diff options
Diffstat (limited to '34049-tei')
| -rw-r--r-- | 34049-tei/34049-tei.tei | 14818 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 34049-tei/images/illus-1.png | bin | 0 -> 20978 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 34049-tei/images/illus-2.png | bin | 0 -> 17701 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 34049-tei/images/illus-3.png | bin | 0 -> 76965 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 34049-tei/images/illus-4.png | bin | 0 -> 93851 bytes |
5 files changed, 14818 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/34049-tei/34049-tei.tei b/34049-tei/34049-tei.tei new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d5a1b2d --- /dev/null +++ b/34049-tei/34049-tei.tei @@ -0,0 +1,14818 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?> + +<!DOCTYPE TEI.2 SYSTEM "http://www.gutenberg.org/tei/marcello/0.4/dtd/pgtei.dtd" [ + +<!ENTITY u5 "http://www.tei-c.org/Lite/"> + +]> + +<TEI.2 lang="en"> +<teiHeader> + <fileDesc> + <titleStmt> + <title>The Settlement of Illinois, 1778-1830</title> + <author><name reg="Boggess, Arthur Clinton">Arthur Clinton Boggess</name></author> + </titleStmt> + <editionStmt> + <edition n="1">Edition 1</edition> + </editionStmt> + <publicationStmt> + <publisher>Project Gutenberg</publisher> + <date>October 9, 2010</date> + <idno type="etext-no">34049</idno> + <availability> + <p>This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and + with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it + away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg + License online at www.gutenberg.org/license</p> + </availability> + </publicationStmt> + <sourceDesc> + <bibl> + Created electronically. + </bibl> + </sourceDesc> + </fileDesc> + <encodingDesc> + </encodingDesc> + <profileDesc> + <langUsage> + <language id="en"></language> + </langUsage> + </profileDesc> + <revisionDesc> + <change> + <date value="2010-10-09">October 9, 2010</date> + <respStmt> + <name> + Produced by Geetu Melwani, Audrey Longhurst, Nancy Faller of The Morton + Arboretum, David King, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at + <http://www.pgdp.net/>. + (This file was produced from images generously made available by + The Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries.) + </name> + </respStmt> + <item>Project Gutenberg TEI edition 1</item> + </change> + </revisionDesc> +</teiHeader> + +<pgExtensions> + <pgStyleSheet> + .boxed { x-class: boxed } + .shaded { x-class: shaded } + .rules { x-class: rules; rules: all } + .indent { margin-left: 2 } + .bold { font-weight: bold } + .italic { font-style: italic } + .smallcaps { font-variant: small-caps } + </pgStyleSheet> + + <pgCharMap formats="txt.iso-8859-1"> + <char id="U0x2014"> + <charName>mdash</charName> + <desc>EM DASH</desc> + <mapping>--</mapping> + </char> + <char id="U0x2003"> + <charName>emsp</charName> + <desc>EM SPACE</desc> + <mapping> </mapping> + </char> + <char id="U0x2026"> + <charName>hellip</charName> + <desc>HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS</desc> + <mapping>...</mapping> + </char> + </pgCharMap> +</pgExtensions> + +<text lang="en"> + <front> + <div> + <divGen type="pgheader" /> + </div> + <div> + <divGen type="encodingDesc" /> + </div> + + <div rend="page-break-before: always"> + <p rend="text-align: center">Chicago Historical Society's Collection.—Vol. V.</p> + <p rend="font-size: xx-large; text-align: center">The Settlement of Illinois</p> + <p rend="font-size: xx-large; text-align: center">1778-1830</p> + <p rend="font-size: xx-large; text-align: center">by Arthur Clinton Boggess, Ph.D.</p> + <p rend="text-align: center">Professor of History and political Science in Pacific +University; a Director of the Oregon Historical Society; sometime Harrison Scholar in +American History in the University of Pennsylvania; sometime Fellow in American +History in the University of Wisconsin.</p> + <p rend="text-align: center">Chicago</p> + <p rend="text-align: center">Published by the society</p> + <p rend="text-align: center">1908</p> + </div> + <div rend="page-break-before: always"> + <head>Contents</head> + <divGen type="toc" /> + </div> + + </front> +<body> + +<pb n='i'/><anchor id='Pgi'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Preface.</head> + +<p> +In the work here presented, an attempt has been made to +apply in the field of history, the study of types so long in +use in biological science. If the settlement of Illinois had been +an isolated historical fact, its narration would have been too +provincial to be seriously considered, but in many respects, the +history of this settlement is typical of that of other regions. +The Indian question, the land question, the transportation problem, +the problem of local government; these are a few of the +classes of questions wherein the experience of Illinois was not +unique. +</p> + +<p> +This work was prepared while the writer was a student in the +University of Wisconsin. The first draft was critically and carefully +read by Prof. Frederick Jackson Turner, of that University, +and the second draft was read by Prof. John Bach McMaster, +of the University of Pennsylvania. In addition to suggestions +received from my teachers, valuable aid has been rendered by +Miss Caroline M. McIlvaine, the librarian of the Chicago Historical +Society, who placed at my disposal her wide knowledge +of the sources of Illinois history. +</p> + +<p> +The omission of any reference in this work to the French +manuscripts, found by Clarence W. Alvord, is due to the fact +that at the time they were found, my work was so nearly completed +that it was loaned to Mr. Alvord to use in the preparation of +his article on the County of Illinois, while the press of professional +duties has been such that a subsequent use of the manuscripts +has been impracticable. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Arthur C. Boggess.</hi> +</p> + +<lg> +<l>Pacific University,</l> +<l>Forest Grove, Oregon.</l> +<l>September 14, 1907.</l> +</lg> + +</div> + +<pb n='009'/><anchor id='Pg009'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Chapter I. The County of Illinois.</head> + +<p> +An Act for establishing the County of Illinois, and for +the more effectual protection and defence thereof, +passed both houses of the Virginia legislature on December +9, 1778.<note place='foot'><p><q>Jour. H. of Del.,</q> Va., Oct. +Sess., 1778, 106-7; <q>Jour. of Senate,</q> Va., +Oct. Sess., 1778, 52. +</p> +<p> +Erroneous statements concerning the time of the formation of the County of +Illinois have been made by Winsor, <q>Westward Movement,</q> 122; Poole, in +Winsor, <q>Narrative and Crit. Hist. of Am.,</q> VI., 729; Thwaites, <q>How George +Rogers Clark Won the Northwest,</q> 64; Boyd, in <q>Am. Hist. Rev.,</q> IV., 623; +Mason, in <q>Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,</q> IV., 286; Pirtle, <q>Clark's Campaign in +the Ill.,</q> 5; Moore, <q>The Northwest Under Three Flags,</q> 220; Wallace, +<q>Hist, of Ill. and La. Under French Rule,</q> 402; Butler, <q>Hist. of Ky.,</q> 1836 +ed., 64; and others. Roosevelt's indefinite statement that the county was +formed <q>in the fall of 1778</q>—<q>Winning of the West,</q> II., 168—is +technically correct. Kate Mason Rowland truthfully says—<q>George Mason,</q> +I., 307, 308—that +a committee was ordered to prepare a bill for the formation of the county, +on November 19, 1778, and that such a bill was presented on November 30. +Butterfield says—<q>George Rogers Clark's Conquest of the Ill.,</q> 681-6—that +the Act was passed between the 10th of November and the 12th of December, +1778. It is true that the bill in its final amended form passed both houses on +December 9, was signed by the Speaker of the Senate on December 17, and +subsequently, if at all, by the Speaker of the House of Delegates. On the +12th of December, Governor Patrick Henry issued three important sets of +instructions in accordance with the provisions of the Act creating the County +of Illinois. As the signing of the bill by the Speakers was mandatory after +its passage, it is easy to understand the issuance of these instructions previous +to the signing. It is almost impossible to conceive that Governor Henry, who +showed marked interest in the Western frontier, should first have begun to +issue orders at least six weeks after the county was formed, as is implied by +the date commonly given for its formation. For the legislative history of the +act, see <q>Jour. H. of Del.,</q> Va., Oct. Sess., 1778, 65, 72, 79-80, 91, 96, 106-7; +<q>Jour. of Senate,</q> Va., Oct. Sess., 1778, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 70-1.</p></note> +The new county was to include the inhabitants +<pb n='010'/><anchor id='Pg010'/> +of Virginia, north of the Ohio River, but its location +was not more definitely prescribed.<note place='foot'><q>Jour. H. of Del.</q> +Va., Oct. Sess., 1778, 72; <q>Hening's Statutes,</q> IX., 553.</note> +</p> + +<p> +The words <q>for the more effectual protection and defence +thereof</q> in the title of the Act were thoroughly appropriate. +The Indians were in almost undisputed possession of +the land in Illinois, save the inconsiderable holdings of the +French. Some grants and sales of large tracts of land had +been made. In 1769, John Wilkins, British commandant +in Illinois, granted to the trading-firm of Baynton, +Wharton and Morgan, a great tract of land lying between +the Kaskaskia and the Mississippi rivers. The claim +to the land descended to John Edgar, who shared it with +John Murray St. Clair, son of Gov. Arthur St. Clair. The +claim was filed for 13,986 acres, but was found on survey +to contain 23,000 acres, and was confirmed by Gov. St. Clair. +At a later examination of titles, this claim was rejected +because the grant was made in the first instance counter +to the king's proclamation of 1763, and because the confirmation +by Gov. St. Clair was made after his authority +ceased and was not signed by the Secretary of the Northwest +Territory.<note place='foot'><q>Public Lands,</q> II., 204, +206-9.</note> In 1773, William Murray and others, +subsequently known as the Illinois Land Company, bought +two large tracts of land in Illinois from the Illinois Indians. +In 1775, a great tract lying on both sides of the Wabash +was similarly purchased by what later became the Wabash +Land Company. The purchase of the Illinois Company +was made in the presence, but without the sanction, of the +British officers, and Gen. Thomas Gage had the Indians +re-convened and the validity of the purchase expressly +denied. These large grants were illegal, and the Indians +<pb n='011'/><anchor id='Pg011'/> +were not in consequence disposessed of them.<note place='foot'>The +Illinois and Wabash Land companies, which had several members +in common, united in 1780. After a long series of memorials to Congress, +the Supreme Court of the United States, in 1823, decided that <q>a title to land, +under grant to private individuals, made by Indian tribes or nations, northwest +of the river Ohio, in 1773 and 1775, can not be recognized in the courts +of the United States</q>—8 <q>Wheaton,</q> 543-605. In general see: <q>Pub. +Lands,</q> I., 24, 27, 72, 74, 160, 189, 301; II., 108-20, 138, 253; <q>Sen. Jour.,</q> +1793-99, 317, 326; <hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, <q>2d Cong.,</q> 165; <q>Va. +Calendar State Papers,</q> I., +314; <q>Jour. of Cong.,</q> III., 676-7, 681; IV., 23; <q>An Account of the Proceedings +of the Ill. and Ouabache Land Companies,</q> 1-55, Phil'a, 1796; <q>Memorial +of the Ill. and Wabash Land Company,</q> 1-26, Phil'a, 1797; <q>Memorial +of the Ill. and Ouabache Land Companies,</q> 1802, 1-20; <q>An Account of the +Proceedings of the Ill. and Ouabache Land Company,</q> 1-74, Phil'a, 1803; +<q>Memorial of the United Ill. and Wabash Land Companies,</q> 1-48, Baltimore, +1816. For a map of the claims, see <q>Map of the State of Ky. with the Adjoining +Territories,</q> 1794, pub. by H. D. Symonds; also a copy of the same published +by Smith, Reid and Wayland, in 1795; and <q>States of America,</q> by +J. Russell, London, C. Dilly and G. G. & J. Robinson, 1799. The last map +gives the claims of the Ill., Wabash, and N. J. companies, respectively, the +others, the claims of the last two only. All references here given are to material +to be found in the libraries of the Chicago Historical Society and of the +State Hist. Soc. of Wis.</note> Thus far, +the Indians of the region had been undisturbed by white +occupation. British landholders were few and the French +clearings were too small to affect the hunting-grounds. +French and British alike were interested in the fur trade. +A French town was more suited to be the center of an +Indian community than to become a point on its periphery, +for here the Indians came for religious instruction, provisions, +fire-arms, and fire-water. The Illinois Indian of +1778 had been degraded rather than elevated by his contact +with the whites. The observation made by an acute +French woman of large experience, although made at +another time and place, was applicable here. She said +that it was much easier for a Frenchman to learn to live +like an Indian than for an Indian to learn to live like a +Frenchman.<note place='foot'>Mother Mary of the Incarnation, of Quebec, in 1668. In +<q>Glimpses of the Monastery.</q> <q>Scenes from the Hist. of the Ursulines +of Quebec,</q> 1639-1839, <q>by a Member of the Community,</q> 90. Charlevoix, +<q>Histoire de la Nouvelle-France,</q> III., 322, expressed a similar opinion in 1721, and +Collot, <q>Journey in N. A.,</q> I., 232-3, shows that the Illinois French of 1796-7 +were a case in point.</note> +</p> + +<pb n='012'/><anchor id='Pg012'/> + +<p> +In point of numbers and of occupied territory, the French +population was trifling in comparison with the Indian. In +1766-67, the white inhabitants of the region were estimated +at about two thousand.<note place='foot'>Pittman, <q>European Settlements on the +Miss.,</q> 55. See pp. 42, 44, 45, 47, 48, for the settlement in detail.</note> +Some five years later,<note place='foot'>Hutchins, <q>Topographical Desc. of Va.,</q> +36-8.</note> Kaskaskia +was reported as having about five hundred white +and between four and five hundred black inhabitants; +Prairie du Rocher, one hundred whites and eighty negroes; +Fort Chartres, a very few inhabitants; St. Philips, two or +three families; and Cahokia, three hundred whites and +eighty negroes. At the same time, there was a village of +the Kaskaskia tribe with about two hundred and ten persons, +including sixty warriors, three miles north of Kaskaskia, +and a village of one hundred and seventy warriors +of the Peoria and Mitchigamia Indians, one mile northwest +of Fort Chartres. It is said of these Indians: <q>They were +formerly brave and warlike, but are degenerated into a +drunken and debauched tribe, and so indolent, as scarcely +to procure a sufficiency of Skins and Furrs to barter for +clothing,</q> and a pastoral letter of August 7, 1767, from the +Bishop of Quebec to the inhabitants of Kaskaskia shows +the character of the French. The French are told that +if they will not acknowledge the authority of the vicar-general—Father +Meurin, pastor of Cahokia—cease to marry +without the intervention of the priest, and cease to absent +themselves from church services, they will be abandoned +by the bishop as unworthy of his care.<note place='foot'><q>Mandements +des Evêques de Quebec,</q> II., 1741-1806, 205-6.</note> Two years earlier, +<pb n='013'/><anchor id='Pg013'/> +George Croghan had visited Vincennes, of which he wrote: +<q>I found a village of about eighty or ninety French families +settled on the east side of this river [Wabash], being +one of the finest situations that can be found.... The +French inhabitants, hereabouts, are an idle, lazy people, a +parcel of renegadoes from Canada, and are much worse +than the Indians.</q><note place='foot'>Thwaites, <q>Early Western Travels,</q> +I., 141, reprint of Croghan's Jour.</note> Although slave-holders, a large proportion +of the French were almost abjectly poor. Illiteracy +was very common as is shown by the large proportion +who signed legal documents by their marks.<note place='foot'><q>Chicago Hist. Soc. +Coll.,</q> IV., 165; <q>Ind. Hist Soc. Pub.,</q> II., 513-4.</note> The people +had been accustomed to a paternal rule and had not +become acquainted with English methods during the few +years of British rule. Such deeds as were given during +the French period were usually written upon scraps of +paper, described the location of the land deeded either +inaccurately or not at all, and were frequently lost.<note place='foot'><q>Public +Lands,</q> I., 10.</note> Land holdings were in long narrow strips along the +rivers.<note place='foot'>Two of the many maps illustrating this are in +<q>Pub. Lands,</q> II., facing +183, 195. A number of maps in Hopkins', <q>The Home Lots of the Early +Settlers of the Providence Plantations,</q> especially the one following page 17, +show that the same form of holdings existed in Providence, R. I. For reasons +for this form, see the note by Emma Helen Blair, in Thwaites', <q>Jesuit Relations,</q> +IV., 268-9. Stiles, <q>Ancient Windsor,</q> I., 149, has a map showing +such holdings in Windsor, Conn., 1633-1650.</note> +</p> + +<p> +The country was physically in a state of almost primeval +simplicity. The chief highways were the winding rivers, +although roads, likewise winding, connected the various +settlements. These roads were impassable in times of +much rain. All settlements were near the water, living on +a prairie being regarded as impossible and living far from +a river as at least impracticable.<note place='foot'>Monroe, <q>Writings,</q> I., 117; +<q>Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,</q> II., 483-92; Hutchins, <q>Topographical Desc. of Va.,</q> +map facing 41; Collot, <q>A +Journey in N. A.,</q> I., 239-42, describes the roads in Illinois in 1796, and +plate 28 of the accompanying atlas gives an excellent map, +<hi rend='italic'>q. v.</hi> in pocket.</note> The difficulties of +<pb n='014'/><anchor id='Pg014'/> +George Rogers Clark in finding his way, overland, from the +Ohio River to Kaskaskia and Vincennes on his awful winter +march, are such as must manifestly have confronted anyone +who wished to go over the same routes at the same +season of the year. +</p> + +<p> +Wild animals were abundant. A quarter of a century +after the Revolution, two hunters killed twenty-five deer +before nine in the morning near the Illinois settlements.<note place='foot'><q>Draper +Coll., Ill. MSS.,</q> 99.</note> +In 1787, the country between Vincennes and Kaskaskia +abounded in buffalo, deer, and bear.<note place='foot'>Harmar to Sec. +of War from Fort Harmar, Nov. 24, 1787—<q>St. +Clair Papers,</q> II., 30-1.</note> For years, the chase +furnished a large part of the provisions. The raising of +hogs was rendered difficult by the presence of wolves. +Game-birds were plentiful, and birds were sometimes a +pest because of their destruction of corn and smaller grains +and even of mast. +</p> + +<p> +An early traveler wrote in 1796: <q>The province of the +Illinois is, perhaps, the only spot respecting which travelers +have given no exaggerated accounts; it is superior to any +description which has been made, for local beauty, fertility, +climate, and the means of every kind which nature +has lavished upon it for the facility of commerce.</q><note place='foot'>Collot, +<q>A Journey in N. A.,</q> I., 233.</note> The +wide-spreading prairies added to the beauty of the +country. Land which now produces one hundred bushels +of corn to the acre must have been capable of producing +wonderful crops at the beginning of its cultivation. Coal +was not known to exist in great quantities in the region +nor was its use as a fuel yet known. +</p> + +<pb n='015'/><anchor id='Pg015'/> + +<p> +Such was the country and such the people now organized +into the County of Illinois.<note place='foot'>At the November session +of 1738, Virginia had formed the County of +Augusta, which technically included the Illinois country—<q>Hening's Statutes,</q> +V., 78-80. For a map, see Waddell, <q>Annals of Augusta Co., Va.,</q> +frontispiece.</note> The Act establishing the +county provided that the governor and council should +appoint a county-lieutenant or commandant-in-chief, +who should appoint and commission as many deputy-commandants, +militia officers, and commissaries as were +needed. The religion, civil rights, property and law of +the inhabitants should be respected. The people of the +county should pay the salaries of such officers as they had +been accustomed to, but officers with new duties, including +the county-lieutenant, were to be paid by Virginia. The +governor and council might send five hundred troops, paid +by Virginia, to defend Illinois. Courts were to be established +with judges elected by the people, although the +judges of other county-courts of Virginia were appointed +by the governor and council.<note place='foot'><q>Hening's Statutes,</q> +IX., 117, 552-5; V., 489, 491.</note> +</p> + +<p> +While Gov. Patrick Henry was writing instructions concerning +the organization of government in Illinois, the +British general, Hamilton, was marching to take Vincennes. +Henry did not know this particular fact, but he +had a keen perception of the difficulties, both civil and +military, which awaited the county. On December 12, +1778, without waiting for the formal signing of the act +creating the county, he wrote instructions to George +Rogers Clark, to Col. John Todd, jr., and to Lieut.-Col. +John Montgomery. Clark was instructed to retain the +command of the troops then in the Illinois country, and +to assume command of five other companies, soon to be +sent out.<note place='foot'>Henry, <q>Life of Patrick Henry,</q> III., +209-18.</note> Col. Todd was appointed county-lieutenant or +<pb n='016'/><anchor id='Pg016'/> +commandant. His instructions contained much wise +direction. He was to take care to cultivate and conciliate +the affections of the French and Indians, to coöperate with +Clark and give the military department all the aid possible, +to use the French against the British, if the French +were willing, but otherwise to remain on the defensive, to +inculcate in the people an appreciation of the value of +liberty, to see that the inhabitants had justice done them +for any injuries from the troops. A neglect of this last +instruction, it was pointed out, might be fatal. <q>Consider +yourself as at the head of the civil department, and as +such having the command of the militia, who are not to +be under the command of the military, until ordered +out by the civil authority and act in conjunction with +them.</q> An express was to be sent to Virginia every +three months with a report. A letter to the Spanish +commandant at Ste. Genevieve was inclosed, and Todd +was told to be very friendly to him.<note place='foot'><p><q>Cal. of +Va. State Papers,</q> I., 312-14. +</p> +<p> +Col. John Todd, jr., was born March 27, 1750, in Pennsylvania. He was +well educated by his uncle in Virginia, in which state young Todd practised +law for some years. In 1775, he was one of the representatives chosen at the +call of the proprietors of Transylvania to form an ultra-constitutional government +for that new settlement. In 1777, he was one of the first two +burgesses from the county of Kentucky. He was killed at the Battle of the +Blue Licks, August 19, 1782. For biographical sketches see John Mason +Brown, <q>Oration at the Centennial of the Battle of the Blue Licks,</q> 27-31; +<q>Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,</q> IV., 285-8; Green, <q>Historic Families of +Ky.,</q> 211; White, <q>Descendants of John Walker,</q> 56; <q>Filson Club +Pub.</q> VI., 27-8; Morehead, <q>Settlement of Ky.,</q> 174. Morehead's facts +were from R. Wickliffe, Todd's son-in-law, but this fact loses its significance +from the circumstance that Todd's only living child was of posthumous birth.</p></note> +Col. Montgomery, then in Virginia, was ordered to recruit men to reënforce +Clark. <q>As soon as the state of affairs in the recruiting +business will permit, you are to go to the Illinois country +& join Col. Clarke, I need not tell you how necessary +<pb n='017'/><anchor id='Pg017'/> +the greatest possible Dispatch is to the good of the service +in which you are engaged. Our party at Illinois may be +lost, together with the present favorable Disposition of the +French and Indians there, unless every moment is improved +for their preservation, & no future opportunity, if the +present is lost, can ever be expected so favorable to the +Interest of the commonwealth.</q> Montgomery was urged +not to be daunted by the inclement season, the great distance +to Illinois, the <q>want of many necessaries,</q> or opposition +from enemies.<note place='foot'>Henry, <q>Life of Patrick Henry,</q> III., +216-18.</note> Gov. Henry deserves much credit +for his prompt and aggressive action at a time when +Virginia was in the very midst of the Revolution. +</p> + +<p> +Col. Clark was much pleased with the appointment of +Col. Todd, both because civil duties were irksome to the +conqueror and because of his confidence in Todd's +ability.<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, 237.</note> +Upon the arrival of the new county-lieutenant, Clark +called a meeting of the citizens of Kaskaskia to meet the +new officer and to elect judges. He introduced Col. Todd +as governor and said that he was the only person in the state +whom he had desired for the place. The people were told +that the government, Virginia, was going to send a +regiment of regular troops for their defense, that the new +governor would arrange and settle their affairs, and that +they would soon become accustomed to the American +system of government. In regard to the election of +judges, Clark said: <q>I pray you to consider the importance +of this choice; to make it without partiality, and to +choose the persons most worthy of such posts.</q><note place='foot'><q>Draper Coll., +Clark MSS.,</q> XLIX., 43, original MS. in French.</note> The +nine members of the court of Kaskaskia, the seven members +of the court of Cahokia, and the nine members of +the court of Vincennes, as also the respective clerks were +French. Of the three sheriffs, Richard Winston, sheriff +<pb n='018'/><anchor id='Pg018'/> +of Kaskaskia, was the only one who was not French.<note place='foot'><q>Chicago +Hist. Soc. Coll.,</q> IV., 295.</note> +</p> + +<p> +Military commissions were promptly made out, those +of the districts of Kaskaskia and Cahokia being dated +May 14, 1779. So many of the persons elected judges +were also given military commissions that it seems probable +that the supply of suitable men was small. No fewer +than fourteen such cases occur. Of the militia officers +appointed at Vincennes, P. Legras, appointed lieutenant-colonel, +had been a major in the British service, and F. +Bosseron, appointed major, had been a captain in the +British service.<note place='foot'><p><q>Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,</q> +IV., 294-6, 418; <q>Mich. Pioneer Coll.,</q> +IX., 498. +</p> +<p> +A Mr. Winston, probably Richard, was in Illinois in 1770, and was +regarded as an authority on the prices of cattle, as is shown by the court +records. In 1773, upon the occasion of the purchase of land from the Kaskaskia +Indians, by the Illinois Land Company, Richard Winston was at +Kaskaskia, and interpreted in French to the illiterate Indian interpreter of +His Majesty what the company desired to say to the Indians—<q>Chicago +Hist. Soc. Coll.,</q> IV., 435; <q>An Account of the Proceedings of the Ill. and +Ouabache Land Companies,</q> 1796, 14. Richard Winston was one of the +original Indiana Company—<q>Cal. of Va. State Papers,</q> VI., 18, 35.</p></note> +</p> + +<p> +The position of Illinois among the counties of Virginia +was necessarily anomalous. All counties, except the +County of Illinois, were asked to furnish one twenty-fifth +of their militia to defend the state. Illinois county was +omitted from the western counties enumerated in <q>An act +for adjusting and settling the titles of claimers to unpatented +lands under the present and former government, +previous to the establishment of the commonwealth's land +office.</q> Settlers northwest of the Ohio were warned to +remove. No settlement would be permitted there, and if +attempted, the intruder might be removed by force—<q><emph>Provided</emph>, +That nothing herein contained shall be construed +in any manner to injure or affect any French, +<pb n='019'/><anchor id='Pg019'/> +Canadian, or other families, or persons heretofore actually +settled in or about the villages near or adjacent to the +posts reduced by the forces of this state.</q> These exceptions +were made at the May session of 1779. At this +session, there was passed an act for raising one troop of +cavalry, consisting of one captain, one lieutenant, one +cornet, and thirty-two privates to defend the inhabitants +of Illinois county. All officers were to be appointed by +the governor and council. The men were to receive the +same pay as Continentals. Any soldier who would serve +in Illinois during the war should receive a bounty of seven +hundred and fifty dollars and a grant of one hundred +acres of land.<note place='foot'><q>Hening's Statutes,</q> X., 26, 32, 43, 161.</note> +</p> + +<p> +Acting upon the policy that caused Virginia to warn all +intruders not to settle northwest of the Ohio, Todd issued +a proclamation warning all persons against such settlement, +<q>unless in manner and form as heretofore made by +the French inhabitants.</q> All inhabitants were ordered to +file a description of lands held by them, together with a +deed or deposition, in order to be ready for the press of +adventurers that was expected.<note place='foot'><q>Chicago Hist. Soc. +Coll.,</q> IV., 301; <q>Pub. Lands,</q> I., 16.</note> +</p> + +<p> +Some of the incidents of the summer of 1779 indicate +difficulties of the new government. When the governor +was to be absent for a short time, he wrote to Winston, +who as commander of Kaskaskia would be acting governor, +telling him not to impress property, and by all +means to keep up a good understanding with Col. Clark +and the officers. The judges of the court at Kaskaskia +were ordered to hold court <q>at the usual place of holding +court ... any adjournment to the contrary notwithstanding.</q> +Richard McCarty, of Cahokia, wrote to the county-lieutenant +complaining that the writer's stock had been +<pb n='020'/><anchor id='Pg020'/> +killed by the French inhabitants. McCarty had allowed +his stock to run at large and they had destroyed uninclosed +crops, which crops, he contended, were not in their +proper place. Two months later, McCarty wrote from +Cahokia: <q>Col. Todd residence hear will spoil the people +intirely. I think it would be a happy thing could we get +Colo<hi rend='vertical-align: super'>l</hi> +Todd out of the country for he will possitively sett +the Inhabitants and us by the Ears. I have wrote him a +pritty sharp Letter on his signing a Death warrant against +my poor hog's for runing in the Oppen fields ... +on some complaints by the Inhabitants the other day he +wished that there was not a Soldier in the country.</q><note place='foot'><p>Todd to +Winston, June 15, 1779—<q>Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,</q> IV., +302; Todd to Judges at Kaskaskia, July 31, 1779—<hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, 304; +McCarty to Todd, from Cahokia, July 18, 1779—<q>Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,</q> XLIX., +72, original MS.; McCarty to Montgomery, from Cahokia, Sept. 19, +1779,—<hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, +XLIX., 71, original MS. +</p> +<p> +Richard McCarty had been a resident of Cahokia under British rule and +had warned the British against American encroachments. He was licensed +to trade by the county government upon the recommendation of the court of +the District of Cahokia, June 5, 1779—<q>Mich. Pioneer Coll.,</q> IX., 368, +383; <q>Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,</q> IV., 296-7-8.</p></note> +McCarty's hogs were not his only trouble. A fellow-officer +wrote: <q>I received a line from Capt. McCarty [captain +of troops at Cahokia] yesterday. He is well. He +writes to me that he has lost most of his French soldiers, +and that the inhabitants are so saucy that they threaten to +drive him and his soldiers away, telling him that he has +no business there—nobody sent for him. They are very +discontented. The civil law has ruined them.</q><note place='foot'>Capt. John +Williams to G. R. Clark, from Fort Clark, Kaskaskia, +Sept. 25, 1779—<q>Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,</q> XLIX., 73, original MS.</note> +</p> + +<p> +Col. Todd's position was difficult because of the discontent +prevailing among both the French and the Americans +in Illinois. His salary was so small that he feared that he +must sell his property in Kentucky to support himself +<pb n='021'/><anchor id='Pg021'/> +while in public service. He regarded Kentucky as a +much better place than Illinois for the ambitious man, the +retired farmer, or the young merchant.<note place='foot'>Todd +to Col. Will Fleming, senator from Botetourt, from Kaskaskia, +Aug. 18, 1779—<q>Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,</q> XXIII, 103, original MS.</note> He +had been scarcely more than three months in office when he wrote +to the governor of Virginia: <q>I expected to have been prepared +to present to your excellency some amendments +upon the form of Government for Illinois, but the present +will be attended with no great inconveniences till the +Spring Session, when I beg your permission to attend and +get a Discharge from an Office, which an unwholesome air, +a distance from my connexions, a Language not familiar +to me, and an impossibility of procuring many of the conveniences +of Life suitable; all tend to render uncomfortable.</q><note place='foot'>Todd +to Gov. of Va., from Kaskaskia, Aug. 18, 1779—<q>Chicago Hist. +Soc. Coll.,</q> IV., 319.</note> +This letter was intercepted by the British and did +not reach the governor. +</p> + +<p> +Great difficulty was experienced in securing supplies for +the soldiers. At times, both troops and people suffered +from lack of clothing. The Spanish refused to allow the +Americans to navigate the Mississippi, Virginia money +entirely lost its credit, hard money was scarce, and peltry +was difficult for the military commissaries to obtain. Col. +Todd, in desperation, refused to allow the commander at +Kaskaskia to pay the people peltry for provisions as had +been promised, and calling the inhabitants in council, he +told them that if they would not sell on the credit of the +state they would be subject to military discipline.<note place='foot'><p>Capt. +John Williams to Col. Wm. Preston, from Ft. Clark, Kaskaskia, +Sept. 20, 1779—<q>Draper Coll., Preston Papers.</q> V., 9, original MS. +</p> +<p> +Montgomery to Clark, from Ft. Clark, Kaskaskia, Oct. 5, +1779—<hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, +<q>Clark MSS.,</q> XLIX., 78, original MS.</p></note> The +<pb n='022'/><anchor id='Pg022'/> +fall of 1779 saw the garrison at Vincennes without salt, +and starving; while at Kaskaskia the money was worthless, +troops were without clothes and deserting daily.<note place='foot'>Shelby +to Clark, from Vincennes, Oct. 10, 1779—<hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, XLIX., 79, +original MS.; Montgomery to Clark, from Ft. Clark, Kaskaskia, Nov. 15, +1779—<hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, XLIX., 85, original MS.</note> +This great lack of supplies resulted in the impressment of +supplies, in disagreement among the officers, and was a +prominent factor in a resolution to withdraw the troops +from their several situations and concentrate them at a +single point on the Ohio River. The discontent of the +French was extreme, and it was increased by the departure +of Col. Todd for Virginia. The officers who were left in +command ruled with a rod of iron and took cattle, flour, +wood, and other necessaries, without payment.<note place='foot'><p>Montgomery +to Clark, from Kaskaskia, Feb. 1, 1780—<q>Draper Coll. +Clark MSS.,</q> L., 9, original MS.; Clark to Todd, from Louisville, March, +1780—<q>Cal. of Va. State Papers,</q> I., 338-9; John McArthur from Ste. +Genevieve, Mo., Oct. 22, 1883—<q>Draper Coll. Clark MSS.,</q> VIII., 27. +</p> +<p> +I have been unable to determine just when Col. Todd left Illinois, whether +he resigned as county-lieutenant, and whether he again returned. Boyd in +his article in the <q>Am. Hist. Rev.,</q> IV., says that he left in 1780, resigned +in the same year, and apparently did not return. Mason, in <q>Chicago Hist. +Soc. Coll.,</q> IV., 287, says that he seems to have left in 1779, seems not to +have resigned, and not to have returned. Wickliffe, in Morehead, <q>Settlement +of Ky.,</q> 174, implies that he did not resign, and says that he several +times revisited the county. No one of these writers gives any authority for +his statement and I have found none. It is certain that Todd was at the +Falls of Ohio on December 23, 1779; that he then wrote to the governor of +Virginia expressing his intention of resigning; that the governor, Jefferson, +strongly opposed his resigning—<q>Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,</q> IV., 359; that +he left some peltry in the joint care of his subordinates, Montgomery and +Winston, in November, 1779; that goods were said to be consigned to him as +county-lieutenant of Illinois in November, 1780; that he wrote <q>I still receive +complaints from the Illinois,</q> on April 15, 1781; that on April 29, 1781, +Winston was referred to as <q>Deputy County-Lieutenant for the Illinois +County;</q> and that Thimothé Demunbrunt signed as <q>Lt. Comd. par interim, +&c.</q> in February and again in March, 1782—<q>Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,</q> +IV., 315-16, 335, 343, 359; <q>Draper's Notes, Trip 1860,</q> III., 40-4.</p></note> +Capt. +<pb n='023'/><anchor id='Pg023'/> +Dodge, of Kaskaskia, refused to honor a draft presented, +apparently, by the government of Virginia, and when sued +in the civil court, he declared that he had nothing but his +body and that could not be levied upon; besides, he was +an officer and as such was not amenable to civil law.<note place='foot'>Edward +Murray to ——, from Kaskaskia, Apr. 19, 1780—<q>Draper +Coll., Clark MSS.,</q> XLVI., 52, original MS. John Dodge had +been an Indian trader between Detroit and Pittsburg. He was captured by the +British, but escaped on Oct. 9, 1778, after thirty-three months detention. Washington +recommended him to Congress as a man who would be useful because of +his knowledge of the country—<q>Draper's Notes, Trip 1860,</q> VI., 153-5.</note> +</p> + +<p> +In the very midst of starvation, the French, unaccustomed +to English ways, were wishing to increase the +expense of government. An unsigned official letter says, +in speaking of affairs in Illinois: <q>I find that justices of +the peace, appointed among them, expect to be paid, this +not being the practice under our laws, there is no provision +for it. Would it not be expedient to restrain these +appointments to a very small number, and for these (if it +be necessary) to require small contributions either from +the litigants or the people at large, as you find would be +most agreeable. In time, I suppose even this might be +discontinued. The Clerks & Sheriffs perhaps may be +paid, as with us, only converting Tobacco fees into their +worth in peltry. As to the rules of decision & modes of +proceding, I suppose ours can be only gradually introduced. +It would be well to get their militia disciplined by +calling them regularly together according to our usage; however, all this +can only be recommended to your Discretion.</q><note place='foot'>Unsigned and +unaddressed, from <q>Williamsburg, Jan. 28, 1780</q>—<q>Draper +Coll., Clark MSS.,</q> I., 5, original MS.</note> +Some eight years later the exaction of exorbitant +fees was one of the chief reasons which caused the +reform of the French court at Vincennes.<note place='foot'>Hamtramck to +Harmar, from Vincennes, Apr. 13, 1788—<q>Draper +Coll., Harmar Papers,</q> I., 386-7.</note> +</p> + +<pb n='024'/><anchor id='Pg024'/> + +<p> +The plan for concentrating most of the Illinois troops at +a single point was carried out in the spring of 1780. The +chief objects sought were to procure supplies and to prevent +the advance of the Spaniards. At first, it was +thought advisable to locate the new fort on the north side +of the Ohio near the Mississippi, and Col. Todd made +some grants of land to such persons as were willing to +settle in the vicinity and assist in raising provisions, but +the fact that Virginia currency, although refused in Illinois, +was accepted in Kentucky caused the fort to be built +south of the Ohio, and it is probable that Todd's grants of +land at the site first proposed lapsed.<note place='foot'><p>Clark to +Todd from Louisville, Mar., 1780—<q>Cal. of Va. State +Papers,</q> I., 338-9; <hi rend='italic'>see also</hi> pp. 358, 360. +</p> +<p> +Unsigned and unaddressed official letter, from Williamsburg, Jan. 28, +1780—<q>Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,</q> L., 5, original MS.</p></note> +As the troops had +a great need for settlers to raise crops, Capt. Dodge suggested +to the governor of Virginia that immigrants to Illinois +should receive aid from Virginia. This would aid the +troops and would stop emigration to the Spanish possessions +west of the Mississippi.<note place='foot'>Dodge to Gov. of Va., from +Ft. Jefferson, Aug. 1, 1780—<q>Cal. of Va. +State Papers,</q> I., 368.</note> +</p> + +<p> +As the French could neither support the soldiers nor do +without them, commissions in blank were sent to Maj. +Bosseron, district commandant at Vincennes, with power +to raise a company there, and to assure the company that +pay would be allowed by the government. It was feared +that the settlers at Vincennes would consider themselves +abandoned upon the withdrawal of troops. It was proposed +to leave enough troops among the French to satisfy +them, but scarcely had the new fort been established when +the people of Cahokia sent a special messenger to Clark +at Fort Jefferson, the new fort, asking that troops be sent +<pb n='025'/><anchor id='Pg025'/> +to protect them. The Indians so surround the place, say +the petitioners, that the fields can not be cultivated. If +troops are sent the people can not feed them, but if they +are not sent the people can not long feed themselves.<note place='foot'>Todd +to Gov. Jefferson, from Richmond, June 2, 1780—<q>Cal. of +Va. State Papers,</q> I., 358; Address from the people of Cahokia to G. R. +Clark, April 11, 1780—<q>Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,</q> L., 27, original MS. in +French.</note> +French creditors of the government were unpaid and some +of them must have been in sore need.<note place='foot'>Legras to +Clark, from Vincennes, Aug. 1, 1780—<q>Draper Coll., Clark +MSS.,</q> L., 54, original MS. in French.</note> +</p> + +<p> +The act establishing the County of Illinois would terminate +by limitation at the end of the May session of +1780, unless renewed. At that session, the act was +renewed <q>for one year after the passing of this act, and +from thence to the end of the next session of assembly.</q><note place='foot'><q>Hening's +Statutes,</q> X., 303, 388-9.</note> +</p> + +<p> +The condition of the people in the county during the +latter half of 1780 was one of misery. Contemporary +accounts have a melancholy interest. An attack by +Indians upon Fort Jefferson being imminent, the few +troops in the outlying districts were ordered to come to +the aid of the garrison. The order reached Cahokia when +its few defenders were sick and starving. Corn, without +grease or salt, was their only food. Deaths were of frequent +occurrence. The people of the village had petitioned +Col. Montgomery to ease their burden by quartering some +of the troops in other villages, but he refused the request +of other officers for a council and threatened to abandon +the country entirely. In such a condition of affairs, Capt. +McCarty proceeded to obey the orders from Fort Jefferson. +The only boats at the disposal of the garrison were unseaworthy, +so five small boats were pressed for use. On the +<pb n='026'/><anchor id='Pg026'/> +way, several of the famished soldiers became so sick that +they had to be left along the route. Even military discipline +was bad in the country. Capt. McCarty, upon being +arrested for having quarreled with Dodge, because the +latter would not buy food for the starving troops, was left +for months without trial because Col. Montgomery had +left the country and a military court could not be convened.<note place='foot'>Extract +from McCarty's journal, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 14, 1780—<q>Draper +Coll., Clark MSS.,</q> L., 66; McCarty to Col. Slaughter, Jan. 27, +1781—<q>Draper's Notes, Trip 1860,</q> III., 1, 2; incomplete in <q>Cal. of Va. +State Papers.</q> I., 465; Montgomery to McCarty, between Aug. 27 and Aug. +30, 1780—<q>Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,</q> L., 66, 68; <hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, +L., 70, original MS.</note> +In October, McCarty wrote: <q>In short, we are +become the hated beasts of a whole people by pressing +horses, boats, &c., &c., &c., killing cattle, &c., &c., for +which no valuable consideration is given; even many not a +certificate, which is here looked upon as next to nothing.</q><note place='foot'>McCarty +to Todd, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 14, 1780—<q>Cal. of Va. State +Papers,</q> L., 380.</note> +</p> + +<p> +Of the same tenor as McCarty's testimony to Illinois +conditions is that of Winston. A remonstrance of the +civil authorities against the extravagance of the military +officers was treated as insolent and impertinent. The +military power refused the civil department the use of the +military prison, even when pay was offered, and made +strenuous efforts to establish military rule. Col. Montgomery +and Capt. Brashears had departed for New +Orleans without settling the account for the peltry which +Todd had committed to the joint care of Montgomery +and Winston. Montgomery was openly accused of having +taken a large amount of public property away with him. +Capt. Dodge was a notorious disturber of the peace, and +Capt. Bentley, a more recent arrival, was equally undesirable. +In the closing paragraph of a long letter is the +significant statement: <q>It Being so long a time since we +<pb n='027'/><anchor id='Pg027'/> +had any news from you, we conclude therefrom that the +Government has given us up to do for Ourselves the Best +we can, untill such time as it pleases Some other State or +Power to take us under their Protection—a few lines +from you would give Some of us great satisfaction, yett +the Generality of the People are of Opinion that this +Country will be given up to France....</q><note place='foot'>Winston to Todd, from +Kaskaskia, Oct. 24, 1780—<q>Cal. of Va. State +Papers,</q> I., 380-2.</note> +</p> + +<p> +At the close of October, the troops, with the exception +of a very few, were collected at Fort Jefferson. There the +garrison was sick and starving,<note place='foot'>Winston to +Clark, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 24, 1780—<q>Draper Coll., +Clark MSS.,</q> L., 71, original MS.; <q>Draper's Notes, Trip 1860,</q> II., +136-40; Helm to Slaughter, from Fort Jefferson, Oct. 29, 1780—<q>Cal. of +Va. State Papers,</q> I., 383; Williams to Clark, from Camp Jefferson, Oct. 28, +1780—<hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, I., 383.</note> clothes were much needed, +desertion was rife, and the abandonment of the post +seemed imminent.<note place='foot'>Montgomery to Jefferson, from +New Orleans, Jan. 8, 1781—<q>Cal. of +Va. State Papers,</q> I., 424-5.</note> Among the few troops that were not +called to Fort Jefferson were those of Capt. Rogers, at +Kaskaskia. This company <q>had to impress supplies, +giving certificates for the value—thus would kill cattle +when they wanted them, hogs, & take flour from the horse-mills—& +thus lived very comfortably.</q><note place='foot'><q>Draper Coll., +Clark MSS.,</q> VIII., 78.</note> +</p> + +<p> +Mutual recrimination was common among the officers. +Todd, in a letter to Gov. Jefferson, in which he inclosed +letters from the Illinois officers, said: <q rend='pre'>Winston is commandant +at Kaskaskia; McCarty, a captain in the Illinois +regiment, who has long since rendered himself disagreeable +by endeavoring to enforce military law upon the civil +department at Kohos.</q> +</p> + +<pb n='028'/><anchor id='Pg028'/> + +<p> +<q>The peltry, mentioned by Winston as purloined or +embezzled by Montgomery, was committed to their joint +care by me in Nov<hi rend='vertical-align: super'>r</hi>, 1779; and from the circumstance +of Montgomery's taking up with an infamous girl, leaving his +wife, & flying down the river, I am inclined to believe the +worst that can be said of him. Being so far out of the +road of business, I can not do the State that justice I +wish by sending down his case immediately to the Spanish +commandants on the Mississippi.</q><note place='foot'>Todd to +Gov. Jefferson, from Lexington, Ky., Jan. 24, 1781—<q>Cal. +of Va. State Papers,</q> I., 460.</note> From January 28, +1779, to October 18, 1780, Montgomery drew drafts upon +Virginia to the amount of thirty-nine thousand three +hundred twenty dollars.<note place='foot'><q>Draper's Notes, +Trip 1860,</q> II., 158.</note> Winston and McCarty accused +Capt. Rogers, who succeeded Col. Montgomery in command +at Kaskaskia, of shooting down the stock of the +inhabitants without warrant. In a dignified defence, Capt. +Rogers declared that he took only so much food as was +absolutely required to save his starving sick, and that Mr. +Bentley, who endeavored to secure supplies from the +people, offering his personal credit, was persistently opposed +by Winston and McCarty. <q>I can not conclude without +informing you that 'tis my positive opinion the people of +the Illinois & Post Vincennes have been in an absolute +state of rebellion for these several months past, & ought +to have no further indulgence shown them; and such is +the nature of those people, the more they are indulged, +the more turbulant they grow. I look upon it that Winston +and McCarty have been principal instruments to bring +them to the pitch they are now at.</q><note place='foot'>Rogers to +Gov. Jefferson, from Harrodsburg, Apr. 29, 1781—<q>Draper's +Notes, Trip 1860,</q> III., 40-4; incomplete in <q>Cal. of Va. State +Papers,</q> II., 76-7. Rogers refers to Winston as <q>Deputy County Lieutenant +for the Illinois County.</q> Who was county-lieutenant?</note> Capt. Dodge, against +whom complaints had become general, and Capt. McCarty, +<pb n='029'/><anchor id='Pg029'/> +whose quarrel has been narrated, were ordered to appear +before a court of inquiry at Fort Jefferson.<note place='foot'>Slaughter to +Gov. Jefferson, from Louisville, Jan. 14, 1781—<q>Draper +Coll., Clark MSS.,</q> LI., 12, original MS.; Maj. Williams's orders, endorsed +<q>pretended orders,</q> from Fort Clark, Kaskaskia, Feb. 12, 1781.</note> Clark was +very angry at Montgomery's conduct. He sent a message +to New Orleans ordering him to return for trial; he +warned all persons against trusting the offender on the +credit of the State, and he requested the governor of +Virginia to arrest the fugitive if he should come to Richmond.<note place='foot'>Clark +to Gov. of Va., from <q>Yough,</q> Mar. 27, 1781—<q>Cal. of Va. +State Papers,</q> I., 597.</note> +How low public morals had sunk is shown by the +fact that Montgomery had the effrontery to return to Fort +Jefferson, where he arrived on May 1, 1781, and resumed +his command. In February, 1783, he made his defense and +asked for his pay.<note place='foot'>Montgomery to Gov. of Va., +from Falls of Ohio, Aug. 10, 1781—<q>Cal. +of Va. State Papers,</q> II., 313; Montgomery to the Board of Commissioners +for the Settlement of Western Accounts, from New Holland, Feb. 22, +1783—<hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, +III., 441-4.</note> In April, 1781, Todd wrote: <q>I still receive +complaints from the Illinois. That Department suffers, +I fear, through the avarice and prodigality of our officers; +they all vent complaints against each other. I believe our +French friends have the justest grounds of dissatisfaction.</q><note place='foot'>Todd +to Gov. Jefferson, from Lexington, Ky., Apr. 15, 1781—<q>Cal. +of Va. State Papers,</q> II., 44-5.</note> +</p> + +<p> +On June 2, 1781, Capt. McCarty was killed in a fight +between the Illinois troops and some Indians on the one +side and a party of Ouia Indians, who favored the British, +on the other. The engagement took place near the +Wabash. McCarty's papers were sent to the British, who +laconically reported: <q>They give no information other +than that himself and all the Inhabitants of the Illenoise +were heartily tired of the Virginians.</q><note place='foot'><q>Draper Coll., +Clark MSS.,</q> LX., 17, No. 2; Maj. de Peyster to Brig.-Gen. +Powell, from Detroit, July 12, 1781—<q>Mich. Pioneer Coll.,</q> XIX., +646.</note> There is slight +<pb n='030'/><anchor id='Pg030'/> +reason to doubt the truth of the statement. It is enforced +by the fact that in 1781, a letter written in French to the +governor of Virginia and said to be signed in the name of +the inhabitants of Vincennes and to give the views of the +people of Vincennes, Kaskaskia, Vermilion, Ouia, etc., +declared that the French had decided to receive no troops +except those sent by the king of France to aid in defeating +the enemies of the country. The Indians who are +friendly to the French, said the writer, would regard the +coming of Virginia troops as a hostile act. A copy of the +memoir sent by the French settlers to the French minister +Luzerne was inclosed.<note place='foot'><q>Can. Archives,</q> Series +B., Vol. 182, 489; <q>Rept. on Can. Archives,</q> +1888, 882.</note> +</p> + +<p> +On June 8, 1781, the garrison of Fort Jefferson, being +without food, without credit, and for more than two years +without pay, evacuated the place and withdrew to the +Falls of Ohio, only to find themselves without credit in +even the adjoining counties of Virginia. The troops were +billeted in small parties.<note place='foot'>Montgomery to +Gov. Nelson, from Falls of Ohio, Aug. 10, 1781—<q>Cal. +of Va. State Papers,</q> II., 313; Same to same, same +date—<hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, II., 315.</note> Once again there comes a +despairing plea from the feeble garrison at Vincennes, in +the County of Illinois. The commander wrote: <q>Sir, I +must inform you once more that I can not keep garrison +any longer, without some speedy relief from you. My +men have been 15 days upon half-allowance; there is +plenty of provisions here but no credit—I can not press, +being the weakest party—Some of the Gentlemen +would help us, but their credit is as bad as ours, therefore, +if you have not provisions send us Whisky which will +answer as good an end.</q><note place='foot'>Capt. Bailey to +Col. Slaughter, from <q>Port Vincennes,</q> Aug. 6, 1781—<q>Cal. +of Va. State Papers,</q> II., 338.</note> +</p> + +<pb n='031'/><anchor id='Pg031'/> + +<p> +In the Virginia House of Delegates, a committee for +courts of justice reported that the laws which would +expire at the end of the session had been examined, +together with certain other laws, and that a series of resolutions +had been agreed upon by the committee. Among +these resolutions was the following: <q><hi rend='italic'>Resolved, That it is +the opinion of this committee</hi>, That the act of assembly, +passed in the year 1778, entitled <q>an act, for establishing +the county of Illinois, and for the more effectual protection +and defence thereof;</q> which was continued and +amended by a subsequent act, and will expire at the end +of this present session of assembly, ought to be further +continued.</q> This report was presented and the resolutions +agreed to by the House on November 22, 1781. +Three days later, a bill in accordance with the resolution +was presented. The consideration of the bill in a committee +of the whole House was postponed from day to day +until December 14, when it was considered and the +question being upon engrossment and advancement to a +third reading, it passed in the negative.<note place='foot'><q>Jour. H. +of Del.,</q> Va., Oct. Sess., 1781, 13-39.</note> On January 5, +1782, the General Assembly adjourned, and the County of +Illinois ceased to exist.<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, +72, 73, 74. Boyd states in <q>Am. Hist. Rev.,</q> IV., 632, 635, that +the county ceased to exist in 1781. This is erroneous. Mr. Boyd's article is +the most scholarly treatment of the County of Illinois which has been published. +Aside from the errors as to the time of the beginning and the ending +of the county, and doubtful statements as to Todd's leaving Illinois and +subsequently resigning, no errors of fact have been noted. A more complete, +but unpublished, article on the subject is by Dr. Edith +Lyle.</note> So far as instituting a civil +government was concerned, the county was a failure. Its +military history shows a mixture of American, British, +French, and Spanish efforts at mastery. +</p> + +<p> +The first important military operation in which the +County of Illinois was concerned, after the well-known +<pb n='032'/><anchor id='Pg032'/> +movements of Clark and Hamilton, was organized by the +British at Detroit in compliance with a circular letter from +Lord George Germain. The plan was to attack St. Louis, +the French settlements near it on the east side of the +Mississippi, Vincennes, Fort Nelson at the falls of the +Ohio, and Kentucky. Large use was to be made of +Indians, and British emissaries were busy among the tribes +early in 1780. An expedition was to be led against +Kentucky, while diversions should be made at outlying +posts. It was thought that the reduction of St. Louis +would present little difficulty, because it was known to be +unfortified, and was reported to be garrisoned by but +twenty men. In addition to this, it was regarded as an +easy matter to use Indians against the place from the circumstance +that many Indians frequented it. Less assurance +was felt as to holding the place after it should have +been captured, and to make this easier, it was proposed to +appeal to the cupidity of the British fur traders. By the +middle of February, a war-party had been sent out from +Michilimackinac to arouse and act with the Sioux Indians, +and early the next month another party was sent out to +engage Indians to attack St. Louis and the Illinois towns. +Seven hundred and fifty traders, servants, and Indians +having been collected, on the 2d of May they started down +the Mississippi, and at the lead mines, near the present +Galena, seventeen Spanish and American prisoners were +taken. In conjunction with this expedition, another, with +a chosen band of Indians and French, was to advance by +way of Chicago and the Illinois River; a third was to +guard the prairies between the Wabash and the Illinois; +and the chief of the Sioux was to attack St. Genevieve and +Kaskaskia.<note place='foot'>Sinclair to Haldim, from +Michilimackinac, Feb. 17, 1780—<q>Mich. +Pioneer Coll.,</q> IX., 546; Same to same, May 29, +1780—<hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, IX., +548-9; Same to De Peyster, Feb. 15, 1780—<hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, +XIX., 500-1; Same to Lt.-Col. Bolton, June 4, +1780—<hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, XIX., 529; De Peyster to Lt.-Col. +Bolton, from Detroit, June 8, 1780—<hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, XIX., 531-2; +McKee to De Peyster, June 4, 1780—<hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, XIX., 530-1; +Bird to De Peyster, from <q>a day's march from the Ohio,</q> June 3, +1780—<hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, XIX., 527-9.</note> +</p> + +<pb n='033'/><anchor id='Pg033'/> + +<p> +The expedition against St. Louis and the Illinois towns, +as well as in its larger aspect, was not successful. It was +impossible to keep it secret and as early as March, an +attack was expected. Spanish and Americans joined in +repulsing the intruders. Another potent element in the +failure was the treachery of some of the traders who acted +as leaders for the British, notably that of Ducharme and +Calvé, who had a lucrative trade and regarded the prospect +of increasing it by the proposed attack as doubtful. +In the last week of May, 1780, the attack on St. Louis was +made. Several persons were killed, but the place was not +taken. Cahokia was beleaguered for three days, but it +was so well defended by George Rogers Clark that on the +third night the enemy withdrew, when Clark hastened to +intercept the expedition against Kentucky, while the Illinois +and Spanish troops pursued the retreating enemy and +burned the towns of the Sauk and Fox Indians. The +British were much chagrined at the result of the expedition, +yet they resolved to continue their plan of using +Indians and sending out several parties at once.<note place='foot'>Sinclair +to Bolton, from Michilimackinac, July 4, 1780—<q>Mich. Pioneer +Coll.,</q> XIX., 529-30; Same to Haldimand, July 8, +1780—<hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, IX., 558-9; +Same to same, May 29, 1780—<hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, IX., +548-9; Same to De Peyster, July 30, 1780—<hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, IX., +586; <q>Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,</q> XXVIII., No. 117, p. 6; Scharf to +Lyman C. Draper, from Baltimore, Dec. 16, 1882—<hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, +p. 7; Capt. John Rogers' account—<hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, p. 3; Capt. +John Murphy's account—<hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, VIII., 66-78; +See also <hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, XXVI., 18.</note> +</p> + +<p> +An expedition which gains much interest from the character +of its leader was that of Col. Augustin Mottin de la +Balme. This man had been commissioned quartermaster +of gendarmerie, by the authorities of Versailles, in 1766; +<pb n='034'/><anchor id='Pg034'/> +had come to America and been recommended by Silas +Deane and Benjamin Franklin to the president of Congress, +John Hancock, as a man who would be of service in +training cavalry; had been breveted lieutenant-colonel of +cavalry, in May, 1777; made inspector of cavalry, with the +rank of colonel, in July following; and had resigned in October +of the same year. The next year, a public notice, in +French with English and German translations, announced +that carpenters, bakers, and some other classes of laborers +could find shelter and employment at a workshop +established by La Balme, twenty-eight miles from Philadelphia.<note place='foot'><q>Rept. +on Canadian Archives,</q> 1888, p. 904; <q>Mag. of Am. Hist.,</q> +III., 366.</note> +In the summer of 1780, La Balme went from +Fort Pitt to the Illinois country. +</p> + +<p> +A contemporary who writes from Vincennes speaks of +La Balme as a French colonel. He was regarded by the +Americans with much suspicion. Capt. Dalton, the American +commander at Vincennes, whose character was later +much questioned, allowed him to go among the Indians,<note place='foot'>Bentley +to Clark, from Vincennes, July 30, 1780—<q>Draper Coll., Clark +MSS.,</q> L., 51. A copy, incomplete and not exact, is in +<hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, XXVI., 85.</note> +whereupon La Balme advised them to send word to the +tribes which Clark was preparing to attack and to warn +them of their danger. La Balme also ingratiated himself +with the discontented French, asking why they did not +drive <q>these vagabonds,</q> the American soldiers, away, and +saying that to refuse to furnish provisions was the most +efficient method. <q>Everything he advances tends to +advance the French interest and depreciate the American. +The people here are easily misled; buoy'd up with the +flattering hopes of being again subject to the king of +France, he could easily prevail on them to drive every +American out of the Place and this appears to me to be +<pb n='035'/><anchor id='Pg035'/> +his Plan.</q> After thoroughly stirring up the people at +Vincennes, the adventurer left, with an escort of thirty +French and Indians, to visit Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and +St. Louis. He and Col. Montgomery, then the superior +officer in Illinois, did not meet, and he received not the +slightest countenance from the Spanish commandant at +St. Louis. By the French inhabitants, La Balme <q>was +received ... just as the Jews would receive the +Messiah—was conducted from the post here [at Kaskaskia] +by a large detachment of the inhabitants as well as +different tribes of Indians.</q> The French in the towns +near the Mississippi were so enthusiastic that La Balme +had little difficulty in raising forty or fifty troops for an +expedition against Detroit. Some of the American +soldiers at Cahokia deserted to him, and when placed +under arrest by the military authorities were rescued by a +mob. On October 5, 1780, after telling the Indians to be +quiet because they would see the French in Illinois in the +spring, the French troops set out from Cahokia.<note place='foot'>Extracts +from Capt. McCarty's Journal, at Kaskaskia—<q>Draper Coll., +Clark MSS.,</q> XXVI., 85-6; McCarty to Todd, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 14, +1780—<q>Cal. of Va. State Papers,</q> I., 380; Winston to Todd, from Kaskaskia, +Oct. 24, 1780—<hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, I., 381-2; Auguste St. Jemme, son of an +inhabitant of Kaskaskia, to Lyman C. Draper—<q>Draper's Notes, +Trip 1851,</q> I., 48-9—<q>Draper +Coll., Clark MSS.,</q> XXVI., 82.</note> +</p> + +<p> +The troops from Illinois were to be joined by a body +from Vincennes, but without waiting for them La Balme +pushed on to the Miami towns, where he hoped to capture +a British Indian trader who was especially hated by the +French. The trader was not found, but his store of goods +to the amount of one hundred horse-loads was seized. +The expected reinforcements not arriving, La Balme felt +too weak to attack Detroit and started to return. He was +attacked by the Indians on the river Aboite, eleven miles +southwest of the present Fort Wayne, and he and some +<pb n='036'/><anchor id='Pg036'/> +thirty of his men were killed and at least one hundred +horses, richly laden with plunder, were taken by the +Indians. It was reported that disaffected inhabitants of +Detroit had concealed five hundred stands of arms with +which to assist the forces of La Balme in taking the place. +Among La Balme's papers, which fell into the hands of the +British and are now in the Canadian archives, were +addresses, in French, by M. Mottin de la Balme, French +colonel, etc., to the French settled on the Mississippi, dated +St. Louis, September 17, 1780; a declaration, in French, +in the name of the inhabitants of the village of Cahokia, +addressed to La Balme: <q>We unanimously request you to +listen with a favorable ear to the declaration which we +venture to present to you, touching all the bad treatment +we have suffered patiently since the Virginian troops unfortunately +arrived amongst us till now,</q> dated Cahokia, +September 21, 1780; a note from F. Trottier, a member +of the court of Cahokia, elected under the Virginia government, +to La Balme, saying that no meeting can be held +until Sunday next, when he hopes the young men will +show themselves worthy the high idea La Balme has of +them, but that at present there are only twelve entirely +determined to follow him wherever he goes, although +others may follow their example, and asking La Balme +to receive depositions against the Virginians, dated +Cahokia, September 27, 1780; a petition, in French, +addressed to the Chevalier de la Luzerne, minister plenipotentiary +from France to the United States, by inhabitants +of Post Vincennes, dated Vincennes, August 22, 1780; +and a commission to Augustin Mottin de la Balme as +quartermaster of gendarmèrie, dated Versailles, February +23, 1766.<note place='foot'>De Peyster to Powell, from Detroit, Nov. 13, +1780—<q>Mich. Pioneer Coll.,</q> XIX., 581; Same to Haldimand, +Nov. 16, 1780—<hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, X., 448-9; +Linctot to Slaughter, <q>O'Post,</q> Jan. 11, 1781—<q>Cal. of Va. State Papers,</q> +I., 429; J. L. William to Lyman C. Draper, from Fort Wayne, Ind., +Oct. 1, 1881—<q>Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,</q> XXVI., 92; McCarty to +Slaughter, from Ill., Jan. 27, 1781—<q>Cal. of Va. State Papers</q> I., 465; +Col. Brodhead to Washington, from Fort Pitt, Mar. 10, 1781, <q>Olden +Time,</q> II., 391; Col. Levin Powell, from Harrodsburg, Jan. 21, 1781—<q>Pa. +Archives,</q> VIII., 768; De Peyster to Haldimand, from Detroit, Nov. +13, 1780, Farmer, <q>Hist. of Detroit and Michigan,</q> 257; Letter from J. +M. P. Legras, from Vincennes, Dec. 1, 1780—<q>Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,</q> +L., 77, original corrected draft; <q>Rept. on Canadian Archives,</q> 1888, +904-5; extract from <q>Scot's Magazine,</q> May, 1781, in <q>Draper Coll., Clark +MSS.,</q> XXVI., 82. Whether La Balme had any countenance from either +the French government or its representatives is an unsettled question. That +France should regain her hold in America was desired by many Frenchmen, +but on the other hand, the French government was pledged by its treaty of +alliance to make no acquisitions of territory in America. The following +references raise the question, but I know of none which settle it: Kingsford, +<q>Canada,</q> VI., 342-3; Sparks, <q>Washington,</q> VI., 106 ff., 113; Stevens, +<q>Facsimiles,</q> XVII., No. 1609; <q>Secret Jour. of Cong.,</q> II., +111-117, 125.</note> The British promptly set about promoting the +<pb n='037'/><anchor id='Pg037'/> +Indian trader whom La Balme and the French had sought +to kill, believing that he would be serviceable as a spy.<note place='foot'>Haldimand +to De Peyster, from Quebec, Jan. 6, 1781—<q>Mich. Pioneer +Coll.,</q> IX., 641.</note> +</p> + +<p> +In the autumn of 1780, a party of seventeen men from +Cahokia went on an expedition against St. Josephs. The +party was commanded by <q>a half Indian,</q> and seems to +have included but one American. The attack was so +timed as to come when the Indians in the vicinity of St. +Josephs were out hunting. The place was taken without +difficulty, the traders of the place were captured and plundered, +and the party, laden with booty, set out on the +route to Chicago. A pursuing party was quickly organized +and at the <hi rend='italic'>Rivière du Chemin</hi>, a small stream in Indiana, +emptying into the southeastern part of Lake Michigan, +the returning victors were summoned to surrender, on +December 5, 1780. Upon their refusal, four were killed, +two wounded, seven made prisoners, while three escaped.<note place='foot'>This +amounts to but sixteen men. De Peyster says that the party was +one of sixteen; McCarty says there were seventeen.</note> +<pb n='038'/><anchor id='Pg038'/> +The one American, Brady, was among the prisoners. He +told the British that the party was sent by the creoles to +plunder St. Josephs, and that there was not a Virginian in +all the Illinois country, including Vincennes.<note place='foot'>McCarty to +Slaughter, from Ill., Jan. 27, 1781—<q>Cal. of Va. State +Papers,</q> I., 465; Sinclair to Mathews, from Michilimackinac, Feb. +23, 1781—<q>Mich. Pioneer Coll.,</q> IX., 629; De Peyster to Powell, from +Detroit, Jan. 8, 1781—<hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, XIX., 591-2; Same +to Haldimand, same date—<hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, X., +450-1; Same to McKee, from Detroit, Feb. 1, 1781—De Peyster, <q>Miscellanies,</q> +p. xxvi.; Linctot to commanding officer at the Falls of Ohio, +<q>Opost Vincennes,</q> Jan. 13, 1781—<q>Cal. of Va. State Papers,</q> I., 432; +Draper on date of the expedition, <q>Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,</q> XXVI., 88; +De Peyster to Powell, from Detroit, Mar. 17, 1781—<q>Mich. Pioneer Coll.,</q> +XIX., 600; Sinclair to Powell, from Michilimackinac Id., May 1, +1781—<hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, +XIX., 632; <q>Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,</q> IV., 216.</note> +</p> + +<p> +In the very midst of winter, on January 2, 1781, an +expedition commanded by Eugenio Pierre, a Spanish captain +of militia, set out from St. Louis against St. Josephs. +According to a Spanish account, the party consisted of +sixty-five militia men and sixty Indians, while an American +account declares it to have contained thirty Spaniards, +twenty men from Cahokia, and two hundred Indians. +</p> + +<p> +The purpose of the expedition was to retaliate upon the +British for the attack on St. Louis and for the defeat of +La Balme. On the march, severe difficulties incident to +the season were encountered. The post was easily taken, +the Indians were conciliated by a liberal proportion of the +booty, the Spanish flag was raised and the Illinois country +with St. Josephs and its dependencies was claimed for the +crown of Spain. The British flag was given to Commandant +Cruzat, of St. Louis. These proceedings made some +prominent Americans fear that Spain would advance +claims to the region at the close of the Revolution.<note place='foot'>Jay +to Livingston, from Madrid, Apr. 28, 1782—<q>Secret Jour. of +Cong.,</q> IV., 64; or Wharton, <q>Dipl. Corr. of the Am. Rev.,</q> V., 363-4; +or Sparks, <hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, VIII., 76-8; McCarty to Slaughter, from Ill., +Jan. 27, 1781—<q>Draper's Notes, Trip 1860,</q> III., 1-2; incomplete copy in +<q>Cal. of Va. State Papers,</q> I., 465; Linctot to commanding officer at Falls of Ohio, +from Vincennes, Jan. 13, 1781—<q>Cal. of Va. State Papers,</q> I., 432; Franklin +to Livingston, from Passy, Apr. 12, 1782—Sparks, <q>Dipl. Corr. of the +Am. Rev.,</q> III., 339. See also <hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, VIII., 150; Sparks, +<q>Franklin's Works,</q> IX., 206, Boston, 1856.</note> +</p> + +<pb n='039'/><anchor id='Pg039'/> + +<p> +In the summer of 1781, a party of seven men was sent +out by the commandant at Michilimackinac with a letter +to the inhabitants of Cahokia and Kaskaskia asking them +to furnish troops to be paid by the king of England, and +to assume the defensive against the Spaniards. The men +reached St. Louis before visiting Cahokia or Kaskaskia, +and were arrested by the Spanish commandant, who sent +a copy of the letter to Major Williams, knowing no officer +in Illinois superior to him. This created jealousy at +Cahokia and Kaskaskia, each of several officers claiming +superiority. Charles Gratiot, a man of some ability, who +had removed from Cahokia to St. Louis because unable to +endure the lawlessness at the former place, wrote that he +did not know what course the Illinois people might have +taken if Cruzat had not intercepted the British agents. +Illinois was a country without a head where everyone +expected to do as he pleased.<note place='foot'>Linctot to +——, from St. Louis, July 31, 1781—<q>Draper Coll., Clark +MSS.,</q> LI., 75, original MS. in French; Gratiot to Clark, from St. Louis, +Aug. 1, 1781—<hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, LI., 77, original MS. in French.</note> +</p> + +<p> +In noting the operations of the medley of military +forces in the County of Illinois, it is easy to conceive how +the result might have been different, but the fact is that as +the county ceased to exist, no nation had established a +better title to the region than that of the Americans. +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='040'/><anchor id='Pg040'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Chapter II. The Period of Anarchy in Illinois.<note place='foot'>This chapter was read, by request, before the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, +Arts, and Letters, on February 8, 1906.</note></head> + +<p> +Illinois was practically in a state of anarchy during +the time that it was a county of Virginia, and when +that county ceased to be, anarchy became technically as +well as practically its condition, and remained so until +government under the Ordinance of 1787 was inaugurated +in 1790. +</p> + +<p> +Virginia's legacy from her ephemeral county was one +of unpaid bills. Scarcely had the general assembly +adjourned, in January, 1782, when Benjamin Harrison +wrote: <q>We know of no power given to any person to +draw bills on the State but to Col<hi rend='vertical-align: super'>o</hi> +Clarke and yet we find +them drawn to an immense amount by Col<hi rend='vertical-align: super'>o</hi> Montgomery, +and Captn Robt. George and some others; we have but +too much reason to suppose a collusion and fraud betwixt +the drawers and those they are made payable to; most of +them are for specie when they well knew we had none +amongst us, and from the largeness of the sums, proves +the transactions must have been in paper and the depreciation +taken into account, when the bargains were made; +indeed George confesses this to have been the case when +he gave Philip Barbour a bill for two hundred and thirty +two thousand, three hundred and twenty Dollars and uses +the plea of ignorance.</q> The transactions of Oliver +Pollock, purchasing agent at New Orleans, should be carefully +examined from the time he began to act with +<pb n='041'/><anchor id='Pg041'/> +Montgomery.<note place='foot'>In Council, Jan. 29, 1782—<q>Draper +Coll., Clark MSS.,</q> XLVI., 69, +original MS.</note> Thimothé Demunbrunt, as he signed his name, +asked pay for his services as lieutenant, in order that he +might not be a charge to his friends—a thing which +would be shameful to one of noble descent. He wished to +be able to support his family and to go with Clark on a +proposed expedition. His petition was supported by a +certificate from Col. Montgomery, testifying that Demunbrunt +had been active in his military duty, had gone +against the savages in the spring of 1780, had gone on the +<q>Expedition up the Wabash,</q> and had gone to the relief +of Fort Jefferson when Montgomery could raise only +twelve men.<note place='foot'>Demunbrunt to Clark, from Kaskaskia, +Mar. 5, 1782—<q>Draper Coll., +Clark MSS.,</q> L., 70; LI., 25, original MS. Demunbrunt, whose name +also appears as Demunbrun and De Munbrun, was prominent in early Illinois +history. Records signed by him as Lieutenant Commandant <hi rend='italic'>par interim</hi> +appear in <q>John Todd's Record-Book</q> under the dates June 14, 1779, Feb'y, +1782, and March 22, 1782. In 1783, 1784, and probably at other dates he +made grants of land in the Illinois country. He served under Clark. From +the time Winston was appointed to the command of the County of Illinois, +until the coming of St. Clair, Demunbrunt was <q>commandant of the village of +Kaskaskia and its dependencies.</q> He had important dealings with an +embassy from the Cherokee Indians. He was allowed land under the Virginia +grants. In his memorial to the General Assembly, he said: <q>Your +memorialist, little acquainted with the mode of doing business in this State, +never kept a regular account, depending altogether on the justice and generosity +of the Legislature</q>—<q>Draper's Notes, Trip 1860,</q> V., 15-18; <q>Chicago +Hist. Soc. Coll.,</q> IV., 315-16; <q>Pub. Lands,</q> II., 146.</note> +</p> + +<p> +The military troubles continued. The commander at +Vincennes reported his troops as destitute and unpaid. +Richard Winston, of Kaskaskia, who had succeeded Todd +as head of the civil government in Illinois, was arrested +by military force and put in jail. The prisoner claimed +that the proceedings were wholly irregular and that he +was unacquainted with the nature of the charge against +<pb n='042'/><anchor id='Pg042'/> +him.<note place='foot'>Todd to Winston, June 15, 1779, in <q>Chicago +Hist. Soc. Coll.,</q> IV., +302; Legras to Clark, from Vincennes, Dec. 31, 1782—<q>Draper Coll., Clark +MSS.,</q> LII., 67, original MS.; <q>Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,</q> +IV., 289.</note> The next year, he was accused of treason, the +accuser declaring that Winston had proposed to turn Illinois +over to Spain, but that his proposal had been despised +by the Spanish commandant.<note place='foot'>Letter from +Capt. Dodge, from Kaskaskia, Mar. 6, 1783—<q>Draper +Coll., Clark MSS.,</q> LX., No. 3, p. 48.</note> Upon Winston was +also laid the chief blame for the discontent of the French, +he being charged with having told Montgomery that the +French were strangers to liberty and must be ruled with a +rod of iron or the bayonet, and that if he wanted anything +he must send his guards and take it by force; while, at +the same time, he told the French that the military was a +band of robbers and came to Illinois for plunder.<note place='foot'>Dodge to Clark, from +Kaskaskia, Mar. 3, 1783—<hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, LII., 78.</note> However, +numerous and well-founded as the accusations might +be, both accused and accuser laid their claims for salary +before the Virginia Board of Commissioners for the Settlement +of Western Accounts.<note place='foot'>Officers to Clark, from Ft. Nelson, +Falls of Ohio, March 30, 1783—<hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, +LII., 80.</note> Even the notorious Col. +Montgomery presented before this board his defence, +which consisted of a recital of his meritorious deeds, others +being omitted.<note place='foot'>Montgomery to Board of +Commissioners, from New Holland, Feb. 22, +1783—<q>Cal. of Va. State Papers,</q> III., 441-4.</note> +</p> + +<p> +Another visitor to the Board of Commissioners was +Francis Carbonneaux, prothonotary and notary public for +the Illinois country. Although he came to get some +private affairs settled, his chief mission was to lay before +the Board the confusion in Illinois, and the Board correctly +surmised that if Virginia did not afford relief the messenger +<pb n='043'/><anchor id='Pg043'/> +would proceed to Congress.<note place='foot'>Board +of Commissioners to Gov. Benjamin Harrison, from Jefferson +county, Feb. 17, 1783—<q>Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,</q> +IV., 350-1.</note> It was but natural that at +this time, the people of Illinois should be in doubt as to +whom to present their petition, because Virginia had +offered to cede her western lands to Congress, although +the terms of cession were not yet agreed upon. Carbonneaux +complained that Illinois was wholly without law +or government; that the magistrates, from indolence or +sinister views, had for some time been lax in the execution +of their duties, and were now altogether without +authority; that crimes of the greatest enormity might be +committed with impunity, and a man be murdered in his +own house and no one regard it; that there was neither +sheriff nor prison; and to crown the general confusion, +that many persons had made large purchases of three +and four hundred leagues, and were endeavoring to have +themselves established lords of the soil, as some had done +in Canada, and to have settlements made on these purchases, +composed of a set of men wholly subservient to +their views. The Spanish traded freely in Illinois, but +strictly prohibited Illinois from trading in Spanish dominions. +Complaint was also made that the Board of +Commissioners had not settled the Illinois accounts in +peltry according to the known rule and practice, namely: +that fifty pounds of peltry should represent one hundred +livres in money. +</p> + +<p> +The petitioners prayed that a president of judicature +be sent to them, with executive powers to a certain +extent, and that subordinate civil officers be appointed, to +reside in each village or station, with power to hear and +decide all causes upon obligations not exceeding three +hundred dollars, higher amounts to be determined by a +court to be held at Kaskaskia and to be composed of the +president and a majority of the magistrates. It was +<pb n='044'/><anchor id='Pg044'/> +desired that the grant in which the Kaskaskia settlements +lay should be considered as one district. It contained five +villages, of which Kaskaskia and Cahokia were the +largest. The grant extended to the headwaters of the +Illinois River on the north. The land had been granted +to the settlers by the Indians, and the Indians, having +given their consent by solemn treaties, had never denied +the sale. The tract referred to was probably the two +purchases of the Illinois Company. Maps give but one of +these and, in fact, the other was said to be so described as +to comprise <emph>a line only</emph>. Naturally, this fact was not +known at the time of purchase. +</p> + +<p> +It was frankly acknowledged that Illinois had no man +fitted for the office of president. It was hoped that Virginia +would furnish one, and would send with him a +company of regulars to act under his direction and enforce +laws and authority. The president should be empowered +to grant land in small tracts to immigrants. The +privilege of trading in Spanish waters, especially on the +Missouri, was much desired. It was said that Carbonneaux +<q>appears to have been instructed as to the ground of his +message by the better disposed part of the inhabitants of +the country whose complaints he represents.</q><note place='foot'>Walker +Daniel to Board of Commissioners, from New Holland, Feb. +3, 1783—<q>Cal. of Va. State Papers,</q> III., 430-2.</note> +</p> + +<p> +At the time of Carbonneaux's petition, there was no legal +way by which newcomers to Illinois could acquire public +land. Virginia had prepared to open a land-office, soon +after the conquest of the Illinois country, but she seems +to have heeded the recommendation of Congress that no +unappropriated land be sold during the war.<note place='foot'><q>Jour. +of Cong.,</q> III., 383-5.</note> Some grants +had been made by Todd, Demunbrunt, the Indians, and +others with less show of right, but they were made without +<pb n='045'/><anchor id='Pg045'/> +governmental authority. The Indians had presented a +tract of land to Clark, but the view consistently held was +that individuals could not receive Indian land merely upon +their own initiative.<note place='foot'><q>Jour. H. of Del.,</q> +Va., May Sess., 1780, 25, 69, 70.</note> One of the grants made at Vincennes, +which seems to have been a typical one, was +signed by Le Grand, <q>Colonel commandant and President +of the Court,</q> and was made by the authority granted to +the magistrates of the court of Vincennes by John Todd, +<q>Colonel and Grand civil Judge for the United States.</q> +The purpose of the grant, which comprised four hundred +arpents <q>in circumference,</q> was to induce immigration.<note place='foot'>Law, +<q>The Colonial Hist. of Vincennes,</q> 1858, 117-8, gives a copy of +the deed. For claims under such deeds see <q>Pub. Lands,</q> I., 294-8.</note> +The grants made by the court of Vincennes became +notorious from the fact that thousands of acres were granted +by the court to its own members.<note place='foot'><q>Pub. Lands,</q> I., 301.</note> +</p> + +<p> +On March 1, 1784, Virginia ceded her western lands to +the United States, thus transferring to the general government +the question of land titles. The country had been +in a state of unconcealed anarchy for more than two +years, all semblance of Virginia authority having ceased, +and the cession is quite as much a tribute to Virginia's +shrewdness as to her generosity. Never was so large a +present made with less sacrifice. The cession was made +with the following conditions, some of which were to have +a direct and potent influence upon the settlement of the +ceded region: +</p> + +<p> +1. The territory should be formed into states of not less +than one hundred nor more than one hundred and fifty +square miles each; +</p> + +<p> +2. Virginia's expenses in subduing and governing the +territory should be reimbursed by the United States; +</p> + +<pb n='046'/><anchor id='Pg046'/> + +<p> +3. Settlers should have their <q>possessions and titles +confirmed;</q> +</p> + +<p> +4. One hundred and fifty thousand acres, or less, should +be granted to George Rogers Clark and his soldiers; +</p> + +<p> +5. The Virginia military bounty lands should be located +north of the Ohio River, unless there should prove to be +enough land for the purpose south of that river; +</p> + +<p> +6. The proceeds from the sale of the lands should be +for the United States, severally.<note place='foot'><q>Jour. +of Cong.,</q> IV., 342-4.</note> +</p> + +<p> +In the year of the Virginia cession, Congress passed the +Ordinance for the Government of the Western Territory, +but as it never went into effect, its importance is slight +except as indicative of the trend of public feeling on the +subjects which it involved. Should Jefferson's plan, +proposed at this time, have been carried out, Illinois would +have been parts of the states of Polypotamia, Illinois, +Assenisipia, and Saratoga.<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, IV., +379-80; Thwaites, <q>The Boundaries of Wisconsin,</q> in +<q>Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,</q> XI., 452, gives a map of Jefferson's proposed states.</note> +</p> + +<p> +Carbonneaux, the messenger from Illinois to Virginia, +carried his petition to Congress. Congress paid the messenger, +referred the petition to a committee, and upon the +report of the committee voted to choose one or more +commissioners to go to Illinois and investigate conditions +there.<note place='foot'><q>Jour. of Cong.,</q> IV., +473, 477.</note> No record of the appointment of such commissioners +has been found. Congress considered Carbonneaux's +petition early in 1785. In November of the same +year comes a record of the anarchy in Illinois. This was +addressed to George Rogers Clark, who was the hope of +the people of that neglected country. The commandant +at St. Louis is afraid of an attack from the Royalists at +Michilimackinac, or he has given orders for all the people +<pb n='047'/><anchor id='Pg047'/> +in that place to be in readiness when called on, with their +arms. +</p> + +<p> +<q>The Indians are very troublesome on the rivers, and +declare an open war with the Americans, which I am sure +is nothing lessened by the advice of our neighbors, the +French in this place, and the people from Michilimackinac, +who openly say they will oppose all the Americans that +come into this country. For my part, it is impossible to +live here, if we have not regular justice very soon. They +are worse than the Indians, and ought to be ruled with a +rod of iron.</q><note place='foot'>John Edgar +to Clark, from Kaskaskia, Nov. 7, 1785—<q>Draper's +Notes, Trip 1860,</q> VI., 214-5.</note> +</p> + +<p> +During the year 1786, George Rogers Clark was the +chief factor in Illinois affairs. He was regarded by the +people as their advocate before Congress. In March, +seven of the leading men of Vincennes, at the request of +the French and American inhabitants, sent a petition to +him asking him to persuade Congress to send troops to +defend them from the Indians, and also saying: <q>We +have unanimously agreed to present a petition to Congress +for relief, apprehensive that the Deed we received from an +office, established or rather continued by Col<hi rend='vertical-align: super'>o</hi> +Todd for lands, may possibly be a slender foundation; so that after +we have passed through a scene of suffering in forming +settlements in a remote and dangerous part may have the +mortification to be totally deprived of our improvements.</q><note place='foot'>Petition +to Clark, from Vincennes, Mar. 16, 1786—<q>Draper Coll., +Clark MSS.,</q> LIII., 23.</note> +In June, seventy-one American subscribers from Vincennes, +<q>in the County of Illinois,</q> asked Congress to +settle their land-titles and give them a government. +They held land from grants from an office established by +Col. Todd, whose validity they questioned. The commandant +<pb n='048'/><anchor id='Pg048'/> +and magistracy had resigned because of the +disobedience of the people. There was no executive, no +law, no government, and the Indians were very hostile.<note place='foot'>Petition +to Congress, from Vincennes, June 1, 1786—<hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, +LIII., 31.</note> +</p> + +<p> +Clark was not unmindful of the needs of the people. +He wrote to the president of Congress: <q>The inhabitants +of the different towns in the Illinois are worthy the +attention of Congress. They have it in their power to be +of infinite service to us, and might act as a great barrier to +the frontier, if under proper regulation; but having no +law or government among them, they are in great confusion, +and without the authority of Congress is extended +to them, they must, in all probability, fall a sacrifice to the +savages, who may take advantage of the disorder and +want of proper authority in that country. I have recommended +it to them, to re-assume their former customs, +and appoint temporary officers until the pleasure of +Congress is known, which I have flattered them would be +in a short time. How far the recommendation will answer +the desired purpose is not yet known.</q><note place='foot'>Clark +to Richard H. Lee, pres. of Cong., from Louisville, received +June 8, 1786—<q>Draper's Notes, Trip 1860,</q> VI., 208-9.</note> +</p> + +<p> +Clark's fears of the Indians were only too well grounded. +During the summer, the American settlers were compelled +to retire to a fort at Bellefontaine, and four of their number +were killed. At the same time, about twenty Americans +were killed about Vincennes. The French were still safe +from Indian attacks and were very angry because the +Americans complained of existing conditions.<note place='foot'>Moses Henry +to Clark, from Vincennes, June 12, 1786—<q>Draper +Coll., Clark MSS.,</q> LIII., 32.</note> The strife +between the French and the Americans at Vincennes, over +the proper relations of the whites to the Indians, became +intense. The French contended that the Indians should +<pb n='049'/><anchor id='Pg049'/> +be allowed to come and go freely, while the Americans +held that it was unsafe to grant such freedom. At last, +upon the occasion of the killing of an Indian by the +Americans, after they had been attacked by the Indians, +the French citizens ordered all persons, who had not permission +to settle from the government under which they +last resided, to leave at once and at their own risk. The +French told the Americans plainly that they were not +wanted, and that they, the French, did not know whether +the place belonged to the United States or to Great +Britain.<note place='foot'>Daniel Sullivan to Clark, +from Vincennes, June 23, 1786—<q>Draper +Coll., Clark MSS.,</q> LIII., 35; John Small +to Clark, same place and day—<hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, +LIII., 36.</note> This last assertion was probably true. The +British Michilimackinac Company had a large trading-house +at Cahokia for supplying the Indians, they held +Detroit, and their machinations among the Indians were +constant. The feeling of all intelligent Americans in +Illinois must have been expressed by John Edgar when +he wrote that the Illinois country was totally lost unless a +government should soon be established.<note place='foot'>John Edgar to Clark, from +Kaskaskia, Oct. 23, 1786—<hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, LIII., 56.</note> Clark +wrote a vigorous letter to the people at Vincennes, telling them +that unless they stopped quarreling military rule would +be established; that the government established under +Virginia was still in force, having been confirmed by +Congress upon the acceptance of the Virginia deed of +cession, and that the court, if depleted, should be filled by +election.<note place='foot'>Clark to people of +Vincennes—<hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, LIII., 52.</note> +</p> + +<p> +In one respect, even during this trying period, the +western country gave promise of its future growth. +There was a large crop. Flour and pork, quoted, +strangely enough, together, sold at the Falls of Ohio at +<pb n='050'/><anchor id='Pg050'/> +twelve shillings per hundred pounds, while Indian corn +sold at nine pence per bushel.<note place='foot'>Letter +from a man at Falls of Ohio to a friend in N. England, Dec. 4, +1786—<q>Secret Jour. of Cong.,</q> IV., 321.</note> +</p> + +<p> +On August 24, 1786, Congress ordered its secretary to +inform the inhabitants of Kaskaskia that a government was +being prepared for them.<note place='foot'><q>Jour. of +Cong.,</q> IV., 688-9.</note> In 1787, conditions in the Illinois +country became too serious to be ignored. The Indian +troubles were grave and persistent, but graver still was +the danger of the rebellion or secession of the Western +Country or else of a war with Spain. The closure of the +Mississippi by Spain made the West desperate. Discontent, +anarchy, and petitions might drag a weary length, +but when troops raised without authority were quartered +at Vincennes, when these troops seized Spanish goods, and +impressed the property of the inhabitants of Vincennes, +and proposed to treat with the Indians, the time for action +was at hand. In April, Gen. Josiah Harmar, then at Falls +of Ohio, was ordered to move the greater part of his +troops to Vincennes to restore order among the distracted +people at that place. Intruders upon the public lands +were to be removed, and the lawless and illegally levied +troops were to be dispersed.<note place='foot'>Harmar to Sec'y +of War, from Fort Harmar, May 14, 1787—<q>St. +Clair Papers,</q> II., 20-1; Maj. Wyllys to Harmar, from Fort Finney, Rapids +of Ohio, Feb. 6, 1787—<q>Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,</q> I., 281-2; Knox to +Harmar, June 19, 1787—<hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, I., 303. See +also <hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, I., 290; Sec'y of +War to Harmar, Apr. 26, 1787—<q>St. Clair Papers,</q> II., 22.</note> +</p> + +<p> +Arrived at Vincennes, Gen. Harmar proceeded with +vigor. The resolution of Congress against intruders on +the public lands was published in English and in French. +The inhabitants, especially the Americans whose hold on +their lands was the more insecure, were dismayed, and +French and Americans each prepared a petition to Congress, +<pb n='051'/><anchor id='Pg051'/> +and appointed Bartholomew Tardiveau, who was +to go to Congress within a month, as their agent. +Tardiveau was especially fitted for this task by his intimate +acquaintance with the land grants of the region. +Each party at Vincennes also prepared an address to Gen. +Harmar, the Americans declaring that they were settled +on French lands and feared that their lands would be +taken from them without payment and asking aid from +Congress, and the French expressing their joy at being +freed from their former bad government. Many of Clark's +militia had made tomahawk-rights, and this added to the +confusion of titles.<note place='foot'>Harmar to +Sec'y of War, from Vincennes, Aug. 7, 1787—<q>St. Clair +Papers,</q> II., 27-9; Address of Am. settlers at Vincennes to Harmar, transmitted +to the War Office, Aug. 7, 1787—<q>Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,</q> +I., 337-9; Address of French at Vincennes to Harmar, July 28, +1787—<hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, I., 331-3.</note> +</p> + +<p> +From August 9 to 16, Gen. Harmar, with an officer and +thirty men, some Indian hunters, and Tardiveau, journeyed +overland from Vincennes to Kaskaskia, where conditions +were to be investigated. The August sun poured down +its rays upon the parched prairies and dwindling streams. +Water was bad and scarce, but buffalo, deer, bear, and +smaller game were abundant. +</p> + +<p> +Harmar found life in the settlements he visited as crude +as the path he traveled. Kaskaskia was a French village of +one hundred and ninety-one men, old and young, with an +accompaniment of women and children of various mixtures +of white and red blood. Cahokia, then the metropolis, had +two hundred and thirty-nine Frenchmen, old and young, +with an accompaniment similarly mixed. Between these +settlements was Bellefontaine, a small stockade, inhabited +altogether by Americans, who had settled without authority. +The situation was a beautiful one; the land was fertile; there +<pb n='052'/><anchor id='Pg052'/> +was no taxation, and the people had an abundance to live +upon. They were much alarmed when told of their precarious +state respecting a title to their lands, and they gave +Tardiveau a petition to carry to Congress. On the route +to Cahokia, another stockade, Grand Ruisseau, similarly +inhabited by Americans, was passed. There were about +thirty other American intruders in the fertile valleys near +the Mississippi, and they, too, gave Tardiveau a petition to +Congress. +</p> + +<p> +The Kaskaskia, Peoria, Cahokia, and Mitcha tribes of +Indians numbered only about forty or fifty members, of +whom but ten or eleven individuals composed the Kaskaskia +tribe; but this does not mean that danger from +the Indians was not great, because other and more hostile +tribes came in great numbers to hunt in the Illinois country. +The significance of the diminished numbers of these +particular tribes lies in the fact that they had the strongest +claim to that part of Illinois which would be first needed +for settlement. At Kaskaskia and Cahokia, the French +were advised to obey their magistrates until Congress had +a government ready for them, and Cahokia was advised to +put its militia into better shape, and to put any turbulent +or refractory persons under guard until a government could +be instituted.<note place='foot'>Harmar to Sec'y of +War, from Fort Harmar, Nov. 24, 1787—<q>St. +Clair Papers,</q> II., 30-2.</note> +</p> + +<p> +Having finished his work in the settlements near the +Mississippi, Harmar returned to Vincennes, where he held +councils with the Indians, and on October 1, set out on his +return to Fort Harmar. Although without authority to +give permanent redress, he had persuaded the French at +Vincennes to relinquish their charter and to throw themselves +upon the generosity of Congress. <q>As it would +have been impolitic, after the parade we had made, to +<pb n='053'/><anchor id='Pg053'/> +entirely abandon the country,</q> he left Maj. John F. Hamtramck, +with ninety-five men, at Vincennes.<note place='foot'>Harmar +to the Sec'y of War, from Fort Harmar, Nov. 24, 1787—<q>St. +Clair Papers,</q> II., 34.</note> Harmar's +visit was doubtless of some value, but he had not been +gone five weeks when Hamtramck wrote to him: <q>Our +civil administration has been, and is, in a great confusion. +Many people are displeased with the Magistrates; how it will go at +the election, which is to be the 2d of Dec<hi rend='vertical-align: super'>r</hi>, I +know not. But it is to be hoped that Congress will soon +establish some mode of government, for I never saw so +injudicious administration. Application has repeatedly +been made to me for redress. I have avoided to give +answer, not knowing how far my powers extended. In +my opinion, the Minister of War should have that matter +determined, and sincerely beg you would push it. I confess +to you, that I have been very much at a loss how to +act on many occasions.</q><note place='foot'>Hamtramck to Harmar, from +Vincennes, Nov. 3, 1787—<q>Draper +Coll., Harmar Papers,</q> I., 352.</note> +</p> + +<p> +Not earlier than the 24th of November, Tardiveau set out +for Congress with his petitions from the Illinois country. +Harmar was much pleased to have so able a messenger, +and spoke of him as sensible, well-informed, and able to +give a minute and particular description of the western +country, particularly the Illinois. He had been preceded +to Congress by Joseph Parker, of Kaskaskia. Harmar +seems to have regarded Tardiveau as a sort of antidote to +Parker, for he closes his recommendation of the former by +saying: <q>There have been some imposters before Congress, +particularly one Parker, a whining, canting Methodist, +a kind of <emph>would-be governor</emph>. He is extremely +unpopular at Kaskaskia, and despised by the inhabitants.</q><note place='foot'>Harmar +to Sec'y of War, from Fort Harmar, Nov. 24, 1787—<q>St. +Clair Papers,</q> II., 35.</note> +</p> + +<pb n='054'/><anchor id='Pg054'/> + +<p> +This detracts from the value of Parker's representations, +which had been made in a letter to St. Clair, the President +of Congress. After explaining that when he left Kaskaskia, +on June 5, 1787, the people did not have an +intended petition ready, Parker complained of the lack of +government in Illinois, the presence of British traders, the +depopulation of the country by the inducements of the +Spaniards, and the high rate at which it was proposed to +sell lands. His complaints were true, although he may +have failed to give them in their proper +proportion.<note place='foot'><q>Draper's Notes, Trip 1860,</q> VI., 170-3.</note> +</p> + +<p> +On July 13, 1787, the Ordinance of 1787 had been +passed by Congress. The Illinois country was at that +time ready for war against the Spanish, who persisted in +closing the Mississippi. The troops, irregularly levied by +George Rogers Clark at Vincennes, had seized some +Spanish goods on the theory that if the Spanish would +not allow the United States to navigate the lower Mississippi, +the Spanish should not be allowed to navigate the +upper Mississippi. John Rice Jones, later the first lawyer +in Illinois, was Clark's commissary.<note place='foot'><q>Secret +Jour. of Cong.,</q> IV., 301-29.</note> +</p> + +<p> +The Ordinance of 1787 was the only oil then at hand +for these troubled waters. The situation in Illinois was a +complicated one, and probably the numerical weakness of +the population alone saved the country from disastrous +results. The few Americans in Illinois desired governmental +protection from the Spanish, the Indians, the +British, and any Americans who might seek to jump the +claims of the first squatters; the few French desired +protection from the Spanish, the Americans, the British, +and soon from the Indians; the numerous Indians, permanent +or transient, desired protection from the Spanish, the +Americans, and in rare cases from an Americanized +<pb n='055'/><anchor id='Pg055'/> +Frenchman. Americans, French, Spanish, British, and +Indians made an opportunity for many combinations. +</p> + +<p> +For the French inhabitants, the somewhat paternal +character of the government provided for by the Ordinance +was a matter of no concern. The great rock of offense +for them was the prohibition of slavery. An exodus to +the Spanish side of the Mississippi resulted and St. Louis +profited by what the older villages of Illinois lost.<note place='foot'>St. +Clair to the President, 1790—<q>St. Clair Papers</q> II., 175.</note> In +addition to a justifiable feeling of uncertainty as to +whether they would be allowed to retain their slaves, the +credulous French had their fears wrought upon by persons +interested in the sale of Spanish lands. These persons +took pains to inculcate the belief that all slaves would be +released upon American occupancy. The Spanish officials +were also active. The commandant at St. Louis wrote to +the French at Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and Vincennes, respectively, +inviting them to settle west of the Mississippi and +offering free lands.<note place='foot'>Hamtramck to Harmar, from +Vincennes, Oct. 13, 1788—<q>Draper Coll., +Harmar Papers,</q> I., 479; extract in <q>St. Clair +Papers,</q> II., 105.</note> Mr. Tardiveau, the agent for the +Illinois settlers to Congress, tried to induce Congress to +repeal the anti-slavery clause of the Ordinance. He said +that it threatened to be the ruin of Illinois. Designing +persons had told the French that the moment Gen. St. +Clair arrived all their slaves would be free. Failing in his +efforts to secure a repeal, he wrote to Gen. St. Clair, asking +him to secure from Congress a resolution giving the true +intent of the act.<note place='foot'>Tardiveau to St. +Clair, from Danville, June 30, 1789—<q>St. Clair +Papers,</q> II., 117-19.</note> In this letter, Tardiveau advanced the +doctrine, later so much used, that the evils of slavery +would be mitigated by its diffusion.<note place='foot'>Extract from above +letter.—<hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, II., 119-20, note.</note> The first panic of +<pb n='056'/><anchor id='Pg056'/> +the French only gradually subsided and the question of +slavery was a persistent one. +</p> + +<p> +One of the most industrious of those interested in the +sale of Spanish lands was George Morgan, of New +Jersey.<note place='foot'>George Morgan was much engaged in large land purchases. In 1763, +some Shawanese and other Indians carried off the property of certain whites +to the value of £85,916 10<hi rend='italic'>s.</hi>, 8<hi rend='italic'>d.</hi> +The offenders being tributary to the Six +Nations, the latter granted to King George III., for the exclusive use of the +sufferers, on November 3, 1768, at Fort Stanwix, the tract of some two million +five hundred thousand acres, later known as the claim of the Indiana +Company. The land lay southeast of the Ohio, and was claimed in part by +both Virginia and Pennsylvania. For map see <q>States of America,</q> by J. +Russell, London, E. Dilly and G. G. and J. Robinson, 1799; Hutchins, <q>Topographical +Desc. of Va.,</q> etc., French ed., Paris, 1781; Winsor, <q>Westward +Movement,</q> 17. Morgan, who was a large shareholder in the company, was +for years its agent. The claim was finally denied. Morgan was also the +founder of New Madrid, in what is now Missouri, but he was unfortunate in +assuming powers denied by the Spanish government. His experience in +Illinois was likewise a failure—<q>Cal. of Va. State Papers</q> I., 273, 297, 320; +VI., 1-36 (a history of the Indiana purchase), 261, 679, 301; <q>Jour. of +Cong.,</q> III., 359, 373; IV., 23; <q>Rept. on Canadian Archives,</q> 1888, p. +939; <q>Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,</q> LIII., 78; Gayerré, <q>Hist. of La.,</q> +index under Morgan refers to passages giving several quotations from sources; +Kate Mason Rowland, <q>George Mason,</q> I., 230, 324-8, 289, 308, 333, +341-4; II., 21, 26, 239, 244, 262, 341-5, 406, 440-1. George Mason was +manager for the commonwealth when, in 1791, the final effort was made by +the Indiana Company to overthrow the Virginia settlement of its claim. +Some original sources of importance are given in this work—<q>Plain Facts: +being an Examination into the Rights of the Indian Nations of America, to +their respective Countries, and a Vindication of the Grant, from the Six +United Nations of Indians, to the Proprietors of Indiana, against the decision +of Virginia, together with authentic documents, proving that the territory, +westward of the Alleghany Mountain, never belonged to Virginia, etc., Philadelphia...: +M.DCC.LXXXI.</q> The work gives a resumé of the +proceedings of the company to 1779, 164 pp. <q>View of the Title to Indiana, +a tract of country on the River Ohio,</q> 24 pp., printed about 1775.</note> +In 1788, he tried to secure land in Illinois also. +He and his associates petitioned Congress to sell them a +tract of land on the Mississippi. A congressional committee +found upon investigation that the proposed purchase +<pb n='057'/><anchor id='Pg057'/> +comprised all of the French settlements in +Illinois.<note place='foot'><q>Jour. of Cong.,</q> IV., 341-2, 823-5.</note> +Thereupon was passed the Act of June 20, 1788. According +to its provisions, the French inhabitants of Illinois +were to be confirmed in their possessions and each family +which was living in the district before the year 1783 was +to be given a bounty of four hundred acres. These bounty-lands +were to be laid off in three parallelograms, at Kaskaskia, +Prairie du Rocher, and Cahokia, respectively. +They were to be bounded on the east by the ridge of +rocks—a natural formation trending from north to south, +a short distance to the east of the French settlements. +Morgan was to be sold a large described tract for not less +than sixty-six and two-thirds cents per acre. Indian +titles were to be extinguished if necessary.<note place='foot'><q>Jour. +of Cong.,</q> IV., 823-5. The location of the ridge of rocks is +clearly shown in Hutchins' <q>Topographical Desc. of Va.,</q> 1778, on a map +opposite p. 41. French edition of 1781, facing p. 16; Winsor, <q>Nar. and +Crit. Hist. of Am.,</q> VI., 700; Collot, <q>Atlas of America,</q> 1826.</note> +</p> + +<p> +The Act of June 20, 1788, is an important landmark in +the settlement of Illinois. The grant of bounty-lands +was made for the purpose of giving the French settlers a +means of support when the fur-trade and hunting should +have become unprofitable from the advance of American +settlement. This was a clear acknowledgment that the +Indians were right in believing, as they did, that the +American settlement would be fatal to Indian hunting-grounds. +The Indians were soon bitterly hostile. Then, +too, the claims of the settlers to land, founded upon +French, British, or Virginia grants, were to be investigated. +This investigation dragged on year after year, even for +decades, and as it was the policy of the United States +not to sell public land in Illinois until these claims were +<pb n='058'/><anchor id='Pg058'/> +settled, the country became a great squatters'<note place='foot'>Throughout +the period covered by this work, the term squatter denoted +one who illegally settled on public land, without a title. Later laws permitted +settling before securing a title, but in the early period, no squatting +was legal.</note> camp. +The length of the investigation was doubtless due in part +to the utter carelessness of the French in giving and in +keeping their evidences of title. +</p> + +<p> +By a congressional resolution of August 28, 1788, it was +provided that the lands donated to Illinois settlers should +be located east, instead of west, of the ridge of rocks. As +this would throw the land too far from the settlements to +be available, petitions followed for the restoration of the +provisions of June 20, and in 1791 the original location +was decreed. By a resolution of August 29, 1788, the +governor of the Northwest Territory was ordered to carry +out the provisions of the acts of June 20 and August 28, +1788, respectively.<note place='foot'><q>Jour. of Cong.,</q> IV., 857-9.</note> +</p> + +<p> +The beginning of operations, in accordance with the acts +just cited, was delayed by the fact that the governor and +judges, appointed under the Ordinance of 1787, and who +alone could institute government under it, did not reach +the Illinois country until 1790. In the meantime, anarchy +continued. Contemporary accounts give a good idea of the +attempts at government during the time, and the fact of +their great interest, combined with the fact that most of +them are yet unpublished, seems to warrant treatment of +the subject at some length. +</p> + +<p> +The court at Kaskaskia met more than a score of times +during 1787 and 1788. Its record consists in large part of +mere meetings and adjournments. All members of the +court were French, while litigants and the single jury +recorded were Americans. Jurors from Bellefontaine +received forty-five livres each, and those from Prairie du +<pb n='059'/><anchor id='Pg059'/> +Rocher, twenty-five livres each. This court seems to have +been utterly worthless.<note place='foot'><q>John Todd's +Record-Book,</q> <q>Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,</q> IV., +308-14.</note> At Vincennes, matters were at +least as bad. <q>It was the most unjust court that could +have been invented. If anybody called for a court, the +president had 20 livers in peltry; 14 magistrates, each 10 +livers; for a room, 10 livers; other small expenses, 10 +livers; total in peltry, 180 livers—which is 360 in money. So +that a man who had twenty or thirty dollars due, was obliged +to pay, if he wanted a court, 180 livers in peltry: This +court also never granted an execution, but only took care +to have the fees of the court paid. The government of +this country has been in the Le Gras and Gamelin family +for a long time, to the great dissatisfaction of the people, +who presented me a Petition some days ago, wherein they +complained of the injustice of their court—in consequence +of which, I have dissolved the old court, ordered new +magistrates to be elected, and established new regulations +for them to go by.</q><note place='foot'><p>Hamtramck to Harmar, +from Vincennes, April 13, 1788—<q>Draper +Coll., Harmar Papers,</q> I., 386-7. At the time fees as above were being +charged, prices current in Vincennes were: +</p> +<p> +Corn, per bu. $ 2.00<lb/> +Flour, per cwt. 7.00<lb/> +Pork, per lb. .30<lb/> +Beef, per lb. .15<lb/> +Bordeaux wine, per bottle 2.00<lb/> +Spirits, per gal. 12.00<lb/> +Whisky, per gal. $ 8.00<lb/> +Butter, per lb. 1.00<lb/> +Eggs, per doz. 1.00<lb/> +Loaf sugar, per lb. 1.00<lb/> +Brown sugar, per lb. .60<lb/> +Coffee, per lb. 1.45<lb/> +A dunghill fowl $ 1.00<lb/> +Potatoes, per bu. 2.00<lb/> +Onions, per bu. 5.00<lb/> +Cabbage, per head .15<lb/> +Turnips, per bu. 1.00 +</p> +<p> +See <hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, 388-9. +</p> +<p> +Beef was probably buffalo beef, as that was then the common meat for +garrisons and settlers in the West.</p></note> Upon the dissolution of the court, +Maj. Hamtramck issued the following: +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>REGULATIONS FOR THE COURT OF POST VINCENNES.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>In consequence of a Petition presented to me by the +people of Post Vincennes, wherein they complain of the +<pb n='060'/><anchor id='Pg060'/> +great expence to which each individual is exposed in the +recovery of his property by the present court, and as they +express a wish to have another mode established for the +administration of justice—I do, therefore, by these presents, +dissolve the said court, and direct that five magistrates +be elected by the suffrages of the people who, when chosen, +will meet and settle their seniority.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>One magistrate will have power to try causes, not +exceeding fifty livers in peltry. Two magistrates will +determine all causes not exceeding one hundred livers in +peltry,—from their decision any person aggrieved may +(on paying the cost of the suit) appeal to the District +Court, which will consist of three magistrates; the senior +one will preside. They will meet the third Tuesday in every +month and set two days, unless the business before them +be completed within that time. All causes in this court +shall be determined by a jury of twelve inhabitants. Any +person summoned by the sheriff as a juryman who refuses +or neglects to attend, shall be fined the price of a day's +labour. In case of indisposition, he will, previous to the +sitting of the court, inform the clerk, Mr. Antoine Gamelin, +who will order such vacancies to be filled.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>The fees of the court shall be as follows: A magistrate, +for every cause of fifty livers or upwards in peltry, shall +receive one pistole in peltry, and in proportion for a lesser +sum. The sheriff for serving a writ or a warrant shall +receive three livers in peltry; for levying an execution, 5 +per cent, including the fees of the clerk of the court.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>The clerk for issuing a writ shall receive three livers in +peltry, and all other fees as heretofore. The jury being +an office which will be reciprocal, are not to receive pay. +All expenses of the court are to be paid by the person that +is cast. This last part may appear to you to be an extraordinary +charge—but my reason for mentioning it is, that +<pb n='061'/><anchor id='Pg061'/> +formerly the court made the one who was most able pay +the fees of the court, whether he lost or no.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>The magistrates, before they enter into the execution +of their office, will take the following oath before the commandant: +I, A., do swear that I will administer justice +impartially, and to the best of my knowledge and understanding, +so help me God.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>Given under my hand this 5th day of April, 1788.</q> +</p> + +<lg> +<l>(Signed) <hi rend='smallcaps'>J. F. Hamtramck</hi>,</l> +<l>Maj<hi rend='vertical-align: super'>r</hi>. +Comd'g.<note place='foot'><q>Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,</q> I., 389-92.</note></l> +</lg> + +<p> +A little later, Hamtramck wrote: <q>Our new government +has taken place; five magistrates have been elected by the +suffrage of the people, but not one of the Ottoman families +remains in. One Mr. Miliet, Mr. Henry, Mr. Bagargon, +Capt. Johnson, and Capt. Dalton, have been elected. You +will be surprised to see Dalton in office; but I found that +he had too many friends to refuse him. I keep a watch-side +eye over him, and find that he conducts himself with +great propriety.</q><note place='foot'>Hamtramck to +Harmar, from Vincennes, May 21, 1788—<q>Draper +Coll., Harmar Papers,</q> I., 396. <q>Mr. Henry, of this place, who is very +much connected with the Indians, particularly his wife,</q> implies that Henry's +wife was an Indian—<hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, 3-4.</note> +</p> + +<p> +The relief afforded by the new court was not complete, +for soon came the report: <q>The people are very impatient +to see Gen. St. Clair or some of the judges; in fact, they +are very much wanted.</q><note place='foot'>Same to same, Aug. 31, +1788—<hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, I., 450.</note> The term of the members of +the court expired in April, 1789, and no new members +were elected, because the early arrival of Gen. St. Clair +was expected.<note place='foot'>Same to same, July 29, +1789—<hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, II., 70-1.</note> An interregnum occurred, and +in November, 1789, Hamtramck wrote to Harmar: <q rend='pre'>It is high time +<pb n='062'/><anchor id='Pg062'/> +that government should take place in this country, and if +it should happen that the Governor was not to come, nor +any of the Judges, I would beg (for the sake of the people) +that his Excellency would give me certain powers to create +magistrates, a Sheriff and other officers, for the purpose of +establishing Courts of Justice—for, at present, there are +none, owing to the daily expectation of the arrival of the +Governor. Those that had been appointed by the people +last year, their authority has been refused in the courts of +Kentucky, they declaring that by the resolve of Congress, +neither the people of Post Vincennes, or the commanding +officer, had a right to appoint magistrates; that the power +was vested in the Governor only, and that it was an usurped +authority. You see, Sir, how much to the prejudice of the +people their present situation is, and how necessary it is +that some steps should be taken to relieve them.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>The powers of the magistrates may be circumscribed +as his Excellency may think proper, but the necessity of +having such characters will appear when I assure you that +at present no person here, can administer an oath which +will be considered legal in the courts of Kentucky—and +for the reasons above mentioned.</q><note place='foot'>Hamtramck +to Harmar, from Vincennes, Nov. 11, 1789—<q>Draper +Coll., Harmar Papers,</q> II., 130-2.</note> +</p> + +<p> +At last, on June 19, 1790, the judges for the Northwest +Territory arrived at Vincennes.<note place='foot'>Same to same, June +24, 1790—<hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, II., 254.</note> +</p> + +<p> +The situation at Kaskaskia was even worse than that at +Vincennes, because Vincennes had a garrison. To understand +the complaints of the time, it is necessary to notice +the relations with Spain. On the first day of 1788, +Hamtramck wrote: <q>The Spanish commanding officers of +the different posts on the Mississippi are encouraging +settlers by giving them lands gratis. A village by the +<pb n='063'/><anchor id='Pg063'/> +name of Zewapetas, which is about thirty miles above the +mouth of the Ohio, and which was begun last summer, +consists now of thirty or fifty families.</q><note place='foot'>Same to ——, +Jan. 1, 1788—<hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, I., 371.</note> In the following +October, Morgan made flattering offers to persons who +would settle at New Madrid.<note place='foot'>Morgan's proclamation, +Oct. 3, 1788—<hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, <q>Clark MSS.,</q> LIII., 78, +incomplete.</note> At the same time, the +Mississippi was closed to Americans. Joseph St. Marie, of +Vincennes, sent his clerk with a load of peltry to be traded +to the Indians on the banks of the Mississippi. His goods +were seized and confiscated by the Spanish commander at +the Arkansas Post. The commander said that his orders +were to seize all goods of Americans, found in the Mississippi +below the mouth of the Ohio. Upon appeal to Gov. +Miro, of Louisiana, the governor said that the court of +Spain had given orders to send offending traders prisoners +to the mines of Brazil.<note place='foot'>From Vincennes, Aug. 26, +1788—<q>Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,</q> I., +455-61.</note> +</p> + +<p> +The combination of inducements to such as would +become Spanish subjects and of severity to such as would +not do so, secured Spain some settlers. Hamtramck +said: <q>I am fearful that the Governor will not find many +people in the Illinois, as they are daily going on the +Spanish side. I believe that all our Americans of Post +Vincennes will go to Morgan—a number of them are +already gone to see him. I am told that Mr. Morgan has +taken unwarrantable measures to invite the people of +Illinois to come to him, saying that the Governor never +would come in that country, and that their negroes were +all free the moment the government should be established—for +which all the remaining good inhabitants propose to +go to him. I can not give you this for certain; I will +<pb n='064'/><anchor id='Pg064'/> +know better in a short time, and inform you.</q><note place='foot'>Hamtramck to +Harmar, from Vincennes, Mar. 28, 1789—<hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, II., +17-18.</note> <q>I have +the honor to enclose you Mr. Morgan's letter <emph>at his request</emph>, +and one for you. You will see in Mr. Morgan's that a +post will be established opposite the Ohio; and if what +Mr. Morgan says is true (which I doubt not), respecting +the inhabitants of the Illinois, the Governor will have no +occasion to go there. Will you be so good as to inform +me if Congress have changed their resolution respecting +the freedom of the negroes of this country; and if they +are free from the day of the resolve, or if from the day it is +published in a district.</q><note place='foot'>Hamtramck to Harmar, from +Vincennes, Apr. 11, 1789—<q>Draper +Coll., Harmar Papers,</q> II., 27-28.</note> A few weeks later, Harmar wrote +to St. Clair: <q>The emigration continues, it possible, more +rapid than ever; within these twenty days, not less than +one hundred souls have passed [Fort Harmar, at Falls of +Ohio] daily: the people are all taken up with Col. +Morgan's New Madrid.... The generality of the +inhabitants of Kaskaskias, and a number of those at Post +Vincennes, I am informed, have quit those villages, and gone +over to the Spanish side. The arrival of your Excellency +amongst them, I believe is anxiously expected.</q><note place='foot'>Harmar to St. +Clair, from Fort Harmar, May 8, 1789—<hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, II., 51. +Harmar to Knox, same date and of similar tenor—<hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, +II., 53.</note> +</p> + +<p> +The Indians were very hostile, and it is noteworthy that +by the middle of 1789, the comparative immunity of the +French from attack had ceased. Only negroes were safe, +and they, probably, because they sold well.<note place='foot'>Hamtramck to Wyllys, from +Vincennes, May 27, 1789—<hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, II., 39.</note> Civil +government was at low ebb in the Kaskaskia region. By +January, 1789, the court at Kaskaskia had dissolved.<note place='foot'>Hamtramck to +Harmar, from Fort Knox, Vincennes, Jan. 19, 1789—<hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, +II., 1.</note> +</p> + +<pb n='065'/><anchor id='Pg065'/> + +<p> +The depopulation of Illinois led Hamtramck to write to +Bartholomew Tardiveau, at the Falls of Ohio, asking +whether it were true that the slaves of the French were to +be free. Tardiveau responded that it was not true, and +that he had written from New York, the preceding +December, to Hamtramck and to Illinois concerning the +matter, but that his letters had been intercepted. The +true meaning of the resolve of Congress was published at +Vincennes upon the receipt of Tardiveau's letter and was +to be published in Illinois at the first opportunity. The +narration of these facts was closed by the statement that +if the governor or the judges did not come soon, most of +the people would go to the Spanish side, <q>for they begin to +think there are no such men as a Governor or Judges.</q><note place='foot'>Hamtramck to +Harmar, from Vincennes, Aug. 14, 1798—<q>Draper +Coll., Harmar Papers,</q> II., 90-1.</note> +</p> + +<p> +In September, 1789, Hamtramck received the following +petition from Kaskaskia: +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>To John Francis Hamtramck, Esqr., Major of the 1st +U. S. Reg<hi rend='vertical-align: super'>t.</hi> and commandant at +Post Vincennes, &c. &c.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>The inhabitants of Kaskaskias, in the Illinois, beg +leave to address you, as the next commanding officer in +the service of the United States, to lay before you the +deplorable situation we are reduced to, and the absolute +necessity of our being speedily succoured to prevent as +well our total ruin, as that of the place.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>The Indians are greatly more numerous than the white +people, and are rather hostilely inclined; the name of an +American among them is a disgrace, because we have no +superior. Our horses, horned cattle, and corn are stolen +and destroyed without the power of making any effectual +resistance. Our houses are in ruin and decay; our lands +are uncultivated; debtors absconded and absconding; our +little commerce destroyed. We are apprehensive of a +<pb n='066'/><anchor id='Pg066'/> +dearth of corn, and our best prospects are misery and +distress, or what is more than probable an untimely death +by the hands of Savages.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>We are well convinced that all these misfortunes have +befallen us for want of some superior, or commanding +authority; for ever since the cession of this Territory to +Congress, we have been neglected as an abandoned people, +to encounter all the difficulties that are always attendant +upon anarchy and confusion; neither did we know from +authority until latterly, to what power we were subject. +The greater part of our citizens have left the country on +this account to reside in the Spanish dominions; others +are now following, and we are fearful, nay, certain, that +without your assistance, the small remainder will be +obliged to follow their example.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>Thus situated, our last resource is to you, Sir, hoping +and praying that you will so far use your authority to save +an almost deserted country from destruction, and to order +or procure the small number of twenty men with an +officer, to be stationed among us for our defence; and that +you will make order for the establishment of a civil court +to take place immediately and to continue in force until +the pleasure of his Excellency the Governor shall be +known, and to whom we beg you would communicate our +distress.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>We beg your answer by the return of the bearer, +addressed to the Rev<hi rend='vertical-align: super'>d</hi> Mr. Le Dru, our Priest, who +signs this in the name and at the request, of the inhabitants.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>Dated at Kaskaskia the fourteenth day of September, +1789.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>Ledru, curé Des Kaskaskias pour tous les habitans +Français de l'endroit et outres voisins de la partie Americaine.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q><hi rend='smallcaps'>Jno Edgar.</hi></q><note place='foot'>Inclosed +in Hamtramck to Harmar, from Vincennes, Nov. 2, 1789—<q>Draper +Coll., Harmar Papers,</q> II., 124-7.</note> +</p> + +<pb n='067'/><anchor id='Pg067'/> + +<p> +John Edgar offered to furnish provisions for the twenty +soldiers asked for in the petition, and to take bills on +Congress in payment.<note place='foot'>Offer dated Oct. 3, +1789. Inclosed in Hamtramck to Harmar, Nov. +2, 1789—<q>Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,</q> II., 127-8.</note> +</p> + +<p> +Hamtramck responded to the petition by saying that +sickness prevailed among the troops at Vincennes to such +an extent that twenty men could not be sent thence to +Kaskaskia, but that the request would be sent to headquarters. +As to the civil department, the people were +advised to elect two or three magistrates in every village. +These should prevent debtors from leaving, and should +levy on the goods of such debtors as had already gone to +the Spanish side. <q>Let your magistrates be respectable +men by their moral character, as well as in point of property; +let them attend with vigilance to all disputes that +may arise amongst you, and in a particular manner to the +Indian affairs.</q><note place='foot'>Hamtramck's reply of +Oct. 14, 1789, to petition of Sept. 14, preceding, +inclosed as above—<hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, II., 128-30; +<q>Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,</q> +II., 128-130.</note> This reply reached Edgar on the night +of October 27, 1789. The next day, Edgar wrote to +Hamtramck saying that it was probable that the recommendations +in regard to establishing a civil government +could not be carried out without a military force. The +French were easily governed by a superior, but they knew +nothing of government by an equal. Indians were constantly +incited by the Spanish. They stole horses and +escaped to the Spanish side. Edgar enclosed correspondence +and depositions showing that on the night of the +eighth of October, John Dodge and Michael Antanya, +with a party of whites and Indians, came from the Spanish +side to Kaskaskia, made an unsuccessful attempt to carry +off some of Edgar's slaves, and threatened to burn the +village. He adds <q>[In] the spring it is impossible I can +<pb n='068'/><anchor id='Pg068'/> +stand my ground, surrounded as we are by savage enemies. +I have waited five years in hopes of a government; I shall +still wait until March, as I may be able to withstand them +in the winter season, but if no succour nor government +should then arrive, I shall be compelled to abandon the +country, and I shall go to live at St. Louis. Inclination, +interest and love for the country prompt me to reside here, +but when in so doing it is ten to one but both my life and +property will fall a sacrifice, you nor any impartial mind +can blame me for the part I shall take.</q><note place='foot'>Edgar to +Hamtramck, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 28, 1789—<q>Draper Coll., +Harmar Papers,</q> II., 132-6.</note> +</p> + +<p> +One day later, John Rice Jones wrote from Kaskaskia. +The answer to the petition sent by Ducoigne and addressed +to Ledru and Edgar, had been opened by the latter in the +absence and by the consent of the former. Ledru had +gone to be priest at St. Louis. At first he had refused the +offer of the position, but when he received his tithes at +Kaskaskia, he found that they would not support him, so +he was compelled to move. He met no better treatment +than de la Valiniere and Gibault before him, and no priest +was likely to fare any better until a government was +established. St. Pierre, priest at Cahokia, had gone to be +priest at Ste. Genevieve, and it was said that Gibault was +to be priest at L'Anse a la Graisse (New Madrid). +Morgan had been coolly received at New Orleans, and his +boasted settlement at New Madrid was almost broken up. +The attempted seizure of Edgar's negroes could not be +punished, because there was no one with authority to +remonstrate with the Spanish, and private remonstrances +were unheeded. The Spanish were making every effort to +depopulate Illinois. They well knew that the people +would follow their priests. Flattering offers had been +made to Edgar by the Spanish, among them being free +<pb n='069'/><anchor id='Pg069'/> +lands, no taxes, and free permission to work at the lead +mines and salt springs. He had refused all offers, but if +government was not established by the next March he +would go to St. Louis, and if he went, Kaskaskia would +be practically at an end. Twenty-four British trading-boats +from Michilimackinac were on the Mississippi on +the American side opposite the mouth of the Missouri. +Their purpose was to attract Indian trade.<note place='foot'>Jones to Hamtramck, +from Kaskaskia, Oct. 29, 1789—<q>Draper Coll., +Harmar Papers,</q> II., 136-41.</note> +</p> + +<p> +Gov. St. Clair arrived at Kaskaskia on March 5, +1790.<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, II., 182; +<q>St. Clair Papers,</q> II., 164.</note> +With his coming anarchy technically ceased, but naturally +the institution of an orderly government was a gradual +process. In August, Tardiveau wrote to Hamtramck +from Kaskaskia, saying that he hoped that Maj. Wyllys +had given Hamtramck such a specimen of the difficulty +of establishing a regular government and organizing the +militia in Illinois as would induce the sending of a few +regular troops from Vincennes. Even ten men would be +a help. The Indians daily stole horses, and Tardiveau +tried to raise a force to go and punish the offenders, but +he was effectually opposed by a lawless band of ringleaders. +A militia law and the Illinois civil power were +useless to remedy the matter. There were plenty of provisions +in Illinois to supply any soldiers that might be +sent.<note place='foot'>Tardiveau to Hamtramck, from +Kaskaskia, Aug. 1, 1790—<q>Draper +Coll., Harmar Papers,</q> II., 302.</note> Tardiveau +was then lieutenant-colonel of the first +regiment of militia, and also judge of probate, having +been appointed by the governor.<note place='foot'><q>St. +Clair Papers,</q> II., 165.</note> Harmar replied that it +was utterly impracticable to comply with Tardiveau's +request for soldiers.<note place='foot'>Harmar to Hamtramck, +Sept. 3, 1790—<q>Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,</q> +II., 332.</note> +</p> + +<pb n='070'/><anchor id='Pg070'/> + +<p> +On June 20, 1788, a congressional committee reported +that there were about eighty families at Kaskaskia, twelve +at Prairie du Rocher, four or five at Fort Chartres and St. +Philips, and about fifty at Cahokia, making one hundred +and forty-six or one hundred and forty-seven families +in these villages.<note place='foot'><q>Jour. of +Cong.,</q> IV., 823.</note> In 1766-7, the same villages, with +Vincennes, were supposed to have about two thousand +inhabitants<note place='foot'>Pittman, <q>European Settlements on +the Miss.,</q> 55.</note>; and about five years later, 1772, there were +some fifteen hundred inhabitants in these villages, not +including Vincennes.<note place='foot'>Hutchins, +<q>Topographical Desc. of Va.</q> 36-8.</note> +</p> + +<p> +It is not surprising that the population of the Illinois +country decreased from 1765 to 1790. During these years, +British and Americans had attempted to impose upon the +French settlers a form of government for which they had +neither desire nor aptitude. The attempt to immediately +transform a subject people was a signal failure, but neither +the attempt nor the failure was unique. +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='071'/><anchor id='Pg071'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Chapter III.</head> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>I. The Land and Indian Questions. 1790 to 1809.</head> + +<p> +A proclamation issued by Estevan Miro, Governor +and Intendant of the Provinces of Louisiana and Florida +in 1789, offered to immigrants a liberal donation of land, +graduated according to the number of laborers in the +family; freedom of religion and from payment of tithes, +although no public worship except Catholic would be +allowed; freedom from taxation; and a free market at +New Orleans for produce or manufactures. All settlers +must swear allegiance to Spain.<note place='foot'><q>St. Clair +Papers,</q> II. 122-3.</note> This proclamation came +at a time when the West was divided in opinion as to +whether to make war upon Spain for her closure of the +Mississippi or to secede from the United States and +become a part of Spain.<note place='foot'><q>Secret Jour. of Cong.,</q> +IV., 301-29.</note> It tended to continue the emigration +from the Illinois country to Spanish territory, for +public land was not yet for sale in Illinois. +</p> + +<p> +To the professional rover, the inability to secure a title +to land was the cause of small concern, but the more +substantial and desirable the settler, the more concerned +was he about the matter. Settlement and improvements +were retarded. Before the affairs of the Ohio Company +had progressed far enough to permit sales of land to +settlers, the little company at Marietta saw, with deep +chagrin, thousands of settlers float by on their way to +Kentucky, where land could be bought.<note place='foot'><q>St. +Clair Papers,</q> I., 150.</note> Squatters in +Illinois were constantly expecting that the public lands +<pb n='072'/><anchor id='Pg072'/> +would soon be offered for sale. The natural result was +petitions for the right of preëmption, because without such +a right, the settler was in danger of losing whatever +improvements he had made. In 1790, James Piggott and +forty-five others petitioned for such a right. The petitioners +stated that they had settled since 1783 and had +suffered much from Indians. They could not cultivate +their land except under guard. Seventeen families had no +more tillable land than four could tend. The land on which +they lived was the property of two individuals.<note place='foot'><q>Pub. +Lands,</q> I., 20.</note> +</p> + +<p rend='text-align: center'> + <figure url='images/illus-1.png' rend='width: 60%'> + <figDesc>Illustration: Indian Cessions.</figDesc> + </figure> +</p> + +<p> +Petitions from various classes of settlers, not provided +for by the acts of June 20, August 28, and August 29, +1788, led Congress to pass the act of March 3, 1791. By +this act, four hundred acres was to be given to each head +of a family who, in 1783, was resident in the Illinois +country or at Vincennes, and who had since moved from +the one to the other. The same donation was to be made +to all persons who had moved away, if they should return +within five years. Such persons should also have confirmed +to them the land they originally held. This was intended +to bring back persons who had gone to the Spanish side of +the Mississippi. Grants previously made by courts having +no authority should be confirmed to persons who had +made improvements, to an extent not exceeding four +hundred acres to any one person. As these lands had in +some cases been repeatedly sold, the parties making the +improvements were frequently guiltless of any knowledge +of fraud. The Cahokia commons were confirmed to that +village. One hundred acres was to be granted to each +militiaman enrolled on August 1, 1790, and who had +received no other grant.<note place='foot'><q>Statutes at Large,</q> +I., 221-2.</note> This act throws considerable +light on the causes of discontent then prevailing among +<pb n='073'/><anchor id='Pg073'/> +the settlers and on the conditions to which immigrants +came. +</p> + +<p> +This same spring, about two hundred and fifty of the +inhabitants of Vincennes had gone to settle at New Madrid.<note place='foot'>Hamtramck +to Harmar, from Vincennes, Apr. 14, 1791—<q>Draper +Coll., Harmar Papers,</q> II., 410.</note> +It is not strange that the act of March 3, 1791, made +provisions intended to induce the Americans who had emigrated +to the Spanish possessions to return. The history +of the threatened Spanish aggression upon the western +part of the United States is known in essence to anyone +who has made the slightest special study of the period at +which it was at its height. Morgan's scheme for a purchase +of land in Illinois was not carried out, and he turned +his attention to peopling his settlement at New Madrid. +Down the Mississippi to New Orleans seemed the natural +route for Illinois commerce. Slavery flourished unmolested +west of the Mississippi. In 1794, Baron de Carondolet +gave orders to the governor of Natchez to incite the +Chickasaw Indians to expel the Americans from Fort +Massac. The governor refused to obey the order, because +Fort Massac had been occupied by the Americans in +pursuance of a request by the Spanish representative at +the capital of the United States that the president would +put a stop to the proposed expedition of the French +against the Spanish. The claim was advanced by Carondolet +that the Americans had no right to the land on +which the fort stood, but that the land belonged to the +Chickasaws, who were independent allies of Spain. Two +other reasons given for not obeying the order were that it +would preclude the successful issue of the Spanish intrigue +for the separation of Kentucky from the United States, +and would hinder negotiations, then pending, for a commercial +treaty between Spain and the United States.<note place='foot'><q>Draper MSS., +Translation of Spanish Documents,</q> 49-60.</note> +<pb n='074'/><anchor id='Pg074'/> +Carondolet regarded the Indians as Spain's best defence +against the Americans,<note place='foot'>Carondolet to +Duke of Alcudia, from New Orleans, Sept. 27, 1793—<q>Draper +MSS., Translation of Spanish Documents.</q> 24, second pagination of +typewritten matter.</note> yet the whites prepared for defence, +and in anticipation of the proposed French expedition of +George Rogers Clark, a garrison of thirty men and an +officer was placed at Ste. Genevieve, opposite Kaskaskia. +Carondolet said: <q>This will suffice to prevent the smuggling +carried on by the Americans of the settlement of Kaskaskias +situated opposite, which increases daily.</q><note place='foot'>Carondolet to +——,—<hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, 33, first pagination of matter +in long hand.</note> +</p> + +<p> +Early in 1796, a petition was sent from Kaskaskia to Congress. +The petitioners desired that they might be permitted +to locate their donation of four hundred acres per family +on Long Prairie, a few miles above Kaskaskia, on the Kaskaskia +River, and that the expense of surveying the land +might be paid by the United States. The act granting +the donation-land had provided for its location between +the Kaskaskia and the Mississippi. This land the petitioners +declared to be private land and some of it was of +poor quality.<note place='foot'><q>Pub. Lands,</q> I., 69.</note> +Confirmation of land claims directed to be +made upon the Governor's visit in 1790 were delayed by +the lack of a surveyor and the poverty of the +inhabitants.<note place='foot'><q>St. Clair Papers,</q> II., 398-9.</note> +The petition was signed by John Edgar, William Morrison, +William St. Clair, and John Demoulin<note place='foot'>John +Edgar, for years the wealthiest citizen of Illinois, was born in Ireland, +came to Kaskaskia in 1784, and soon became a large landholder by +purchasing French donation-rights. Wm. Morrison, a native of Bucks +county, Pa., came from Philadelphia to Kaskaskia in 1790 and became a +leading merchant and shipper. Wm. St. Clair, a son of James St. Clair, +once captain in the Irish Brigade in the service of France, was the first clerk +of the court of St. Clair county. John Dumoulin (or De Moulin) was a Swiss. +In 1790, he was a judge of the Court of Common Pleas in the Cahokia +district of St. Clair county.</note> <q>for the inhabitants +<pb n='075'/><anchor id='Pg075'/> +of the counties of St. Clair and Randolph</q><note place='foot'>St. +Clair county had been formed in 1790 and Randolph county in 1795. +In 1796, they were the only counties lying wholly within the present State of +Illinois. A strip of the eastern part of Illinois lay in Knox county. The +line between St. Clair and Randolph was an east-and-west line, a little south +of New Design, Randolph lying to the south—<q>St. Clair Papers,</q> II., 165, +166, 345.</note>—the +Illinois counties. The petitioners ranked high in the +mercantile and legal life of the Illinois settlements, but +they must have been novices in the art of petitioning if +they thought that a petition signed by four men from the +Illinois country, with no sign of their being legally representative, +would be regarded by Congress as an expression +of the opinion of the Northwest Territory. The part of +the petition relating to lands was granted, but the major +part, which related to other subjects, was denied on the +ground that the petitioners probably did not represent +public sentiment.<note place='foot'><q>Pub. Lands,</q> I., 68-9; <q>Ind. +Hist. Soc. Pub.,</q> II., 447-52, 452-55.</note> During this same year Congress denied +a number of petitions for the right of preëmption in the +Northwest Territory, because such a right would encourage +illegal settling. It was also during this year that the first +sales of public land in the Northwest Territory were +authorized. The land to be sold was in what is now Ohio. +No tract of less than four thousand acres could be purchased.<note place='foot'><q>Pub. +Lands,</q> I., 68; Poore, <q>Desc. Catalogue of Govt. Publications,</q> +43; <q>Laws of U. S. Relating to Pub. Lands,</q> 420-5.</note> +</p> + +<p> +In 1800, two hundred and sixty-eight inhabitants of +Illinois, chiefly French, petitioned Congress that Indian +titles to land in the southern part of Illinois might be +extinguished and the land offered for sale; that tracts of +land at the distance of a day's journey from each other, +lying between Vincennes and the Illinois settlements, +might be ceded to such persons as would keep taverns, and +<pb n='076'/><anchor id='Pg076'/> +that one or two garrisons might be stationed in Illinois. +The petitioners state that the Kaskaskia tribe of Indians +numbered not more than fifteen members and that their +title to land could be easily extinguished; that not enough +land is open to settlement to admit a population sufficient +to support ordinary county establishments; that roads are +much needed, and that many of the inhabitants are crossing +the Mississippi with their slaves. The petition was +not considered.<note place='foot'><q>Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,</q> +II., 455-61; <q>Annals of Cong.,</q> 6th Cong., 735.</note> +</p> + +<p> +A new factor now appears in the forces affecting Illinois +settlement. The Northwest Territory having advanced to +the second grade of territorial government, in December, +1799, its delegate took his seat in Congress. The step +was an important one for the struggling colony. Before +this time such petitions as were prepared by inhabitants +of the territory for the consideration of Congress +had been subjected to all the vicissitudes of being addressed +to some public officer or of being confided to some member +of Congress who represented a different portion of the +country. Up to this time the public lands could only be +bought in tracts of four thousand acres. Largely through +the influence of the delegate from the Northwest Territory, +a bill was passed which authorized the sale of sections and +half-sections. In consequence, emigration soon began to +flow rapidly into Ohio. Land in Illinois was not yet +offered for sale, but this bill is important because the policy +of offering land in smaller tracts was to continue.<note place='foot'><q>Annals +of Cong.,</q> 6th Cong., 537-538; Poore, <q>Desc. Catalogue of +Govt. Publications,</q> 43; <q>Statutes at Large,</q> II., 73-8.</note> +</p> + +<p> +The territorial delegate was also active in procuring the +passage of a bill for the division of the Northwest Territory. +While the bill was pending, a petition from Illinois, +praying for the division and for the establishment of such +<pb n='077'/><anchor id='Pg077'/> +a government in the western part as was provided for by +the Ordinance of 1787, was presented. The act for +division was signed by the President on May 7, 1800; it +formed Indiana Territory, with Vincennes as its capital.<note place='foot'><q>Statutes +at Large,</q> II., 58-9; <q>Annals of Cong.,</q> 6th Cong., 507, +699, 701.</note> +</p> + +<p> +The propositions made by a convention of representatives +elected by the citizens of Indiana to prepare petitions +to Congress, near the close of 1802, illustrate the needs of +the time. It was desired that the Indian title to land lying +in Southern Illinois and Southwestern Indiana might be +extinguished and the land sold in smaller tracts and at a +lower price;<note place='foot'>According to the Act +of May 10, 1800, public land was to be sold in +tracts, not smaller than one-half sections, and for a minimum price of two +dollars per acre. One-twentieth of the purchase-money should be paid at +the time of sale, the remainder of one-fourth of the price within forty days, +one-fourth in two years, one-fourth in three years, and one-fourth in four +years. On the last three payments, interest should be paid at six per cent +from the date of sale, and on the same three payments a discount of eight +per cent per year should be granted for prepayment. Land unpaid for reverted +to the United States—<q>Statutes at Large,</q> II., 73-8.</note> +that a preëmption act might be passed; that +a grant of seminary and school lands might be made; that +land for taverns, twenty miles or less apart, might be +granted along certain specified routes; that donation-lands +might be chosen in separate tracts, instead of in three +specified areas, in order to avoid <q>absolutely useless</q> +prairies, and also lands claimed by ancient grants; and that +the qualification of a freehold of fifty acres of land, prescribed +for the electors of representatives to the territorial +legislature, might be changed to manhood suffrage, because +the freehold qualification was said to tend <q>to throw too +great a weight in the scale of wealth.</q> The petition was +considered in committees, but it led to no legislation.<note place='foot'><q>Ind. +Hist. Soc. Pub.,</q> II., 461-70; <q>Annals of Cong.,</q> 8th Cong., +1st Sess., 1023-4; 9th Cong., 1st Sess., 293-4, 466-8.</note> +</p> + +<pb n='078'/><anchor id='Pg078'/> + +<p> +None of the above complaints was better founded than +that concerning the restriction of the suffrage, and it is +well to note subsequent proceedings in regard to it. No +qualification less suitable to the time and place could well +have been devised, and this is especially true of the Illinois +portion of the territory, because there unsettled French +claims were to delay the sales of public lands until 1814, +and thus early settlers could neither buy land nor vote +unless they owned it, unless indeed they purchased land +claims from the needy and unbusiness-like French. An +interesting petition of 1807 from the settlement on Richland +Creek,<note place='foot'>A western tributary of the lower +part of the Kaskaskia.</note> for the right of preëmption, throws light upon +conditions then obtaining. The petitioner inclosed a map +of the settlement, with the following explanation: <q>Those +persons whose names are enclosed in said plot, within surveyed +lines, have confirmed and located rights, amounting +to 3,775 acres; ... the residue of the said settlers, +occupying about 6,000 acres of land, have, without any +right, settled upon the public land.</q> The map shows that +there were eleven owners and twenty-two squatters.<note place='foot'><q>Pub. +Lands,</q> I., 591.</note> As +the law then stood, the twenty-two squatters, occupying +more than three-fifths of the land, could not vote. The +eleven land-owners must have secured their land either +under the acts of 1788 or that of 1791, or by the purchase +of French claims, a trade vigorously carried on. In 1808,<note place='foot'><q>Statutes +at Large,</q> II., 469; Poore, <q>Charters and Constitutions,</q> +821, 832, 964, 973; McMaster, <q>Acquisition of the ... Rights of Man in +Am.,</q> 111-22; <q>Proceedings and Debates of the Va. State Conv. of 1829-30,</q> +<hi rend='italic'>passim</hi>; Mowry, <q>The Dorr War,</q> +<hi rend='italic'>passim</hi>.</note> +Congress so far extended the suffrage in Indiana as to +make the ownership of a town lot worth one hundred +dollars an alternative qualification to the possession of a +<pb n='079'/><anchor id='Pg079'/> +freehold of fifty acres. This was in advance of the law in +some of the Eastern states. +</p> + +<p> +After 1802, the land question can not be traced without +reference to the Indian question in Illinois. That question +became important as soon as American occupation was +assured, and it remained important for fifty years after the +Revolution. The desire of the American settlers for land +was directly counter to the desire of the Indians to preserve +their hunting-grounds. Before the close of the eighteenth +century, the list of bloody deeds in Illinois had grown +long.<note place='foot'><q>Draper Coll., Ill. MSS.,</q> 37, 39, +43, 54, 57, 58, 67, 102, 104, 107, +108, 113; <q>Pub. Lands,</q> I., 20; <q>Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,</q> VII., 300; <q><q>Father +Clark;</q> or, The Pioneer Preacher,</q> 181 <hi rend='italic'>et seq.</hi></note> +The United States Government appreciated the +gravity of the situation and early made efforts to purchase +the land from the Indians. That part of the treaty of +Greenville, of 1795, which affected Illinois, extinguished +the Indian title to a tract six miles square, at the mouth of +Chicago River; one six miles square, at Peoria; one twelve +miles square, near the mouth of the Illinois River; the +post of Fort Massac, and the land in the possession of the +whites.<note place='foot'><q>Indian Aff.,</q> I., 562; +<q>An. Rept. of the Bureau of Ethnology,</q> 18, +Pt. 2, 656-7, Plates CXXIV., CXXV.; see map of Indian +cessions, 1795-1809.</note> The treaty of Fort Wayne, in 1803, ceded four +square miles or less, at the salt springs on Saline Creek, and +some land west and southwest from Vincennes. This treaty, +with another made in the following August, ceded three +tracts of land, each one mile square, between Vincennes +and Kaskaskia, to be sites for taverns.<note place='foot'><q>An. +Rept. of the Bureau of Ethnology,</q> 18, Pt. 2, 656-7; Plates +CXXIV., CXXV.; <q>Indian Aff.,</q> I., 688; see +map of Indian cessions.</note> The treaty of +Vincennes, of August, 1803, ceded land in Illinois bounded +by the Ohio, the Mississippi, the Illinois, and the western +watershed of the Wabash, except three hundred and fifty +<pb n='080'/><anchor id='Pg080'/> +acres near Kaskaskia, and twelve hundred and eighty +acres to be located. This last treaty was made with the +depleted Kaskaskia tribe.<note place='foot'><q>Indian Aff.,</q> I., +687; <q>An. Rept. of the Bureau of Ethnology,</q> 18, +Pt. 2, 664-5, Plate CXXIV.; see map of Indian +cessions.</note> As the claims of various tribes +overlapped, an Indian treaty rarely signifies that all controversy +in regard to the land ceded is at an end. +Frequently one or more treaties must yet be made with +other tribes, and frequently a tribe refuses to abide by its +agreement. +</p> + +<p> +Previous to 1804, no land was sold in the Northwest +Territory west of the mouth of the Kentucky River. An +act of March 26 of that year provided for the opening of +a land-office at Detroit to sell lands north of Ohio; one at +Vincennes to sell lands in its vicinity ceded by the treaty +of Fort Wayne; and one at Kaskaskia to sell so much of +the land ceded by the treaty of Vincennes (August, 1803) +as was not claimed by any other tribe than those represented +in the cession. The register and the receiver of +public moneys of these respective districts were to be +commissioners to settle private land claims. Evidences of +claims should be filed before January 1, 1805, and after +the adjustment of claims the public lands should be sold +at auction to the highest bidder. Two dollars per acre +was to be the minimum price; no land should be sold +in less than quarter-sections, except fractional portions +caused by irregularities in topography or survey, and lands +unsold after the auction might be sold at private sale. +Although this act provided for the sale of public lands in +Illinois after private claims should have been satisfied, and +directed that such claims should be filed not later than +January 1, 1805, Congress repeatedly extended the time +for the filing of claims, and ten years after the passage of +this act there were still unsatisfied claims.<note place='foot'><q>Statutes +at Large,</q> II., 277-83, 343-5, 446-8, 517, 590-1.</note> Not until +<pb n='081'/><anchor id='Pg081'/> +1814 did sales of public land begin in Illinois. The delay +retarded immigration of that class which would have made +the most desirable citizens. +</p> + +<p> +By the treaty of St. Louis, November 3, 1804, the Sauk +and Foxes ceded that part of Illinois west of the Illinois +and Fox rivers. Black Hawk, the principal chief of the +Sauk, did not sign the treaty.<note place='foot'><q>Indian +Aff.,</q> I., 693-4; <q>An. Rept. of the Bureau of Ethnology,</q> +18, Pt. 2, 666-7, Plate CXXIV.; see map of +Indian cessions.</note> By the treaty of Vincennes, +1805, the Piankashaws ceded a tract lying between the +lower Wabash and its western watershed.<note place='foot'><q>Indian +Aff.,</q> I., 704-5; <q>An. Rept. of the Bureau of Ethnology,</q> +18, Pt. 2, 672-3, Plate CXXIV.; see map of Indian cessions.</note> No more Indian +titles to land in Illinois were extinguished, and no public +land was sold in Illinois until after that part of the country +became a separate territory. +</p> + +<p> +Early in 1806, there came to Congress from Illinois a +petition which betrayed the anxiety of the French settlers, +and of the Americans who had bought French claims, lest +the peculiar shape of their holdings should be disturbed by +the orderly system of government surveys. The petitioners +asked that a line might be run from a point north of +Cahokia to an unspecified river south of Kaskaskia, in +such a manner as to include all settlements between the +two points, and that the land so included be exempt from +the mode of survey and terms of sale of other public lands +of the United States. The petition was apparently not +reported upon, but a detailed map of the region referred +to shows that the holdings were left in their bewildering +complexity.<note place='foot'><q>Annals of Cong.,</q> 9th +Cong., 1st Sess., 339; see map in the <q>Hist. +of Randolph, Monroe, and Perry Counties, Ill.,</q> frontispiece.</note> +</p> + +<p> +By the time Indiana Territory was divided some progress +had been made in extinguishing Indian titles, and some +<pb n='082'/><anchor id='Pg082'/> +also in investigating land claims of the French and their +assignees; but the American immigrant had still the hard +choice of buying a French claim with uncertain title or +squatting on government land with the risk of losing +whatever improvement he might make, and often the +added risk of being killed by the suspicious, hostile, +untrustworthy Indians. This was one class of hindrances +to settlement. Another hindrance, next to be noticed, was +the unstable governmental conditions following the anarchy +already recited. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>II. Government Succeeding the Period +of Anarchy, 1790 to 1809.</head> + +<p> +When St. Clair County was formed, in 1790, it was +made to include all the settlements of the Northwest +Territory to the westward of Vincennes. On account +of its geographical extent it was divided into three judicial +districts, but it could not be made into three separate +counties, because there were not enough men capable of +holding office to furnish the necessary officials. The American +settlers were few and a large proportion of them were +unskilled in matters of government, while the French were +totally unfit to govern. In 1795, St. Clair, when referring +to conditions in 1790, wrote that since then the population +of Illinois had decreased considerably.<note place='foot'>St. Clair to +Judge Turner, from Marietta, May 2, 1795—<q>St. Clair +Papers,</q> II., 348-9.</note> Combining this +decrease with the fact that there were in the settlements in +what is now Missouri 1491 inhabitants in 1785, 2093 in +1788, and 6028, including 883 slaves, in 1799,<note place='foot'>Edwards, +<q>Great West,</q> 271, 274-5; figures from the official census.</note> the conclusion +<pb n='083'/><anchor id='Pg083'/> +is inevitable that emigration across the Mississippi +was the immediate cause of the decrease in Illinois. +</p> + +<p> +In 1795, notwithstanding the decreased population, and +perhaps in the hope of checking the decrease, St. Clair +County was divided by proclamation of Governor St. Clair. +The division was by an east and west line running a little +south of the settlement of New Design.<note place='foot'>See +map of Illinois country.</note> St. Clair County +lay to the north, Randolph County to the south of the +line.<note place='foot'><q>St. Clair Papers,</q> I., 193; II., 345.</note> +</p> + +<p> +The early laws of the Northwest Territory throw light +upon the conditions existing upon the frontier. Minute +provisions for establishing and maintaining ferries, with no +mention of bridges, indicate the primitive methods of +travel.<note place='foot'><q>Laws of N.-W. Ter.,</q> 1800, I., +47-51.</note> Millers were required to use a prescribed set of +measures and to grind for a prescribed toll, the toll for the +use of a horse-mill being higher than that for a water-mill, +unless the owner of the grain furnished the +horses.<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, 1800, I., 58-61.</note> +Guide-posts were to be put up at the forks of every public +road.<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, 1800, I., +178.</note> No stray stock should be taken up between the +first of April and the first of November, unless the stray +should have broken into the inclosure of the +taker-up.<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, 1800, I., 61-71.</note> In +those days stock was turned out and crops were fenced in. +Prairies or cleared land were not to be fired except between +December 1 and March 10, unless upon one's own +land.<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, 1800, I., 119-21.</note> +The following rates of county taxation were prescribed: +</p> + +<lg> +<l>Horses, per head, not more than $.50</l> +<l>Neat cattle, not more than .12-½</l> +<l>Bond servant, not more than 1.00</l> +<l>Single man, 21 yrs. or older, with less than +$200 worth of property, not more than 2.00 nor less than .50</l> +<l>Retail merchants, not more than 10.00<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, +1800, I., 197.</note></l> +</lg> + +<pb n='084'/><anchor id='Pg084'/> + +<p> +A bounty, varying at different times between 1799 and +1810 from 50 cents to $2 per head, was given for killing +wolves.<note place='foot'><q>Laws of N.-W. Ter., 1800,</q> I., +226-7; <q>Laws of Ill. Ter., 1815-16;</q> +<hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, 1816-17, 4; +<hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, 17-19.</note> Imprisonment for debt, a law antedating by +many years similar laws in several of the other parts of the +United States, was practically abolished.<note place='foot'><q>Laws of N.-W. Ter., +1800,</q> I., 157-61; McMaster, <q>Acquisition +of the Pol., Social and Industrial Rights of Man in Am.,</q> 64-66; 16th Cong., +2d Sess., <q>Rept. of Com. No. 63.</q></note> A frontier +region does not have that social stratification which makes +oppression of the debtor class easy. A county too poor +to build a log jail without difficulty is not likely to be so +senseless as to make a practice of confining and boarding +its debtor class. +</p> + +<p> +For the purpose of taxation land was to be listed in +three classes according to value. No specification as to the +value of the respective classes was prescribed. The tax +was eighty-five, sixty, or twenty-five cents per one hundred +acres, according as land was first, second, or third +class. No unimproved land in Illinois was to be listed +higher than second class.<note place='foot'><q>Laws of N.-W. +Ter., 1800,</q> I., 184-5.</note> +</p> + +<p> +The laws above cited were enacted by the legislature of +the Northwest Territory. In May, 1800, that territory was +divided, the western part, including Illinois, becoming +Indiana Territory. This made the Illinois country more +distinctly frontier by again reducing it to the first grade of +territorial government, Indiana Territory, as such, not being +represented in Congress until December, 1805.<note place='foot'><q>Statutes at +Large,</q> II., 58-9; <q>Annals of Cong.,</q> 6th Cong., 1007; +<hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, 9th Cong., 1st Sess., 275.</note> Among +the reasons advanced for dividing the Northwest Territory +was the fact that in five years there had been but one +court for criminal cases in the three western +counties.<note place='foot'><q>Misc.,</q> I., 206-7.</note> +</p> + +<pb n='085'/><anchor id='Pg085'/> + +<p> +Illinois soon sought admission to the second grade of +territorial government. In April, 1801, John Edgar wrote +from Kaskaskia to St. Clair: <q>During a few weeks past, we +have put into circulation petitions addressed to Governor +Harrison, for a General Assembly, and we have had the +satisfaction to find that about nine-tenths of the inhabitants +of the counties of St. Clair and Randolph approve of +the measure, a great proportion of whom have already put +their signatures to the petition.... I have no doubt +but that the undertaking will meet with early success, so as +to admit of the House of Representatives meeting in the +fall.</q><note place='foot'><q>St. Clair Papers,</q> II., +533-4.</note> The movement for advancement to the second +grade was not, however, destined to such early success, +and when it did take place such a change had occurred +that Illinois was much enraged. +</p> + +<p> +The Illinois country early became restive under the +government of Indiana Territory. Much the same causes +for discontent existed as had caused Kentucky to wish to +separate from Virginia, Tennessee from North Carolina, +and the country west of the Alleghanies from the United +States. In each case a frontier minority saw its wishes, if +not its rights, infringed by a more eastern majority. In +each case the eastern people were themselves too weak to +furnish sufficient succor to the struggling West. The +conflict was natural and inevitable. The grave charge +against Governor Harrison, who had large powers of patronage, +was local favoritism. So discontented was Illinois, +that in 1803 it had petitioned for annexation to the territory +of Louisiana when such territory should be formed.<note place='foot'><q>Annals +of Cong.,</q> 8th Cong., 1st Sess., 489, 1659-60.</note> +Antagonism to the Indiana government became still more +bitter when, in December, 1804, after an election which +was so hurried that an outlying county did not get to vote, +<pb n='086'/><anchor id='Pg086'/> +the territory entered the second grade of territorial +government.<note place='foot'><q>Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,</q> II., 486-7.</note> +</p> + +<p> +In the summer of 1805, discontent in Illinois was again +expressed in a memorial to Congress. About three hundred +and fifty inhabitants of the region petitioned for a +division of Indiana Territory, From the Illinois settlements +to the capital, Vincennes, was said to be one hundred +and eighty miles, <q>through a dreary and inhospitable +wilderness, uninhabited, and which during one part of the +year, can scarcely afford water sufficient to sustain nature, +and that of the most indifferent quality, besides presenting +other hardships equally severe, while in another it is part +under water, and in places to the extent of some miles, by +which the road is rendered almost impassable, and the +traveler is not only subjected to the greatest difficulties, +but his life placed in the most imminent danger.</q> It +resulted that the attendance of Illinois inhabitants upon +either the legislature or the supreme court was fraught +with many inconveniences. Because of the extensive +prairies between Illinois and Vincennes, <q>a communication +between them and the settlements east of that river [the +Wabash] can not in the common course of things, for +centuries yet to come, be supported with the least benefit, +or be of the least moment to either of them.</q> Illinois +objected to having been precipitated into the second grade +of government. In the election for that purpose, said the +memorialists, only Knox county voted in the affirmative, +and Wayne county did not vote, because the writs of +election arrived too late. Since entering the second grade +the County of Wayne (Michigan) had been struck off. It +was believed that if the prayer for separation should be +granted, the rage for emigration to Louisiana would, in +great measure, cease, the value of public lands in Illinois +<pb n='087'/><anchor id='Pg087'/> +would be increased, and their sale would also be more +rapid, while an increased population would render Illinois +flourishing and self-supporting rather than a claimant for +governmental support.<note place='foot'><q>Ind. Hist. Soc. +Pub.,</q> II., 483-92; original among the House files at +Washington.</note> +</p> + +<p> +At the same time that Congress received the above +memorial, it received a petition from a majority of the +members of the respective houses of the Indiana legislature. +This petition asked that the freehold qualification +for electors be abolished; that Indiana Territory be not +divided, and that the undivided territory be soon made a +state. It was said that the people were too poor to +support a divided government, and that as the general +court met annually in each county it was slight hardship +to the frontier to have the supreme court meet at Vincennes.<note place='foot'><q>Ind. +Hist. Soc. Pub.,</q> II., 476-83.</note> +It was probably true at this time, as it certainly +was in 1807, that the general court met as above stated. +Appeal by bill of exceptions was, however, allowed. The +supreme court had no original, exclusive jurisdiction.<note place='foot'><q>Laws +of Ind. Ter.,</q> 1807, pp. 12-13.</note> +Nothing daunted by this memorial from the legislature, +Illinois, in a short time, prepared another memorial—this +time with twenty signatures. This adds to the grievances +recited in the previous memorial that the wealthy appeal +cases against the Illinois poor to the supreme court at +Vincennes; that landholders on the Wabash are interested +in preventing the population of lands on the Mississippi; +that preëmption is needed, and that it is hoped that the +general government will not pass unnoticed the act of the +last legislature authorizing the importation of slaves into +the territory. It violates the Ordinance of 1787. The +memorialists desired such importation, but it must be +<pb n='088'/><anchor id='Pg088'/> +authorized by Congress to be legal. The population of +Illinois was given as follows: +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +<p> +By the census of April 1, 1801: 2,361 +</p> + +<p> +Inhabitants of Prairie du Chien and on the +Illinois River, not included in above: 550 +</p> + +<p> +<q>Emigration</q> since 1801, at least one-third +increase: 750 +</p> + +<p> +Settlements on the Ohio River: 650 +</p> + +<p> +4,311<note place='foot'><q>Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,</q> II., 498-506.</note> +</p> +</quote> + +<p> +The truth of some of the complaints from Illinois is +apparent. That a land company on the Wabash wished +to hinder settlement on the Mississippi is probably true, +for Matthew Lyon, of Kentucky, said in Congress, in the +winter of 1805-6: <q>The price of lands is various. I +know of two hundred thousand acres of land on the +Wabash, which is offered for sale at twenty cents per +acre.</q><note place='foot'><q>Annals of Cong.,</q> +9th Cong., 1st Session, 469.</note> It is to be presumed that the company making +the offer could not give a secure title to the land. +</p> + +<p> +In 1806, a congressional committee reported on the +various memorials and petitions from Illinois, but the +report led to no legislation and thus settled nothing, and +in 1807 petitioning continued.<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, +466-8; <q>Misc.,</q> I., 450; <q>Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,</q> II., +494-7.</note> Illinois again petitioned +for separation from the remainder of Indiana Territory, +this petition bearing seventeen signatures. An inclosed +census is lost, but a population of five thousand is spoken +of. A new and significant paragraph occurs: <q>When +your Memorialists contemplate the probable movements +which may arise out of an European peace, now apparently +about to take place, they cannot but feel the importance +of union, of energy, of population on this shore of the +<pb n='089'/><anchor id='Pg089'/> +Mississippi—they cannot but shudder at the horrors which +may arise from a <emph>disaffection in the West</emph>....</q> A +government was needed, and that of Indiana Territory +was not acceptable to the people of Illinois. One hundred +and two inhabitants of Illinois sent a counter-petition, in +which they said that Illinois had paid no taxes and needed +no separate government, also that the committee that +prepared the above petition was not legally chosen. Most +of the signers of the petition were Americans, while most +of the signers of the counter-petition were French, forty-two +of the latter being illiterate.<note place='foot'><q>Ind. Hist. +Soc. Pub.,</q> II., 505-10.</note> The report of a congressional +committee on the petition was adverse,<note place='foot'><q>H. +J.,</q> 8th and 9th Cong., 611.</note> as was +also a report on three petitions for division that came from +Illinois in the spring of 1808.<note place='foot'><q>Annals of +Cong.,</q> 10th Cong., 1st Sess., 1976, 2067.</note> In the following December, +the representative of Indiana Territory in Congress was +appointed chairman of a committee to consider the expediency +of dividing the territory, and to this committee +petitions both for and against division were referred. +This territorial delegate was in favor of division, and his +committee presented a favorable report, in which the +number of inhabitants of Indiana east of the Wabash was +estimated to be seventeen thousand, and the number west +of the Wabash to be eleven thousand—numbers thought +to be sufficiently large to justify division, and an estimate +which the census of 1810 proves to have been almost +correct. In February, 1809, the bill providing for the +division so ardently desired by Illinois was approved, the +division to take place on the first of the next March. +The western division was to be known as Illinois Territory +and was to have for its eastern boundary a line due north +from Vincennes to the Canadian line.<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, +10th Cong., 2d Sess., 971-3, 1093; <q>Stat. at Large,</q> II., +514-16.</note> In the debate in +<pb n='090'/><anchor id='Pg090'/> +the House of Representatives, preceding the passage of +the bill for division, the arguments in its favor were that +the Wabash was a natural dividing line; that a wide +extent of wilderness intervened between Vincennes and +the western settlements; that the power of the executive +was enervated by the dispersed condition of the settlements; +that to render justice was almost impossible; that +the United States would be more than compensated for +the increased expense by the rise in value of the public +lands. Opponents of the bill declared that the complaints +made by Illinois were common to many parts of the +country; that the number of officers would be needlessly +increased by the proposed division; and that <q>a compliance +with this petition would but serve to foster their +factions, and produce more petitions.</q> No significant +geographical division of the vote on the bill is +apparent.<note place='foot'><q>Annals of Cong.,</q> 10th Cong., 2d Sess., 1093-4.</note> +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>III. Obstacles to Immigration. 1790 to 1809.</head> + +<p> +In addition to the inability to secure land titles on account +of unsettled French claims, to the presence of Indians +and to the discontent with the government of Indiana +Territory, almost every cause which made settlement on +the frontier difficult was found in the Illinois country in +its most pronounced form, because Illinois was the far +corner of the frontier. The census reports of the United +Status give the following statistics of population: +</p> + +<pb n='091'/><anchor id='Pg091'/> + +<table rend="latexcolumns: 'p{2cm} p{1cm} p{1cm} p{1cm}'; tblcolumns: 'lw(10) r r r'"> +<row><cell></cell><cell>1790.</cell><cell>1800.</cell><cell>1810.</cell></row> +<row><cell>Kentucky</cell><cell>73,677</cell><cell>220,955</cell> +<cell>406,511</cell></row> +<row><cell>Ohio</cell><cell></cell><cell>45,365</cell><cell>230,760</cell></row> +<row><cell>Indiana</cell><cell></cell><cell>2,517</cell><cell>24,520</cell></row> +<row><cell>Illinois</cell><cell></cell><cell>2,458</cell><cell>12,282</cell></row> +</table> + +<p> +These figures show how conspicuously small was the +immigration to Illinois. Enough has already been said +to show some of the reasons for this sluggish settlement. +When, in 1793, Governor St. Clair wrote to Alexander Hamilton, +<q>In compassion to a poor devil banished to another +planet, tell me what is doing in yours, if you can snatch a +moment from the weighty cares of your office,</q><note place='foot'><q>St. +Clair Papers,</q> II., 318.</note> he +doubtless felt that the language was not too strong, and +voiced a feeling of loneliness that was common to the +settlers. Nor was there a lack of land in the East to +make westward movement imperative. Massachusetts was +much opposed to her people emigrating to Ohio, because +she wished them to settle on her own eastern frontier +(Maine), and Vermont and New York had vacant lands.<note place='foot'>Cutler, +<q>Life of Manasseh Cutler,</q> II., 382.</note> +</p> + +<p> +One who settled in Illinois at this period came through +danger to danger, for Indians lurked in the woods and +malaria waited in the lowlands. The journey made by +the immigrants was tedious and difficult, and was often +rendered dangerous by precipitous and rough hills and +swollen streams, if the journey was overland, or by snags, +shoals and rapids, if by water. A large proportion of the +settlers came from Maryland, Virginia, or the Carolinas. +Those from Virginia and Maryland were induced to +emigrate by the glowing descriptions of the Illinois country +given by the soldiers of George Rogers Clark, and +these soldiers sometimes led the first contingent. A +typical Virginia settlement in Illinois was that called New +<pb n='092'/><anchor id='Pg092'/> +Design, located in what is now Monroe county, between +Kaskaskia and Cahokia. Founded about 1786 by a native +of Berkeley county, the settlement received important +additions in 1793, and four years later a party of more +than one hundred and fifty arrived from near the headwaters +of the south branch of the Potomac, this last +contingent led by a Baptist minister, who had organized a +church on a previous visit.<note place='foot'><q><q>Father Clark,</q> +or the Pioneer Preacher,</q> 202; Moses, <q>Illinois,</q> +I., 228.</note> In general, persons Scotch-Irish +by birth were opposed to slavery, as were also the +members of the Quaker church. This caused a considerable +emigration from the Carolinas. Another motive for +people from all sections was that expressed by settlers of +Illinois, in 1806, when they said that they came west in +order to secure <q>such an establishment in land as they +despaired of ever being able to procure in the old +settlements.</q><note place='foot'><q>Pub. Lands,</q> I., 256.</note> +We have seen how long deferred was the +fulfillment of their hope of getting a title to the coveted +land. Although the East was not crowded, it is true that +land there was more expensive than that of the same +quality in the West. In 1806, three dollars per acre was +the maximum price in even the settled parts of Indiana +Territory, while fifty dollars per acre had been paid for +choice Kentucky land.<note place='foot'><q>Annals of Cong.,</q> +9th Cong., 1st Sess., 469. The land bought in +Kentucky was probably near Eddyville, which the purchaser founded.</note> +</p> + +<p> +The greater number of immigrants came by water, but +a family too poor to travel thus, or whose starting-point +was not near a navigable stream, could come overland. +Illinois was favored by having a number of large rivers +leading toward it; the Ohio, Kentucky, Cumberland, Tennessee, +and their tributaries were much used by emigrants. +<pb n='093'/><anchor id='Pg093'/> +The chief route by land was the Wilderness Road, over +which thousands of the inhabitants of Kentucky had come. +Its existence helps to explain the wonderful growth of +Kentucky—in 1774 the first cabin, in 1790 a population of +73,000. It crossed the mountains at Cumberland Gap, +wound its way by the most convenient course to Crab +Orchard, and was early extended to the Falls of the Ohio +and later to Vincennes and St. Louis. The legislature of +Kentucky provided, in 1795, that the road from Cumberland +Gap to Crab Orchard should be made perfectly commodious +and passable for wagons carrying a weight of one ton, and +appropriated two thousand pounds for the work. Two +years later five hundred dollars were appropriated for the +repair of the road, and the highway was made a turnpike +with prescribed toll, although it did not become such a +road as the word turnpike suggests.<note place='foot'>Littell, <q>Laws of Ky.,</q> +I., 275-7, 687; Speed, <q>The Wilderness Road,</q> +<hi rend='italic'>passim</hi>.</note> +</p> + +<p> +A traveler of 1807 described the river craft of the period. +The smallest kind in use was a simple log canoe. This +was followed by the pirogue, which was a larger kind of +canoe and sufficiently strong and capacious to carry from +twelve to fifteen barrels of salt. Skiffs were built of all +sizes, from five hundred to twenty thousand pounds burden, +and batteaux were the same as the larger skiffs, being +indifferently known by either name. Kentucky boats were +strong frames of an oblong form, varying in size from +twenty to fifty feet in length and from ten to fourteen in +breadth, were sided and roofed, and guided by huge oars. +New Orleans boats resembled Kentucky boats, but were +larger and stronger and had arched roofs. The largest +could carry four hundred and fifty barrels of flour. Keel +boats were generally built from forty to eighty feet in +length and from seven to nine feet in width. The largest +<pb n='094'/><anchor id='Pg094'/> +required one man to steer and two to row in descending +the Ohio, and would carry about one hundred barrels of +salt; but to ascend the stream, at least six or eight men +were required to make any considerable progress. A barge +would carry from four thousand to sixty thousand pounds, +and required four men, besides the helmsman, to descend +the river, while to return with a load from eight to twelve +men were required.<note place='foot'>Schultz, <q>Travels on +an Inland Voyage,</q> I., 129-32.</note> +</p> + +<p> +Shipments of produce from Illinois were usually made +in flat-bottomed boats of fifteen tons burden. Such a +boat cost about one hundred dollars, the crew of five +men was paid one hundred dollars each, the support +of the crew was reckoned at one hundred dollars, and +insurance at one hundred dollars, thus making a freightage +cost of eight hundred dollars for fifteen tons. The boat +was either set adrift or sold for the price of firewood +at New Orleans. It was estimated that the use of boats +of four hundred and fifty tons burden would save four +dollars per barrel on shipping flour to New Orleans, where +flour had often sold at less than three dollars per barrel, +but such boats were not yet used in the West.<note place='foot'><q>Annals +of Cong.,</q> 9th Cong., 1st Sess., 1049. Speech by Matthew +Lyon of Kentucky.</note> Canoes +cost an emigrant from one to three dollars; pirogues, five +to twenty dollars; small skiffs, five to ten dollars; large +skiffs or batteaux, twenty to fifty dollars; Kentucky and +New Orleans boats, one dollar to one and one-half dollars +per foot; keel boats, two dollars and a half to three +dollars per foot; and barges, four to five dollars per +foot.<note place='foot'>Schultz, <q>Travels on an Inland Voyage,</q> I., 132.</note> +</p> + +<p> +Horses, cattle, and household goods were carried on +boats. Travel by either land or water was beset with +difficulties. The river, without pilot or dredge, had dangers +<pb n='095'/><anchor id='Pg095'/> +peculiar to itself. Sometimes, when traveling overland, +a broken wheel or axle, or a horse lost or stolen by +Indians, caused protracted and vexatious delays. It is +well to notice, also, that to travel a given distance into the +wilderness was more than twice as difficult as to travel +one-half that distance, because of the constantly increasing +separation between the traveler and what had previously +been his base of supplies.<note place='foot'>For +vivid accounts of journeys between the East and Ohio, giving an +excellent idea of the difficulties of transit, in the period 1795-1809, see +Cutler, <q>Life and Times of Ephraim Cutler,</q> 17-22, 38-41, 90-103; also, +many passages in Cutler, <q>Life, Journals and Corr. of Rev. Manasseh Cutler.</q> +A similar journey made in 1790 is described in <q>St. Clair Papers,</q> II., 164.</note> +</p> + +<p> +Sometimes immigrants debarked at Fort Massac and +completed their journey by land. Two roads led from +Fort Massac, one called the lower road and the other +the upper road, the former, practicable only in the dry +season and then only for travel on foot or on horseback, +was some eighty miles long, while the latter was one hundred +and fifty miles long. Roads of a like character +connected Kaskaskia and Cahokia.<note place='foot'>Collot, +<q>Journey in N. A.,</q> I., 192-3, 239.</note> +</p> + +<p> +A party of more than one hundred and fifty, which +came from Virginia to the New Design settlement in 1797, +set out from the south branch of the Potomac. They came +from Redstone (now Brownsville), on the Monongahela, to +Fort Massac, on flat-boats, and then by land, in twenty-one +days, to New Design. The summer was wet and hot, a +malignant fever broke out among the newcomers, and one-half +of them died before winter. The old settlers were +not affected by the fever, but they were too few to properly +care for so many immigrants.<note place='foot'><q><q>Father +Clark,</q> or The Pioneer Preacher,</q> 193.</note> +</p> + +<p> +Commerce in Illinois was in its infancy. Some cattle, +<pb n='096'/><anchor id='Pg096'/> +corn, pork, and various other commodities were sent at +irregular intervals to New Orleans.<note place='foot'>Schultz, +<q>Travels on an Inland Voyage,</q> II., 38.</note> The fur trade was +carried on much as under the French régime. Salt was +made at the salt springs on Saline Creek, the labor being +performed chiefly by Kentucky and Tennessee slaves +under the supervision of contractors who leased the works +from the United States. The contractors agreed to sell no +salt at the works for more than fifty cents per bushel, but +by means of silent partners to whom the entire supply +was sold, the price was sometimes raised as high as two +dollars per bushel.<note place='foot'>Cuming, <q>Sketches +of a Tour,</q> 245; Schultz, <q>Travels on an Inland +Voyage,</q> I., 199; Moses, <q>Illinois,</q> I., +265.</note> The commerce of the West suffered +from a lack of vessels going from New Orleans to Atlantic +ports, and as a result corn sold in New Orleans at fifty +cents per bushel in 1805, while in some of the Atlantic +ports it sold for more than two dollars. At the same time +the West had a good crop, and Kentucky alone could have +spared five hundred thousand bushels of corn, if it could +have been shipped.<note place='foot'><q>Annals of Cong.,</q> +9th Cong., 1st Sess., 1049. Speech by Matthew +Lyon of Kentucky.</note> +</p> + +<p> +To secure laborers was difficult. A petition of 1796 +said that farm laborers could not be secured for less than +one dollar per day, exclusive of washing, lodging, and +boarding; that every kind of tradesman was paid from +one dollar and a half to two dollars per day, and that at +these prices laborers were scarce. Labor was cheaper on +the Spanish side of the Mississippi, because of the larger +proportion of slaves.<note place='foot'><q>Pub. Lands,</q> +I., 69; <q>Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,</q> II., 448.</note> These wages were doubtless high +in comparison with those paid in the East, just as the one +dollar per day and board paid at the Galena lead mines in +<pb n='097'/><anchor id='Pg097'/> +1788 was more than double the wages then paid in New +England,<note place='foot'>Ethelbert Stewart, <q>A Few Notes +for an Industrial Hist. of Ill.,</q> in +<q>Pub. No. 8 of the Ill. Hist. Lib.,</q> 120.</note> +but an Illinois price list of 1795 shows that the +wages of 1796 were by no means comparable to those of +today in purchasing power. Making shoes was two dollars +per pair; potatoes were one dollar per bushel; brandy, +one dollar per quart; corn, one dollar per bushel.<note place='foot'><q>Draper +Coll., Ill. MSS.,</q> 73, 74. Original accounts of Wm. Biggs, +high sheriff of the county of St. Clair in the N.-W. Ter.</note> +</p> + +<p> +Among the early difficulties in the way of settlement, +one of the most persistent was the presence of prairies. +This is by no means far-fetched, although it sounds so to +modern ears. In 1786, Monroe wrote to Jefferson concerning +the Northwest Territory: <q>A great part of the +territory is miserably poor, especially that near Lakes +Michigan and Erie, and that upon the Mississippi and the +Illinois consists of extensive plains which have not had, +from appearances, and will not have, a single bush on +them for ages. The districts, therefore, within which these +fall will never contain a sufficient number of inhabitants +to entitle them to membership in the confederacy.</q><note place='foot'>Hamilton, +<q>Writings of James Monroe,</q> I., 117.</note> +Some of the most fertile of the Illinois prairies were not +settled until far into the nineteenth century. The false +prophets of the early days will be judged less harshly if +we recall that wood was then a necessity, that no railroads +and few roads existed, that wells now in use in prairie +regions are much deeper than the early settlers could dig, +and that the vast quantities of coal under the surface of +Illinois were undiscovered. +</p> + +<p> +As causes for the fact that more than a quarter of a +century after the Revolution, Illinois had a population +estimated at only eleven thousand, may be suggested the +<pb n='098'/><anchor id='Pg098'/> +presence of hostile Indians; the inability of settlers to +secure a title to their land; the unsettled condition of the +slavery question; the great distance from the older portions +of the United States and from any market; the fact +that Kentucky, Ohio, and Indiana had vast quantities of +unoccupied land more accessible to emigrants than was +Illinois; the danger and the cost of moving; privation +incident to a scanty population, such as lack of roads, +schools, churches and mills; the existence of large prairies +in Illinois. To remove or mitigate these difficulties was +still the problem of Illinois settlers. On some of them a +beginning had been made before 1809, but none were yet +removed. +</p> + +</div> + +</div> + +<pb n='099'/><anchor id='Pg099'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Chapter IV. Illinois During Its Territorial Period. 1809 to 1818.</head> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>I. The Land and Indian Questions.</head> + +<p> +Probably nothing affected settlement in Illinois from +1809 to 1818 more profoundly than did changes in +the land question, for during this period Congress passed +important acts relative to land sales, and this was also the +period of the first sales of public lands in the territory. It +seems strange that such sales should have been so long +delayed, yet the settlement of French claims, although +begun by the Governor of the Northwest Territory at an +early day, and continued by commissioners authorized by +Congress and appointed in 1804, was incomplete when +Illinois became a separate territory, and the United States +government adhered to its policy of selling no land in the +territory until the claims were finally adjudicated. When +a list of decisions reported by the commissioners to Congress +late in 1809 was confirmed in the following May,<note place='foot'><q>Statutes +at Large,</q> II., 607.</note> and +the next year a long list of rejected claims arising chiefly +from the work of professional falsifiers, was reported,<note place='foot'><q>Pub. +Lands,</q> II., 123.</note> it +seemed probable that the work was nearing completion, +but a final settlement was still delayed, and the long-suffering +Illinois squatters were bitterly disappointed when, +in February, 1812, in accordance with a resolution presented +by the Committee on Public Lands, Congress made +provision for the appointment of a committee to revise the +confirmations made by the Governor years before.<note place='foot'><q>Statutes at +Large,</q> II., 677; <q>Pub. Lands,</q> II., 254-5, 257-8, 210-41.</note> The +<pb n='100'/><anchor id='Pg100'/> +first legislature of Illinois met in the succeeding November, +and adopted a memorial to Congress in which it was +pointed out that the establishment of a land-office in the +territory, several years before, had led to the opinion that +the public land would soon be sold, and that because of +this opinion those who constituted the majority of the +inhabitants of the territory had been induced to settle, +hoping that they would have an opportunity to purchase +land before they should have made such improvements as +would tempt the competition of avaricious speculators. +The fulfillment of this hope having been long deferred, +many squatters had now made valuable improvements +which they were in danger of losing, either at the public +sales of land or through the designs of the few speculators +who had bought from the needy and unbusinesslike +French most of the unlocated claims. For the relief of +the squatters a law was desired that would permit actual +settlers to enter the land on which their improvements +stood, and requiring persons holding unlocated claims to +locate them on unimproved lands lying in the region +designated by Congress for that purpose. It was also +hoped that as Congress had given one hundred acres of +land to each regular soldier, as much would be granted to +each member of the Illinois militia, since the militiaman +had not only fought as bravely as the regular, but had +also furnished his own supplies. If such a donation was +not made it was hoped that a right of preëmption would +be given to the militia, or failing even this, that they might +be given the right, legally, to collect from anyone entering +their land, the value of their improvements.<note place='foot'><q>Territorial Records +of Ill.,</q> (<q>Pub. of Ill. State Hist. Lib.,</q> No. III., +109-10).</note> In proof of +the fact stated in the memorial, that speculators had bought +many French claims, it may be noted that William Morrison +<pb n='101'/><anchor id='Pg101'/> +had ninety-two of the claims granted at Kaskaskia, +his affirmed claims comprising more than eighteen thousand +acres, exclusive of a large number of claims measured in +French units, while John Edgar received a satisfactory +report on claims aggregating more than forty thousand +acres, in addition to a number of claims previously affirmed +to him.<note place='foot'><q>Pub. Lands,</q> II., 157-81, 210-41.</note> +</p> + +<p> +A few days after preparing the above memorial, the +legislature prepared an address to Congress, in which +reference was made to the arrangement made between +Congress and Ohio by the Act of April 30, 1802, granting +to Ohio two salt springs on condition that the state should +agree not to tax such public lands as should be sold within +her borders, until after five years from the date of sale. +Illinois wished in similar fashion to gain control of the salt +springs on Saline creek. The Illinois delegate in Congress +was instructed that if the bargain could not be made, he +should attempt to secure an appropriation for opening a +road from Shawneetown to the Saline and thence to Kaskaskia. +It was also desired that the Secretary of the +Treasury should authorize the designation of the college +township reserved by the Ordinance of 1787 and by the +Act of 1804, and because <q>labor in this Territory is abundant, +and laborers at this time extremely scarce,</q> it was +hoped that slaves from Kentucky or elsewhere might be +employed at the salines for a period of not more than +three years, after which they should return to their +masters.<note place='foot'><q>Territorial Records of Ill.,</q> +(<q>Pub. of the Ill. State Hist. Lib.,</q> No. +III., 118-20); <q>Statutes at Large,</q> II., 175; <q>Annals of Cong.</q> (ed. 1853), +12th Cong., III., 883, 1011, 1015.</note> +Each prayer of this address was granted. The +enabling act and the Illinois constitution ceded the salt +springs to the state and agreed that public lands sold in +<pb n='102'/><anchor id='Pg102'/> +Illinois should be exempt from taxation for five years from +date of sale; the Illinois Constitution provided for the +employment of slaves at the salt works; an act provided +for the location of the college township; and in 1816 the +making of the desired road was authorized, although at +the beginning of 1818 the route had been merely surveyed +and mapped.<note place='foot'><q>State Papers,</q> 15th Cong., +1st Sess., III., No. 61, p. 6; Poore, <q>Charters +and Constitutions,</q> Pt. I., 436, 438, 445; <q>Statutes at Large,</q> III., 318.</note> +</p> + +<p> +The memorial which preceded the address was also in +large measure successful. An act of February, 1813, +granted to the squatters in Illinois the right of preëmpting +a quarter section, each, of the lands they occupied, and of +entering the land upon the payment of one-twentieth of +the purchase money, as was then required in private +sales.<note place='foot'><q>Statutes at Large,</q> II., 797.</note> +This act was of prime importance. For more than thirty +years settlers in Illinois had improved their lands at the +risk of losing them. Since the appointment, in 1804, of +commissioners to settle the French land claims, the settlers +had been expecting the public lands, including those they +occupied, to be offered for sale; thus it was inevitable that +anxiety concerning the right of preëmption should increase +as the settlement of claims neared completion, and contemporaries +record that the inability to secure land titles +seriously retarded settlement;<note place='foot'>Reynolds, +<q>Illinois—My Own Times,</q> 156.</note> now, however, the granting +of the right of preëmption, before any public lands in +Illinois were offered for sale, ended the long suspense of +the settlers. Years before this, Kentucky, now selling its +public lands at twenty cents per acre, had passed liberal +preëmption laws, and they were repeatedly renewed,<note place='foot'>Littell, +<q>Laws of Ky.,</q> I., 430; <q>Acts of 1811</q> (Ky.), 213-15; <q>Acts +of 1816</q> (Ky.), 107; <q>Acts of 1817</q> (Ky.), 326.</note> facts +which increased the anxiety of Illinois. +</p> + +<pb n='103'/><anchor id='Pg103'/> + +<p> +Year after year the settlement of land claims dragged +on, thus delaying the sales of land.<note place='foot'><q>Pub. +Lands,</q> III., 2.</note> In an official report +of December, 1813, it is stated that: <q>In the Territory of +Illinois, two land-offices are directed by law to be opened; +one at Kaskaskia, the other at Shawneetown, so soon as the +private claims and donations are all located, and the lands surveyed, +which are in great forwardness.</q><note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, +II., 873-4.</note> A tract of +land was set apart in April, 1814, to satisfy the claims +recommended by the commissioners for confirmation.<note place='foot'><q>Statutes +at Large,</q> III., 125.</note> A +report of November, 1815, said that the commissioners +hoped to open the land-office at Kaskaskia on May 15, +1816; and finally, in a report on the public lands sold from +October 1, 1815, to September 30, 1816, we find that about +thirty-four thousand acres have been sold at Shawneetown +and somewhat less than thirteen thousand acres at Kaskaskia, +the price at the latter place being precisely the +two dollars per acre which was then the minimum, while +that at Shawneetown was slightly higher,<note place='foot'><q>State +Papers,</q> II., 14th Cong., 2d Sess., folio. Other volumes of the +same number and session are quarto.</note> presumably due +to the sale of town lots, which had been authorized in +1810, although no sales took place earlier than 1814.<note place='foot'><q>Statutes +at Large,</q> II., 591; III., 113; <q>Pub. Lands,</q> II., 873-4.</note> +</p> + +<p> +The long delay in opening the land-offices in Illinois +was fatal to an early settlement of the region, because the +old states had public lands which they offered for sale at +low rates, thus depriving Illinois of a fair chance as a +competitor. In 1779 Kentucky granted to each family +which had settled before January 1, 1778, the right of +preëmption—four hundred acres if no improvement had +been made and one thousand acres if a hut had been +built. The preëmptor, by a law of 1786, was to pay 13<hi rend='italic'>s</hi>. +<pb n='104'/><anchor id='Pg104'/> +4<hi rend='italic'>d.</hi> per one hundred acres.<note place='foot'>Littell, +<q>Laws of Ky.,</q> I., 395-7, 456.</note> In 1781 the sheriffs of Lincoln, +Fayette, and Jefferson counties, Virginia, were authorized to +survey not more than four hundred acres for each poor +family in Kentucky, for which twenty shillings per one +hundred acres should be paid within two and one-half +years.<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, I., +430.</note> In 1791 more than three and one-half millions of +acres were sold in New York at eight pence per acre, while +many thousands of acres in addition were sold for less +than four shillings per acre—many for less than two +shillings.<note place='foot'>O'Callaghan, <q>Doc. Hist. of N. Y.,</q> III., 1069-83, +quarto; 649-57, folio.</note> Pennsylvania offered homestead claims, in 1792, +at seven pounds ten shillings per hundred acres.<note place='foot'>Agnew, +<q>Settlement and Land Titles of N.-W. Pa.,</q> 118-19. See +also <q>Jour. of H. of R.</q> (Pa.), 1792-1794, first page of second appendix to +record of 1st Sess. of 3d House; <hi rend='italic'>ibid</hi>., +first page of second appendix to record +of 1st Sess. of 4th House; Sergeant, <q>View of the Land Laws of Pa., with +Notices of Its Early Hist. and Legislation,</q> <hi rend='italic'>passim</hi>.</note> +</p> + +<p> +In December, 1796, Kentucky sheriffs were ordered to +sell no more land for taxes until directed by the legislature +to do so.<note place='foot'>Littell, <q>Laws of Ky.,</q> I., +516.</note> In 1800, and again in 1812, Kentucky offered +land at twenty cents per acre, and in 1820 at fifteen cents +per acre,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, II., +420-2; <q>Acts of 1811</q> (Ky.), 213-15; <q>Acts of 1817</q> (Ky.), +554; <q>Acts of 1819</q> (Ky.), 832.</note> while during the interval preëmption acts were +repeatedly passed.<note place='foot'><q>Acts of 1816</q> (Ky.), +107; <q>Acts of 1817</q> (Ky.), 326.</note> Land in Tennessee sold at from twelve +and one-half to twenty-five cents per acre in 1814, and in +1819 at fifty cents.<note place='foot'>Phelan, <q>Hist. of +Tenn.,</q> 303. Quoted from Jones, <q>The Chickasaw +Country Lately Ceded to the U. S.</q> (1819).</note> +</p> + +<p> +In 1816 various classes of claimants were given increased +facilities and an extension of time for locating their claims +in Illinois. The business of satisfying claims was to linger +<pb n='105'/><anchor id='Pg105'/> +for years, but with the opening of the land-offices it ceased +to be a potent factor in retarding settlement.<note place='foot'><q>Statutes +at Large,</q> III., 307; <q>Pub. Lands,</q> II., 741; III., 1-5, +384-5.</note> +</p> + +<p> +One writer says of Illinois: <q>The public lands have +rarely sold for more than five dollars per acre, <emph>at auction</emph>. +Those sold at Edwardsville in October, 1816, averaged +four dollars. Private sales at the land-office are fixed by +law, at two dollars per acre. The old French locations +command various prices, from one to fifty dollars. Titles +derived from the United States government are always +valid, and those from individuals rarely false.</q><note place='foot'>Brown, +<q>Western Gazetteer, or Emigrants' Directory</q> (1817), 33.</note> At this +time emigrants were going in large numbers to Missouri, +and the Illinois river country, not yet relieved of its Indian +title, was being explored.<note place='foot'>White, +<q>Descendants of John Walker,</q> 458-9, 461.</note> +</p> + +<p> +Reports concerning the sales of public lands give the +quantity of land sold in Illinois toward the close of the +territorial period, the figures for 1817 and 1818 being as +follows: +</p> + +<table rend="latexcolumns: 'p{2cm} p{1cm} p{1cm} p{1.1cm} p{1.1cm}'; + tblcolumns: 'lw(15) r r r r'"> +<row><cell></cell><cell>Acres in 1817.</cell><cell>Acres in 1818.</cell> + <cell>Jan. 1, 1818.</cell><cell>Sept. 30, 1818.</cell></row> +<row><cell>Shawneetown</cell><cell>72,384</cell><cell>216,315</cell> + <cell>$291,429</cell><cell>$637,468</cell></row> +<row><cell>Kaskaskia</cell><cell>90,493</cell><cell>121,052</cell> + <cell>209,295</cell><cell>406,288</cell></row> +<row><cell>Edwardsville<note place='foot'>A land-office was +established at Edwardsville by an act of Apr. 29, 1816.</note></cell> + <cell>149,165</cell><cell>121,923</cell><cell>301,701</cell> + <cell>451,499<note place='foot'><q>State Papers,</q> No. 52, +15th Cong., 2d Sess., IV. Hundredths of acres +and cents are omitted from the tables. The figures for Shawneetown cover +the periods from Jan. 1 to Sept. 30; those for the other offices, from Jan. 1 +to Aug. 31.</note></cell></row> +<row><cell></cell><cell>312,042</cell><cell>459,290</cell><cell>$802,425</cell> + <cell>$1,495,255</cell></row> +</table> + +<p> +The percentage of debt showed a marked increase in the +first nine months of 1818. There were received in three-quarters +of 1817 and 1818, respectively: +</p> + +<pb n='106'/><anchor id='Pg106'/> + +<table rend="latexcolumns: 'p{2.4cm} p{1cm} p{1cm}'; + tblcolumns: 'lw(15) r r'"> +<row><cell></cell><cell>1817.</cell><cell>1818.</cell></row> +<row><cell>At Shawneetown</cell><cell>$32,837</cell><cell>$112,759</cell></row> +<row><cell>At Kaskaskia</cell><cell>41,218</cell><cell>68,975</cell></row> +<row><cell>At Edwardsville</cell><cell>41,426</cell><cell>78,788</cell></row> +</table> + +<p> +During this same period the receipts at Steubenville, +Marietta, and Wooster, Ohio, decreased,<note place='foot'><q>Pub. +Lands,</q> III., 405.</note> showing that +Illinois was beginning to surpass Ohio as an objective +point for emigrants wishing to enter land. +</p> + +<p> +The Indian question was interwoven with the land +question during the territorial period. In 1809 the Indians +relinquished their claim to some small tracts of land lying +near the point where the Wabash ceases to be a state +boundary line.<note place='foot'><q>Indian Aff.,</q> I., 761-2; +<q>18th An. Rept. of the Bureau of Ethnology,</q> +Pt. 2, 678; Nos. 73, 74. Plate CXXIV. See map of +Indian cessions.</note> No more cessions were made until after +the war of 1812. Although the population of Illinois +increased, during the territorial period, from some eleven +thousand to about forty thousand, the increase before the +war was slight, and thus it came about that during the war +the few whites were kept busy defending themselves from +the large and hostile Indian population. So well does the +manner of defence in Illinois illustrate the frontier character +of the region that a sketch of the same may be given. +When, in 1811, the Indians became hostile and murdered a +few whites, the condition of the settlers was precarious in +the extreme. Today the term city would be almost a favor +to a place containing no more inhabitants than were then to +be found in the white settlements in Illinois. Moreover, +few as were the whites, they were dispersed in a long half-oval +extending from a point on the Mississippi near the +present Alton southward to the Ohio, and thence up that +river and the Wabash to a point considerably north of +Vincennes. This fringe of settlement was but a few miles +<pb n='107'/><anchor id='Pg107'/> +wide in some places, while so sparse was the population +near the mouth of the Ohio that the communication +between northern and southern Indians was unchecked. +Carlyle was regarded as the extreme eastern boundary of +settlements to the westward; a fort on Muddy River, near +where the old Fort Massac trace crossed the stream, was +considered as one of the most exposed situations; and +Fort La Motte, on a creek of the same name above Vincennes, +was a far northern point. The exposed outside +was some hundreds of miles long, and the interior and +north were occupied by ten times as many hostile savages +as there were whites in the country, the savages being given +counsel and ammunition by the British garrisons on the +north.<note place='foot'>Reynolds, <q>Illinois—My Own +Times,</q> 81-4.</note> Under conditions then existing, aid from the United +States could be expected only in the event of dire necessity. +Stout frontiersmen were almost ready to seek refuge in +flight, but no general exodus took place, although in February, +1812, Governor Edwards wrote to the Secretary of +War: <q>The alarms and apprehensions of the people are +becoming so universal, that really I should not be surprised +if we should, in three months, lose more than one-half +of our present population. In places, in my opinion, +entirely out of danger, many are removing. In other +parts, large settlements are about to be totally deserted. +Even in my own neighborhood, several families have +removed, and others are preparing to do so in a week or +two. A few days past, a gentleman of respectability arrived +here from Kentucky, and he informed me that he saw on +the road, in one day, upwards of twenty wagons conveying +families out of this Territory. Every effort to check the +prevalence of such terror seems to be ineffectual, and +although much of it is unreasonably indulged, yet it is very +certain the Territory will very shortly be in considerable +<pb n='108'/><anchor id='Pg108'/> +danger. Its physical force is very inconsiderable, and is +growing weaker, while it presents numerous points of +attack.</q><note place='foot'>Edwards, <q>Hist. of Ill. and +Life of Ninian Edwards,</q> 301.</note> +</p> + +<p> +To the first feeling of fear succeeded a determination to +hold the ground. Before the middle of 1812, Governor +Edwards had established Fort Russell, a few miles northwest +of the present Edwardsville, bringing to this place, +which was to be his headquarters, the cannon which Louis +XIV. had had placed in Fort Chartres;<note place='foot'>Reynolds, +<q>Illinois—My Own Times,</q> 82.</note> and two volunteer +companies had been raised, and had <q>ranged to a great +distance—principally between the Illinois and the Kaskaskia +rivers, and sometimes between the Kaskaskia and +the Wabash—always keeping their line of march never +less than one and sometimes three days' journey outside +of all the settlements</q><note place='foot'>Edwards, <q>Hist. of +Ill. and Life of Ninian Edwards,</q> 329.</note>—which incidentally shows what +great unoccupied regions still existed even in the southern +part of Illinois. As the rangers furnished their own supplies, +the two companies went out alternately for periods of +fifteen days. Sometimes the company on duty divided, +one part marching in one direction and the other in the +opposite, in order to produce the greatest possible effect +upon the Indians. Settlers on the frontier—and that +comprised a large proportion of the population—<q>forted +themselves,</q> as it was then expressed. Where a few +families lived near each other, one of the most substantial +houses was fortified, and here the community staid at +night, and in case of imminent danger in the daytime as +well. Isolated outlying families left their homes and +retired to the nearest fort. Such places of refuge were +numerous and many were the attacks which they successfully +withstood. +</p> + +<pb n='109'/><anchor id='Pg109'/> + +<p> +Rangers and frontier forts were used with much effect, +but the great dispersion of settlement and the large numbers +of Indians combined to make it wholly impossible to +make such means of defence entirely adequate. In August, +1812, the Governor wrote to the Secretary of War: <q>The +principal settlements of this Territory being on the Mississippi, +are at least one hundred and fifty miles from those +of Indiana, and immense prairies intervene between them. +There can, therefore, be no concert of operations for the +protection of their frontiers and ours.... No troops +of any kind have yet arrived in this Territory, and I think +you may count on hearing of a bloody stroke upon us very +soon. I have been extremely reluctant to send my family +away, but, unless I hear shortly of more assistance than a +few rangers, I shall bury my papers in the ground, send +my family off, and stand my ground as long as possible.</q><note place='foot'>Edwards, +<q>Hist. of Ill. and Life of Ninian Edwards,</q> 335.</note> +The <q>bloody stroke</q> predicted by the Governor fell on the +garrison at Fort Dearborn, where Chicago now stands. +Some regular troops were subsequently sent to the territory, +but the war did not lose its frontier character. One +of the most characteristic features was that troops sometimes +set out on a campaign of considerable length, in an +uninhabited region, without any baggage train and practically +without pack horses, the men carrying their provisions +on their horses, and the horses living on wild grass.<note place='foot'>Reynolds, +<q>Illinois—My Own Times,</q> 86-7.</note> +Unflagging energy was shown by the settlers, several +effective campaigns being carried on, and by the close of +1814 the war was closed in Illinois.<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, +102.</note> +</p> + +<p> +Extinction of Indian titles to land was retarded by the +war and also by the policy of the United States, which was +expressed by Secretary of War Crawford, in 1816, as follows: +<pb n='110'/><anchor id='Pg110'/> +<q>The determination to purchase land only when +demanded for settlement will form the settled policy of +the Government. Experience has sufficiently proven that +our population will spread over any cession, however +extensive, before it can be brought into market, and before +there is any regular and steady demand for settlement, +thereby increasing the difficulty of protection, embarrassing +the Government by broils with the natives, and +rendering the execution of the laws regulating intercourse +with the Indian tribes utterly impracticable.</q><note place='foot'><q>Indian +Aff.,</q> II., 99.</note> Some +progress, however, was made in extinguishing Indian titles +during the territorial period after the close of the war. +In 1816, several tribes confirmed the cession of 1804 of +land lying south of an east and west line passing through +the southern point of Lake Michigan, and ceded a route +for an Illinois-Michigan canal.<note place='foot'><q>Indian Aff.,</q> +II., 95-6; <q>18th An. Rept. of the Bureau of Ethnology,</q> +Pt. 2, 680-3, No. 77, Plate CXXV., and No. 78, Plate CXXIV. See map +of Indian cessions.</note> At Edwardsville, on September +25, 1818, the Peoria, Kaskaskia, Michigamia, Cahokia, +and Tamarois ceded a tract comprising most of +southern and much of central Illinois.<note place='foot'><q>Indian +Aff.,</q> II., 167; <q>18th An. Rept. of the Bureau of Ethnology,</q> +Pt. 2, 692-3; No. 96a, Plate CXXIV. See also No. 48 on the same plate, +and No. 77, Plate CXXV. See map of Indian cessions.</note> The significance +of this cession would have been immense had it not been +that it was made by weak tribes, while the powerful +Kickapoo still claimed and held all that part of the ceded +tract lying north of the parallel of 39°—a little to the +north of the mouth of the Illinois river. This Kickapoo +claim included the fertile and already famous Sangamon +country, in which the state capital was eventually to be +located, and squatters were pressing hard upon the Indian +<pb n='111'/><anchor id='Pg111'/> +frontier, yet the Indians still held the land when Illinois +became a state. +</p> + +<p> +During the territorial period, Illinois gained the long-sought +right of preëmption; the French claims ceased to +retard settlement; some progress was made in the extinction +of Indian titles, and the sale of public land was +begun. The new state was to find the Indian question a +pressing one, and some changes in the land system were +yet desired, but the crucial point was passed. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>II. Territorial Government of Illinois. 1809 to 1818.</head> + +<p> +The act for the division of Indiana Territory provided +that Illinois, during the first stage of its territorial existence, +should have a government similar to that of the +Northwest Territory under the Ordinance of 1787. In +1809 there were in Illinois two distinct and hostile parties, +which had been formed on questions arising in Indiana +Territory before division. It was with sound judgment, +therefore, that the President, going outside of Illinois, +appointed as Governor, Ninian Edwards of Kentucky, a +native of Maryland, who successfully resisted all efforts to +involve him in party quarrels.<note place='foot'><q>Territorial Records +of Ill.,</q> (<q>Pub. of the Ill. Hist. Lib.,</q> No. III., 3, +6, 7).</note> +</p> + +<p> +Laws for the government of the territory were to be +chosen by the Governor and the judges from the laws of +the states. The judges were Jesse B. Thomas and William +Sprigg, natives of Maryland, and Alexander Stuart, a +native of Virginia. It is worthy of note that of the twelve +laws chosen before the meeting of the first territorial +<pb n='112'/><anchor id='Pg112'/> +legislature, five were from Kentucky, three from Georgia, +two from Virginia, one from South Carolina, and one from +Pennsylvania.<note place='foot'><q>Territorial Records of +Ill.</q> (<q>Pub. of the Ill. Hist. Lib.,</q> No. III., +10-19). Of the thirty-eight laws selected by the Governor and judges in the +Northwest Territory, three were from the codes of southern states; of the +fifteen so selected in Indiana Territory, thirteen were from southern codes—<q>Ind. +Hist. Soc. Pamphlets,</q> No. I., 16; contained in Vol. 2 of <q>Publications.</q> +Illinois was thus most southern of the three.</note> A people practically southern in +origin was being governed by officials from the south under +southern laws. +</p> + +<p> +Illinois entered the second grade of territorial government +in 1812, electing its first legislature in October.<note place='foot'><q>Territorial +Records of Ill.</q> (<q>Pub. of the Ill. Hist. Lib.,</q> No. III., 23, +26-7).</note> In +the preceding May, Congress had passed an act making +radical and most important extensions in the suffrage in +Illinois, over that which had been prescribed by the Ordinance +of 1787. The new provision was: <q>Every free white +male person who shall have attained the age of twenty-one +years, and who shall have paid a county or territorial +tax, and who shall have resided one year in said Territory +previous to any general election, and be at the time of +any such election a resident thereof, shall be entitled to +vote for members of the Legislative Council and House of +Representatives of the said Territory.</q> Each county was +to elect one member of the Legislative Council, to serve +for four years. The territorial delegate to Congress was +also made elective by the citizens.<note place='foot'><q>Statutes +at Large,</q> II., 741-2.</note> One has but to consider +what a complete revolution this act brought about to +appreciate its great significance. Previously the Legislative +Council had been appointive by the President of the +United States, from nominees of the territorial House of +Representatives, the nominees being twice the number +<pb n='113'/><anchor id='Pg113'/> +necessary; the delegate to Congress had not been chosen +by popular vote; and a freehold qualification for the +elective franchise had obtained. Early petitions show how +much the people complained of a landed aristocracy,<note place='foot'><q>Ind. +Hist. Soc. Pub.,</q> II., 461-70.</note> and +letters written by Governor Edwards early in 1812 show how +well founded was the complaint. No preëmption act had +yet been passed, and of the more than twelve thousand +inhabitants of Illinois some two hundred and twenty possessed +a freehold of fifty acres, thus giving the balance of +power, if the territory should enter the second grade under +the old provision, to one hundred and eleven persons. Nearly +one-third of the entire population lived either near the +Ohio or between it and the Kaskaskia, and among them +there were not more than three or four freeholders, and not +one who possessed two hundred acres—the necessary +qualification for a representative. With no public lands +yet offered for sale, with no right of preëmption, with a +freehold qualification for the suffrage, this law enfranchising +squatters was of prime importance.<note place='foot'>Edwards, <q>Hist. of +Ill. and Life of Ninian Edwards.</q> 296, 306.</note> +</p> + +<p> +The first legislature had few French members, and was +apparently southern in nativity.<note place='foot'><p><q>Territorial +Records of Ill.</q> (<q>Pub. of Ill. Hist. Lib.,</q> No. III., 62, 86). +</p> +<p> +(For each of the following officials, their Nativity and County are listed.) +</p> +<p> +Legislative Council. +</p> +<p> +Pierre Menard, Canada, Randolph.<lb/> +Wm. Biggs, Md. St. Clair.<lb/> +Sam'l Judy, Swiss or Md., Madison.<lb/> +Thos. Ferguson, Johnson.<lb/> +Benjamin Talbott, Gallatin. +</p> +<p> +House of Reps. +</p> +<p> +Dr. George Fisher, Va., Randolph.<lb/> +Rev. Joshua Oglesby, St. Clair.<lb/> +Jacob Short, St. Clair.<lb/> +Rev. Wm. Jones, N. C., Madison.<lb/> +Philip Trammell, Gallatin.<lb/> +Alex. Wilson, Va., Gallatin.<lb/> +John Grammar, Johnson. +</p> +<p> +Territorial Judges. +</p> +<p> +Jesse B. Thomas, Maryland.<lb/> +Alexander Stuart, Virginia.<lb/> +William Sprigg, Maryland. +</p> +<p> +Territorial Secretaries. +</p> +<p> +Nathaniel Pope, Kentucky.<lb/> +Joseph Philips, Tennessee. +</p> +<p> +Delegates in Congress and Term. +</p> +<p> +Shadrach Bond, Md, Dec. 3, 1812-14.<lb/> +Benj. Stephenson, Ky, Nov. 14, 1814-16.<lb/> +Nathan'l Pope, Ky, Dec. 2, 1816-18. +</p> +<p> +Governor. +</p> +<p> +Ninian Edwards, Md., 1809-1818. +</p> +<p> +Officers other than members are added to the above in order to emphasize +the southern origin of Illinois territorial officials. New England was not yet +a factor in Illinois politics.</p></note> After more than three +<pb n='114'/><anchor id='Pg114'/> +years and a half of legislation by the Governor and judges, +the inhabitants at last had an elective legislature. The +journals of the two houses indicate that the belief that +had been expressed in petitions to Congress some years +before that such a body would provide an efficient government, +was well founded. The laws passed were eminently +practical for the frontier conditions under which they were +to operate.<note place='foot'><q>Territorial Records of +Illinois</q> (<q>Pub. of the Ill. Hist. Lib.,</q> No. III., +62-170).</note> A man contemplating settlement in Illinois +could now be sure that he would be governed by Illinois +men whom he had a share in electing. +</p> + +<p> +The rude character of the facilities for transportation is +indicated by the fact that the earlier laws of the territory +deal with ferries only rarely and with bridges not at all, +while as time progresses and population increases, ferries +multiply and bridges begin to be constructed. By 1817-18 +the desire for banks and for internal improvements, which +was to be disastrous to the state at a later period, began +to show itself. As examples, the Bank of Cairo and the +Illinois Navigation Company will suffice. Nine men purchased +the low peninsula lying near the junction of the +Ohio and the Mississippi, and were incorporated by <q>An +Act to Incorporate the City and Bank of Cairo.</q> A site +for a city comprising at least two thousand lots, with +streets eighty feet wide, was to be laid out. The lots +were to be sold at one hundred and fifty dollars each and +were to be not less than one hundred and twenty by sixty-six +feet in size. Of the purchase money, two-thirds +should go into the stock of the Bank of Cairo, and one-third +to a fund to build dykes to keep the city from being +flooded.<note place='foot'><q>Laws of Ill. Ter., 1817-18,</q> pp. 72-82; +<hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, 1815-16, p. 44.</note> Considering the time and the +location, the scheme was utterly impracticable. <q>An Act to Incorporate +<pb n='115'/><anchor id='Pg115'/> +the Stockholders of the Illinois Navigation Company</q> +authorized the formation of a company with a +capital of one hundred thousand dollars, for the purpose +of cutting a canal through the peninsula between the Ohio +and the Mississippi. Within twelve years a canal sufficiently +large for the passage of a vessel of twenty tons +burden should be completed. The company was given +the right of eminent domain.<note place='foot'><q>Laws of +Ill. Ter., 1817-18,</q> pp. 57-64.</note> Here again the character +of the project was unsuited to existing conditions. Population +was increasing rapidly at the time these laws were +passed, but they required for their success an increase +much more rapid. They were, however, pleasing to the +settlers and the prospective settlers of the day. +</p> + +<p> +On January 16, 1818, Mr. Pope, of Illinois, was appointed +chairman of a select committee to consider a petition +from the Illinois legislature praying for a state government. +One week later the committee reported a bill to +enable Illinois to form such a government, and to admit +the state into the union. When the enabling act came up +for discussion, Mr. Pope offered the amendment which +changed the northern boundary of Illinois from a line due +west from the southern extremity of Lake Michigan, as +provided by the Ordinance of 1787, to a line running from +that lake to the Mississippi on the parallel of 42° 30'. +<q>The object of this amendment, Mr. Pope said, was to +gain, for the proposed state, a coast on Lake Michigan. +This would offer additional security to the perpetuity of +the union, inasmuch as the state would thereby be connected +with the states of Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and +New York, through the lakes. The facility of opening a +canal between Lake Michigan and the Illinois River, said +Mr. Pope, is acknowledged by every one who has visited +the place. Giving to the proposed state the port of Chicago +<pb n='116'/><anchor id='Pg116'/> +(embraced in the proposed limits), will draw its attention +to the opening of the communication between the Illinois +River and that place, and the improvement of that harbor. +It was believed, he said, upon good authority, that the line +of separation between Indiana and Illinois would strike +Lake Michigan south of Chicago, and not pass west of it, +as had been supposed by some geographers....</q> +Although an avowed violation of the Ordinance of 1787, +the amendment was adopted without division or recorded +debate. Mr. Pope also secured an amendment to the +effect that the state's proportion of the proceeds of the +sales of public lands, instead of being applied to the +making of roads and canals in the state, should be used +in making roads leading to the state, and for the encouragement +of learning, two-fifths being applied to the +former purpose. Pope pointed out that people would +build roads as they needed them, much more readily than +they would supply schools, and that waste school lands in +a new country would produce slight revenue. Subsequent +history of the state justified both statements. The enabling +act met with little opposition and was signed by President +Monroe on April 18, 1818.<note place='foot'><q>Annals of Cong.,</q> +15th Cong., 1st Sess., 1677, 1738; <q>H. J.,</q> 15th +Cong., 1st Sess., 151, 174; Benton, <q>Abridgment of Debates in Cong.,</q> VI., +173; <q>Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,</q> XI., 494-501.</note> +</p> + +<p> +One of the provisions of the enabling act was that, in +order to become a state, Illinois must have as many as +forty thousand inhabitants. In anticipation of such a +provision, the territorial legislature had passed a law in +January, 1818, providing that a census of the territory +should be taken between April 1 and June 1. A supplemental +act provided that as a great increase in population +might be expected between June 1 and December, census +takers should continue to take the census in their districts +<pb n='117'/><anchor id='Pg117'/> +of all who should remove into them between June 1 and +December 1. The law as framed gave an opportunity +to count not only immigrants, but to re-count all who +moved from one county to another (such moving being +common), and to count in each successive county persons +passing through the state. There is no reasonable doubt +that at the time the census was taken, the territory had +fewer than forty thousand inhabitants. Dana gives a +census of 1818, in which the number is given as thirty-four +thousand six hundred and sixty-six, and adds: +<q>Another enumeration having been taken a few months +after, the amount of population returned was forty thousand +one hundred and fifty-six, which exceeded the +number entitling the territory to become a state.</q><note place='foot'><q>Statutes +at Large,</q> III., 428; <q>Laws of Ill. Ter.,</q> 1817-18. pp. 42-5; +Dana, <q>Sketches of Western Country,</q> 1819, 153; <q>Niles' Register,</q> XIV., +359 (July 18, 1818); Babcock, <q>Memoir of John Mason Peck,</q> 99.</note> +</p> + +<p> +In August, 1818, the Constitution of Illinois was completed. +Its provisions most likely to influence settlement +were those concerning the elective franchise and slavery. +It provided that <q>In all elections, all white male inhabitants +above the age of twenty-one years, having resided in the +state six months next preceding the election, shall enjoy +the right of an elector; but no person shall be entitled to +vote except in the county or district in which he shall +actually reside at the time of the election.</q> Slaves could +not hereafter be brought into the state, but existing slavery +was not abolished, and existing indentures—and some +were for ninety-nine years—should be carried out, although +future indentures should not run for a longer term than +one year. Male children of slaves or indentured servants +should be free at the age of twenty-one, and females at +eighteen. Slaves from other states could be employed only +at the Saline Creek salt works, and there only until 1825.<note place='foot'>Poore, +<q>Charters and Constitutions,</q> Pt. I., 442, 445. Of the members +of the Constitutional Convention of Illinois whose nativity has been learned, +ten were natives of the South, two were natives of Illinois born of southern +parents, two were Irishmen from the South, and five were natives of the +North. New England was represented by one man, John Messinger, a son-in-law +of Matthew Lyon.</note> +</p> + +<pb n='118'/><anchor id='Pg118'/> + +<p> +During the congressional debate on the acceptance of the +Illinois Constitution, objection to admitting the state was +made on the ground that the number of inhabitants was +doubtful, and that slavery was not distinctly prohibited, +Tallmadge, of New York, who later wished to restrict +slavery in Missouri, being the chief objector. The state +was admitted, however, and on December 4, 1818, the representatives +and senators from Illinois took their seats in +Congress.<note place='foot'><q>Annals of Cong.,</q> 15th Cong., +2d Sess., 38, 305-11; <q>Statutes at +Large,</q> III., 536.</note> +</p> + +<p> +Between 1809 and 1818, Illinois passed from a non-representative +territorial government to a liberal state +government. The energy of the settlers had done much +to hasten the change, and the change, in turn, did much +to hasten settlement. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>IV. Transportation and Settlement, 1809 to 1818.</head> + +<p> +At the close of the War of 1812, an unparalleled emigration +to the frontiers of the United States began. Contemporary +accounts speak of its great volume. <q>Through +New York and down the Alleghany River is now the track +of many emigrants from the east to the west. Two +hundred and sixty waggons have passed a certain house +on this route in nine days, besides many persons on +horseback and on foot. The editor of the Gennessee +<pb n='119'/><anchor id='Pg119'/> +Farmer observes, that he himself met on the road to +Hamilton a cavalcade of upwards of twenty waggons, +containing one company of one hundred and sixteen +persons, on their way to <hi rend='italic'>Indiana</hi>, and all from one town in +the district of Maine. So great is the emigration to +<hi rend='italic'>Illinois</hi> and <hi rend='italic'>Missouri</hi> also, that it is +apprehended that many must suffer for want of provisions the ensuing +winter.</q><note place='foot'><q>Niles' Register,</q> XIII., +1817, 224.</note> <q>Nothing more strongly proves the superiority +of the western territory than the vast emigration to it +from the eastern and southern states; during the eighteen +months previous to April, 1816, fifteen thousand waggons +passed over the bridge at Cayuga, containing emigrants to +the western country.</q><note place='foot'>Kingdom, <q>America +and the British Colonies,</q> 1816, 17.</note> <q>Old America seems to be breaking +up, and moving westward.... The number of +emigrants who passed this way [St. Clairsville, Ohio], was +greater last year than in any preceding; and the present +spring they are still more numerous than the last. Fourteen +waggons yesterday, and thirteen today, have gone through +this town. Myriads take their course down the Ohio. The +waggons swarm with children. I heard today of three together, +which contain forty-two of these young citizens.</q><note place='foot'>Birkbeck, +<q>Journey from Va. to Ill.,</q> 1817, 25, 29.</note> +From Hamilton, New York: <q>It is estimated, that there +are now in this village and its vicinity, three hundred +families, besides single travellers, amounting in all to fifteen +hundred souls, waiting for a rise of water to embark for +<q>the promised land.</q></q><note place='foot'>Wright, <q>Letters from the West, or, +A Caution to Emigrants,</q> 1818, 1.</note> <q>The numerous companies of emigrants +that flock to this country, might appear, to those +who have not witnessed them, almost incredible. But +there is scarce a day, except when the river is impeded +with ice, but what there is a greater or less number of +<pb n='120'/><anchor id='Pg120'/> +boats to be seen floating down its gentle current, to some +place of destination. No less than five hundred families +stopped at Cincinnati at one time, and many of them +having come a great distance, and being of the poorer class +of people, before they could provide for themselves, were +in a suffering condition; but to the honor of the citizens of Cincinnati, +they raised a donation and relieved their distress.</q><note place='foot'>Harding, +<q>Tour through the Western Country,</q> 1818-19, 5.</note> +Of the remote districts, Missouri and Michigan +were receiving crowds of immigrants.<note place='foot'><q>Am. Mag. and +Review,</q> III., 1818, 152; I., 1817, 473.</note> +</p> + +<p> +The changes in government and in the land question in +Illinois were typical of changes in other frontier regions, +but although worthy of note as helping to make a more +attractive place for settlement, they are by no means +sufficient to account for the great migration to the westward. +Why that migration took place and how it was +accomplished are interesting and important questions. +</p> + +<p> +Emigration from New England resulted largely from +financial and industrial disorganization caused by the close +of the war, and a year of such continued cold weather as +to produce a famine. This movement was interesting, +dramatic, and large in volume, but its influence upon +Illinois was slight, because the tide was stayed to the eastward +of that state.<note place='foot'>Goodrich, <q>Recollections of a +Life Time,</q> II., 78 ff.; Birkbeck, <q>Journey +from Va. to Ill.,</q> 1817, 25; <q>Va. Patriot,</q> Sept. 7, 21, 1816; Varney, +<q>A Brief Hist. of Me.,</q> 239; Abbott, <q>Hist. of Me.,</q> 424; Williamson, +<q>Hist. of Me.,</q> II., 664-6; Sanborn, <q>Hist. of N. H.,</q> 265; Whiton, +<q>Hist. of N. H.,</q> 188; Barstow, <q>Hist. of N. H.,</q> 392; Thompson, +<q>Hist. of the State of Vt.,</q> 1833, 222; same, 1853, Pt. I., 20; Hoskins, <q>Hist. +of the State of Vt.,</q> 232; Wilbur, <q>Early Hist. of Vt.,</q> III., 162-3; Heaton, +<q>Story of Vt.,</q> 136; Beckley, <q>Hist. of Vt.,</q> 171-2; <q>Gov. and +Council-Vt.,</q> VI., 429-31.</note> Migration from the South was also +large, and it was from this source that most of the immigrants +<pb n='121'/><anchor id='Pg121'/> +to Illinois came. In 1816 there was a severe drought +in eastern North Carolina, and many planters cut their +immature corn for their cattle, while great numbers sold +their property and joined the emigrants.<note place='foot'><q>Va. +Patriot,</q> Sept. 11, 1816.</note> Kentucky, still +a favorite place for settlement, was in the midst of a land +boom which reached such proportions as to cause a large +volume of emigration to Illinois, Missouri, and the southwest. +The buyer of Kentucky land was often a neighbor +who wished to enlarge his farm and work on a larger +scale, or some well-to-do immigrant who preferred the +location to a more remote region. Land sold on credit +and at fictitious prices, the seller in turn buying land for +which he frequently could make only the first payment. +Retribution did not come, however, until after 1820, and +for some years it seemed as if Kentucky was to become a +source of population, for it was to Illinois and Missouri, +and to a lesser degree to Alabama, what New England +was to Ohio.<note place='foot'>White, <q>Descendants of +John Walker,</q> 425, 453, 461.</note> Probably chief among the reasons for +migration from the South was the increase of slavery, with +the resulting changes in industrial and social conditions. +Early in the century the growing importance of the cotton +crop began to hasten a stratification of opinion which +was determined by physiographic areas. The western +parts of Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina, the +northern part of Georgia, and the eastern parts of Kentucky +and Tennessee, respectively, being hilly and less fertile +than the coastal plain, became the center of the southern +anti-slavery sentiment. On the plain settled the wealthy +planters, and later the poorer Germans and Quakers settled +in the uplands. Only when cotton-raising became very +profitable was slavery to intrude upon the latter location.<note place='foot'>Bassett, +<q>Anti-Slavery Leaders of N. C.</q> (J. H. U. Studies, XVI., 267-71).</note> +</p> + +<pb n='122'/><anchor id='Pg122'/> + +<p> +During the war the production of cotton in the United +States had been almost constant in amount and less than +in preceding years, but 1815 saw an increase of over forty-two +per cent and 1816 an increase of twenty-four per +cent,<note place='foot'><p>De Bow, <q>Industrial Resources of +the U. S.,</q> I., 122-3. Millions of +pounds of cotton raised in the U. S.: +</p> +<p> +1808, 75.<lb/> +1809, 82.<lb/> +1810, 85.<lb/> +1811, 80.<lb/> +1812, 75.<lb/> +1813, 75.<lb/> +1814, 70.<lb/> +1815, 100.<lb/> +1816, 124.<lb/> +1817, 130.<lb/> +1818, 125.<lb/> +1819, 167.<lb/> +1820, 160.<lb/> +1821, 180.<lb/> +1822, 210.<lb/> +In Ga. 1811, 20, 1821, 45.<lb/> +In Tenn. 1811, 3., 1821, 20.</p></note> while in the latter year South Carolina, after an +interval of thirteen years, resumed its slavery legislation +by passing the first of a series of acts which show that the +slavery problem was becoming increasingly difficult. Similar +legislation took place in Tennessee, and to a lesser +degree in Kentucky.<note place='foot'><q>Statutes at +Large,</q> S. C., VII., 451-66; <q>Laws of Tenn., revision +of 1831,</q> I., 314-30; <q>Acts of 1818,</q> Ky., 623, 787; <q>Acts of 1815,</q> Ky., +Feb. 8, 1815.</note> Increased production of cotton was +accompanied by an increase in price, middling upland +cotton selling at New York at 15 cents per pound in 1814, +at 21 cents in 1815, at 29-½ cents in 1816, at 26-½ cents in +1817, and at 34 cents in 1818, while South Carolina sea-island +cotton sold at Charleston in 1816 at 55 cents a +pound.<note place='foot'>J. L. Watkins, in <q>U. S. Dept. of Agric., Div. of Statistics, +Misc. Ser., Bulletin No. 9,</q> p. 8.</note> An increase in cotton production meant an +increase of the plantation system with its slaves, this meant an +increased demand for large farms, and also a strengthening +of the antagonism between pro-slavery and anti-slavery +parties. Even in 1812, a man who wished to sell, lease, or +rent his manufacturing establishment in the northwestern +part of Virginia, Frederick county, lamented in his advertisement +that <q>some good men of strict moral or religious +principles should object against forming settled abodes in +<pb n='123'/><anchor id='Pg123'/> +Virginia</q> or other slave states.<note place='foot'><q>National +Intelligencer,</q> Washington, D. C., Apr. 18, 1812.</note> Census reports show that +the proportion of negroes to whites increased in the +western counties of North Carolina during the decade +1810 to 1820 over the proportion in 1800 to 1810. Conditions +above described naturally led to the emigration of +at least four classes of people: those who were anti-slavery, +those who did not wish to change from small +farming to the plantation system, the poor whites who +found themselves increasingly disgraced and who at the +same time found that their land was in demand, the slave-holder +who wished a large tract of virgin soil. It is very +important to note that these forces were merely beginning +to operate in the time from 1814 to 1818, and that they +did not reach their maximum of influence until after 1830, +yet as the population of Illinois increased less than twenty-eight +thousand from 1810 to 1818, it is altogether probable +that a considerable proportion were influenced by the +causes suggested. It is also true that some pioneers +moved merely from habit, without any well-defined cause. +</p> + +<p> +Although it is true that the first steamboat that passed +down the Ohio and Mississippi made its trip in the winter +of 1811-12, and by 1816 an enterprising captain had made +a successful experiment of running a steamboat with coal for +fuel, also that the speed of steamboats in eastern waters was +a matter for enthusiastic comment, yet it is also true that +immigrants to Illinois did not usually arrive by steamer.<note place='foot'><q>Rambler +in N. A.,</q> I., 104-11; <q>Am. Register,</q> II., 1817, 202-3.</note> +The development of steamboat navigation in western +waters was slow, the first steamboat reaching St. Louis on +August 2, 1817.<note place='foot'><q>Memoir of John Mason +Peck,</q> 81.</note> Peter Cartwright wrote of his trip from +the West to the General Conference in Baltimore, in 1816: +<q>We had no steamboats, railroad cars, or comfortable +<pb n='124'/><anchor id='Pg124'/> +stages in those days. We had to travel from the extreme +West on horseback. It generally took us near a month to +go; a month was spent at General Conference, and nearly +a month in returning to our fields of labor.</q><note place='foot'><q>Autobiography +of Peter Cartwright,</q> 156.</note> +</p> + +<p> +Some instances of the manner and cost of emigration +may be given. A man with his wife and brother having +arrived at Philadelphia from England, <hi rend='italic'>en route</hi> to Birkbeck's +settlement<note place='foot'>Morris Birkbeck and George Flower, +from England, founded in 1817, in +Edwards County, Illinois, what was the most famous of the English settlements +in Illinois. Birkbeck was an educated man and his writings are among +the important sources for the early history of Illinois. He was at one time +Secretary of State of Illinois. George Flower became the historian of the +settlement.</note> in Illinois, the party was directed to +Pittsburg, which they reached after a wearisome journey +of over three hundred miles across the mountains. At +Pittsburg they bought a little boat for six or seven dollars, +and came down the Ohio to Shawneetown, whence they +proceeded on foot.<note place='foot'>Birkbeck, <q>Letters from +Ill.,</q> 56.</note> In the summer of 1818, a party of +eighty-eight came over the same route in much the same +manner, using flat-boats on the river.<note place='foot'>Flower, +<q>Hist. of the Eng. Settlement in Edwards Co., Ill.,</q> <q>Chicago +Hist. Soc. Coll.,</q> I., 95-99.</note> In 1817, John +Mason Peck, with his wife and three children, went from +Litchfield, Connecticut, to Shawneetown, Illinois, in a one-horse +wagon. The journey was begun on July 25 and +Shawneetown was reached on the sixth of November. +<q>Nearly one month was occupied in passing from Philadelphia +through the State of Pennsylvania over the Alleghany +Mountains, till on the 10th of September he passed into +Ohio. Three weeks he journeyed in that State, and on +the 23d of October recrossed the Ohio River into the State +of Kentucky ..., and on the 6th of November +<pb n='125'/><anchor id='Pg125'/> +again crossed the Ohio River, into the then Territory of +Illinois, at Shawneetown.</q><note place='foot'><q>Memoir +of John Mason Peck,</q> 71, 74.</note> Here the family was delayed +by floods which rendered the roads impassable. Leaving +the horse and wagon at Shawneetown to be brought on by +a friend, they proceeded to St. Louis in a keel-boat, paying +twenty-five dollars fare, and arrived at their destination +on the first of December.<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, +74-81. The disparity in dates in the latter part of the quotation +suggests that <q>23d of October</q> should probably read <q>3d of October.</q></note> +</p> + +<p> +Shawneetown was a sort of center from which emigrants +radiated to their destinations. It owed much to its location, +being on the main route from the southern states to +St. Louis and what was then called the Missouri, and being +also the port for the salt works on Saline Creek. It was +the seat of a land-office. The town thus had a business +which was out of all proportion to the number of its permanent +inhabitants. In 1817 it consisted of but about +thirty log houses, a log bank, and a land-office. When a +certain traveler came to the place from the South, in 1818, +he found the number of wagons, horses, and passengers +waiting to cross the Ohio, on the ferry, so great that he +had to wait <q>a great part of the morning</q> for his turn.<note place='foot'>Fearon, +<q>Sketches of America,</q> 258; William Tell Harris, <q>Remarks +Made During a Tour through the U. S. of America in the Years 1817, +1818, 1819.</q></note> +</p> + +<p> +During the latter part of the territorial period freight +charges from Philadelphia to Pittsburg, by land, were from +seven to ten dollars per hundredweight;<note place='foot'>Birkbeck, +<q>Journey from Va. to Ill.,</q> 1817, 128.</note> from Pittsburg +to Shawneetown, one dollar; from Louisville to Shawneetown, +thirty-seven cents; and from New Orleans to +Shawneetown, four dollars and a half.<note place='foot'>Fearon, <q>Sketches of Am.,</q> +1817, 260. In Fearon's work 2<hi rend='italic'>s.</hi> 3<hi rend='italic'>d.</hi> is +equal to 50 cents, p. 5.</note> The use of arks +<pb n='126'/><anchor id='Pg126'/> +was common. These were flat-bottomed boats of a tonnage +of from twenty-five to thirty tons, covered, square at +the ends, of a uniform size of fifty feet in length and +fourteen in breadth, usually sold for seventy-five dollars, +and would carry three or four families. A common practice +was to re-sell them at a somewhat reduced price to +someone going further down the river. Two dollars was +the charge for piloting an ark over the falls of the +Ohio.<note place='foot'>Kingdom, <q>Am. and the British Colonies,</q> 2.</note> +</p> + +<p> +There is much truth in the remarks made by a German +traveler in 1818-19. He said: <q>The State of Illinois is +from one thousand to twelve hundred miles distant from +the sea ports. The journey thither is often as costly and +tedious, for a man with a family, as the sea passage. Any +father of a family, unless he is well-to-do, can certainly +count on being impoverished upon his arrival in Illinois. +At Williamsport, on the Susquehanna, I found a Swiss, +who, with his wife and ten children, had spent one thousand +French crown-dollars for their journey. In the village of +Williamsport, an old German schoolmaster, who seems to +have been formerly a merchant in Nassau, told me that +the passage of himself and family had cost thirteen hundred +dollars. For an adult the fare is seventy-five dollars—one +dollar is equal to one thaler, ten groschen, Prussian—for +children under twelve years, half so much, for children +of two years, one-fourth so much, and only babes in +arms go free.</q><note place='foot'>Hecke, <q>Reise +durch die Vereinigten Staaten von Nord-Amerika,</q> +1818-19, I., 34.</note> +</p> + +<p> +It can now be understood why people emigrated to the +West, and also why many went overland. A family too +poor to go by water could go in a buggy or wagon, and if +poorer still they might walk, as many actually did. The +immigration to Illinois, which was but a small fraction of +<pb n='127'/><anchor id='Pg127'/> +the great westward movement, was still largely southern +in origin, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, and even New York +still staying, in large measure, the tide from New England. +In New England it was the <q>Ohio fever</q> and not the +Illinois fever which carried away the people, and the +designation is geographically correct. The men prominent +in Illinois politics at the close of the territorial period, and +at the beginning of the state period, were natives of southern +states, a fact hardly conceivable if New England had +been largely represented in Illinois. Then, too, the natural +routes from the South led to, or near to, Illinois, the great +road from the South crossing the Ohio River at Shawneetown, +and the Kentucky and Cumberland rivers being +natural water routes. Another fact to be noticed is that +much of the emigration was of relatives and friends to +join those who had gone before, and as Virginia, Maryland, +Kentucky, Tennessee, the Carolinas, and even Georgia, +had furnished a large number of early settlers to Illinois, +this was a powerful inducement to continued emigration +from the same sources. Similarly Ohio and Michigan had +early received settlers from the East. +</p> + +<p> +Immigration to Illinois was not large in comparison to +that to neighboring states or territories. Indians still held +the greater part of Illinois, and the inconveniences incident +to frontier life were more pronounced as the distance +from the East increased. Pro-slavery men, and anti-slavery +men as well, were still in doubt as to the ultimate +fate of slavery in Illinois. This had a deterrent effect +upon immigration. +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='128'/><anchor id='Pg128'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>IV. Life of the Settlers.</head> + +<p> +According to the marshal's return the manufactures +in Illinois, in 1810, were as follows: +</p> + +<lg> +<l>Spinning-wheels, $630</l> +<l>Looms, 460; cloth produced, 90,039 yards, $54,028</l> +<l>Tanneries, 9; leather dressed, $7,750</l> +<l>Distilleries, 10,200 gallons, $7,500</l> +<l>Flour, 6,440 barrels, $32,200</l> +<l>Maple sugar, 15,600 lbs., $1,980<note place='foot'>Warden, +<q>Acct. of the U. S. of N. A.,</q> 1819, III., 62.</note>—$104,088</l> +</lg> + +<p> +This list incidentally indicates the average price of several +manufactured articles. For the first six months of 1814, +the internal revenue assessed in Illinois was: +</p> + +<lg> +<l>Licenses for stills and boilers, $490.14</l> +<l>Carriages, $62.00</l> +<l>Licenses to retailers, $835.00</l> +<l>Stamps, $5.60—$1392.74</l> +</lg> + +<p> +Of this amount ($1392.74), $1047.37 had been paid by +October 10, 1814.<note place='foot'><q>State Papers,</q> 13th +Cong., 3d Sess.</note> For the period from April 18, 1815, +to February 22, 1816, the following were the internal +duties: +</p> + +<lg> +<l>Hats, caps, and bonnets, $ 66.50-½</l> +<l>Saddles and bridles, $65.25</l> +<l>Boots and bootees, $7.26</l> +<l>Leather, $184.35-½—$323.37</l> +</lg> + +<p> +This was the smallest sum listed in any part of the United +States, except Michigan Territory.<note place='foot'><q>State +Papers,</q> 14th Cong., 2d Sess., II., folio. Another volume with +the same number is a quarto.</note> For 1818: +</p> + +<pb n='129'/><anchor id='Pg129'/> + +<lg> +<l>Licenses for stills, $214.91</l> +<l>Licenses at 20c. per gal., $549.23</l> +<l>Duty on spirits at 25c. per gal., $701.26</l> +<l>On eighteen carriages, $36.75</l> +<l>Licenses to retailers, $1248.80</l> +<l>On stamped paper and bank-notes, $4.50</l> +<l>Manufactured goods, $220.14—$2975.59</l> +</lg> + +<p> +Of this amount, $1966.41 was paid, only Indiana and +Missouri territories paying a smaller proportion of their +assessment.<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, +14th Cong., 2d Sess., I.</note> The small proportion paid in these three +territories may have been due to the poverty of their +inhabitants. +</p> + +<p> +Most of the manufactured articles were consumed within +the territory. Both cotton and flax were raised and made +into cloth; maple sugar was sometimes sold and exported, +but a large proportion of the supply was used as a substitute +for sugar, another substitute much used being wild +honey. A certain Smith's Prairie was celebrated for the +numerous plum and crabapple orchards that grew around +its borders. The large red and yellow plums grew there +in such abundance that people would come from long +distances and haul them away by the wagon-loads, and +would preserve them with honey or maple sugar, which +was the only sweetening they had in pioneer times.<note place='foot'>Ross, +<q>Early Pioneers and Pioneer Events,</q> 65.</note> +</p> + +<p> +Previous to the War of 1812, little commerce was carried +on, although a few trips had been made to New Orleans +with keel-boats or pirogues, and some goods were occasionally +brought over the Alleghany Mountains by means +of wagons. The round trip to New Orleans and back +then required six months; the trip down was easy and +required a comparatively short time, but the return trip +<pb n='130'/><anchor id='Pg130'/> +was slow. It was entirely a barter trade, money being +almost unknown. Furs, wild honey, and other commodities +of Illinois, as well as lead from the Missouri mines, were +carried down and exchanged for groceries, cloth, and other +articles of a large value and small bulk. As a natural +consequence of having to be transported up stream, goods +of that nature were extremely dear, the common price of +tea being sixteen dollars a pound, of coffee fifty cents, and +of calico fifty cents per yard.<note place='foot'>Kingston, <q>Early Western +Days,</q> in <q>Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,</q> VII., 313.</note> To go up the Mississippi +from St. Louis to Prairie du Chien, in 1815, required from +twelve days to a month, while the return trip was made in +from six to ten days.<note place='foot'>Shaw, <q>Personal Narrative,</q> +in <q>Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,</q> II., 225.</note> +</p> + +<p> +In the great American Bottom of the Mississippi, extending +from the mouth of the Kaskaskia almost to the mouth +of the Illinois, cattle raising was a leading industry, the +cattle being driven to the Philadelphia or Baltimore markets.<note place='foot'>Fearon, +<q>Sketches of Am.,</q> 1817, 258; Brown, <q>Western Gazetteer; +or, Emigrant's Directory,</q> 1817, 20.</note> +Towards the close of the period land could easily +be secured by government entry. The fertility of the +land was such as must have been new to those immigrants +who came from the poorer parts of the older states. +Land was subject to a tax of a little more that two cents +per acre, the tax being about equally divided between the +territory and the county.<note place='foot'>Birkbeck, <q>Journey from +Va. to Ill.,</q> 1817, 137.</note> Public lands were not to be +taxed by the state, after 1818, until five years from the +date of their sale. Governor Edwards, who was a large +landowner, offered to pay three dollars per acre for plowing.<note place='foot'>Burnham +in <q>Pub. of the Ill. State Hist. Lib.,</q> No. VIII., 181.</note> +Prairies were not yet settled to any considerable +extent, but it is worthy of note that a traveler of 1818-19 +<pb n='131'/><anchor id='Pg131'/> +suggested what was eventually to be the solution of the +question of prairie settlement. He wrote: <q>It will probably +be some time before these vast prairies can be +settled, owing to the inconvenience attending the want of +timber. I know of no way, unless the plan is adopted of +ditching and hedging, and the building of brick houses, +and substituting the stone coal for fuel. It seems as if the +bountiful hand of nature, where it has withheld one gift has +always furnished another; for instance, where there is a +scarcity of wood, there are coal mines.</q><note place='foot'>Harding, +<q>Tour through the Western Country,</q> 8. This passage is +practically plagiarized in Ogden, <q>Letters from the West,</q> and in Thwaites, +<q>Early Western Travels,</q> XIX., 56.</note> The remedy +suggested was the one adopted, except that brick houses +did not become common. +</p> + +<p> +Really good roads were entirely lacking. Most of the +settlements were connected by roads that were practicable +at most seasons for packers and travelers on horseback, +but in times of flood the suspension of travel by land was +practically complete. A post-road had been established +between Vincennes and Cahokia in 1805, and in 1810 a +route was established from Vincennes, by way of Kaskaskia, +Prairie du Rocher, and Cahokia, to St. Louis. At this +time and place, however, a post-route does not necessarily +imply anything more than a bridle-path. Mail was received +at irregular intervals, although the trips were regularly +made in good weather. The post-office nearest Chicago +was Fort Wayne, Indiana, whence a soldier on foot carried +the mail once a month.<note place='foot'>Palmer, <q>U. S. and +Canada,</q> 1818, 417; <q>Statutes at Large,</q> II., +584; <q>Incidents and Events in the Life of Gurdon Saltonstall +Hubbard,</q> 38.</note> A report for the first six months +of 1814 shows, in Illinois, nine post-offices, three hundred +and eighty-eight miles of post-roads, about $143 received for +postage, and $1002 paid for transportation of mail—a balance +<pb n='132'/><anchor id='Pg132'/> +of some $859 against the United States.<note place='foot'><q>State Papers,</q> +13th Cong., 3d Sess.</note> At this +time even Cleveland, Chillicothe, and Marietta received +mail but twice per week.<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, +13th Cong., 2d Sess., II.</note> +</p> + +<p> +Books were very scarce,<note place='foot'><q>Autobiography of Peter +Cartwright,</q> 178; Birkbeck, <q>Journey from +Va. to Ill.,</q> 1817, 128.</note> and no newspapers had been +published in Illinois before its separate territorial organization. +Between 1809 and 1818 there were founded the +<hi rend='italic'>Illinois Herald</hi> and the +<hi rend='italic'>Western Intelligencer</hi>, at Kaskaskia, +the latter becoming the <hi rend='italic'>Illinois Intelligencer</hi> on May 27, +1818; and the <hi rend='italic'>Shawnee Chief</hi>, at +Shawneetown.<note place='foot'>James and Loveless, +<q>Newspapers in Ill. Prior to 1860,</q> <q>Pub. of the +Ill. State Hist. Lib.,</q> No. I., 41, 42, 64, 73, 74; Palmer, <q>U. S. and Canada,</q> +1818, 416.</note> In 1816 +the citizens of Shawneetown gave notice through the +papers of Kaskaskia, Frankfort, Kentucky, and Nashville, +Tennessee, that they would apply to the Legislature of +Illinois for the establishment of a bank.<note place='foot'>Burnham, +<q>An Early Ill. Newspaper,</q> <q>Pub. of the Ill. State Hist. +Lib.,</q> No. VIII., 182.</note> This may indicate +that the papers of the places named had a considerable +circulation in Illinois. +</p> + +<p> +The character of the immigrants left much to be desired. +A good observer wrote: <q>After residing awhile in White +County, Tennessee, I migrated in May, 1817, to the southern +part of the then Territory of Illinois, and settled in +Madison County, twenty-five miles east of St. Louis, which +town then contained about five thousand inhabitants. The +surrounding country, however, was quite sparsely settled, +and destitute of any energy or enterprise among the +people; their labors and attention being chiefly confined to +the hunting of game, which then abounded, and tilling a +small patch of corn for bread, relying on game for the +<pb n='133'/><anchor id='Pg133'/> +remaining supplies of the table. The inhabitants were of +the most generous and hospitable character, and were +principally from the southern states; harmony and the +utmost good feeling prevailed throughout the country.</q><note place='foot'>Col. +Daniel M. Parkison, <q>Pioneer Life in Wis.,</q> in <q>Wis. Hist. Soc. +Coll.,</q> II., 326-7, <hi rend='italic'>cf.</hi> <q>Memoir +of John Mason Peck,</q> 76, 87.</note> +Naturally this description was not of universal application, +but the source of the population and the reasons for +removing from the old homes make it probable that it was +widely appropriate. +</p> + +<p> +If it was difficult for an emigrant to reach Illinois, and +if, after reaching it, he was inconvenienced by the poor +facilities for commerce, the bad roads, the infrequency of +mails, the scarcity of schools and churches, he at least +found it easy to obtain a living, and to some of the immigrants +of the territorial period it was worth something not +to starve, even though living was reduced to its lowest +terms. The poorest immigrant had access to land on the +borders of settlement, because the laws against squatting +were not enforced. This same class could procure game +in abundance, while maple sugar, wild honey, persimmons, +crabapples, nuts, pawpaws, wild grapes, wild plums, fish, +mushrooms, <q>greens,</q> berries of several kinds, and other +palatable natural products known to the Illinois frontiersman, +were to be had in most, if not all, of the localities +then settled. Hogs fattened on the mast. Log houses +could be built without nails. The problem of clothing +was probably more difficult at first than that of food, but +although clothing could not be picked up in the woods, +the materials for making it could be grown in the fields. +Spinning, and the processes necessarily preceding and +following it, involved a certain amount of labor. Taxes +were not high, nor were tax laws rigidly enforced. It is +thus easy to understand the reasoning that may have led +a large proportion of the immigrants during this period to +leave their old homes. +</p> + +</div> + +</div> + +<pb n='134'/><anchor id='Pg134'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Chapter V. The First Years of Statehood, +1818 to 1830.</head> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>The Indian and Land Questions.</head> + +<p> +One of the most important cessions of land in Illinois +ever made by the Indians was that made by the +Kickapoo in 1819, of the vast region lying north of the +parallel of 39—a little north of the mouth of the Illinois +River, and southeast of the Illinois River.<note place='foot'><q>Indian +Aff.,</q> II., 196-7; <q>18th An. Rept. of the Bureau of Ethnology,</q> +Pt. 2, 696-9, Plate CXXV.; Dana, <q>Sketches of Western Country,</q> +1819, 147. See map of Indian cessions.</note> Settlement +had been crowding hard upon this region and many +squatters anxiously awaited the survey and sale of the +land, especially of that in the famous Sangamon country. +In northern Illinois settlement was still retarded by the +presence of Indians. In 1825, the Menominee, Kaskaskia, +Sauk and Fox, Potawatomi, and Chippewa tribes claimed +over 5,314,000 acres of land in Illinois,<note place='foot'><q>State +Papers,</q> No. 64, 18th Cong., 2d Sess., IV.</note> and there was a +licensed Indian trader at Sangamo, one at the saline near the +present Danville, and two on Fever River.<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, +No. 118, 19th Cong., 1st Sess., VI.</note> Two years +later there were three such traders at Fever River, and two +at Chicago,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, No. 96, 20th +Cong., 1st Sess., III.; <q>Ex. Doc.,</q> No. 140, 20th +Cong., 1st Sess., IV.</note> and in 1827-28 there was one at Fever River +with a capital of about $2000.<note place='foot'><q>Senate Doc.,</q> +No. 47, 20th Cong., 2d Sess., I.</note> In February, 1829, there +were Indian agents at Chicago, Fort Armstrong, Kaskaskia, +and Peoria, as well as others near the borders of +<pb n='135'/><anchor id='Pg135'/> +Illinois.<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, No. +72, 20th Cong., 2d Sess., I.</note> At this time, the Ottawa, Chippewa, Potawatomi, +Kaskaskia, and Winnebago claimed land in the state, +although only about 6000 of the more than 25,000 members +of these tribes resided in the state. The eight +members of the Kaskaskia tribe held a small reservation +near the Kaskaskia River. Of the twenty-two hundred +members of the Kickapoo tribe, which had relinquished all +claim to land east of the Mississippi, about two hundred +still lived on the Mackinaw River, but they were expected +to move in a few weeks.<note place='foot'><q>Senate Doc.,</q> No. 72, 20th Cong., +2d Sess., I.; see also <hi rend='italic'>ibid.</hi>, No. 27.</note> +By a treaty of July 29, 1829, +the Chippewa, Ottawa, and Potawatomi ceded their claims +in northern Illinois.<note place='foot'><q>State Papers,</q> +No. 24, 21st Cong., 1st Sess., II.; <q>18th An. Rept. +of the Bureau of Ethnology,</q> Pt. 2, 722-5, +Plate CXXV.</note> There still remained the Winnebago +tribe, and not until 1833 was Illinois to be free from Indian +claims.<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, +Pt. 2, 736-7, 738-9, 750-1, Plates CXXIV. and CXXV.</note> +</p> + +<p> +A war with the Winnebago tribe was imminent in 1827. +Settlers in the northern part of the state either fled to the +southward or collected at such points as Galena or Prairie +du Chien. <q>This was a period of great suffering at Galena. +The weather was inclement and two or three thousand +persons driven suddenly in, with scant provisions, without +ammunition or weapons encamped in the open air, or cloth +tents which were but little better, were placed in a very +disagreeable and critical position.</q><note place='foot'>Tenney, <q>Early +Times in Wis.,</q> in <q>Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,</q> I., 96.</note> The prompt action of +Governor Lewis Cass, of Michigan, averted what would in +all probability have been a bloody war, if prompt action +had not been taken.<note place='foot'>McLaughlin, <q>Lewis Cass,</q> +125; Young, <q>Life of Gen. Lewis Cass,</q> 93.</note> +</p> + +<pb n='136'/><anchor id='Pg136'/> + +<p> +To September 30, 1819, the record of land sales in +Illinois was as follows: +</p> + +<table rend="latexcolumns: 'p{2cm} p{1.2cm} p{1.3cm} p{1cm}'; + tblcolumns: 'lw(15) r r r'"> +<row><cell></cell><cell>Acres Unsold.</cell><cell>Acres Sold.</cell> + <cell>Price.</cell></row> +<row><cell>Shawneetown</cell><cell>4,561,920</cell><cell>562,296</cell> + <cell>$1,153,897</cell></row> +<row><cell>Kaskaskia</cell><cell>2,188,800</cell><cell>407,027</cell> + <cell>1,781,773</cell></row> +<row><cell>Edwardsville</cell><cell>2,625,960</cell><cell>394,730</cell> + <cell>795,531<note place='foot'><q>State Papers,</q> +Senate, No. 87, 16th Cong., 1st Sess., II.</note></cell></row> +</table> + +<p> +The balances unpaid by purchasers of public lands steadily +increased from 1813 to 1819 until on September 30, 1819, +there was due from purchasers of land in the area of the old Northwest +Territory nearly ten million dollars.<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, +No. 57, 16th Cong., 1st Sess., V.</note> An +increase would have resulted merely from an increased sale +of public lands under the credit system, but it is also true +that the difficulty of collecting the unpaid balances became +so great that the government at last abolished the credit +system, by the act of April 24, 1820. The act provided +that after July 1, 1820, no credit whatever should be given +to the purchasers of public lands; that land might be sold +in either sections, half-sections, quarter-sections, or eighth-sections; +that the minimum price should be reduced from +two dollars to one dollar and twenty-five cents per acre; +and that reverted lands should be offered at auction before +being offered at private sale.<note place='foot'><q>Statutes +at Large,</q> III., 566-7.</note> At least two of the provisions +of this act had long been desired by Illinois in +common with other frontier regions: the reduction of the +minimum price and the sale in smaller tracts. Under the +new law a man with one hundred dollars could buy eighty +acres of land, while previously the same man would have +had to pay eighty of his one hundred dollars as the first +payment on one hundred and sixty acres, the smallest tract +then sold. The great danger had been that the second, +third, and fourth payments could not be made. In Illinois, +<pb n='137'/><anchor id='Pg137'/> +before July 1, 1820, there had been sold 1,593,247.53 acres +of the public land at an average price of about $2.02 per +acre. Some of this reverted from non-payment.<note place='foot'>Donaldson, +<q>Public Domain,</q> 200 ff.</note> +</p> + +<p rend='text-align: center'> + <figure url='images/illus-2.png' rend='width: 60%'> + <figDesc>Illustration: Indian Cessions.</figDesc> + </figure> +</p> + +<p> +During the third quarter of 1820, all sales in Illinois +were at the minimum price and a considerable proportion +were of the minimum area. At the same time, some of +the land in Ohio, and a very few tracts in Indiana, sold at +a higher price, one tract in Ohio, but only one, selling for +more than seven dollars per acre.<note place='foot'><q>State Papers,</q> +No. 35, 10th Cong., 2d Sess., II.</note> To October 1, 1821, +the land-offices in Illinois reported: +</p> + +<table rend="latexcolumns: 'p{2cm} p{2cm} p{2cm}'; + tblcolumns: 'lw(15) r r'"> +<row><cell></cell><cell>Acres Sold.</cell><cell>Surveyed, but Unsold.</cell></row> +<row><cell>Shawneetown</cell><cell>592,464</cell><cell>2,401,936</cell></row> +<row><cell>Kaskaskia</cell><cell>419,898</cell><cell>1,615,942</cell></row> +<row><cell>Palestine</cell><cell>714</cell><cell>2,880,720</cell></row> +<row><cell>Edwardsville</cell><cell>437,993</cell><cell>2,696,727</cell></row> +<row><cell>Vandalia</cell><cell>7,923</cell><cell>2,545,677</cell></row> +</table> + +<p> +All land in the districts of Shawneetown and Kaskaskia +had been surveyed, but the remaining districts were still +indefinite on the north.<note place='foot'><q>Pub. Lands,</q> +III., 533. It is interesting to note that for the five years +ending in 1822, the Pulteney estate of 380,000 acres of land in Steuben and +Alleghany counties, New York, had sold an average of 10,000 acres per +year, at an average price of $3.37 per acre—<q>Columbian Sentinel,</q> Boston, +Oct. 2, 1822.</note> At this time, Illinois money +passed in the state at par, and the Bank of Illinois was +among those whose notes were received in payment for +public lands.<note place='foot'><q>Illinois Intelligencer,</q> Oct. 30, 1821.</note> +</p> + +<p> +As more and more land was opened to settlement, a +new difficulty arose and became increasingly troublesome. +All public land was to be entered at the same minimum +price, and as a natural result, the poorest land was not taken +<pb n='138'/><anchor id='Pg138'/> +up and settlement became widely dispersed on the best +tracts of land. In December, 1824, the Illinois legislature +sent a memorial to Congress portraying the evils of sparse +settlement, and asking that land that had been offered for +sale for five years or more might be sold at fifty cents per +acre. Better roads, better markets, and better institutions +were expected to result from such sales.<note place='foot'><q>Pub. +Lands,</q> IV.. 145; <q> Repts. and S. Doc.,</q> No. 25, 18th Cong., +2d Sess., II.</note> Two years later, +another memorial was sent. This asked that land be +offered for sale at prices graduated according to the quality +of the land, suggested that the poorest land might well +be donated to settlers, and declared that settlement was +retarded by the high minimum price of land.<note place='foot'><q>Pub. Lands,</q> +IV., 871; <q>S. Doc.,</q> No. 17, 19th Cong., 2d Sess., II.</note> Governor +Ninian Edwards pointed out that in 1790, Hamilton had +recommended that public lands be sold at twenty cents +per acre, which <q>was the price at which Kentucky, long +afterward, sold her lands.</q><note place='foot'><q>H. J.,</q> +Ill., 1826-27, p. 54.</note> In 1828, the Committee on +Public Lands recommended that public lands unsold at +public sale be first offered at one dollar per acre, and if +still unsold, that the price be reduced twenty-five cents per +acre each two years until sold or reduced to twenty-five +cents per acre; that eighty-acre homestead claims be given +to such persons as would cultivate and occupy them for five +years; and that lands unsold at twenty-five cents per acre +be ceded to the states in which they lay, upon payment of +the cost of survey and twenty-five cents per acre. At this +time, there was in Illinois 1,403,482 acres surveyed and sold; +19,684,186 acres surveyed and unsold, of the 39,000,000 +acres estimated to be in the State.<note place='foot'><q>Repts. of +Com.,</q> No. 125, 20th Cong., 1st Sess., II.</note> Still another memorial +from the legislature was sent to Congress in 1829. It +<pb n='139'/><anchor id='Pg139'/> +pointed out, in strong terms, the inconvenience arising from +the high price at which public land was offered for sale. +Unsold public land could neither be taxed nor legally +settled. It was stated that of the forty millions of acres +in Illinois, little over one and one-half millions had been +sold at public sales. A granting of the right of preemption, +which implies the presence in the state of +squatters, is suggested.<note place='foot'><q>Senate Doc.,</q> +No. 58, 20th Cong., 2d Sess., I. For the long and +futile effort made in Congress to secure a law graduating the price of public +lands, see Meigs, <q>Life of Thomas Hart Benton,</q> ch. xi., with the foot references +thereto.</note> +</p> + +<p> +The implication of the presence of squatters was well +founded. When Peter Cartwright, in 1823, visited a settlement +in the Sangamon country, he found it a community +of squatters, on land which had been surveyed, but was +not yet offered for sale. Money was hoarded up to enter +land when Congress should order sales. Cartwright paid +a squatter two hundred dollars for his improvement and +his claim, bought some stock, and rented out the place, to +which he was to remove from Kentucky the following +year.<note place='foot'>Strickland, <q>Autobiography of Peter +Cartwright,</q> 246, 254.</note> This squatting on surveyed land, and even on +unsurveyed land, was a regular procedure. It added much +to the difficulty of governing the state—hence the memorials +to Congress, and hence the great significance to +Illinois of an act of May 29, 1830, which gave to all +settlers who had cultivated land in 1829 the right to preempt +not more than one hundred and sixty acres.<note place='foot'><q>Statutes +at Large,</q> IV., 420-1.</note> This +law was of general application. Even now the Illinois +legislature sent another petition concerning preemption to +Congress, because one of the provisions of the act of May, +1830, was that the plat of survey should have been filed +<pb n='140'/><anchor id='Pg140'/> +in the land-office, and this provision debarred about one +thousand Illinois squatters from the benefit of the act. A +modification in their favor was desired.<note place='foot'><q>Pub. +Lands,</q> VI., 240.</note> +</p> + +<p> +The land claims of the ancient settlers, as they are +called in government documents, continued to occupy the +attention of Congress, in a desultory way, throughout the +period, but their influence upon settlement had practically +ceased with the opening of the public land-offices.<note place='foot'><q>Statutes +at Large,</q> III., 786; <q>Repts. of Com.,</q> No. 58, 17th Cong., +1st Sess., I.; <q>Pub. Lands,</q> III., 406, 412-3, 421, 462-3; VI., 23-5; <q>S. +Doc.,</q> No. 10, 21st Cong., 1st Sess., I.</note> +</p> + +<p> +Among the obstacles to settlement was the holding of +land by non-residents. Such lands were subject to a triple +tax in case of delinquency, and when sold for taxes and +costs frequently did not bring enough for that purpose, in +which event they reverted to the state and the state paid +the costs. Redemption, although possible, was rare.<note place='foot'><q>Illinois +Intelligencer,</q> Vandalia, Ill., Apr. 24, 1821.</note> In +1823, about nine thousand quarter-sections of land in the +Military Tract, lying between the Illinois and the Mississippi, +were advertised for sale, because of the non-payment +of taxes by non-resident landholders.<note place='foot'><q>Niles' +Register,</q> XXV., 117.</note> At this time, two +of the prominent men of the state who wished to dispose +of a large amount of state paper, advertised that they would pay +such delinquent taxes at twenty-five per cent discount.<note place='foot'><q>Washington +(D. C.) Republican,</q> Sept. 27, 1823.</note> +In 1826, thirty-eight pages of the <hi rend='italic'>Illinois Intelligencer</hi> +were filled with a description, in double column, of lands +owned by non-residents, the lands being for sale for taxes. +In 1829, a similar list filled thirty-two pages.<note place='foot'><q>Illinois +Intelligencer,</q> Oct. 3, 1829.</note> Much discontent +was manifested in the state on account of the laws +<pb n='141'/><anchor id='Pg141'/> +concerning the public lands, and Governor Edwards' +message to the legislature, in 1830, elaborated a theory +that all public lands belonged of right to the states in +which they lay.<note place='foot'><q>Senate Jour.,</q> Ill., +1830-31, 8-51. The message was delivered on +Dec. 7, 1830, and Edwards' successor was inaugurated the following day.</note> +</p> + +<p> +Illinois early understood that an Illinois-Michigan canal +would help to people her northern lands. This led to +many efforts to secure such a waterway. In 1819 a favorable +topographical report concerning the route for the +proposed canal was made,<note place='foot'><q>State +Papers,</q> No. 17, 16th Cong., 1st Sess., II.</note> and in 1822 the state was +authorized to construct the canal, but no tangible aid was +given.<note place='foot'><q>Statutes at Large,</q> III., 659-60; <q>Niles' +Register,</q> XXII., 59.</note> In 1825 the legislature petitioned Congress for a +grant of the townships through which the canal would +pass. A committee report of March, 1826, which was +almost identical with another presented in February, 1825, +pointed out that the cost of transporting a ton of merchandise +from Philadelphia, New York, or Baltimore was +about ninety dollars, and required from twenty to twenty-two +days. The probable cost by the proposed canal, the +Lakes, and the Erie Canal, from St. Louis to New York +was from sixty-three to sixty-five dollars per ton, and the +time from twelve to fifteen days. The canal would bind +Illinois and Missouri to the North.<note place='foot'><q>Pub. Lands,</q> +IV., 437-8; <q>Repts. of Com.,</q> No. 147, 19th Cong., +1st Sess., II.; <hi rend='italic'>ibid.</hi>, No. 53, 18th Cong., +2d Sess., I.; <q>S. Doc.,</q> No. 49, +19th Cong., 1st Sess., II.</note> Congress received a +memorial from the legislature on the same subject in +January, 1827, requesting the grant of <q>two entire townships, +along the whole course of the canal,</q> and declaring +that markets at New Orleans fluctuated because of speculators, +and that grain and goods sent from the West to the +Atlantic ports by way of New Orleans was exposed to the +<pb n='142'/><anchor id='Pg142'/> +dangers of both the southern climate and the +sea.<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, +No. 46, 19th Cong., 2d Sess., II.; <q>State Papers,</q> No. 81, 19th +Cong., 2d Sess., V.</note> A few +weeks later the desired grant was made, the state being +given one-half of five sections in width on each side of +the canal, the United States reserving the alternate sections.<note place='foot'><q>Pub. +Lands,</q> VI., 27; <q>Statutes at Large,</q> IV., 234.</note> +The canal commissioners promptly platted the +original town of Chicago and sold lots at from twenty to +eighty dollars each, but no immediate settlement followed +the land sale, and Chicago remained for some years longer +an Indian town. The prospect of having a canal doubtless +had some influence upon settlement, but at the close of +1830 the actual construction of the canal was still a thing +of the future. By the close of 1828, Congress had donated +to Illinois, for various purposes, chiefly for schools and +internal improvements, 1,346,000 acres.<note place='foot'><q>S. +Doc.,</q> No. 11, 21st Cong., 1st Sess., I.</note> +</p> + +<p> +The salt springs had been vested in the state of Illinois +with the provision that no part of the reservations should +be sold. Large reservations were made at the Saline River +salt works and at the Vermilion saline near Danville, the +object being to reserve a supply of wood for the making +of salt. Upon the discovery of coal near the springs the +state was permitted to sell not more than thirty thousand +acres of the Saline River reservation.<note place='foot'><q>Pub. Lands,</q> +IV., 888, 921; V., 33, 35, 620; <q>Statutes at Large,</q> +IV., 305.</note> +</p> + +<p> +Illinois as a landowner sometimes mingled church and +state. The original proprietors of Alton having donated +one hundred lots, one-half for the support of the gospel, +and one-half for the support of a public school, the state +vested the donated lots in the trustees of the town, upon +its incorporation in 1821. A similar donation made by +the proprietors of Mt. Carmel was confirmed in the same +<pb n='143'/><anchor id='Pg143'/> +manner.<note place='foot'><q>Laws of Ill.,</q> 1820-21, +39-45; 1824-25, 72.</note> The Cumberland Presbyterians having built a +church on a school section, the state provided that for +ninety-nine years the building should be used as a schoolhouse +also, the school being under the joint direction of the trustees +of the township and the church society.<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, +1820-21, 153-4.</note> +</p> + +<p> +The receipts for public lands in 1828 and 1829, respectively, +were: +</p> + +<table rend="latexcolumns: 'p{1.9cm} p{1.7cm} p{1.7cm}'; + tblcolumns: 'lw(15) r r'"> +<row><cell></cell><cell>1828</cell><cell>1829.</cell></row> +<row><cell>Kaskaskia</cell><cell>$ 4,639.82</cell><cell>$ 10,503.99</cell></row> +<row><cell>Shawneetown</cell><cell>7,250.28</cell><cell>16,058.79</cell></row> +<row><cell>Edwardsville</cell><cell>23,536.49</cell><cell>38,001.35</cell></row> +<row><cell>Vandalia</cell><cell>4,489.71</cell><cell>24,258.13</cell></row> +<row><cell>Palestine</cell><cell>25,671.62</cell><cell>59,026.81</cell></row> +<row><cell>Springfield</cell><cell>56,507.63</cell><cell>108,175.47</cell></row> +<row><cell></cell><cell>$122,095.55</cell><cell>$256,024.54<note place='foot'>The +total receipts from sales of 1829 is erroneously given as $256,124.54 +in the original.</note></cell></row> +</table> + +<p> +The receipts for 1828 were for 96,092.91 acres; of 1829, for +196,324.92 acres.<note place='foot'><q>Pub. Lands,</q> VI., 158-9.</note> +From October 1, 1829, to September +30, 1830, sales, receipts, and prices were: +</p> + +<table rend="latexcolumns: 'p{1.5cm} p{1.5cm} p{1.6cm} p{1.6cm}'; + tblcolumns: 'lw(15) r r r'"> +<row><cell></cell><cell>Acres.</cell><cell></cell> + <cell>Average Price per Acre.</cell></row> +<row><cell>Illinois</cell><cell>291,401.28</cell><cell>$364,369.87</cell> + <cell>$1.2504</cell></row> +<row><cell>Indiana</cell><cell>413,253.63</cell><cell>521,715.13</cell> + <cell>1.2624</cell></row> +<row><cell>Alabama</cell><cell>233,369.27</cell><cell>291,715.20</cell> + <cell>1.25</cell></row> +<row><cell>Missouri</cell><cell>182,929.63</cell><cell>228,748.12</cell> + <cell>1.2505</cell></row> +<row><cell>Michigan</cell><cell>106,201.28</cell><cell>132,751.68</cell> + <cell>1.25</cell></row> +<row><cell>Ohio</cell><cell>160,182.14</cell><cell>201,923.50</cell> + <cell>1.2606</cell></row> +<row><cell>Mississippi</cell><cell>103,795.61</cell><cell>130,475.87</cell> + <cell>1.257<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, VI., +219; <q>H. Ex. Doc.,</q> No. 19, 21st Cong., 2d Sess., I.</note></cell></row> +</table> + +<p> +The northward movement of population in Illinois is well +<pb n='144'/><anchor id='Pg144'/> +indicated by the figures for 1828 and 1829. The Indian +barrier was being pushed back, and the Sangamon country, +with its land-office at Springfield, was a favorite place for +settlement. The rapid increase in the amount of land +sold is also striking. As the third decade of the century +closed Indiana was the favorite place for frontier settlement. +The sales of public lands in Ohio were diminishing. +A prophetic glance would have seen that as the ever-shifting +frontier passed westward Illinois was to overtake +and then to far surpass Indiana in number of settlers. +</p> + +<p> +The period from 1818 to 1830 saw the Indian title to a +great fertile tract of land in Illinois extinguished, the price +of all public lands lowered and the land offered for sale in +smaller tracts, the right of preemption granted to squatters +who had settled before 1830, considerable grants of land +made to the state for internal improvements, the great salt +spring reservations reduced. These changes did much to +make Illinois a more attractive place for settlement. +When a committee of workingmen in Wheeling, Virginia, +made a report, in October, 1830, on a method of escaping +from the ills of workingmen, they presented an elaborate +plan for buying land and forming a colony in Illinois.<note place='foot'><q>Rept. +of a Meeting of Workingmen in the City of Wheeling, Va., on +Forming a Settlement in the State of Ill.,</q> Oct. 4, 1830, 1-12.</note> +The experience of the squatter who settled with four or +five sows for breeders and in four years or less drove forty-two +fat hogs to market and sold them for $135, with which +he bought eighty acres of land and paid his debts, was not +a rare one.<note place='foot'><q>Information for +Emigrants,</q> London, 1848, 33, first pagination. The +hogs were sold in 1829.</note> +</p> + +<p> +As 1830 closed there were still problems connected with +the land to solve. The Indian question persisted, non-resident +landholders were troublesome, and the state +<pb n='145'/><anchor id='Pg145'/> +would still seek grants for internal improvements, but none +of these was to be long a serious impediment to settlement. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>The Government and Its Representatives, +1818 to 1830.</head> + +<p> +In some respects the character of the state government +of Illinois shows the character of the settlers. The nativity +of the governors and the congressmen of the state indicates +that the South was the origin of a majority of the population. +Before the end of 1830 there had been no northern-born +representative of the state in the national House of +Representatives; the first northern-born senator was chosen +in the last month of 1825, and the first northern governor +in 1830.<note place='foot'><p>Senators from Illinois: +</p> +<p> +Ninian Edwards, Maryland, Dec. 4, 1818-Mar. 4, 1824<lb/> +Jesse B. Thomas, Maryland, Dec. 4, 1818-Mar. 3, 1829<lb/> +John McLean, North Carolina, Dec. 20, 1824-Mar. 3, 1825<lb/> +and Dec. 7, 1829-Oct. 14, 1830<lb/> +Elias K. Kane, New York, Dec. 5, 1825-Dec. 11, 1835<lb/> +David J. Baker, Connecticut, Dec. 6, 1830-Jan. 4, 1831 +</p> +<p> +Representatives from Illinois: +</p> +<p> +John McLean, North Carolina, Dec. 4, 1818-Mar. 3, 1819<lb/> +Daniel P. Cook, Kentucky, Dec. 6, 1819-Mar. 3, 1827<lb/> +Joseph Duncan, Kentucky, Dec. 3, 1827-Nov. 1834 +</p> +<p> +Governors of Illinois: +</p> +<p> +1809-1818: Ninian Edwards, Maryland<lb/> +1818-1822: Shadrach Bond, Maryland<lb/> +1822-1826: Edward Coles, Virginia<lb/> +1826-1830: Ninian Edwards, Maryland<lb/> +1830-1834: John Reynolds, Pennsylvania +</p> +<p> +The governors from 1834-1842 were from Kentucky, 1842-1861 from the +North, 1861-1873 from Kentucky. During the period 1846-1853, Illinois +had a Democratic governor (Augustus C. French), from New Hampshire, this +being the only instance of an Illinois governor from New England.</p></note> +Pierre Menard, a French Canadian, the first +<pb n='146'/><anchor id='Pg146'/> +lieutenant-governor, came to Illinois in 1790, and can not +fairly be cited as a type of the French descendants of the +first white settlers of Illinois.<note place='foot'>Sulte, +<q>Histoire des Canadiens-Français,</q> VIII., 53.</note> As a matter of fact, the +French element was not a political factor of importance. +Nor is it true that all southerners were pro-slavery, for the +most noted anti-slavery governor of Illinois, and her governor +during the Civil War, were from the South, while +her first northern senator was pro-slavery. The great +influx of immigrants from New England and the rest of +the North did not come until after 1830. It was retarded, +after the opening of the Erie Canal (1825), by the Winnebago +and Black Hawk wars, and did not reach its height +until the latter war had closed and the Indian claims to +land in northern Illinois had been extinguished. Immigration +from the northern states increased proportionally, +however, after 1820. +</p> + +<p> +Illinois men in Congress give a number of indications of +the feeling of the people on questions having a more or +less intimate relation to settlement. Constant and insistent +demands for more land-offices, more post-roads, more +pensions, donations of land for poor settlers, grants of +land for internal improvements, the right of preëmption +for squatters, and the reduction of the price of public +lands show that the frontier was in favor of a liberal governmental +expenditure.<note place='foot'><q>Annals of Cong.,</q> 15th Cong., +2d Sess., 436, 704; <q>H. J.,</q> 15th Cong., +2d Sess., 100, 136-7, 273, 308; <q>S. J.,</q> 15th Cong., 2d Sess., 239, 240, +278-85, 322; 16th Cong., 1st Sess., 107, 201-2, 245; <q>Annals of Cong.,</q> 16th +Cong., 1st Sess., I., 450-2, 482-5; II., 1331-3; <q>S. J.,</q> 21st Cong., 2d +Sess., 38, 48, 51.</note> Congressmen from Illinois, without +exception, favored the tariff bills of 1824 and 1828.<note place='foot'><q>S. +J.,</q> 18th Cong., 1st Sess., 401; <q>H. J.,</q> 18th Cong., 1st Sess., 428; +<q>Cong. Debates,</q> 20th Cong., 1st Sess., IV. 786, 2471.</note> +In 1828, the only senator from Illinois who voted on the +<pb n='147'/><anchor id='Pg147'/> +question, voted for the bill abolishing imprisonment for +debt on processes issuing from a United States court.<note place='foot'><q>Cong. +Debates,</q> 20th Cong., 1st Sess., IV., 90.</note> +Since Illinois early abolished such imprisonment, it is +interesting to note that three hundred and thirty-eight +persons were committed to the Essex county jail in New +Jersey, for debt, in the year ending April 1, 1823, of whom +one hundred and forty-one were in close confinement. +The aggregate of debt was fifty-five thousand dollars.<note place='foot'><q>Ohio +Republican,</q> April 19, 1823.</note> +</p> + +<p> +Within the state one of the phenomena which has characterized +frontier regions appeared about the year 1821. +A desperate gang of immigrants had robbed and plundered +until, after a most notable robbery, <q>a public meeting was +held, and among other things, a company was formed, +consisting of ten law-abiding men of well-known courage, +who bound themselves together, under the name of the +Regulators of the Valley, to rid the country of horse +thieves and robbers.... A regular constitution was +drawn up and subscribed to.</q> After the leader of the +desperadoes had been killed the remainder fled.<note place='foot'>Eames, +<q>Historic Morgan and Classic Jacksonville,</q> 22. A letter from +the son of Mr. Eames, now deceased, says that search has failed to recover +the constitution of the Regulators of the Valley. Regulators were also useful +in preventing speculators from entering the claims of squatters, even when the +squatter was too poor to enter his own claim—Henderson, <q>Early Hist. of +the Sangamon Country,</q> 21. For another instance, see Blaney, <q>Excursion +through the U. S.,</q> 233-6; also, Reynolds, <q>My Own Times,</q> 1879, +113.</note> A frontier +condition is indicated also by the fact that when +Sangamon county was formed, on January 30, 1821, a +special law provided that housekeepers in the county +should perform the duties and receive the privileges of +freeholders. The same provision was made for Morgan +county two years later. As land sales in the Sangamon +country, in which these counties lay, did not begin until +<pb n='148'/><anchor id='Pg148'/> +November, 1823, these laws probably resulted from the +formation of counties whose entire population consisted of +squatters.<note place='foot'><q>Laws of Ill.,</q> +1820-21, pp. 45-6; 1822-23, p. 109; Henderson, <q>Early +Hist. of the Sangamon Country,</q> 21.</note> +The persistence of wolf bounties bears testimony +to continued wild surroundings.<note place='foot'><q>Laws of +Ill.,</q> 1822-23, p. 86 ff.; 1824-25, p. 116.</note> In 1829 alien +Irish, and presumably all other aliens, could vote at all +elections. An election law of this year provided that +voting should be by the voter's approaching the bar, in +the election room, and naming in an audible voice the +persons for whom he voted, or, if the voter preferred, by +delivering to the judges a ballot which should be read +aloud by them, the alternative being for the benefit of +illiterate voters. Voting had previously been by ballot.<note place='foot'><q>Miners' +Journal,</q> Galena, Dec. 22, 1829; <q>Revised Laws of Ill.,</q> +1829, 57; <q>H. J.,</q> (Ill.), 1828-29, p. 57.</note> +</p> + +<p> +Although frontier conditions obtained, there were evidences +of their gradual amelioration. A law of 1823 +provided that counterfeiting, which, in the territorial period, +had been punishable by death, should be punished by a +fine of not more than one thousand dollars, whipping with +not fewer than one hundred nor more than two hundred +lashes, imprisonment for not more than twelve months, +and being rendered forever infamous.<note place='foot'><q>Laws +of Ill.,</q> 1822-23, pp. 149-51.</note> The state established +a system of common schools to be supported, in +part, by the state, in 1825; but in 1829 the sections of +the act which provided that two per cent of all money +received into the state treasury, and five-sixths of the +interest of the school fund, should be for the support of +public schools, were repealed,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, 1824-25, +pp. 121-8; <q>Revised Laws of Ill.,</q> 1829, 149.</note> taxation for such a purpose +not being then in accord with public sentiment. A +<pb n='149'/><anchor id='Pg149'/> +mechanic's lien law, passed in 1825, provided that in case +of a contract between a landowner and a mechanic, the +mechanic should have a lien upon the product of his labor +for three months, after which the lien lapsed unless suit +had been commenced. Three years later an unsuccessful +attempt to secure such a law was made in New York.<note place='foot'><q>Revised +Laws of Ill.,</q> 1829, p. 100; McMaster, <q>Rights of Man in +Am.,</q> 97.</note> +</p> + +<p> +Two accounts on the records of the state are of sufficient +interest to give at length. The first gives the amount of +money received into the treasury during the two years +ending December 27, 1822: +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +<p> +<q rend='pre'>The amount paid into the treasury by the +different sheriffs within the two years ending +as aforesaid, is $ 7,121.09</q> +</p> + +<p> +The amount of a judgment obtained against +the former sheriff of Randolph [County] +for non-resident tax of 1818, is 147.14 +</p> + +<p> +The amount from non-residents for the two +preceding years, including back taxes, +redemptions, interest, &c., is 38,437.75 +</p> + +<p> +The amount from non-residents' bank stock, is 97.77 +</p> + +<p> +The amount from the Saline on the Ohio, is 10,563.09 +</p> + +<p> +The amount from the Saline on Muddy river, is 200.00 +</p> + +<p> +The amount from the sale of Lots in the town +of Vandalia, is 5659.86 +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='post'>Total amount of money paid at the Treasury +between the 1st of January, 1821, and the +27th of December, 1822, $62,226.70</q> +</p> +</quote> + +<p> +The balance in the treasury was $33,661.11, but Governor +Edwards, in his message of December 2, 1828, reported a +state indebtedness of $44,140.03 and taxes in Illinois as +<pb n='150'/><anchor id='Pg150'/> +precisely eight times as high as those in Kentucky which +were payable in the same kind of currency.<note place='foot'><q>Laws +of Ill.,</q> 1822-23, pp. 229-30.</note> The rage for +internal improvements was partly responsible, and for this +in turn the wide dispersion of the settlements in Illinois, +caused by the fact that all public lands were offered at the +same minimum price and that the prairies were in large +measure shunned, furnishes a partial explanation. +</p> + +<p> +The second account of the state, above referred to, shows +that in 1822 it cost $151.82 to make a trip from Vandalia +to Shawneetown and return, and one from Vandalia to +Kaskaskia and return, to convey to the capital some +money paid by the United States on the three per cent +fund due the state. The former trip occupied fourteen +days, the latter eight days.<note place='foot'><q>H. J.,</q> Ill., 1828-29, p. 8.</note> +</p> + +<p> +Governor Cass' protection of Galena during the Winnebago +War of 1827 may have been influenced by its +uncertain governmental status. In 1828 miners in what is +now southwestern Wisconsin voted for members of Congress +from Illinois, and in 1829 Galena was enumerated +among the thriving towns of Huron or Ouisconsin Territory. +November 29, 1828, one hundred and eighty-seven +inhabitants of Galena and vicinity sent a memorial to +Congress asking that a separate territory be formed, the +territory to be bounded on the south by a line drawn due +west from the southern point of Lake Michigan to the +Mississippi, and by the northern boundary of Missouri. +The memorial began: <q>The undersigned, inhabitants of +that portion of the <q>Territory Northwest of the Ohio,</q> lying +north of a due east and west line drawn through the +southernmost end of Lake Michigan, and west of that +lake to the British possessions, comprehending the mining +district, more generally known as the Fever River Lead +<pb n='151'/><anchor id='Pg151'/> +Mines.</q> The petitioners referred to the violation of the +Ordinance of 1787, and also stated that they were subject +to two separate governments, each some hundreds of miles +from them, and each unacquainted with their needs. The +petition was read and tabled.<note place='foot'>Tenney, <q>Early Times +in Wis.,</q> in <q>Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,</q> I., 97; +<q>Niles' Register,</q> XXXVII., 53; <q>State Papers,</q> No. 35, 20th Cong., 2d +Sess., II.</note> It is true that the situation +of Galena was peculiarly difficult. No mail could be +carried along the rude trail from Peoria to Galena during +the wet season, and when the Illinois legislature, seeking +to give relief, passed a bill for laying out a road between +the <q>Illinois settlements and Galena,</q> it was vetoed by the +governor and council because the road would pass through +lands of the United States and of the Indians. When +the river was frozen provisions were very high, and mail +was sent forward from Fort Edwards once a month. These +conditions were more aggravating as the number of inhabitants +increased, and in 1827, notwithstanding the trouble +with the Winnebago Indians, there were about four thousand +men at Galena, and they mined about fifteen times +as much lead as had been mined in 1823. In January, +1828, a congressional committee reported favorably on a +proposition to open a road to Galena.<note place='foot'><q>Repts. of +Com.,</q> No. 177, 20th Cong., 1st Sess., III.; Meeker, +<q>Early Hist. of the Lead Region of Wis.,</q> in <q>Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,</q> VI., +278-9.</note> In a letter written +one year later by the delegate from Michigan Territory, to +the committee on territories, the suggestion is made that +a new territory, to be called Huron, should be formed, +because the region at Galena was said to have received +hundreds of settlers during the preceding summer and +to have at the time of writing ten thousand or more, +and government in the lead region could not be properly +carried on from Detroit, which was eight hundred or one +<pb n='152'/><anchor id='Pg152'/> +thousand miles distant, by the routes commonly traveled. +The legislature of Michigan was said to be compelled to +meet in the summer in order to enable delegates to attend +and that was the busy time at the mines.<note place='foot'><q>State +Papers,</q> No. 66, 20th Cong., 2d Sess., II.</note> A congressional +act of February, 1829, provided for the laying out of a +village at Galena. The plat was not to exceed one section +of land, no lot was to be larger than one-fourth of an +acre, unimproved lots were to be sold at not less than five +dollars, improved lots were to be graded, without reference +to their improvements, into three grades, to sell at the rate +of twenty-five, fifteen, and ten dollars, respectively, per +acre, the occupants having the right of preëmption.<note place='foot'><q>Statutes +at Large,</q> IV., 334.</note> +Another mode of relief, which the inhabitants were working +out for themselves, is described in a Galena paper of +September 14, 1829: <q>Mr. Soulard's wagon and mule +team returned, a few days since, from Chicago, near the +southernmost bend of Lake Michigan; to which place it +had been taken across the country, with a load of lead. +This is the first wagon that has ever passed from the Mississippi +River to Chicago. The route taken from the +mines was, to Ogee's ferry, on Rock River, eighty miles; +thence an east course sixty miles, to the Missionary establishment +on the Fox River of the Illinois; and thence a +north-easterly course sixty miles to Chicago, as travelled, +two hundred miles. The wagon was loaded with one ton +and a half of lead. The trip out was performed in eleven, +and the return trip in eight days. The lead was taken, by +water, from Chicago to Detroit. Should a road be surveyed +and marked, on the best ground, and the shortest +distance, a trip could be performed in much less time. +And if salt could be obtained at Chicago, from the New +<pb n='153'/><anchor id='Pg153'/> +York Salt Works, it would be a profitable and advantageous +trade.</q><note place='foot'><q>Galena Advertiser,</q> Sept. 14, 1829.</note> +</p> + +<p> +As the life history of an individual recapitulates the +history of the development of a species, so does the history +of Galena, in respect to the difficulties of its early settlers, +recapitulate the history of the several parts of the United +States in their early days. As Illinois had sent petitions +for relief to the governments of the Northwest Territory, +of Indiana Territory, and of the United States, so did +Galena send similar petitions to the governments of Illinois, +of Michigan Territory, and of the United States. In each +case the prayers of the petitioners were but partially +granted. In each case the difficulties from Indians, lack of +facilities for commerce, distance from the seat of government, +inability to secure lands, were gradually mitigated +until the steady onward sweep of settlement engulfed the +outlying region and it ceased to be the frontier, and +turned its energies to other questions—different, although +probably as difficult. Galena, even at the close of 1830, +was a frontier region on the outskirts of Illinois settlement. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Transportation.</head> + +<p> +Transportation was long a difficult problem, although it +became gradually less so. Travel by either water or land +was slow and difficult. When a party of about one hundred +men, conducted by Colonel R. M. Johnson, went, in +six or eight boats, from St. Louis to the site of the present +Galena, in 1819, to make an arrangement with the Indians +which would permit the whites to mine lead, the upward +voyage occupied some twenty days.<note place='foot'>Bonner, <q>Life and +Adventures of Beckwourth,</q> 20, 21. Written from +Beckwourth's dictation.</note> Doubtless the journey +of Edward Coles from Albemarle county, Virginia, to +<pb n='154'/><anchor id='Pg154'/> +Illinois, in 1819, was typical of that of the better class of +immigrants. At the Virginia homestead, slaves, horses +and wagons were prepared for the long journey. A trusty +slave was put in charge of the caravan of emigrant wagons +and started out on the long journey over the Alleghanies +to Brownsville, Pennsylvania. Mr. Coles started a few +days later, overtook the party one day's journey from +Brownsville, and upon arriving at that place bought two +flat-bottomed boats, upon which negroes, horses and +wagons, with their owner, were embarked. The drunken +pilot was discharged at Pittsburg, and Coles acted as captain +and pilot on the voyage of some six hundred miles +down the Ohio to a point below Louisville, whence, the +boats being sold, the journey was continued by land to +Edwardsville, Illinois.<note place='foot'>Washburne, <q>Sketch of Edward Coles,</q> +48.</note> +</p> + +<p> +April 5, 1823, a party of forty-three started from Cincinnati +in a keel-boat, arriving at Galena, June 1, 1823. +Twenty-two days were required to stem the flooded +Mississippi from the mouth of the Ohio to St. Louis, and +twenty of these were rainy days.<note place='foot'>Meeker, +<q>Early Hist. of the Lead Region of Wis.,</q> in <q>Wis. Hist. +Soc. Coll.,</q> VI., 276-9.</note> In 1822 the English +settlement in Edwards county sent several flat-boats loaded +with corn, flour, beef, pork, sausage, etc., to New Orleans.<note place='foot'>Blaney, +<q>Excursion through the U. S. and Canada,</q> 159.</note> +Improvement of the Wabash was entrusted to an incorporated +company in 1825, and several years earlier a canal +across the peninsula at the junction of the Ohio and the +Mississippi was contemplated.<note place='foot'><q>Niles' Register,</q> +XXVIII., 168; Dana, <q>Sketches of Western Country,</q> +1819, 154; <q>Laws of Ill. Ter.,</q> 1817-18, pp. 57-64.</note> +</p> + +<p> +Many immigrants came overland. The following is +typical: <q>In the year 1819 a party of six men, and families +<pb n='155'/><anchor id='Pg155'/> +of three of them, started from Casey County, Kentucky, +for Illinois.... The first three were young unmarried +men, the last three had their wives and children with them. +They came in an old-fashioned Tennessee wagon, that +resembled a flat-boat on wheels. The younger readers of +this sketch can form but a faint idea of the curious and +awkward appearance of one of these old fashioned wagons, +covered over with white sheeting, the front and rear bows +set at an angle of forty-five degrees to correspond with +the ends of the body, and then the enormous quantity of +freight that could be stowed away in the hole would +astonish even a modern omnibus driver! Women, children, +beds, buckets, tubs, old fashioned chairs, including all the +household furniture usually used by our log-cabin ancestors; +a chicken coop, with <q>two or three hens and a jolly +rooster for a start,</q> tied on behind, while, under the wagon, +trotted a full-blood, long-eared hound, fastened by a short +rope to the hind axle. Without much effort on your part, +you can, in imagination, see this party on the road, one of +the men in the saddle on the near horse, driving; the other +two, perhaps on horseback, slowly plodding along in the +rear of the wagon, while the boys <q>walked ahead,</q> with +rifles on their shoulders <q>at half-mast,</q> on the lookout for +squirrels, turkey, deer, or +<q><hi rend='italic'>Injin</hi>.</q></q><note place='foot'>Henderson, +<q>Early Hist. of the Sangamon Country,</q> 13.</note> Muddy roads sometimes +caused emigrants to make long detours in the +hope of finding better ones, and if the roads became +impassable water transportation might be resorted to when +the locality permitted.<note place='foot'>Reid, <q>Sketch of Enoch +Long,</q> <q>Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,</q> Il., 61-2.</note> The fear of breaking down was +omnipresent and danger from professional bandits<note place='foot'><q>Pub. No. +8 of the Ill. State Hist. Lib.,</q> 156; Strickland, <q>Autobiography +of Peter Cartwright,</q> 200-1; Faux, <q>Memorable Days in Am.,</q> 310.</note> was not +<pb n='156'/><anchor id='Pg156'/> +lacking. There was also danger of being lost on the +enormous prairies in Illinois.<note place='foot'><q>Reminiscences +of Levi Coffin,</q> 89-99.</note> +</p> + +<p> +The best road from North Carolina to Indiana, for loaded +wagons, was that which crossed the Blue Ridge at Ward's +Gap, in Western Virginia, led through East Tennessee and +Kentucky, and reached the Ohio River at +Cincinnati,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, 76.</note> and +this was a part of the route for some of the Illinois immigrants. +Illustrations of the moving instinct, the ever-present desire to go +frontierward, were constantly appearing.<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, +94-5; Mrs. Delilah Mullin-Evans, in <q>Trans. of the McLean Co. +(Ill.) Hist. Soc.,</q> II., 17; Hecke, <q>Reise durch die Vereinigten Staaten,</q> +I., 37-8.</note> +Although the greater proportion of immigrants +came by either wagon or boat, some came on horseback +and some on foot.<note place='foot'>Loomis, <q>Notes of +a Journey to the Great West,</q> pages unnumbered; +<q>Niles' Register,</q> XXII., 320.</note> One pioneer wrote: <q>My mother was +a delicate woman and in the hope of prolonging her life, +my father, in 1830, broke up his home at Windsor, Connecticut, +and started overland for Jacksonville, Illinois. +Most of the household furniture was shipped by water, <hi rend='italic'>via</hi> +New Orleans and did not reach its destination until a year +afterwards, six months after our arrival. The wagon for +my mother was made strong and wide, drawn by three +horses, so that a bed could be put in it and most of the +way she lay in this bed. Most of the time the drive was +pleasant but over the mountains it was rough and over the +national corduroy road of Indiana, it was perfectly +horrible.</q><note place='foot'><q>Stories of the Pioneer +Mothers of Ill.,</q> MS. in Ill. State Hist. Lib.</note> +A journey was made in 1827 in about four weeks +over the same route that it had taken the same traveler +seven and a half weeks to cover in 1822.<note place='foot'>Tillson, +<q>Reminiscences,</q> 120.</note> +</p> + +<pb n='157'/><anchor id='Pg157'/> + +<p> +Within the state changes in facilities for transportation +were constant. From Shawneetown to St. Louis, by way +of Kaskaskia and Cahokia, passed the great western road. +There was also a road from Shawneetown, by way of +Carmi, to Birkbeck's settlement in Edwards county.<note place='foot'>Melish, +<q>Information and Advice to Emigrants,</q> 1819, 108.</note> +Frontier roads to different places seem to have been designated +by different numbers of notches cut in the trees +along the wayside.<note place='foot'>Woods, <q>Residence in +Ill.,</q> 140.</note> New roads were in constant demand. +In February, 1821, the legislature authorized the building +of a turnpike road, one hundred feet wide, from the Mississippi, +opposite St. Louis, across the American Bottom to +the Bluffs. Toll was to be regulated by the county commissioners, +but it must be not less than twelve and one-half +cents for a man and horse, twenty-five cents for a one-horse +wagon or carriage, six and one-fourth cents for each +wheel and each horse of other wagons and carriages, six +and one-fourth cents for each single horse or head of +cattle, and two cents for each hog or sheep. If at any +time the county should pay the cost of the road, plus six +per cent, the county should become the owner.<note place='foot'><q>Laws +of Ill.,</q> 1820-21, pp. 94-6.</note> A traveler +writing late in 1822 says that a public road had just been +opened between Vandalia and Springfield.<note place='foot'>Tillson, +<q>Reminiscences,</q> 54.</note> During the +same year, Gurdon Saltonstall Hubbard, one of the most +active of the agents of the American Fur Company in +Illinois, established a direct path or track from Iroquois +Post to Danville. In 1824 this path, which was known as +<q>Hubbard's Trail,</q> was extended northward to Chicago, +and southward to a point about one hundred and fifty +miles southwest of Danville. Along this trail trading-posts +were established at intervals of forty or fifty miles. +<pb n='158'/><anchor id='Pg158'/> +The southern extremity of the trail was Blue Point, in +Effingham county.<note place='foot'>Hamilton, <q>Incidents and +Events in the Life of Gurdon Saltonstall +Hubbard,</q> 136.</note> This became the regularly traveled +route between points connected by it. +</p> + +<p> +Springfield was the northern terminus of the mail route +early in 1823, and the next year Sangamon county, in which +the village lay, was almost entirely without ferries, bridges, +or roads.<note place='foot'>Tillson, <q>Reminiscences,</q> +81; Strickland, <q>Autobiography of Peter +Cartwright,</q> 250.</note> In 1830 mail was carried between Vincennes +and St. Louis thrice a week; between Maysville and St. +Louis, and between Belleville and St. Charles twice a +week. No point in Illinois, not on one of these routes, +received mail oftener than once a week. There was at +this time a mail route from Peoria to Galena.<note place='foot'><q>State +Papers,</q> No. 77, 21st Cong., 1st Sess., III.</note> The legislatures +of Indiana and Illinois petitioned Congress for an +appropriation to improve the mail route from Louisville, +Kentucky, to St. Louis, Missouri. The length of that part +of the route which lay between Vincennes and St. Louis +was one hundred and sixty miles, but a more direct route, +recently surveyed by authority of the legislature of Illinois, +reduced the distance to one hundred and forty-five miles. +The distance between Vincennes and St. Louis was made +up of about one-fourth of timber land and three-fourths +of prairies, from five to twenty miles across. <q>The settlements +are therefore scattered, and far between, and confined +to the vicinity of the timbered land. More than nineteen-twentieths +of the land, over which the road passes, is the +property of the Federal Government. To make the +necessary causeways and bridges, and to keep the road in +a proper state of repair, is beyond the capacity of the +people who reside upon it.</q> Another writer says of the +<pb n='159'/><anchor id='Pg159'/> +route: <q>It must, for many years, be the channel of communication, +through which the Government shall transmit, +and receive, all its intelligence relative to the mines in the +region of Galena, and Prairie Du Chien, the Military Posts +of the Upper Mississippi, Missouri, and their tributary +streams, and the whole northwestern Indian frontier.</q><note place='foot'><q>S. +Doc.,</q> No. 28, 21st Cong., 1st Sess., I.</note> +</p> + +<p> +Galena remained much isolated. A man who had +horses and cattle, purchased in southern Illinois and driven +to Galena, by way of Springfield and Peoria, in 1823, says +that there was no settlement between Peoria and Fever +River. A year before, a traveler who went from St. Louis +to Galena, on horseback, arrived in time to assist in completing +the second cabin in the place.<note place='foot'>Meeker, <q>Early +Hist. of the Lead Region of Wis.,</q> in <q>Wis. Hist. +Soc. Coll.,</q> VI., 278-9.</note> Two travelers who +walked from Upper Alton to Galena, in January and February, +1826, had to camp out several nights, because no +residence was in reach. Much of the way no trail existed.<note place='foot'>Reid, +<q>Sketch of Enoch Long,</q> Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll., II., 67-8. +See also Owen, in <q>Deutsch-Amerikanische Geschichtsblatter,</q> Jahrgang +2, Heft 2, 42.</note> +About 1827 it was common for men to go with teams of +four yoke of oxen, and strong canvas-covered wagons +from southern Illinois to the lead regions. In those +regions they spent the summer in hauling from the mines +to the furnaces or from the furnaces to the place of shipment, +usually Galena, and taking back to the mines a load +of supplies. In the fall the teamsters returned to their +homes, sometimes, in the early days, taking a load of lead +to St. Louis. These men lived in their wagons, and cooked +their own food. The oxen lived by browsing at night.<note place='foot'>Chetlain, +<q>Recollections of Seventy Years,</q> 10.</note> +</p> + +<p> +Transportation rates can be only approximately given, +<pb n='160'/><anchor id='Pg160'/> +because they varied with the condition of the weather or +of the roads, and were frequently agreed upon by a special +bargain. In 1817 steamboats are said to have descended +the Ohio and the Mississippi at the rate of ten miles per +hour, and to have charged passengers six cents per mile. +Freight, by steamboat, from New Orleans to Shippingport +(Falls of the Ohio), and thence by boats to Zanesville, was +about $6.50 per 100 pounds.<note place='foot'>Hulme, in Cobbett. <q>Year's +Residence in the U. S.,</q> 279, 302.</note> It took about one month to +make the trip from New Orleans to Shawneetown—June +6 to July 10 in a specific case. Nine-tenths of the trade +was still carried on in the old style—by flat-boats, barges, +pirogues, etc.<note place='foot'>Birkbeck, <q>Letters from Ill.,</q> +113; Birkbeck, <q>Jour. from Va. to Ill.,</q> +133-4.</note> In December, 1817, freight from Shawneetown +to Louisville was $1.12-½ per hundred weight; to New +Orleans, $1.00; to Pittsburg, $3.50; to Shawneetown from +Pittsburg, $1.00; from Louisville, $0.37-½; from New +Orleans, $4.50. The great difference between the rates up +stream and those down stream was due to the difficulty of +going against the current.<note place='foot'>Fearon, <q>Sketches of +Am.,</q> 260, repeated in Kingdom, <q>Am. and the +British Colonies,</q> 63. In the works of Fearon +and Kingdom 4<hi rend='italic'>s.</hi> 6<hi rend='italic'>d.</hi> are +equal to $1.00.</note> Cobbett estimated that Birkbeck's +settlement, fifty miles north of Shawneetown, could +be reached from the eastern seaboard for five pounds +sterling per person.<note place='foot'>Cobbett, <q>A Year's Residence +in the U. S.,</q> 337.</note> In 1819, the passenger rate, by steamboat, +from New Orleans to Shawneetown, was $110; the +freight rate $0.04-½ to $0.06 per pound, the high charges +being attributed to a lack of competition, which the many +new boats then building were expected to remedy.<note place='foot'>Birkbeck, +<q>Extracts,</q> 4.</note> A +party of nine people with somewhat more than six thousand +pounds of luggage, wishing to start from Baltimore +<pb n='161'/><anchor id='Pg161'/> +for Illinois, in July, 1819, learned that the water was so low +that large boats could with difficulty pass from Pittsburg +to Wheeling. They accordingly went from Baltimore to +Wheeling, a distance of two hundred and eighty miles, by +land. They had two wagons with six horses and a driver +to each wagon. The price for transportation was three +hundred and fifty dollars. At Wheeling a contract was +made for transportation to Louisville, six hundred miles +distance. For this, fifty dollars was paid, the passengers +agreeing to help navigate the boat. At Louisville an ark +was bought for twenty-five dollars, and two men were +hired for eighteen dollars and their board, to take the party +to Shawneetown, about three hundred miles distant. At +Shawneetown the master of a keel-boat was engaged to +take the luggage of six thousand pounds to a point about +eleven miles from Birkbeck's settlement, for 37-½ cents +per hundred pounds. The travelers proceeded on foot. The +time occupied in the journey was: From Baltimore to +Wheeling, sixteen days; from Wheeling to Shawneetown, +thirty-eight days; from Shawneetown to the Birkbeck +settlement, four days.<note place='foot'>Woods, <q>Residence in Illinois,</q> 33, +74, 111, 131, 133, 143-4.</note> A traveler in Illinois, in 1819, said +that the usual price of land carriage was fifty cents per +hundred pounds for each twenty miles; sometimes higher, +never lower, and that it would not pay to have corn transported +twenty miles.<note place='foot'>Faux, <q>Memorable Days in Am.,</q> +315.</note> In 1820, the charge for carrying +either baggage or persons from Baltimore to Wheeling was +reported as from five to seven dollars per hundred weight. +Persons wishing to travel cheaply had their luggage transported +while they walked.<note place='foot'>Kingdom, <q>Am. +and the British Colonies,</q> 2.</note> +</p> + +<p> +In 1823 the following passenger rates, by steamboat, +were quoted: From Cincinnati to New Orleans, $25.00; to +<pb n='162'/><anchor id='Pg162'/> +Louisville, $4.00; to Pittsburg, $15.00; to Wheeling, $14.00; +from New Orleans to Cincinnati, $50.00; from Louisville to +Cincinnati, $6.00; from Pittsburg to Cincinnati, $12.00; +from Wheeling to Cincinnati, $10.00. The time quoted +for passage up stream was never less than twice that for +passage down stream.<note place='foot'><q>Niles' Register,</q> XXV., +95.</note> Early in 1825 the <hi rend='italic'>Louisiana Gazette</hi> +(presumably of New Orleans) reported that a steamboat +had made the 2200 miles from Pittsburg in sixteen days,<note place='foot'><q>Cincinnati +Emporium,</q> Feb. 3, 1825.</note> +and a few weeks later another steamer arrived at Shippingport, +at the Falls of the Ohio about two miles below Louisville, +thirteen days from New Orleans, this time including +three days detention from the breaking of a crank.<note place='foot'><q>Cincinnati +Gazette,</q> Apr. 1, 1825.</note> Rates +quoted in 1826, per one hundred pounds, were: From +Pittsburg to St. Louis, in keel-boats, $1.62-½; to Nashville, +$1.50; to Louisville, $0.75; to Cincinnati, $0.62-½; to +Maysville, $0.50; to Marietta, $0.40; to Wheeling, $0.18-3/4; +in wagons, from Pittsburg to Philadelphia, $1.00 to $1.12-½; +from Philadelphia to Pittsburg, $3.00; from Philadelphia +to Wheeling, $3.50.<note place='foot'><q>Niles' Register,</q> +XXXI., 58.</note> A Columbus, Ohio, editor declared +that it required thirty days and cost $5.00 per hundred to +transport goods from Philadelphia to Columbus, while it +required but twenty days and $2.50 to transport from +New York.<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, +XXXI., 38.</note> No explanation was given, but the most +probable one is the opening of the Erie Canal. Illinois +buyers could, of course, take advantage of the cheaper rate +as well as the inhabitants of Columbus. The freight +schedule agreed upon by the owners, masters, and agents +of steamboats in July, 1830, was, per 100 pounds, as +follows: Pittsburg to Cincinnati, $0.45; Pittsburg to Louisville, +<pb n='163'/><anchor id='Pg163'/> +$0.50; Wheeling to Cincinnati, $0.40; Wheeling to +Louisville, $0.45; Cincinnati to Louisville, $0.12-½; in the +reverse direction rates were the same, except that the rate +from Louisville to Cincinnati was $0.16. Freight on pork, +from Cincinnati to Louisville was $0.20 per barrel, and on +flour and light (probably meaning empty) barrels, $0.15 +per barrel. The schedule rates were not, however, generally +adhered to, many boats carrying freight at from 2-½ +to 5 cents lower than the quoted rate.<note place='foot'><q>Cincinnati Christian +Journal and Intelligencer,</q> July 27, 1830.</note> At this time there +were 213 steamboats in use in western waters—an increase +of about three-fold since 1820.<note place='foot'><q>Niles' Register,</q> +XXXVIII., 97.</note> Improved transportation +caused a better market price for produce in the West. In +1819, at Cincinnati, flour sold at $1.37-½ per barrel, corn +at from $0.10 to $0.12 per bushel, and pork at $0.10-½ +per pound,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, XLIV., +36.</note> while in 1830, in the same market, flour from +wagons sold at $2.65 per barrel, or from store at $3.00; +corn at $0.18 to $0.20, and pork at $0.05 per pound ($10.00 +to $10.50 per barrel).<note place='foot'><q>Cincinnati Christian Journal +and Intelligencer,</q> July 27, 1830.</note> The influence of improved transportation +on emigration is obvious. In regard to steamboat +navigation it should be noted that in 1817 rates up-stream +were more than three times as high as rates down-stream, +in 1823 the former were less than twice the latter, +and in 1830 the two were about equal. During the same +period the time of up-stream passage was diminished +more than one-half. Steamboats had not driven out the +ruder crafts, but more and more use was being made of the +more expeditious means of transportation, and its effect on +the future economic activity of the West could already be +seen. +</p> + +<p> +Naturally the difference in price of the same commodity +<pb n='164'/><anchor id='Pg164'/> +in two different markets was dependent in large measure +on the ease or difficulty of transportation. In the latter +part of 1817, corn was $0.24 to $0.30 and wheat $0.75, in +Illinois, while corn was $0.50 and wheat $0.75 at Cincinnati.<note place='foot'>Fearon, +<q>Sketches of Am.,</q> 217, 260. Reprinted in Kingdom, <q>Am. +and the British Colonies,</q> 55, 62.</note> +In 1825 wheat was worth hardly $0.25 per +bushel, while it sold for $0.80 to $0.87-½ in Petersburg, +Virginia, and flour was $6.00 per barrel at Charleston, +South Carolina, and was scarce even at that price in +Nashville, Tennessee. At the same time corn sold for +from $0.08 to $0.10 in Illinois, and for $1.75 to $2.00 in +Petersburg, Virginia.<note place='foot'><q>Niles' Register,</q> +XXIX., 165; <q>The Intelligencer</q> Petersburg, Va., +Mar. 11, 1825; <q>Charleston (S. C.) Mercury,</q> May 25, 1825; <q>Nashville +(Tenn.) Republican,</q> Apr. 16, 1825.</note> In 1826 wheat sold in Illinois at +$0.37-½, and in England at $2.00 (nine shillings).<note place='foot'><q>Niles' +Register,</q> XXXI., 52.</note> In 1829 +flour was scarce at Galena. A supply from the more +southern settlements in Illinois sold at $8.00 per barrel, +and the farmers were urged to bring more.<note place='foot'><q>Miners' +Journal,</q> Galena, Oct. 4, 1829.</note> This was in +October. In November flour was quoted at Galena at +$9.00 to $10.00 per barrel, while it sold at St. Louis for +$4.50 to $5.50. In December, Cincinnati flour was from +$10.00 to $10.50 and Illinois flour from $8.00 to $8.50, at +Galena, whereas in the succeeding August they were $5.00 +and $4.00, respectively. In November, 1829, the one +article of food that was quoted as cheaper at Galena than +at St. Louis was potatoes. They were $0.25 per bushel, at +Galena, and from $0.37-½ to $0.50 at St. Louis. Butter +was $0.25 to $0.37-½ at Galena, and $0.12-½ to $0.20 +at St. Louis; corn, $0.50 at Galena, and $0.25 to $0.31 at +St. Louis; beef, $0.03-½ to $0.04-½ at Galena, and $0.01-½ +to $0.02 at St. Louis; whisky, $0.62-½ per gallon at Galena, +and $0.30 to $0.33 at St. Louis.<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, +Nov. 3, 1829; Dec. 15, 1829; Aug. 14, 1830.</note> +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='165'/><anchor id='Pg165'/> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Life of the People.</head> + +<p> +Of the 13,635 persons who were following some occupation +in Illinois in 1820, nearly 91 per cent (12,395) were +engaged in agriculture.<note place='foot'><q>Twelfth Census of the U. +S., Occupations,</q> p. xxx.</note> To this pursuit the state was +naturally well adapted. One of the most observant of +German travelers in America wrote that the meaning of +<q>fertile land</q> was very different in this region from its +meaning in Germany. In America fertile land of the first +class required no fertilizer for the first century and was too +rich for wheat during the first decade, while fertile land of +the second class needed no fertilizer during the first twelve +to twenty years of its cultivation. Bottom-lands belonged +to the first class.<note place='foot'>Duden, <q>Nordamerika,</q> +61.</note> The prairies remained unappreciated +by the Americans, although some foreign farmers preferred +to settle in Illinois, because there they could avoid having +to clear land, and could raise a crop the first year, while +coal could serve as fuel,<note place='foot'>Hecke, <q>Reise +durch die Vereinigten Staaten,</q> II., 134-5.</note> and a ditch and bank fence, +requiring little wood, could be constructed, or a hedge +could be grown.<note place='foot'>The following describes a ditch and +bank fence: <q>I very much admire +Mr. Birkbeck's mode of <hi rend='italic'>fencing</hi>. +He makes a ditch 4 ft. wide at top, sloping +to 1 ft. wide at bottom, and 4 ft. deep. With the earth that comes out of the +ditch he makes a bank on one side, which is turfed towards the ditch. Then +a long pole is put up from the bottom of the ditch to 2 ft. above the bank; this +is crossed by a short pole from the other side, and then a rail is laid along +between the forks. The banks were growing beautifully, and looked altogether +very neat as well as formidable, though a live hedge (which he intends +to have) instead of dead poles and rails, upon top, would make the fence far +more effectual as well as handsomer.</q>—Hulme, in Cobbett, <q>Year's Residence +in the U. S.,</q> 282.</note> A traveler of 1819 speaks of one of the +largest prairies as not well adapted to cultivation, because +of the scarcity of wood, and in the fall of 1825 there was +<pb n='166'/><anchor id='Pg166'/> +but one house on the way from Paris to Springfield, leading +across eighty miles of a prairie ninety miles in length.<note place='foot'>Ernst +in <q>Pub. No. 8 of the Ill. State Hist. Lib.,</q> 156; <q>Jacksonville +(Ill.) Weekly Journal,</q> Apr. 18, 1877 (in <q>Ill. Local Hist.,</q> III., in Wis. +Hist. Soc. Lib.)</note> +</p> + +<p> +It was easy to obtain land. After 1820 it could be +bought from the government of the United States at $1.25 +per acre, it could be rented—sometimes for one peck of +corn per acre per year<note place='foot'>Faux, <q>Memorable Days +in Am.,</q> 213.</note>—, or the claim of a squatter could +be purchased. When Peter Cartwright moved from Kentucky +to Illinois in 1824, he gave as reasons for moving +the fact that he had six children and but one hundred and +fifty acres of land, and that Kentucky land was high and +rising in value; the increase of a disposition in the South +to justify slavery; the distinction in Kentucky between +young people reared without working and those who +worked; the danger that his four daughters might marry +into slave families; and the need of preachers in the new +country.<note place='foot'>Strickland, <q>Autobiography of Peter +Cartwright,</q> 244.</note> The land being obtained, the first cultivation +was difficult. Writers often give the idea that after a year +or two the land which had been heavily timbered was left +free from trees, stumps, or roots, but many a pioneer +plowed for twenty years among the stumps. Stump fields +are today no novelty in Illinois, and farming has not retrograded. +Usually the settler's first need was a crop, and in +order to hasten its production the trees were girdled, a +process which might either precede or follow the planting, +according to the time of year in which the immigrant +arrived. If prairie land was plowed six horses, or their +equivalent of power in oxen, were required for the first +breaking, and a summer's fallow usually followed in order +to allow the roots to decay. In 1819 five dollars per acre +<pb n='167'/><anchor id='Pg167'/> +was paid for the first plowing of the prairie, and three or +four dollars for the second.<note place='foot'>Faux, +<q>Memorable Days in Am.,</q> 273.</note> +</p> + +<p> +Agricultural products exhibited considerable variety, +although corn was the chief article raised, because it +furnished food for man and beast, it gave a large yield, +and it was more easily harvested than wheat. Wheat was +raised without any great degree of care as to its culture, +being frequently sowed upon ground that was poorly prepared, +and being threshed in a most wasteful manner. Both +wheat and flour were exported. Flour-mills, often of a +rude sort, were found at inconveniently long distances +from each other. Ferdinand Ernst, traveling in 1819, +found a turbine wheel at the mill of Mr. Jarrott, a few +miles from St. Louis, and mentioned the fact as a peculiar +feature.<note place='foot'>Ernst, in <q>Pub. No. 8 of the +Ill. State Hist. Lib.,</q> 155.</note> Some of the settlers in Sangamon county had +to go sixty miles to mill in 1824.<note place='foot'>Strickland, +<q>Autobiography of Peter Cartwright,</q> 254.</note> In 1830 the first flour +mill in northern Illinois was erected on Fox River. It was +operated by the same power that ran a saw-mill, and the +millstones were boulders, laboriously dressed by hand.<note place='foot'>Chapman, +Lyde Grove, in <q>Stories of the Pioneer Mothers of Ill.,</q> in +MSS. in Ill. State Hist. Lib.</note> +Tobacco of excellent quality was grown, and sometimes +formed an article of export.<note place='foot'><q>Niles' Register,</q> +XXIX., 37; <q>Ill. Monthly Mag.,</q> I., 127.</note> Cotton was an important +article for home consumption. In the early years of the +state hopes were entertained that cotton might become an +article of export, but it was found that the crop required +so much labor as to make raising it in large quantities +unprofitable. It was after 1830, however, that it ceased +to be cultivated in the state. It was raised at least as far +north as the present Danville, about one hundred and +<pb n='168'/><anchor id='Pg168'/> +twenty-five miles south of Chicago.<note place='foot'><q>Niles' +Register,</q> XXII., 2, 67, 245, 386; <q>Ill. Monthly Mag.,</q> I., 129; +Loomis, <q>Journey to the Great West in 1825,</q> ch. iv., pages +unnumbered.</note> A woman whose +parents moved to Sangamon county in 1819 says that +when in that county they raised, picked, spun, and wove +their own cotton. The children had to seed the cotton +before the fire in the long winter evenings. The importance +of cotton as a factor in inducing immigration may +have been considerable.<note place='foot'><q>Stories of the Pioneer Mothers +of Ill.,</q> in MSS. in Ill. State Hist. Lib.</note> Large quantities of castor oil +were made in the state from home-grown castor beans.<note place='foot'><q>Niles' +Register,</q> XXX., 287; <q>Ill. Intelligencer,</q> May 18, 1826.</note> +Vegetables were large, although not always of good flavor.<note place='foot'><q>Ill. +Monthly Mag.,</q> I., 129.</note> +Peaches, apples, pears, quinces and cherries were cultivated +successfully, while grapes, plums, crabapples, persimmons, +mulberries, strawberries, raspberries and blackberries +grew wild.<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, +I., 128-9</note> An agricultural society was formed in +1819, a chief purpose being to rid the state of stagnant +water.<note place='foot'>Fearon, <q>Sketches of America,</q> 1817, 261, reprinted in +Kingdom, <q>Am. and the British Colonies,</q> 63; Birkbeck, <q>Letters from Ill.</q> 22, +32-3, 51-2, 69, 78, 85; Birkbeck, <q>Extracts,</q> 24-5, shows that a honey-locust +hedge could be made (1819) for less than 12 cents per rod.</note> +</p> + +<p> +It is not easy to exaggerate the simplicity of the farming +of pioneer times. When one reads that in 1817 a log +cabin of two rooms could be built for from $50.00 to +$70.00; a frame house, ten by fourteen feet, for $575.00 to +$665.00; a log kitchen for $31.00 to $35.50; a log stable +for $31.00 to $40.00; a barn for $80.00 to $97.75; a fence +for $0.25 per rod, and a prairie ditch for $0.29 to $0.44 per +rod; that a strong wagon cost $160.00; that a log house, +eighteen by sixteen feet, was made by contract for $20, +and ceiled and floored with sawn boards for $10 more; +<pb n='169'/><anchor id='Pg169'/> +that a cow and calf cost $12.00 to $16.00, and a breeding +sow, $2.00 or $3.00; that laborers received $0.75 per day +without board, and a man and two horses $1.00 per day; +and that various other useful articles could be procured at +certain prices, care is needed in order to avoid the conclusion +that an immigrant must have had several dollars, if +not a few hundreds of them. This need for care is increased +by the fact that the most detailed statistical data for early +Illinois is given by Birkbeck or his visitors, and is applicable +to the English settlement in Edwards county—a +settlement with enough unique features to make the data +almost more of an obstacle than a help. As a matter of +fact, many immigrants before 1820 had only enough money +to make the first payment on their land ($80.00), or after +July 1, 1820, only enough to buy the minimum tract +offered for sale ($100.00), while in both periods hundreds had +not even as much money as $80.00 or $100.00, and had to +become squatters. A log house, and practically all of the +first houses were of logs, was usually built without the +expenditure of one cent in cash, being erected by the +family which was to occupy it, or, if neighbors were within +reach, on the <q>frolic</q> system. Ceilings and floors were +both rare, and if a floor existed it was usually made of +puncheons. The number of pioneers who actually paid +as much as $31.00 for a log stable must have been small +indeed. First fences were often of brush, or brush and +logs, and many times crops were raised unfenced. Territorial +laws prohibited allowing stock to run at large during +the crop season. An immigrant often brought his cow and +sow, and if not he either did without, which in the latter +case was small privation in a region almost crowded with +game, or secured the desired animals by barter or by +working for a few days. Men frequently traded work, but +the payment of cash wages was rare, the cheapness of +<pb n='170'/><anchor id='Pg170'/> +land and the ease of securing a living leaving small +inducement to anyone to become a day laborer;<note place='foot'>Birkbeck, +<q>Jour. from Va. to Ill.,</q> 36; Duden, <q>Nordamerika,</q> 319.</note> while +for the same reason those who were professional laborers +were often of an undesirable type.<note place='foot'>Faux, <q>Memorable +Days in Am.,</q> 315.</note> Foreigners were sometimes +shocked at the utter carelessness of Illinois farmers. +A soil of great fertility, a region so abundantly supplied +with game and wild products as to make it almost possible +to live from the forest alone, combined with a lack of +efficient means of transportation, made such a temptation +to a life of idle ease as many pioneers did not resist. Be +it remembered, also, that although towns, retail trade, +and export trade had begun in Illinois by 1830, these +changes were not simultaneous throughout the state. As +1830 closed Illinois still had squatters many miles from a +mill, it still had Indians, it still had unbridged streams, it +still had regions far from a market—in a word, it had still +persisting in some part of its wide extent each of the ills +that had at various times confronted it in respect to +personal danger and lack of inducements to farmers. The +minority of really progressive farmers overcame the difficulties +confronting them by raising cattle or hogs and +driving them to distant markets, the price received being +almost clear profit, or by constructing their own boats and +shipping their produce.<note place='foot'>Birkbeck, <q>Letters from Ill.,</q> 35-6.</note> +</p> + +<p> +Although the great majority of the population of Illinois +was engaged in agriculture, there were salt works in the +southeast and lead mines in the northwest. The salt +industry was important. Far the greater part of the salt +made in the state was made at the Gallatin county saline, +near Shawneetown. In 1819 the indefinite statement was +made that these springs furnished between 200,000 and +<pb n='171'/><anchor id='Pg171'/> +300,000 bushels of salt annually, the salt being sold at the +works at from fifty to seventy-five cents per bushel.<note place='foot'>Mackenzie, +<q>View of the U. S.,</q> 1819, 298.</note> In +1822, the price of salt in Illinois was reported to have +fallen from $1.25 to $0.50, because of the discovery of +copious and strong salt wells.<note place='foot'><q>Niles' Register,</q> +XXII., 112.</note> The next year a strong well was +reported twenty miles east of Carlyle.<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, +XXV., 272.</note> In 1825, +a visitor to the Vermilion county saline found twenty +kettles in operation, producing about one hundred bushels +of salt per week.<note place='foot'>Loomis, <q>Notes of a +Journey to the Great West in 1825,</q> ch. iv, pages +unnumbered.</note> In 1828, an official report of the superintendent +of the Gallatin county saline stated that about +100,000 bushels of salt was made annually, and sold at +from $0.30 to $0.50 per bushel. The lessees paid $2,160.50 +rent during the year.<note place='foot'><q>H. J.</q> (Ill.), +1828-29, 63.</note> In 1830, the salt works in Gallatin +county had a capital of $50,000; a product of from 100,000 +to 130,000 bushels, selling at from $0.40 to $0.50; and three +hundred employees. The saline in Vermilion county had +a capital of $3500; a product of 3000 to 4000 bushels, +selling at $1.25 to $1.50 per bushel; and eight employees. +The works in Jackson county produced 3000 to 4000 +bushels, selling at $0.75 to $1.00; and had from six to +eight employees. The difference in price is noteworthy as +indicating what must have been the difficulty of transporting +salt from Gallatin county to either Vermilion or Jackson +counties. At the Gallatin county works fuel was becoming +scarce and water had to be carried some distance in pipes, +thus increasing the cost of production. At the springs in +Indiana salt was $1.25 per bushel, and in Kentucky it was +$0.50 to $1.00. The states of New York, Virginia, Massachusetts +<pb n='172'/><anchor id='Pg172'/> +and Ohio, respectively, produced more salt than +did Illinois.<note place='foot'><q>State Papers,</q> No. 55, +21st Cong., 1st Sess., Vol. III.; <q>Niles' Register,</q> +XXVIII., 161.</note> +</p> + +<p> +The lead industry at Galena was still in its infancy, +notwithstanding the fact that the richness of the mines +was early known.<note place='foot'><q>Niles' Register,</q> XXII., +226.</note> In 1822, a number of persons went to +Galena from Sangamon county.<note place='foot'>Parkison, <q>Pioneer Life +in Wis.,</q> in <q>Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,</q> II., 328-9.</note> For some years it was +a common practice to go to the mines in the summer and +return to the older settlements for the winter.<note place='foot'>Owen, +<q>Ums Jahr 1819 und 1829,</q> in <q>Deutsch-Amerikanische Geschichtsblatter,</q> +Jahrgang 2, Heft 2, S. 42.</note> The population +of Galena was 74 in August, 1823;<note place='foot'>Meeker, <q>Early +Hist. of the Lead Region,</q> in <q>Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,</q> +VI., 280.</note> about 100 on +July 1, 1825; 151 on December 31, 1825; 194 on March +31, 1826; 406 on June 30, 1826;<note place='foot'><q>Pub. Lands,</q> +IV, 800.</note> and 1000 to 1500 in +1829.<note place='foot'><q>Narrative of Morgan L. Martin,</q> in <q>Wis. +Hist. Soc. Coll.,</q> XL, 398.</note> In 1826 a part of Lord Selkirk's French-Swiss +colony on the Red River moved to Galena and became +farmers in that region.<note place='foot'>Chetlain, <q>Recollections of +Seventy Years,</q> 6; Mrs. Adile Gratiot, in +<q>Early Ill. Towns,</q> Lib. of Chicago Hist. Soc.</note> +The rush to the lead region began +in 1826 and became intense in the next year.<note place='foot'>Parkison, +<q>Pioneer Life in Wis,</q> in <q>Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,</q> II., 329.</note> In 1827, a +rude log hut, sixteen by twenty feet, rented for $35.00 per +month. Galena had then about two hundred log houses,<note place='foot'><q>Ex. +Doc.,</q> No. 277, 20th Cong., 1st Sess., Vol. VII.</note> +and in the same year the first framed house was raised.<note place='foot'><q>Shattuck +Memorials,</q> 233-4.</note> +In July, 1828, five hundred lead miners were wanted at +$17.00 to $25.00 and board per month.<note place='foot'><q>Niles' +Register,</q> XXXIV., 344.</note> +</p> + +<pb n='173'/><anchor id='Pg173'/> + +<p> +A pursuit that was once common and profitable is +described by a lawyer who traveled the first Illinois circuit, +consisting of the counties of Greene, Sangamon, Peoria, +Fulton, Schuyler, Adams, Pike and Calhoun, in 1827, as +follows: <q>On this circuit we found but little business in +any of the counties—parties, jurymen and witnesses were +reported in all the counties after Peoria, as being absent +bee and deer hunting—a business that was then profitable, +as well as necessary to the sustenance of families during +the winter.</q><note place='foot'><q>Jacksonville (Ill.) Weekly +Journal,</q> Apr. 18, 1877.</note> +</p> + +<p> +Not until after 1830 was a common school system with +effective provision for its support established, although +subscription schools existed some years before the close of +the eighteenth century. Instruction given in the earliest +schools was slight, and in 1818 a most competent observer +declared that he believed that in Missouri <q>at least one-third +of the schools were really a public nuisance, and did +the people more harm than good; another third about +balanced the account, by doing about as much harm as +good; and perhaps one-third were advantageous to the +community in various degrees. Not a few drunken, profane, +worthless Irishmen were perambulating the country, +and getting up schools; and yet they could neither speak, +read, pronounce, spell, or write the English language.</q><note place='foot'>Babcock, +<q>Memoir of John Mason Peck,</q> 123.</note> +These schools closely resembled those of Illinois. Schoolbooks +were rare and children carried to school whatever +book they chanced to have, the Old Testament with its +long proper names sometimes serving in lieu of a chart or +primer.<note place='foot'>Peck, <q><q>Father Clark</q>; or, +The Pioneer Preacher,</q> 240.</note> In some schools pupils studied aloud. Reading, +writing, spelling and arithmetic were the only branches +commonly taught, although as early as 1806 surveying was +<pb n='174'/><anchor id='Pg174'/> +taught in a <q>seminary</q> near the present Belleville.<note place='foot'>Reynolds, +<q>Illinois—My Own Times,</q> 59.</note> In +1827 Rock Spring Seminary, now Shortleff College, was +opened by Baptists, and the following year instruction was +begun in what was to become McKendree College (Methodist).<note place='foot'>Babcock, +<q>Memoir of John Mason Peck,</q> 229.</note> +The teacher of the first school in McLean county +(1825) received $2.50 per pupil for the term of four +months.<note place='foot'><q>Trans. of the McLean Co. (Ill.) +Hist. Soc,</q> II., 19.</note> The next year a teacher in Jacksonville was to +be paid in cash or produce, or in pork, cattle, or hogs at +cash prices, and to pay board in similar commodities at +the rate of one dollar per week. This included washing, +fuel and lights. School was open ten, and often twelve, +hours per day.<note place='foot'><q>Jacksonville (Ill.) +Weekly Journal,</q> Apr. 18, 1877.</note> +</p> + +<p> +Religious societies were early organized, but the building +of churches was not then common. In 1796 a Baptist +society was organized, and previous to this time both +Baptists and Methodists, without organized societies, had +united in holding prayer-meetings in which the Bible +and published sermons were read, prayers offered, and +hymns sung.<note place='foot'>Peck, in Reynolds, <q>Pioneer Hist. of +Ill.,</q> 259.</note> Before the close of the century the Methodists +organized. The Presbyterians were prominent in +the early years of statehood, but in 1818 they were just +beginning their work in Illinois.<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, +272-3.</note> Meetings were usually +held in private houses until such time as the congregation +felt that a church building should be erected, or at least +until some one felt the need, for the first church was +sometimes built by a few individuals.<note place='foot'>Strickland, +<q>Autobiography of Peter Cartwright,</q> 386-7.</note> Ministers were of +two types—those who devoted all of their time to religious +work and traveled over large areas, and those who +<pb n='175'/><anchor id='Pg175'/> +combined ministerial duties with farming, hunting, or +some other frontier occupation. Neither class received +much money. Peter Cartwright, one of the most famous +pioneer preachers, received $40 one year (1824-25) and +$60 the next—and this he considered good wages.<note place='foot'>Strickland, +<q>Autobiography of Peter Cartwright,</q> 254.</note> +Pioneer energy was displayed in the overcoming of +difficulties. For more than ten years the Baptists held +meetings on alternate months at two places thirty-six +miles apart, and several families regularly traveled that +distance to the two-days' meeting, even in unfavorable weather—and +this, too, after Illinois had become a state.<note place='foot'>Babcock, +<q>Memoir of John M. Peck,</q> 96-7.</note> +In 1829, the Presbyterians, true to their missionary spirit, +occupied the extreme frontier at Galena.<note place='foot'>Reynolds, +<q>Illinois—My Own Times,</q> 128.</note> Catholicism +increased but slowly.<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, +116-7.</note> Divisions such as were found in +the East or South reached Illinois, and at one time the +Baptists were divided into three factions, which had about +the same kind of fraternal relations as the Jews and the +Samaritans. The chief questions for contention were +whether or not missionaries should be sent out by the +church and whether fellowship with slaveholders should +be maintained.<note place='foot'>Babcock, <q>Memoir of John +M. Peck,</q> 94-5.</note> An association of anti-slavery Baptists +was formed, as also Bible societies and temperance +societies.<note place='foot'><p><hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, +183, <hi rend='italic'>et seq.</hi>, 203, 209. +</p> +<p> +In general, on the subject of religion in early Illinois, see: Peck, in Reynolds, +<q>Pioneer Hist, of Ill.,</q> 253-75, and the above mentioned works.</p></note> +Camp-meetings, with their well-known phenomena, +were common in the early years of statehood, and it is no +reflection upon their value to say that they were one of +the chief diversions for the pioneers. +</p> + +</div> + +</div> + +<pb n='176'/><anchor id='Pg176'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Chapter VI. Slavery in Illinois As Affecting +Settlement.</head> + +<p> +Slavery, as well as indentured servitude, existed in +Illinois as late as 1845,<note place='foot'>Harris, <q>Negro +Servitude in Ill.,</q> 116-9, note 3, p. 118.</note> and the <q>Black Laws</q> of the +state were repealed on February 7, 1865.<note place='foot'><q>Public +Laws</q> (Ill.). 1865, 105.</note> From 1787 +until years after 1830 the slavery question was an unsettled +one. In addition to the arguments for or against the +institution that were used everywhere, the pro-slavery +party in Illinois asserted that as the Ordinance of 1787 +guaranteed to the French inhabitants their property, the +French could hold slaves, and that as all citizens of a state +had equal rights other persons in Illinois could hold +slaves. The reply was that the Ordinance plainly forbade +slavery.<note place='foot'>The question of the binding +effect of the Ordinance received much attention, +especially from state courts, but early petitions show that the discussion +was not early important. In general, see Haight, <q>Ordinance of 1787,</q> in +<q>Mich. Pol. Sci. Ass'n Pub.,</q> II., 343-402; Cooley, <q>Michigan,</q> 137-9; +Washburne, <q>Sketch of Edward Coles,</q> 67-71.</note> +</p> + +<p> +Whatever the merits of the argument, slavery did exist +in Illinois. The fear of the French that they might lose +their slaves, and the desire to attract slaveholders to +Illinois, led to determined and repeated efforts to legalize +slavery. Early in 1796 a petition was sent from Kaskaskia +to Congress, praying that the anti-slavery article in the +Ordinance of 1787 might be either repealed or so altered +as to permit the introduction of slaves from the original +states or elsewhere into the country of Illinois, that a law +might be enacted permitting the introduction of such +slaves as servants for life, and that it might be declared +<pb n='177'/><anchor id='Pg177'/> +for what period the children of such servants should serve +the masters of their parents. This petition was signed by +four men, including some of the largest landowners in Illinois, +but as the petition, while purporting to come from +Illinois alone, concerned the entire Northwest Territory, as +there was no indication that the four petitioners represented +Illinois sentiment, and as the congressional committee was +informed that many of the inhabitants of the territory did +not desire the proposed change, the prayer of the petition +was denied.<note place='foot'><q>Pub. Lands,</q> I., 68-9; +<q>Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,</q> II., 447-52, 452-5.</note> +</p> + +<p> +In 1800, two hundred and sixty-eight inhabitants of +Illinois, chiefly French, petitioned Congress to repeal the +anti-slavery provision of the Ordinance, stating that many +of the inhabitants were crossing the Mississippi with their +slaves. The petition was not considered.<note place='foot'><q>Ind. Hist. +Soc. Pub.,</q> II., 455-61; <q>Annals of Cong.,</q> 6th Cong., 735.</note> A similar +request, presented late in 1802, was twice reported upon +by committees, one report (Randolph's) declaring that the +growth of Ohio proved that a lack of slavery would not +seriously retard settlement, while the other was in favor of +suspending the anti-slavery article for ten years, the male +descendants of immigrating slaves to be free at the age of +twenty-five years, and the females at twenty-one.<note place='foot'><q>Ind. +Hist. Soc. Pub.,</q> II., 461-70; <q>A. S. P. Misc.,</q> I., 387; <q>Annals +of Cong.,</q> 8th Cong., 1st Sess., 1023-4; <hi rend='italic'>ibid.</hi>, +9th Cong., 1st Sess., 466-8.</note> In +1805 a majority of the members of the respective houses +of the Indiana legislature petitioned for the repeal of the +anti-slavery article, and this petition was closely followed +by a memorial from Illinois expressing the hope that the +general government would not pass unnoticed the act of +the last legislature authorizing the importation of slaves +into the territory. It violated the Ordinance, the memorialists +declared, and although they desired slavery they +<pb n='178'/><anchor id='Pg178'/> +professed themselves to be law-abiding.<note place='foot'><q>Ind. Hist. +Soc. Pub.,</q> II., 476-83, 498-506.</note> A committee +report on the petition and memorial recommended that +permission to import slaves into Indiana (then including +Illinois) for ten years be granted, in order that the evil +effects of slavery might be mitigated by its dispersion, but +no legislation resulted from the report,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, +II., 494-7; <q>A. S. P., Misc.,</q> I., 450; <q>Annals of Cong.,</q> 9th +Cong., 1st Sess., 293, 466-8.</note> and the next year +petitioning was resumed. The legislature sent resolutions +asking for the suspension of the anti-slavery article, and +elaborating the argument for such suspension. A committee +of which the territorial delegate from Indiana was +chairman, presented a favorable report.<note place='foot'><q>Ind. Hist. Soc. +Pub.,</q> II., 507-10; <q>A. S. P., Misc.,</q> I., 467, 477; +<q>Annals of Cong.,</q> 9th Cong., 2d Sess., 375, 482.</note> +</p> + +<p> +In September, 1807, a petition for the suspension of the +anti-slavery article was sent to Congress from the Indiana +legislature. It was signed by Jesse B. Thomas, later +author of the Missouri Compromise, but then Speaker of +the territorial House of Representatives, and resident in +what was to become the State of Indiana, and by the +president <hi rend='italic'>pro tem.</hi> of the Legislative Council. Action in +committee was adverse,<note place='foot'><q>Ind. Hist. Soc. +Pub.,</q> II., 515-21; <q>A. S. P., Misc.,</q> I., 484; <q>Annals +of Cong.,</q> 10th Cong., 1st Sess., 23, <hi rend='italic'>et seq.</hi>, +816.</note> Congress being then busied with +the question of the abolition of the slave trade. +</p> + +<p> +During the territorial period in Illinois (1809-1818), the +slavery question was not much agitated. The Constitution +of 1818 provided that slaves could not be thereafter brought +into the State, except such as should be brought under +contract to labor at the Saline Creek salt works, said contract +to be limited to one year, although renewable, and +the proviso to be void after 1825, but existing slavery was +not abolished, and existing indentures—and some were +<pb n='179'/><anchor id='Pg179'/> +for ninety-nine years<note place='foot'>Harris, <q>Negro Servitude +in Ill.,</q> 11, note 3.</note>—should be carried out. Male +children of slaves or indentured servants should be free at +the age of twenty-one and females at eighteen.<note place='foot'>Poore, +<q>Charters and Constitutions,</q> Pt. I., 445-6.</note> In Congress, +as has been seen, Tallmadge, of New York, objected +to admitting Illinois before she abolished slavery, but his +objection was ineffectual. +</p> + +<p> +In March, 1819, a slave code was enacted. Any black +or mulatto coming into the State was required to file with +the clerk of a circuit court a certificate of freedom. Slaves +should not be brought into the state for the purpose of +emancipation. Resident negroes, other than slaves and +indentured servants, must file certificates of freedom. +Slaves were to be whipped instead of fined, thirty-nine +stripes being the maximum number that might be inflicted. +Contracts with slaves were void. Not more than two +slaves should meet together without written permission +from their masters. Any master emancipating his slaves +must give a bond of $1000 per head that such emancipated +slaves should not become public charges, failure to give +such a bond being punishable by a fine of $200 per head. +Colored people must present passes when traveling.<note place='foot'><q>Revised +Laws of Ill.,</q> 1833, 457-62.</note> +</p> + +<p> +Stringent as was the code of 1819, it was of a type +that was common in the slave states. Its passage may +have kept some negroes, both free and slave, from coming +into the state upon their own initiative without certificates +of freedom. From 1810 to 1820 the number of slaves in +Illinois increased from 168 to 917, Illinois being the only +state north of Mason and Dixon's line having an increase +in the number of slaves during the decade, although in +the Territory of Missouri, during this time, the number +increased from about 3000 to over 10,200. At the same +<pb n='180'/><anchor id='Pg180'/> +time the number of free blacks in Illinois decreased from +about 600 to some 450, while they increased in Indiana +from nearly 400 to over 1200. Of the slaves in Illinois in +1820 precisely 500 were in the counties of Gallatin and +Randolph, the former being the center of the salt-making +industry, and the latter the seat of the early French settlement +at Kaskaskia.<note place='foot'><q>Ninth Census of +U. S., Population and Social Statistics,</q> 5, 7, 24-5; +Melish, <q>Geog. Desc. of the U. S.,</q> 1822, 359.</note> +</p> + +<p> +Whether the anti-slavery clause of the Ordinance of +1787 freed the slaves of the old French settlers was long a +disputed question, and it is certain that a strict construction +of the Illinois Constitution of 1818 made further +importation of slaves illegal. Many slave-owners passed +through southern Illinois to Missouri, because the main +road for emigration by land to that territory crossed the +Ohio River at Shawneetown. Many of the slaves who +produced the large increase in the number of slaves in +Missouri from 1810 to 1820 must have gone over this route. +In 1820 more than one-seventh of the population of +Missouri was slave.<note place='foot'><q>Ninth Census of U. S., +Population and Social Statistics,</q> 3, 7.</note> The people of Illinois could not fail +to see that they were losing a certain class of emigrants—the +prosperous slaveholders. The loss became greater as +the likelihood of Missouri's admittance as a slave state +increased. As early as 1820 there was a rumor of the +formation of a party in Illinois to introduce slavery into +the state in a legal manner.<note place='foot'>J. Q. Adams, +<q>Memoirs,</q> V., 9.</note> The next year an editorial +in a leading newspaper of Illinois said: <q>Will the +admission of slavery in a new state tend to increase its +population?—is a question which has been of late much +discussed both within and without this state. It has been +contended that its admission would induce the emigration +of citizens of states as well where slavery was, as where it +<pb n='181'/><anchor id='Pg181'/> +was not tolerated—that while it would attract the attention +of the wealthy southern planter, it would not deter the +industrious northern farmer.</q> The editor cites Ohio and +Kentucky as proof against the above argument. In 1810 +Ohio had a population, in round numbers, of 230,700 and +Kentucky one of 406,500; in 1820 Ohio had 581,400, while +Kentucky had 563,300, giving a difference in favor of Ohio +of over 18,000; and an excess of gain during the decade, +in favor of Ohio, of 93,847. <q>We are willing to take +into consideration the unsettled titles of land in the last-mentioned +state [Kentucky], and admit that in this respect +Ohio had a decided advantage—we will therefore deduct +the fraction of 93,847, believing it equivalent to the loss of +population from this cause—there is still a difference of +100,000.</q><note place='foot'><q>Illinois Intelligencer</q> (Vandalia), +Apr. 24, 1821.</note> The editor's figures for 1810 were correct and +those for 1820 were approximately so. It is also true, +and in line with his argument, that during the same decade +Indiana showed an increase from 24,500 to 147,200, while +Missouri's increase was from 20,800 to 66,500; the +increase in Illinois being between the two in proportion of +increase—from 12,282 to 55,162.<note place='foot'><q>Ninth +Census of the U. S., Population and Social Statistics,</q> 3.</note> The passing of the +slaveholders to Missouri continued and the discussion of +the slavery question became animated. +</p> + +<p> +In the gubernatorial election of 1822 there were four +candidates for governor, two being anti-slavery and two +pro-slavery in belief. Edward Coles, from Virginia, an +anti-slavery man, was elected by a plurality of but a few +votes. His election was due to a division in the ranks of +the opposite party, as is shown by the fact that the pro-slavery +party polled over 5300 votes, while the anti-slavery +party polled only some 3300.<note place='foot'>The vote +for governor given by W. H. Brown, <q>Early Movement in +Illinois for the Legalization of Slavery,</q> (<q>Fergus Hist. Ser.,</q> No. 4, p. 15), +differs from that by Washburne, <q>Sketch of Edward Coles,</q> 58, and Bonham, +<q>Fifty Years Recollections,</q> 22, while neither gives Coles a plurality of 46 +votes, as Harris in <q>Negro Servitude in Ill.,</q> 31, says the official returns show +him to have received. For the purposes of this work the differences are so +slight as to be negligible.</note> In his message of December +<pb n='182'/><anchor id='Pg182'/> +5, 1822, Governor Coles strongly urged the passage of +a law to prevent kidnapping<note place='foot'><q>House Journal</q> +(Ill.), 1822-23, pp. 25-7; <q>Senate Journal</q> (Ill.), +1822-23, pp. 29-30.</note>—then a regular trade. +This was referred to a select committee which reported as +follows: <q>Your committee have carefully examined the +laws upon the subject, and with deep regret announce +their incapability of devising a more effectual plan than +the one already prescribed by law for the suppression of +such infamous crimes. It is believed that the benevolent +views of the executive and the benign purposes of the +statutes can only be realized by the redoubled diligence +of our grand juries and our magistrates, aided by the well-directed +support of all just and good men.</q><note place='foot'><q>Senate +Journal</q> (Ill.), 1822-23, pp. 43-6; <q>House Journal</q> (Ill.), +1822-23, pp. 68, 134, 147-8.</note> The legislature +was politically opposed to the governor, and the +committee's report sounds like the baldest irony. With +the report was presented a scheme for introducing slavery +into the state,<note place='foot'><q>House Journal</q> (Ill.), +1822-23, pp. 44, 45.</note> a scheme which eventually led to the vote +of 1824.<note place='foot'>Davidson and Stuvé, <q>Hist. of Ill.,</q> 320.</note> +</p> + +<p> +The Constitution of Illinois provided that upon the vote +of two-thirds of the members of each house of the legislature, +the question of calling a convention for the revision +of the Constitution should be submitted to the people. +For calling a convention only a majority vote from the +people was necessary. This method of procedure the +pro-slavery party determined upon. The two-thirds in +favor of the project could be secured without difficulty in +the senate, but in the house the desperate expedient of +<pb n='183'/><anchor id='Pg183'/> +reconsidering the right of a member to a contested seat +and seating his opponent was resorted to.<note place='foot'><q>House +Journal</q> (Ill.), 1822-23, p. 272.</note> This being +done the resolution to submit the question of a constitutional +convention to the people was passed by a bare two-thirds +vote in each house.<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, 1822-23, +P. 276; <q>Senate Journal</q> (Ill.), 1822-23, p. 252.</note> Of the eighteen men who +voted against the resolution, eleven were natives of southern +states, two of New York, two of Connecticut, one of Massachusetts, +one of Vermont, and one of Sweden. There +were some northern men who voted in favor of the resolution.<note place='foot'>Washburne, +<q>Sketch of Edward Coles,</q> <hi rend='italic'>passim.</hi></note> +</p> + +<p> +The campaign resulting from the passage of the convention +resolution was waged for eighteen months with great +vigor. Press and pulpit were actively employed.<note place='foot'><q>Edwardsville +Spectator,</q> Jan. 27, 1824; Nov. 29, 1823.</note> A large +anti-slavery society was formed in Morgan county,<note place='foot'>Eames, +<q>Historic Morgan and Classic Jacksonville,</q> 12.</note> and +it was in all probability one of many such organizations. +In August, 1824, came the final vote, and the official count +of the votes showed a majority of 1668 against calling a +constitutional convention.<note place='foot'><p><q>House Journal</q> (Ill.), +1824-25, p. 64. The corrected official vote +(Aug. 2, 1824), by counties, is as follows: +</p> +<p> +For. Against.<lb/> +Alexander, 75, 51<lb/> +Bond, 63, 240<lb/> +Clark, 31, 116<lb/> +Crawford, 134, 262<lb/> +Edgar, 3, 234<lb/> +Edwards, 189, 391<lb/> +Fayette, 125, 121<lb/> +Franklin, 170, 113<lb/> +Fulton, 5, 60<lb/> +Gallatin, 597, 133<lb/> +Greene, 164, 379<lb/> +Hamilton, 173, 85<lb/> +Jackson, 180, 93<lb/> +Jefferson, 99, 43<lb/> +Johnson, 74, 74<lb/> +Lawrence, 158, 261<lb/> +Madison, 351, 563<lb/> +Marion, 45, 52<lb/> +Montgomery, 74, 90<lb/> +Monroe, 141, 196<lb/> +Morgan, 42, 432<lb/> +Pike, 19, 165<lb/> +Pope, 273, 124<lb/> +Randolph, 357, 284<lb/> +Sangamon, 153, 722<lb/> +St. Clair, 408, 506<lb/> +Union, 213, 240<lb/> +Washington, 112, 173<lb/> +Wayne, 189, 111<lb/> +White, 355, 326 +</p> +<p> +Totals, 4972, 6640 +</p> +<p> +The vote as here given is from Moses, <q>Illinois,</q> I., 324. It is also given in +Harris, <q>Negro Servitude in Illinois,</q> 48. It differs to a slight degree from +that given by William H. Brown in his <q>Historical Sketch of the Early +Movement in Illinois for the Legalization of Slavery,</q> read at the annual +meeting of the Chicago Hist. Soc., Dec. 5, 1864 (<q>Fergus Hist. Ser.,</q> No. 4), +and in Washburne, <q>Sketch of Edward Coles,</q> 191. Brown was one of the +leaders in the struggle and his work is of especial value. It is probable that +the vote appended to his address was prepared by some one else. The work +of Moses is of later date and his figures correspond to the official report in +respect to the majority against the convention, as the others do not.</p></note> +</p> + +<pb n='184'/><anchor id='Pg184'/> + +<p> +It is noteworthy that in this struggle the governor of +the state was an anti-slavery southerner; eleven of the +eighteen anti-slavery men in the legislature were southern; +the pro-slavery party, which polled 1971 more votes +than its opponents in 1822, was defeated by 1668 votes in +1824. It is also true that of the leaders in the campaign +some of the most noted were southern anti-slavery or +northern pro-slavery men. +</p> + +<p rend='text-align: center'> + <figure url='images/illus-3.png' rend='width: 60%'> + <figDesc>Illustration: Election Results.</figDesc> + </figure> +</p> + +<p> +The history of settlement suggests several explanations +for the votes of 1822 and 1824. The legislature which +passed the convention resolution had not been chosen +with the avowed purpose of doing so. Some designing +politicians had such an object in view and secured the +election of pro-slavery men by anti-slavery constituents. +The number of such cases was not large, but as the resolution +passed by the minimum vote they are important.<note place='foot'>Brown, +<q>Early Movement in Illinois for the Legalization of Slavery,</q> +in <q>Fergus Hist. Series,</q> No. 4, pp. 16-17.</note> +In 1822, however, there was almost without doubt a pro-slavery +majority in the state, but it is improbable that +there was a two-thirds majority. In the election of 1822, +there were 8635 votes cast, while in that of 1824 there were +11,612 votes cast. This great increase indicates a large +immigration. Immigration at this time was largely to +the northern counties of the state, and it is a point of +prime significance that each of the seven northern counties +gave large majorities against the calling of the convention, +<pb n='185'/><anchor id='Pg185'/> +and that without the vote of these seven counties the vote +would have been 4523 for a convention and 4408 against a +convention, thus changing the decision of the state. This +vote of the northern counties can not be explained by an +increased immigration from the north, because no such +increase to any significant degree is discoverable. The +admission of Missouri as a slave state would naturally +lead pro-slavery emigrants to go to that state instead of +to Illinois. Another event which tended to influence the +vote in Illinois was the decision of Indiana against slavery, +in the summer of 1823, in the midst of the campaign in +Illinois.<note place='foot'><q>Niles' Register,</q> XXV., 39; +<q>The Columbian Star</q> (Washington, D. +C.), Feb. 21, 1824.</note> The unjust action of the Illinois House of Representatives +in unseating an anti-convention member was +a powerful argument against the pro-slavery party. +</p> + +<p> +In his message to the legislature, on November 16, +1824, Governor Coles said: <q rend='pre'>In the observations I had the +honor to make to the last Legislature, I recommended +that provision should be made for the abolition of the +remnant of African slavery which still existed in this +state. The full discussion of the principles and policy of +personal slavery, which has taken place since that period, +resulting in its rejection by the decided voice of the +people, still more imperiously makes it my duty to call +your attention in an especial manner to this subject, and +earnestly to entreat you to make just and equitable provision +for as speedy an abolition of this remnant of slavery, +as may be deemed consistent with the rights and claims of +the parties concerned.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>In close connection with this subject, is my former +recommendation, to which I again solicit your attention, +that the law as it respects those held in service should be +rendered less severe, and more accordant with our political +<pb n='186'/><anchor id='Pg186'/> +institutions and local situation; and that more severe +penalties should be enacted against the unnatural crime of +kidnapping, which then prevailed to a great extent and +has since considerably increased, in consequence of the +defects of the present law. Regarding the former, our +laws in general are a mere transcript of those of the more +southern states, where the great number of slaves makes +it necessary for the safety of the whites, that the laws for +their government, and concerning free blacks, should be +very strict.—But, there being no such motive here, the +necessity of such laws ceases, and consequently their +injustice and cruelty are the more apparent. The latter +are found every day more and more defective and inefficient; +and kidnapping has now become a regular trade, +which is carried on to a vast extent to the country bordering +on the lower Mississippi, up the Red River, and to the +West Indies. To put an immediate and effectual stop to +this nefarious traffic, is the imperious duty of the +Legislature.</q><note place='foot'><q>H. J.</q> (Ill.), 1824-25, +p. 13; on kidnapping see Harris, <q>Negro +Servitude in Ill.,</q> 53 ff.</note> +</p> + +<p> +The house of representatives referred the governor's +remarks concerning kidnapping to a select committee. A +bill was reported, but after being weakened by amendments +it was tabled.<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, 1824-25, +pp. 26, 27, 151.</note> In his message in 1826 the governor +renewed his recommendations,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, +1826-27, pp. 9-10.</note> and a section of the criminal +code of January, 1827, provided that kidnapping +should be punishable by confinement in the penitentiary +for not less than one nor more than seven years.<note place='foot'><q>Revised +Laws of Ill.,</q> 1833, 180-1.</note> An act +of January, 1825, provided that anyone who had failed to +give the bond required by the black code of 1819 from +<pb n='187'/><anchor id='Pg187'/> +those who emancipated slaves, should be released from any +verdict or judgment arising from such failure, upon indemnifying +the county for any money expended for the relief +of the freedmen.<note place='foot'><q>Laws of Ill.,</q> +1824-25, p. 50.</note> By an act of 1829 relating to slaves, +whites were not to marry blacks, slaves were not to come +to the state in order to be free, and runaway slaves should +be advertised in the newspapers of the state.<note place='foot'><q>Revised +Laws of Ill.</q> 1833, 463-65.</note> The number +of slaves in Illinois decreased after 1820. In 1820 +there were 917 slaves in the state; in 1830, 747; in 1840, +331,<note place='foot'><q>Ninth Census of the U. S., +Population and Social Statistics,</q> p. 7.</note> +and before the next census slavery in the state was +abolished. +</p> + +<p> +The vote of 1824 against calling a constitutional convention +marked the end of the slavery question as an +obstacle to the immigration of an anti-slavery population. +Slaveholders, never a large proportion of the immigrants, +practically ceased to come to the state, while the immigration +of anti-slavery southerners continued, and the +aggregate immigration greatly increased. The population +of the state was 55,162 in 1820; 72,817, in 1825; and +157,445 in 1830. Missouri, more populous than Illinois +by more than 11,000 in 1820, was less so by 17,000 in +1830.<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, 3; +<q>H. J.</q> (Ill.), 1826, 11.</note> Governor Coles, in his message of January 3, 1826, +said: <q>The tide of emigration, which had been for several +years checked by various causes, both general and local, +has again set in, and has afforded a greater accession of +population during the past, than it had for the three preceding +years. This addition to our population and wealth +has given a new impulse to the industry and enterprise of +our citizens, and has sensibly animated the face of our +country. And as the causes which have impeded the +<pb n='188'/><anchor id='Pg188'/> +prosperity of the state are daily diminishing, and the +inducements to emigration are increasing, we may confidently +anticipate a more steady and rapid augmentation +of its population and resources.</q><note place='foot'><q>H. J.</q> +(Ill.), 1826, 11.</note> +</p> + +<p> +From 1820 to 1825 the increase of population in Illinois +was 17,655, while from 1825 to 1830 it was 84,628. Contemporaries +have left some interesting records of immigration +during the latter five years—a period in which the +population of the state increased more than 116 per cent. +Immigration had begun to be brisk by the fall of 1824. +At the general election in August, 1820, there were 1132 +votes cast in Madison county, while at a similar election in +August, 1824, there were 3223 votes cast in the same territory, +Madison county having been divided into Madison, +Pike, Fulton, Sangamon, Morgan and Greene counties. A +Madison county newspaper said: <q>That country bordering +on the Illinois River is populating at this time more rapidly +than at any former period. Family wagons with emigrants +are daily passing this place [Edwardsville], on their way +thither.</q><note place='foot'><q>Edwardsville (Ill.) Spectator,</q> +Oct. 5, 1824.</note> During the five weeks ending October 28, 1825, +about two hundred and fifty wagons, with an average of +five persons to each, passed through Vandalia, bound +chiefly for the Sangamo country.<note place='foot'><q>Niles' +Register,</q> XXIX., 208.</note> The unsettled condition +of the slavery question from 1820 to August, 1824, is given +as the cause of the slight increase in population during +that period, and the settlement of the question is thought +to have been a chief cause for the increase after +1824.<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, XXIX., 422.</note> +It must not be supposed, however, that any one cause +excludes all others. The country as a whole had scarcely +recovered from the great financial depression of 1819; +<pb n='189'/><anchor id='Pg189'/> +Kentucky was in turmoil over her bank, land titles and +old and new courts;<note place='foot'>Shaler, <q>Kentucky,</q> +176-85.</note> early in 1825 over 65,000 acres in a +single county in Tennessee were advertised for sale for the +delinquent taxes of 1824;<note place='foot'><q>Nashville (Tenn.) +Republican,</q> Apr. 16, 1825.</note> and in 1826 a great drought in +North Carolina caused a marked emigration from that +state.<note place='foot'><q>Niles' Register,</q> XXX., 449.</note> +</p> + +<p> +In 1829 emigration was great. Some forty English +families from Yorkshire came by way of Canada and +settled near Jacksonville, Illinois. They brought agricultural +implements and some money.<note place='foot'><q>Galena Advertiser,</q> +July 20, Aug. 10, Sept. 21, 1829.</note> The <hi rend='italic'>Kentucky Gazette</hi> +lamented the fact that a large number of the best families of +Lexington were removing to Illinois.<note place='foot'><q>Niles' Register,</q> +XXXVI., 222.</note> An Illinois newspaper +reported: <q>The number of emigrants passing through +our Town [Vandalia] this fall, is unusually great. During +the last week the waggons and teams going to the north +amounted to several hundred. At no previous period has our +State encreased so rapidly, as it is now encreasing.</q><note place='foot'><q>Illinois +Intelligencer</q> (Vandalia), Oct. 31, 1829.</note> +Another editor estimated the annual increase in population +from 1826 to 1829 at not less than 12,000<note place='foot'><q>Niles' Register,</q> +XXXVI., 271.</note>—a figure which +was almost certainly too low. In 1830 a meeting of gentlemen +from the counties of Hampshire and Hampden +(Massachusetts) was held at Northampton to consider the +expediency of forming a colony to remove to Illinois. +After a discussion it was voted to adjourn to meet on the +10th of October at Warner's Coffee House in Southampton. +Similar meetings were held at Pawtucket and Worcester.<note place='foot'><q>Illinois +Intelligencer</q> (Vandalia), Nov. 27, 1830.</note> +</p> + +<pb n='190'/><anchor id='Pg190'/> + +<p> +The immigration to Illinois was but part of a general +westward movement. From Charleston, Virginia, we hear: +<q>The tide of emigration through this place is rapid, and +we believe, unprecedented. It is believed that not less +than eight thousand individuals, since the 1st September +last [written on November 6, 1829], have passed on this +route. They are principally from the lower part of this +state and South Carolina, bound for Indiana, Illinois, and +Michigan.—They jog on, careless of the varying climate, +and apparently without regret for the friends and the +country they leave behind, seeking forests to fell, and a +new country to settle.</q> The editor attributes this movement +to the fact that slavery had rendered white labor +disreputable.<note place='foot'><q>Niles' Register,</q> +XXXVII., 195.</note> Three thousand persons bound for the +West arrived at Buffalo in one week and six thousand per +week were reported as passing through Indianapolis, bound +for the Wabash country alone.<note place='foot'><q>Galena Advertiser,</q> +July 20, 1829; <q>Niles' Register,</q> XXXVII., 230.</note> The great northern tide +was chiefly bound to Ohio and Michigan,<note place='foot'><q>Niles' Register,</q> +XXVIII., 161.</note> northern Illinois +not being open to settlement. Five years after Detroit +received three hundred arrivals per week, Chicago had +about a dozen houses, besides Fort Dearborn. This was +the Chicago of 1830.<note place='foot'><q>State Papers,</q> +No. 69, 21st Cong., 1st Sess., Vol. III.</note> +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='191'/><anchor id='Pg191'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Chapter VII. Successful Frontiersmen.</head> + +<p> +The character of the men who succeed in gaining the +favor of those among whom they live indicates the +character of those whose favor has been gained. Preachers, +land dealers, lawyers, town builders, and politicians can not +thrive in a hostile community. It is worth while in studying +Illinois in its frontier stage to notice some of the chief +traits of its leaders. +</p> + +<p> +No better type of the pioneer preacher need be sought +than the Rev. Dr. Peter Cartwright. He preached in the +West for nearly seventy years, during which time he delivered +some eighteen thousand sermons, baptized some +fifteen thousand persons, received into the church nearly +twelve thousand members, and licensed preachers enough +to make a whole conference. He was for fifty years a +presiding elder in the Methodist Episcopal church. His +home was in Illinois from 1824 until his death in 1872. +Aside from his ministerial duties he twice represented +Sangamon county in the Illinois House of Representatives; +was a candidate for congressman against Abraham +Lincoln in 1846; and was a member of an historical society +founded as early as 1827. +</p> + +<p> +Cartwright had a number of traits that attracted frontiersmen. +In person he was about five feet ten inches +high, and of square build, having a powerful physical +frame and weighing nearly two hundred pounds. <q>The +roughs and bruisers at camp-meetings and elsewhere stood +in awe of his brawny arm, and many anecdotes are told of +his courage and daring that sent terror to their ranks. He +felt that he was one of the Lord's breaking plows, and that he +had to drive his way through all kinds of roots and stubborn +<pb n='192'/><anchor id='Pg192'/> +soil.... His gesticulation, his manner of listening, +his walk, and his laugh were peculiar, and would command +attention in a crowd of a thousand. There was something +undefinable about the whole man that was attractive to +the majority of the people, and made them linger in his +presence and want to see him again.</q> He had a remarkable +power to read men, his first impressions being quickly +made and almost always correct. He was often gay, but +never frivolous; often eccentric, but never silly. A Cumberland +Presbyterian, after attending a communion service +administered by Cartwright and at which the Baptist, Rev. +John M. Peck, was present, wrote: <q>After meeting, I +invited these two men to spend the night with me, which +they did; and such a night!—of all Western anecdotes +and manners, flow of soul and out-spoken brotherhood—we +had never seen, and never expect to enjoy again. +These were, then [1824 c.], the two strongest men of mark +in the ministry, in this State [Illinois].</q> Cartwright's +vitality was remarkable. In the sixty-sixth year of his +ministry, and the eighty-sixth of his life, he dedicated eight +churches, preached at seventy-seven funerals, addressed +eight schools, baptized twenty adults and fifty children, +married five couples, received fifteen into the church on +probation and twenty-five into full connection, raised +twenty-five dollars missionary money, donated twenty +dollars for new churches, wrote one hundred and twelve +letters, delivered many lectures, and sold two hundred +dollars worth of books. Many frontier preachers of the +time were lacking in common sense, but they were not +popular. This is the testimony of a contemporary (1828) +writer whose analysis of western character has rarely been +excelled.<note place='foot'><p>Thomas S. Hinde, +writing over the signature of <q>Theophilus Arminius,</q> +in <q>Methodist Magazine,</q> XI., 1828, 154-8. The identity of the writer is +shown by a note on p. 33 of the same volume. +</p> +<p> +Among the many writings concerning Peter Cartwright, the best are Strickland, +<q>Autobiography of Peter Cartwright</q>; Cartwright, <q>Fifty Years as a +Presiding Elder,</q> and the obituary notice in <q>Minutes of the Annual Conferences +of the M. E. Church,</q> 1873, 115-7. See also Moses, <q>Illinois,</q> +I., 348, 379, 395, 506, 1166. +</p> +<p> +For the character of John M. Peck, also a noted pioneer preacher and +founder of Rock Spring Seminary in Illinois, see <q>Memoir of John Mason +Peck, D. D.,</q> edited by Rufus Babcock.</p></note> +</p> + +<pb n='193'/><anchor id='Pg193'/> + +<p> +John Edgar, a native of Ireland, was one of the largest +landholders who ever lived in Illinois. At the outbreak +of the American Revolution he was a British officer living +at Detroit, but becoming implicated in the efforts of his +American wife to aid British soldiers in deserting, he was +imprisoned. He escaped, and in 1784 settled in Kaskaskia, +where his wife joined him two years later, having +saved from confiscation some twelve thousand dollars. +This made Edgar the rich man of the community. <q>In +very early times, he erected, at great expense, a fine flouring +mill on the same site where M. Paget had built one sixty +years before. This mill was a great benefit to the public +and also profitable to the proprietor. Before the year +1800, this mill manufactured great quantities of flour for +the New Orleans market which would compare well with +the Atlantic flour.</q> Edgar built a splendid mansion in +Kaskaskia and entertained royally. At a time when hospitality +was common he improved upon it. His home was +the fashionable resort for almost half a century. It was +here that Lafayette was entertained. In addition to his +flour mill, which attracted settlers to its vicinity near +Kaskaskia and which for many years did most of the +merchant business in flour in the country, Edgar owned +and operated salt works near the Mississippi, northwest of +Kaskaskia, and also invested largely in land. Before the +commissioners appointed to settle land claims he claimed +thirty-six thousand acres in one claim as the assignee of +ninety donation-rights, while he and John Murry St. Clair +<pb n='194'/><anchor id='Pg194'/> +claimed 13,986 acres which proved upon survey to cover +almost thirty thousand acres. In territorial times Edgar +paid more taxes than any one else in the territory. In +1790 Edgar was appointed chief justice of the Kaskaskia +district of St. Clair county; in 1800 he was <q>Lieutenant-Colonel +Commandant of the First Regiment of Militia of +the County of Randolph</q>; in 1802 he was commissioned +an associate judge of the Criminal Court of Randolph +county, by Governor Harrison. He had never studied +law <q>but common sense, a good education, and experience +in business with perfect honesty made him a very respectable +officer.</q> Edgar's correspondence with Clark and +Hamtramck show him to have been a leader in Illinois +during its period of anarchy preceding the establishment of +government in 1790. He offered to board a garrison on +the credit of the United States, if a garrison should be +sent to protect Illinois. At a time when slaveholding was +regarded as eminently respectable by the people of Illinois, +Edgar held slaves, and in 1796 he was one of four who +petitioned Congress to introduce slavery into the territory. +He was a member of the legislature of the Northwest +Territory, was worshipful master of the first Lodge of +Ancient Free and Accepted Masons in Illinois, constituted +at Kaskaskia in 1806, and was major-general of militia, in +which capacity he presided at reviews with much dignity. +In person Gen. Edgar was large and portly. He was +definitely charged with forgery by the commissioners to +settle land titles at Kaskaskia. In one case a letter signed +in a fair hand by one who had made his mark to a deed +was produced by Edgar. The letter was an offer of the +illiterate owner to sell his land to Edgar. There is no +indication that this conduct of the hospitable and popular +man changed the esteem in which he was held by his +contemporaries.<note place='foot'><q>Pub. Lands,</q> +I., 69-70; II., 203-4; <q>Early Chicago and Illinois,</q> in +<q>Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,</q> IV., 145, 159, 167, 169-70, 178-9, 209; Reynolds, +<q>Pioneer Hist, of Ill.,</q> 110, 116-8, 180, 215; John Edgar to Clark, +from Kaskaskia, Nov. 7, 1785, in <q>Draper's Notes, Trip 1860,</q> VI., 214-5; +Edgar to Clark, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 23, 1786, <q>Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,</q> +LIII., 56; Petition from Kaskaskia, Sept. 14, 1789, <q>Draper Coll., Harmar +Papers,</q> II., 124-7; Offer of John Edgar, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 3, 1789, +<q>Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,</q> II., 127-8; Hamtramck's reply to the Kaskaskia +petition of Sept. 14, 1789, from Vincennes, Oct. 14, 1789, <q>Draper +Coll., Harmar Papers,</q> II., 128-30; Edgar to Hamtramck, from Kaskaskia, +Oct. 28, 1789, ibid., II., 132-6; <q>DraperColl., Kenton MSS.,</q> Edgar Papers.</note> +</p> + +<pb n='195'/><anchor id='Pg195'/> + +<p> +John Rice Jones, the first lawyer in Illinois, was eminently +successful. He was born in Wales in 1759, received +a collegiate education at Oxford, England, and afterward +took regular courses in both medicine and law. In 1783 +he was a lawyer in London and owned property in Wales. +The next year he came to Philadelphia where he practiced +law and became acquainted with Benjamin Rush, Benjamin +Franklin, Myers Fisher, and other distinguished men. In +1786 he came to Kentucky and joined Clark's troops +against the Wabash Indians. A garrison was irregularly +established at Vincennes and Jones was made commissary-general. +He sold seized Spanish goods to partially indemnify +those whose goods had been seized by the Spanish. +In 1790 Jones removed to Kaskaskia, bringing to his +residence on the frontier a mind well trained by education +and experience. He early became a large landowner, in +1808 paying taxes on 16,400 acres in Monroe county alone. +The list of offices held by Jones shows him to have been +prominent wherever he went. He was attorney-general +of the Northwest Territory, a member and president of the +legislative council of the same, joint-revisor with John +Johnson, of the laws of Indiana Territory, one of the first +trustees, as well as a chief promoter, of Vincennes University, +official interpreter and translator of French for the +commissioners appointed to settle land claims at Kaskaskia, +and after his removal to Missouri, about 1810, a +<pb n='196'/><anchor id='Pg196'/> +member of the Missouri Constitutional Convention of +1820, and, upon the admission of the state, justice of its +Supreme Court until his death in February, 1824. In +Missouri he engaged in lead mining and smelting with +Moses Austin and later with Austin's sons. He made an +exhaustive report on the lead mines of Missouri in 1816. +Jones was well versed in English, French and Spanish +law, especially in regard to land titles. He was an excellent +mathematician, and had also a thorough acquaintance with +the Greek, Latin, French, Spanish, English, and Welsh +languages. The pioneers recognized his peculiar fitness +for a legal career on the frontier. Governor Reynolds, a +fellow-townsman of Jones, says: <q>Judge Jones lived a +life of great activity and was conspicuous and prominent +in all the important transactions of the country ... +His integrity, honor, and honesty were always above doubt +or suspicion. He was exemplary in his moral habits, and +lived a temperate and orderly man in all things.</q><note place='foot'>Reynolds, +<q>Pioneer Hist. of Ill.,</q> 170-2; W. A. Burt Jones, in +<q>Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,</q> IV., 230-70; Jones to Hamtramck, from Kaskaskia, +Oct. 29, 1789, <q>Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,</q> II., 136-41.</note> +</p> + +<p> +The founding of the towns of Mt. Carmel, Alton and +Springfield illustrates the work of successful town building +on the frontier. Mt. Carmel was laid out in 1817, Alton +in 1818, and the land where Springfield now stands was +entered in 1823. +</p> + +<p> +The town of Mt. Carmel was founded by three ministers, +Thomas S. Hinde, William McDowell and William +Beauchamp, the first two being proprietors and the last +agent and surveyor. McDowell probably never settled in +Illinois. Hinde and Beauchamp were men of more than +ordinary ability. The former was a son of the well-known +Dr. Hinde, of Virginia, who was a surgeon in the +British navy during the French and Indian war. Dr. +<pb n='197'/><anchor id='Pg197'/> +Hinde moved to Kentucky and there the boy Thomas +grew up. At one time he was a neighbor of Daniel +Boone, and later of Simon Kenton. He was in the office +of the Superior Court of Kentucky for some time, during +which he became well acquainted with Governor Madison +and his nephew, John Madison, kinsmen of President James +Madison. He was well informed as to some of the obscure +movements of Aaron Burr. This led him to send copies +of the <hi rend='italic'>Fredonian</hi>, which he published in order to oppose +Burr, to Henry Clay, then secretary of state, although the +copies later unaccountably disappeared; and, in 1829, to +write to James Madison, who was reported as contemplating +the writing of a political history, offering to furnish +information which he possessed at first hand concerning +the conspiracy. Madison denied any intention of writing +a history, but asked Hinde to furnish an account of Burr's +transactions to be filed with Madison's papers. This was +done. In 1806, Hinde moved to Ohio to get away from +slavery. +</p> + +<p> +William Beauchamp was born in Kent county, Delaware, +in 1772. He became a minister in the Methodist +Episcopal Church in 1794, but located in 1801 on account +of ill health. His ministry had been markedly successful +and he had been stationed in New York and Boston. In +1807 he settled on the Little Kanawha River in Virginia, +and in 1815 moved to Chillicothe, Ohio, where he acted as +editor of the <hi rend='italic'>Western Christian Monitor</hi>, Hinde being a +contributor. Beauchamp knew Latin, Greek and Hebrew, +was a writer of considerable ability, and was well fitted to +be editor. In 1816, however, the General Conference +decided to establish a magazine, and in the following year +Beauchamp retired from the editorship of the <hi rend='italic'>Monitor</hi>, +having successfully established the first Methodist magazine +in America. Beauchamp, Hinde and McDowell were now +<pb n='198'/><anchor id='Pg198'/> +fellow-townsmen. They resolved to establish a town +where their ideas of rectitude might be applied. +</p> + +<p> +The site chosen for the town was a point on the west +bank of the Wabash opposite the mouth of the White +River, and twenty-four miles southwest of Vincennes. This +point was selected because of the available water power +and of the likelihood that main roads from east to west +would pass here. The town became a railroad and manufacturing +center and justified the wisdom of its founders. +An elaborate circular, called the <q>Articles of Association, +for the City of Mount Carmel,</q> was issued at Chillicothe +in 1817. The purpose of the association was announced +to be <q>to build a city on liberal and advantageous principles, +and to constitute funds for the establishment of +seminaries of learning and for religious purposes.</q> The +proprietors reserved for themselves one-fourth of the lots, +these being called <q>proprietors' lots;</q> one-fourth were +called <q>public donation lots;</q> and one-half were called +<q>private donation lots.</q> The plan of survey and sale was +described as follows: <q rend='pre'>The front street is 132 feet wide; +the others 99. The in-lots are six poles in front, and +eleven and a half back; containing each sixty-eight +perches, nearly half an acre. The most of the out-lots +contain four acres and eight square poles; some of them +more, (five and six acres on the back range); and a few of +them less. There are 748 in-lots, and 331 out-lots—1079 +in the whole.</q> +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +<p> +<q rend='pre'>The lots are offered at private sale, at the following +prices:</q> +</p> + +<p> +In-Lots On Front Street. +</p> + +<lg> +<l>Corners, $150 each</l> +<l>Not corners, 100</l> +</lg> + +<p> +The Rest Of The In-Lots. +</p> + +<lg> +<l>Corners, $120 each</l> +<l>Not corners, 80</l> +<l>The out-lots, $100 each</l> +</lg> + +<pb n='199'/><anchor id='Pg199'/> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>The payments are to be made in four annual instalments; +the first at the time of sale.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>A bank is to be constituted by the sale of the lots.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>One-fourth of the lots are appropriated to the use of +schools and religious purposes.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>One-half of the lots are to be given away to those who +will improve them according to the articles of association. +A person may have as many gift, or private donation out-lots, +as he has such in-lots; the out-lots not required to +be improved. The gift lots are to be disposed of on the +following terms: the persons receiving them pay the prices +above stated, and receive for the money thus paid, stock +in the aforesaid bank. They are to improve the in-lots +thus given to them, by building one dwelling-house for +every such in-lot; one-half of the houses to be built +within five years, and the other half within ten years, from +the sale of said lots. The houses to be framed, brick, or +stone, and to contain two rooms, and two fire-places each.</q> +</p> +</quote> + +<p> +The bank referred to was <q>The Bank of Mount Carmel.</q> +Its shares were ten dollars each. The proprietors might +put into the stock one-half of the money received from +the sale of proprietors' lots; all the money received for +public donation lots was to be divided into three equal +parts, one part to be funded in the bank in the name of +the trustees (to be appointed) of the Methodist Episcopal +Church, the proceeds to be applied to the building of +<q>Methodist Episcopal meeting houses in the city of Mount +Carmel, and to other religious purposes,</q> not including +ministers' salary; the second part to be funded in the +name of the trustees (to be appointed) of a male academy; +the third part to be similarly funded for a female academy; +the money from private donation lots to be funded in the +name of the purchasers, after deducting ten per cent for +expenses, which ten per cent should remain in the bank +<pb n='200'/><anchor id='Pg200'/> +as permanent stock. The articles of association were +elaborate. The 18th article became known as the <q>Blue +Laws.</q> It read as follows: <q><hi rend='smallcaps'>Art. 18.</hi> +No theatre or play-house +shall ever be built within the bounds of this city. +No person who shall be guilty of drunkenness, profane +swearing or cursing, Sabbath breaking, or who shall keep +a disorderly house, shall gamble, or suffer gambling in his +house, or raise a riot, or break the peace within the city, or +be guilty of any other crime of greater magnitude in guilt +than those here mentioned, and shall be convicted thereof +before the mayor, council, or any other court having cognizance +of such crime or crimes, shall be eligible to any +office of the city of Mount Carmel or its bank, or be +entitled to vote for any such officer, within three years +after such conviction, notwithstanding anything in these +articles to the contrary.</q> +</p> + +<p> +The plan for a town was successful. Beauchamp was +surveyor, pastor, teacher, and lawyer in the beginning of +settlement. By 1819 a school was established; four or +five years later a school-house was built; by 1820 Mt. +Carmel circuit of the M. E. church had been formed; in +1825 a brick church was erected; the same year the town +was incorporated by the state on the plan laid down in +the articles of association; in 1827 the annual conference +of the Illinois Conference was held at Mt. Carmel. +</p> + +<p> +Beauchamp's health having improved he reëntered the +ministry in 1822, and at the General Conference two years +later he lacked but two votes of being chosen bishop. He +died in 1824. +</p> + +<p> +Hinde, in 1825, was a member of the Wabash Navigation +Company, consisting of seventeen prominent Indiana +and Illinois men, and having a capital stock of one million +dollars. He was one of the nine directors for the first +year. He continued to be a contributor to periodical literature +<pb n='201'/><anchor id='Pg201'/> +and became the biographer of his friend Beauchamp. +In a letter from Mt. Carmel, of May 6, 1842, Hinde says: +<q>I have just returned from the East, having visited the +Atlantic cities generally for the first time, after forty-five +years pioneering in the wilderness of the West. I have +been three times a citizen of Kentucky, twice of Ohio, and +twice of Illinois.</q> Hinde died in 1846 and was buried at +Mt. Carmel. Among his writings is found one of the +most acute analyses of frontier character that has appeared. +The writer points out that eastern ministers have often been +unsuccessful and eastern immigrants unpopular, because +they have underrated the people of the West, among +whom there are many people of culture. They prefer +<q>the <emph>useful</emph> to the shining or showy talent.</q> In the West +the best work has been done by westerners. The English +spoken in the West is the purest to be found, because the +various provincialisms of the immigrants are mutually +corrective. The Virginian, who retained his unbounded +hospitality, was the most prominent character in the West. +<q>If we expect to find on crossing the mountains a people +either illiterate or ignorant as a body, we will assuredly, +in many instances, be happily disappointed. It too often +happens, that one puffed up with self importance, and +possessing a conceited and heated imagination, will form +wild conjectures as to men and things. We have been +amused at the bewildered minds of such, with the <q>whys</q> +and <q>wherefores</q>; and one of the most ridiculous whims of +some, is to endeavour to press every thing into their own +<emph>mould</emph>; and shape it, be it what it may, if possible, after +their own manner, custom, or operation, forgetting that +<q>we have to take the world as it is, and not as we would +have it to be.</q> The fact is, an emigrant should come forth +as an inquirer, and set himself down to learn at the threshold +of experience. On this rock thousands have been +<pb n='202'/><anchor id='Pg202'/> +injured, and none have suffered more than the English +emigrants. Oh! with what poignant grief have I heard +the English emigrant exclaim with the bitterest invectives +on his own course and conduct, as to this particular. +Conceiving that he knew every thing, when he came here +to test his experience, he soon found that he <q>knew +nothing.</q> This circumstance I have found too to have its +bearings upon American emigrants from different states; +upon families, upon individuals, and upon preachers also. +How often have I heard the old settler complaining, (who +having himself learned by <emph>experience</emph>) of the impertinent +conduct of an emigrant, who sometimes carries his local +policy through all the ramifications of his life, and often into +the religious society, as well as elsewhere; he wishing every +thing done, as he saw it done in Boston, New-York, Philadelphia, +Baltimore, and very often <q>Old England</q> and +<q>Ireland!</q> as if men who have to act, and reflect upon the +circumstances of the case, different from any ever before +presented except among themselves, are to be governed +by acts and doings of people in the moon!</q><note place='foot'><p><q>Methodist +Magazine,</q> XI., 1828, 154-8. The remarks of Hinde +recall the difficulty which was experienced by the men who governed the +Northwest Territory under the Ordinance of 1787 when they attempted to +use only such laws as had been adopted by some state. The attempt was +early and finally abandoned. Hinde gives the following in a foot-note: <q>A +gentleman, a Virginian, a physician of eminence who was educated in Paris, +visited a western state many years ago [written in 1827], and lost all his money +by gambling, (playing at cards). Meeting a friend on the mountains on his +return, he was thus addressed: <q>Well, doctor, you have been to see the new +country.</q> <q>Yes,</q> replied the doctor, biting his lips, <q>it is a new country, it +is true; but there are some of the oldest people in it that I ever saw.</q></q>—See +above reference, p. 155. +</p> +<p> +On Mt. Carmel and its founders, in general, see: <q>Articles of Association +for the City of Mount Carmel</q>; Bangs, <q>Hist. of the M. E. Church,</q> IV., +appendix, 3, 25; III., 230, 308-14; <q>Minutes of Conferences</q> Annual, M. +E., I., 347, 474, 516; <q>American Pioneer,</q> I., 327; II., 363-8; <q>Laws of +Ill., 1824-25,</q> 72-5; Simpson, <q>Cyclopedia of Methodism,</q> 97-S; <q>Methodist +Magazine,</q> VIII., 17, 49, 86. Less reliable data is given in <q>Hist. of +Edwards, Lawrence, and Wabash Counties, Ill.,</q> 85, 162, 189-90, 236, 238, +239. Mount Carmel is now (1908) the county seat of Wabash county. The +<q>Hinde MSS.</q> in the <q>Draper Coll.</q> are large in volume, but have slight +historic value, being chiefly musings of the author's later years.</p></note> A man who +<pb n='203'/><anchor id='Pg203'/> +thus knew the frontier was fitted to be the founder of a +western town. +</p> + +<p> +Rufus Easton was the founder of the town of Alton. +Like Hinde, he brought to his work a fund of experience +gained on the frontier and in public affairs. Easton was +born at Washington, Litchfield county, Connecticut, in 1774. +He descended from pioneers, being a direct descendant of +Joseph Easton, who came from England to Newtowne, +now Cambridge, Massachusetts, about 1633, and was later +one of Rev. Thos. Hooker's colony which founded Hartford, +Connecticut, of which Easton was an original proprietor. +In 1792 Rufus Easton's father, a Tory, obtained a +large grant of land near Wolford, now Easton Corners, +Ontario. Rufus received a good education before studying +law. In 1798 he was practicing law in Rome, New +York, then a frontier town. November, 1801, Easton, with +thirteen other prominent men, held a banquet to celebrate +the election of Thos. Jefferson as President. The prominence +of the young lawyer at this time is shown by the +fact that he was consulted in regard to federal appointments, +and that he was in 1803 a confidential correspondent +of De Witt Clinton. The winter of 1803-4 Easton spent +in Washington, where he became a friend of Aaron Burr, +Postmaster-General Granger, and others. In the spring +of 1804 he started for New Orleans. Aaron Burr gave +him a letter of introduction to Abm. R. Ellery, Esq., of +New Orleans, in which he said: <q>You will certainly be +greatly amused to converse with a man who has passed +the whole winter in this city—who has had free intercourse +<pb n='204'/><anchor id='Pg204'/> +with the officers of Govt. & members of Congress—who +has discernment to see beyond the surface, and frankness +and independence enough to speak his own sentiments.</q> +Easton did not, however, go to New Orleans. He stopped +for a short time at Vincennes and then located at St. Louis. +He was appointed by Jefferson judge of the Territory of +Louisiana and first postmaster of St. Louis. In September, +1805, Burr, Wilkinson and Easton had a conference at +St. Louis. Easton turned a deaf ear to Burr's questionable +proposals and from this time Wilkinson was hostile to +Easton. Easton corresponded with Jefferson and Granger +concerning the Burr conspiracy. Jefferson appointed him +United States attorney, 1814-18 he was delegate to Congress +from Missouri, 1821-26 he was attorney-general of +Missouri. Easton was very prominent, entertaining almost +all visitors of note. Edward Bates, Lincoln's attorney-general, +read law in Easton's office. +</p> + +<p> +Soon after coming to St. Louis, Easton began to buy up +claims to land in Missouri and Illinois. When seeking to +find a suitable place for a town in Illinois, he selected a +point on the east bank of the Mississippi, twenty-five +miles north of St. Louis and twenty miles south of the +mouth of the Illinois. There was here a good landing +place for boats, and also extensive beds of coal and limestone. +The town was named Alton in honor of the +founder's son. One hundred lots in the new town were +donated to the support of the gospel and public schools, +one-half of the proceeds to be devoted to each. This +provision was confirmed by the act of incorporation of +January 30, 1821, and the trustees were given the right to +tax undonated lots for the support of schools. This latter +provision was in advance of public sentiment and two +years later it was repealed. Alton, like Mt. Carmel and to +a much greater extent, proved the wisdom of its location. +<pb n='205'/><anchor id='Pg205'/> +It has long been noted for its manufactures and is a +thriving modern city.<note place='foot'>Bay, <q>Reminiscences +of the Bench and Bar of Mo.,</q> 78-91; <q>Pub. +Lands,</q> II., index under Easton, Rufus; Easton, <q>Descendants of Joseph +Easton, Hartford, Conn.,</q> I, 37, 65; Moses, <q>Illinois,</q> I., 272; <q>Laws of +Ill., 1820-21,</q> 39-45; <hi rend='italic'>ibid.</hi>, 1822-23, 147.</note> +</p> + +<p> +The town of Springfield, since 1839 the capital of +Illinois, was laid out in 1822, before the land upon which +it stood was offered for sale. When the land was sold in +November, 1823, the section upon which the town stood +was bought by Elijah Iles, Pascal Paoli Enos, Thomas +Cox, and Daniel P. Cook, each purchasing one quarter, +but the title being vested by agreement in Iles and Enos. +Cook, like McDowell in the founding of Mt. Carmel, +seems to have been a non-resident proprietor. +</p> + +<p> +Elijah Iles was a child of the wilderness. He was born +in Kentucky in 1796, and died at Springfield, Illinois, in +1883, leaving valuable reminiscences of his long experience +on the frontier. His mother was Elizabeth Crockett Iles, +a relative of David Crockett. Elijah attended school two +winters and taught two winters. In 1812, although but +sixteen years of age, he acted as deputy for his father, who +was sheriff of Bath county, Kentucky. Some three years +later his father gave him three hundred dollars, with which +he bought one hundred head of yearling cattle. For three +years he herded these cattle among the mountains of Kentucky, +about twenty miles from civilization, having as his +only companions his horse, dog, gun, milk cow, and the +cattle. His meals usually consisted of a stew made of +bear meat, venison, or turkey, and a piece of fat bacon. +At the end of the three years the cattle were sold for +about ten dollars a head, and the youthful dealer having +attained his majority went to Missouri and became a land +agent for eastern speculators, and soon began to speculate +<pb n='206'/><anchor id='Pg206'/> +for himself. In 1821, concluding that Missouri was too +far from a market, he sold some of his land and resolved to +move to Illinois. At that time the site upon which Springfield +was to stand had been chosen as the temporary +county seat of Sangamon county, because eight men, some +of whom had families, lived within a radius of two miles +from the site, and at no other place in the county could +the lawyers and judge secure board and lodging. Iles +quickly discerned the advantages of the Sangamon country +as a place of settlement, and straightway built a log store +sixteen feet square, went to St. Louis and bought fifteen +hundred dollars worth of goods, which he loaded on a +keel-boat and had towed up the Mississippi and the +Illinois by six men, whom he paid seventy-five dollars +for their services. When the land was offered for sale, in +1823, Iles bought a quarter-section. +</p> + +<p> +Another quarter-section of the town site was bought by +Pascal Paoli Enos. The fact that the frontier is a great +social leveler is well illustrated by the combination of +Enos and Iles as joint owners of a town site. The Enos +family had come from England in 1648, and Pascal Paoli +Enos, son of Major-General Roger Enos, was born in +Windsor, Connecticut, in 1770. He was graduated from +Dartmouth College in 1794, studied law, was a member of +the Vermont legislature in 1804, married in Vermont and +moved to Cincinnati in 1815, later to St. Charles, Missouri, +then to St. Louis, then to Madison county, Illinois, and in +1823 was appointed by President Monroe receiver of +public moneys for the land-office in the District of Sangamo. +Thus the elderly scholar joined the shrewd but +youthful frontiersman. +</p> + +<p> +Col. Thomas Cox was the third of the trio of the resident +proprietors of Springfield. He had signed a petition +for the division of Randolph county in 1812, represented +<pb n='207'/><anchor id='Pg207'/> +Union county as a senator in the first general assembly of +Illinois, and in 1820 was appointed register of the land-office +at Vandalia. In 1823 he came to Springfield as +register of the land-office at that place. Col. Cox was six +feet tall, weighed two hundred and forty pounds, and was +a drunkard within a short time after the founding of +Springfield. +</p> + +<p> +The most important thing about the founding of the +town is the heterogeneous character of its founders. A +few incidents in their subsequent history will emphasize +this, and also show how well they worked together when +surrounded by the same conditions. When the commissioners +came to locate a permanent county seat Springfield, +then called Calhoun, had a formidable rival for the +honor. Iles and Enos managed to have a mutual friend +engaged as guide to the commissioners. The guide conducted +them to the rival settlement by a long and rough +route and upon being requested to take them back over a +shorter route he took a course more difficult still. The +commissioners decided that the rival settlement was inaccessible. +Iles was twice state senator, major in the Winnebago +war, and captain in the Black Hawk war, in which +he served with Zachary Taylor, Jefferson Davis, Abraham +Lincoln, John T. Stuart, Robt. Anderson, of Fort Sumter +fame, and others. Iles was also a large stock dealer, selling +hogs and cattle in St. Louis and mules in Kentucky, until +1838, in which year he lost ten thousand dollars on hogs +packed at Alton. In 1838-9 he built the American House +in Springfield. This was then the largest hotel in the +state and its erection created a great sensation. He was +four times state senator, and was an officer of the Bank of +Edwardsville. Enos held his position as receiver until +removed for political reasons by Jackson in 1829. Cox +had an eventful career. He was removed from his position +<pb n='208'/><anchor id='Pg208'/> +of register, under charges of misconduct, early in 1827; +the next year he was keeping a hotel in Springfield; later +he removed to Iowa, then Wisconsin, having secured a +contract for the survey of public lands. He was three +times a member of the Iowa territorial House of Representatives +and twice a member of the territorial Council. +A band of murderers, horsethieves, counterfeiters, and +blacklegs, having gained possession of the town of Bellevue, +on the Mississippi, in Jackson county, Iowa, Col. Cox +led the citizens in a successful attack in which seven men +were killed outright and some ten or fifteen wounded. At +this time Cox was recognized as a pronounced drunkard, +but his undoubted courage, ability to command, and strong +physique secured him a following.<note place='foot'>For +information concerning Iles, see: <q>Reminiscences of Elijah Iles,</q> +in <q>Hist. of Sangamon County, Ill.,</q> 580-3; Power, <q>Hist. of the Early +Settlers of Sangamon Co., Ill.,</q> 397-400 (practically a short autobiography +of Iles, written in 1876); Moses, <q>Illinois,</q> I., 344; II., 1174. Concerning +Enos, see: Stiles, <q>Ancient Windsor,</q> (Conn.), II., 245, 246; <q>Executive +Journal,</q> Senate, 1815-29, pp. 325, 328, 551, 553, +555; <hi rend='italic'>ibid.</hi>, 1829-37, pp. 50, +391; <q>Edwards Papers,</q> in <q>Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,</q> III., 205, 391. +Concerning Cox, see: Moses, <q>Illinois,</q> II., 1168; <q>Executive Journal,</q> +Senate, 1815-29, pp. 216-7, 325, 328, 551, 553, 555; Washburne, <q>Sketch +of Edward Coles,</q> 128-30; <q>Edwards Papers,</q> in <q>Chicago Hist. Soc. +Coll.,</q> III., 76, 211, 336-7; Gue, <q>Hist. of Iowa,</q> I., 205, 211; Fairall, +<q>Manual of Iowa Politics,</q> 107; <q>Hist. of Jackson County,</q> Iowa, 360-403. +On Springfield, see: Peck, <q>Gazetteer of Illinois,</q> 1834, 337.</note> +</p> + +<p> +Shadrach Bond, the first governor of Illinois, and Pierre +Menard, the first lieutenant-governor, were both poorly +educated, but they had a good knowledge of men and a +large fund of information concerning practical affairs.<note place='foot'>Moses, +<q>Illinois,</q> I., 287, 289-90; Reynolds, <q>Pioneer Hist. of Ill.,</q> +291-4, 323-7.</note> +Edward Coles, the second governor of the state, is a good +example of the polished, well-educated gentleman succeeding +with a rude constituency. Coles was born in 1786, +in Albemarle county, Virginia, fitted for college by private +<pb n='209'/><anchor id='Pg209'/> +tutors, educated at Hampden Sidney and later at William +and Mary College. His father's home was visited by +Patrick Henry, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, the Randolphs, +Tazwell, Wirt, and others. For six years Coles +was the private secretary of President Madison, and during +this time he became an intimate friend of Nicholas Biddle. +In 1815 he visited Illinois in what must have seemed at +that time great state, for he traveled not only with a horse +and buggy, but with a servant and a saddle-horse as well. +In 1816-17 he was sent as a special messenger to Russia, +stopping at Paris on his return, meeting Louis XVIII. of +France and becoming a friend of Lafayette. In 1819 he +came to Edwardsville, Illinois, emancipated his slaves, and +assumed his duties as register of the land-office. The +rough pioneers were very anxious to get a title to their +lands. <q rend='pre'>When the settler reached Edwardsville, dressed +in jeans and wearing moccasins, with his money in his +belt, having traveled on foot or on horseback long distances, +and first presented himself to the Register of the +Land Office, there he found Edward Coles, who had +recently emigrated into the State from Virginia. It was +known to some of them that he had been the private secretary +for President Madison, and had been on an important +mission to Europe.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>They found him a young man of handsome, but somewhat +awkward personal appearance, genteelly dressed, and +of kind and agreeable manners. The anxious settler was +at once put at ease by the suavity of his address, the +interest he appeared to feel in aiding him, and the thoroughly +intelligent manner in which he discharged his +duty. No man went away who was not delighted with +his intercourse with the <q>Register.</q> And herein is illustrated +the great mistake so often made by politicians and +candidates for popular favor. Too many candidates for +<pb n='210'/><anchor id='Pg210'/> +the suffrage of the people in our early political contests +thought it necessary, in order to make themselves popular, +to affect slovenly and unclean dress and vulgar +manners in their campaigns. There was never a greater +mistake. However rough, ill-clothed and unintelligent +the voter might be, he always preferred to vote for the +man who was dressed and acted like a gentleman to the +one who dressed like and acted like himself.</q><note place='foot'>Washburne, +<q>Sketch of Edward Coles,</q> 16 <hi rend='italic'>et seq.</hi>, 54-7. Washburne, +the writer, came to Galena, Illinois, when it still had many frontier characteristics, +and for seventeen years represented his district in Congress.</note> Coles +was always dignified, always gentlemanly, and always +respected. His brief residence in Illinois affected its +history for all time to come. Like Coles in several +respects was his successor as governor, Ninian Edwards. +Born in Maryland in 1775, educated by the celebrated +William Wirt, and later graduating from Dickinson College, +Pennsylvania, at nineteen years of age he came to Kentucky. +Here he served two terms in the Kentucky +legislature, was presiding judge of the general court, +circuit judge, and chief-justice of the court of appeals. +Henry Clay gave as Edwards' marked characteristics, +good understanding, weight of character, and conciliatory +manners. In his campaign for governor of Illinois, +Edwards presented himself as the highest type of a polished +and well-dressed gentleman, always riding in his +own carriage and driven by his negro servant, and dressing +in all the style of an old-fashioned gentleman with broad-cloth +coat, ruffled shirt, and high-topped boots. The +people were not repelled by such a display, but considered +it an honor to vote for such a man. The egotistical +Adolphus Frederick Hubbard, who was one of the two +opponents of Edwards, intermingled bad grammar and +poor attempts at wit in his electioneering speeches, and +<pb n='211'/><anchor id='Pg211'/> +received less than one-tenth of the number of votes cast +for either of the two other candidates.<note place='foot'>Moses, +<q>Illinois,</q> L., 242-3, 336, 340-1, 351; Washburne, <q>Sketch of +Edward Coles,</q> 54-7; and for a general view of Edwards, see: N. W. Edwards, +<q>Hist. of Ill. and Life of Ninian Edwards,</q> and <q>The Edwards Papers,</q> in +<q>Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,</q> III.</note> +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='213'/><anchor id='Pg213'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Works Consulted.</head> + +<div> +<head>I. Sources.</head> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>American Historical Association, Annual Report of the. Washington: +Government Printing Office.</hi> +</p> + +<p> +Report for 1893, pp. 199-227, see Turner, Frederick Jackson; Report of +1896, Vol. I., pp. 930-1107, has <q>Selections from the Draper Collection in +the possession of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, to elucidate the +proposed French expedition under George Rogers Clark against Louisiana, +in the years 1793-94.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>American monthly Magazine and critical Review. New York: +H. Biglow, editor.</hi> +</p> + +<p> +Volumes I.-III. (1817-18) give information of much value concerning +European conditions inducing emigration. A few of the notices concern +emigration from east to west in the United States. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>American Register; or, Summary Review of History, Politics, and +Literature. Philadelphia.</hi> +</p> + +<p> +Volume II., 202, 203, 216 (1817), tells of improvements in steamboat navigation. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Americans as they are; described in a Tour through the Valley of +the Mississippi. London: Hurst, Chance & Co.,</hi> 1828. vi. + +218 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Observations on Illinois are more suggestive than accurate. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Atwater, Caleb</hi>. +<hi rend='italic'>Remarks made on a Tour to Prairie du +Chien. Columbus, Ohio: Isaac N. Whiting</hi>, 1831. 296 pp. +</p> + +<p> +The tour was from Circleville, Ohio, to Prairie du Chien, in 1829, and +thence to Washington. The writer's remarks give valuable material for the +history of the time. +</p> + +<p> +—— <hi rend='italic'>Writings. Columbus, Ohio: Caleb Atwater</hi>, 1833. +408 pp. +</p> + +<p> +The author was one of a commission to treat with the Indians at Prairie du +Chien for the cession of the lead region. In 1829 he went from St. Louis to +Prairie du Chien. He gives good descriptions of Quincy, Galena, and a few +other places. The part of the Writings describing this journey was separately +printed in 1831. The edition of 1833 is somewhat better than the previous +one. +</p> + +<pb n='214'/><anchor id='Pg214'/> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Balestier, Joseph N</hi>. <hi rend='italic'>Annals of Chicago: a +Lecture delivered before the Chicago Lyceum, Jan. 21, 1840. Republished from the +original Edition of 1840, with an Introduction, written by the Author +in 1876. Chicago: Fergus Printing Co.</hi>, 1876. In <hi rend='italic'>Fergus historical +Series</hi>, I., No. 1. 48 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Contains a copy of Capt. Heald's letter of 1812, describing the massacre +at Fort Dearborn. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Biggs, William.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Narrative of William Biggs, +while he was a Prisoner with the Kickepoo Indians ... on the west Bank +of the Wabash River ... Printed for the author, June, +1826.</hi> 22 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Biggs was captured on March 28, 1788, and remained a captive for several +weeks. This very rare book gives valuable insight into the revolting customs +of the Indians. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Birkbeck, Morris.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Extracts from a +supplementary Letter from the Illinois: an Address to British Emigrants, and a Reply +to the Remarks of William Cobbett, Esq. 2d ed. London: James +Ridgeway</hi>, 1819. 36 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Birkbeck had issued an address to British emigrants, advertising the virtues +of his English settlement in Illinois. William Cobbett declared that Birkbeck's +account of the fertility and salubrity of Illinois was not true. Birkbeck +issued a somewhat scathing reply, showing Cobbett's ignorance. +</p> + +<p> +—— <hi rend='italic'>Letters from Illinois. Philadelphia: M. Carey & +Son</hi>, 1818. 12mo. vii. + 154 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Twenty-two letters written from November, 1817, to March, 1818, by +Morris Birkbeck, from the English settlement in Edwards county, Ill., of +which settlement he was the founder. Very valuable for notes concerning +transportation and the manner of life of the early settlers of Illinois. +</p> + +<p> +—— <hi rend='italic'>Notes on a Journey in America from the Coast of Virginia +to the Territory of Illinois. Philadelphia: Richardson</hi>, 1817. +</p> + +<p> +Passed through several editions in England. +</p> + +<p> +A graphic account of the journey of Birkbeck from 500 miles east of Cape +Henry, Va. (April 26, 1817), to Shawneetown, Ill., where on August 2, 1817, +he bought 1440 acres of land as a site for his English settlement. Very +valuable for information concerning transportation and western conditions. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Blaney</hi>, Capt. <hi rend='italic'>An Excursion through +the United States and +<pb n='215'/><anchor id='Pg215'/> +Canada during the years 1822-23. By an English Gentleman. +London: Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy</hi>, 1824. 16mo. 511 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Pages 156-92 tell of the author's trip across Illinois. He visited Albion and +then went to St. Louis overland. The descriptions of Birkbeck's settlement, +the difficulties of prairie travel, and of the frontier life encountered are much +above the average of travelers' reports. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Bonner</hi>, T. D. <hi rend='italic'>Life and Adventures of James P. +Beckwourth, Mountaineer, Scout, and Pioneer, and Chief of the Crow Nation of +Indians. Written from his own Dictation. New York: Harper & +Bros.</hi>, 1858. 16mo. 535 pp. +</p> + +<p> +The book deals almost entirely with the region west of the Mississippi, but +in 1820 Beckwourth visited Galena. He went from St. Louis with a party +led by Col. R. M. Johnson, the object of the party being to gain a mining +concession from the Sauk Indians. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Brannan, John</hi> (<hi rend='italic'>Editor</hi>). +<hi rend='italic'>Official Letters of the military and +naval Officers of the United States, during the War with Great +Britain in the Years 1812, 13, 14, & 15. Washington: Way & +Gideon, 1823.</hi> 510 pp. +</p> + +<p> +A valuable collection. Printed without comment. Pages 84-5 give Capt. +Heald's official report of the massacre at Fort Dearborn, August 15, 1812. +The report is in a letter to Thos. H. Cushing, Adjutant General, written from +Pittsburg, October 23, 1812. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Brodhead</hi>, Col. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Daniel</hi>. +<hi rend='italic'>A Letter from Brodhead to Gen. +Washington referring to La Balme's Expedition.</hi> +</p> + +<p> +In <hi rend='italic'>The olden Time</hi>, II., 390-91. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Butricke, George</hi>. <hi rend='italic'>Affairs at Fort +Chartres, 1768-1781. +Albany: J. Munsell</hi>, 1864. 10 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Reprinted from <hi rend='italic'>Historical Magazine</hi>, VIII., No, 8. Valuable. Several +letters written by Geo. Butricke, then stationed at Fort Chartres. Contains +interesting notes on Indians, Spaniards, and British. Tells of epidemic. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Calendar of Virginia State Papers and other Manuscripts. +Richmond, Va.</hi>, 1875-1900. 9 vols. +</p> + +<p> +The early volumes have documents of great value concerning the period +when Illinois was a part of Virginia. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Cartwright, Peter</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Autobiography of +Peter Cartwright, the +<pb n='216'/><anchor id='Pg216'/> +backwoods Preacher. Ed. by W. P. Strickland. New York: +Carlton & Porter</hi>, 1857, 16mo. 525 pp. +</p> + +<p> +The author was from 1803 to the time of writing his book (1856) one of +the most famous circuit riders. His first work was in Kentucky. He came +to Illinois in 1823. His views on slavery, which caused his removal, are +interesting. A valuable work, especially for giving an insight into the social +life of the time. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Chetlain</hi>, Gen. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Augustus Louis</hi>. +<hi rend='italic'>Recollections of seventy +Years. Galena: The Gazette Pub. Co.</hi>, 1899. 304 pp. +</p> + +<p> +The author was one of the first settlers in Galena, and gives valuable information +concerning that important region—1821 ff. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Chicago Historical Society's Collections. Chicago</hi>, 1882-90:— +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +<p> +I. History of the English Settlement in Edwards County, Illinois, by +George Flower, 1882. 408 pp. +</p> + +<p> +II. Sketch of Enoch Long, by Harvey Reid, 1884. 112 pp. +</p> + +<p> +III. The Edwards Papers, edited by E. B. Washburne, 1884. 632 pp. +</p> + +<p> +IV. Early Chicago and Illinois, 1889. 400 pp. Of great value. +</p> +</quote> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Childs</hi>, Col. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Ebenezer</hi>. +<hi rend='italic'>Recollections of Wisconsin since 1820. +In Wis. Hist. Coll.</hi>, IV., 1859, 153-95. +</p> + +<p> +The writer describes Chicago as it was in 1821, at which time he visited it. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Christian Spectator</hi>, V., 1823, 20-26. <hi rend='italic'>Remarks +on the States of Illinois and Missouri</hi>, by Edward Hollister. +</p> + +<p> +The author had recently completed a missionary tour in these states, and +his remarks give an insight into the social conditions of the time. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Cobbett, William</hi>. <hi rend='italic'>A Years Residence, in +the United States of America, 3d ed. London: William Cobbett</hi>, 1828. 370 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Cobbett was in the United States in 1817-18. He declared that Birkbeck +and Fearon had deceived the people of England by portraying America as +better than it was. His book is unfair. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Coffin, Levi</hi>. <hi rend='italic'>Reminiscences of Levi +Coffin, the reputed President of the Underground Railroad.... Cincinnati: Western +Tract Society</hi> [c. 1876]. <hi rend='italic'>2d ed. with appendix. Cincinnati: Robert +Clarke & Co.</hi>, 1880. 732 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Pages 89-99 describe the author's visit to a Quaker settlement in Sangamon +county, Ill., in 1823. Lost on the prairies. +</p> + +<pb n='217'/><anchor id='Pg217'/> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Collot, Victor</hi>. <hi rend='italic'>A Journey in North America, +containing a Survey of the Countries watered by the Mississippi, Ohio, Missouri, +and other affluing Rivers ... Illustrated by 36 Maps, Plans, +Views, and divers Cuts. Paris: Arthus Bertrand</hi>, 1826. 2 vols. +and atlas in one. iv. + 310; v. + 272 pp. +</p> + +<p> +The author traveled through Illinois in 1796. His observations were acute +and are more helpful than would be expected from a soldier of fortune. The +New Orleans <hi rend='italic'>Picayune</hi> of March 18, 1901, has a valuable article on +the journey of Collot and its purpose. See his <hi rend='italic'>Map of the Country of +the Illinois</hi>, in pocket. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Columbian Centinel. Boston, June-December</hi>, 1790; 1791-1801; +1802-1829. +</p> + +<p> +The issue for June 16, 1790, has a note on the current experiments with +steamboats. In Library of Wisconsin State Historical Society. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Croghan, George</hi>. <hi rend='italic'>Journal</hi>, 1765. In +Thwaites, <hi rend='italic'>Early western +Travels, I., 126-73. Cleveland, Ohio: Arthur H. Clark Company</hi>, +1904. +</p> + +<p> +The Journal is of a trip to the West, and characterizes the early French +settlers. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Cuming, Fortescue.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Sketches of a Tour to the +western Country,... commenced at Philadelphia in the Winter of 1807 +and concluded in 1809. Pittsburg: Cramer, Spear & Eichbaum</hi>, +1810. 12mo. 504 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Describes Shawneetown and gives some information in regard to routes. +Very slight, however, in respect to Illinois. Criticism: <hi rend='italic'>The Inter +Ocean, August 3, 1904.</hi> +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Cutler, Julia Perkins</hi>. <hi rend='italic'>Life and Times of +Ephraim Cutler. Prepared from his Journals and Correspondence. Cincinnati: Robert +Clarke & Co.</hi>, 1890. 353 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Cutler early settled in Ohio. This work gives good examples of the difficulties +of travel, between 1795 and 1809, on some of the Alleghany routes +frequented by emigrants to Illinois. The driving of western cattle to market +is also described. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Cutler, William Parker</hi>, and +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Cutler, Julia Perkins</hi>. +<hi rend='italic'>Life, Journals and Correspondence of Rev. Manasseh Cutler</hi>, +<pb n='218'/><anchor id='Pg218'/> +LL. D. Cincinnati: Robert Clarke & Co., 1888. 2 vols. 9 + 524; +495 PP. +</p> + +<p> +Considerable information concerning early eastern opposition to western +settlement is given. Dr. Cutler kept a diary from 1765 to 1823, of which +nine years are missing. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>De Peyster, J. Watts</hi>, LL. D. +<hi rend='italic'>Miscellanies, by an Officer</hi> +[Colonel Arent Schuyler de Peyster, B. A.], 1774-1813. <hi rend='italic'>New +York: A. E. Chasmar & Co.</hi>, 1888. 80 pp., and an appendix of +cci. pp. +</p> + +<p> +Pages xxvi.-xxvii. contain a letter from Arent De Peyster to Capt. +McKee describing an Illinois expedition against St. Josephs in 1780 or 1781. +Letter dated Detroit, Feb. 1, 1781. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Draper Collection of Manuscripts.</hi> +</p> + +<p> +This collection, made by Lyman C. Draper, is the property of the State +Historical Society of Wisconsin. It has been of more value to the writer +than any other single source, being especially helpful for the hitherto obscure +period immediately succeeding the expedition of George Rogers Clark, 1779-1790. +Most important of all are the Harmar Papers, although the Illinois +MSS., the Clark MSS., and Draper's Notes were much used. The Hinde +MSS. have little historical value, consisting as they do, largely of religious +musings of the writer's old age. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Duden, Gottfried</hi>. +<hi rend='italic'>Bericht über eine Reise nach den westlichen +Staaten Nordamerika's and einen mehrjährigen Aufenthalt am +Missouri (in den Jahren 1824-1827) in Bezug auf Auswanderung +und Uebervölkerung. 1st ed. of 1500 copies. 2d ed. Bonn, In +Commission bei Eduard Weber</hi>, 1834. lviii. + 404 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Contains a prediction of Illinois future greatness. Gives valuable information +concerning the cost and manner of transportation, and concerning social +life. Comparison of American and European conditions. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Dunn, Jacob Piatt</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>Compiler. +Slavery Petitions and Papers. +In Indiana Hist. Soc. Pub., II., 443-529. Indianapolis: The +Bowen-Merrill Company</hi>, 1894. +</p> + +<p> +<q>The following papers are the petitions to Congress from Northwest and +Indiana Territories for the suspension of the sixth article of compact of the +Ordinance of 1787, and the admission of slavery to the Territory, together +with the counter-petitions, the reports on them, and the accompanying +documents,</q>—Compiler's +introduction. +</p> + +<pb n='219'/><anchor id='Pg219'/> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Edwardsville Spectator. Edwardsville, Ill.: Hooper Warren, +pub., Apr. 18, 1820-Feb. 8, 1825, and 1820-22.</hi> +</p> + +<p> +Material has been gleaned from the issues of Nov. 7, 1820; August 31, +1822; Nov. 30, 1822; Nov. 29, 1823; Jan. 27, 1824; and Oct 5, 1824. In +Library of Chicago Historical Society. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Ernst, Ferdinand</hi>. +<hi rend='italic'>Travels in Illinois in 1819. Translation +from the German Original.</hi> In <hi rend='italic'>Pub. No. 8 of the Ill. Hist. Lib.</hi> +pp. 150-65. <hi rend='italic'>Springfield, Ill.: Phillips Bros.</hi>, 1904. +</p> + +<p> +Ernst was the leader of a party of German immigrants who settled at Vandalia +soon after his journey to Illinois. He gives a vivid picture of the +rapidly settling Illinois with its squatters and its fertile and inviting land. +He visited the Sangamo country and the Kickapoo United States treaty conference. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Faux, W.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>Memorable Days in America: being a Journal of a +Tour to the United States, principally undertaken to ascertain, by +positive Evidence, the Condition and probable Prospects of British +Emigrants; including Accounts of Mr. Birkbeck's Settlement in the +Illinois ... London: W. Simpkin & R. Marshall</hi>, 1823. +488 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Sufficiently pessimistic to require cautious use. The journey was performed +in 1819-20. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Fay</hi>, H. A. +<hi rend='italic'>Collection of the official Accounts, in Detail, of all the +Battles fought by Sea and Land, between the Navy and Army of +the United States, and the Navy and Army of Great Britain, during +the Years</hi> 1812, 13, 14, & 15. <hi rend='italic'>New York: E. Conrad</hi>, 1817. +295 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Contains Capt. Heald's official report of the massacre at Fort Dearborn, +August 15, 1812, and Col. Russell's official report of Gov. Edwards' attack +on the Indians near Peoria in 1812. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Fearon, Henry Bradshaw</hi>. +<hi rend='italic'>Sketches of America. A Narrative +of a Journey of five thousand Miles through the eastern and western +States of America ... With Remarks on Mr. Birkbeck's +<q>Notes</q> and <q>Letters.</q> 3d ed. London: Strahan and Spottiswoode</hi>, +1819. xv. + 454 pp. +</p> + +<p> +The work gives a glimpse of Illinois through a foreigner's eye. Fearon +<pb n='220'/><anchor id='Pg220'/> +paints in sober colors, but his values are fairly true. Of considerable value +as a work on society in the U. S. in 1817-18. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Flint, James.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>Letters from America, containing Observations +on the Climate and Agriculture of the western States, the Manners of +the People, and the Prospects of Emigrants, &c., &c. Edinburgh: +W. & C. Tait, 1822.</hi> 16mo. 330 pp. +</p> + +<p> +The author probably did not reach Illinois, but his letters from Ohio, +Indiana and Kentucky give interesting bits of information in regard to the +manner and cost of travel—1818 to 1820. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Flower, George.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>History of the English Settlement in Edwards +County, Illinois, founded in 1817 and 1818, by Morris Birkbeck +and George Flower. Chicago: Fergus Printing Co., 1882.</hi> 16mo. +401 pp. +</p> + +<p> +The work is volume I. of the Chicago Historical Society's Collections. +The best book on this important episode in immigration to Illinois. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Flower, Richard.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Letters from Lexington and +the Illinois, containing a brief Account of the English Settlement in the latter +Territory, and a Refutation of the Misrepresentations of Mr. Cobbett. +London: J. Rigdway, 1819.</hi> iv. + 32 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Two letters—one from Lexington and the other from New Albion, Ill. +Highly colored. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Forsyth</hi>, Maj. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Thomas</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Indian Agent</hi>. <hi rend='italic'>Journal of a Voyage +from St. Louis to the Falls of St. Anthony, in 1819.</hi> In <hi rend='italic'>Wis. +Hist. Coll.</hi>, VI., 188-215. <hi rend='italic'>Madison, Wis.: Atwood & Culver, +State Printers, 1872.</hi> +</p> + +<p> +Incidentally the writer gives an account of the atrocities committed in 1812 +by Capt. Thomas E. Craig upon the inhabitants of Peoria. Forsyth was an +eye-witness of the barbarities described. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Galena Advertiser. Galena, Ill. Pub. by H. Newhall, Philleo +and Co., July 20, 1829-May 24, 1830, and July 20, 1829-May +10, 1830.</hi> +</p> + +<p> +July 20, July 27, August 10, Sept. 14, Sept. 21, 1829, have been used. In +Library of Chicago Historical Society. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Galena (Ill.) Weekly Gazette.</hi> +</p> + +<p> +The issue for May 2, 1879, contains reminiscences of Mrs. Adile B. Gratiot, +<pb n='221'/><anchor id='Pg221'/> +whose husband settled in Galena, Ill., in 1825. This account furnishes a +valuable bit of reliable history. It describes Galena, northern Illinois, a Fourth +of July celebration (1826), the coming of Lord Selkirk's colonists, and the +trouble with the Sauk Indians (1827). +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Gillespie</hi>, Hon. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Joseph</hi>. +<hi rend='italic'>Recollections of early Illinois and +her noted Men. Fergus hist. Series</hi>, No. 13. 51 pp. <hi rend='italic'>Chicago: +Fergus Printing Co., 1880.</hi> +</p> + +<p> +Valuable because of the author's direct knowledge of persons and events. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Goodrich, Samuel Griswold.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Recollections of +a Life Time; or, Men and Things I have seen: in a Series of Letters to a Friend, +historical, biographical, anecdotal, and descriptive. New York: +Miller, Orton & Co., 1857.</hi> 2 vols. 542, 563 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Letter XXXIII. describes the emigration from East to West in 1816-17. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Gratiot</hi>, Mrs. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Adile</hi>. +<hi rend='italic'>In early Illinois (Towns).</hi> +</p> + +<p> +A volume of newspaper clippings in the Library of the Chicago Historical +Society. Mrs. Gratiot, who early lived in Galena, gives reminiscences of +her life there. Describes the trouble with the Winnebago Indians. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Hall, James.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Letters from the West; +containing Sketches of Scenery, Manners, and Customs; and Anecdotes connected with the +first Settlements of the western Sections of the United States. London: +Henry Colburn, 1828.</hi> 16mo. 385 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Verbose, but not without value. One of the twenty-two letters is from +Shawneetown and describes the vicinity. Illinois is defended from her foreign +detractors. Routes and manner of travel receive much attention. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Hamilton, Henry Edward.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Incidents and Events +in the Life of Gurdon Saltonstall Hubbard, collected from personal Narrations +and other Sources, and arranged by his Nephew, Henry E. Hamilton. +Chicago: Rand, McNally & Co., 1888.</hi> 189 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Very valuable for the history of northern and eastern Illinois from 1818 to +the close of the Black Hawk war. Most of the work is autobiographical. +Mr. Hubbard was an employee of the American Fur Company. Later he was +in business in Danville and Chicago. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Harding, Benjamin.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>A Tour through the +Western Country, A. D. 1818 & 1819. New London: Samuel Green, 1819.</hi> 8vo. +17 pp. +</p> + +<p> +The inducements which Illinois offered to emigrants are described with a +<pb n='222'/><anchor id='Pg222'/> +degree of sense rarely displayed in the period to which the work belongs by +writers of advice to emigrants. The American Bottom and the prairies are +described. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Harris, William Tell.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Remarks made during a +Tour through the United States of America, in the Years 1817, 1818, and 1819.</hi> +</p> + +<p> +Describes Shawneetown (1818), and speaks of the great number of wagons, +horses, and passengers which crossed the ferry there. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Hecke, J. Val.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Reise durch die Vereinigten +Staaten von Nord-Amerika in den Jahren 1818 und 1819. Nebst einer kurzen +Uebersicht der neuesten Ereignisse auf dem Kriegs-Schauplatz in +Sud-Amerika und West-Indien. Berlin: H. Ph. Petri</hi>, 1820-21. +2 vols. 16mo. I., 228; II., xvi. + 326. pp. +</p> + +<p> +Interesting and incorrect. The author tells well both of what he knows +and what he does not know. Tells foreigners how to reach Illinois. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Henry, William Wirt.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Patrick Henry. Life, +Correspondence, and Speeches. New York: Charles Scribners Sons</hi>, 1891. 3 vols. +I., 20 + 622; II., 652; III., 672 pp. +</p> + +<p> +The third volume contains instructions issued by Gov. Henry to officers of +the County of Illinois, and some correspondence of those officers. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Historical Register of the United States. Philadelphia: G. +Palmer</hi>, 1814-1816. +</p> + +<p> +II., 60-62 (second pagination) gives Capt. Heald's official report of the +massacre at Fort Dearborn on August 15, 1812. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Hodgson, Adam.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Remarks during a Journey +through North America in the Years 1819-21, in a Series of Letters: with an +Appendix, containing an Account of several of the Indian Tribes, +and the principal missionary Stations, &c. New York: Samuel +Whiting, 1823.</hi> 8vo. iv. + 335 pp. +</p> + +<p> +The author did not visit Illinois, but he gives an interesting criticism of +Mr. Birkbeck's venture in Illinois. He conversed with persons who had visited +Birkbeck's settlement. Criticism rather unfavorable. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Holmes, Isaac.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>An Account of the United +States of America</hi>, [1823] <hi rend='italic'>derived from actual Observation, during +a Residence of four Years in that Republic: including original Communications. +London: Caxton Press</hi>, 1823. 16mo. viii. + 476 pp. +</p> + +<pb n='223'/><anchor id='Pg223'/> + +<p> +Most of the author's remarks are general. He, however, mentions Birkbeck +and advises emigrants to settle in the East rather than to go West as +Birkbeck advised. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Hulme, Thomas.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Journal.</hi> +In Cobbett, <q>A Year's Residence +in the United States of America,</q> 259-309. 3d ed. <hi rend='italic'>Andover: +B. Bensley</hi>, 1828. +</p> + +<p> +The Journal was of a journey through the West in 1817. Birkbeck's settlement +and the manner of traveling were described. Some information in +regard to prices was given. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Hutchins</hi>, Capt. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Thomas</hi>. +<hi rend='italic'>A topographical Description of +Virginia, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and North Carolina, comprehending +the Rivers Ohio, Kenhawa, Sioto, Cherokee, Wabash, Illinois, +Mississippi, etc.... With a Plan of the Rapids of the +Ohio, a Plan of the several Villages in the Illinois Country ... +and an Appendix containing Mr. Patrick Kennedy's Journal up +the Illinois River. London: T. Hutchins</hi>, 1778. 8vo. 67 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Valuable for its map of the Illinois country and a description of the settlements. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Illinois and Wabash Land Companies</hi>:— +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>An Account of the Proceedings of the Illinois and Ouabache Land +Companies, in Pursuance of their Purchases made of the independent +Natives, July 5th, 1773, and 18th October, 1775. Philadelphia: +William Young</hi>, 1796. 55 pp. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Memorial of the Illinois and Wabash Land Company, 13th +January, 1797. Referred to Mr. Jeremiah Smith, Mr. Kittera, +and Mr. Baldwin. Published by Order of the House of Representatives. +Philadelphia: Richard Folwell</hi>, [c. 1797.] 26 pp. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>An Account of the Proceedings of the Illinois and Ouabache Land +Companies, in Pursuance of their Purchases made of the independent +Natives, July 5th, 1773, and 18th October, 1775. Philadelphia: +William Duane</hi>, 1803. 74 pp. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Memorial of the Illinois and Ouabache Land Companies to the +honorable Congress of the United States. Intended as a full +Recapitulation and clear Statement of the former Addresses, Petitions, +<pb n='224'/><anchor id='Pg224'/> +Memorials, &c., of the Company; and their short and final +Prayer for Redress, without Delay: presented at the Sessions</hi>, +1802. 20 pp. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Memorial of the United Illinois and Wabash Land Companies, to +the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States. +Baltimore: Joseph Robinson</hi>, 1816. 48 pp. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Illinois, House Journal, 1824-25. Vandalia, Ill.: Robert Blackwell +& Co.</hi>, 1824. 305 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Contains items on slavery (pp. 13, 151-2), and tells of the election of a +U. S. senator to succeed Ninian Edwards (pp. 38-9). +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Illinois Intelligencer. Edwardsville, Ill.: Hooper Warren, ed.</hi>, +1826-30. +</p> + +<p> +In St. Louis Mercantile Library. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Illinois Laws</hi>, 1824-25. 190 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Pages 50-51 give the text of an act to amend an act entitled <q>An act respecting +free Negroes, Mulattoes, Servants, and Slaves,</q> approved 30th March, +1819. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Illinois monthly Magazine. Vandalia, Ill.: conducted by James +Hall.</hi> +</p> + +<p> +Notes on Illinois in Volumes I. and II. (1830-1832) and the History of St. +Louis in Volume II. are of some service. The articles are, however, +unsigned, and are of too popular a type to be wholly relied upon. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Illinois Revised Laws of 1833. Vandalia, Ill.: Greiner & +Sherman</hi>, 1833. 677 pp. and index. +</p> + +<p> +Contains the negro codes of 1819 and 1829, respectively. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Imlay, Gilbert.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>A topographical +Description of the Western +Territory of North America, containing a succinct Account of its +Climate, natural History, Population, Agriculture, Manners and +Customs. London: J. Debrett</hi>, 1792. 8vo. xv. + 247 pp. <hi rend='italic'>3d +ed.</hi>, 1797, enlarged. More valuable. +</p> + +<p> +The best early authority on the subject treated. Not very full in regard to +Illinois. Predicts western state-making. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Keating, William H.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Narrative of +an Expedition to the +Source of St. Peter's River, Lake Winnepeek, Lake of the Woods, +<pb n='225'/><anchor id='Pg225'/> +&c., &c., performed in the Year 1823 ... compiled from +the Notes of Major Long, Messrs. Say, Keating, and Colhoun. +Philadelphia: Carey & Lea</hi>, 1824. 2 vols. 8vo. I., xii. + 439; +II., 459 pp. Same, <hi rend='italic'>London: Whittaker</hi>, 1825. +</p> + +<p> +Contains an extremely interesting and important description of Chicago and +its vicinity, and in less detail, of northern Illinois. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Kinzie</hi>, Mrs. <hi rend='smallcaps'>John</hi> H. +(Juliette A. McGill Kinzie). <hi rend='italic'>Wau-Bun, +the <q>Early Day</q> in the North-West.</hi> New edition with an +introduction and notes by Reuben Gold Thwaites. <hi rend='italic'>Chicago: The +Caxton Club</hi>, 1901. xxvii. + 451 pp. +</p> + +<p> +This work, which first appeared in 1856, has the best account, not by an +eye-witness, of the massacre at Fort Dearborn in 1812. Mrs. Helm gives +this account. +</p> + +<p> +——<hi rend='italic'>Narrative of the Massacre at Chicago, August 15, 1812, +and of some preceding Events. Chicago: Ellis & Fergus</hi>, 1844. +34 pp. +</p> + +<p> +A valuable account, written by Mrs. Kinzie from the dictation of her +mother-in-law, who was an eye-witness of the massacre. Incorporated +almost verbatim in Mrs. Kinzie's <q>Wau-Bun.</q> The edition of 1844 was +the first, not the second, as stated in the Chicago Magazine, I., 103, and +repeated by Dr. Thwaites. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Laussat</hi>, Count. <hi rend='italic'>The military +Title of Louisiana and the +Territory of Illinois, dated New Orleans, Jan. 12, 1804, and +signed by Count Laussat, Napoleon's Ambassador. It is also the +order to Gen. De Lassus to deliver the Territory over to Capt. Amos +Stoddard, of the U. S. Artillery.</hi> +</p> + +<p> +Original manuscript letter, in French, in the Illinois State Historical +Library, Springfield, Ill. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Loomis, Chester A.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>The +Notes of a Journey to the Great +West in 1825.</hi> 28 unnumbered pages, six chapters. Printed +without place, name of publisher, or date. +</p> + +<p> +The writer entered Illinois in the present Vermilion county, went south to +the Wabash, west to Vandalia, then to Kaskaskia. His observations are +acute and readable. Describes Vermilion county salines, Illinois farm products, +pioneer homes, and the inconvenience attendant upon traveling on +horseback. Bound with other pamphlets in the Champaign (Illinois) Public +Library. +</p> + +<pb n='226'/><anchor id='Pg226'/> + +<p> +——<hi rend='italic'>A Journey on Horseback through the Great West, in 1825. +Visiting Alleghany Towns, Olean, Warren, Franklin, Pittsburg, +New Lisbon, Elyria, Norfolk, Columbus, Zanesville, Vermilion, +Kaskaskia, Vandalia, Sandusky, and many other places. Bath, +N. Y.; Plaindealer Press.</hi> 27 unnumbered pages. +</p> + +<p> +The writer was from Rushville, Ontario county, N. Y. Same as the preceding. +In library of State Historical Society of Wisconsin. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>McLean County Historical Society, Transactions of the.</hi> Vol. II. +<hi rend='italic'>Bloomington, Ill.: Pantagraph Printing and Stationery Co.</hi>, 1903. +695 pages. +</p> + +<p> +Some facts of interest concerning the first school in the county, and the +early settlers and their manner of living, are given by those old settlers who +were chief actors. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Mandements des Évêques de Québec. Québec: Imprimérie Générale +A. Coté et Cie.</hi>, 1887-88. I., (1659-1740), 588; II., (1741-1806), +566; III., (1806-1850), 635; IV., (1850-1870), 794 pp. +</p> + +<p> +A valuable collection of manuscripts. They tell of a monopoly on sending +missionaries to Illinois, and one letter (II., 205) gives a good idea of the +worldliness of the Kaskaskians of 1767. The first two volumes alone concern +us. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Mason, Edward G.</hi> +(<hi rend='italic'>Editor</hi>). <hi rend='italic'>Early Chicago and Illinois. +Chicago: Fergus Printing Co.</hi>, 1890. 521 pp. +</p> + +<p> +This volume is the fourth of the collections of the Chicago Historical +Society. It is one of the most valuable collections for the study of early +Illinois history. Contains, among other things, Pierre Menard Papers, John +Todd Papers, John Todd's Record-Book, Lists of Early Illinois Citizens, +and Rocheblave Papers. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Meeker</hi>, Dr. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Moses.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>Early History of the Lead Region of +Wisconsin. In Wis. Hist. Coll.</hi>, VI., 271-96. <hi rend='italic'>Madison, Wis.: +Atwood & Culver, State Printers</hi>, 1872. +</p> + +<p> +Very valuable. Dr. Meeker came to Galena in 1822 and settled there in +1823. The article gives the history of the settlement of the lead region to +1825. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Michigan pioneer and historical Collections. Lansing, Mich.</hi>, +1877-1900. 29 vols. +</p> + +<p> +Valuable for the French and British periods of Illinois history. +</p> + +<pb n='227'/><anchor id='Pg227'/> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Mount Carmel, Articles of Association, for the City of. Chillicothe: +John Bailhache</hi>, 1817. 4to. 22 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Mt. Carmel was to be, and now is, on the west bank of the Wabash in +what is now Wabash county, Illinois. The articles drawn up by the proprietors +and their agent contain curious provisions in regard to the support of +church and school. Some Puritanic rules are given. (In <hi rend='italic'>Ill. Local Hist. +Pam.</hi>, VII., in Library of Wisconsin State Historical Society.) +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Niles' weekly Register, Baltimore.</hi> +</p> + +<p> +Of great value for the period 1811-1830. Its notices of foreign immigration +are extensive. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Ogden, George W.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Letters +from the West. New-Bedford: +Melcher & Rogers</hi>, 1823. 126 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Describes several of the Illinois towns, and characterizes their inhabitants. +A part of the work is plagiarized from Harding, <hi rend='italic'>Tour through the western +Country</hi>. Reprinted in Thwaites, <hi rend='italic'>Early western Travels</hi>, XIX. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Olden Time</hi>, I., 1846, 403-15. +<hi rend='italic'>George Croghan's Journal of +his Route.</hi> +</p> + +<p> +Interesting sketches of the French. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Owen</hi>, A. R. <hi rend='italic'>Ums Jahr +1819 und 1829.</hi> In <hi rend='italic'>Deutsch-Amerikanische +Geschichtsblätter</hi>, Jahrgang 2, Heft 2, pp. 41-43. <hi rend='italic'>Chicago: +April</hi>, 1902. +</p> + +<p> +Not sufficiently definite, reliable, or extensive to be of much value. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Palmer, John.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Journal of +Travels in the United States of +North America and in Lower Canada, performed in the year 1817. +London: Sherwood, Neely, and Jones</hi>, 1818. vii. 456 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Pages 411-20 are on Illinois. Too inaccurate to be of great value, although +some information in regard to roads may be used. Tells of routes, methods, +and cost of travel. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Palmer, John McCauley.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>Personal Recollections of John M. +Palmer. Cincinnati: The Robert Clarke Co.</hi>, 1901. 631 pp. +</p> + +<p> +The writer came to Illinois in 1831, but he had previously lived in Kentucky, +and he gives some facts concerning slavery that are of value. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Parkison</hi>, Col. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Daniel</hi> M. +<hi rend='italic'>Pioneer Life in Wisconsin.</hi> In +<hi rend='italic'>Wis. Hist. Coll.</hi>, II., 326-64. +<hi rend='italic'>Madison, Wis.: Calkins & +Proudfit</hi>, 1856. +</p> + +<pb n='228'/><anchor id='Pg228'/> + +<p> +The author came from Tennessee to Madison county, Illinois, in 1817; in +1819, to Sangamon county, Illinois; in 1827, to Galena, Illinois. Gives a +valuable statement concerning the feeling of Yankees toward Southerners, +tells of the first sermon in Sangamon county, and of the Winnebago war of +1827. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Peck</hi>, Rev. <hi rend='smallcaps'>John Mason</hi>. +<hi rend='italic'>A Guide for Emigrants</hi> (1831), <hi rend='italic'>containing +Sketches of Illinois, Missouri, and the adjacent Parts. +Boston: Lincoln & Edmands</hi>, 1831. 336 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Contains a great amount of fairly accurate information. Its description of +cities is especially useful. Page 184 gives an amusing and instructive illustration +of the need of energy and work in even a frontier settlement (1829). +</p> + +<p> +——<hi rend='italic'>Memoir of John Mason Peck, D. D., edited from his +Journals and Correspondence. By Rufus Babcock. Philadelphia: +Am. Baptist Pub. Soc.</hi>, 1864. 12mo. 360 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Not in good literary form. Throws much light upon the moral and +religious life in Illinois and Missouri from 1817 to 1857. +</p> + +<p> +——<hi rend='italic'>The Religion and Morals of Illinois prior to 1818. In +Reynolds, Pioneer History of Illinois</hi>. Pp. 253-275. +</p> + +<p> +The writer came to Illinois before 1818, and knew many of the persons of +whom he wrote. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Pennsylvania Packet and daily Advertiser. Philadelphia</hi>, 1785-89; +<hi rend='italic'>Apr.</hi>, 1789; <hi rend='italic'>Mar.</hi>, +1790; <hi rend='italic'>Apr.-Dec.</hi>, 1790. In Library of +Wisconsin State Historical Society. +</p> + +<p> +August 23, 1790, the expression of apprehension of the depopulation of +the East by emigration to the West is said not to be well founded. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Peoria County, Illinois, Marriage Licences, 1825-1855.</hi> On file +in the court house in Peoria, Ill. +</p> + +<p> +The early names show the French origin of the inhabitants. The absence +of clergymen is noticeable. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Pike</hi>, Lieut. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Zebulon +Montgomery</hi>. <hi rend='italic'>An Account of a Voyage +up the Mississippi River, from St. Louis to its Source; made under +the Orders of the War Department, by Lieut. Pike, of the U. S. +Army, in the Years 1805 and 1806. Compiled from Mr. Pike's +Journal.</hi> A 68 page pamphlet without place, publisher, or date. +</p> + +<p> +Locates the largest Sauk village. These reports are of extreme importance. +<pb n='229'/><anchor id='Pg229'/> +An edition including the trip of 1807 was issued in 1895 by Harper, F. P., +New York. 3 vols. $10.00. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Pioneer of the Valley of the Mississippi, The. Rock Spring, Ill.: +Rev. J. M. Peck, editor.</hi> +</p> + +<p> +Issue of April 24, 1829, in St. Louis Mercantile Library. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Pittman</hi>, Capt. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Philip</hi>. +<hi rend='italic'>The present State of the European +Settlements on the Mississippi, with a geographical Description of +that River; illustrated by Plans and Draughts. London: J. +Nourse</hi>, 1770. viii. +99 pp. 8 maps. +</p> + +<p> +Describes the settlements in Illinois and gives a map of the region. Of +great value. +</p> + +<p> +Criticism in <hi rend='italic'>Narrative and Critical History of America</hi>, VI., 702. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Regulators of the Valley.</hi> +</p> + +<p> +Charles M. Eames, in his <hi rend='italic'>Historic +Morgan and Classic Jacksonville</hi> (1885), +says that a vigilance committee with the above title was formed in 1821, or +thereabouts, to rid the country of horse-thieves and robbers. <q>A regular +constitution was drawn up and subscribed to, and this paper is still in existence.</q> +C. M. Eames, son of the now deceased author, in a letter of Oct. 7, +1903, said that he had made an unsuccessful search for the manuscript. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Reynolds, John,</hi> <hi rend='italic'>My +own Times, embracing also, the History +of my Life. Belleville, Ill.</hi>, 1855. Reprinted, <hi rend='italic'>Chicago: Fergus +Printing Co.</hi>, 1879. iv.+395 pp. $7.50. +</p> + +<p> +Verbose, but has much wheat among the chaff. Covers the period from +1800 to 1853. The first edition is now very rare. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Ross, Harvey Lee.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>The early Pioneers and pioneer Events of +the State of Illinois. Chicago</hi>, 1899. +</p> + +<p> +A medley of facts, written by a pioneer of 1820. The author was +acquainted with both Cartwright and Lincoln, and speaks of them and of +pioneer events with authority. Tells of a trip from New Jersey by wagons. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>Summary Narrative of an +exploratory Expedition to the Sources of the Mississippi River, in +1820; resumed and completed, by the Discovery of its Origin in +Itasca Lake, in 1832. By authority of the United States. Philadelphia: +Lippincott, Grambo, & Co.</hi>, 1855. 596 pp. +</p> + +<p> +The book is chiefly of interest to us because of its description of Chicago. +</p> + +<pb n='230'/><anchor id='Pg230'/> + +<p> +——<hi rend='italic'>Travels in the central Portions of the Mississippi Valley: +comprising Observations on its mineral Geography, internal +Resources, and aboriginal Population. Performed under the Sanction +of Government, in the Year 1821. New York: Collins & +Hannay</hi>, 1825. 459 pp. +</p> + +<p> +The writer descended the Wabash, the Ohio, and then ascended the Mississippi +and the Illinois to Chicago. His descriptions of places, peoples and +things are well written and are a chief historical source. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Schultz, Christian.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>Travels on an inland Voyage through +the States of New-York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Ohio, Kentucky, +and Tennessee, and through the Territories of Indiana, Louisiana, +Mississippi and New-Orleans; performed in the Years 1807 and +1808. New York: Isaac Riley</hi>, 1810. 2 vols. I., xviii.+206; +II., 224 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Has an interesting description of Illinois settlements. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Smith, William Henry</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Editor. The St. Clair Papers. The +Life and public Services of Arthur St. Clair ... with his +Correspondence and other Papers. Cincinnati: Robert Clarke & +Co.</hi>, 1882. 2 vols. I., viii.+609; II., 649 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Much information concerning Illinois under the Ordinance of 1787. Criticisms: +<hi rend='italic'>Nation</hi>, XXXIV., 383; <hi rend='italic'>New York +Tribune, June</hi> 16, 1882. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Stories of the pioneer Mothers of Illinois. A collection of Manuscript +Letters from the pioneer Women of the State, giving their +early Experiences. Collected for the World's Columbian Exposition +and afterward deposited in the Illinois State Historical Library.</hi> +</p> + +<p> +Especially valuable for information on reasons for immigration and on +methods of traveling. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Storrow, Samuel A.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>The +North-West in 1817.</hi> In <hi rend='italic'>Wis. +Hist. Coll.</hi>, VI., pp. 154-87. <hi rend='italic'>Madison, Wis.: Atwood & Culver, +State Printers</hi>, 1872. +</p> + +<p> +The narrative, which is in the form of a letter to Maj.-Gen. Brown, was +first published in pamphlet form. The letter is dated Dec. 1, 1817. It deals +chiefly with the country to the north of Illinois, but the author visited Chicago, +was entertained at Fort Dearborn, and wrote of the desirability of an +Illinois-Michigan canal. +</p> + +<pb n='231'/><anchor id='Pg231'/> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Tenney, H. A.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Early +Times in Wisconsin</hi>. In <hi rend='italic'>Wis. Hist. +Coll.</hi>, I., pp. 94-102. <hi rend='italic'>Madison, Wis.: Beriah Brown</hi>, 1855. +</p> + +<p> +Written in 1849. Gives considerable information concerning the Galena +region. Tells of the size of Galena and of Springfield, Ill., in 1822. Criticism: +<hi rend='italic'>Draper MSS., Z</hi> 24. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Thomas</hi>, Judge <hi rend='smallcaps'>William</hi>. +<hi rend='italic'>Reminiscences.</hi> Printed in the +<hi rend='italic'>Jacksonville, Ill., Weekly Journal, Apr.</hi> 18, 1877. Clipping +bound in <hi rend='italic'>Ill. Local Hist. Pamphlets</hi>, V., in Library of Wisconsin +State Historical Society. +</p> + +<p> +The article is of extreme interest to a student of early society in Illinois. +The author settled in Jacksonville, Ill., in 1826. His observations were unusually +acute. He was a lawyer and a teacher. He tells of Yankees vs. +Southerners, of early lawlessness, and of early Galena. +</p> + +<p> +——<hi rend='italic'>Winnebago Outbreak of +1827.</hi> In <hi rend='italic'>Chicago Tribune, Apr.</hi> +7, 1877. Reprinted from the <hi rend='italic'>Jacksonville (Ill.) Journal</hi> of Aug. +17, 1871. +</p> + +<p> +The article is important because the writer was a volunteer in the campaign +against the Winnebagoes. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Thwaites, Reuben Gold.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>Narrative of Morgan L. Martin. +In an Interview with the Editor</hi> [Thwaites]. +In <hi rend='italic'>Wis. Hist. Coll.</hi>, +XI., pp. 385-415. <hi rend='italic'>Madison, Wis.: Democrat Printing Co., State +Printers</hi>, 1888. +</p> + +<p> +Page 398 gives an estimate of the population of Galena, which Martin +visited in 1829. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Tillson, Christiana Holmes.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>Reminiscences of early Life in +Illinois.</hi> Privately printed—as late as 1870. iv.+138 pp. +</p> + +<p> +A very rare book. Copy in the Chicago Historical Society Library. The +best book I know of from which to secure a knowledge of life in Illinois +from 1822 to 1827. The writer was observant, and her command of English +is far superior to that of many old persons who write reminiscences. Of +great value. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Van Zandt, Nicholas Biddle.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>A full Description of the +Soil, Water, Timber, and Prairies of each Lot, or quarter Section +of the Military Lands between the Mississippi and Illinois Rivers. +Washington City: P. Force</hi>, 1818. 8vo. 127 pp. +</p> + +<pb n='232'/><anchor id='Pg232'/> + +<p> +Rare and valuable. Pages 109-25 contain a venomous account of Birkbeck's +settlement in Illinois. In Library of Wisconsin State Historical Society. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Vermont. Records of the Council of Safety and Governor and +Council of the State of Vermont, to which are prefixed the Records +of the general Conventions from July, 1775, to December, 1777. +Montpelier: J. & J. M. Poland, 1873-80.</hi> 8 vols. +</p> + +<p> +Vol. VI., 431-2 contains remarks of Governor Galusha on the scarcity of +food in 1816. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Virginia Patriot and Richmond mercantile Advertiser. Richmond, +Va., Apr.-Dec., 1816.</hi> In Library of Wisconsin State +Historical Society. +</p> + +<p> +Sept. 7, 11, 21, 1816, tell of the cold in New England and the drought in +the South. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Volney, Constantin François +Chasse-bœuf.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>A View of +the Soil and Climate of the United States of America: with supplementary +Remarks upon Florida; on the French Colonies on the +Mississippi and Ohio, and in Canada; and on the aboriginal Tribes +of America. Philadelphia, 1804. London, 1804.</hi> xxv. + 446 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Translated by C. B. Brown. The author gives a moderately full description +of the Illinois of the close of the 18th century. Valuable for characterization +of the inhabitants. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Washburne, Elihu Benjamin.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Sketch of Edward +Coles, second Governor of Illinois, and of the slavery Struggle of 1823-4. +Prepared for the Chicago Historical Society. Chicago: Jansen, +McClurg & Co., 1882.</hi> 253 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Indispensable for a specialist in this period of Illinois history. Well +written. Quotes many letters. +</p> + +<p> +—— <hi rend='italic'>Editor</hi>. +<hi rend='italic'>The Edwards Papers. (Volume II. of the Chicago +Historical Society's Collections.) Chicago: Fergus Printing Co., +1884.</hi> 8 + xxviii. + 633 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Pages 86-90 give Capt. Thos. E. Craig's official report to Governor Edwards +of the attack on Peoria in 1812. The volume has a description of Peoria in +1827, and considerable information concerning the Indian troubles of that year. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Welby, Adlard</hi>, Esq. +<hi rend='italic'>A Visit to North America and the +English Settlements in Illinois, with a winter Residence at Philadelphia; +<pb n='233'/><anchor id='Pg233'/> +solely to ascertain the actual Prospects of the emigrating +Agriculturist, Mechanic, and Commercial Speculator. London: J. +Drury,</hi> 1821. 16mo. xii.+224 pp. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Wheeling, Va. Report of a Meeting of Workingmen in the City +of Wheeling, Virginia, on forming a Settlement in the State of +Illinois.</hi> 12 pp. +</p> + +<p> +The report is dated Oct. 4, 1830. Printed without place and publisher's +name. In Library of Chicago Historical Society. Rare. It set forth a +scheme for purchasing and settling a county in Illinois. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Williams, Samuel</hi>. +<hi rend='italic'>Sketches of the War, between the United +States and the British Isles: intended as a faithful History of all +the material Events from the Time of the Declaration in 1812 to +and including the Treaty of Peace in 1815. Rutland, Vt.: Fay & +Davison</hi>, 1815. 496 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Contains Capt. Heald's official account of the massacre at Fort Dearborn, +August 15, 1812. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Woods, John</hi>. <hi rend='italic'>Two +Years' Residence in the Settlement on the +English Prairie, in the Illinois Country, U. S. With an Account of +its animal and vegetable Productions, Agriculture, &c. &c. A +Description of the principal Towns, Villages, &c. &c. With the +Habits and Customs of the Back-woodsmen. London: Longman +& others</hi>, 1822. 310 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Of great value. Unusually conservative as to Illinois advantages, but +apparently truthful. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Wright, John S</hi>. <hi rend='italic'>Letters +from the West; or, A Caution to +Emigrants. Salem, N. Y.: Dodd & Stevenson,</hi> 1819. 72 pp. +</p> + +<p> +A series of letters from one who traveled through the West in 1818-19. +In a fair manner the discouragements which emigrants may expect to meet are +portrayed. In Library of Chicago Historical Society. +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='234'/><anchor id='Pg234'/> + +<div> +<head>II. Secondary Works.</head> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Abbott, John Stevens Cabot</hi>. +<hi rend='italic'>History of Maine from the +earliest Discovery of the Region by the Northmen until the present +Time. Boston: B. B. Russell</hi>, 1875. 556 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Tells of the <q>Ohio fever,</q> which raged about the close of the war of 1812, +and which furnished some settlers to Illinois. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Agnew</hi>, Hon. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Daniel</hi>, +LL. D. <hi rend='italic'>History of the Region of Pennsylvania +north of the Ohio and west of the Allegheny River ... +also, an Account of the Division of the Territory for public Purposes, +and of the Lands, Laws, Titles, Settlements, Controversies, and +Litigation within this Region. Philadelphia: Kay & Brother,</hi> +1887. 4+246 pp. +</p> + +<p> +The work shows the price at which Pennsylvania public lands sold at the +time Illinois was being settled. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Allen, J. A.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>American +Bisons, living and extinct. Cambridge, +Mass.: Welch, Bigelow, & Co.</hi>, 1876. ix.+246 pp. and 12 plates. +</p> + +<p> +Carefully done. Tells of the great herds of buffalo early found in Illinois +and of their extermination in that region. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Allen, William Francis</hi>. +<hi rend='italic'>The Place of the North-West in +general History.</hi> Pages 92-111 of the author's +<hi rend='italic'>Essays and Monographs. +Boston: Geo. H. Ellis</hi>, 1890. 392 pp. Found also in +<hi rend='italic'>Papers of the Am. Hist. Ass'n</hi>., III., pp. 329-48. +</p> + +<p> +Good for a view of our subject as connected with larger portions of the +world's history. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Alton city Directory</hi>, 1858. +<hi rend='italic'>Alton, Ill.: McEvoy & Bowron</hi>, +1858. 156 pp. +</p> + +<p> +A short historical sketch of Alton is given. Its authority is on a par with +that of county histories. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>American historical Review.</hi> New York. Vol. IV., 623-35. +See Boyd, Carl Evans, below. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Andreas, A. T.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>History of Chicago from the earliest Period to +the present Time. Chicago: A. T. Andreas</hi>, 1884. I., 648; II., +780; III., 876 pp. +</p> + +<pb n='235'/><anchor id='Pg235'/> + +<p> +Only pages 31-111 of Volume I. concern the period before 1830. The narrative +is written with considerable care, and the work is especially rich in +copies of old maps, having not fewer than two dozen before 1830. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Asbury, Henry</hi>. +<hi rend='italic'>Reminiscences of Quincy, Illinois, containing +historical Events, Anecdotes, Matters concerning old Settlers and old +Times, etc. Quincy, Ill.: D. Wilcox & Sons</hi>, 1882. 224 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Tells of the first settlement of Adams county, under the congressional act +of Jan. 13, 1825. The large number of New Englanders is suggestive of the +increase of northern over southern immigration. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Atlantic Monthly. Boston and London.</hi> Vol. II., 579-95. +(May, 1861.) See Clarke, S. C. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Barber, John Warner</hi>, and +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Howe, Henry</hi>. <hi rend='italic'>All the Western +States and Territories, from the Alleghanies to the Pacific, and from +the Lakes to the Gulf. Cincinnati: Howe's Subscription Book +Concern</hi>, 1867. 16mo. 733 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Pages 195-250 are on Illinois. Early settlement, Clark's campaign, and +the Chicago Massacre of 1812 are described. The work is popular in character, +yet its citation of sources makes it of some value. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Barry</hi>, Hon. P. T. +<hi rend='italic'>The first Irish in Illinois. Reminiscent of +Old Kaskaskia Days.</hi> In <hi rend='italic'>Trans. +of the Ill. State Hist. Soc.</hi>, 1902. +<hi rend='italic'>Springfield, Ill.: Phillips Bros., State Printers</hi>, 1902. pp. 63-70. +</p> + +<p> +Almost exclusively concerned with the period before 1830. Tells of the +work of Chevalier Makarty, George Croghan, John Reynolds, and of the Irish +soldiers under George Rogers Clark. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Barstow, George</hi>. +<hi rend='italic'>The History of New Hampshire, from its +Discovery, in 1614, to the Passage of the Toleration Act in 1819. +2d ed. New York: G. P. Putnam & Co.</hi>, 1853. 8vo. iv. ++456 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Gives a short account of the unusual cold of 1816-17, which affected +western immigration. There is nothing to indicate that the second edition is +not an exact reprint of the first. Copyright, 1842. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Beck, Lewis C.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>A Gazetteer of the States of Illinois and +Missouri; containing a general View of each State, a general View +of their Counties, and a particular Description of their Towns, +Villages, Rivers, &c., &c. Albany: Charles R. and George Webster,</hi> +1823. 352 pp. +</p> + +<pb n='236'/><anchor id='Pg236'/> + +<p> +165 pages are devoted to Illinois. Much interesting material is given, but +the nature of the publication makes caution in its use necessary. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Beckley, Hosea, A. M.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>The History of Vermont; with +Descriptions, physical and topographical. Brattleboro: George H. +Salisbury</hi>, 1846. 16mo. 396 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Describes the effects of the unusual cold of 1816-17, which greatly affected +western emigration. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Beckwith, Hiram Williams</hi>. +<hi rend='italic'>Historic Notes on the North-west, +gleaned from early Authors, old Maps and Manuscripts, +private and official Correspondence, and other authentic, though, for +the most part, out-of-the-way Sources.</hi> (In <hi rend='italic'>Hist. of Vermilion +County, Ill. Chicago: H. H. Hill & Co.</hi>, 1879. 11-304 pp). +</p> + +<p> +Deals with the period before Illinois became a state (1818). <q>The authorities +consulted show a large range of acquaintance with the very best sources +of information extant</q>—Lyman C. Draper. Strong on French and Indians. +</p> + +<p> +——<hi rend='italic'>A brief History of Danville, Illinois, with a concise +Statement of its mining, manufacturing, and commercial Advantages. +Danville, Ill.: Danville Printing Co.</hi>, 1874. 11 pp. (unnumbered). +</p> + +<p> +Slight, but tells of the beginnings of the city in the third decade of the 19th +century. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Beckwith, Paul</hi>. +<hi rend='italic'>Creoles of St. Louis. St. Louis: Nixon-Jones +Printing Co.</hi>, 1893. 169 pp. +</p> + +<p> +The genealogy of the five branches of the Chouteau family is given. As +many of this family were prominent in early Illinois the work is of some +interest, although not wholly reliable. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Beggs</hi>, Rev. +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Stephen R.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Pages from the early History of the +West and North-West: embracing Reminiscences and Incidents of +Settlement and Growth, and Sketches of the material and religious +Progress of the States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Missouri, +with especial Reference to the History of Methodism. Cincinnati: +Methodist Book Concern</hi>, 1868. 325 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Good upon the beginnings of northern Illinois. Tells of the Chicago +massacre (1812), of the work of Rev. Jesse Walker, and of early pioneer life. +No clerical bias, in the bad sense. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Bernheim</hi>, G. D. +<hi rend='italic'>History of the German Settlements and of +<pb n='237'/><anchor id='Pg237'/> +the Lutheran Church in North and South Carolina, from the earliest +Period of the Colonization of the Dutch, German and Swiss Settlers +to the Close of the first Half of the present Century. Philadelphia: +The Lutheran Book Store</hi>, 1872. ix.+557 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Pages 471-3 tell of the North Carolina Synod sending a missionary to +Illinois in 1827. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Birney, William</hi>. +<hi rend='italic'>James G. Birney and his Times. The +Genesis of the Republican Party with some Account of abolition +Movements in the South before 1828. New York: D. Appleton & +Co.</hi>, 1890. 24mo. x.+443 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Chapter 12 is on abolition in the South before 1828. The work is helpful +in learning the conditions from which southern emigrants moved. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Blanchard, Rufus</hi>. +<hi rend='italic'>Discovery and Conquest of the Northwest, +with the History of Chicago. Wheaton: R. Blanchard & Co., +1879. Chicago: Cushing</hi>, 1880. 768 pp. 8vo. +</p> + +<p> +A well-written and valuable book for discovery and conquest, but of little +value for a study of mere immigration before 1831. What it has of immigration +is almost exclusively confined to immigration to the region of the present +Chicago. +</p> + +<p> +——<hi rend='italic'>History of Illinois, to accompany an historical Map of the +State. Chicago: National School Furnishing Company</hi>, 1883. 128 +pp. +</p> + +<p> +The text is a disconnected symposium, and has in some cases been superseded +by later research. The map is the most valuable part of the work. +It is 27-½x42-½ inches in size, mounted on heavy cloth, and shows, with dates, +Indian trails, routes of exploring and military expeditions, early stage and +mail routes, historic sites, dates of settlement of the principal towns. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Bonham, Jeriah</hi>. +<hi rend='italic'>Fifty Years' Recollections with Observations +and Reflections on historical Events, giving Sketches of eminent Citizens—their +Lives and public Services. Peoria: J. W. Franks & +Sons</hi>, 1883. 536 pp. +</p> + +<p> +The <q>fifty years</q> seem to have begun shortly after 1830. The biographical +sketches, however, give several facts in regard to the origin and immigration +of such early leaders as Coles, Edwards, Reynolds, Carlin, and others. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Boyd, Carl Evans</hi>. +<hi rend='italic'>County of Illinois, The. Am. Hist. Rev.</hi>, +IV., 623-35. July, 1899. +</p> + +<pb n='238'/><anchor id='Pg238'/> + +<p> +A scholarly history of Virginia's ephemeral County of Illinois, although in +error as to the dates of its beginning and ending, respectively. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Brackenridge, Henry Marie</hi>, +Esq. <hi rend='italic'>History of the late War +between the United States and Great Britain. Containing a minute +Account of the various military and naval Operations. Baltimore: +Cushing, 1817. 4th ed. Baltimore: Cushing & Jewett</hi>, 1818. +xxiv.+348 pp. <hi rend='italic'>6th ed. Philadelphia: James Kay</hi>, 1839. 298 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Valuable. Several times translated. Impartial. Gives a short account of +the massacre at Fort Dearborn, August 15, 1812. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Brown, Charles R.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>The Old Northwest Territory: its Missions, +Forts, and trading Posts. Kalamazoo, Mich.: Brown, Moore +& Quale</hi>, 1875. 32 pp. +</p> + +<p> +The work consists of an historical and chronological map (14-½ x 15 inches), +and notes upon the 94 sites located upon it. Eleven of the sites are in Illinois. +Valuable and suggestive, although deficient in citation of authorities. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Brown, Henry</hi>. +<hi rend='italic'>The History of Illinois from its first Discovery +and Settlement to the present Time. New York: J. Winchester</hi>, +1844. vi.+492 pp. +</p> + +<p> +The author confesses to having written in haste and to having borrowed +stories from other states simply to amuse his readers. Worthless except to +furnish a few topics which one may wish +to verify. Criticism: <hi rend='italic'>Draper MSS</hi>., +Z No. 2. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Brown, Samuel R.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>The Western Gazetteer; or, Emigrant's +Directory, (1817) containing a geographical Description of the western +States and Territories, viz., the States of Ky., Ind., La., O., Tenn., +and Miss., and the Territories of Ill., Mo., Ala., Mich., and N. +Western, with an Appendix containing Sketches of some of the +western Counties of N. Y., Pa. and Va.; a description of the Gt. +Northern Lakes; Indian Annuities, and Directions to Emigrants. +Auburn, N. Y.: H. C. Southwick</hi>, 1817. 360 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Pages 17-35 give an inaccurate description of Illinois' population and +resources. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Brown, William Hubbard</hi>. +<hi rend='italic'>An historical Sketch of the early +Movement in Illinois for the Legalization of Slavery, read at the +annual Meeting of the Chicago Historical Society, Dec. 5, 1864.</hi> +</p> + +<pb n='239'/><anchor id='Pg239'/> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Chicago: Fergus Printing Co.</hi>, +1876. 31 pp. <hi rend='italic'>Fergus hist. Series</hi>, +No. 4. 8vo. 25 cents. +</p> + +<p> +Especially valuable for the great struggle over slavery in Illinois in 1822-24. +First printed in 1865, under the auspices of the Chicago Historical Society. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Buckley, James Monroe</hi>. +<hi rend='italic'>A History of Methodists in the +United States.</hi> (Volume V. of <hi rend='italic'>American Church +History</hi>.) <hi rend='italic'>New +York: The Christian Literature Co.</hi>, 1896. xix.+714 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Tells of the founding of Lebanon Seminary, later McKendree College, at +Lebanon, Ill., in 1828. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Chicago City Directory, for the Year 1855-56, and Northern +Illinois Gazetteer. Chicago: Robert Fergus</hi>, 1855. 150+xxxii.+208+128 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Of slight value for our purpose, although the historical introductions to the +directories of the various cities and towns have a few usable statements. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Chicago daily Democratic Press. Railroads, History and Commerce +of Chicago, three Articles. 2d ed. Chicago: Democratic Press +Job and Book Steam Print</hi>, 1854. 80 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Of considerable interest, although many statements are of too late a date +to be used. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Chicago Magazine. Chicago, Ill.</hi> +</p> + +<p> +I., 103-16 (1857), gives an account of the massacre at Fort Dearborn, +August 15, 1812, largely taken from the Kinzie narrative. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Chicago Sunday Tribune, Nov.</hi> 28, 1897. +</p> + +<p> +New light thrown on Old Fort Dearborn. An account of the finding of +important records in the archives of the U. S. government. The archives +contained the original order for building a fort where Fort Dearborn later +stood (order of 1803), and sketches of Fort Dearborn as early as January, +1808. The sketches are reproduced. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Clarke, S. C.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>Prairie State, The.</hi> (<hi rend='italic'>Atlantic Monthly</hi>, VII., +579-595, <hi rend='italic'>May</hi>, 1861.) +</p> + +<p> +Well written and treats a large number of subjects. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Copeland, Louis Albert, B. L.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>The Cornish in southwest +Wisconsin.</hi> Pages 301-334 of <hi rend='italic'>Wis. +Hist. Coll.</hi>, XIV. <hi rend='italic'>Madison, +Wis.: Democrat Printing Co., State Printer</hi>, 1898. +</p> + +<pb n='240'/><anchor id='Pg240'/> + +<p> +Gives several facts concerning the early history of the Galena region. +Most of the Cornish, however, came after 1830. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Dana</hi>, E. +<hi rend='italic'>Geographical Sketches on the Western Country: +designed for Emigrants and Settlers: being the Result of extensive +Researches and Remarks. To which is added a Summary of all +the most interesting Matters on the Subject, including a particular +Description of the unsold public Lands, ... also, a List of +the principal Roads. Cincinnati: Looker, Reynolds & Co.</hi>, 1819. +312 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Pages 133-156 are devoted to Illinois. A suggestion of the fraudulent +count in the census of 1818 is given. +</p> + +<p> +——<hi rend='italic'>A Description +of the bounty Lands in the State of Illinois: +also, the principal Roads and Routes, by Land and Water, through +the Territory of the United States. Cincinnati: Looker, Reynolds +& Co.</hi>, 1819. 12mo. 108 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Gives very few references to settlement and few descriptions of historic +sites. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Davidson, Alexander</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>and</hi> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Stuvé, Bernard</hi>. <hi rend='italic'>A complete +History of Illinois from 1673 to 1873; embracing the physical +Features of the Country; its early Explorations, aboriginal Inhabitants; +French and British Occupation; Conquest by Virginia; territorial +Condition and the subsequent civil, military and political +Events of the State. Springfield, Ill.: Ill. Journal Co.</hi>, 1874. +944 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Crude, but no specialist in Illinois history should be without it. Not +minute in treatment of immigration. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Decatur, Macon County, Illinois, History of. Decatur, Ill.: +Compiled and published by Wiggins & Co., Cleveland, O.</hi>, 1871. +51 pp. +</p> + +<p> +A symposium without historical merit. Almost exclusively of a later +period than 1830, but tells of the first settlement of the county in 1820. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Drake, Samuel Adams</hi>. +<hi rend='italic'>The Making of the Ohio Valley +States, 1660-1837. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons</hi>, 1894. +16mo. 269 pp. +</p> + +<p> +A very few pages are devoted to Illinois, and naturally the larger events +alone are noted. +</p> + +<pb n='241'/><anchor id='Pg241'/> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Drew, Benjamin.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>The Refugee; or, The Narratives of fugitive +Slaves in Canada. Related by themselves, with an Account of the +History and Condition of the colored Population of Upper Canada. +Boston: John P. Jewett & Co.</hi>, 1856. 12mo. 387 pp. +</p> + +<p> +A few of the refugees whose escapes are narrated passed through Illinois +on the Underground Railroad. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Eames, Charles M.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>Historic Morgan and Classic Jacksonville. +Jacksonville, Ill.: Daily Journal Steam Job Printing +Office</hi>, 1885. 336 pp. In Library of Chicago Historical Society. +</p> + +<p> +Of great interest because of its details concerning early methods of travel +and concerning the beginnings in Morgan county. Deals with pioneer and +slavery history. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Edwards, Ninian Wirt.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>History of Illinois, from 1778 to +1833; and Life and Times of Ninian Edwards. Springfield, Ill.: +Ill. State Journal Co.</hi>, 1870. 549 + iii. pp. +</p> + +<p> +Written by the son of Gov. Ninian Edwards. Not in good form, but has +much authentic material. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Family Magazine: or, Monthly Abstract of general Knowledge. +New York, Boston, Cincinnati.</hi> +</p> + +<p> +Volumes IV. (1837) and V. (1839) have short articles on Illinois, which are +too light to be taken seriously. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Farmer, Silas.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>The History of Detroit and Michigan, or the +Metropolis illustrated. A chronological Cyclopedia of the Past end +Present, including a full Record of territorial Days in Michigan +and the Annals of Wayne County. Detroit: Silas Farmer & Co.</hi>, +1884. Revised and enlarged, 1890. 2 vols. +</p> + +<p> +Valuable for information concerning Clark, Hamilton, Vigo, and La Balme. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Flagler</hi>, Major D. W. +<hi rend='italic'>A History of the Rock Island Arsenal +from its establishment in 1863 to December, 1876: and of the Island +of Rock Island, the Site of the Arsenal, from 1804 to 1863. +Washington: Government Printing Office</hi>, 1877. 483 pp. 13 +plates, 2 pictures. +</p> + +<p> +The first chapter of the book refers to the first white settlement in the +region of Rock Island, about 1828. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Ford, Gov. Thomas.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>A History of Illinois, from its Commencement +<pb n='242'/><anchor id='Pg242'/> +as a State in 1818 to 1847. Containing a full Account +of the Black Hawk War, the Rise, Progress, and Fall of Mormonism, +the Alton and Lovejoy Riots, and other important and interesting +Events. Chicago: S. C. Griggs & Co.</hi>, 1854. 447 pp. +</p> + +<p> +As the title indicates, the book is chiefly valuable for a period later than +1830. It is also largely political. The first one hundred and ten pages will +be found useful and deal to some extent with the social life when the state was +young. Criticism: <hi rend='italic'>Draper MSS.</hi>, Z 13. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Gerhard, Fred.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>Illinois as it is; its History, Geography, +Statistics, Constitution, Laws, Government, Finances, Climate, Soil, +Plants, Animals, State of Health, Prairies, Agriculture, Cattle-breeding, +Orcharding, Cultivation of the Grape, Timber-growing, +Market-prices, Lands and Land-prices ... etc. Philadelphia: +Charles Desilver</hi>, 1857. 451 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Pages 13-137 are devoted to the history of Illinois. The author is conspicuously +accurate and treats a large number of topics. A valuable secondary +work. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Glimpses of the Monastery. Scenes from the History of the +Ursulines of Quebec during two hundred Years, 1639-1839. By +a Member of the Community. Second edition, completed by Reminiscences +of the last fifty Years, 1839-1889. Quebec: L. J. Domers +& Frère</hi>, 1897. ix.+418+184 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Pages 84-93 of the first pagination give a suggestive discussion of the +capability of the Indian for civilization. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Green, Thomas Marshall.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>Historic Families of Kentucky. +(First Series.) Cincinnati: Robert Clarke & Co.</hi>, 1889. 304 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Gives a few facts concerning John Todd and John Todd Stuart, who were +active in Illinois. The latter was a cousin of Mary Todd Lincoln and had +much early influence upon Lincoln. The volume deals with McDowells, +Logans, and Allens. Well written and valuable. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Haight, Walter C.</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>B. L. The Ordinance of 1787.</hi> (pp. 343-402 +of <hi rend='italic'>Pub. of the Mich. Pol. Sci. Ass'n.</hi> II.), 1896, 1897. +</p> + +<p> +A discussion of the binding effect of the Ordinance of 1787. The question +has a close connection with slavery in Illinois. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Hall, B. F.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>The early History of the North Western States, +<pb n='243'/><anchor id='Pg243'/> +embracing New York, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Iowa and +Wisconsin, with their land Laws, etc., and an Appendix containing +the Constitutions of those States. Buffalo: Geo. H. Derby & Co., +1849.</hi> Duodecimo. 477 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Statements made in this book must be carefully verified. The rise of conflicting +land titles is fairly well treated. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Harris, N. Dwight</hi>, Ph. D. +<hi rend='italic'>The History of Negro Servitude +in Illinois and of the slavery Agitation in that State 1719-1864. +Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co., 1904.</hi> 276 pp. +</p> + +<p> +An erudite work, compiled from many sources previously unused. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Hayes, A. A.</hi>, Jr. +<hi rend='italic'>The Metropolis of the Prairies. (Harper's +New Monthly Mag.</hi>, LXI., 711-730, Oct. 1880). +</p> + +<p> +A readable popular article. Chiefly concerned with events later than 1830. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Heaton, John L.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>The Story of Vermont. Boston: D. Lothrop +Co., 1889.</hi> 319 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Has an interesting chapter of twenty pages on The Great West. More +reliable than so popular a book usually is. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Henderson, John G.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>Early History of the <q>Sangamon Country,</q> +being Notes on the first Settlements in the Territory now comprised +within the Limits of Morgan, Scott and Cass Counties. +Davenport, Iowa: Day, Egbert & Fidlar, 1873.</hi> 33 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Of great interest for a study of early troubles with the Indians. Treats of +East <hi rend='italic'>vs.</hi> South +in Illinois and of Regulators. Deals almost exclusively with +the period before 1830. Compiled largely from interviews with old settlers, +hence not wholly reliable. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Hinsdale, Burke Aaron.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>The Old Northwest with a View +of the thirteen Colonies as constituted by the royal Charters. New +York: Townsend MacCoun, 1888.</hi> 8vo. 440 pp. <hi rend='italic'>2d ed., rev. +New York: Silver, Burdett & Co., 1899.</hi> $2.50. +</p> + +<p> +In general only the boldest outlines of immigration to Illinois are sketched. +The slavery struggle in Illinois (1822-24) is treated with comparative fullness. +Criticism: <hi rend='italic'>Boston Herald, July 2, 1888</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Hoskins, Nathan.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>A History of the State of Vermont, from +its Discovery and Settlement to the Close of the Year 1830. Vergennes: +J. Shedd, 1831.</hi> 12 mo. 316 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Tells of the unusually cold summer of 1816. +</p> + +<pb n='244'/><anchor id='Pg244'/> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Howe, Henry.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>Historical Collections of the great West: containing +Narratives of the most important and interesting Events in +western History—remarkable individual Adventures—Sketches of +frontier Life—Descriptions of natural Curiosities: to which is +appended historical and descriptive Sketches of Oregon, New Mexico, +Texas, Minnesota, Utah and California. Cincinnati: Henry Howe, +1853.</hi> 8vo. 440 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Compiled from a large number of sources, largely secondary. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Hubbard, George D.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>A Case of geographic Influence upon +human Affairs.</hi> Pages 145-157 of <hi rend='italic'>Bulletin of the American +Geographical Society</hi>, XXXVI., No. 3, +<hi rend='italic'>March</hi>, 1904. <hi rend='italic'>Pub. by the +Society, New York.</hi> +</p> + +<p> +A scientific discussion of the effect of glaciation upon the character of the +people of different portions of Illinois. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Hulbert, Archer Butler.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>Red-Men's Roads. The Indian +Thoroughfares of the central West. Columbus, Ohio: Fred J. +Heer & Co., 1900.</hi> 37 pp. +</p> + +<p> +The book has many maps and is a help toward an understanding of the +ways by which early settlers reached Illinois. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Hynes</hi>, Rev. <hi rend='smallcaps'>Thomas W.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>History of a Century. An Address +delivered at Greenville, Bond Co., Ill., on July 4, 1876.</hi> +</p> + +<p> +A newspaper clipping, bound, without the name of the paper from which it +was taken, in <hi rend='italic'>Illinois Local +History Pamphlets</hi>, V., in Library of the Wisconsin +State Historical Society. It contains a valuable historical letter from +Mrs. Almira Morse, a resident as early as 1820. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Illinois. Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois. Chicago and New +York: Munsell Pub. Co., 1900.</hi> 608 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Edited by Newton Bateman, LL. D., and Paul Selby, A. M. Much more +reliable than many books of the same literary type. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>International Monthly. Burlington, Vt.</hi>, IV., 794-820. See +Turner, Frederick Jackson. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>James, Edmund Janes</hi>, +and <hi rend='smallcaps'>Loveless, Milo J.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>A Bibliography +of Newspapers published in Illinois prior to 1860. Springfield, +Ill., Phillips Bros., State Printers, 1899.</hi> 94 pp. +</p> + +<p> +A very valuable work. An appendix gives a list of the Illinois and Missouri +<pb n='245'/><anchor id='Pg245'/> +papers (1808-1897) in the St. Louis Mercantile Library, while a second +appendix enumerates the county histories of Illinois and tells where they may +be found. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Johnson, Eric</hi> and +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Peterson, C. F.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Svenskarne i Illinois. +Chicago: W. Williamson, 1880.</hi> 471 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Chiefly valuable for a later period. The salient points of early Illinois +history are canvassed. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Kingdom, William</hi>, Jr. +<hi rend='italic'>America and the British Colonies, an +abstract of all the most useful Information relative to the United +States of America, and the British Colonies of Canada, the Cape of +Good Hope, New South Wales, and Van Diemen's Island. London: +G. and W. B. Whittaker, 1820.</hi> 16mo. 359 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Pages 61-73 describe Illinois and give some judicious advice to emigrants. +Conservative, but not cynical. Entire pages are reprinted from other authors, +notably Fearon, without the use of quotation marks. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Kingston</hi>, Hon. <hi rend='smallcaps'>John T.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>Early Western Days.</hi> (In <hi rend='italic'>Wis. +Hist. Coll.</hi>, VII., 297-344). <hi rend='italic'>Madison, Wis.: E. B. Bolens, +1876.</hi> +</p> + +<p> +Gives a short account of the slavery struggle in Illinois in 1822-24. +</p> + +<p> +—— <hi rend='italic'>Slavery in Illinois. +Necedah, Wis.: Necedah Republican.</hi> +6 pp. Reprinted, without date, in pamphlet form. In Library +of State Historical Society of Wisconsin. +</p> + +<p> +A very short sketch of slavery in Illinois from its introduction in 1719-20. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Kirkland, Joseph.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>The Story of Chicago. Chicago: Dibble +Pub. Co., 1892.</hi> 470 pp. +</p> + +<p> +The book makes large reference to authorities and is in consequence +valuable for reference. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Körner, Gustav.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>Das deutsche Element in den Vereinigten +Staaten von Nordamerika, 1818-1848. Cincinnati: A. E. Wilde +& Co., 1880.</hi> 16mo. 461 pp. +</p> + +<p> +The 12th chapter (pp. 244-81) treats of German settlement in Illinois. +Tells of the first German and Swiss settlements in the state. Naturally this +chapter and the work as a whole is largely concerned with a period later than +1830. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Law</hi>, Judge <hi rend='smallcaps'>John</hi>. +<hi rend='italic'>Address delivered before the Vincennes Historical +and Antiquarian Society, February 22, 1839. Louisville, +<pb n='246'/><anchor id='Pg246'/> +Ky.: Prentice & Weissinger</hi>, 1839. 48 pp. Enlarged and +reprinted as <hi rend='italic'>The colonial History of Vincennes. Vincennes: Harvey, +Mason & Co</hi>., 1858. 156 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Of great value on account of its description of Clark's campaign, and its +notes on Mermet, Gibault, Hamilton, Tecumseh, La Balme, and on the public +lands. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Lawrence, John</hi>. +<hi rend='italic'>The History of the Church of the United +Brethren in Christ. Dayton, Ohio: W. J. Shuey</hi>, 1868. 2 vols. +I., vi.+416; II., vii.+431 pp. +</p> + +<p> +The book contains many facts concerning early emigration and settlement. +Its bearing on early Illinois history is, however, slight. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Leaton</hi>, Rev. <hi rend='smallcaps'>James</hi>. +<hi rend='italic'>History of Methodism in Illinois, from +1793 to 1832. Cincinnati: Walden & Stowe</hi>, 1883. 410 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Very interesting notes on Peter Cartwright, Jesse Walker, and other +pioneers. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Lee, Francis Bagley</hi>. +<hi rend='italic'>New Jersey as a Colony and as a +State. New York: The Publishing Soc. of New Jersey</hi>, 1902. 4 +vols. I., 422; II., 456; III., 400; IV., 402 pp. +</p> + +<p> +The work is superbly printed and illustrated and contains a vast amount of +information, but is totally lacking in bibliography or references, except a few +indications in the index to the illustrations. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Löher, Franz</hi>. +<hi rend='italic'>Geschichte und Zustände der Deutschen in +Amerika. Cincinnati: Eggers & Wulkop</hi>, 1847. v.+544 pp. +</p> + +<p> +The chapters of especial interest to us are <q>Ausströmen der Yankees,</q> pp. +237-41; <q>Einwanderung von 1815 bis 1830,</q> pp. 253-58; <q>Die Wohnsitze</q> +(Illinois and Missouri), pp. 337-40. The author cites many authorities, and +his book is of very great value in the study of the assimilation of an expatriated +people. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Lothrop, J. S.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>J. S. Lothrop's Champaign County (Ill.) +Directory for 1870-1, with History of the same, and of each Township +therein. Chicago: J. S. Lothrop</hi>, 1871. +</p> + +<p> +Tells a great many things—several of which are false—concerning the +early period of Illinois history. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Lusk, D. W.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>Eighty Years of Illinois Politics and Politicians, +Anecdotes and Incidents. A succinct History of the State, 1809-1889. +3d ed. Revised and enlarged. Springfield, Ill.: H. W. +Rokker</hi>, 1889. 609+109 pp. +</p> + +<pb n='247'/><anchor id='Pg247'/> + +<p> +The 609 pages are political. The 109 pages have a great interest, dealing +as they do with the beginnings of Illinois. Secondary sources are largely +quoted. Not exact enough for critical work, yet very suggestive. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>M'Afee, Robert B.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>History of the late War in the Western +Country, comprising a full Account of all the Transactions in that +Quarter, from the Commencement of Hostilities at Tippecanoe, to the +Termination of the Contest at New Orleans on the Return of Peace. +Lexington, Ky.: Worsley & Smith, 1816.</hi> 8vo. 534 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Very rare. In the Chicago Historical Society Library. A valuable book. +Describes the attack on Fort Dearborn in 1812. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Mackenzie, E.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>An historical, topographical, and descriptive +View of the United States of America, and of Upper and Lower +Canada ... the present State of Mexico and South America, +and also of the native Tribes of the New World. Newcastle-upon-Tyne: +Mackenzie & Dent, 1819.</hi> viii. + 432 pp. +</p> + +<p> +The four pages devoted to Illinois are interesting and fairly reliable, +though scarcely up to date. The author mentions eighteen works used in +compiling his book. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>McLaughlin, Andrew C.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>Lewis Cass. Boston: Houghton, +Mifflin & Co., 1891.</hi> 363 pp. $1.25. +</p> + +<p> +Describes the expedition of General Cass to northern Illinois during the +Sauk outbreak of 1827. Criticism: <hi rend='italic'>Nation</hi>, LIII., 204. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Marietta, O.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>Report of the Commissioners of the National Centennial +Celebration of the Early Settlement of the Territory North +West of the Ohio River, ... held at Marietta, O., July +15-19, inclusive, 1888. Columbus, O.: The Westbote Company, +State Printers, 1889.</hi> 292 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Contains many speeches of varying historical accuracy and importance. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Mason, Edward Gay.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>Chapters from Illinois History. Chicago: +Herbert S. Stone, 1901.</hi> 322 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Scholarly and accurate, and rich in citation of sources. Tells of Old Fort +Chartres, John Todd's Record-Book, the march of the Spaniards across +Illinois, and the Chicago massacre. +</p> + +<p> +—— <hi rend='italic'>March of the Spaniards +across Illinois.</hi> (In his <hi rend='italic'>Chapters +of Illinois History, Chicago, 1901</hi>; also in <hi rend='italic'>Mag. of Am. Hist.</hi> +N. Y., XV., 457-469, 1886.) +</p> + +<pb n='248'/><anchor id='Pg248'/> + +<p> +Refers to a number of sources. The march is that of 1781 against St. +Joseph. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Mather, Irwin F.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>The Making of Illinois. Chicago: A. +Flanagan, 1900.</hi> 292 pp. +</p> + +<p> +The work is strong in the number of subjects which it treats. The Illinois +of our period is well covered. The bibliography cites many valuable sources, +but no references are given in the body of the work. The date of the founding +of the village of Kaskaskia is given as 1695—a confusion of the mission +on the Illinois River with the later village of the same name. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Mayo, A. D.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>Western Emigration and Western Character.</hi> +(<hi rend='italic'>Christian Examiner</hi>, N. Y., LXXXII., 265-82, 1867.) +</p> + +<p> +The subject is well treated, but the value of the article for our purpose is +not so great as it would have been if confined to the early period. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Meigs, William M.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>The Life of Thomas Hart Benton. Philadelphia +and London: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1904.</hi> 535 pp. +</p> + +<p> +The work throws much light upon the policy of the United States in regard +to the sale of public lands, and the attitude of the West towards that policy. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Melish, John.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>A geographical Description of the United States, +with the contiguous British and Spanish Possessions. Philadelphia: +John Melish, 1816.</hi> 182 pp. +</p> + +<p> +A trifle over one page is devoted to Illinois. Of interest only as showing +what was presented to the East at the time concerning Illinois. Melish was +a professional map and gazetteer maker. His work typifies that of the +geographers of the time, who described the world with marvelous audacity. +</p> + +<p> +—— <hi rend='italic'>A geographical Description of the United States, with the +contiguous Countries, including Mexico and the West Indies. Philadelphia: +John Melish, 1822.</hi> v.+491 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Seven pages are devoted to Illinois. The description of several Illinois +towns is useful. This was a second and much improved edition of the +author's similar work of 1816. +</p> + +<p> +—— <hi rend='italic'>Information and Advice to Emigrants to the United States: +and from the Eastern to the Western States: illustrated by a Map +of the United States and a Chart of the Atlantic Ocean. Philadelphia: +John Melish, 1819.</hi> 12mo. v.+144 pp. +</p> + +<p> +An entire chapter of twenty six pages is devoted to Birkbeck's settlement +in Illinois. The map shows several routes in Illinois, but it must have been +old. The book is a good type of its class. +</p> + +<pb n='249'/><anchor id='Pg249'/> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Moore, Charles.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>The Northwest under three Flags, 1635-1796. +New York: Harper & Bros., 1900.</hi> xxiii. + 402 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Many facts concerning the Illinois of the period are given. This work is +of considerable historical value. References to sources, although not abundant, +are helpful. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Moses, John.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>Illinois, historical and statistical. Comprising +the essential Facts of its Planting and Growth as a Province, +County, Territory, and State. Derived from the most authentic +Sources, including original Documents and Papers. Together with +carefully prepared statistical Tables.... Chicago: Fergus +Printing Co., 1889-93.</hi> 2 vols. 1316 pp. +</p> + +<p> +The author was secretary and librarian of the Chicago Historical Society. +His work is perhaps the best that has appeared. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Mowry, William Augustus.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>The territorial Growth of the +United States. New York: Silver, Burdett & Co., 1902.</hi> 225 pp. +</p> + +<p> +The chapter on the Northwest Territory tells of various cessions of land +comprised in the present Illinois. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Murat, Achille.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>America and the Americans. New York: +William H. Graham, 1849.</hi> Duodecimo. vii. + 260 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Too late in date to be of much service, although some valuable suggestions +as to the social and political development of the frontier can be obtained. +The writer was an acute observer. He treats politics, slavery, society, +religion, justice, etc. The book was written about 1829. Describes customs +and extra legal proceedings in the West. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Nashville, Tennessee, History of, with full Outline of the natural +Advantages.... Nashville, Tenn.: Pub. House of the +M. E. Church, South, 1890.</hi> 656 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Tells of passage of emigrants from North Carolina to Illinois in 1780, of +French traders from Illinois to Tennessee in 1779, of Tennesseeans getting +head rights from George Rogers Clark. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>North American Review, Boston.</hi> +</p> + +<p> +Volume LI., 92-140 (July, 1840) has an exhaustive review of Peck's +Gazetteer of Illinois. The review is probably of much more historical interest +than the Gazetteer. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Palmer, B. M.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>Slavery in Illinois. (Dubuque semi-weekly +Telegraph, Tues., Sept. 19, 1899.)</hi> +</p> + +<pb n='250'/><anchor id='Pg250'/> + +<p> +Gives the bill of sale, taken from the county records of Jo Daviess County, +Ill., and executed in that county in 1830, of a negro mother and child. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Patterson, Robert Wilson.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>Early Society in southern Illinois. +Chicago: Fergus Printing Co.</hi>, 1879. Pp. 103-131 of +<hi rend='italic'>Fergus historical Series</hi> No. 14. +</p> + +<p> +A characterization, in general terms, of early Illinois society, its manners +and its origin. This was a lecture read before the Chicago Historical Society, +Oct. 19, 1880. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Peck</hi>, Rev. <hi rend='smallcaps'>John Mason</hi>, +<hi rend='italic'>Editor. <q>Father Clark</q> or the +Pioneer Preacher. Sketches and Incidents of Rev. John Clark, by +An Old Pioneer. New York: Sheldon, Lamport & Blakeman</hi>, 1855. +287 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Gives considerable religious and Indian material for Illinois history from +1790 to 1833, but chiefly on the earlier part of that period. +</p> + +<p> +—— <hi rend='italic'>An historical Sketch of the early American Settlements in +Illinois, from 1780-1800. Read before the Ill. State Lyceum, at +its anniversary</hi>, Aug. 16, 1832. (<hi rend='italic'>Western monthly Mag.</hi>, I., +73-83. Feb. 1833.) +</p> + +<p> +Popular, but of some value. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Post</hi>, Rev. T. M. +[Author of pp. 93-102.] <hi rend='italic'>Contributions to +the ecclesiastical History of Connecticut; prepared under the Direction +of the General Association, to commemorate the Completion of one +hundred and fifty Years since its first annual Assembly. New +Haven: Wm. L. Kingsley</hi>, 1861. xiv. + 562 pp. +</p> + +<p> +A symposium. The article by Rev. Mr. Post is on <q>The Mission of Congregationalism +at the West.</q> It is suggestive on the moral effects of frontier +life. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Powell, J. W.</hi>, Director. +<hi rend='italic'>Eighteenth annual Report of the +Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian +Institution, 1896-97. Washington: Government Printing Office, +1899. Part 2. Indian land Cessions in the United States compiled +by Charles C. Royce, with an Introduction by Cyrus Thomas</hi>. +521-997 pp. and 67 plates. +</p> + +<p> +Valuable. The work was used in preparing the outline maps of Indian +cessions contained in this work. +</p> + +<pb n='251'/><anchor id='Pg251'/> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Reid, Harvey.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>Biographical Sketch of Enoch Long, an Illinois +Pioneer. Chicago: Fergus Printing Co., 1884.</hi> 134 pp. This is +Volume II. of the <hi rend='italic'>Chicago Historical Society's Collections</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +Mr. Long visited St. Louis and resided at Alton and Galena before 1827. +The book is of great interest on account of its notes on the methods of travel +and the extent of Illinois settlements at that date. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Reynolds, John.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>Belleville in January, 1854.</hi> A 12-page +pamphlet, printed without place, publisher, or date. In Library +of Wisconsin State Historical Society. +</p> + +<p> +Tells of the laying out of the city in the cornfield of George Blair, in 1814. +</p> + +<p> +—— <hi rend='italic'>A biographical Sketch.</hi> +(<hi rend='italic'>Western Journal and Civilian</hi>, +XV., 100-114). +</p> + +<p> +Gives glimpses of early travel and of pioneer life. +</p> + +<p> +—— <hi rend='italic'>The pioneer +History of Illinois, containing the Discovery, in +1673, and the History of the Country to the Year 1818. Belleville, +Ill.: N. A. Randall, 1852. 2d ed., with portrait, notes and index, +Chicago: Fergus Printing Co., 1887.</hi> 459 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Contains much valuable biographical material, and describes the life of the +early settlers in a clear way. Criticism: <hi rend='italic'>Draper MSS.</hi>, Z 13, 14. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Roosevelt, Theodore.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>The Winning of the West. New +York: G. W. Putnam's Sons, 1889-96.</hi> Vols. I.-IV.. I., xiv. + +352: II., 427; III., 339: IV., 363 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Valuable, although bearing marks of haste in preparation. Criticism: +<hi rend='italic'>Am. Hist. Rev.</hi>, II., 171. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Sanborn, Edwin David.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>History of New Hampshire, from +its Discovery to the Year 1830. Manchester, N. H.: John B. +Clarke, 1875.</hi> 422 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Describes the unusually cold summer of 1816 and its effect upon western +migration. The book is written in an extremely disconnected style, and is +without index, references, or bibliography. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Sergeant, Thomas</hi>, Esq. +<hi rend='italic'>View of the land Laws of Pennsylvania. +With Notices of its early History and Legislation. Philadelphia: +James Kay, Jr., and Brother. Pittsburgh: John I. +Kay & Co., 1838.</hi> 13 + 203 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Valuable for ascertaining the price at which Pennsylvania public lands, which +competed with government lands in the West, were sold. +</p> + +<pb n='252'/><anchor id='Pg252'/> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Shaler, Nathaniel Southgate.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>Kentucky. A pioneer Commonwealth. +Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1885.</hi> viii. + 433 +pp. +</p> + +<p> +Useful as giving an insight into the character of a neighboring state from +which many of the early settlers of Illinois came. One of the best of the +American Commonwealths series. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Shea, John Gilmary.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>History of the Catholic Church in the +United States, 1808-1843. New York: John G. Shea, 1890.</hi> +vii. + 731 pp. +</p> + +<p> +References to Illinois are very few, but are important. The volume is the +third in the author's four-volumed History of the Catholic Church in the +United States. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Siebert, Wilbur Henry.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>The Underground Rail Road from +Slavery to Freedom; with an Introduction by Albert Bushnell Hart. +New York; The Macmillan Co., 1898.</hi> viii. + iii. + 478 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Has notes of great interest on the U. G. R. R. in Illinois before 1830. +Criticism: <hi rend='italic'>Am. Hist. Rev.</hi>, IV., 557. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Smith, Theodore Clarke.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>The Liberty and Free Soil Parties +in the Northwest. New York: Longmans, Green & Co., 1897.</hi> +vii. + 351 pp. (<hi rend='italic'>Harvard Hist. Studies</hi>, VI.) +</p> + +<p> +A well-written book, but only the first chapter concerns the period before +1830. This chapter is, however, well worth attention. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Steinhard, S.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>Deutschland und sein Volk. Gotha: Hugo +Scheube, 1856-7.</hi> 2 vols. I., x. + 658; II., 826 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Pages 28-46 of volume II. are on the Germans in the United States and +contain a few important facts, including statistics, for our period. The Vandalia +(Ill.) settlement of 1820 is mentioned. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Stevens, Abel</hi>, LL. D. +<hi rend='italic'>History of the Methodist Episcopal +Church in the United States of America. New York: Phillips & +Hunt, 1884.</hi> 4 vols. I., 423; II., 511; III., 510; IV., 522 pp. +</p> + +<p> +The fourth volume of this history has interesting notes on Benjamin Young +and Jesse Walker, respectively. These men came to Illinois as pioneer ministers; +the former in 1804, the latter in 1806. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Strong, Moses M.</hi>, A. M. +<hi rend='italic'>History of the Territory of Wisconsin, +from 1836 to 1848. Preceded by an Account of some Events +<pb n='253'/><anchor id='Pg253'/> +during the Period in which it was under the Dominion of Kings, +States or other Territories, previous to the Year 1836. Madison, +Wis.: Democrat Printing Co., State Printers</hi>, 1885. 16mo. 637 pp. +</p> + +<p> +A valuable book. Its chief interest for us is its sketches of early settlement +in the Galena lead region. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Sulte, Benjamin.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>Histoire des Canadiens-Français, 1608-1880. +Montreal: Wilson & Cie.</hi>, 1882-4. 8 vols. 8vo. About +160 pp. per vol. <hi rend='italic'>Montreal: Granger Frères.</hi> 40 parts, paper, +$10; 4 vols, cloth. +</p> + +<p> +Gives only slight attention to the French of Illinois. A popular work, +but quite useful for a study of social institutions. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Summers, Thomas O.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>Biographical Sketches of eminent itinerant +Ministers distinguished, for the most Part, as Pioneers of +Methodism within the Bounds of the Methodist Episcopal Church, +South. Nashville, Tenn.: Southern Methodist Publishing House</hi>, +1859. 374 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Pages 48-56 give a character sketch of Jesse Walker and an idea of the +character of the men to whom he preached in Illinois in 1807. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Swayne, Wager.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>The Ordinance of 1787; and the War of +1861. An Address delivered before the N. Y. Commandery of the +Military Order of the Loyal Legion. New York: C. G. Burgoyne</hi>, +[c. 1893]. 90 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Contains interesting notes on George Rogers Clark and on slavery in Illinois. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Thomson, John Lewis.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>Historical Sketches of the late War +between the United States and Great Britain. Philadelphia: Thos. +Desilver</hi>, 1816. 359 pp. <hi rend='italic'>5th ed.</hi>, 1818. +</p> + +<p> +Contains one of the earliest accounts of the massacre at Fort Dearborn, +August 15, 1812. The account is short, but tolerably correct. The work +was reprinted in 1887 [Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co.], with a short +account of the war with Mexico added. 656 pp. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Thompson, Zadock.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>History of the State of Vermont, from its +earliest Settlement to the Close of the Year 1832. Burlington: +Edward Smith</hi>, 1833. 12mo. 252 pp. <hi rend='italic'>Reprinted with natural +Hist. of Vt. and Gazetteer of Vt. Burlington: Zadock Thompson</hi>, +1853. 8vo. 224+224+200+63 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Describes the cold season of 1816-17. +</p> + +<pb n='254'/><anchor id='Pg254'/> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Thwaites, Reuben Gold.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>Early Lead-mining in Illinois and +Wisconsin.</hi> Pages 191-196 of <hi rend='italic'>Am. Hist. Ass'n. Rep't.</hi>, 1893. +<hi rend='italic'>Washington: Government Printing Office</hi>, 1894. +</p> + +<p> +Contains several interesting statements concerning the early history of the +Galena region. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Tucker, George</hi>. +<hi rend='italic'>Progress of the United States in Population +and Wealth in fifty Years, as exhibited by the decennial Census. +Boston: Little & Brown, 1843.</hi> 12mo. 211 pp. +</p> + +<p> +The fifty years were 1790-1840. Very useful for material concerning the +relative growth of different sections of the country. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Turner, Frederick Jackson.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>Middle West, The.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>International +Monthly</hi>, IV., 794-820 (1901). +</p> + +<p> +The article has a few suggestions that are of value for our period. +</p> + +<p> +—— <hi rend='italic'>The Significance of the Frontier in American +History.</hi> Pages 199-227 of <hi rend='italic'>Rep't. of Am. Hist. Ass'n., 1893</hi>. +</p> + +<p> +Contains a valuable characterization of the French as colonizers. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Varney, George Jones.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>A brief History of Maine. Portland, +Me.: McLellan, Mosher & Co., 1888.</hi> 336 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Tells of the intense cold of 1816-17 and of the great Western exodus. A +<q>Young People's History.</q> Popular. Without references. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Walker, Edwin Sawyer.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>History of the Springfield (Illinois) +Baptist Association. Springfield, Ill.: H. W. Rokker, 1881.</hi> 140 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Tells of the organization of the United Baptist Church, of Springfield, on +July 17, 1830, with eight members. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Wallace, Joseph.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>The History of Illinois and Louisiana +under the French Rule, embracing a general View of the French +Dominion in North America, with some Account of the English +Occupation of Illinois. Cincinnati: Robert Clarke & Co., 1893.</hi> +vi. + 433 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Contains a great deal of material. Usually, though not always, correct. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Warden, David Baillie.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>A statistical, political and historical +Account of the U. S. of N. A.; from the period of their first Colonization +to the present Day. Edinburgh: Archibald Constable & +Co., 1819.</hi> 3 vols. 16mo. I., lxiv. + 552; II., 571; III., 588 pp. +</p> + +<pb n='255'/><anchor id='Pg255'/> + +<p> +Pages 43-65 of Volume III. deal with Illinois exclusively. At the close +of the chapter the author gives a bibliography for Illinois—five titles and two +maps. A useful book. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Wentworth</hi>, Hon. +<hi rend='smallcaps'>John.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>Early Chicago. Two Lectures +delivered April 11, 1875, and May 7, 1876, respectively.</hi> 48 and +56 pp. Nos. 8 and 7 of <hi rend='italic'>Fergus historical Series. Chicago: Fergus +Printing Co., 1876.</hi> +</p> + +<p> +The critical supplemental notes are of especial interest. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>West, Mary Allen.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>A MS. Letter in the Illinois State Historical +Library.</hi> +</p> + +<p> +Tells the story of the coming of James Moore and his party from Virginia +in 1781. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Western monthly Magazine. Conducted by James Hall. Cincinnati</hi>, +I., 73-83. <hi rend='italic'>See</hi> Peck, Rev. John Mason. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>White, Emma Siggins.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>Genealogy of the Descendants of John +Walker of Wigton, Scotland, with Records and some fragmentary +Notes pertaining to the History of Virginia, 1600-1902. Tiernan-Dart +Printing Co., 1902.</hi> xxx. + 722 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Valuable. Has original letters from Western emigrants. Suggests the +great influx of people into Illinois in the third decade of the 19th century. +Gives a good idea of the westward drift of population in the United States. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Whiton, John Milton.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>Sketches of the History of New-Hampshire, +from its Settlement in 1623 to 1833. Concord: Marsh, +Capen & Lyon, 1834.</hi> 222 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Describes the great cold of 1816 and the great emigration to the West. +An unimportant work, confessedly popular, and without references. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Wilbur, La Fayette.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>Early History of Vermont. Jericho, +Vt.: Roscoe Printing House, 1899-1903.</hi> 4 vols. I., 362; II., +419; III., 397; IV., 463 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Pages 162-3 of Volume III. tell of the unusual cold of 1816-17 and +quote Governor Galusha's reference to the impending famine. No references +are given. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Williams, George Washington.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>History of the Negro Race +in America from 1619-1880. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, +1882.</hi> 2 vols. I., X. + 481; II., 611 pp. The two volumes are +also issued as one. +</p> + +<pb n='256'/><anchor id='Pg256'/> + +<p> +Gives some statistics concerning slaves in Illinois and notes on Illinois +slavery legislation. The author was a negro. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Williamson, William Durkee.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>The History of the State of +Maine: from its first Discovery, A. D. 1602, to the Separation, +A. D. 1820. inclusive. Hallowell: Glazier, Masters & Co.</hi>, 1832. +2 vols. I., iv. + 696; II., 729 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Tells of the unusual cold of 1816-17 and of the great movement toward +the West. Strong in citation of authorities. Much above the average of +State histories of its time. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Wilson, Henry.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>History of the Rise and Fall of the slave +Power in America. Boston: James R. Osgood & Co.</hi>, 1872-7. +3 vols. I., vii. + 670; II., 720: III., 774 pp. <hi rend='italic'>Houghton.</hi> 3 vols. +</p> + +<p> +Valuable material on slavery in Illinois. A strong work. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Winsor, Justin.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>The westward Movement: the Colonies and +the Republic west of the Alleghanies, 1673-98; with full cartographical +Illustrations from contemporary Sources. Boston: Houghton, +Mifflin & Co.</hi>, 1897. 595 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Criticism: <hi rend='italic'>Am. Hist. Rev.</hi>, III., 556. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Withers, Alexander Scott.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>Chronicles of border Warfare, +or A History of the Settlement by the Whites, of North-western +Virginia: and of the Indian Wars and Massacres, in that Section +of the State. Clarksburg, Va.: Joseph Israel</hi>, 1831. 319+iv. pp. +Very rare. <hi rend='italic'>Same. New ed., edited and annotated by Reuben Gold +Thwaites. Cincinnati: Clarke</hi>, 1895. +</p> + +<p> +A few references are to events in Illinois. +Criticism: <hi rend='italic'>Am. Hist. Rev.</hi>, +I., 170. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Young, William T.</hi> +<hi rend='italic'>Life and public Services of General Lewis +Cass. 2d ed. Detroit: Markham & Elwood</hi>, 1852. 420 pp. +</p> + +<p> +Tells of Gen. Cass' expedition to Illinois during the trouble with the Sauk +Indians in 1827. +</p> + +</div> + +</div> + +<pb n='257'/><anchor id='Pg257'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Index.</head> + +<lg> +<l>A</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Aboite river, 35.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Act creating Illinois county, 9, 15.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Act enabling Illinois to form a state government, 115.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Agricultural Society, formed, 168.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Agriculture, 130, 165. <hi rend='italic'>See also</hi> Farming, Fruits, etc.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Albemarle county, <hi rend='italic'>Va.</hi>, 153, 154.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Alton, founding of, 196, 204;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>land donations for church and school, 142.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Alvord, Clarence W., 5.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>American Bottom, 130, 134, 157; map, <hi rend='italic'>in pocket</hi>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>American Fur Company, 157, 158.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>American House, Springfield, 207.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Anarchy in Illinois, 40 <hi rend='italic'>et seq.</hi>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>ended, 69.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Ancient Free and Accepted Masons, founded, 194.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Anderson, Robert, mention, 207.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Antanya, Michael, 67.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Anti slavery agitation. <hi rend='italic'>See under</hi> Slavery.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Anti slavery Society, Morgan Co., 183.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Arkansas Post, 63.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Arks, 125, 126;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>price of, 161.</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'><hi rend='italic'>See also</hi> Flat-boats.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Assenisipia, mention, 46.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Augusta county, <hi rend='italic'>Va.</hi>, 15.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Austin, Moses, 196.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>B</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Bagargon, <hi rend='italic'>Mr.</hi>, elected magistrate, 61.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Baker, David J., 145.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Baltimore, 123, 160, 161.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Bandits, 155.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Bank of Cairo, 114.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Bank of Edwardsville, 207.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Bank of Mt. Carmel, 199.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Baptists, organized, 172;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>found Shurtleff college, 174;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>divided on slavery, 175.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Barbour, Philip, mention, 40.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Barges, 94, 129, 160.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Barter, 130. <hi rend='italic'>See also under</hi> Money.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Bates, Edward, 204.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Batteaux, 94.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Baynton, Wharton and Morgan, trading firm, 10.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Bears, 14, 173.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Beauchamp, William, 197, 198.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Beef, cost of, 164.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Bellefontaine, 51.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Bellevue, Iowa, terrorized by mob, 208.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Bentley, <hi rend='italic'>Capt.</hi>, 26.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Biddle, Nicholas, mention, 209.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Biggs, William, leg. coun., 113.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Birds, 14.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Birkbeck, Morris, founds English settlement, 124;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>method of fencing, 165.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Birkbeck's Settlement. <hi rend='italic'>See</hi> English Settlement, The.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Black Hawk, 81.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Black Hawk War, 146;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>mention, 207.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l><q>Black Laws,</q> 176, 186.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l><q>Blue Laws,</q> of Mt. Carmel, 200.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Blue Point, 157.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Bond, Shadrach, delegate to Congress, 113;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>governor of Illinois, 145, 208.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Books, 132.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Bosseron, <hi rend='italic'>Maj.</hi> F., 18, 24.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Bountylands. <hi rend='italic'>See</hi> Military bounty lands.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Brady, ——, 38.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Brandy, price of, 97.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Brashears, <hi rend='italic'>Capt.</hi>, mention, 26.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Brick houses, 131.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Bridges, 114.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>British at Michilimackinac attempt to divert Indian trade, 69;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>expeditions against Illinois settlers, 31-39, 107.</l> +</lg> + +<pb n='258'/><anchor id='Pg258'/> + +<lg> +<l>British Michilimackinac Company, 49.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Buffalo, 14.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Building, cost of, 168.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Burr, Aaron, mention, 203.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Butter, price of, 164.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>C</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Cahokia, attacked by British and Indians, 33;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>bounty lands, 57;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>commons, 72;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>court, 17;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>distress at, 25;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>population, 12.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Cahokia Indians, 53.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Cairo, Bank of, 114;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>dykes at, 114.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Calhoun, original name of Springfield, 207.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Calico, price of, 130.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Calvé, ——, trader, 33.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Canadian French settlers, 19.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Canal route ceded, 110.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Carbonneaux, Francis, 42-46.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Carlyle, eastern limit of frontier, 107;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>salt discovered, 18, 23, 171.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Carolinas, The, settlers from, 91.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Carondelet, <hi rend='italic'>Baron</hi> de, orders expulsion of Americans from Ft. Massac, 73.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Cartwright, Peter, journey to Baltimore, 1816, 123;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>personal traits, 191, 192;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>purchases land, 139;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>reasons for moving to Illinois, 166;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>representative from Sangamon Co., 191.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Cass, <hi rend='italic'>Gov.</hi> Lewis, averts Indian war, 135;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>protects Galena, 150.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Catholicism, slow increase of, 175.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Cattle, allowed to run at large, 20;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>raising of, 130.</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'><hi rend='italic'>See also</hi> Live-stock.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Census of 1801, 88.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Cessions of land, by Indians, 44, 79-81, maps, 72, 104, 136;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>by individuals, 10, 24, 71, 196;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>by Virginia to United States, 45, 46;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>congressional, 57, 70, 72, 79.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Charleston, <hi rend='italic'>Va.</hi>, emigration from to Illinois, 190.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Chicago, in 1830, 190;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>massacre at, 109;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>platted, 142;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>post-office, 151;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>route to, 152;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>valuable port, 116.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Chicago Historical Society, 5, 11.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Chicago river, Indians cede tract six miles square at, 79.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Chickasaws, allies of Spain, 73.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Chippewa Indians, 134.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Cincinnati, trip from to Illinois, 1823, 154.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Clark, George Rogers, 14, 40, 45 <hi rend='italic'>et seq.</hi>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>land granted to, 46;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>seizes Spanish goods, 54.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Clay, Henry, mention, 210.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Clergy, 174, 175, 196.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Climate, 95.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Clinton, De Witt, mention, 203.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Coal, in Illinois, 14, 131, 142, 165.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Cobbett, William, 160.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Coffee, price of, 130.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Coles, <hi rend='italic'>Gov.</hi> Edward, character, 210;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>emancipates slaves, 209;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>governor, 145, 208;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>message against slavery, 183;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>special envoy to Russia, 209;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>urges law to prevent kidnapping, 182.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>College township, reserved by Ordinance of 1787, 101, 102.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Colleges, McKendree, 174;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Shurtleff, 174.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Collot, <hi rend='italic'>Gen.</hi> [George Henry] Victor, <q>Journey in N. A.,</q> 14, etc.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Map of the Country of the Illinois, <hi rend='italic'>in pocket</hi>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Commerce in territorial period, 95, 96, 129.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Committee of Workingmen of Wheeling, <hi rend='italic'>Va.</hi>, 144.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Commodities, prices of, 49, 59, 130, 164.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Commons, Cahokia, 72.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Congress, delegate of N. W. Territory in, 76. 77;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>donates land, 142;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>early Illinoisians in, 146;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>memorialized:—by Galena, 150;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>by Illinois, 87, 100, 101, 138;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>petitioned, 53, 74, 75, 77, 78, 81, 86, 88.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Constitution of Illinois, provisions of, 117.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Constitutional Convention, 1824, 182, 183;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>votes for and against, chart of, 184.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Cook, Daniel P., non-resident proprietor of Springfield, 205;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>representative in Congress, 145.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Corn, price of, 96, 164.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Cotton, production of, in United States 122, 129;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>raised in Illinois, 167, 168.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Counterfeiting, penalty for, 148.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Counties in Illinois, 1824, list of, 183.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Courts, 15, 17, 60, 62.</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'><hi rend='italic'>See also</hi> under Illinois, Kaskaskia, Vincennes.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Cox, <hi rend='italic'>Col.</hi> Thomas, joint owner of Springfield, 206-208.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Crawford, William Henry, <hi rend='italic'>Secretary of +<pb n='259'/><anchor id='Pg259'/> +War</hi>, announces land policy, 109.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Crockett, David, mention, 205.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Croghan, George, description of Vincennes, 13.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Cruzat, <hi rend='italic'>Spanish Commandant at St. Louis</hi>, 39.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Cumberland Presbyterians, 143.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>D</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Dalton, <hi rend='italic'>Capt.</hi>, 34;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>elected magistrate, 61.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Dartmouth College, mention, 206.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Davis, Jefferson, mention, 207.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Deane, Silas, mention, 34.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Debtors, imprisonment of, 147.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Deer, 14.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Demoulin, Dumoulin, <hi rend='italic'>or</hi> De Moulin, John, 74.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Demunbrunt, Demunbrun, <hi rend='italic'>or</hi> De Munbrun, Thimothé, 22, 41.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Detroit, land office at, 80;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>mention, 190;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>threatened by de la Balme, 35, 36.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Dickinson College, mention, 210.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Dixon's ferry. <hi rend='italic'>See</hi> Ogee's ferry.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Dodge, <hi rend='italic'>Capt.</hi> John, 22-23, 26-27, 67.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Ducharme, <hi rend='italic'>trader</hi>, 33.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Ducoigne, ——, 68.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Duncan, Joseph, 145.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>E</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Easton, Joseph, emigrant from England, 1633, 203.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Easton, Rufus, founder of Alton, 203;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>political career, 204.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Edgar, John, career of, 174, 193, 194;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>correspondence concerning anarchy in Illinois, 67;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>land holdings of, 10, 101;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>letter to St. Clair, 85.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Edwards, Ninian, appointed governor of Illinois Territory, 111, 113, 145;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>in War of 1812, 107, 108;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>message of 1828, 149;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>on prices of public lands, 138;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>political career of, 210;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>wages offered by, 130.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Edwards county, Birkbeck's settlement in. <hi rend='italic'>See</hi> English Settlement.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Edwardsville, Bank of, 207;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>public lands at, 105, 137.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Ellery, Abm. R., mention, 203.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Emancipation. <hi rend='italic'>See under</hi> Slavery.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Emigration and immigration, 127, 176 <hi rend='italic'>et seq</hi>.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>causes of:—from New England, 120,</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>from the South, 121, 189;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>cost of, 124;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>food supply for emigrants, 119, 133;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>increase, 180;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>opposition to immigration, 91.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>English Settlement, The, 124, 157, 161, 169;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>cost of transportation to, 100;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>ships produce to New Orleans 154.</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'><hi rend='italic'>See also</hi> Birkbeck, Morris; <hi rend='italic'>also</hi> Flower, George.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Enos, Pascal Paoli, joint proprietor of Springfield, 205, 206.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Enos, <hi rend='italic'>Maj.-Gen.</hi> Roger, 206.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Ernst, Ferdinand, mention, 167.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Extinguishment of Indian land titles, 77, 79, 81, 109, 144, 146.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>F</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Falls of Ohio, 30, 64, 65, 160, 162.</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'><hi rend='italic'>See also</hi> Ft. Harmar;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'><hi rend='italic'>also</hi> Shipping-port.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Farming methods 168.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Federal Government owns land, 158.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Fencing, 165 n., 169.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Ferguson, Thomas, leg. coun., 13.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Ferries, 83, 114, 152.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Fever, 95.</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'><hi rend='italic'>See also under</hi> Health.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Fever river, 134;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>lead mines at, 150.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Financial panic, 1819, 188-189.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Fisher, <hi rend='italic'>Dr.</hi> George, rep., 113.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Fisher, Myers, mention, 195.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Flat-boats, 94, 124, 125, 129, 154, 160.</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'><hi rend='italic'>See also</hi> Arks.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Flax, 129.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Florida, Province of, 71.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Flour, price of, 49, 50, 94, 163, 164.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Flour-mills, 167;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>built by John Edgar, 193.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Flower, George, 124.</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'><hi rend='italic'>See also</hi> English Settlement.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Food, scarcity, 21-23, 25, 28, 30;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>supply of, 133.</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'><hi rend='italic'>See also under</hi> names of food products.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Fort Chartres, cannon from, 108;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>inhabitants, 12.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Fort Dearborn, massacre at, 109;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>mention, 190.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Fort Edwards, terminus of mail route, 151.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Fort Harmar, 64.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Fort Jefferson, 24, 25, 30.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Fort La Motte, mention, 107.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Fort Massac, 73, 79, 95, 107.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Fort Nelson, mention, 32.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Fort Russell, established, 108.</l> +</lg> + +<pb n='260'/><anchor id='Pg260'/> + +<lg> +<l>Fort Stanwix, mention, 56.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Fort Wayne, Treaty of, 79.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Fox Indians, 33, 81.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Fox river, first flour-mill on, 167.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Franklin, Benjamin, mention, 34, 195.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l><hi rend='italic'>Fredonian</hi>, mention, 197.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Free masons, organized, 194</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Freehold qualifications, 77, 112, 113.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Freeholders, housekeepers privileged as, 147.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Freight charges, 94, 124, 160 <hi rend='italic'>et seq.</hi></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>French, Augustus C., 145.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>French settlers, attitude toward Americans, 47-49;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>land holdings 13, 18, 99;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>misled by La Balme, 34;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>offered free land by Spanish, 55;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>priests, emigrate from Illinois co., 68;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>towns, character of, 11.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>French-Swiss from Lord Selkirk's colony reach Galena, 172.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Frontier, The, 48, 91, 100, 147, 206;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Carlyle eastern limit of, 107.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Frontiersman, analysis of character of, 191, 201, 202.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Fruit, 129, 133, 168.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Fuel, scarcity of, 131.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Fulton county separated from Madison, 188.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Fur trade, 96.</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'><hi rend='italic'>See also</hi> American Fur Company.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Furs, 130.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>G</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Gage, <hi rend='italic'>Gen.</hi> Thomas, 10.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Galena, 150-53; lead-mining, 172.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Gallatin county, saline, 170;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>slaves in, 180.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Game, 14, 51, 132.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Gamelin, Antoine, clerk of District Court, Post Vincennes, 60.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>George, <hi rend='italic'>Capt.</hi> Robert, mention, 40.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Germain, <hi rend='italic'>Lord</hi> George, mention, 32.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Gibault, <hi rend='italic'>Father</hi> Pierre, mention, 68.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Governor and judges, 58, 62.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Grammar, John, rep., 113.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Grand Ruisseau, 52.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Granger, <hi rend='italic'>Postmaster-General</hi> Gideon, mention, 203.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Gratiot, Charles, 39.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Great Britain, King's proclamation, 1763, 10.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Great Western Road, 157.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Greene county, separated from Madison, 188.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Greenville, Treaty of, 79.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>H</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Hamilton, Alexander, 138;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>mention, 91.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Hamilton, <hi rend='italic'>Gen.</hi>, leads British against Vincennes, 15.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Hampden Sidney College, mention, 209.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Hamtramck, <hi rend='italic'>Maj.</hi> John F., at Kaskaskia, 53;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>petitioned for troops, 65.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Hancock, John, mention, 34.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Harmar, <hi rend='italic'>Gen.</hi> Josiah, 50; advice to French, 52;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>expedition from Vincennes to Kaskaskia, 51;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>on emigration from Illinois, 64;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>refuses request for troops, 69.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Harrison, Benjamin, 40;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>receives petition for General Assembly, 85.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Health, 27, 91, 95.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Henry, Mr., elected magistrate, 61.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Henry, Patrick, 209;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>instructions concerning Illinois County, 9.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Hinde, Thomas S., career in Illinois, 196, 197;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>description of Peter Cartwright, 192.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Hog raising, 14, 20.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Hogs, 144.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Honey, 129, 130, 133.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Hooker, <hi rend='italic'>Rev.</hi> Thomas, founder of Hartford, <hi rend='italic'>Conn.</hi>, 203.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Horse stealing, 65, 67, 69.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Hubbard, Adolphus Frederick, 210.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Hubbard, Gurdon Saltonstall, agent American Fur Company, 157.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Hubbard's Trail, extent of, 157.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Hunting, as occupation, 132.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Huron (Ouisconsin or Wisconsin) Territory, claims Galena, 150.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>I</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Iles, Elijah, career of, 205, 206.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Iles, Elizabeth Crockett, mention, 205.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Illinois:—</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'><hi rend='italic'>Country</hi>, British in, 10 <hi rend='italic'>et seq.</hi>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>climate, 14, 95;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Collot's description of, 14;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>map, <hi rend='italic'>in pocket</hi>:</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>conditions in 1787, 50, 51;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>development, 97, 98;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>enters second grade of territorial government, 85, 86;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>French population, 10, 12, 13, 30;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>French settlers offered free land by Spanish, 55;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>game in, 14, 51;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>governor and judges, 58;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Indian owners of, 10 <hi rend='italic'>et +<pb n='261'/><anchor id='Pg261'/> +seq.</hi>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>inhabitants of, 12, 13;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>immigration to, 91, 92;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>labor conditions in, 96, 97;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>population in 1767, 1772, 1788, 70;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>in 1790, 1800, 1810; 91, 97;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>racial conflicts in, 54, 55;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>rivers of, 92, 94;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>roads, 13, 14, 93, 94, 131;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>separation from Indiana, 85 <hi rend='italic'>et seq.</hi>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>squatters in, 71.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'><hi rend='italic'>County</hi> (1778-1783), Act creating, 9, 15;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Act renewed, 25;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Act dissolved, 31;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>anarchy, 40 <hi rend='italic'>et seq.</hi>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>anomalous position, 18;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>bankrupt, 40;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>civil organization, 15;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>condition in 1780, 25, 26;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>courts, 15;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>extent of, 9, 10;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>French inhabitants dissatisfied, 30;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>hardships in early period, 21, 22;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>judges, election of, 17;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>military and civil authorities conflict, 25-27;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>military operations, 19, 22-24, 32-39;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>money scarce, 21;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Spanish claims, 38.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'><hi rend='italic'>Territory</hi>, books in, 132;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>boundaries, 90;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>cattle raising, 130;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>commerce in, 96, 129;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>delegates in Congress, 113;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>election of officials, 112;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>enters second grade of territorial government, 112;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>extent, 89;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>formed, 89-90;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>governor and judges, 111, 113;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>immigration to, 120, 121, 124, 126, 132;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Indian troubles in, 106 <hi rend='italic'>et seq.</hi>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>internal improvements proposed, 114;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>internal revenue, 1814, 128;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>judges for, 111;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>land office authorized, 103;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>land policy, 111;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>laws, 111, 112, 114;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>legislature, 100, 113;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>legislature southern in nativity, 112 n., 113;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>manufactures, 1810, 128, 129;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>newspapers in, 132;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>petitions for state government, 115;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>physical features, 86;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>population, 1810, 91;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>post-roads, 131;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>productions, 129 <hi rend='italic'>et seq.</hi>, 133;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>qualifications for representative, 113;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>slavery, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> general alphabet;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>suffrage in, 112;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>taxes, 133;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>transportation, 114, 129, 130.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'><hi rend='italic'>State</hi>, admission proposed, 115, opposed, 118;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>agriculture in 1820, 165;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'><q>Black Laws,</q> 176, 186;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>boundary, eastern, 90, northern, 115;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>cattle raising, 130;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>cessions of Indian lands, 134, 135;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>coal in, 14, 142, 165;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>constitution completed, 117;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>cost of living in, 130;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>counties, list of, 183;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>debtors, 147;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>election in 1822, 181;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>election laws, 1826, 148;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>emigration, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> General alphabet;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Enabling Act of 1818, 115;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>food supplies, 133;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>government southern in character, 145;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>governors, list of, 145;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>House of Representatives, mention, 185;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>in Congress, 118, 146;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Indian agents, 134;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Indian land claims, 134, 135;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Indian traders, 134;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Indian wars, 146, 207;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>internal revenue, 128;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>judicial circuit, 173;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>land, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> general alphabet;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>laws, southern influence on, 186;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>manners and customs, 128 <hi rend='italic'>et seq.</hi>, 165;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>manufactures, 128;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>money, substitutes for, 130;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>New Englanders in, 146;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>newspapers, 132;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>northern boundary changed, 115;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>population required for admission, 116, 117;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>postal facilities in, 151, 158, 159;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>products of, 129, 167 <hi rend='italic'>et seq.</hi>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>public lands, 136;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>salt springs legislation, 101;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>school tax, 148;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>senators and representatives, 145;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>settlement typical, 5;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>slavery, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> general alphabet;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>southern influence in, 183, 184, 186;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>taxation, 1828, compared with that of Kentucky, 149, 150;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>transportation, cost of, 150; facilities, 124, <hi rend='italic'>see also</hi> general alphabet;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>treasury receipts 149;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>squatter population, 148;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>voting in 1820, 148.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Illinois and Michigan Canal, estimated cost of transportation by, 141;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>route ceded, 110;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>mention, 115.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Illinois Company, holdings of, 10, 44.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Illinois Herald, 132.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Illinois Intelligencer, 132, 140.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Illinois Land Company, 10 <hi rend='italic'>et seq.</hi></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Illinois river settlements, 134.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Illinois Navigation Company, 114, 115.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Illiteracy of French inhabitants, 13.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Immigration. <hi rend='italic'>See with</hi> Emigration.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Indentured servitude, 117, 176 <hi rend='italic'>et seq.</hi></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Indian agents, 134.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Indians, 11, 12;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>employed by British, 32;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>land cessions, maps: 1705-1801, 72;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>1809-1818, 104;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>1818-1830, 136;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>reservations, 134, 135;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>titles to land extinguished, 77, 79, 81, 109, 144, 146;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>traders, 134;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>tribes: Cahokias, 52;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Chickasaws, 73;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Chippewas, 134;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Foxes, 33, 81;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Kaskaskias, 12;</l> +<pb n='262'/><anchor id='Pg262'/> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Kickapoos, 110;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Menominees, 134;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Mitchas, 52;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Mitchigamias, 12;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Ottawas, 135;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Ouias, 29;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Peorias, 12, 52;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Piankashaws, 81;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Potawatomies, 134;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Sauks, 33, 81;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Sioux, 31;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Tamarois, 110;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Winnebagoes, 135.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Indiana, population, 91, 181;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>route to, from North Carolina, 156;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>slavery, 185.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Indiana Territory, divided, 81, 88, 89;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>formed, 84.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>J</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Jacksonville, 156;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>English emigrants at, 189.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Jarrott's mill, 167.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Jefferson, Thomas, mention, 203, 204.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Johnson, <hi rend='italic'>Capt.</hi> elected magistrate, 61.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Johnson, <hi rend='italic'>Col.</hi> R. M., 163.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Jones, John Rice, career of, 195, 196;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>death, 196;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>mention, 68;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>with Clark, 54.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Jones, <hi rend='italic'>Rev.</hi> William, rep., 113.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Judges, election of, 17, 58, 111.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Judy, Samuel, leg. coun., 113.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Jurors paid, 58.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Jury, trial by, 60.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Justices of the peace, not paid, 23.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>K</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Kane, Elias K., 145.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Kaskaskia, bounty lands, 57;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>court, 17, 19;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>judicial district of, 44;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>land office at, 103, 136, 137, 138, 143.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Kaskaskia Indians, 12.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Keel-boats, 125, 129;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>rates, 161.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Kenton, Simon, 179.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Kentucky, emigration to Illinois, 189;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>journey from, to Illinois, 1819, 155;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>mention, 21, 24, 32, 33, 189;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>population, 1790, 1800, 1810, 91, 93;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>1820, 181.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Kentucky boats, 93, 94.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l><hi rend='italic'>Kentucky Gazette</hi>, 189.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Kickapoo Indians, 110.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Kidnapping of negroes, 186.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>King's proclamation, 1763, 10.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Knox county, 75 n., 86.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Kohos (Cahokia), mention, 27.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>L</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>La Balme, <hi rend='italic'>Col.</hi> Augustin Mottin de, career of, 33 <hi rend='italic'>et seq.</hi></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Labor questions, 96, 97, 99, 130, 169.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Lafayette, <hi rend='italic'>Marquis</hi> de, entertained by John Edgar, 193;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>mention, 209.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Lake Michigan, advantages to Illinois of port on, 115, 116.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Land, Act of 1791, 72; canal, 141, 142;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>cessions by Indian tribes, 72, 104, 110, 136;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>cession by Virginia to U. S., 45, 46;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>church and school, 141, 142;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>classified for taxation, 84;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>cultivation of, 166;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>fertility of, 14, 165;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>form of holdings, 13, 38;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>French deeds to, 13;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>government entry of, 130;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Kickapoo cession of, 1819, 134;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>military, 100;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>owned by Federal Government, 158;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>prices, 57, 80, 88, 92, 103-5, 136-8, 143;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>rental of, 166;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Spanish donate to French, 55;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>tavern sites, 75;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>taxes on, 130;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>unoccupied in Kentucky, Ohio and Indiana, 98.</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'><hi rend='italic'>See also</hi> Public lands.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Land-claims, 10;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>in Illinois, 140.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Land-companies, 10, 11.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Land-frauds, referred to Congress, 99, 100.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Land-grants, investigated, 57.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Land-holders, non-resident, mention, 140, 145.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Land-offices 80;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>in Illinois, 44 <hi rend='italic'>et seq.</hi>, 103.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Land-titles, insecure, 51, 71;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>King's proclamation, 1763, 10.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Laws: <q>Black Laws,</q> 176, 186;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'><q>Blue Laws,</q> 200;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>territorial, 111-14.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>La Valiniere, Pierre Huet de, mention, 68.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Lead, output of, 1823-1827, 151.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Lead region, rush to, 1826, 172.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Le Dru, removes to St. Louis, 68;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>signs petition, 66.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Le Grand, signature on land grant, 45.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Legras, <hi rend='italic'>Col.</hi> P., at Vincennes, 18.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Limestone beds at Alton, 204.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Lincoln, Abraham, in Black Hawk War, 207.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Linctot, 38 n., 39 n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Live-stock, 27, 83, 169. <hi rend='italic'>See also</hi> Cattle.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Log canoes, 93.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Log houses, cost of, 168.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Long Prairie, 74.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Louis XVIII. of France, mention, 209.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Louisiana, emigration to, 86;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>province of, 91.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l><hi rend='italic'>Louisiana Gazette</hi>, report of steamboat speed, 162.</l> +</lg> + +<pb n='263'/><anchor id='Pg263'/> + +<lg> +<l>Luzerne, <hi rend='italic'>Chevalier</hi>, 30, 36.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Lyon, Matthew, on price of lands, 88.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>M</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>McCarty, Richard, 19, 20, 26, 27;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>killed, 29.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>McDowell, William, 196.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>McIlvaine, <hi rend='italic'>Miss</hi> Caroline M., 5.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>McKendree College, opened by Methodists in 1828, 174.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>McLean, John, 145.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>McMaster, John Bach, 5.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Madison, <hi rend='italic'>Governor of Kentucky</hi>, 197.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Madison, James, mention, 209.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Madison, John, 196.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Madison county, population 1820, 1824, 1825, 132, 188.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Magistrates, 59 <hi rend='italic'>et seq.</hi>, 67.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Mail routes 1825-1830, 158, 159.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Malaria, 91, 95.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Manufactures, 128, 129.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Maple sugar, 129.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Marietta, O., 71.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Marriage, mixed, 51;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>without priest, 12.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Mary of the Incarnation, <hi rend='italic'>Mother</hi>, 11.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Maryland, settlers from, 91.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Mason and Dixon's line, 179.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Massachusetts, emigration to Illinois, 189.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Mechanics' lien, 149.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Menard, Pierre, leg. coun., 113, 208;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Lt.-Gov., 145.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Menominee Indians, 134.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Methodist Episcopal Church, 174;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>mention, 191.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Meurin, <hi rend='italic'>Father</hi>, mention, 12.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Michigan, legislature meets in summer, 152.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Michilimackinac, British at, 32, 39, 46, 47, 69.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Miliet, <hi rend='italic'>Mr.</hi>, elected magistrate, 61.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Military bounty lands, 57.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Military organization, etc. <hi rend='italic'>See under</hi> Illinois.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Military Tract, land in, sold for taxes, 140.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Mills, 83, 167.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Miro, Estevan, <hi rend='italic'>Governor of Louisiana and Florida</hi>, proclamation of, 63, 71.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Mississippi river, navigation of, 21;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>settlement on hindered, 88.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Missouri, population, 82, 181;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>slavery in, 179, 180.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Missouri Compromise, 178.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Mitchigamia Indians, 12, 52.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Money, scarcity, 21, 22.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Monroe, <hi rend='italic'>President</hi> James, letter to Jefferson, 97;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>mention, 209.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Montgomery, <hi rend='italic'>Lieut.-Col.</hi> John, 15 <hi rend='italic'>et seq.</hi></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Morals. <hi rend='italic'>See</hi> Public morals.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Morgan, ——, member of trading company, 10.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Morgan, George, agent of Indiana Company, 56;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>land frauds, 56, 57.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Morgan county, anti-slavery society, 183;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>freehold rights to housekeepers, 147;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>separated from Madison, 188.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Morrison, William, landholdings of, 74, 100, 101.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Mount Carmel, Bank of, 199;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>donation of land for church and schools, 142;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>founding of, 196, 198;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>incorporation, 200.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Murray, Edward, 23.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Murray, William, mention, 10.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>N</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Negroes, 12, 64;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>punishment of, 179.</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'><hi rend='italic'>See also</hi> Slavery.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>New Design, founded. 91, 92, 95;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>mention, 83.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>New England, immigrants from, 146.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>New Jersey Land Company, 11.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>New Madrid (L'Anse a la Graisse), 63 <hi rend='italic'>et seq.</hi></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>New Orleans, flour market, 193;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>mention, 26.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>New Orleans boats, 93, 94.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Newspapers:—</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'><hi rend='italic'>Illinois Herald</hi>, 132;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'><hi rend='italic'>Illinois Intelligencer</hi>, 132, 140;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'><hi rend='italic'>Kentucky Gazette</hi>, 189;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'><hi rend='italic'>Louisiana Gazette</hi>, 162;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'><hi rend='italic'>Shawnee Chief</hi>, 132;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'><hi rend='italic'>Western Intelligencer</hi>, 132.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Non-resident landholders, 140, 145.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>North Carolina, route from, to Indiana, 156.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Northwest Territory, bounties in, 84;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>congressional delegate seated, 76;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>divided, 76, 84, 85;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>enters second degree, 75;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>first sale of public land in, 75;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>judges, 62;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>laws, 83, 84;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>magistrates, 61;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>mention, 58;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>taxation, 83.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>O</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Ogee's (Dixon's) ferry, 152.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Oglesby, <hi rend='italic'>Rev.</hi> Joshua, rep., 113.</l> +</lg> + +<pb n='264'/><anchor id='Pg264'/> + +<lg> +<l>Ohio, emigration to, 76, 190;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>population, 91, 181;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>public land sale, 144.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Ohio Company, 71.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Ohio river, boundary of Illinois, 10;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>settlers, 88;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>settlers northwest of, 18, 19.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Ordinance of 1784, 46.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Ordinance of 1787, 40;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>amendments to, 115, 116;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>anti-slavery article, 176 <hi rend='italic'>et seq.</hi>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>college township reserved by, 101;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>effect on Illinois country, 54, 55;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>violation of, 87.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Ottawa Indians, 135.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Ouia, town, 30.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Ouia (Wea) Indians, 29.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Ouisconsin (Wisconsin) Territory, Galena claimed by, 150.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>P</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Paget, M., mill built by, 193.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Palestine, sale of public lands at, 137.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Parker, Joseph, of Kaskaskia, 53, 54.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Peck, <hi rend='italic'>Rev.</hi> John M., Baptist minister, 124, 125, 192.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Peltry, debts paid in, 21, 43, 60.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Peoria, Indian agent at, 134;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>mention, 79.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Peoria Indians, 12.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Philips, Joseph, territorial secretary, 113.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Piankashaw Indians, 81.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Pierre, Eugenio, 38.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Pike county, separated from Madison, 188.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Pioneer clergy, 191 <hi rend='italic'>et seq.</hi></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Pirogues, 93, 94, 160.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Plums, at Smith's Prairie, 129.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Pollock, Oliver, 40.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Polypotamia, mention, 46.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Pope, Nathaniel, and the northern boundary, 115, 116;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>delegate in Congress, 113.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Population, 1788, 70;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>1785-1799, 82;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>1801, 88;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>1790-1810, 91;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>1818, 116;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>1812, 113;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>1820-1840, 187, 188;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>French, 1766-1777, 12.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Post routes. <hi rend='italic'>See</hi> Mail routes.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Post Vincennes, court regulations for, 59, 135.</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'><hi rend='italic'>See also</hi> Vincennes.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Potatoes, price, 97, 164.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Potawatomie Indians, 134.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Prairie du Chien, inhabitants, 1801, 88.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Prairie du Rocher, bounty lands, 57;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>inhabitants, 1766-1777, 12;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>1801, 88.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Prairies, 83, 86, 97, 109, 131, 156;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>fertility of, 165 <hi rend='italic'>et seq.</hi>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>settlement, 130, 131.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Preëmption rights, 72, 75, 77, 78, 100, 102, 111, 113, 139, 144, 152;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>in various states, 102 <hi rend='italic'>et seq.</hi></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Presbyterians, at Galena, 175;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Cumberland Presbyterians, 143.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Prices of commodities, 49, 59, 97, 130, 131, 164;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>of land, <hi rend='italic'>see under</hi> Land.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Priests, French, emigrate from Illinois, 68.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Pro-slavery agitation. <hi rend='italic'>See under</hi> Slavery.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Provisions, scarcity of, 21-23, 25, 28.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Public lands, donated for schools and internal improvements, 142;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>price of in various states, 103, 104, 105;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>proceeds of sales applied to roads and schools, 116;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>receipts from sale of, 143;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>sales in Illinois, 77, 81, 105, 106, 137, 143;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>sales in other states, 103, 104, 144;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>tax regulations of, up to 1818, 130.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Public morals, 28, 29.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Publications. <hi rend='italic'>See</hi> Books, Newspapers.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Q</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Quebec, Bishop of, pastoral letter, 1767, 12.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>R</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Randolphs, The, mention, 209.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Randolph county, formed, 75 n., 83;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>slaves in, 180.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Rangers, volunteer for guard service, 108, 109.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Regulators of the Valley, 147.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Religious denominations, 172 <hi rend='italic'>et seq.</hi></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Reynolds, <hi rend='italic'>Gov.</hi> John, 145, 196.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Richland Creek, settlement, 78.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>River craft, 93, 94, 126, 129.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Rivière du Chemin, fight at, 37.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Roads, 86, 116, 153 <hi rend='italic'>et seq.</hi>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Illinois settlements to Galena, 151;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>repairs, 158;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Shawneetown to Birkbeck's settlement, 157;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>to Kaskaskia, Cahokia and St. Louis, 101, 102, 157;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Vandalia to Springfield, 157.</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'><hi rend='italic'>See also under</hi> Illinois; <hi rend='italic'>also</hi> Toll roads.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Rock river, 152.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Rock Spring Seminary (Shurtleff College) founded by Baptists in 1827, 174.</l> +</lg> + +<pb n='265'/><anchor id='Pg265'/> + +<lg> +<l>Rogers, <hi rend='italic'>Capt.</hi> ——, defense of, 28, 29.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Roosevelt, Theodore, <q>Winning of the West,</q> 9.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Rush, Benjamin, mention, 195.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>S</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>St. Clair, <hi rend='italic'>Gov.</hi> Arthur, 10, 64;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>at Kaskaskia, 69;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>establishes counties, 83;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>president of Congress, 54.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>St. Clair, James, 74.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>St. Clair, John Murray, 10, 193.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>St. Clair, William, 74.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>St. Clair county, divided, 83;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>formed, 75 n., 82.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>St. Josephs, expedition against, 37, 38.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>St. Louis, attacked by British, 33;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>population of, 1817, 132;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Treaty of, 1804, 81.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>St. Marie, Joseph, goods confiscated by Spanish, 63.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>St. Philips, inhabitants of, 12.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>St. Pierre, <hi rend='italic'>Father</hi>, leaves Cahokia, 68.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Ste. Geneviève, garrisoned by Spanish, 74.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Saline creek salt works, slave labor at, 117.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Saline river reservation, sale of, 142.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Saline spring in Gallatin county, 170, 171.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Salt, discovered at Carlyle, 1823, 171;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>legislation concerning, 101;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>prices of, 170 <hi rend='italic'>et seq.</hi>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>works, New York, 153.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Sangamon county, emigration to, 1810-1825, 188;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>housekeepers as freeholders, 147;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>separated from Madison, 188.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Sauk Indians, 33, 81.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Schools, academic, funds given for, 199;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>common, established, 173;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>early, 173;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>land granted for, 116, 141, 142;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>teachers, 173, 174.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Scotch-Irish opposed to slavery, 92.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Selkirk, <hi rend='italic'>Lord</hi>, colony, 172.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Seminaries, location of, 174.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Servitude, indentured, 117, 176, 177, 179.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l><hi rend='italic'>Shawnee Chief</hi>, 132.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Shawneetown, description, 1817, 125-7;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>land-office at, 103;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>road to Kaskaskia, 101, 102, 157;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>sale of public lands, 105, 137.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Shipping, 93, 94, 125, 129.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Shippingport, Falls of Ohio, mention, 162.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Short, Jacob, rep., 113.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Shurtleff College (Rock Springs Seminary) founded by Baptists in 1827, 174.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Sickness. <hi rend='italic'>See under</hi> Health.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Sioux Indians, 31, 32.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Skiffs, 93, 94.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Slave code, enacted in 1819, 179.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Slavery, 64, 65, 176 <hi rend='italic'>et seq.</hi>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>abolition recommended by Coles, 185;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>anti-slavery article of Ordinance of 1787, 55, 177, 180;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'><q>Black Laws</q> of Illinois, 176, 186;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>children of slaves, 177;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>constitutional provisions, 178;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>decrease of, 187;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>effect on settlement, 177;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>freeing of slaves, 64, 65, 177, 179;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>French slaveholders, 55, 176, 177;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>importation of slaves authorized, 87;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>increase, 180, 181;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>indentured servitude, 117, 176 <hi rend='italic'>et seq.</hi>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>legalization, 176;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>number of slaves, 1820, 1840, 187;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Ordinance of 1787, 55, 176, 177, 180;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>whipping of slaves, 179.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Slave-trade, abolition of, 178.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Smith's Prairie, fruit at, 129.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Soulard, <hi rend='italic'>Mr.</hi>, 152.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Southern influence in Illinois, 145, 180.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Spain claims the Illinois country, 38;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>offers free land to Illinois settlers, 55, 71;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>refuses to allow navigation of Mississippi, 21.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Spanish, aggression upon United States, 73;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>trouble Illinois settlers, 21, 24.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Sprigg, <hi rend='italic'>Judge</hi> William, 111.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Springfield, called Calhoun when founded, 196;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>first store, 206;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>land-office at, 144;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>sales of public land, 137, 143;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>terminus of mail route, 158.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Squatters in Illinois, 50, 58, 72, 99, 148.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>State Historical Society of Wisconsin. <hi rend='italic'>See under</hi> Wisconsin.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Steamboats, first on Ohio and Mississippi, 123;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>speed and rates of, 160, 162, 163.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Stephenson, Benjamin, delegate in Congress, 113.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Stuart, <hi rend='italic'>Judge</hi> Alexander, 111, 113.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Stuart, John T., mention, 207.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Suffrage, qualifications, 77, 78, 112-14, 117, 147, 148.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Sugar, maple, 129.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Supreme Court, U. S., decision of, 11.</l> +</lg> + +<pb n='266'/><anchor id='Pg266'/> + +<lg> +<l>T</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Talbott, Benjamin, leg. coun., 113.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Tallmadge, James, opposes admission of Illinois, 118, 179.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Tamarois, Indians, 110.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Tardiveau, Bartholomew, 51, 52, 55, 69.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Tavern-keepers (housekeepers) given freehold privileges, 147.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Tavern-sites, land ceded for, 75, 79.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Taxation, in N.-W. terr., 83;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>of land, 130, 133;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>of live-stock, 83.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Taylor, Zachary, mention, 207.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Tazewell, L. W., mention, 209.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Tea, price of, 130.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Teachers, salaries of, 174.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Tennessee, lands sold for taxes, 189.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Tennessee wagon, 155.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Thomas, <hi rend='italic'>Judge</hi> Jesse B., signs petition for retention of slavery in Illinois, 111, 178;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>territorial judge, 113, 145.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Timber, want of, 131.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Todd, <hi rend='italic'>Col.</hi> John, <hi rend='italic'>Jr.</hi>, 15, 16 <hi rend='italic'>et seq.</hi></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Toll roads, 157.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Tomahawk rights, 51.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Trading firms: Baynton, Wharton and Morgan, 10;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>British Michilimackinac Company, 49.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Trammell, Philip, rep., 113.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Transportation,</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>cost:</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'><hi rend='italic'>via</hi> canals, 141;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'><hi rend='italic'>via</hi> rivers, 124, 125, 126, 160;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>improvement in facilities, 157;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>land, 93, 126, 154-7, 161;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>water, 83, 92 <hi rend='italic'>et seq.</hi>, 114, 126, 129.</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'><hi rend='italic'>See also</hi> River craft, Wagons.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Treaties.—Fort Wayne, 1803, 79;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Greenville, 1795, 79;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>St. Louis, 1804, 81;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Spain-U. S., commercial treaty, 73;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Vincennes, 1803, 79;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>1805, 81.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Trottier, F., 36.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Turbine wheel, 167.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Turner, Frederick Jackson, 5.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Turnpike, 93.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>U</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>United States Supreme Court decision, 11.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>V</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Vandalia, mention, 188, 189;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>land-office at, 207;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>public lands sold, 137.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Vegetables, 168.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Vehicles, 152, 155, 156;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>emigrant wagons, 159, 164;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Tennessee wagon, 155.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Vermilion saline, 142.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Vincennes, accept inducements of Morgan, 63;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>attack on, 32, 73;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>court, 17, 59;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>description of, 13;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>levy of troops at, 54;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>treaty, 1803, 79;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>treaty, 1805, 81.</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'><hi rend='italic'>See also</hi> Post Vincennes.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Virginia, Augusta county, 15;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Board of Commissioners for the Settlement of Western Accounts, 42-44;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>cedes Western lands to the United States, 45, 46;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>emigration from, to Illinois, 91, 92, 190, 201;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>legislation for protection of Illinois county, 9;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>military bounty lands, 46;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>money, 21, 23, 24.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Vote, August 2, 1824, 183;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>chart of, 184.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>W</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Wabash Land Company, 10 <hi rend='italic'>et seq.</hi>, 88.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Wabash Navigation Company, 200.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Wabash river, boundary line, 90, 154;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>expedition on, 41;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>landholders on, 10, 87, 88.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Wages, 96, 169.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Wagons, first, Galena to Chicago, 152.</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'><hi rend='italic'>See also</hi> Vehicles.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>War of 1812, 106 <hi rend='italic'>et seq.</hi>; mention, 118.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Water supply, 86.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Wayne county, separated from Illinois, 86.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Wea. <hi rend='italic'>See</hi> Ouia.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>West, The, Commerce of, 96.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l><hi rend='italic'>Western Christian Monitor</hi>, mention, 197.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Western frontier. <hi rend='italic'>See</hi> Frontier; <hi rend='italic'>also</hi> Wilderness.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l><hi rend='italic'>Western Intelligencer</hi>, 132.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Western Territory, Ordinance for government of, 46.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Westward movement, 190.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Wharton, ——, member of trading firm, 10.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Wheat, price of, 164.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Wheeling, <hi rend='italic'>Va.</hi>, Committee of Workingmen, 144.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Wild animals, 14.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Wilderness, description of, 86;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>mention, 95.</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'><hi rend='italic'>See also</hi> Frontier.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Wilderness Road, 93.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Wilkins, John, <hi rend='italic'>British Commandant in Illinois</hi>, 10.</l> +</lg> + +<pb n='267'/><anchor id='Pg267'/> + +<lg> +<l>Wilkinson, <hi rend='italic'>Gen.</hi> James, 204.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Williams, <hi rend='italic'>Maj.</hi>, 39.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Wilson, Alexander, rep., 113.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Winnebago Indians, 135, 151.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Winnebago war, 135, 146, 207.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Winston, Richard, 17, 18;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>sheriff at Kaskaskia, 26, 41, 61.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Wirt, William, mention, 209.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Wisconsin, southern boundary, 150.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Wisconsin, State Historical Society of, 11.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Wolves, 14;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>bounty for, 84, 148.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Wood, scarcity of retards settlement, 165.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Wyllys, <hi rend='italic'>Maj.</hi>, 69.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Y</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Yorkshire, <hi rend='italic'>England</hi>, emigrants from, reach Jacksonville, 189.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Z</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Zewapetas, 63.</l> +</lg> + +</div> + +<div> + +<p rend='text-align: center'> + <figure url='images/illus-4.png' rend='width: 60%'> + <figDesc>Illustration: Map of Illinois Country.</figDesc> + </figure> +</p> + +</div> + +</body> +<back rend="page-break-before: right"> + <div id="footnotes"> + <index index="toc" /> + <index index="pdf" /> + <head>Footnotes</head> + <divGen type="footnotes"/> + </div> + <div rend="page-break-before: right"> + <divGen type="pgfooter" /> + </div> +</back> +</text> +</TEI.2> diff --git a/34049-tei/images/illus-1.png b/34049-tei/images/illus-1.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..19acd3c --- /dev/null +++ b/34049-tei/images/illus-1.png diff --git a/34049-tei/images/illus-2.png b/34049-tei/images/illus-2.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..dfde26d --- /dev/null +++ b/34049-tei/images/illus-2.png diff --git a/34049-tei/images/illus-3.png b/34049-tei/images/illus-3.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..45db90d --- /dev/null +++ b/34049-tei/images/illus-3.png diff --git a/34049-tei/images/illus-4.png b/34049-tei/images/illus-4.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..7f0495f --- /dev/null +++ b/34049-tei/images/illus-4.png |
