 73; + Vincennes, 1803, 79; + 1805, 81. + +Trottier, F., 36. + +Turbine wheel, 167. + +Turner, Frederick Jackson, 5. + +Turnpike, 93. + +U + +United States Supreme Court decision, 11. + +V + +Vandalia, mention, 188, 189; + land-office at, 207; + public lands sold, 137. + +Vegetables, 168. + +Vehicles, 152, 155, 156; + emigrant wagons, 159, 164; + Tennessee wagon, 155. + +Vermilion saline, 142. + +Vincennes, accept inducements of Morgan, 63; + attack on, 32, 73; + court, 17, 59; + description of, 13; + levy of troops at, 54; + treaty, 1803, 79; + treaty, 1805, 81. + _See also_ Post Vincennes. + +Virginia, Augusta county, 15; + Board of Commissioners for the Settlement of Western Accounts, 42-44; + cedes Western lands to the United States, 45, 46; + emigration from, to Illinois, 91, 92, 190, 201; + legislation for protection of Illinois county, 9; + military bounty lands, 46; + money, 21, 23, 24. + +Vote, August 2, 1824, 183; + chart of, 184. + +W + +Wabash Land Company, 10 _et seq._, 88. + +Wabash Navigation Company, 200. + +Wabash river, boundary line, 90, 154; + expedition on, 41; + landholders on, 10, 87, 88. + +Wages, 96, 169. + +Wagons, first, Galena to Chicago, 152. + _See also_ Vehicles. + +War of 1812, 106 _et seq._; mention, 118. + +Water supply, 86. + +Wayne county, separated from Illinois, 86. + +Wea. _See_ Ouia. + +West, The, Commerce of, 96. + +_Western Christian Monitor_, mention, 197. + +Western frontier. _See_ Frontier; _also_ Wilderness. + +_Western Intelligencer_, 132. + +Western Territory, Ordinance for government of, 46. + +Westward movement, 190. + +Wharton, ----, member of trading firm, 10. + +Wheat, price of, 164. + +Wheeling, _Va._, Committee of Workingmen, 144. + +Wild animals, 14. + +Wilderness, description of, 86; + mention, 95. + _See also_ Frontier. + +Wilderness Road, 93. + +Wilkins, John, _British Commandant in Illinois_, 10. + +Wilkinson, _Gen._ James, 204. + +Williams, _Maj._, 39. + +Wilson, Alexander, rep., 113. + +Winnebago Indians, 135, 151. + +Winnebago war, 135, 146, 207. + +Winston, Richard, 17, 18; + sheriff at Kaskaskia, 26, 41, 61. + +Wirt, William, mention, 209. + +Wisconsin, southern boundary, 150. + +Wisconsin, State Historical Society of, 11. + +Wolves, 14; + bounty for, 84, 148. + +Wood, scarcity of retards settlement, 165. + +Wyllys, _Maj._, 69. + +Y + +Yorkshire, _England_, emigrants from, reach Jacksonville, 189. + +Z + +Zewapetas, 63. + + + + + + [Illustration: Map of Illinois Country.] + + + + + + +FOOTNOTES + + + 1 "Jour. H. of Del.," Va., Oct. Sess., 1778, 106-7; "Jour. of Senate," + Va., Oct. Sess., 1778, 52. + + Erroneous statements concerning the time of the formation of the + County of Illinois have been made by Winsor, "Westward Movement," + 122; Poole, in Winsor, "Narrative and Crit. Hist. of Am.," VI., 729; + Thwaites, "How George Rogers Clark Won the Northwest," 64; Boyd, in + "Am. Hist. Rev.," IV., 623; Mason, in "Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.," + IV., 286; Pirtle, "Clark's Campaign in the Ill.," 5; Moore, "The + Northwest Under Three Flags," 220; Wallace, "Hist, of Ill. and La. + Under French Rule," 402; Butler, "Hist. of Ky.," 1836 ed., 64; and + others. Roosevelt's indefinite statement that the county was formed + "in the fall of 1778"--"Winning of the West," II., 168--is technically + correct. Kate Mason Rowland truthfully says--"George Mason," I., 307, + 308--that a committee was ordered to prepare a bill for the formation + of the county, on November 19, 1778, and that such a bill was + presented on November 30. Butterfield says--"George Rogers Clark's + Conquest of the Ill.," 681-6--that the Act was passed between the + 10th of November and the 12th of December, 1778. It is true that the + bill in its final amended form passed both houses on December 9, was + signed by the Speaker of the Senate on December 17, and + subsequently, if at all, by the Speaker of the House of Delegates. + On the 12th of December, Governor Patrick Henry issued three + important sets of instructions in accordance with the provisions of + the Act creating the County of Illinois. As the signing of the bill + by the Speakers was mandatory after its passage, it is easy to + understand the issuance of these instructions previous to the + signing. It is almost impossible to conceive that Governor Henry, + who showed marked interest in the Western frontier, should first + have begun to issue orders at least six weeks after the county was + formed, as is implied by the date commonly given for its formation. + For the legislative history of the act, see "Jour. H. of Del.," Va., + Oct. Sess., 1778, 65, 72, 79-80, 91, 96, 106-7; "Jour. of Senate," + Va., Oct. Sess., 1778, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 70-1. + + 2 "Jour. H. of Del." Va., Oct. Sess., 1778, 72; "Hening's Statutes," + IX., 553. + + 3 "Public Lands," II., 204, 206-9. + + 4 The Illinois and Wabash Land companies, which had several members in + common, united in 1780. After a long series of memorials to + Congress, the Supreme Court of the United States, in 1823, decided + that "a title to land, under grant to private individuals, made by + Indian tribes or nations, northwest of the river Ohio, in 1773 and + 1775, can not be recognized in the courts of the United States"--8 + "Wheaton," 543-605. In general see: "Pub. Lands," I., 24, 27, 72, + 74, 160, 189, 301; II., 108-20, 138, 253; "Sen. Jour.," 1793-99, + 317, 326; _Ibid._, "2d Cong.," 165; "Va. Calendar State Papers," I., + 314; "Jour. of Cong.," III., 676-7, 681; IV., 23; "An Account of the + Proceedings of the Ill. and Ouabache Land Companies," 1-55, Phil'a, + 1796; "Memorial of the Ill. and Wabash Land Company," 1-26, Phil'a, + 1797; "Memorial of the Ill. and Ouabache Land Companies," 1802, + 1-20; "An Account of the Proceedings of the Ill. and Ouabache Land + Company," 1-74, Phil'a, 1803; "Memorial of the United Ill. and + Wabash Land Companies," 1-48, Baltimore, 1816. For a map of the + claims, see "Map of the State of Ky. with the Adjoining + Territories," 1794, pub. by H. D. Symonds; also a copy of the same + published by Smith, Reid and Wayland, in 1795; and "States of + America," by J. Russell, London, C. Dilly and G. G. & J. Robinson, + 1799. The last map gives the claims of the Ill., Wabash, and N. J. + companies, respectively, the others, the claims of the last two + only. All references here given are to material to be found in the + libraries of the Chicago Historical Society and of the State Hist. + Soc. of Wis. + + 5 Mother Mary of the Incarnation, of Quebec, in 1668. In "Glimpses of + the Monastery." "Scenes from the Hist. of the Ursulines of Quebec," + 1639-1839, "by a Member of the Community," 90. Charlevoix, "Histoire + de la Nouvelle-France," III., 322, expressed a similar opinion in + 1721, and Collot, "Journey in N. A.," I., 232-3, shows that the + Illinois French of 1796-7 were a case in point. + + 6 Pittman, "European Settlements on the Miss.," 55. See pp. 42, 44, + 45, 47, 48, for the settlement in detail. + + 7 Hutchins, "Topographical Desc. of Va.," 36-8. + + 8 "Mandements des Eveques de Quebec," II., 1741-1806, 205-6. + + 9 Thwaites, "Early Western Travels," I., 141, reprint of Croghan's + Jour. + + 10 "Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.," IV., 165; "Ind. Hist Soc. Pub.," II., + 513-4. + + 11 "Public Lands," I., 10. + + 12 Two of the many maps illustrating this are in "Pub. Lands," II., + facing 183, 195. A number of maps in Hopkins', "The Home Lots of the + Early Settlers of the Providence Plantations," especially the one + following page 17, show that the same form of holdings existed in + Providence, R. I. For reasons for this form, see the note by Emma + Helen Blair, in Thwaites', "Jesuit Relations," IV., 268-9. Stiles, + "Ancient Windsor," I., 149, has a map showing such holdings in + Windsor, Conn., 1633-1650. + + 13 Monroe, "Writings," I., 117; "Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.," II., 483-92; + Hutchins, "Topographical Desc. of Va.," map facing 41; Collot, "A + Journey in N. A.," I., 239-42, describes the roads in Illinois in + 1796, and plate 28 of the accompanying atlas gives an excellent map, + _q. v._ in pocket. + + 14 "Draper Coll., Ill. MSS.," 99. + + 15 Harmar to Sec. of War from Fort Harmar, Nov. 24, 1787--"St. Clair + Papers," II., 30-1. + + 16 Collot, "A Journey in N. A.," I., 233. + + 17 At the November session of 1738, Virginia had formed the County of + Augusta, which technically included the Illinois country--"Hening's + Statutes," V., 78-80. For a map, see Waddell, "Annals of Augusta + Co., Va.," frontispiece. + + 18 "Hening's Statutes," IX., 117, 552-5; V., 489, 491. + + 19 Henry, "Life of Patrick Henry," III., 209-18. + + 20 "Cal. of Va. State Papers," I., 312-14. + + Col. John Todd, jr., was born March 27, 1750, in Pennsylvania. He + was well educated by his uncle in Virginia, in which state young + Todd practised law for some years. In 1775, he was one of the + representatives chosen at the call of the proprietors of + Transylvania to form an ultra-constitutional government for that new + settlement. In 1777, he was one of the first two burgesses from the + county of Kentucky. He was killed at the Battle of the Blue Licks, + August 19, 1782. For biographical sketches see John Mason Brown, + "Oration at the Centennial of the Battle of the Blue Licks," 27-31; + "Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.," IV., 285-8; Green, "Historic Families of + Ky.," 211; White, "Descendants of John Walker," 56; "Filson Club + Pub." VI., 27-8; Morehead, "Settlement of Ky.," 174. Morehead's + facts were from R. Wickliffe, Todd's son-in-law, but this fact loses + its significance from the circumstance that Todd's only living child + was of posthumous birth. + + 21 Henry, "Life of Patrick Henry," III., 216-18. + +_ 22 Ibid._, 237. + + 23 "Draper Coll., Clark MSS.," XLIX., 43, original MS. in French. + + 24 "Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.," IV., 295. + + 25 "Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.," IV., 294-6, 418; "Mich. Pioneer Coll.," + IX., 498. + + A Mr. Winston, probably Richard, was in Illinois in 1770, and was + regarded as an authority on the prices of cattle, as is shown by the + court records. In 1773, upon the occasion of the purchase of land + from the Kaskaskia Indians, by the Illinois Land Company, Richard + Winston was at Kaskaskia, and interpreted in French to the + illiterate Indian interpreter of His Majesty what the company + desired to say to the Indians--"Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.," IV., 435; + "An Account of the Proceedings of the Ill. and Ouabache Land + Companies," 1796, 14. Richard Winston was one of the original + Indiana Company--"Cal. of Va. State Papers," VI., 18, 35. + + 26 "Hening's Statutes," X., 26, 32, 43, 161. + + 27 "Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.," IV., 301; "Pub. Lands," I., 16. + + 28 Todd to Winston, June 15, 1779--"Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.," IV., 302; + Todd to Judges at Kaskaskia, July 31, 1779--_Ibid._, 304; McCarty to + Todd, from Cahokia, July 18, 1779--"Draper Coll., Clark MSS.," XLIX., + 72, original MS.; McCarty to Montgomery, from Cahokia, Sept. 19, + 1779,--_Ibid._, XLIX., 71, original MS. + + Richard McCarty had been a resident of Cahokia under British rule + and had warned the British against American encroachments. He was + licensed to trade by the county government upon the recommendation + of the court of the District of Cahokia, June 5, 1779--"Mich. Pioneer + Coll.," IX., 368, 383; "Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.," IV., 296-7-8. + + 29 Capt. John Williams to G. R. Clark, from Fort Clark, Kaskaskia, + Sept. 25, 1779--"Draper Coll., Clark MSS.," XLIX., 73, original MS. + + 30 Todd to Col. Will Fleming, senator from Botetourt, from Kaskaskia, + Aug. 18, 1779--"Draper Coll., Clark MSS.," XXIII, 103, original MS. + + 31 Todd to Gov. of Va., from Kaskaskia, Aug. 18, 1779--"Chicago Hist. + Soc. Coll.," IV., 319. + + 32 Capt. John Williams to Col. Wm. Preston, from Ft. Clark, Kaskaskia, + Sept. 20, 1779--"Draper Coll., Preston Papers." V., 9, original MS. + + Montgomery to Clark, from Ft. Clark, Kaskaskia, Oct. 5, + 1779--_Ibid._, "Clark MSS.," XLIX., 78, original MS. + + 33 Shelby to Clark, from Vincennes, Oct. 10, 1779--_Ibid._, XLIX., 79, + original MS.; Montgomery to Clark, from Ft. Clark, Kaskaskia, Nov. + 15, 1779--_Ibid._, XLIX., 85, original MS. + + 34 Montgomery to Clark, from Kaskaskia, Feb. 1, 1780--"Draper Coll. + Clark MSS.," L., 9, original MS.; Clark to Todd, from Louisville, + March, 1780--"Cal. of Va. State Papers," I., 338-9; John McArthur + from Ste. Genevieve, Mo., Oct. 22, 1883--"Draper Coll. Clark MSS.," + VIII., 27. + + I have been unable to determine just when Col. Todd left Illinois, + whether he resigned as county-lieutenant, and whether he again + returned. Boyd in his article in the "Am. Hist. Rev.," IV., says + that he left in 1780, resigned in the same year, and apparently did + not return. Mason, in "Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.," IV., 287, says + that he seems to have left in 1779, seems not to have resigned, and + not to have returned. Wickliffe, in Morehead, "Settlement of Ky.," + 174, implies that he did not resign, and says that he several times + revisited the county. No one of these writers gives any authority + for his statement and I have found none. It is certain that Todd was + at the Falls of Ohio on December 23, 1779; that he then wrote to the + governor of Virginia expressing his intention of resigning; that the + governor, Jefferson, strongly opposed his resigning--"Chicago Hist. + Soc. Coll.," IV., 359; that he left some peltry in the joint care of + his subordinates, Montgomery and Winston, in November, 1779; that + goods were said to be consigned to him as county-lieutenant of + Illinois in November, 1780; that he wrote "I still receive + complaints from the Illinois," on April 15, 1781; that on April 29, + 1781, Winston was referred to as "Deputy County-Lieutenant for the + Illinois County;" and that Thimothe Demunbrunt signed as "Lt. Comd. + par interim, &c." in February and again in March, 1782--"Chicago + Hist. Soc. Coll.," IV., 315-16, 335, 343, 359; "Draper's Notes, Trip + 1860," III., 40-4. + + 35 Edward Murray to ----, from Kaskaskia, Apr. 19, 1780--"Draper Coll., + Clark MSS.," XLVI., 52, original MS. John Dodge had been an Indian + trader between Detroit and Pittsburg. He was captured by the + British, but escaped on Oct. 9, 1778, after thirty-three months + detention. Washington recommended him to Congress as a man who would + be useful because of his knowledge of the country--"Draper's Notes, + Trip 1860," VI., 153-5. + + 36 Unsigned and unaddressed, from "Williamsburg, Jan. 28, 1780"--"Draper + Coll., Clark MSS.," I., 5, original MS. + + 37 Hamtramck to Harmar, from Vincennes, Apr. 13, 1788--"Draper Coll., + Harmar Papers," I., 386-7. + + 38 Clark to Todd from Louisville, Mar., 1780--"Cal. of Va. State + Papers," I., 338-9; _see also_ pp. 358, 360. + + Unsigned and unaddressed official letter, from Williamsburg, Jan. + 28, 1780--"Draper Coll., Clark MSS.," L., 5, original MS. + + 39 Dodge to Gov. of Va., from Ft. Jefferson, Aug. 1, 1780--"Cal. of Va. + State Papers," I., 368. + + 40 Todd to Gov. Jefferson, from Richmond, June 2, 1780--"Cal. of Va. + State Papers," I., 358; Address from the people of Cahokia to G. R. + Clark, April 11, 1780--"Draper Coll., Clark MSS.," L., 27, original + MS. in French. + + 41 Legras to Clark, from Vincennes, Aug. 1, 1780--"Draper Coll., Clark + MSS.," L., 54, original MS. in French. + + 42 "Hening's Statutes," X., 303, 388-9. + + 43 Extract from McCarty's journal, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 14, + 1780--"Draper Coll., Clark MSS.," L., 66; McCarty to Col. Slaughter, + Jan. 27, 1781--"Draper's Notes, Trip 1860," III., 1, 2; incomplete in + "Cal. of Va. State Papers." I., 465; Montgomery to McCarty, between + Aug. 27 and Aug. 30, 1780--"Draper Coll., Clark MSS.," L., 66, 68; + _Ibid._, L., 70, original MS. + + 44 McCarty to Todd, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 14, 1780--"Cal. of Va. State + Papers," L., 380. + + 45 Winston to Todd, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 24, 1780--"Cal. of Va. State + Papers," I., 380-2. + + 46 Winston to Clark, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 24, 1780--"Draper Coll., Clark + MSS.," L., 71, original MS.; "Draper's Notes, Trip 1860," II., + 136-40; Helm to Slaughter, from Fort Jefferson, Oct. 29, 1780--"Cal. + of Va. State Papers," I., 383; Williams to Clark, from Camp + Jefferson, Oct. 28, 1780--_Ibid._, I., 383. + + 47 Montgomery to Jefferson, from New Orleans, Jan. 8, 1781--"Cal. of Va. + State Papers," I., 424-5. + + 48 "Draper Coll., Clark MSS.," VIII., 78. + + 49 Todd to Gov. Jefferson, from Lexington, Ky., Jan. 24, 1781--"Cal. of + Va. State Papers," I., 460. + + 50 "Draper's Notes, Trip 1860," II., 158. + + 51 Rogers to Gov. Jefferson, from Harrodsburg, Apr. 29, 1781--"Draper's + Notes, Trip 1860," III., 40-4; incomplete in "Cal. of Va. State + Papers," II., 76-7. Rogers refers to Winston as "Deputy County + Lieutenant for the Illinois County." Who was county-lieutenant? + + 52 Slaughter to Gov. Jefferson, from Louisville, Jan. 14, 1781--"Draper + Coll., Clark MSS.," LI., 12, original MS.; Maj. Williams's orders, + endorsed "pretended orders," from Fort Clark, Kaskaskia, Feb. 12, + 1781. + + 53 Clark to Gov. of Va., from "Yough," Mar. 27, 1781--"Cal. of Va. State + Papers," I., 597. + + 54 Montgomery to Gov. of Va., from Falls of Ohio, Aug. 10, 1781--"Cal. + of Va. State Papers," II., 313; Montgomery to the Board of + Commissioners for the Settlement of Western Accounts, from New + Holland, Feb. 22, 1783--_Ibid._, III., 441-4. + + 55 Todd to Gov. Jefferson, from Lexington, Ky., Apr. 15, 1781--"Cal. of + Va. State Papers," II., 44-5. + + 56 "Draper Coll., Clark MSS.," LX., 17, No. 2; Maj. de Peyster to + Brig.-Gen. Powell, from Detroit, July 12, 1781--"Mich. Pioneer + Coll.," XIX., 646. + + 57 "Can. Archives," Series B., Vol. 182, 489; "Rept. on Can. Archives," + 1888, 882. + + 58 Montgomery to Gov. Nelson, from Falls of Ohio, Aug. 10, 1781--"Cal. + of Va. State Papers," II., 313; Same to same, same date--_Ibid._, + II., 315. + + 59 Capt. Bailey to Col. Slaughter, from "Port Vincennes," Aug. 6, + 1781--"Cal. of Va. State Papers," II., 338. + + 60 "Jour. H. of Del.," Va., Oct. Sess., 1781, 13-39. + +_ 61 Ibid._, 72, 73, 74. Boyd states in "Am. Hist. Rev.," IV., 632, 635, + that the county ceased to exist in 1781. This is erroneous. Mr. + Boyd's article is the most scholarly treatment of the County of + Illinois which has been published. Aside from the errors as to the + time of the beginning and the ending of the county, and doubtful + statements as to Todd's leaving Illinois and subsequently resigning, + no errors of fact have been noted. A more complete, but unpublished, + article on the subject is by Dr. Edith Lyle. + + 62 Sinclair to Haldim, from Michilimackinac, Feb. 17, 1780--"Mich. + Pioneer Coll.," IX., 546; Same to same, May 29, 1780--_Ibid._, IX., + 548-9; Same to De Peyster, Feb. 15, 1780--_Ibid._, XIX., 500-1; Same + to Lt.-Col. Bolton, June 4, 1780--_Ibid._, XIX., 529; De Peyster to + Lt.-Col. Bolton, from Detroit, June 8, 1780--_Ibid._, XIX., 531-2; + McKee to De Peyster, June 4, 1780--_Ibid._, XIX., 530-1; Bird to De + Peyster, from "a day's march from the Ohio," June 3, 1780--_Ibid._, + XIX., 527-9. + + 63 Sinclair to Bolton, from Michilimackinac, July 4, 1780--"Mich. + Pioneer Coll.," XIX., 529-30; Same to Haldimand, July 8, + 1780--_Ibid._, IX., 558-9; Same to same, May 29, 1780--_Ibid._, IX., + 548-9; Same to De Peyster, July 30, 1780--_Ibid._, IX., 586; "Draper + Coll., Clark MSS.," XXVIII., No. 117, p. 6; Scharf to Lyman C. + Draper, from Baltimore, Dec. 16, 1882--_Ibid._, p. 7; Capt. John + Rogers' account--_Ibid._, p. 3; Capt. John Murphy's account--_Ibid._, + VIII., 66-78; See also _Ibid._, XXVI., 18. + + 64 "Rept. on Canadian Archives," 1888, p. 904; "Mag. of Am. Hist.," + III., 366. + + 65 Bentley to Clark, from Vincennes, July 30, 1780--"Draper Coll., Clark + MSS.," L., 51. A copy, incomplete and not exact, is in _Ibid._, + XXVI., 85. + + 66 Extracts from Capt. McCarty's Journal, at Kaskaskia--"Draper Coll., + Clark MSS.," XXVI., 85-6; McCarty to Todd, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 14, + 1780--"Cal. of Va. State Papers," I., 380; Winston to Todd, from + Kaskaskia, Oct. 24, 1780--_Ibid._, I., 381-2; Auguste St. Jemme, son + of an inhabitant of Kaskaskia, to Lyman C. Draper--"Draper's Notes, + Trip 1851," I., 48-9--"Draper Coll., Clark MSS.," XXVI., 82. + + 67 De Peyster to Powell, from Detroit, Nov. 13, 1780--"Mich. Pioneer + Coll.," XIX., 581; Same to Haldimand, Nov. 16, 1780--_Ibid._, X., + 448-9; Linctot to Slaughter, "O'Post," Jan. 11, 1781--"Cal. of Va. + State Papers," I., 429; J. L. William to Lyman C. Draper, from Fort + Wayne, Ind., Oct. 1, 1881--"Draper Coll., Clark MSS.," XXVI., 92; + McCarty to Slaughter, from Ill., Jan. 27, 1781--"Cal. of Va. State + Papers" I., 465; Col. Brodhead to Washington, from Fort Pitt, Mar. + 10, 1781, "Olden Time," II., 391; Col. Levin Powell, from + Harrodsburg, Jan. 21, 1781--"Pa. Archives," VIII., 768; De Peyster to + Haldimand, from Detroit, Nov. 13, 1780, Farmer, "Hist. of Detroit + and Michigan," 257; Letter from J. M. P. Legras, from Vincennes, + Dec. 1, 1780--"Draper Coll., Clark MSS.," L., 77, original corrected + draft; "Rept. on Canadian Archives," 1888, 904-5; extract from + "Scot's Magazine," May, 1781, in "Draper Coll., Clark MSS.," XXVI., + 82. Whether La Balme had any countenance from either the French + government or its representatives is an unsettled question. That + France should regain her hold in America was desired by many + Frenchmen, but on the other hand, the French government was pledged + by its treaty of alliance to make no acquisitions of territory in + America. The following references raise the question, but I know of + none which settle it: Kingsford, "Canada," VI., 342-3; Sparks, + "Washington," VI., 106 ff., 113; Stevens, "Facsimiles," XVII., No. + 1609; "Secret Jour. of Cong.," II., 111-117, 125. + + 68 Haldimand to De Peyster, from Quebec, Jan. 6, 1781--"Mich. Pioneer + Coll.," IX., 641. + + 69 This amounts to but sixteen men. De Peyster says that the party was + one of sixteen; McCarty says there were seventeen. + + 70 McCarty to Slaughter, from Ill., Jan. 27, 1781--"Cal. of Va. State + Papers," I., 465; Sinclair to Mathews, from Michilimackinac, Feb. + 23, 1781--"Mich. Pioneer Coll.," IX., 629; De Peyster to Powell, from + Detroit, Jan. 8, 1781--_Ibid._, XIX., 591-2; Same to Haldimand, same + date--_Ibid._, X., 450-1; Same to McKee, from Detroit, Feb. 1, + 1781--De Peyster, "Miscellanies," p. xxvi.; Linctot to commanding + officer at the Falls of Ohio, "Opost Vincennes," Jan. 13, 1781--"Cal. + of Va. State Papers," I., 432; Draper on date of the expedition, + "Draper Coll., Clark MSS.," XXVI., 88; De Peyster to Powell, from + Detroit, Mar. 17, 1781--"Mich. Pioneer Coll.," XIX., 600; Sinclair to + Powell, from Michilimackinac Id., May 1, 1781--_Ibid._, XIX., 632; + "Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.," IV., 216. + + 71 Jay to Livingston, from Madrid, Apr. 28, 1782--"Secret Jour. of + Cong.," IV., 64; or Wharton, "Dipl. Corr. of the Am. Rev.," V., + 363-4; or Sparks, _Ibid._, VIII., 76-8; McCarty to Slaughter, from + Ill., Jan. 27, 1781--"Draper's Notes, Trip 1860," III., 1-2; + incomplete copy in "Cal. of Va. State Papers," I., 465; Linctot to + commanding officer at Falls of Ohio, from Vincennes, Jan. 13, + 1781--"Cal. of Va. State Papers," I., 432; Franklin to Livingston, + from Passy, Apr. 12, 1782--Sparks, "Dipl. Corr. of the Am. Rev.," + III., 339. See also _Ibid._, VIII., 150; Sparks, "Franklin's Works," + IX., 206, Boston, 1856. + + 72 Linctot to ----, from St. Louis, July 31, 1781--"Draper Coll., Clark + MSS.," LI., 75, original MS. in French; Gratiot to Clark, from St. + Louis, Aug. 1, 1781--_Ibid._, LI., 77, original MS. in French. + + 73 This chapter was read, by request, before the Wisconsin Academy of + Sciences, Arts, and Letters, on February 8, 1906. + + 74 In Council, Jan. 29, 1782--"Draper Coll., Clark MSS.," XLVI., 69, + original MS. + + 75 Demunbrunt to Clark, from Kaskaskia, Mar. 5, 1782--"Draper Coll., + Clark MSS.," L., 70; LI., 25, original MS. Demunbrunt, whose name + also appears as Demunbrun and De Munbrun, was prominent in early + Illinois history. Records signed by him as Lieutenant Commandant + _par interim_ appear in "John Todd's Record-Book" under the dates + June 14, 1779, Feb'y, 1782, and March 22, 1782. In 1783, 1784, and + probably at other dates he made grants of land in the Illinois + country. He served under Clark. From the time Winston was appointed + to the command of the County of Illinois, until the coming of St. + Clair, Demunbrunt was "commandant of the village of Kaskaskia and + its dependencies." He had important dealings with an embassy from + the Cherokee Indians. He was allowed land under the Virginia grants. + In his memorial to the General Assembly, he said: "Your memorialist, + little acquainted with the mode of doing business in this State, + never kept a regular account, depending altogether on the justice + and generosity of the Legislature"--"Draper's Notes, Trip 1860," V., + 15-18; "Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.," IV., 315-16; "Pub. Lands," II., + 146. + + 76 Todd to Winston, June 15, 1779, in "Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.," IV., + 302; Legras to Clark, from Vincennes, Dec. 31, 1782--"Draper Coll., + Clark MSS.," LII., 67, original MS.; "Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.," + IV., 289. + + 77 Letter from Capt. Dodge, from Kaskaskia, Mar. 6, 1783--"Draper Coll., + Clark MSS.," LX., No. 3, p. 48. + + 78 Dodge to Clark, from Kaskaskia, Mar. 3, 1783--_Ibid._, LII., 78. + + 79 Officers to Clark, from Ft. Nelson, Falls of Ohio, March 30, + 1783--_Ibid._, LII., 80. + + 80 Montgomery to Board of Commissioners, from New Holland, Feb. 22, + 1783--"Cal. of Va. State Papers," III., 441-4. + + 81 Board of Commissioners to Gov. Benjamin Harrison, from Jefferson + county, Feb. 17, 1783--"Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.," IV., 350-1. + + 82 Walker Daniel to Board of Commissioners, from New Holland, Feb. 3, + 1783--"Cal. of Va. State Papers," III., 430-2. + + 83 "Jour. of Cong.," III., 383-5. + + 84 "Jour. H. of Del.," Va., May Sess., 1780, 25, 69, 70. + + 85 Law, "The Colonial Hist. of Vincennes," 1858, 117-8, gives a copy of + the deed. For claims under such deeds see "Pub. Lands," I., 294-8. + + 86 "Pub. Lands," I., 301. + + 87 "Jour. of Cong.," IV., 342-4. + +_ 88 Ibid._, IV., 379-80; Thwaites, "The Boundaries of Wisconsin," in + "Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.," XI., 452, gives a map of Jefferson's + proposed states. + + 89 "Jour. of Cong.," IV., 473, 477. + + 90 John Edgar to Clark, from Kaskaskia, Nov. 7, 1785--"Draper's Notes, + Trip 1860," VI., 214-5. + + 91 Petition to Clark, from Vincennes, Mar. 16, 1786--"Draper Coll., + Clark MSS.," LIII., 23. + + 92 Petition to Congress, from Vincennes, June 1, 1786--_Ibid._, LIII., + 31. + + 93 Clark to Richard H. Lee, pres. of Cong., from Louisville, received + June 8, 1786--"Draper's Notes, Trip 1860," VI., 208-9. + + 94 Moses Henry to Clark, from Vincennes, June 12, 1786--"Draper Coll., + Clark MSS.," LIII., 32. + + 95 Daniel Sullivan to Clark, from Vincennes, June 23, 1786--"Draper + Coll., Clark MSS.," LIII., 35; John Small to Clark, same place and + day--_Ibid._, LIII., 36. + + 96 John Edgar to Clark, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 23, 1786--_Ibid._, LIII., + 56. + + 97 Clark to people of Vincennes--_Ibid._, LIII., 52. + + 98 Letter from a man at Falls of Ohio to a friend in N. England, Dec. + 4, 1786--"Secret Jour. of Cong.," IV., 321. + + 99 "Jour. of Cong.," IV., 688-9. + + 100 Harmar to Sec'y of War, from Fort Harmar, May 14, 1787--"St. Clair + Papers," II., 20-1; Maj. Wyllys to Harmar, from Fort Finney, Rapids + of Ohio, Feb. 6, 1787--"Draper Coll., Harmar Papers," I., 281-2; Knox + to Harmar, June 19, 1787--_Ibid._, I., 303. See also _Ibid._, I., + 290; Sec'y of War to Harmar, Apr. 26, 1787--"St. Clair Papers," II., + 22. + + 101 Harmar to Sec'y of War, from Vincennes, Aug. 7, 1787--"St. Clair + Papers," II., 27-9; Address of Am. settlers at Vincennes to Harmar, + transmitted to the War Office, Aug. 7, 1787--"Draper Coll., Harmar + Papers," I., 337-9; Address of French at Vincennes to Harmar, July + 28, 1787--_Ibid._, I., 331-3. + + 102 Harmar to Sec'y of War, from Fort Harmar, Nov. 24, 1787--"St. Clair + Papers," II., 30-2. + + 103 Harmar to the Sec'y of War, from Fort Harmar, Nov. 24, 1787--"St. + Clair Papers," II., 34. + + 104 Hamtramck to Harmar, from Vincennes, Nov. 3, 1787--"Draper Coll., + Harmar Papers," I., 352. + + 105 Harmar to Sec'y of War, from Fort Harmar, Nov. 24, 1787--"St. Clair + Papers," II., 35. + + 106 "Draper's Notes, Trip 1860," VI., 170-3. + + 107 "Secret Jour. of Cong.," IV., 301-29. + + 108 St. Clair to the President, 1790--"St. Clair Papers" II., 175. + + 109 Hamtramck to Harmar, from Vincennes, Oct. 13, 1788--"Draper Coll., + Harmar Papers," I., 479; extract in "St. Clair Papers," II., 105. + + 110 Tardiveau to St. Clair, from Danville, June 30, 1789--"St. Clair + Papers," II., 117-19. + + 111 Extract from above letter.--_Ibid._, II., 119-20, note. + + 112 George Morgan was much engaged in large land purchases. In 1763, + some Shawanese and other Indians carried off the property of certain + whites to the value of L85,916 10_s._, 8_d._ The offenders being + tributary to the Six Nations, the latter granted to King George + III., for the exclusive use of the sufferers, on November 3, 1768, + at Fort Stanwix, the tract of some two million five hundred thousand + acres, later known as the claim of the Indiana Company. The land lay + southeast of the Ohio, and was claimed in part by both Virginia and + Pennsylvania. For map see "States of America," by J. Russell, + London, E. Dilly and G. G. and J. Robinson, 1799; Hutchins, + "Topographical Desc. of Va.," etc., French ed., Paris, 1781; Winsor, + "Westward Movement," 17. Morgan, who was a large shareholder in the + company, was for years its agent. The claim was finally denied. + Morgan was also the founder of New Madrid, in what is now Missouri, + but he was unfortunate in assuming powers denied by the Spanish + government. His experience in Illinois was likewise a failure--"Cal. + of Va. State Papers" I., 273, 297, 320; VI., 1-36 (a history of the + Indiana purchase), 261, 679, 301; "Jour. of Cong.," III., 359, 373; + IV., 23; "Rept. on Canadian Archives," 1888, p. 939; "Draper Coll., + Clark MSS.," LIII., 78; Gayerre, "Hist. of La.," index under Morgan + refers to passages giving several quotations from sources; Kate + Mason Rowland, "George Mason," I., 230, 324-8, 289, 308, 333, 341-4; + II., 21, 26, 239, 244, 262, 341-5, 406, 440-1. George Mason was + manager for the commonwealth when, in 1791, the final effort was + made by the Indiana Company to overthrow the Virginia settlement of + its claim. Some original sources of importance are given in this + work--"Plain Facts: being an Examination into the Rights of the + Indian Nations of America, to their respective Countries, and a + Vindication of the Grant, from the Six United Nations of Indians, to + the Proprietors of Indiana, against the decision of Virginia, + together with authentic documents, proving that the territory, + westward of the Alleghany Mountain, never belonged to Virginia, + etc., Philadelphia...: M.DCC.LXXXI." The work gives a resume of the + proceedings of the company to 1779, 164 pp. "View of the Title to + Indiana, a tract of country on the River Ohio," 24 pp., printed + about 1775. + + 113 "Jour. of Cong.," IV., 341-2, 823-5. + + 114 "Jour. of Cong.," IV., 823-5. The location of the ridge of rocks is + clearly shown in Hutchins' "Topographical Desc. of Va.," 1778, on a + map opposite p. 41. French edition of 1781, facing p. 16; Winsor, + "Nar. and Crit. Hist. of Am.," VI., 700; Collot, "Atlas of America," + 1826. + + 115 Throughout the period covered by this work, the term squatter + denoted one who illegally settled on public land, without a title. + Later laws permitted settling before securing a title, but in the + early period, no squatting was legal. + + 116 "Jour. of Cong.," IV., 857-9. + + 117 "John Todd's Record-Book," "Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.," IV., 308-14. + + 118 Hamtramck to Harmar, from Vincennes, April 13, 1788--"Draper Coll., + Harmar Papers," I., 386-7. At the time fees as above were being + charged, prices current in Vincennes were: + + Corn, per bu. $ 2.00 + Flour, per cwt. 7.00 + Pork, per lb. .30 + Beef, per lb. .15 + Bordeaux wine, per bottle 2.00 + Spirits, per gal. 12.00 + Whisky, per gal. $ 8.00 + Butter, per lb. 1.00 + Eggs, per doz. 1.00 + Loaf sugar, per lb. 1.00 + Brown sugar, per lb. .60 + Coffee, per lb. 1.45 + A dunghill fowl $ 1.00 + Potatoes, per bu. 2.00 + Onions, per bu. 5.00 + Cabbage, per head .15 + Turnips, per bu. 1.00 + + See _Ibid._, 388-9. + + Beef was probably buffalo beef, as that was then the common meat for + garrisons and settlers in the West. + + 119 "Draper Coll., Harmar Papers," I., 389-92. + + 120 Hamtramck to Harmar, from Vincennes, May 21, 1788--"Draper Coll., + Harmar Papers," I., 396. "Mr. Henry, of this place, who is very much + connected with the Indians, particularly his wife," implies that + Henry's wife was an Indian--_Ibid._, 3-4. + + 121 Same to same, Aug. 31, 1788--_Ibid._, I., 450. + + 122 Same to same, July 29, 1789--_Ibid._, II., 70-1. + + 123 Hamtramck to Harmar, from Vincennes, Nov. 11, 1789--"Draper Coll., + Harmar Papers," II., 130-2. + + 124 Same to same, June 24, 1790--_Ibid._, II., 254. + + 125 Same to ----, Jan. 1, 1788--_Ibid._, I., 371. + + 126 Morgan's proclamation, Oct. 3, 1788--_Ibid._, "Clark MSS.," LIII., + 78, incomplete. + + 127 From Vincennes, Aug. 26, 1788--"Draper Coll., Harmar Papers," I., + 455-61. + + 128 Hamtramck to Harmar, from Vincennes, Mar. 28, 1789--_Ibid._, II., + 17-18. + + 129 Hamtramck to Harmar, from Vincennes, Apr. 11, 1789--"Draper Coll., + Harmar Papers," II., 27-28. + + 130 Harmar to St. Clair, from Fort Harmar, May 8, 1789--_Ibid._, II., 51. + Harmar to Knox, same date and of similar tenor--_Ibid._, II., 53. + + 131 Hamtramck to Wyllys, from Vincennes, May 27, 1789--_Ibid._, II., 39. + + 132 Hamtramck to Harmar, from Fort Knox, Vincennes, Jan. 19, + 1789--_Ibid._, II., 1. + + 133 Hamtramck to Harmar, from Vincennes, Aug. 14, 1798--"Draper Coll., + Harmar Papers," II., 90-1. + + 134 Inclosed in Hamtramck to Harmar, from Vincennes, Nov. 2, + 1789--"Draper Coll., Harmar Papers," II., 124-7. + + 135 Offer dated Oct. 3, 1789. Inclosed in Hamtramck to Harmar, Nov. 2, + 1789--"Draper Coll., Harmar Papers," II., 127-8. + + 136 Hamtramck's reply of Oct. 14, 1789, to petition of Sept. 14, + preceding, inclosed as above--_Ibid._, II., 128-30; "Draper Coll., + Harmar Papers," II., 128-130. + + 137 Edgar to Hamtramck, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 28, 1789--"Draper Coll., + Harmar Papers," II., 132-6. + + 138 Jones to Hamtramck, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 29, 1789--"Draper Coll., + Harmar Papers," II., 136-41. + +_ 139 Ibid._, II., 182; "St. Clair Papers," II., 164. + + 140 Tardiveau to Hamtramck, from Kaskaskia, Aug. 1, 1790--"Draper Coll., + Harmar Papers," II., 302. + + 141 "St. Clair Papers," II., 165. + + 142 Harmar to Hamtramck, Sept. 3, 1790--"Draper Coll., Harmar Papers," + II., 332. + + 143 "Jour. of Cong.," IV., 823. + + 144 Pittman, "European Settlements on the Miss.," 55. + + 145 Hutchins, "Topographical Desc. of Va." 36-8. + + 146 "St. Clair Papers," II. 122-3. + + 147 "Secret Jour. of Cong.," IV., 301-29. + + 148 "St. Clair Papers," I., 150. + + 149 "Pub. Lands," I., 20. + + 150 "Statutes at Large," I., 221-2. + + 151 Hamtramck to Harmar, from Vincennes, Apr. 14, 1791--"Draper Coll., + Harmar Papers," II., 410. + + 152 "Draper MSS., Translation of Spanish Documents," 49-60. + + 153 Carondolet to Duke of Alcudia, from New Orleans, Sept. 27, + 1793--"Draper MSS., Translation of Spanish Documents." 24, second + pagination of typewritten matter. + + 154 Carondolet to ----,--_Ibid._, 33, first pagination of matter in long + hand. + + 155 "Pub. Lands," I., 69. + + 156 "St. Clair Papers," II., 398-9. + + 157 John Edgar, for years the wealthiest citizen of Illinois, was born + in Ireland, came to Kaskaskia in 1784, and soon became a large + landholder by purchasing French donation-rights. Wm. Morrison, a + native of Bucks county, Pa., came from Philadelphia to Kaskaskia in + 1790 and became a leading merchant and shipper. Wm. St. Clair, a son + of James St. Clair, once captain in the Irish Brigade in the service + of France, was the first clerk of the court of St. Clair county. + John Dumoulin (or De Moulin) was a Swiss. In 1790, he was a judge of + the Court of Common Pleas in the Cahokia district of St. Clair + county. + + 158 St. Clair county had been formed in 1790 and Randolph county in + 1795. In 1796, they were the only counties lying wholly within the + present State of Illinois. A strip of the eastern part of Illinois + lay in Knox county. The line between St. Clair and Randolph was an + east-and-west line, a little south of New Design, Randolph lying to + the south--"St. Clair Papers," II., 165, 166, 345. + + 159 "Pub. Lands," I., 68-9; "Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.," II., 447-52, 452-55. + + 160 "Pub. Lands," I., 68; Poore, "Desc. Catalogue of Govt. + Publications," 43; "Laws of U. S. Relating to Pub. Lands," 420-5. + + 161 "Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.," II., 455-61; "Annals of Cong.," 6th Cong., + 735. + + 162 "Annals of Cong.," 6th Cong., 537-538; Poore, "Desc. Catalogue of + Govt. Publications," 43; "Statutes at Large," II., 73-8. + + 163 "Statutes at Large," II., 58-9; "Annals of Cong.," 6th Cong., 507, + 699, 701. + + 164 According to the Act of May 10, 1800, public land was to be sold in + tracts, not smaller than one-half sections, and for a minimum price + of two dollars per acre. One-twentieth of the purchase-money should + be paid at the time of sale, the remainder of one-fourth of the + price within forty days, one-fourth in two years, one-fourth in + three years, and one-fourth in four years. On the last three + payments, interest should be paid at six per cent from the date of + sale, and on the same three payments a discount of eight per cent + per year should be granted for prepayment. Land unpaid for reverted + to the United States--"Statutes at Large," II., 73-8. + + 165 "Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.," II., 461-70; "Annals of Cong.," 8th Cong., + 1st Sess., 1023-4; 9th Cong., 1st Sess., 293-4, 466-8. + + 166 A western tributary of the lower part of the Kaskaskia. + + 167 "Pub. Lands," I., 591. + + 168 "Statutes at Large," II., 469; Poore, "Charters and Constitutions," + 821, 832, 964, 973; McMaster, "Acquisition of the ... Rights of Man + in Am.," 111-22; "Proceedings and Debates of the Va. State Conv. of + 1829-30," _passim_; Mowry, "The Dorr War," _passim_. + + 169 "Draper Coll., Ill. MSS.," 37, 39, 43, 54, 57, 58, 67, 102, 104, + 107, 108, 113; "Pub. Lands," I., 20; "Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.," VII., + 300; " 'Father Clark;' or, The Pioneer Preacher," 181 _et seq._ + + 170 "Indian Aff.," I., 562; "An. Rept. of the Bureau of Ethnology," 18, + Pt. 2, 656-7, Plates CXXIV., CXXV.; see map of Indian cessions, + 1795-1809. + + 171 "An. Rept. of the Bureau of Ethnology," 18, Pt. 2, 656-7; Plates + CXXIV., CXXV.; "Indian Aff.," I., 688; see map of Indian cessions. + + 172 "Indian Aff.," I., 687; "An. Rept. of the Bureau of Ethnology," 18, + Pt. 2, 664-5, Plate CXXIV.; see map of Indian cessions. + + 173 "Statutes at Large," II., 277-83, 343-5, 446-8, 517, 590-1. + + 174 "Indian Aff.," I., 693-4; "An. Rept. of the Bureau of Ethnology," + 18, Pt. 2, 666-7, Plate CXXIV.; see map of Indian cessions. + + 175 "Indian Aff.," I., 704-5; "An. Rept. of the Bureau of Ethnology," + 18, Pt. 2, 672-3, Plate CXXIV.; see map of Indian cessions. + + 176 "Annals of Cong.," 9th Cong., 1st Sess., 339; see map in the "Hist. + of Randolph, Monroe, and Perry Counties, Ill.," frontispiece. + + 177 St. Clair to Judge Turner, from Marietta, May 2, 1795--"St. Clair + Papers," II., 348-9. + + 178 Edwards, "Great West," 271, 274-5; figures from the official census. + + 179 See map of Illinois country. + + 180 "St. Clair Papers," I., 193; II., 345. + + 181 "Laws of N.-W. Ter.," 1800, I., 47-51. + +_ 182 Ibid._, 1800, I., 58-61. + +_ 183 Ibid._, 1800, I., 178. + +_ 184 Ibid._, 1800, I., 61-71. + +_ 185 Ibid._, 1800, I., 119-21. + +_ 186 Ibid._, 1800, I., 197. + + 187 "Laws of N.-W. Ter., 1800," I., 226-7; "Laws of Ill. Ter., 1815-16;" + _Ibid._, 1816-17, 4; _Ibid._, 17-19. + + 188 "Laws of N.-W. Ter., 1800," I., 157-61; McMaster, "Acquisition of + the Pol., Social and Industrial Rights of Man in Am.," 64-66; 16th + Cong., 2d Sess., "Rept. of Com. No. 63." + + 189 "Laws of N.-W. Ter., 1800," I., 184-5. + + 190 "Statutes at Large," II., 58-9; "Annals of Cong.," 6th Cong., 1007; + _Ibid._, 9th Cong., 1st Sess., 275. + + 191 "Misc.," I., 206-7. + + 192 "St. Clair Papers," II., 533-4. + + 193 "Annals of Cong.," 8th Cong., 1st Sess., 489, 1659-60. + + 194 "Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.," II., 486-7. + + 195 "Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.," II., 483-92; original among the House files + at Washington. + + 196 "Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.," II., 476-83. + + 197 "Laws of Ind. Ter.," 1807, pp. 12-13. + + 198 "Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.," II., 498-506. + + 199 "Annals of Cong.," 9th Cong., 1st Session, 469. + +_ 200 Ibid._, 466-8; "Misc.," I., 450; "Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.," II., + 494-7. + + 201 "Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.," II., 505-10. + + 202 "H. J.," 8th and 9th Cong., 611. + + 203 "Annals of Cong.," 10th Cong., 1st Sess., 1976, 2067. + +_ 204 Ibid._, 10th Cong., 2d Sess., 971-3, 1093; "Stat. at Large," II., + 514-16. + + 205 "Annals of Cong.," 10th Cong., 2d Sess., 1093-4. + + 206 "St. Clair Papers," II., 318. + + 207 Cutler, "Life of Manasseh Cutler," II., 382. + + 208 " 'Father Clark,' or the Pioneer Preacher," 202; Moses, "Illinois," + I., 228. + + 209 "Pub. Lands," I., 256. + + 210 "Annals of Cong.," 9th Cong., 1st Sess., 469. The land bought in + Kentucky was probably near Eddyville, which the purchaser founded. + + 211 Littell, "Laws of Ky.," I., 275-7, 687; Speed, "The Wilderness + Road," _passim_. + + 212 Schultz, "Travels on an Inland Voyage," I., 129-32. + + 213 "Annals of Cong.," 9th Cong., 1st Sess., 1049. Speech by Matthew + Lyon of Kentucky. + + 214 Schultz, "Travels on an Inland Voyage," I., 132. + + 215 For vivid accounts of journeys between the East and Ohio, giving an + excellent idea of the difficulties of transit, in the period + 1795-1809, see Cutler, "Life and Times of Ephraim Cutler," 17-22, + 38-41, 90-103; also, many passages in Cutler, "Life, Journals and + Corr. of Rev. Manasseh Cutler." A similar journey made in 1790 is + described in "St. Clair Papers," II., 164. + + 216 Collot, "Journey in N. A.," I., 192-3, 239. + + 217 " 'Father Clark,' or The Pioneer Preacher," 193. + + 218 Schultz, "Travels on an Inland Voyage," II., 38. + + 219 Cuming, "Sketches of a Tour," 245; Schultz, "Travels on an Inland + Voyage," I., 199; Moses, "Illinois," I., 265. + + 220 "Annals of Cong.," 9th Cong., 1st Sess., 1049. Speech by Matthew + Lyon of Kentucky. + + 221 "Pub. Lands," I., 69; "Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.," II., 448. + + 222 Ethelbert Stewart, "A Few Notes for an Industrial Hist. of Ill.," in + "Pub. No. 8 of the Ill. Hist. Lib.," 120. + + 223 "Draper Coll., Ill. MSS.," 73, 74. Original accounts of Wm. Biggs, + high sheriff of the county of St. Clair in the N.-W. Ter. + + 224 Hamilton, "Writings of James Monroe," I., 117. + + 225 "Statutes at Large," II., 607. + + 226 "Pub. Lands," II., 123. + + 227 "Statutes at Large," II., 677; "Pub. Lands," II., 254-5, 257-8, + 210-41. + + 228 "Territorial Records of Ill.," ("Pub. of Ill. State Hist. Lib.," No. + III., 109-10). + + 229 "Pub. Lands," II., 157-81, 210-41. + + 230 "Territorial Records of Ill.," ("Pub. of the Ill. State Hist. Lib.," + No. III., 118-20); "Statutes at Large," II., 175; "Annals of Cong." + (ed. 1853), 12th Cong., III., 883, 1011, 1015. + + 231 "State Papers," 15th Cong., 1st Sess., III., No. 61, p. 6; Poore, + "Charters and Constitutions," Pt. I., 436, 438, 445; "Statutes at + Large," III., 318. + + 232 "Statutes at Large," II., 797. + + 233 Reynolds, "Illinois--My Own Times," 156. + + 234 Littell, "Laws of Ky.," I., 430; "Acts of 1811" (Ky.), 213-15; "Acts + of 1816" (Ky.), 107; "Acts of 1817" (Ky.), 326. + + 235 "Pub. Lands," III., 2. + +_ 236 Ibid._, II., 873-4. + + 237 "Statutes at Large," III., 125. + + 238 "State Papers," II., 14th Cong., 2d Sess., folio. Other volumes of + the same number and session are quarto. + + 239 "Statutes at Large," II., 591; III., 113; "Pub. Lands," II., 873-4. + + 240 Littell, "Laws of Ky.," I., 395-7, 456. + +_ 241 Ibid._, I., 430. + + 242 O'Callaghan, "Doc. Hist. of N. Y.," III., 1069-83, quarto; 649-57, + folio. + + 243 Agnew, "Settlement and Land Titles of N.-W. Pa.," 118-19. See also + "Jour. of H. of R." (Pa.), 1792-1794, first page of second appendix + to record of 1st Sess. of 3d House; _ibid_., first page of second + appendix to record of 1st Sess. of 4th House; Sergeant, "View of the + Land Laws of Pa., with Notices of Its Early Hist. and Legislation," + _passim_. + + 244 Littell, "Laws of Ky.," I., 516. + +_ 245 Ibid._, II., 420-2; "Acts of 1811" (Ky.), 213-15; "Acts of 1817" + (Ky.), 554; "Acts of 1819" (Ky.), 832. + + 246 "Acts of 1816" (Ky.), 107; "Acts of 1817" (Ky.), 326. + + 247 Phelan, "Hist. of Tenn.," 303. Quoted from Jones, "The Chickasaw + Country Lately Ceded to the U. S." (1819). + + 248 "Statutes at Large," III., 307; "Pub. Lands," II., 741; III., 1-5, + 384-5. + + 249 Brown, "Western Gazetteer, or Emigrants' Directory" (1817), 33. + + 250 White, "Descendants of John Walker," 458-9, 461. + + 251 A land-office was established at Edwardsville by an act of Apr. 29, + 1816. + + 252 "State Papers," No. 52, 15th Cong., 2d Sess., IV. Hundredths of + acres and cents are omitted from the tables. The figures for + Shawneetown cover the periods from Jan. 1 to Sept. 30; those for the + other offices, from Jan. 1 to Aug. 31. + + 253 "Pub. Lands," III., 405. + + 254 "Indian Aff.," I., 761-2; "18th An. Rept. of the Bureau of + Ethnology," Pt. 2, 678; Nos. 73, 74. Plate CXXIV. See map of Indian + cessions. + + 255 Reynolds, "Illinois--My Own Times," 81-4. + + 256 Edwards, "Hist. of Ill. and Life of Ninian Edwards," 301. + + 257 Reynolds, "Illinois--My Own Times," 82. + + 258 Edwards, "Hist. of Ill. and Life of Ninian Edwards," 329. + + 259 Edwards, "Hist. of Ill. and Life of Ninian Edwards," 335. + + 260 Reynolds, "Illinois--My Own Times," 86-7. + +_ 261 Ibid._, 102. + + 262 "Indian Aff.," II., 99. + + 263 "Indian Aff.," II., 95-6; "18th An. Rept. of the Bureau of + Ethnology," Pt. 2, 680-3, No. 77, Plate CXXV., and No. 78, Plate + CXXIV. See map of Indian cessions. + + 264 "Indian Aff.," II., 167; "18th An. Rept. of the Bureau of + Ethnology," Pt. 2, 692-3; No. 96a, Plate CXXIV. See also No. 48 on + the same plate, and No. 77, Plate CXXV. See map of Indian cessions. + + 265 "Territorial Records of Ill.," ("Pub. of the Ill. Hist. Lib.," No. + III., 3, 6, 7). + + 266 "Territorial Records of Ill." ("Pub. of the Ill. Hist. Lib.," No. + III., 10-19). Of the thirty-eight laws selected by the Governor and + judges in the Northwest Territory, three were from the codes of + southern states; of the fifteen so selected in Indiana Territory, + thirteen were from southern codes--"Ind. Hist. Soc. Pamphlets," No. + I., 16; contained in Vol. 2 of "Publications." Illinois was thus + most southern of the three. + + 267 "Territorial Records of Ill." ("Pub. of the Ill. Hist. Lib.," No. + III., 23, 26-7). + + 268 "Statutes at Large," II., 741-2. + + 269 "Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.," II., 461-70. + + 270 Edwards, "Hist. of Ill. and Life of Ninian Edwards." 296, 306. + + 271 "Territorial Records of Ill." ("Pub. of Ill. Hist. Lib.," No. III., + 62, 86). + + (For each of the following officials, their Nativity and County are + listed.) + + Legislative Council. + + Pierre Menard, Canada, Randolph. + Wm. Biggs, Md. St. Clair. + Sam'l Judy, Swiss or Md., Madison. + Thos. Ferguson, Johnson. + Benjamin Talbott, Gallatin. + + House of Reps. + + Dr. George Fisher, Va., Randolph. + Rev. Joshua Oglesby, St. Clair. + Jacob Short, St. Clair. + Rev. Wm. Jones, N. C., Madison. + Philip Trammell, Gallatin. + Alex. Wilson, Va., Gallatin. + John Grammar, Johnson. + + Territorial Judges. + + Jesse B. Thomas, Maryland. + Alexander Stuart, Virginia. + William Sprigg, Maryland. + + Territorial Secretaries. + + Nathaniel Pope, Kentucky. + Joseph Philips, Tennessee. + + Delegates in Congress and Term. + + Shadrach Bond, Md, Dec. 3, 1812-14. + Benj. Stephenson, Ky, Nov. 14, 1814-16. + Nathan'l Pope, Ky, Dec. 2, 1816-18. + + Governor. + + Ninian Edwards, Md., 1809-1818. + + Officers other than members are added to the above in order to + emphasize the southern origin of Illinois territorial officials. New + England was not yet a factor in Illinois politics. + + 272 "Territorial Records of Illinois" ("Pub. of the Ill. Hist. Lib.," + No. III., 62-170). + + 273 "Laws of Ill. Ter., 1817-18," pp. 72-82; _Ibid._, 1815-16, p. 44. + + 274 "Laws of Ill. Ter., 1817-18," pp. 57-64. + + 275 "Annals of Cong.," 15th Cong., 1st Sess., 1677, 1738; "H. J.," 15th + Cong., 1st Sess., 151, 174; Benton, "Abridgment of Debates in + Cong.," VI., 173; "Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.," XI., 494-501. + + 276 "Statutes at Large," III., 428; "Laws of Ill. Ter.," 1817-18. pp. + 42-5; Dana, "Sketches of Western Country," 1819, 153; "Niles' + Register," XIV., 359 (July 18, 1818); Babcock, "Memoir of John Mason + Peck," 99. + + 277 Poore, "Charters and Constitutions," Pt. I., 442, 445. Of the + members of the Constitutional Convention of Illinois whose nativity + has been learned, ten were natives of the South, two were natives of + Illinois born of southern parents, two were Irishmen from the South, + and five were natives of the North. New England was represented by + one man, John Messinger, a son-in-law of Matthew Lyon. + + 278 "Annals of Cong.," 15th Cong., 2d Sess., 38, 305-11; "Statutes at + Large," III., 536. + + 279 "Niles' Register," XIII., 1817, 224. + + 280 Kingdom, "America and the British Colonies," 1816, 17. + + 281 Birkbeck, "Journey from Va. to Ill.," 1817, 25, 29. + + 282 Wright, "Letters from the West, or, A Caution to Emigrants," 1818, + 1. + + 283 Harding, "Tour through the Western Country," 1818-19, 5. + + 284 "Am. Mag. and Review," III., 1818, 152; I., 1817, 473. + + 285 Goodrich, "Recollections of a Life Time," II., 78 ff.; Birkbeck, + "Journey from Va. to Ill.," 1817, 25; "Va. Patriot," Sept. 7, 21, + 1816; Varney, "A Brief Hist. of Me.," 239; Abbott, "Hist. of Me.," + 424; Williamson, "Hist. of Me.," II., 664-6; Sanborn, "Hist. of N. + H.," 265; Whiton, "Hist. of N. H.," 188; Barstow, "Hist. of N. H.," + 392; Thompson, "Hist. of the State of Vt.," 1833, 222; same, 1853, + Pt. I., 20; Hoskins, "Hist. of the State of Vt.," 232; Wilbur, + "Early Hist. of Vt.," III., 162-3; Heaton, "Story of Vt.," 136; + Beckley, "Hist. of Vt.," 171-2; "Gov. and Council-Vt.," VI., 429-31. + + 286 "Va. Patriot," Sept. 11, 1816. + + 287 White, "Descendants of John Walker," 425, 453, 461. + + 288 Bassett, "Anti-Slavery Leaders of N. C." (J. H. U. Studies, XVI., + 267-71). + + 289 De Bow, "Industrial Resources of the U. S.," I., 122-3. Millions of + pounds of cotton raised in the U. S.: + + 1808, 75. + 1809, 82. + 1810, 85. + 1811, 80. + 1812, 75. + 1813, 75. + 1814, 70. + 1815, 100. + 1816, 124. + 1817, 130. + 1818, 125. + 1819, 167. + 1820, 160. + 1821, 180. + 1822, 210. + In Ga. 1811, 20, 1821, 45. + In Tenn. 1811, 3., 1821, 20. + + 290 "Statutes at Large," S. C., VII., 451-66; "Laws of Tenn., revision + of 1831," I., 314-30; "Acts of 1818," Ky., 623, 787; "Acts of 1815," + Ky., Feb. 8, 1815. + + 291 J. L. Watkins, in "U. S. Dept. of Agric., Div. of Statistics, Misc. + Ser., Bulletin No. 9," p. 8. + + 292 "National Intelligencer," Washington, D. C., Apr. 18, 1812. + + 293 "Rambler in N. A.," I., 104-11; "Am. Register," II., 1817, 202-3. + + 294 "Memoir of John Mason Peck," 81. + + 295 "Autobiography of Peter Cartwright," 156. + + 296 Morris Birkbeck and George Flower, from England, founded in 1817, in + Edwards County, Illinois, what was the most famous of the English + settlements in Illinois. Birkbeck was an educated man and his + writings are among the important sources for the early history of + Illinois. He was at one time Secretary of State of Illinois. George + Flower became the historian of the settlement. + + 297 Birkbeck, "Letters from Ill.," 56. + + 298 Flower, "Hist. of the Eng. Settlement in Edwards Co., Ill.," + "Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.," I., 95-99. + + 299 "Memoir of John Mason Peck," 71, 74. + +_ 300 Ibid._, 74-81. The disparity in dates in the latter part of the + quotation suggests that "23d of October" should probably read "3d of + October." + + 301 Fearon, "Sketches of America," 258; William Tell Harris, "Remarks + Made During a Tour through the U. S. of America in the Years 1817, + 1818, 1819." + + 302 Birkbeck, "Journey from Va. to Ill.," 1817, 128. + + 303 Fearon, "Sketches of Am.," 1817, 260. In Fearon's work 2_s._ 3_d._ + is equal to 50 cents, p. 5. + + 304 Kingdom, "Am. and the British Colonies," 2. + + 305 Hecke, "Reise durch die Vereinigten Staaten von Nord-Amerika," + 1818-19, I., 34. + + 306 Warden, "Acct. of the U. S. of N. A.," 1819, III., 62. + + 307 "State Papers," 13th Cong., 3d Sess. + + 308 "State Papers," 14th Cong., 2d Sess., II., folio. Another volume + with the same number is a quarto. + +_ 309 Ibid._, 14th Cong., 2d Sess., I. + + 310 Ross, "Early Pioneers and Pioneer Events," 65. + + 311 Kingston, "Early Western Days," in "Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.," VII., + 313. + + 312 Shaw, "Personal Narrative," in "Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.," II., 225. + + 313 Fearon, "Sketches of Am.," 1817, 258; Brown, "Western Gazetteer; or, + Emigrant's Directory," 1817, 20. + + 314 Birkbeck, "Journey from Va. to Ill.," 1817, 137. + + 315 Burnham in "Pub. of the Ill. State Hist. Lib.," No. VIII., 181. + + 316 Harding, "Tour through the Western Country," 8. This passage is + practically plagiarized in Ogden, "Letters from the West," and in + Thwaites, "Early Western Travels," XIX., 56. + + 317 Palmer, "U. S. and Canada," 1818, 417; "Statutes at Large," II., + 584; "Incidents and Events in the Life of Gurdon Saltonstall + Hubbard," 38. + + 318 "State Papers," 13th Cong., 3d Sess. + +_ 319 Ibid._, 13th Cong., 2d Sess., II. + + 320 "Autobiography of Peter Cartwright," 178; Birkbeck, "Journey from + Va. to Ill.," 1817, 128. + + 321 James and Loveless, "Newspapers in Ill. Prior to 1860," "Pub. of the + Ill. State Hist. Lib.," No. I., 41, 42, 64, 73, 74; Palmer, "U. S. + and Canada," 1818, 416. + + 322 Burnham, "An Early Ill. Newspaper," "Pub. of the Ill. State Hist. + Lib.," No. VIII., 182. + + 323 Col. Daniel M. Parkison, "Pioneer Life in Wis.," in "Wis. Hist. Soc. + Coll.," II., 326-7, _cf._ "Memoir of John Mason Peck," 76, 87. + + 324 "Indian Aff.," II., 196-7; "18th An. Rept. of the Bureau of + Ethnology," Pt. 2, 696-9, Plate CXXV.; Dana, "Sketches of Western + Country," 1819, 147. See map of Indian cessions. + + 325 "State Papers," No. 64, 18th Cong., 2d Sess., IV. + +_ 326 Ibid._, No. 118, 19th Cong., 1st Sess., VI. + +_ 327 Ibid._, No. 96, 20th Cong., 1st Sess., III.; "Ex. Doc.," No. 140, + 20th Cong., 1st Sess., IV. + + 328 "Senate Doc.," No. 47, 20th Cong., 2d Sess., I. + +_ 329 Ibid._, No. 72, 20th Cong., 2d Sess., I. + + 330 "Senate Doc.," No. 72, 20th Cong., 2d Sess., I.; see also _ibid._, + No. 27. + + 331 "State Papers," No. 24, 21st Cong., 1st Sess., II.; "18th An. Rept. + of the Bureau of Ethnology," Pt. 2, 722-5, Plate CXXV. + +_ 332 Ibid._, Pt. 2, 736-7, 738-9, 750-1, Plates CXXIV. and CXXV. + + 333 Tenney, "Early Times in Wis.," in "Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.," I., 96. + + 334 McLaughlin, "Lewis Cass," 125; Young, "Life of Gen. Lewis Cass," 93. + + 335 "State Papers," Senate, No. 87, 16th Cong., 1st Sess., II. + +_ 336 Ibid._, No. 57, 16th Cong., 1st Sess., V. + + 337 "Statutes at Large," III., 566-7. + + 338 Donaldson, "Public Domain," 200 ff. + + 339 "State Papers," No. 35, 10th Cong., 2d Sess., II. + + 340 "Pub. Lands," III., 533. It is interesting to note that for the five + years ending in 1822, the Pulteney estate of 380,000 acres of land + in Steuben and Alleghany counties, New York, had sold an average of + 10,000 acres per year, at an average price of $3.37 per + acre--"Columbian Sentinel," Boston, Oct. 2, 1822. + + 341 "Illinois Intelligencer," Oct. 30, 1821. + + 342 "Pub. Lands," IV.. 145; " Repts. and S. Doc.," No. 25, 18th Cong., + 2d Sess., II. + + 343 "Pub. Lands," IV., 871; "S. Doc.," No. 17, 19th Cong., 2d Sess., II. + + 344 "H. J.," Ill., 1826-27, p. 54. + + 345 "Repts. of Com.," No. 125, 20th Cong., 1st Sess., II. + + 346 "Senate Doc.," No. 58, 20th Cong., 2d Sess., I. For the long and + futile effort made in Congress to secure a law graduating the price + of public lands, see Meigs, "Life of Thomas Hart Benton," ch. xi., + with the foot references thereto. + + 347 Strickland, "Autobiography of Peter Cartwright," 246, 254. + + 348 "Statutes at Large," IV., 420-1. + + 349 "Pub. Lands," VI., 240. + + 350 "Statutes at Large," III., 786; "Repts. of Com.," No. 58, 17th + Cong., 1st Sess., I.; "Pub. Lands," III., 406, 412-3, 421, 462-3; + VI., 23-5; "S. Doc.," No. 10, 21st Cong., 1st Sess., I. + + 351 "Illinois Intelligencer," Vandalia, Ill., Apr. 24, 1821. + + 352 "Niles' Register," XXV., 117. + + 353 "Washington (D. C.) Republican," Sept. 27, 1823. + + 354 "Illinois Intelligencer," Oct. 3, 1829. + + 355 "Senate Jour.," Ill., 1830-31, 8-51. The message was delivered on + Dec. 7, 1830, and Edwards' successor was inaugurated the following + day. + + 356 "State Papers," No. 17, 16th Cong., 1st Sess., II. + + 357 "Statutes at Large," III., 659-60; "Niles' Register," XXII., 59. + + 358 "Pub. Lands," IV., 437-8; "Repts. of Com.," No. 147, 19th Cong., 1st + Sess., II.; _ibid._, No. 53, 18th Cong., 2d Sess., I.; "S. Doc.," + No. 49, 19th Cong., 1st Sess., II. + +_ 359 Ibid._, No. 46, 19th Cong., 2d Sess., II.; "State Papers," No. 81, + 19th Cong., 2d Sess., V. + + 360 "Pub. Lands," VI., 27; "Statutes at Large," IV., 234. + + 361 "S. Doc.," No. 11, 21st Cong., 1st Sess., I. + + 362 "Pub. Lands," IV., 888, 921; V., 33, 35, 620; "Statutes at Large," + IV., 305. + + 363 "Laws of Ill.," 1820-21, 39-45; 1824-25, 72. + +_ 364 Ibid._, 1820-21, 153-4. + + 365 The total receipts from sales of 1829 is erroneously given as + $256,124.54 in the original. + + 366 "Pub. Lands," VI., 158-9. + +_ 367 Ibid._, VI., 219; "H. Ex. Doc.," No. 19, 21st Cong., 2d Sess., I. + + 368 "Rept. of a Meeting of Workingmen in the City of Wheeling, Va., on + Forming a Settlement in the State of Ill.," Oct. 4, 1830, 1-12. + + 369 "Information for Emigrants," London, 1848, 33, first pagination. The + hogs were sold in 1829. + + 370 Senators from Illinois: + + Ninian Edwards, Maryland, Dec. 4, 1818-Mar. 4, 1824 + Jesse B. Thomas, Maryland, Dec. 4, 1818-Mar. 3, 1829 + John McLean, North Carolina, Dec. 20, 1824-Mar. 3, 1825 + and Dec. 7, 1829-Oct. 14, 1830 + Elias K. Kane, New York, Dec. 5, 1825-Dec. 11, 1835 + David J. Baker, Connecticut, Dec. 6, 1830-Jan. 4, 1831 + + Representatives from Illinois: + + John McLean, North Carolina, Dec. 4, 1818-Mar. 3, 1819 + Daniel P. Cook, Kentucky, Dec. 6, 1819-Mar. 3, 1827 + Joseph Duncan, Kentucky, Dec. 3, 1827-Nov. 1834 + + Governors of Illinois: + + 1809-1818: Ninian Edwards, Maryland + 1818-1822: Shadrach Bond, Maryland + 1822-1826: Edward Coles, Virginia + 1826-1830: Ninian Edwards, Maryland + 1830-1834: John Reynolds, Pennsylvania + + The governors from 1834-1842 were from Kentucky, 1842-1861 from the + North, 1861-1873 from Kentucky. During the period 1846-1853, + Illinois had a Democratic governor (Augustus C. French), from New + Hampshire, this being the only instance of an Illinois governor from + New England. + + 371 Sulte, "Histoire des Canadiens-Francais," VIII., 53. + + 372 "Annals of Cong.," 15th Cong., 2d Sess., 436, 704; "H. J.," 15th + Cong., 2d Sess., 100, 136-7, 273, 308; "S. J.," 15th Cong., 2d + Sess., 239, 240, 278-85, 322; 16th Cong., 1st Sess., 107, 201-2, + 245; "Annals of Cong.," 16th Cong., 1st Sess., I., 450-2, 482-5; + II., 1331-3; "S. J.," 21st Cong., 2d Sess., 38, 48, 51. + + 373 "S. J.," 18th Cong., 1st Sess., 401; "H. J.," 18th Cong., 1st Sess., + 428; "Cong. Debates," 20th Cong., 1st Sess., IV. 786, 2471. + + 374 "Cong. Debates," 20th Cong., 1st Sess., IV., 90. + + 375 "Ohio Republican," April 19, 1823. + + 376 Eames, "Historic Morgan and Classic Jacksonville," 22. A letter from + the son of Mr. Eames, now deceased, says that search has failed to + recover the constitution of the Regulators of the Valley. Regulators + were also useful in preventing speculators from entering the claims + of squatters, even when the squatter was too poor to enter his own + claim--Henderson, "Early Hist. of the Sangamon Country," 21. For + another instance, see Blaney, "Excursion through the U. S.," 233-6; + also, Reynolds, "My Own Times," 1879, 113. + + 377 "Laws of Ill.," 1820-21, pp. 45-6; 1822-23, p. 109; Henderson, + "Early Hist. of the Sangamon Country," 21. + + 378 "Laws of Ill.," 1822-23, p. 86 ff.; 1824-25, p. 116. + + 379 "Miners' Journal," Galena, Dec. 22, 1829; "Revised Laws of Ill.," + 1829, 57; "H. J.," (Ill.), 1828-29, p. 57. + + 380 "Laws of Ill.," 1822-23, pp. 149-51. + +_ 381 Ibid._, 1824-25, pp. 121-8; "Revised Laws of Ill.," 1829, 149. + + 382 "Revised Laws of Ill.," 1829, p. 100; McMaster, "Rights of Man in + Am.," 97. + + 383 "Laws of Ill.," 1822-23, pp. 229-30. + + 384 "H. J.," Ill., 1828-29, p. 8. + + 385 Tenney, "Early Times in Wis.," in "Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.," I., 97; + "Niles' Register," XXXVII., 53; "State Papers," No. 35, 20th Cong., + 2d Sess., II. + + 386 "Repts. of Com.," No. 177, 20th Cong., 1st Sess., III.; Meeker, + "Early Hist. of the Lead Region of Wis.," in "Wis. Hist. Soc. + Coll.," VI., 278-9. + + 387 "State Papers," No. 66, 20th Cong., 2d Sess., II. + + 388 "Statutes at Large," IV., 334. + + 389 "Galena Advertiser," Sept. 14, 1829. + + 390 Bonner, "Life and Adventures of Beckwourth," 20, 21. Written from + Beckwourth's dictation. + + 391 Washburne, "Sketch of Edward Coles," 48. + + 392 Meeker, "Early Hist. of the Lead Region of Wis.," in "Wis. Hist. + Soc. Coll.," VI., 276-9. + + 393 Blaney, "Excursion through the U. S. and Canada," 159. + + 394 "Niles' Register," XXVIII., 168; Dana, "Sketches of Western + Country," 1819, 154; "Laws of Ill. Ter.," 1817-18, pp. 57-64. + + 395 Henderson, "Early Hist. of the Sangamon Country," 13. + + 396 Reid, "Sketch of Enoch Long," "Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.," Il., 61-2. + + 397 "Pub. No. 8 of the Ill. State Hist. Lib.," 156; Strickland, + "Autobiography of Peter Cartwright," 200-1; Faux, "Memorable Days in + Am.," 310. + + 398 "Reminiscences of Levi Coffin," 89-99. + +_ 399 Ibid._, 76. + +_ 400 Ibid._, 94-5; Mrs. Delilah Mullin-Evans, in "Trans. of the McLean + Co. (Ill.) Hist. Soc.," II., 17; Hecke, "Reise durch die Vereinigten + Staaten," I., 37-8. + + 401 Loomis, "Notes of a Journey to the Great West," pages unnumbered; + "Niles' Register," XXII., 320. + + 402 "Stories of the Pioneer Mothers of Ill.," MS. in Ill. State Hist. + Lib. + + 403 Tillson, "Reminiscences," 120. + + 404 Melish, "Information and Advice to Emigrants," 1819, 108. + + 405 Woods, "Residence in Ill.," 140. + + 406 "Laws of Ill.," 1820-21, pp. 94-6. + + 407 Tillson, "Reminiscences," 54. + + 408 Hamilton, "Incidents and Events in the Life of Gurdon Saltonstall + Hubbard," 136. + + 409 Tillson, "Reminiscences," 81; Strickland, "Autobiography of Peter + Cartwright," 250. + + 410 "State Papers," No. 77, 21st Cong., 1st Sess., III. + + 411 "S. Doc.," No. 28, 21st Cong., 1st Sess., I. + + 412 Meeker, "Early Hist. of the Lead Region of Wis.," in "Wis. Hist. + Soc. Coll.," VI., 278-9. + + 413 Reid, "Sketch of Enoch Long," Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll., II., 67-8. + See also Owen, in "Deutsch-Amerikanische Geschichtsblatter," + Jahrgang 2, Heft 2, 42. + + 414 Chetlain, "Recollections of Seventy Years," 10. + + 415 Hulme, in Cobbett. "Year's Residence in the U. S.," 279, 302. + + 416 Birkbeck, "Letters from Ill.," 113; Birkbeck, "Jour. from Va. to + Ill.," 133-4. + + 417 Fearon, "Sketches of Am.," 260, repeated in Kingdom, "Am. and the + British Colonies," 63. In the works of Fearon and Kingdom 4_s._ + 6_d._ are equal to $1.00. + + 418 Cobbett, "A Year's Residence in the U. S.," 337. + + 419 Birkbeck, "Extracts," 4. + + 420 Woods, "Residence in Illinois," 33, 74, 111, 131, 133, 143-4. + + 421 Faux, "Memorable Days in Am.," 315. + + 422 Kingdom, "Am. and the British Colonies," 2. + + 423 "Niles' Register," XXV., 95. + + 424 "Cincinnati Emporium," Feb. 3, 1825. + + 425 "Cincinnati Gazette," Apr. 1, 1825. + + 426 "Niles' Register," XXXI., 58. + +_ 427 Ibid._, XXXI., 38. + + 428 "Cincinnati Christian Journal and Intelligencer," July 27, 1830. + + 429 "Niles' Register," XXXVIII., 97. + +_ 430 Ibid._, XLIV., 36. + + 431 "Cincinnati Christian Journal and Intelligencer," July 27, 1830. + + 432 Fearon, "Sketches of Am.," 217, 260. Reprinted in Kingdom, "Am. and + the British Colonies," 55, 62. + + 433 "Niles' Register," XXIX., 165; "The Intelligencer" Petersburg, Va., + Mar. 11, 1825; "Charleston (S. C.) Mercury," May 25, 1825; + "Nashville (Tenn.) Republican," Apr. 16, 1825. + + 434 "Niles' Register," XXXI., 52. + + 435 "Miners' Journal," Galena, Oct. 4, 1829. + +_ 436 Ibid._, Nov. 3, 1829; Dec. 15, 1829; Aug. 14, 1830. + + 437 "Twelfth Census of the U. S., Occupations," p. xxx. + + 438 Duden, "Nordamerika," 61. + + 439 Hecke, "Reise durch die Vereinigten Staaten," II., 134-5. + + 440 The following describes a ditch and bank fence: "I very much admire + Mr. Birkbeck's mode of _fencing_. He makes a ditch 4 ft. wide at + top, sloping to 1 ft. wide at bottom, and 4 ft. deep. With the earth + that comes out of the ditch he makes a bank on one side, which is + turfed towards the ditch. Then a long pole is put up from the bottom + of the ditch to 2 ft. above the bank; this is crossed by a short + pole from the other side, and then a rail is laid along between the + forks. The banks were growing beautifully, and looked altogether + very neat as well as formidable, though a live hedge (which he + intends to have) instead of dead poles and rails, upon top, would + make the fence far more effectual as well as handsomer."--Hulme, in + Cobbett, "Year's Residence in the U. S.," 282. + + 441 Ernst in "Pub. No. 8 of the Ill. State Hist. Lib.," 156; + "Jacksonville (Ill.) Weekly Journal," Apr. 18, 1877 (in "Ill. Local + Hist.," III., in Wis. Hist. Soc. Lib.) + + 442 Faux, "Memorable Days in Am.," 213. + + 443 Strickland, "Autobiography of Peter Cartwright," 244. + + 444 Faux, "Memorable Days in Am.," 273. + + 445 Ernst, in "Pub. No. 8 of the Ill. State Hist. Lib.," 155. + + 446 Strickland, "Autobiography of Peter Cartwright," 254. + + 447 Chapman, Lyde Grove, in "Stories of the Pioneer Mothers of Ill.," in + MSS. in Ill. State Hist. Lib. + + 448 "Niles' Register," XXIX., 37; "Ill. Monthly Mag.," I., 127. + + 449 "Niles' Register," XXII., 2, 67, 245, 386; "Ill. Monthly Mag.," I., + 129; Loomis, "Journey to the Great West in 1825," ch. iv., pages + unnumbered. + + 450 "Stories of the Pioneer Mothers of Ill.," in MSS. in Ill. State + Hist. Lib. + + 451 "Niles' Register," XXX., 287; "Ill. Intelligencer," May 18, 1826. + + 452 "Ill. Monthly Mag.," I., 129. + +_ 453 Ibid._, I., 128-9 + + 454 Fearon, "Sketches of America," 1817, 261, reprinted in Kingdom, "Am. + and the British Colonies," 63; Birkbeck, "Letters from Ill." 22, + 32-3, 51-2, 69, 78, 85; Birkbeck, "Extracts," 24-5, shows that a + honey-locust hedge could be made (1819) for less than 12 cents per + rod. + + 455 Birkbeck, "Jour. from Va. to Ill.," 36; Duden, "Nordamerika," 319. + + 456 Faux, "Memorable Days in Am.," 315. + + 457 Birkbeck, "Letters from Ill.," 35-6. + + 458 Mackenzie, "View of the U. S.," 1819, 298. + + 459 "Niles' Register," XXII., 112. + +_ 460 Ibid._, XXV., 272. + + 461 Loomis, "Notes of a Journey to the Great West in 1825," ch. iv, + pages unnumbered. + + 462 "H. J." (Ill.), 1828-29, 63. + + 463 "State Papers," No. 55, 21st Cong., 1st Sess., Vol. III.; "Niles' + Register," XXVIII., 161. + + 464 "Niles' Register," XXII., 226. + + 465 Parkison, "Pioneer Life in Wis.," in "Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.," II., + 328-9. + + 466 Owen, "Ums Jahr 1819 und 1829," in "Deutsch-Amerikanische + Geschichtsblatter," Jahrgang 2, Heft 2, S. 42. + + 467 Meeker, "Early Hist. of the Lead Region," in "Wis. Hist. Soc. + Coll.," VI., 280. + + 468 "Pub. Lands," IV, 800. + + 469 "Narrative of Morgan L. Martin," in "Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.," XL, + 398. + + 470 Chetlain, "Recollections of Seventy Years," 6; Mrs. Adile Gratiot, + in "Early Ill. Towns," Lib. of Chicago Hist. Soc. + + 471 Parkison, "Pioneer Life in Wis," in "Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.," II., + 329. + + 472 "Ex. Doc.," No. 277, 20th Cong., 1st Sess., Vol. VII. + + 473 "Shattuck Memorials," 233-4. + + 474 "Niles' Register," XXXIV., 344. + + 475 "Jacksonville (Ill.) Weekly Journal," Apr. 18, 1877. + + 476 Babcock, "Memoir of John Mason Peck," 123. + + 477 Peck, " 'Father Clark'; or, The Pioneer Preacher," 240. + + 478 Reynolds, "Illinois--My Own Times," 59. + + 479 Babcock, "Memoir of John Mason Peck," 229. + + 480 "Trans. of the McLean Co. (Ill.) Hist. Soc," II., 19. + + 481 "Jacksonville (Ill.) Weekly Journal," Apr. 18, 1877. + + 482 Peck, in Reynolds, "Pioneer Hist. of Ill.," 259. + +_ 483 Ibid._, 272-3. + + 484 Strickland, "Autobiography of Peter Cartwright," 386-7. + + 485 Strickland, "Autobiography of Peter Cartwright," 254. + + 486 Babcock, "Memoir of John M. Peck," 96-7. + + 487 Reynolds, "Illinois--My Own Times," 128. + +_ 488 Ibid._, 116-7. + + 489 Babcock, "Memoir of John M. Peck," 94-5. + +_ 490 Ibid._, 183, _et seq._, 203, 209. + + In general, on the subject of religion in early Illinois, see: Peck, + in Reynolds, "Pioneer Hist, of Ill.," 253-75, and the above + mentioned works. + + 491 Harris, "Negro Servitude in Ill.," 116-9, note 3, p. 118. + + 492 "Public Laws" (Ill.). 1865, 105. + + 493 The question of the binding effect of the Ordinance received much + attention, especially from state courts, but early petitions show + that the discussion was not early important. In general, see Haight, + "Ordinance of 1787," in "Mich. Pol. Sci. Ass'n Pub.," II., 343-402; + Cooley, "Michigan," 137-9; Washburne, "Sketch of Edward Coles," + 67-71. + + 494 "Pub. Lands," I., 68-9; "Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.," II., 447-52, 452-5. + + 495 "Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.," II., 455-61; "Annals of Cong.," 6th Cong., + 735. + + 496 "Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.," II., 461-70; "A. S. P. Misc.," I., 387; + "Annals of Cong.," 8th Cong., 1st Sess., 1023-4; _ibid._, 9th Cong., + 1st Sess., 466-8. + + 497 "Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.," II., 476-83, 498-506. + +_ 498 Ibid._, II., 494-7; "A. S. P., Misc.," I., 450; "Annals of Cong.," + 9th Cong., 1st Sess., 293, 466-8. + + 499 "Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.," II., 507-10; "A. S. P., Misc.," I., 467, + 477; "Annals of Cong.," 9th Cong., 2d Sess., 375, 482. + + 500 "Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.," II., 515-21; "A. S. P., Misc.," I., 484; + "Annals of Cong.," 10th Cong., 1st Sess., 23, _et seq._, 816. + + 501 Harris, "Negro Servitude in Ill.," 11, note 3. + + 502 Poore, "Charters and Constitutions," Pt. I., 445-6. + + 503 "Revised Laws of Ill.," 1833, 457-62. + + 504 "Ninth Census of U. S., Population and Social Statistics," 5, 7, + 24-5; Melish, "Geog. Desc. of the U. S.," 1822, 359. + + 505 "Ninth Census of U. S., Population and Social Statistics," 3, 7. + + 506 J. Q. Adams, "Memoirs," V., 9. + + 507 "Illinois Intelligencer" (Vandalia), Apr. 24, 1821. + + 508 "Ninth Census of the U. S., Population and Social Statistics," 3. + + 509 The vote for governor given by W. H. Brown, "Early Movement in + Illinois for the Legalization of Slavery," ("Fergus Hist. Ser.," No. + 4, p. 15), differs from that by Washburne, "Sketch of Edward Coles," + 58, and Bonham, "Fifty Years Recollections," 22, while neither gives + Coles a plurality of 46 votes, as Harris in "Negro Servitude in + Ill.," 31, says the official returns show him to have received. For + the purposes of this work the differences are so slight as to be + negligible. + + 510 "House Journal" (Ill.), 1822-23, pp. 25-7; "Senate Journal" (Ill.), + 1822-23, pp. 29-30. + + 511 "Senate Journal" (Ill.), 1822-23, pp. 43-6; "House Journal" (Ill.), + 1822-23, pp. 68, 134, 147-8. + + 512 "House Journal" (Ill.), 1822-23, pp. 44, 45. + + 513 Davidson and Stuve, "Hist. of Ill.," 320. + + 514 "House Journal" (Ill.), 1822-23, p. 272. + +_ 515 Ibid._, 1822-23, P. 276; "Senate Journal" (Ill.), 1822-23, p. 252. + + 516 Washburne, "Sketch of Edward Coles," _passim._ + + 517 "Edwardsville Spectator," Jan. 27, 1824; Nov. 29, 1823. + + 518 Eames, "Historic Morgan and Classic Jacksonville," 12. + + 519 "House Journal" (Ill.), 1824-25, p. 64. The corrected official vote + (Aug. 2, 1824), by counties, is as follows: + + For. Against. + Alexander, 75, 51 + Bond, 63, 240 + Clark, 31, 116 + Crawford, 134, 262 + Edgar, 3, 234 + Edwards, 189, 391 + Fayette, 125, 121 + Franklin, 170, 113 + Fulton, 5, 60 + Gallatin, 597, 133 + Greene, 164, 379 + Hamilton, 173, 85 + Jackson, 180, 93 + Jefferson, 99, 43 + Johnson, 74, 74 + Lawrence, 158, 261 + Madison, 351, 563 + Marion, 45, 52 + Montgomery, 74, 90 + Monroe, 141, 196 + Morgan, 42, 432 + Pike, 19, 165 + Pope, 273, 124 + Randolph, 357, 284 + Sangamon, 153, 722 + St. Clair, 408, 506 + Union, 213, 240 + Washington, 112, 173 + Wayne, 189, 111 + White, 355, 326 + + Totals, 4972, 6640 + + The vote as here given is from Moses, "Illinois," I., 324. It is + also given in Harris, "Negro Servitude in Illinois," 48. It differs + to a slight degree from that given by William H. Brown in his + "Historical Sketch of the Early Movement in Illinois for the + Legalization of Slavery," read at the annual meeting of the Chicago + Hist. Soc., Dec. 5, 1864 ("Fergus Hist. Ser.," No. 4), and in + Washburne, "Sketch of Edward Coles," 191. Brown was one of the + leaders in the struggle and his work is of especial value. It is + probable that the vote appended to his address was prepared by some + one else. The work of Moses is of later date and his figures + correspond to the official report in respect to the majority against + the convention, as the others do not. + + 520 Brown, "Early Movement in Illinois for the Legalization of Slavery," + in "Fergus Hist. Series," No. 4, pp. 16-17. + + 521 "Niles' Register," XXV., 39; "The Columbian Star" (Washington, D. + C.), Feb. 21, 1824. + + 522 "H. J." (Ill.), 1824-25, p. 13; on kidnapping see Harris, "Negro + Servitude in Ill.," 53 ff. + +_ 523 Ibid._, 1824-25, pp. 26, 27, 151. + +_ 524 Ibid._, 1826-27, pp. 9-10. + + 525 "Revised Laws of Ill.," 1833, 180-1. + + 526 "Laws of Ill.," 1824-25, p. 50. + + 527 "Revised Laws of Ill." 1833, 463-65. + + 528 "Ninth Census of the U. S., Population and Social Statistics," p. 7. + +_ 529 Ibid._, 3; "H. J." (Ill.), 1826, 11. + + 530 "H. J." (Ill.), 1826, 11. + + 531 "Edwardsville (Ill.) Spectator," Oct. 5, 1824. + + 532 "Niles' Register," XXIX., 208. + +_ 533 Ibid._, XXIX., 422. + + 534 Shaler, "Kentucky," 176-85. + + 535 "Nashville (Tenn.) Republican," Apr. 16, 1825. + + 536 "Niles' Register," XXX., 449. + + 537 "Galena Advertiser," July 20, Aug. 10, Sept. 21, 1829. + + 538 "Niles' Register," XXXVI., 222. + + 539 "Illinois Intelligencer" (Vandalia), Oct. 31, 1829. + + 540 "Niles' Register," XXXVI., 271. + + 541 "Illinois Intelligencer" (Vandalia), Nov. 27, 1830. + + 542 "Niles' Register," XXXVII., 195. + + 543 "Galena Advertiser," July 20, 1829; "Niles' Register," XXXVII., 230. + + 544 "Niles' Register," XXVIII., 161. + + 545 "State Papers," No. 69, 21st Cong., 1st Sess., Vol. III. + + 546 Thomas S. Hinde, writing over the signature of "Theophilus + Arminius," in "Methodist Magazine," XI., 1828, 154-8. The identity + of the writer is shown by a note on p. 33 of the same volume. + + Among the many writings concerning Peter Cartwright, the best are + Strickland, "Autobiography of Peter Cartwright"; Cartwright, "Fifty + Years as a Presiding Elder," and the obituary notice in "Minutes of + the Annual Conferences of the M. E. Church," 1873, 115-7. See also + Moses, "Illinois," I., 348, 379, 395, 506, 1166. + + For the character of John M. Peck, also a noted pioneer preacher and + founder of Rock Spring Seminary in Illinois, see "Memoir of John + Mason Peck, D. D.," edited by Rufus Babcock. + + 547 "Pub. Lands," I., 69-70; II., 203-4; "Early Chicago and Illinois," + in "Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.," IV., 145, 159, 167, 169-70, 178-9, + 209; Reynolds, "Pioneer Hist, of Ill.," 110, 116-8, 180, 215; John + Edgar to Clark, from Kaskaskia, Nov. 7, 1785, in "Draper's Notes, + Trip 1860," VI., 214-5; Edgar to Clark, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 23, + 1786, "Draper Coll., Clark MSS.," LIII., 56; Petition from + Kaskaskia, Sept. 14, 1789, "Draper Coll., Harmar Papers," II., + 124-7; Offer of John Edgar, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 3, 1789, "Draper + Coll., Harmar Papers," II., 127-8; Hamtramck's reply to the + Kaskaskia petition of Sept. 14, 1789, from Vincennes, Oct. 14, 1789, + "Draper Coll., Harmar Papers," II., 128-30; Edgar to Hamtramck, from + Kaskaskia, Oct. 28, 1789, ibid., II., 132-6; "DraperColl., Kenton + MSS.," Edgar Papers. + + 548 Reynolds, "Pioneer Hist. of Ill.," 170-2; W. A. Burt Jones, in + "Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.," IV., 230-70; Jones to Hamtramck, from + Kaskaskia, Oct. 29, 1789, "Draper Coll., Harmar Papers," II., + 136-41. + + 549 "Methodist Magazine," XI., 1828, 154-8. The remarks of Hinde recall + the difficulty which was experienced by the men who governed the + Northwest Territory under the Ordinance of 1787 when they attempted + to use only such laws as had been adopted by some state. The attempt + was early and finally abandoned. Hinde gives the following in a + foot-note: "A gentleman, a Virginian, a physician of eminence who + was educated in Paris, visited a western state many years ago + [written in 1827], and lost all his money by gambling, (playing at + cards). Meeting a friend on the mountains on his return, he was thus + addressed: 'Well, doctor, you have been to see the new country.' + 'Yes,' replied the doctor, biting his lips, 'it is a new country, it + is true; but there are some of the oldest people in it that I ever + saw.' "--See above reference, p. 155. + + On Mt. Carmel and its founders, in general, see: "Articles of + Association for the City of Mount Carmel"; Bangs, "Hist. of the M. + E. Church," IV., appendix, 3, 25; III., 230, 308-14; "Minutes of + Conferences" Annual, M. E., I., 347, 474, 516; "American Pioneer," + I., 327; II., 363-8; "Laws of Ill., 1824-25," 72-5; Simpson, + "Cyclopedia of Methodism," 97-S; "Methodist Magazine," VIII., 17, + 49, 86. Less reliable data is given in "Hist. of Edwards, Lawrence, + and Wabash Counties, Ill.," 85, 162, 189-90, 236, 238, 239. Mount + Carmel is now (1908) the county seat of Wabash county. The "Hinde + MSS." in the "Draper Coll." are large in volume, but have slight + historic value, being chiefly musings of the author's later years. + + 550 Bay, "Reminiscences of the Bench and Bar of Mo.," 78-91; "Pub. + Lands," II., index under Easton, Rufus; Easton, "Descendants of + Joseph Easton, Hartford, Conn.," I, 37, 65; Moses, "Illinois," I., + 272; "Laws of Ill., 1820-21," 39-45; _ibid._, 1822-23, 147. + + 551 For information concerning Iles, see: "Reminiscences of Elijah + Iles," in "Hist. of Sangamon County, Ill.," 580-3; Power, "Hist. of + the Early Settlers of Sangamon Co., Ill.," 397-400 (practically a + short autobiography of Iles, written in 1876); Moses, "Illinois," + I., 344; II., 1174. Concerning Enos, see: Stiles, "Ancient Windsor," + (Conn.), II., 245, 246; "Executive Journal," Senate, 1815-29, pp. + 325, 328, 551, 553, 555; _ibid._, 1829-37, pp. 50, 391; "Edwards + Papers," in "Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.," III., 205, 391. Concerning + Cox, see: Moses, "Illinois," II., 1168; "Executive Journal," Senate, + 1815-29, pp. 216-7, 325, 328, 551, 553, 555; Washburne, "Sketch of + Edward Coles," 128-30; "Edwards Papers," in "Chicago Hist. Soc. + Coll.," III., 76, 211, 336-7; Gue, "Hist. of Iowa," I., 205, 211; + Fairall, "Manual of Iowa Politics," 107; "Hist. of Jackson County," + Iowa, 360-403. On Springfield, see: Peck, "Gazetteer of Illinois," + 1834, 337. + + 552 Moses, "Illinois," I., 287, 289-90; Reynolds, "Pioneer Hist. of + Ill.," 291-4, 323-7. + + 553 Washburne, "Sketch of Edward Coles," 16 _et seq._, 54-7. Washburne, + the writer, came to Galena, Illinois, when it still had many + frontier characteristics, and for seventeen years represented his + district in Congress. + + 554 Moses, "Illinois," L., 242-3, 336, 340-1, 351; Washburne, "Sketch of + Edward Coles," 54-7; and for a general view of Edwards, see: N. W. + Edwards, "Hist. of Ill. and Life of Ninian Edwards," and "The + Edwards Papers," in "Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.," III. + + + + + +***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS, 1778-1830*** + + + +CREDITS + + +October 9, 2010 + + Project Gutenberg TEI edition 1 + Produced by Geetu Melwani, Audrey Longhurst, Nancy Faller of + The Morton Arboretum, David King, and the Online Distributed + Proofreading Team at <http://www.pgdp.net/>. (This file was + produced from images generously made available by The Internet + Archive/Canadian Libraries.) + + + +A WORD FROM PROJECT GUTENBERG + + +This file should be named 34049.txt or 34049.zip. + +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + + + http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/3/4/0/4/34049/ + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one -- the old editions will be +renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no one +owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and +you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission +and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the +General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and +distributing Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} electronic works to protect the Project +Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered +trademark, and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you +receive specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of +this eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook +for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, +performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given away +-- you may do practically _anything_ with public domain eBooks. +Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE + + +_Please read this before you distribute or use this work._ + +To protect the Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or +any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project Gutenberg"), +you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} +License (available with this file or online at +http://www.gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. + + +General Terms of Use & Redistributing Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} electronic works + + +1.A. + + +By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} electronic work, +you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept all the +terms of this license and intellectual property (trademark/copyright) +agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all the terms of this +agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy all copies of +Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee +for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} electronic work +and you do not agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may +obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set +forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + + +1.B. + + +"Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be used on or +associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be +bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things that you can +do with most Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} electronic works even without complying +with the full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There are +a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} electronic works if you +follow the terms of this agreement and help preserve free future access to +Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. + + +1.C. + + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" or +PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an individual +work is in the public domain in the United States and you are located in +the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying, +distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on +the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of +course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} mission of +promoting free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project +Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for +keeping the Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} name associated with the work. You can +easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the +same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} License when you +share it without charge with others. + + +1.D. + + +The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern what you +can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in a constant +state of change. If you are outside the United States, check the laws of +your country in addition to the terms of this agreement before +downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating +derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} work. +The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright status of +any work in any country outside the United States. + + +1.E. + + +Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + + +1.E.1. + + +The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate access +to, the full Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} License must appear prominently whenever +any copy of a Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} work (any work on which the phrase +"Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" +is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or +distributed: + + + This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with + almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away + or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License + included with this eBook or online at http://www.gutenberg.org + + +1.E.2. + + +If an individual Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} electronic work is derived from the +public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is posted with +permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied and +distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or +charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you +must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 +or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} +trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + + +1.E.3. + + +If an individual Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} electronic work is posted with the +permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply +with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed +by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked to the Project +Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} License for all works posted with the permission of the +copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + + +1.E.4. + + +Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} License +terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this work or any +other work associated with Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~}. + + +1.E.5. + + +Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this electronic +work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently displaying +the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with active links or immediate +access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} License. + + +1.E.6. + + +You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, compressed, +marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any word +processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version posted +on the official Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} web site (http://www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other form. +Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} License as +specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + + +1.E.7. + + +Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing, +copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} works unless you comply +with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + + +1.E.8. + + +You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to or +distributing Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} electronic works provided that + + - You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} works calculated using the method you + already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to + the owner of the Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} trademark, but he has agreed to + donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg + Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 + days following each date on which you prepare (or are legally + required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments + should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg + Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, + "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary + Archive Foundation." + + - You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} License. + You must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the + works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and + all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} works. + + - You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of + any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of + receipt of the work. + + - You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} works. + + +1.E.9. + + +If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} electronic +work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in this +agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from both the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael Hart, the owner of the +Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in +Section 3 below. + + +1.F. + + +1.F.1. + + +Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable effort to +identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread public domain +works in creating the Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} collection. Despite these +efforts, Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} electronic works, and the medium on which they +may be stored, may contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, +incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright +or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk +or other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot +be read by your equipment. + + +1.F.2. + + +LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES -- Except for the "Right of +Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} +trademark, and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} +electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for +damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE +NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH +OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE +FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT +WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, +PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY +OF SUCH DAMAGE. + + +1.F.3. + + +LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND -- If you discover a defect in this +electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can receive a refund +of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a written explanation to +the person you received the work from. If you received the work on a +physical medium, you must return the medium with your written explanation. +The person or entity that provided you with the defective work may elect +to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the +work electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose +to give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in +lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a +refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem. + + +1.F.4. + + +Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in +paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS,' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + + +1.F.5. + + +Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or the +exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any disclaimer or +limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the state +applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make +the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable state +law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this agreement +shall not void the remaining provisions. + + +1.F.6. + + +INDEMNITY -- You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the trademark +owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone providing copies of +Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and +any volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution +of Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs +and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from +any of the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of +this or any Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} work, (b) alteration, modification, or +additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} work, and (c) any Defect +you cause. + + +Section 2. + + + Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} + + +Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic +works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including +obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists because of the +efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks +of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance +they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~}'s goals and ensuring +that the Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} collection will remain freely available for +generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation was created to provide a secure and permanent future for +Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} and future generations. To learn more about the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations +can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation web page at +http://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. + + + Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation + + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of +Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service. +The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. +Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/pglaf. Contributions to the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full +extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. +S. Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at 809 North +1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact information +can be found at the Foundation's web site and official page at +http://www.pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + + + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. + + + Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive + Foundation + + +Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} depends upon and cannot survive without wide spread +public support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the +number of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed +in machine readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment +including outdated equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are +particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States. +Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable +effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these +requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have not +received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or +determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit +http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we have +not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition against +accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who approach us +with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any +statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside the +United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation methods +and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including +checks, online payments and credit card donations. To donate, please +visit: http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate + + +Section 5. + + + General Information About Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} electronic works. + + +Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with +anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} +eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + +Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} eBooks are often created from several printed editions, +all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. unless a copyright +notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance +with any particular paper edition. + +Each eBook is in a subdirectory of the same number as the eBook's eBook +number, often in several formats including plain vanilla ASCII, compressed +(zipped), HTML and others. + +Corrected _editions_ of our eBooks replace the old file and take over the +old filename and etext number. The replaced older file is renamed. +_Versions_ based on separate sources are treated as new eBooks receiving +new filenames and etext numbers. + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + + http://www.gutenberg.org + + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~}, including how +to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, +how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email +newsletter to hear about new eBooks. + + + + + + +***FINIS*** +
\ No newline at end of file |