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diff --git a/34049-h/34049-h.html b/34049-h/34049-h.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3e5bc8a --- /dev/null +++ b/34049-h/34049-h.html @@ -0,0 +1,15042 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /><meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /><link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" /><meta name="DC.Creator" content="Arthur Clinton Boggess" /><meta name="DC.Title" content="The Settlement of Illinois, 1778-1830" /><meta name="DC.Date" content="October 9, 2010" /><meta name="DC.Language" content="English" /><meta name="DC.Publisher" content="Project Gutenberg" /><meta name="DC.Identifier" content="http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/34049" /><meta name="DC.Rights" content="This text is in the public domain." /><title>The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Settlement of Illinois, 1778-1830 by Arthur Clinton Boggess</title><style type="text/css">/* +The Gnutenberg Press - default CSS2 stylesheet + +Any generated element will have a class "tei" and a class "tei-elem" +where elem is the element name in TEI. +The order of statements is important !!! 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You may copy it, + give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project + Gutenberg License <a href="#pglicense" class="tei tei-ref">included with this + eBook</a> or online at <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/license" class="tei tei-xref">http://www.gutenberg.org/license</a></p></div><pre class="pre tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em">Title: The Settlement of Illinois, 1778-1830 + +Author: Arthur Clinton Boggess + +Release Date: October 9, 2010 [Ebook #34049] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS, 1778-1830*** +</pre></div> + </div> + <div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + + </div> + + <hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">Chicago Historical Society's Collection.—Vol. V.</p> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.73em"><span style="font-size: 173%">The Settlement of Illinois</span></p> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.73em"><span style="font-size: 173%">1778-1830</span></p> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.73em"><span style="font-size: 173%">by Arthur Clinton Boggess, Ph.D.</span></p> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">Professor of History and political Science in Pacific +University; a Director of the Oregon Historical Society; sometime Harrison Scholar in +American History in the University of Pennsylvania; sometime Fellow in American +History in the University of Wisconsin.</p> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">Chicago</p> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">Published by the society</p> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">1908</p> + </div> + <hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Contents</span></h1> + <ul class="tei tei-index tei-index-toc"><li><a href="#toc1">Preface.</a></li><li><a href="#toc3">Chapter I. The County of Illinois.</a></li><li><a href="#toc5">Chapter II. The Period of Anarchy in Illinois.</a></li><li><a href="#toc7">Chapter III.</a></li><li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc9">I. The Land and Indian Questions. 1790 to 1809.</a></li><li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc11">II. Government Succeeding the Period +of Anarchy, 1790 to 1809.</a></li><li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc13">III. Obstacles to Immigration. 1790 to 1809.</a></li><li><a href="#toc15">Chapter IV. Illinois During Its Territorial Period. 1809 to 1818.</a></li><li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc17">I. The Land and Indian Questions.</a></li><li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc19">II. Territorial Government of Illinois. 1809 to 1818.</a></li><li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc21">IV. Transportation and Settlement, 1809 to 1818.</a></li><li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc23">IV. Life of the Settlers.</a></li><li><a href="#toc25">Chapter V. The First Years of Statehood, +1818 to 1830.</a></li><li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc27">The Indian and Land Questions.</a></li><li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc29">The Government and Its Representatives, +1818 to 1830.</a></li><li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc31">Transportation.</a></li><li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc33">Life of the People.</a></li><li><a href="#toc35">Chapter VI. Slavery in Illinois As Affecting +Settlement.</a></li><li><a href="#toc37">Chapter VII. Successful Frontiersmen.</a></li><li><a href="#toc39">Works Consulted.</a></li><li><a href="#toc41">Index.</a></li><li><a href="#toc43">Footnotes</a></li></ul> + </div> + + </div> +<div class="tei tei-body" style="margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 6.00em"> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="pagei">[pg i]</span><a name="Pgi" id="Pgi" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc1" id="toc1"></a> +<a name="pdf2" id="pdf2"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Preface.</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In the work here presented, an attempt has been made to +apply in the field of history, the study of types so long in +use in biological science. If the settlement of Illinois had been +an isolated historical fact, its narration would have been too +provincial to be seriously considered, but in many respects, the +history of this settlement is typical of that of other regions. +The Indian question, the land question, the transportation problem, +the problem of local government; these are a few of the +classes of questions wherein the experience of Illinois was not +unique. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This work was prepared while the writer was a student in the +University of Wisconsin. The first draft was critically and carefully +read by Prof. Frederick Jackson Turner, of that University, +and the second draft was read by Prof. John Bach McMaster, +of the University of Pennsylvania. In addition to suggestions +received from my teachers, valuable aid has been rendered by +Miss Caroline M. McIlvaine, the librarian of the Chicago Historical +Society, who placed at my disposal her wide knowledge +of the sources of Illinois history. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The omission of any reference in this work to the French +manuscripts, found by Clarence W. Alvord, is due to the fact +that at the time they were found, my work was so nearly completed +that it was loaned to Mr. Alvord to use in the preparation of +his article on the County of Illinois, while the press of professional +duties has been such that a subsequent use of the manuscripts +has been impracticable. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Arthur C. Boggess.</span></span> +</p> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Pacific University,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Forest Grove, Oregon.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">September 14, 1907.</div> +</div> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page009">[pg 009]</span><a name="Pg009" id="Pg009" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc3" id="toc3"></a> +<a name="pdf4" id="pdf4"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter I. The County of Illinois.</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +An Act for establishing the County of Illinois, and for +the more effectual protection and defence thereof, +passed both houses of the Virginia legislature on December +9, 1778.<a id="noteref_1" name="noteref_1" href="#note_1"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">1</span></span></a> +The new county was to include the inhabitants +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page010">[pg 010]</span><a name="Pg010" id="Pg010" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +of Virginia, north of the Ohio River, but its location +was not more definitely prescribed.<a id="noteref_2" name="noteref_2" href="#note_2"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">2</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The words <span class="tei tei-q">“for the more effectual protection and defence +thereof”</span> in the title of the Act were thoroughly appropriate. +The Indians were in almost undisputed possession of +the land in Illinois, save the inconsiderable holdings of the +French. Some grants and sales of large tracts of land had +been made. In 1769, John Wilkins, British commandant +in Illinois, granted to the trading-firm of Baynton, +Wharton and Morgan, a great tract of land lying between +the Kaskaskia and the Mississippi rivers. The claim +to the land descended to John Edgar, who shared it with +John Murray St. Clair, son of Gov. Arthur St. Clair. The +claim was filed for 13,986 acres, but was found on survey +to contain 23,000 acres, and was confirmed by Gov. St. Clair. +At a later examination of titles, this claim was rejected +because the grant was made in the first instance counter +to the king's proclamation of 1763, and because the confirmation +by Gov. St. Clair was made after his authority +ceased and was not signed by the Secretary of the Northwest +Territory.<a id="noteref_3" name="noteref_3" href="#note_3"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">3</span></span></a> In 1773, William Murray and others, +subsequently known as the Illinois Land Company, bought +two large tracts of land in Illinois from the Illinois Indians. +In 1775, a great tract lying on both sides of the Wabash +was similarly purchased by what later became the Wabash +Land Company. The purchase of the Illinois Company +was made in the presence, but without the sanction, of the +British officers, and Gen. Thomas Gage had the Indians +re-convened and the validity of the purchase expressly +denied. These large grants were illegal, and the Indians +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page011">[pg 011]</span><a name="Pg011" id="Pg011" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +were not in consequence disposessed of them.<a id="noteref_4" name="noteref_4" href="#note_4"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">4</span></span></a> Thus far, +the Indians of the region had been undisturbed by white +occupation. British landholders were few and the French +clearings were too small to affect the hunting-grounds. +French and British alike were interested in the fur trade. +A French town was more suited to be the center of an +Indian community than to become a point on its periphery, +for here the Indians came for religious instruction, provisions, +fire-arms, and fire-water. The Illinois Indian of +1778 had been degraded rather than elevated by his contact +with the whites. The observation made by an acute +French woman of large experience, although made at +another time and place, was applicable here. She said +that it was much easier for a Frenchman to learn to live +like an Indian than for an Indian to learn to live like a +Frenchman.<a id="noteref_5" name="noteref_5" href="#note_5"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">5</span></span></a> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page012">[pg 012]</span><a name="Pg012" id="Pg012" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In point of numbers and of occupied territory, the French +population was trifling in comparison with the Indian. In +1766-67, the white inhabitants of the region were estimated +at about two thousand.<a id="noteref_6" name="noteref_6" href="#note_6"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">6</span></span></a> +Some five years later,<a id="noteref_7" name="noteref_7" href="#note_7"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">7</span></span></a> Kaskaskia +was reported as having about five hundred white +and between four and five hundred black inhabitants; +Prairie du Rocher, one hundred whites and eighty negroes; +Fort Chartres, a very few inhabitants; St. Philips, two or +three families; and Cahokia, three hundred whites and +eighty negroes. At the same time, there was a village of +the Kaskaskia tribe with about two hundred and ten persons, +including sixty warriors, three miles north of Kaskaskia, +and a village of one hundred and seventy warriors +of the Peoria and Mitchigamia Indians, one mile northwest +of Fort Chartres. It is said of these Indians: <span class="tei tei-q">“They were +formerly brave and warlike, but are degenerated into a +drunken and debauched tribe, and so indolent, as scarcely +to procure a sufficiency of Skins and Furrs to barter for +clothing,”</span> and a pastoral letter of August 7, 1767, from the +Bishop of Quebec to the inhabitants of Kaskaskia shows +the character of the French. The French are told that +if they will not acknowledge the authority of the vicar-general—Father +Meurin, pastor of Cahokia—cease to marry +without the intervention of the priest, and cease to absent +themselves from church services, they will be abandoned +by the bishop as unworthy of his care.<a id="noteref_8" name="noteref_8" href="#note_8"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">8</span></span></a> Two years earlier, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page013">[pg 013]</span><a name="Pg013" id="Pg013" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +George Croghan had visited Vincennes, of which he wrote: +<span class="tei tei-q">“I found a village of about eighty or ninety French families +settled on the east side of this river [Wabash], being +one of the finest situations that can be found.... The +French inhabitants, hereabouts, are an idle, lazy people, a +parcel of renegadoes from Canada, and are much worse +than the Indians.”</span><a id="noteref_9" name="noteref_9" href="#note_9"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">9</span></span></a> Although slave-holders, a large proportion +of the French were almost abjectly poor. Illiteracy +was very common as is shown by the large proportion +who signed legal documents by their marks.<a id="noteref_10" name="noteref_10" href="#note_10"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">10</span></span></a> The people +had been accustomed to a paternal rule and had not +become acquainted with English methods during the few +years of British rule. Such deeds as were given during +the French period were usually written upon scraps of +paper, described the location of the land deeded either +inaccurately or not at all, and were frequently lost.<a id="noteref_11" name="noteref_11" href="#note_11"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">11</span></span></a> Land holdings were in long narrow strips along the +rivers.<a id="noteref_12" name="noteref_12" href="#note_12"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">12</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The country was physically in a state of almost primeval +simplicity. The chief highways were the winding rivers, +although roads, likewise winding, connected the various +settlements. These roads were impassable in times of +much rain. All settlements were near the water, living on +a prairie being regarded as impossible and living far from +a river as at least impracticable.<a id="noteref_13" name="noteref_13" href="#note_13"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">13</span></span></a> The difficulties of +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page014">[pg 014]</span><a name="Pg014" id="Pg014" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +George Rogers Clark in finding his way, overland, from the +Ohio River to Kaskaskia and Vincennes on his awful winter +march, are such as must manifestly have confronted anyone +who wished to go over the same routes at the same +season of the year. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Wild animals were abundant. A quarter of a century +after the Revolution, two hunters killed twenty-five deer +before nine in the morning near the Illinois settlements.<a id="noteref_14" name="noteref_14" href="#note_14"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">14</span></span></a> +In 1787, the country between Vincennes and Kaskaskia +abounded in buffalo, deer, and bear.<a id="noteref_15" name="noteref_15" href="#note_15"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">15</span></span></a> For years, the chase +furnished a large part of the provisions. The raising of +hogs was rendered difficult by the presence of wolves. +Game-birds were plentiful, and birds were sometimes a +pest because of their destruction of corn and smaller grains +and even of mast. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +An early traveler wrote in 1796: <span class="tei tei-q">“The province of the +Illinois is, perhaps, the only spot respecting which travelers +have given no exaggerated accounts; it is superior to any +description which has been made, for local beauty, fertility, +climate, and the means of every kind which nature +has lavished upon it for the facility of commerce.”</span><a id="noteref_16" name="noteref_16" href="#note_16"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">16</span></span></a> The +wide-spreading prairies added to the beauty of the +country. Land which now produces one hundred bushels +of corn to the acre must have been capable of producing +wonderful crops at the beginning of its cultivation. Coal +was not known to exist in great quantities in the region +nor was its use as a fuel yet known. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page015">[pg 015]</span><a name="Pg015" id="Pg015" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Such was the country and such the people now organized +into the County of Illinois.<a id="noteref_17" name="noteref_17" href="#note_17"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">17</span></span></a> The Act establishing the +county provided that the governor and council should +appoint a county-lieutenant or commandant-in-chief, +who should appoint and commission as many deputy-commandants, +militia officers, and commissaries as were +needed. The religion, civil rights, property and law of +the inhabitants should be respected. The people of the +county should pay the salaries of such officers as they had +been accustomed to, but officers with new duties, including +the county-lieutenant, were to be paid by Virginia. The +governor and council might send five hundred troops, paid +by Virginia, to defend Illinois. Courts were to be established +with judges elected by the people, although the +judges of other county-courts of Virginia were appointed +by the governor and council.<a id="noteref_18" name="noteref_18" href="#note_18"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">18</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +While Gov. Patrick Henry was writing instructions concerning +the organization of government in Illinois, the +British general, Hamilton, was marching to take Vincennes. +Henry did not know this particular fact, but he +had a keen perception of the difficulties, both civil and +military, which awaited the county. On December 12, +1778, without waiting for the formal signing of the act +creating the county, he wrote instructions to George +Rogers Clark, to Col. John Todd, jr., and to Lieut.-Col. +John Montgomery. Clark was instructed to retain the +command of the troops then in the Illinois country, and +to assume command of five other companies, soon to be +sent out.<a id="noteref_19" name="noteref_19" href="#note_19"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">19</span></span></a> Col. Todd was appointed county-lieutenant or +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page016">[pg 016]</span><a name="Pg016" id="Pg016" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +commandant. His instructions contained much wise +direction. He was to take care to cultivate and conciliate +the affections of the French and Indians, to coöperate with +Clark and give the military department all the aid possible, +to use the French against the British, if the French +were willing, but otherwise to remain on the defensive, to +inculcate in the people an appreciation of the value of +liberty, to see that the inhabitants had justice done them +for any injuries from the troops. A neglect of this last +instruction, it was pointed out, might be fatal. <span class="tei tei-q">“Consider +yourself as at the head of the civil department, and as +such having the command of the militia, who are not to +be under the command of the military, until ordered +out by the civil authority and act in conjunction with +them.”</span> An express was to be sent to Virginia every +three months with a report. A letter to the Spanish +commandant at Ste. Genevieve was inclosed, and Todd +was told to be very friendly to him.<a id="noteref_20" name="noteref_20" href="#note_20"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">20</span></span></a> +Col. Montgomery, then in Virginia, was ordered to recruit men to reënforce +Clark. <span class="tei tei-q">“As soon as the state of affairs in the recruiting +business will permit, you are to go to the Illinois country +& join Col. Clarke, I need not tell you how necessary +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page017">[pg 017]</span><a name="Pg017" id="Pg017" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +the greatest possible Dispatch is to the good of the service +in which you are engaged. Our party at Illinois may be +lost, together with the present favorable Disposition of the +French and Indians there, unless every moment is improved +for their preservation, & no future opportunity, if the +present is lost, can ever be expected so favorable to the +Interest of the commonwealth.”</span> Montgomery was urged +not to be daunted by the inclement season, the great distance +to Illinois, the <span class="tei tei-q">“want of many necessaries,”</span> or opposition +from enemies.<a id="noteref_21" name="noteref_21" href="#note_21"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">21</span></span></a> Gov. Henry deserves much credit +for his prompt and aggressive action at a time when +Virginia was in the very midst of the Revolution. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Col. Clark was much pleased with the appointment of +Col. Todd, both because civil duties were irksome to the +conqueror and because of his confidence in Todd's +ability.<a id="noteref_22" name="noteref_22" href="#note_22"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">22</span></span></a> +Upon the arrival of the new county-lieutenant, Clark +called a meeting of the citizens of Kaskaskia to meet the +new officer and to elect judges. He introduced Col. Todd +as governor and said that he was the only person in the state +whom he had desired for the place. The people were told +that the government, Virginia, was going to send a +regiment of regular troops for their defense, that the new +governor would arrange and settle their affairs, and that +they would soon become accustomed to the American +system of government. In regard to the election of +judges, Clark said: <span class="tei tei-q">“I pray you to consider the importance +of this choice; to make it without partiality, and to +choose the persons most worthy of such posts.”</span><a id="noteref_23" name="noteref_23" href="#note_23"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">23</span></span></a> The +nine members of the court of Kaskaskia, the seven members +of the court of Cahokia, and the nine members of +the court of Vincennes, as also the respective clerks were +French. Of the three sheriffs, Richard Winston, sheriff +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page018">[pg 018]</span><a name="Pg018" id="Pg018" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +of Kaskaskia, was the only one who was not French.<a id="noteref_24" name="noteref_24" href="#note_24"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">24</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Military commissions were promptly made out, those +of the districts of Kaskaskia and Cahokia being dated +May 14, 1779. So many of the persons elected judges +were also given military commissions that it seems probable +that the supply of suitable men was small. No fewer +than fourteen such cases occur. Of the militia officers +appointed at Vincennes, P. Legras, appointed lieutenant-colonel, +had been a major in the British service, and F. +Bosseron, appointed major, had been a captain in the +British service.<a id="noteref_25" name="noteref_25" href="#note_25"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">25</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The position of Illinois among the counties of Virginia +was necessarily anomalous. All counties, except the +County of Illinois, were asked to furnish one twenty-fifth +of their militia to defend the state. Illinois county was +omitted from the western counties enumerated in <span class="tei tei-q">“An act +for adjusting and settling the titles of claimers to unpatented +lands under the present and former government, +previous to the establishment of the commonwealth's land +office.”</span> Settlers northwest of the Ohio were warned to +remove. No settlement would be permitted there, and if +attempted, the intruder might be removed by force—<span class="tei tei-q">“<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Provided</span></em>, +That nothing herein contained shall be construed +in any manner to injure or affect any French, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page019">[pg 019]</span><a name="Pg019" id="Pg019" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +Canadian, or other families, or persons heretofore actually +settled in or about the villages near or adjacent to the +posts reduced by the forces of this state.”</span> These exceptions +were made at the May session of 1779. At this +session, there was passed an act for raising one troop of +cavalry, consisting of one captain, one lieutenant, one +cornet, and thirty-two privates to defend the inhabitants +of Illinois county. All officers were to be appointed by +the governor and council. The men were to receive the +same pay as Continentals. Any soldier who would serve +in Illinois during the war should receive a bounty of seven +hundred and fifty dollars and a grant of one hundred +acres of land.<a id="noteref_26" name="noteref_26" href="#note_26"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">26</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Acting upon the policy that caused Virginia to warn all +intruders not to settle northwest of the Ohio, Todd issued +a proclamation warning all persons against such settlement, +<span class="tei tei-q">“unless in manner and form as heretofore made by +the French inhabitants.”</span> All inhabitants were ordered to +file a description of lands held by them, together with a +deed or deposition, in order to be ready for the press of +adventurers that was expected.<a id="noteref_27" name="noteref_27" href="#note_27"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">27</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Some of the incidents of the summer of 1779 indicate +difficulties of the new government. When the governor +was to be absent for a short time, he wrote to Winston, +who as commander of Kaskaskia would be acting governor, +telling him not to impress property, and by all +means to keep up a good understanding with Col. Clark +and the officers. The judges of the court at Kaskaskia +were ordered to hold court <span class="tei tei-q">“at the usual place of holding +court ... any adjournment to the contrary notwithstanding.”</span> +Richard McCarty, of Cahokia, wrote to the county-lieutenant +complaining that the writer's stock had been +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page020">[pg 020]</span><a name="Pg020" id="Pg020" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +killed by the French inhabitants. McCarty had allowed +his stock to run at large and they had destroyed uninclosed +crops, which crops, he contended, were not in their +proper place. Two months later, McCarty wrote from +Cahokia: <span class="tei tei-q">“Col. Todd residence hear will spoil the people +intirely. I think it would be a happy thing could we get +Colo<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">l</span></span> +Todd out of the country for he will possitively sett +the Inhabitants and us by the Ears. I have wrote him a +pritty sharp Letter on his signing a Death warrant against +my poor hog's for runing in the Oppen fields ... +on some complaints by the Inhabitants the other day he +wished that there was not a Soldier in the country.”</span><a id="noteref_28" name="noteref_28" href="#note_28"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">28</span></span></a> +McCarty's hogs were not his only trouble. A fellow-officer +wrote: <span class="tei tei-q">“I received a line from Capt. McCarty [captain +of troops at Cahokia] yesterday. He is well. He +writes to me that he has lost most of his French soldiers, +and that the inhabitants are so saucy that they threaten to +drive him and his soldiers away, telling him that he has +no business there—nobody sent for him. They are very +discontented. The civil law has ruined them.”</span><a id="noteref_29" name="noteref_29" href="#note_29"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">29</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Col. Todd's position was difficult because of the discontent +prevailing among both the French and the Americans +in Illinois. His salary was so small that he feared that he +must sell his property in Kentucky to support himself +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page021">[pg 021]</span><a name="Pg021" id="Pg021" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +while in public service. He regarded Kentucky as a +much better place than Illinois for the ambitious man, the +retired farmer, or the young merchant.<a id="noteref_30" name="noteref_30" href="#note_30"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">30</span></span></a> He +had been scarcely more than three months in office when he wrote +to the governor of Virginia: <span class="tei tei-q">“I expected to have been prepared +to present to your excellency some amendments +upon the form of Government for Illinois, but the present +will be attended with no great inconveniences till the +Spring Session, when I beg your permission to attend and +get a Discharge from an Office, which an unwholesome air, +a distance from my connexions, a Language not familiar +to me, and an impossibility of procuring many of the conveniences +of Life suitable; all tend to render uncomfortable.”</span><a id="noteref_31" name="noteref_31" href="#note_31"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">31</span></span></a> +This letter was intercepted by the British and did +not reach the governor. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Great difficulty was experienced in securing supplies for +the soldiers. At times, both troops and people suffered +from lack of clothing. The Spanish refused to allow the +Americans to navigate the Mississippi, Virginia money +entirely lost its credit, hard money was scarce, and peltry +was difficult for the military commissaries to obtain. Col. +Todd, in desperation, refused to allow the commander at +Kaskaskia to pay the people peltry for provisions as had +been promised, and calling the inhabitants in council, he +told them that if they would not sell on the credit of the +state they would be subject to military discipline.<a id="noteref_32" name="noteref_32" href="#note_32"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">32</span></span></a> The +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page022">[pg 022]</span><a name="Pg022" id="Pg022" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +fall of 1779 saw the garrison at Vincennes without salt, +and starving; while at Kaskaskia the money was worthless, +troops were without clothes and deserting daily.<a id="noteref_33" name="noteref_33" href="#note_33"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">33</span></span></a> +This great lack of supplies resulted in the impressment of +supplies, in disagreement among the officers, and was a +prominent factor in a resolution to withdraw the troops +from their several situations and concentrate them at a +single point on the Ohio River. The discontent of the +French was extreme, and it was increased by the departure +of Col. Todd for Virginia. The officers who were left in +command ruled with a rod of iron and took cattle, flour, +wood, and other necessaries, without payment.<a id="noteref_34" name="noteref_34" href="#note_34"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">34</span></span></a> +Capt. +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page023">[pg 023]</span><a name="Pg023" id="Pg023" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +Dodge, of Kaskaskia, refused to honor a draft presented, +apparently, by the government of Virginia, and when sued +in the civil court, he declared that he had nothing but his +body and that could not be levied upon; besides, he was +an officer and as such was not amenable to civil law.<a id="noteref_35" name="noteref_35" href="#note_35"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">35</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In the very midst of starvation, the French, unaccustomed +to English ways, were wishing to increase the +expense of government. An unsigned official letter says, +in speaking of affairs in Illinois: <span class="tei tei-q">“I find that justices of +the peace, appointed among them, expect to be paid, this +not being the practice under our laws, there is no provision +for it. Would it not be expedient to restrain these +appointments to a very small number, and for these (if it +be necessary) to require small contributions either from +the litigants or the people at large, as you find would be +most agreeable. In time, I suppose even this might be +discontinued. The Clerks & Sheriffs perhaps may be +paid, as with us, only converting Tobacco fees into their +worth in peltry. As to the rules of decision & modes of +proceding, I suppose ours can be only gradually introduced. +It would be well to get their militia disciplined by +calling them regularly together according to our usage; however, all this +can only be recommended to your Discretion.”</span><a id="noteref_36" name="noteref_36" href="#note_36"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">36</span></span></a> +Some eight years later the exaction of exorbitant +fees was one of the chief reasons which caused the +reform of the French court at Vincennes.<a id="noteref_37" name="noteref_37" href="#note_37"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">37</span></span></a> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page024">[pg 024]</span><a name="Pg024" id="Pg024" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The plan for concentrating most of the Illinois troops at +a single point was carried out in the spring of 1780. The +chief objects sought were to procure supplies and to prevent +the advance of the Spaniards. At first, it was +thought advisable to locate the new fort on the north side +of the Ohio near the Mississippi, and Col. Todd made +some grants of land to such persons as were willing to +settle in the vicinity and assist in raising provisions, but +the fact that Virginia currency, although refused in Illinois, +was accepted in Kentucky caused the fort to be built +south of the Ohio, and it is probable that Todd's grants of +land at the site first proposed lapsed.<a id="noteref_38" name="noteref_38" href="#note_38"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">38</span></span></a> +As the troops had +a great need for settlers to raise crops, Capt. Dodge suggested +to the governor of Virginia that immigrants to Illinois +should receive aid from Virginia. This would aid the +troops and would stop emigration to the Spanish possessions +west of the Mississippi.<a id="noteref_39" name="noteref_39" href="#note_39"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">39</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +As the French could neither support the soldiers nor do +without them, commissions in blank were sent to Maj. +Bosseron, district commandant at Vincennes, with power +to raise a company there, and to assure the company that +pay would be allowed by the government. It was feared +that the settlers at Vincennes would consider themselves +abandoned upon the withdrawal of troops. It was proposed +to leave enough troops among the French to satisfy +them, but scarcely had the new fort been established when +the people of Cahokia sent a special messenger to Clark +at Fort Jefferson, the new fort, asking that troops be sent +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page025">[pg 025]</span><a name="Pg025" id="Pg025" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +to protect them. The Indians so surround the place, say +the petitioners, that the fields can not be cultivated. If +troops are sent the people can not feed them, but if they +are not sent the people can not long feed themselves.<a id="noteref_40" name="noteref_40" href="#note_40"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">40</span></span></a> +French creditors of the government were unpaid and some +of them must have been in sore need.<a id="noteref_41" name="noteref_41" href="#note_41"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">41</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The act establishing the County of Illinois would terminate +by limitation at the end of the May session of +1780, unless renewed. At that session, the act was +renewed <span class="tei tei-q">“for one year after the passing of this act, and +from thence to the end of the next session of assembly.”</span><a id="noteref_42" name="noteref_42" href="#note_42"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">42</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The condition of the people in the county during the +latter half of 1780 was one of misery. Contemporary +accounts have a melancholy interest. An attack by +Indians upon Fort Jefferson being imminent, the few +troops in the outlying districts were ordered to come to +the aid of the garrison. The order reached Cahokia when +its few defenders were sick and starving. Corn, without +grease or salt, was their only food. Deaths were of frequent +occurrence. The people of the village had petitioned +Col. Montgomery to ease their burden by quartering some +of the troops in other villages, but he refused the request +of other officers for a council and threatened to abandon +the country entirely. In such a condition of affairs, Capt. +McCarty proceeded to obey the orders from Fort Jefferson. +The only boats at the disposal of the garrison were unseaworthy, +so five small boats were pressed for use. On the +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page026">[pg 026]</span><a name="Pg026" id="Pg026" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +way, several of the famished soldiers became so sick that +they had to be left along the route. Even military discipline +was bad in the country. Capt. McCarty, upon being +arrested for having quarreled with Dodge, because the +latter would not buy food for the starving troops, was left +for months without trial because Col. Montgomery had +left the country and a military court could not be convened.<a id="noteref_43" name="noteref_43" href="#note_43"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">43</span></span></a> +In October, McCarty wrote: <span class="tei tei-q">“In short, we are +become the hated beasts of a whole people by pressing +horses, boats, &c., &c., &c., killing cattle, &c., &c., for +which no valuable consideration is given; even many not a +certificate, which is here looked upon as next to nothing.”</span><a id="noteref_44" name="noteref_44" href="#note_44"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">44</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Of the same tenor as McCarty's testimony to Illinois +conditions is that of Winston. A remonstrance of the +civil authorities against the extravagance of the military +officers was treated as insolent and impertinent. The +military power refused the civil department the use of the +military prison, even when pay was offered, and made +strenuous efforts to establish military rule. Col. Montgomery +and Capt. Brashears had departed for New +Orleans without settling the account for the peltry which +Todd had committed to the joint care of Montgomery +and Winston. Montgomery was openly accused of having +taken a large amount of public property away with him. +Capt. Dodge was a notorious disturber of the peace, and +Capt. Bentley, a more recent arrival, was equally undesirable. +In the closing paragraph of a long letter is the +significant statement: <span class="tei tei-q">“It Being so long a time since we +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page027">[pg 027]</span><a name="Pg027" id="Pg027" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +had any news from you, we conclude therefrom that the +Government has given us up to do for Ourselves the Best +we can, untill such time as it pleases Some other State or +Power to take us under their Protection—a few lines +from you would give Some of us great satisfaction, yett +the Generality of the People are of Opinion that this +Country will be given up to France....”</span><a id="noteref_45" name="noteref_45" href="#note_45"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">45</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +At the close of October, the troops, with the exception +of a very few, were collected at Fort Jefferson. There the +garrison was sick and starving,<a id="noteref_46" name="noteref_46" href="#note_46"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">46</span></span></a> clothes were much needed, +desertion was rife, and the abandonment of the post +seemed imminent.<a id="noteref_47" name="noteref_47" href="#note_47"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">47</span></span></a> Among the few troops that were not +called to Fort Jefferson were those of Capt. Rogers, at +Kaskaskia. This company <span class="tei tei-q">“had to impress supplies, +giving certificates for the value—thus would kill cattle +when they wanted them, hogs, & take flour from the horse-mills—& +thus lived very comfortably.”</span><a id="noteref_48" name="noteref_48" href="#note_48"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">48</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Mutual recrimination was common among the officers. +Todd, in a letter to Gov. Jefferson, in which he inclosed +letters from the Illinois officers, said: <span class="tei tei-q">“Winston is commandant +at Kaskaskia; McCarty, a captain in the Illinois +regiment, who has long since rendered himself disagreeable +by endeavoring to enforce military law upon the civil +department at Kohos.</span> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page028">[pg 028]</span><a name="Pg028" id="Pg028" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“The peltry, mentioned by Winston as purloined or +embezzled by Montgomery, was committed to their joint +care by me in Nov<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">r</span></span>, 1779; and from the circumstance +of Montgomery's taking up with an infamous girl, leaving his +wife, & flying down the river, I am inclined to believe the +worst that can be said of him. Being so far out of the +road of business, I can not do the State that justice I +wish by sending down his case immediately to the Spanish +commandants on the Mississippi.”</span><a id="noteref_49" name="noteref_49" href="#note_49"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">49</span></span></a> From January 28, +1779, to October 18, 1780, Montgomery drew drafts upon +Virginia to the amount of thirty-nine thousand three +hundred twenty dollars.<a id="noteref_50" name="noteref_50" href="#note_50"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">50</span></span></a> Winston and McCarty accused +Capt. Rogers, who succeeded Col. Montgomery in command +at Kaskaskia, of shooting down the stock of the +inhabitants without warrant. In a dignified defence, Capt. +Rogers declared that he took only so much food as was +absolutely required to save his starving sick, and that Mr. +Bentley, who endeavored to secure supplies from the +people, offering his personal credit, was persistently opposed +by Winston and McCarty. <span class="tei tei-q">“I can not conclude without +informing you that 'tis my positive opinion the people of +the Illinois & Post Vincennes have been in an absolute +state of rebellion for these several months past, & ought +to have no further indulgence shown them; and such is +the nature of those people, the more they are indulged, +the more turbulant they grow. I look upon it that Winston +and McCarty have been principal instruments to bring +them to the pitch they are now at.”</span><a id="noteref_51" name="noteref_51" href="#note_51"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">51</span></span></a> Capt. Dodge, against +whom complaints had become general, and Capt. McCarty, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page029">[pg 029]</span><a name="Pg029" id="Pg029" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +whose quarrel has been narrated, were ordered to appear +before a court of inquiry at Fort Jefferson.<a id="noteref_52" name="noteref_52" href="#note_52"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">52</span></span></a> Clark was +very angry at Montgomery's conduct. He sent a message +to New Orleans ordering him to return for trial; he +warned all persons against trusting the offender on the +credit of the State, and he requested the governor of +Virginia to arrest the fugitive if he should come to Richmond.<a id="noteref_53" name="noteref_53" href="#note_53"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">53</span></span></a> +How low public morals had sunk is shown by the +fact that Montgomery had the effrontery to return to Fort +Jefferson, where he arrived on May 1, 1781, and resumed +his command. In February, 1783, he made his defense and +asked for his pay.<a id="noteref_54" name="noteref_54" href="#note_54"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">54</span></span></a> In April, 1781, Todd wrote: <span class="tei tei-q">“I still receive +complaints from the Illinois. That Department suffers, +I fear, through the avarice and prodigality of our officers; +they all vent complaints against each other. I believe our +French friends have the justest grounds of dissatisfaction.”</span><a id="noteref_55" name="noteref_55" href="#note_55"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">55</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +On June 2, 1781, Capt. McCarty was killed in a fight +between the Illinois troops and some Indians on the one +side and a party of Ouia Indians, who favored the British, +on the other. The engagement took place near the +Wabash. McCarty's papers were sent to the British, who +laconically reported: <span class="tei tei-q">“They give no information other +than that himself and all the Inhabitants of the Illenoise +were heartily tired of the Virginians.”</span><a id="noteref_56" name="noteref_56" href="#note_56"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">56</span></span></a> There is slight +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page030">[pg 030]</span><a name="Pg030" id="Pg030" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +reason to doubt the truth of the statement. It is enforced +by the fact that in 1781, a letter written in French to the +governor of Virginia and said to be signed in the name of +the inhabitants of Vincennes and to give the views of the +people of Vincennes, Kaskaskia, Vermilion, Ouia, etc., +declared that the French had decided to receive no troops +except those sent by the king of France to aid in defeating +the enemies of the country. The Indians who are +friendly to the French, said the writer, would regard the +coming of Virginia troops as a hostile act. A copy of the +memoir sent by the French settlers to the French minister +Luzerne was inclosed.<a id="noteref_57" name="noteref_57" href="#note_57"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">57</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +On June 8, 1781, the garrison of Fort Jefferson, being +without food, without credit, and for more than two years +without pay, evacuated the place and withdrew to the +Falls of Ohio, only to find themselves without credit in +even the adjoining counties of Virginia. The troops were +billeted in small parties.<a id="noteref_58" name="noteref_58" href="#note_58"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">58</span></span></a> Once again there comes a +despairing plea from the feeble garrison at Vincennes, in +the County of Illinois. The commander wrote: <span class="tei tei-q">“Sir, I +must inform you once more that I can not keep garrison +any longer, without some speedy relief from you. My +men have been 15 days upon half-allowance; there is +plenty of provisions here but no credit—I can not press, +being the weakest party—Some of the Gentlemen +would help us, but their credit is as bad as ours, therefore, +if you have not provisions send us Whisky which will +answer as good an end.”</span><a id="noteref_59" name="noteref_59" href="#note_59"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">59</span></span></a> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page031">[pg 031]</span><a name="Pg031" id="Pg031" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In the Virginia House of Delegates, a committee for +courts of justice reported that the laws which would +expire at the end of the session had been examined, +together with certain other laws, and that a series of resolutions +had been agreed upon by the committee. Among +these resolutions was the following: <span class="tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Resolved, That it is +the opinion of this committee</span></span>, That the act of assembly, +passed in the year 1778, entitled <span class="tei tei-q">‘an act, for establishing +the county of Illinois, and for the more effectual protection +and defence thereof;’</span> which was continued and +amended by a subsequent act, and will expire at the end +of this present session of assembly, ought to be further +continued.”</span> This report was presented and the resolutions +agreed to by the House on November 22, 1781. +Three days later, a bill in accordance with the resolution +was presented. The consideration of the bill in a committee +of the whole House was postponed from day to day +until December 14, when it was considered and the +question being upon engrossment and advancement to a +third reading, it passed in the negative.<a id="noteref_60" name="noteref_60" href="#note_60"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">60</span></span></a> On January 5, +1782, the General Assembly adjourned, and the County of +Illinois ceased to exist.<a id="noteref_61" name="noteref_61" href="#note_61"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">61</span></span></a> So far as instituting a civil +government was concerned, the county was a failure. Its +military history shows a mixture of American, British, +French, and Spanish efforts at mastery. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The first important military operation in which the +County of Illinois was concerned, after the well-known +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page032">[pg 032]</span><a name="Pg032" id="Pg032" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +movements of Clark and Hamilton, was organized by the +British at Detroit in compliance with a circular letter from +Lord George Germain. The plan was to attack St. Louis, +the French settlements near it on the east side of the +Mississippi, Vincennes, Fort Nelson at the falls of the +Ohio, and Kentucky. Large use was to be made of +Indians, and British emissaries were busy among the tribes +early in 1780. An expedition was to be led against +Kentucky, while diversions should be made at outlying +posts. It was thought that the reduction of St. Louis +would present little difficulty, because it was known to be +unfortified, and was reported to be garrisoned by but +twenty men. In addition to this, it was regarded as an +easy matter to use Indians against the place from the circumstance +that many Indians frequented it. Less assurance +was felt as to holding the place after it should have +been captured, and to make this easier, it was proposed to +appeal to the cupidity of the British fur traders. By the +middle of February, a war-party had been sent out from +Michilimackinac to arouse and act with the Sioux Indians, +and early the next month another party was sent out to +engage Indians to attack St. Louis and the Illinois towns. +Seven hundred and fifty traders, servants, and Indians +having been collected, on the 2d of May they started down +the Mississippi, and at the lead mines, near the present +Galena, seventeen Spanish and American prisoners were +taken. In conjunction with this expedition, another, with +a chosen band of Indians and French, was to advance by +way of Chicago and the Illinois River; a third was to +guard the prairies between the Wabash and the Illinois; +and the chief of the Sioux was to attack St. Genevieve and +Kaskaskia.<a id="noteref_62" name="noteref_62" href="#note_62"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">62</span></span></a> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page033">[pg 033]</span><a name="Pg033" id="Pg033" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The expedition against St. Louis and the Illinois towns, +as well as in its larger aspect, was not successful. It was +impossible to keep it secret and as early as March, an +attack was expected. Spanish and Americans joined in +repulsing the intruders. Another potent element in the +failure was the treachery of some of the traders who acted +as leaders for the British, notably that of Ducharme and +Calvé, who had a lucrative trade and regarded the prospect +of increasing it by the proposed attack as doubtful. +In the last week of May, 1780, the attack on St. Louis was +made. Several persons were killed, but the place was not +taken. Cahokia was beleaguered for three days, but it +was so well defended by George Rogers Clark that on the +third night the enemy withdrew, when Clark hastened to +intercept the expedition against Kentucky, while the Illinois +and Spanish troops pursued the retreating enemy and +burned the towns of the Sauk and Fox Indians. The +British were much chagrined at the result of the expedition, +yet they resolved to continue their plan of using +Indians and sending out several parties at once.<a id="noteref_63" name="noteref_63" href="#note_63"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">63</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +An expedition which gains much interest from the character +of its leader was that of Col. Augustin Mottin de la +Balme. This man had been commissioned quartermaster +of gendarmerie, by the authorities of Versailles, in 1766; +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page034">[pg 034]</span><a name="Pg034" id="Pg034" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +had come to America and been recommended by Silas +Deane and Benjamin Franklin to the president of Congress, +John Hancock, as a man who would be of service in +training cavalry; had been breveted lieutenant-colonel of +cavalry, in May, 1777; made inspector of cavalry, with the +rank of colonel, in July following; and had resigned in October +of the same year. The next year, a public notice, in +French with English and German translations, announced +that carpenters, bakers, and some other classes of laborers +could find shelter and employment at a workshop +established by La Balme, twenty-eight miles from Philadelphia.<a id="noteref_64" name="noteref_64" href="#note_64"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">64</span></span></a> +In the summer of 1780, La Balme went from +Fort Pitt to the Illinois country. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A contemporary who writes from Vincennes speaks of +La Balme as a French colonel. He was regarded by the +Americans with much suspicion. Capt. Dalton, the American +commander at Vincennes, whose character was later +much questioned, allowed him to go among the Indians,<a id="noteref_65" name="noteref_65" href="#note_65"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">65</span></span></a> +whereupon La Balme advised them to send word to the +tribes which Clark was preparing to attack and to warn +them of their danger. La Balme also ingratiated himself +with the discontented French, asking why they did not +drive <span class="tei tei-q">“these vagabonds,”</span> the American soldiers, away, and +saying that to refuse to furnish provisions was the most +efficient method. <span class="tei tei-q">“Everything he advances tends to +advance the French interest and depreciate the American. +The people here are easily misled; buoy'd up with the +flattering hopes of being again subject to the king of +France, he could easily prevail on them to drive every +American out of the Place and this appears to me to be +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page035">[pg 035]</span><a name="Pg035" id="Pg035" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +his Plan.”</span> After thoroughly stirring up the people at +Vincennes, the adventurer left, with an escort of thirty +French and Indians, to visit Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and +St. Louis. He and Col. Montgomery, then the superior +officer in Illinois, did not meet, and he received not the +slightest countenance from the Spanish commandant at +St. Louis. By the French inhabitants, La Balme <span class="tei tei-q">“was +received ... just as the Jews would receive the +Messiah—was conducted from the post here [at Kaskaskia] +by a large detachment of the inhabitants as well as +different tribes of Indians.”</span> The French in the towns +near the Mississippi were so enthusiastic that La Balme +had little difficulty in raising forty or fifty troops for an +expedition against Detroit. Some of the American +soldiers at Cahokia deserted to him, and when placed +under arrest by the military authorities were rescued by a +mob. On October 5, 1780, after telling the Indians to be +quiet because they would see the French in Illinois in the +spring, the French troops set out from Cahokia.<a id="noteref_66" name="noteref_66" href="#note_66"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">66</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The troops from Illinois were to be joined by a body +from Vincennes, but without waiting for them La Balme +pushed on to the Miami towns, where he hoped to capture +a British Indian trader who was especially hated by the +French. The trader was not found, but his store of goods +to the amount of one hundred horse-loads was seized. +The expected reinforcements not arriving, La Balme felt +too weak to attack Detroit and started to return. He was +attacked by the Indians on the river Aboite, eleven miles +southwest of the present Fort Wayne, and he and some +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page036">[pg 036]</span><a name="Pg036" id="Pg036" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +thirty of his men were killed and at least one hundred +horses, richly laden with plunder, were taken by the +Indians. It was reported that disaffected inhabitants of +Detroit had concealed five hundred stands of arms with +which to assist the forces of La Balme in taking the place. +Among La Balme's papers, which fell into the hands of the +British and are now in the Canadian archives, were +addresses, in French, by M. Mottin de la Balme, French +colonel, etc., to the French settled on the Mississippi, dated +St. Louis, September 17, 1780; a declaration, in French, +in the name of the inhabitants of the village of Cahokia, +addressed to La Balme: <span class="tei tei-q">“We unanimously request you to +listen with a favorable ear to the declaration which we +venture to present to you, touching all the bad treatment +we have suffered patiently since the Virginian troops unfortunately +arrived amongst us till now,”</span> dated Cahokia, +September 21, 1780; a note from F. Trottier, a member +of the court of Cahokia, elected under the Virginia government, +to La Balme, saying that no meeting can be held +until Sunday next, when he hopes the young men will +show themselves worthy the high idea La Balme has of +them, but that at present there are only twelve entirely +determined to follow him wherever he goes, although +others may follow their example, and asking La Balme +to receive depositions against the Virginians, dated +Cahokia, September 27, 1780; a petition, in French, +addressed to the Chevalier de la Luzerne, minister plenipotentiary +from France to the United States, by inhabitants +of Post Vincennes, dated Vincennes, August 22, 1780; +and a commission to Augustin Mottin de la Balme as +quartermaster of gendarmèrie, dated Versailles, February +23, 1766.<a id="noteref_67" name="noteref_67" href="#note_67"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">67</span></span></a> The British promptly set about promoting the +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page037">[pg 037]</span><a name="Pg037" id="Pg037" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +Indian trader whom La Balme and the French had sought +to kill, believing that he would be serviceable as a spy.<a id="noteref_68" name="noteref_68" href="#note_68"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">68</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In the autumn of 1780, a party of seventeen men from +Cahokia went on an expedition against St. Josephs. The +party was commanded by <span class="tei tei-q">“a half Indian,”</span> and seems to +have included but one American. The attack was so +timed as to come when the Indians in the vicinity of St. +Josephs were out hunting. The place was taken without +difficulty, the traders of the place were captured and plundered, +and the party, laden with booty, set out on the +route to Chicago. A pursuing party was quickly organized +and at the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rivière du Chemin</span></span>, a small stream in Indiana, +emptying into the southeastern part of Lake Michigan, +the returning victors were summoned to surrender, on +December 5, 1780. Upon their refusal, four were killed, +two wounded, seven made prisoners, while three escaped.<a id="noteref_69" name="noteref_69" href="#note_69"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">69</span></span></a> +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page038">[pg 038]</span><a name="Pg038" id="Pg038" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +The one American, Brady, was among the prisoners. He +told the British that the party was sent by the creoles to +plunder St. Josephs, and that there was not a Virginian in +all the Illinois country, including Vincennes.<a id="noteref_70" name="noteref_70" href="#note_70"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">70</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In the very midst of winter, on January 2, 1781, an +expedition commanded by Eugenio Pierre, a Spanish captain +of militia, set out from St. Louis against St. Josephs. +According to a Spanish account, the party consisted of +sixty-five militia men and sixty Indians, while an American +account declares it to have contained thirty Spaniards, +twenty men from Cahokia, and two hundred Indians. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The purpose of the expedition was to retaliate upon the +British for the attack on St. Louis and for the defeat of +La Balme. On the march, severe difficulties incident to +the season were encountered. The post was easily taken, +the Indians were conciliated by a liberal proportion of the +booty, the Spanish flag was raised and the Illinois country +with St. Josephs and its dependencies was claimed for the +crown of Spain. The British flag was given to Commandant +Cruzat, of St. Louis. These proceedings made some +prominent Americans fear that Spain would advance +claims to the region at the close of the Revolution.<a id="noteref_71" name="noteref_71" href="#note_71"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">71</span></span></a> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page039">[pg 039]</span><a name="Pg039" id="Pg039" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In the summer of 1781, a party of seven men was sent +out by the commandant at Michilimackinac with a letter +to the inhabitants of Cahokia and Kaskaskia asking them +to furnish troops to be paid by the king of England, and +to assume the defensive against the Spaniards. The men +reached St. Louis before visiting Cahokia or Kaskaskia, +and were arrested by the Spanish commandant, who sent +a copy of the letter to Major Williams, knowing no officer +in Illinois superior to him. This created jealousy at +Cahokia and Kaskaskia, each of several officers claiming +superiority. Charles Gratiot, a man of some ability, who +had removed from Cahokia to St. Louis because unable to +endure the lawlessness at the former place, wrote that he +did not know what course the Illinois people might have +taken if Cruzat had not intercepted the British agents. +Illinois was a country without a head where everyone +expected to do as he pleased.<a id="noteref_72" name="noteref_72" href="#note_72"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">72</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In noting the operations of the medley of military +forces in the County of Illinois, it is easy to conceive how +the result might have been different, but the fact is that as +the county ceased to exist, no nation had established a +better title to the region than that of the Americans. +</p> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page040">[pg 040]</span><a name="Pg040" id="Pg040" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc5" id="toc5"></a> +<a name="pdf6" id="pdf6"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter II. The Period of Anarchy in Illinois.</span><a id="noteref_73" name="noteref_73" href="#note_73"><span class="tei tei-noteref" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">73</span></span></a></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Illinois was practically in a state of anarchy during +the time that it was a county of Virginia, and when +that county ceased to be, anarchy became technically as +well as practically its condition, and remained so until +government under the Ordinance of 1787 was inaugurated +in 1790. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Virginia's legacy from her ephemeral county was one +of unpaid bills. Scarcely had the general assembly +adjourned, in January, 1782, when Benjamin Harrison +wrote: <span class="tei tei-q">“We know of no power given to any person to +draw bills on the State but to Col<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">o</span></span> +Clarke and yet we find +them drawn to an immense amount by Col<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">o</span></span> Montgomery, +and Captn Robt. George and some others; we have but +too much reason to suppose a collusion and fraud betwixt +the drawers and those they are made payable to; most of +them are for specie when they well knew we had none +amongst us, and from the largeness of the sums, proves +the transactions must have been in paper and the depreciation +taken into account, when the bargains were made; +indeed George confesses this to have been the case when +he gave Philip Barbour a bill for two hundred and thirty +two thousand, three hundred and twenty Dollars and uses +the plea of ignorance.”</span> The transactions of Oliver +Pollock, purchasing agent at New Orleans, should be carefully +examined from the time he began to act with +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page041">[pg 041]</span><a name="Pg041" id="Pg041" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +Montgomery.<a id="noteref_74" name="noteref_74" href="#note_74"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">74</span></span></a> Thimothé Demunbrunt, as he signed his name, +asked pay for his services as lieutenant, in order that he +might not be a charge to his friends—a thing which +would be shameful to one of noble descent. He wished to +be able to support his family and to go with Clark on a +proposed expedition. His petition was supported by a +certificate from Col. Montgomery, testifying that Demunbrunt +had been active in his military duty, had gone +against the savages in the spring of 1780, had gone on the +<span class="tei tei-q">“Expedition up the Wabash,”</span> and had gone to the relief +of Fort Jefferson when Montgomery could raise only +twelve men.<a id="noteref_75" name="noteref_75" href="#note_75"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">75</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The military troubles continued. The commander at +Vincennes reported his troops as destitute and unpaid. +Richard Winston, of Kaskaskia, who had succeeded Todd +as head of the civil government in Illinois, was arrested +by military force and put in jail. The prisoner claimed +that the proceedings were wholly irregular and that he +was unacquainted with the nature of the charge against +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page042">[pg 042]</span><a name="Pg042" id="Pg042" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +him.<a id="noteref_76" name="noteref_76" href="#note_76"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">76</span></span></a> The next year, he was accused of treason, the +accuser declaring that Winston had proposed to turn Illinois +over to Spain, but that his proposal had been despised +by the Spanish commandant.<a id="noteref_77" name="noteref_77" href="#note_77"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">77</span></span></a> Upon Winston was +also laid the chief blame for the discontent of the French, +he being charged with having told Montgomery that the +French were strangers to liberty and must be ruled with a +rod of iron or the bayonet, and that if he wanted anything +he must send his guards and take it by force; while, at +the same time, he told the French that the military was a +band of robbers and came to Illinois for plunder.<a id="noteref_78" name="noteref_78" href="#note_78"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">78</span></span></a> However, +numerous and well-founded as the accusations might +be, both accused and accuser laid their claims for salary +before the Virginia Board of Commissioners for the Settlement +of Western Accounts.<a id="noteref_79" name="noteref_79" href="#note_79"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">79</span></span></a> Even the notorious Col. +Montgomery presented before this board his defence, +which consisted of a recital of his meritorious deeds, others +being omitted.<a id="noteref_80" name="noteref_80" href="#note_80"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">80</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Another visitor to the Board of Commissioners was +Francis Carbonneaux, prothonotary and notary public for +the Illinois country. Although he came to get some +private affairs settled, his chief mission was to lay before +the Board the confusion in Illinois, and the Board correctly +surmised that if Virginia did not afford relief the messenger +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page043">[pg 043]</span><a name="Pg043" id="Pg043" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +would proceed to Congress.<a id="noteref_81" name="noteref_81" href="#note_81"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">81</span></span></a> It was but natural that at +this time, the people of Illinois should be in doubt as to +whom to present their petition, because Virginia had +offered to cede her western lands to Congress, although +the terms of cession were not yet agreed upon. Carbonneaux +complained that Illinois was wholly without law +or government; that the magistrates, from indolence or +sinister views, had for some time been lax in the execution +of their duties, and were now altogether without +authority; that crimes of the greatest enormity might be +committed with impunity, and a man be murdered in his +own house and no one regard it; that there was neither +sheriff nor prison; and to crown the general confusion, +that many persons had made large purchases of three +and four hundred leagues, and were endeavoring to have +themselves established lords of the soil, as some had done +in Canada, and to have settlements made on these purchases, +composed of a set of men wholly subservient to +their views. The Spanish traded freely in Illinois, but +strictly prohibited Illinois from trading in Spanish dominions. +Complaint was also made that the Board of +Commissioners had not settled the Illinois accounts in +peltry according to the known rule and practice, namely: +that fifty pounds of peltry should represent one hundred +livres in money. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The petitioners prayed that a president of judicature +be sent to them, with executive powers to a certain +extent, and that subordinate civil officers be appointed, to +reside in each village or station, with power to hear and +decide all causes upon obligations not exceeding three +hundred dollars, higher amounts to be determined by a +court to be held at Kaskaskia and to be composed of the +president and a majority of the magistrates. It was +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page044">[pg 044]</span><a name="Pg044" id="Pg044" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +desired that the grant in which the Kaskaskia settlements +lay should be considered as one district. It contained five +villages, of which Kaskaskia and Cahokia were the +largest. The grant extended to the headwaters of the +Illinois River on the north. The land had been granted +to the settlers by the Indians, and the Indians, having +given their consent by solemn treaties, had never denied +the sale. The tract referred to was probably the two +purchases of the Illinois Company. Maps give but one of +these and, in fact, the other was said to be so described as +to comprise <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">a line only</span></em>. Naturally, this fact was not +known at the time of purchase. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It was frankly acknowledged that Illinois had no man +fitted for the office of president. It was hoped that Virginia +would furnish one, and would send with him a +company of regulars to act under his direction and enforce +laws and authority. The president should be empowered +to grant land in small tracts to immigrants. The +privilege of trading in Spanish waters, especially on the +Missouri, was much desired. It was said that Carbonneaux +<span class="tei tei-q">“appears to have been instructed as to the ground of his +message by the better disposed part of the inhabitants of +the country whose complaints he represents.”</span><a id="noteref_82" name="noteref_82" href="#note_82"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">82</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +At the time of Carbonneaux's petition, there was no legal +way by which newcomers to Illinois could acquire public +land. Virginia had prepared to open a land-office, soon +after the conquest of the Illinois country, but she seems +to have heeded the recommendation of Congress that no +unappropriated land be sold during the war.<a id="noteref_83" name="noteref_83" href="#note_83"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">83</span></span></a> Some grants +had been made by Todd, Demunbrunt, the Indians, and +others with less show of right, but they were made without +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page045">[pg 045]</span><a name="Pg045" id="Pg045" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +governmental authority. The Indians had presented a +tract of land to Clark, but the view consistently held was +that individuals could not receive Indian land merely upon +their own initiative.<a id="noteref_84" name="noteref_84" href="#note_84"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">84</span></span></a> One of the grants made at Vincennes, +which seems to have been a typical one, was +signed by Le Grand, <span class="tei tei-q">“Colonel commandant and President +of the Court,”</span> and was made by the authority granted to +the magistrates of the court of Vincennes by John Todd, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Colonel and Grand civil Judge for the United States.”</span> +The purpose of the grant, which comprised four hundred +arpents <span class="tei tei-q">“in circumference,”</span> was to induce immigration.<a id="noteref_85" name="noteref_85" href="#note_85"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">85</span></span></a> +The grants made by the court of Vincennes became +notorious from the fact that thousands of acres were granted +by the court to its own members.<a id="noteref_86" name="noteref_86" href="#note_86"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">86</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +On March 1, 1784, Virginia ceded her western lands to +the United States, thus transferring to the general government +the question of land titles. The country had been +in a state of unconcealed anarchy for more than two +years, all semblance of Virginia authority having ceased, +and the cession is quite as much a tribute to Virginia's +shrewdness as to her generosity. Never was so large a +present made with less sacrifice. The cession was made +with the following conditions, some of which were to have +a direct and potent influence upon the settlement of the +ceded region: +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +1. The territory should be formed into states of not less +than one hundred nor more than one hundred and fifty +square miles each; +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +2. Virginia's expenses in subduing and governing the +territory should be reimbursed by the United States; +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page046">[pg 046]</span><a name="Pg046" id="Pg046" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +3. Settlers should have their <span class="tei tei-q">“possessions and titles +confirmed;”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +4. One hundred and fifty thousand acres, or less, should +be granted to George Rogers Clark and his soldiers; +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +5. The Virginia military bounty lands should be located +north of the Ohio River, unless there should prove to be +enough land for the purpose south of that river; +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +6. The proceeds from the sale of the lands should be +for the United States, severally.<a id="noteref_87" name="noteref_87" href="#note_87"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">87</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In the year of the Virginia cession, Congress passed the +Ordinance for the Government of the Western Territory, +but as it never went into effect, its importance is slight +except as indicative of the trend of public feeling on the +subjects which it involved. Should Jefferson's plan, +proposed at this time, have been carried out, Illinois would +have been parts of the states of Polypotamia, Illinois, +Assenisipia, and Saratoga.<a id="noteref_88" name="noteref_88" href="#note_88"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">88</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Carbonneaux, the messenger from Illinois to Virginia, +carried his petition to Congress. Congress paid the messenger, +referred the petition to a committee, and upon the +report of the committee voted to choose one or more +commissioners to go to Illinois and investigate conditions +there.<a id="noteref_89" name="noteref_89" href="#note_89"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">89</span></span></a> No record of the appointment of such commissioners +has been found. Congress considered Carbonneaux's +petition early in 1785. In November of the same +year comes a record of the anarchy in Illinois. This was +addressed to George Rogers Clark, who was the hope of +the people of that neglected country. The commandant +at St. Louis is afraid of an attack from the Royalists at +Michilimackinac, or he has given orders for all the people +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page047">[pg 047]</span><a name="Pg047" id="Pg047" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +in that place to be in readiness when called on, with their +arms. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“The Indians are very troublesome on the rivers, and +declare an open war with the Americans, which I am sure +is nothing lessened by the advice of our neighbors, the +French in this place, and the people from Michilimackinac, +who openly say they will oppose all the Americans that +come into this country. For my part, it is impossible to +live here, if we have not regular justice very soon. They +are worse than the Indians, and ought to be ruled with a +rod of iron.”</span><a id="noteref_90" name="noteref_90" href="#note_90"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">90</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +During the year 1786, George Rogers Clark was the +chief factor in Illinois affairs. He was regarded by the +people as their advocate before Congress. In March, +seven of the leading men of Vincennes, at the request of +the French and American inhabitants, sent a petition to +him asking him to persuade Congress to send troops to +defend them from the Indians, and also saying: <span class="tei tei-q">“We +have unanimously agreed to present a petition to Congress +for relief, apprehensive that the Deed we received from an +office, established or rather continued by Col<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">o</span></span> +Todd for lands, may possibly be a slender foundation; so that after +we have passed through a scene of suffering in forming +settlements in a remote and dangerous part may have the +mortification to be totally deprived of our improvements.”</span><a id="noteref_91" name="noteref_91" href="#note_91"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">91</span></span></a> +In June, seventy-one American subscribers from Vincennes, +<span class="tei tei-q">“in the County of Illinois,”</span> asked Congress to +settle their land-titles and give them a government. +They held land from grants from an office established by +Col. Todd, whose validity they questioned. The commandant +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page048">[pg 048]</span><a name="Pg048" id="Pg048" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +and magistracy had resigned because of the +disobedience of the people. There was no executive, no +law, no government, and the Indians were very hostile.<a id="noteref_92" name="noteref_92" href="#note_92"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">92</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Clark was not unmindful of the needs of the people. +He wrote to the president of Congress: <span class="tei tei-q">“The inhabitants +of the different towns in the Illinois are worthy the +attention of Congress. They have it in their power to be +of infinite service to us, and might act as a great barrier to +the frontier, if under proper regulation; but having no +law or government among them, they are in great confusion, +and without the authority of Congress is extended +to them, they must, in all probability, fall a sacrifice to the +savages, who may take advantage of the disorder and +want of proper authority in that country. I have recommended +it to them, to re-assume their former customs, +and appoint temporary officers until the pleasure of +Congress is known, which I have flattered them would be +in a short time. How far the recommendation will answer +the desired purpose is not yet known.”</span><a id="noteref_93" name="noteref_93" href="#note_93"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">93</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Clark's fears of the Indians were only too well grounded. +During the summer, the American settlers were compelled +to retire to a fort at Bellefontaine, and four of their number +were killed. At the same time, about twenty Americans +were killed about Vincennes. The French were still safe +from Indian attacks and were very angry because the +Americans complained of existing conditions.<a id="noteref_94" name="noteref_94" href="#note_94"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">94</span></span></a> The strife +between the French and the Americans at Vincennes, over +the proper relations of the whites to the Indians, became +intense. The French contended that the Indians should +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page049">[pg 049]</span><a name="Pg049" id="Pg049" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +be allowed to come and go freely, while the Americans +held that it was unsafe to grant such freedom. At last, +upon the occasion of the killing of an Indian by the +Americans, after they had been attacked by the Indians, +the French citizens ordered all persons, who had not permission +to settle from the government under which they +last resided, to leave at once and at their own risk. The +French told the Americans plainly that they were not +wanted, and that they, the French, did not know whether +the place belonged to the United States or to Great +Britain.<a id="noteref_95" name="noteref_95" href="#note_95"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">95</span></span></a> This last assertion was probably true. The +British Michilimackinac Company had a large trading-house +at Cahokia for supplying the Indians, they held +Detroit, and their machinations among the Indians were +constant. The feeling of all intelligent Americans in +Illinois must have been expressed by John Edgar when +he wrote that the Illinois country was totally lost unless a +government should soon be established.<a id="noteref_96" name="noteref_96" href="#note_96"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">96</span></span></a> Clark +wrote a vigorous letter to the people at Vincennes, telling them +that unless they stopped quarreling military rule would +be established; that the government established under +Virginia was still in force, having been confirmed by +Congress upon the acceptance of the Virginia deed of +cession, and that the court, if depleted, should be filled by +election.<a id="noteref_97" name="noteref_97" href="#note_97"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">97</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In one respect, even during this trying period, the +western country gave promise of its future growth. +There was a large crop. Flour and pork, quoted, +strangely enough, together, sold at the Falls of Ohio at +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page050">[pg 050]</span><a name="Pg050" id="Pg050" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +twelve shillings per hundred pounds, while Indian corn +sold at nine pence per bushel.<a id="noteref_98" name="noteref_98" href="#note_98"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">98</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +On August 24, 1786, Congress ordered its secretary to +inform the inhabitants of Kaskaskia that a government was +being prepared for them.<a id="noteref_99" name="noteref_99" href="#note_99"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">99</span></span></a> In 1787, conditions in the Illinois +country became too serious to be ignored. The Indian +troubles were grave and persistent, but graver still was +the danger of the rebellion or secession of the Western +Country or else of a war with Spain. The closure of the +Mississippi by Spain made the West desperate. Discontent, +anarchy, and petitions might drag a weary length, +but when troops raised without authority were quartered +at Vincennes, when these troops seized Spanish goods, and +impressed the property of the inhabitants of Vincennes, +and proposed to treat with the Indians, the time for action +was at hand. In April, Gen. Josiah Harmar, then at Falls +of Ohio, was ordered to move the greater part of his +troops to Vincennes to restore order among the distracted +people at that place. Intruders upon the public lands +were to be removed, and the lawless and illegally levied +troops were to be dispersed.<a id="noteref_100" name="noteref_100" href="#note_100"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">100</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Arrived at Vincennes, Gen. Harmar proceeded with +vigor. The resolution of Congress against intruders on +the public lands was published in English and in French. +The inhabitants, especially the Americans whose hold on +their lands was the more insecure, were dismayed, and +French and Americans each prepared a petition to Congress, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page051">[pg 051]</span><a name="Pg051" id="Pg051" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +and appointed Bartholomew Tardiveau, who was +to go to Congress within a month, as their agent. +Tardiveau was especially fitted for this task by his intimate +acquaintance with the land grants of the region. +Each party at Vincennes also prepared an address to Gen. +Harmar, the Americans declaring that they were settled +on French lands and feared that their lands would be +taken from them without payment and asking aid from +Congress, and the French expressing their joy at being +freed from their former bad government. Many of Clark's +militia had made tomahawk-rights, and this added to the +confusion of titles.<a id="noteref_101" name="noteref_101" href="#note_101"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">101</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +From August 9 to 16, Gen. Harmar, with an officer and +thirty men, some Indian hunters, and Tardiveau, journeyed +overland from Vincennes to Kaskaskia, where conditions +were to be investigated. The August sun poured down +its rays upon the parched prairies and dwindling streams. +Water was bad and scarce, but buffalo, deer, bear, and +smaller game were abundant. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Harmar found life in the settlements he visited as crude +as the path he traveled. Kaskaskia was a French village of +one hundred and ninety-one men, old and young, with an +accompaniment of women and children of various mixtures +of white and red blood. Cahokia, then the metropolis, had +two hundred and thirty-nine Frenchmen, old and young, +with an accompaniment similarly mixed. Between these +settlements was Bellefontaine, a small stockade, inhabited +altogether by Americans, who had settled without authority. +The situation was a beautiful one; the land was fertile; there +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page052">[pg 052]</span><a name="Pg052" id="Pg052" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +was no taxation, and the people had an abundance to live +upon. They were much alarmed when told of their precarious +state respecting a title to their lands, and they gave +Tardiveau a petition to carry to Congress. On the route +to Cahokia, another stockade, Grand Ruisseau, similarly +inhabited by Americans, was passed. There were about +thirty other American intruders in the fertile valleys near +the Mississippi, and they, too, gave Tardiveau a petition to +Congress. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Kaskaskia, Peoria, Cahokia, and Mitcha tribes of +Indians numbered only about forty or fifty members, of +whom but ten or eleven individuals composed the Kaskaskia +tribe; but this does not mean that danger from +the Indians was not great, because other and more hostile +tribes came in great numbers to hunt in the Illinois country. +The significance of the diminished numbers of these +particular tribes lies in the fact that they had the strongest +claim to that part of Illinois which would be first needed +for settlement. At Kaskaskia and Cahokia, the French +were advised to obey their magistrates until Congress had +a government ready for them, and Cahokia was advised to +put its militia into better shape, and to put any turbulent +or refractory persons under guard until a government could +be instituted.<a id="noteref_102" name="noteref_102" href="#note_102"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">102</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Having finished his work in the settlements near the +Mississippi, Harmar returned to Vincennes, where he held +councils with the Indians, and on October 1, set out on his +return to Fort Harmar. Although without authority to +give permanent redress, he had persuaded the French at +Vincennes to relinquish their charter and to throw themselves +upon the generosity of Congress. <span class="tei tei-q">“As it would +have been impolitic, after the parade we had made, to +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page053">[pg 053]</span><a name="Pg053" id="Pg053" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +entirely abandon the country,”</span> he left Maj. John F. Hamtramck, +with ninety-five men, at Vincennes.<a id="noteref_103" name="noteref_103" href="#note_103"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">103</span></span></a> Harmar's +visit was doubtless of some value, but he had not been +gone five weeks when Hamtramck wrote to him: <span class="tei tei-q">“Our +civil administration has been, and is, in a great confusion. +Many people are displeased with the Magistrates; how it will go at +the election, which is to be the 2d of Dec<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">r</span></span>, I +know not. But it is to be hoped that Congress will soon +establish some mode of government, for I never saw so +injudicious administration. Application has repeatedly +been made to me for redress. I have avoided to give +answer, not knowing how far my powers extended. In +my opinion, the Minister of War should have that matter +determined, and sincerely beg you would push it. I confess +to you, that I have been very much at a loss how to +act on many occasions.”</span><a id="noteref_104" name="noteref_104" href="#note_104"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">104</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Not earlier than the 24th of November, Tardiveau set out +for Congress with his petitions from the Illinois country. +Harmar was much pleased to have so able a messenger, +and spoke of him as sensible, well-informed, and able to +give a minute and particular description of the western +country, particularly the Illinois. He had been preceded +to Congress by Joseph Parker, of Kaskaskia. Harmar +seems to have regarded Tardiveau as a sort of antidote to +Parker, for he closes his recommendation of the former by +saying: <span class="tei tei-q">“There have been some imposters before Congress, +particularly one Parker, a whining, canting Methodist, +a kind of <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">would-be governor</span></em>. He is extremely +unpopular at Kaskaskia, and despised by the inhabitants.”</span><a id="noteref_105" name="noteref_105" href="#note_105"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">105</span></span></a> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page054">[pg 054]</span><a name="Pg054" id="Pg054" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This detracts from the value of Parker's representations, +which had been made in a letter to St. Clair, the President +of Congress. After explaining that when he left Kaskaskia, +on June 5, 1787, the people did not have an +intended petition ready, Parker complained of the lack of +government in Illinois, the presence of British traders, the +depopulation of the country by the inducements of the +Spaniards, and the high rate at which it was proposed to +sell lands. His complaints were true, although he may +have failed to give them in their proper +proportion.<a id="noteref_106" name="noteref_106" href="#note_106"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">106</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +On July 13, 1787, the Ordinance of 1787 had been +passed by Congress. The Illinois country was at that +time ready for war against the Spanish, who persisted in +closing the Mississippi. The troops, irregularly levied by +George Rogers Clark at Vincennes, had seized some +Spanish goods on the theory that if the Spanish would +not allow the United States to navigate the lower Mississippi, +the Spanish should not be allowed to navigate the +upper Mississippi. John Rice Jones, later the first lawyer +in Illinois, was Clark's commissary.<a id="noteref_107" name="noteref_107" href="#note_107"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">107</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Ordinance of 1787 was the only oil then at hand +for these troubled waters. The situation in Illinois was a +complicated one, and probably the numerical weakness of +the population alone saved the country from disastrous +results. The few Americans in Illinois desired governmental +protection from the Spanish, the Indians, the +British, and any Americans who might seek to jump the +claims of the first squatters; the few French desired +protection from the Spanish, the Americans, the British, +and soon from the Indians; the numerous Indians, permanent +or transient, desired protection from the Spanish, the +Americans, and in rare cases from an Americanized +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page055">[pg 055]</span><a name="Pg055" id="Pg055" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +Frenchman. Americans, French, Spanish, British, and +Indians made an opportunity for many combinations. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +For the French inhabitants, the somewhat paternal +character of the government provided for by the Ordinance +was a matter of no concern. The great rock of offense +for them was the prohibition of slavery. An exodus to +the Spanish side of the Mississippi resulted and St. Louis +profited by what the older villages of Illinois lost.<a id="noteref_108" name="noteref_108" href="#note_108"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">108</span></span></a> In +addition to a justifiable feeling of uncertainty as to +whether they would be allowed to retain their slaves, the +credulous French had their fears wrought upon by persons +interested in the sale of Spanish lands. These persons +took pains to inculcate the belief that all slaves would be +released upon American occupancy. The Spanish officials +were also active. The commandant at St. Louis wrote to +the French at Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and Vincennes, respectively, +inviting them to settle west of the Mississippi and +offering free lands.<a id="noteref_109" name="noteref_109" href="#note_109"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">109</span></span></a> Mr. Tardiveau, the agent for the +Illinois settlers to Congress, tried to induce Congress to +repeal the anti-slavery clause of the Ordinance. He said +that it threatened to be the ruin of Illinois. Designing +persons had told the French that the moment Gen. St. +Clair arrived all their slaves would be free. Failing in his +efforts to secure a repeal, he wrote to Gen. St. Clair, asking +him to secure from Congress a resolution giving the true +intent of the act.<a id="noteref_110" name="noteref_110" href="#note_110"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">110</span></span></a> In this letter, Tardiveau advanced the +doctrine, later so much used, that the evils of slavery +would be mitigated by its diffusion.<a id="noteref_111" name="noteref_111" href="#note_111"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">111</span></span></a> The first panic of +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page056">[pg 056]</span><a name="Pg056" id="Pg056" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +the French only gradually subsided and the question of +slavery was a persistent one. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +One of the most industrious of those interested in the +sale of Spanish lands was George Morgan, of New +Jersey.<a id="noteref_112" name="noteref_112" href="#note_112"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">112</span></span></a> +In 1788, he tried to secure land in Illinois also. +He and his associates petitioned Congress to sell them a +tract of land on the Mississippi. A congressional committee +found upon investigation that the proposed purchase +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page057">[pg 057]</span><a name="Pg057" id="Pg057" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +comprised all of the French settlements in +Illinois.<a id="noteref_113" name="noteref_113" href="#note_113"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">113</span></span></a> +Thereupon was passed the Act of June 20, 1788. According +to its provisions, the French inhabitants of Illinois +were to be confirmed in their possessions and each family +which was living in the district before the year 1783 was +to be given a bounty of four hundred acres. These bounty-lands +were to be laid off in three parallelograms, at Kaskaskia, +Prairie du Rocher, and Cahokia, respectively. +They were to be bounded on the east by the ridge of +rocks—a natural formation trending from north to south, +a short distance to the east of the French settlements. +Morgan was to be sold a large described tract for not less +than sixty-six and two-thirds cents per acre. Indian +titles were to be extinguished if necessary.<a id="noteref_114" name="noteref_114" href="#note_114"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">114</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Act of June 20, 1788, is an important landmark in +the settlement of Illinois. The grant of bounty-lands +was made for the purpose of giving the French settlers a +means of support when the fur-trade and hunting should +have become unprofitable from the advance of American +settlement. This was a clear acknowledgment that the +Indians were right in believing, as they did, that the +American settlement would be fatal to Indian hunting-grounds. +The Indians were soon bitterly hostile. Then, +too, the claims of the settlers to land, founded upon +French, British, or Virginia grants, were to be investigated. +This investigation dragged on year after year, even for +decades, and as it was the policy of the United States +not to sell public land in Illinois until these claims were +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page058">[pg 058]</span><a name="Pg058" id="Pg058" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +settled, the country became a great squatters'<a id="noteref_115" name="noteref_115" href="#note_115"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">115</span></span></a> camp. +The length of the investigation was doubtless due in part +to the utter carelessness of the French in giving and in +keeping their evidences of title. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +By a congressional resolution of August 28, 1788, it was +provided that the lands donated to Illinois settlers should +be located east, instead of west, of the ridge of rocks. As +this would throw the land too far from the settlements to +be available, petitions followed for the restoration of the +provisions of June 20, and in 1791 the original location +was decreed. By a resolution of August 29, 1788, the +governor of the Northwest Territory was ordered to carry +out the provisions of the acts of June 20 and August 28, +1788, respectively.<a id="noteref_116" name="noteref_116" href="#note_116"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">116</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The beginning of operations, in accordance with the acts +just cited, was delayed by the fact that the governor and +judges, appointed under the Ordinance of 1787, and who +alone could institute government under it, did not reach +the Illinois country until 1790. In the meantime, anarchy +continued. Contemporary accounts give a good idea of the +attempts at government during the time, and the fact of +their great interest, combined with the fact that most of +them are yet unpublished, seems to warrant treatment of +the subject at some length. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The court at Kaskaskia met more than a score of times +during 1787 and 1788. Its record consists in large part of +mere meetings and adjournments. All members of the +court were French, while litigants and the single jury +recorded were Americans. Jurors from Bellefontaine +received forty-five livres each, and those from Prairie du +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page059">[pg 059]</span><a name="Pg059" id="Pg059" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +Rocher, twenty-five livres each. This court seems to have +been utterly worthless.<a id="noteref_117" name="noteref_117" href="#note_117"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">117</span></span></a> At Vincennes, matters were at +least as bad. <span class="tei tei-q">“It was the most unjust court that could +have been invented. If anybody called for a court, the +president had 20 livers in peltry; 14 magistrates, each 10 +livers; for a room, 10 livers; other small expenses, 10 +livers; total in peltry, 180 livers—which is 360 in money. So +that a man who had twenty or thirty dollars due, was obliged +to pay, if he wanted a court, 180 livers in peltry: This +court also never granted an execution, but only took care +to have the fees of the court paid. The government of +this country has been in the Le Gras and Gamelin family +for a long time, to the great dissatisfaction of the people, +who presented me a Petition some days ago, wherein they +complained of the injustice of their court—in consequence +of which, I have dissolved the old court, ordered new +magistrates to be elected, and established new regulations +for them to go by.”</span><a id="noteref_118" name="noteref_118" href="#note_118"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">118</span></span></a> Upon the dissolution of the court, +Maj. Hamtramck issued the following: +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“REGULATIONS FOR THE COURT OF POST VINCENNES.</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“In consequence of a Petition presented to me by the +people of Post Vincennes, wherein they complain of the +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page060">[pg 060]</span><a name="Pg060" id="Pg060" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +great expence to which each individual is exposed in the +recovery of his property by the present court, and as they +express a wish to have another mode established for the +administration of justice—I do, therefore, by these presents, +dissolve the said court, and direct that five magistrates +be elected by the suffrages of the people who, when chosen, +will meet and settle their seniority.</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“One magistrate will have power to try causes, not +exceeding fifty livers in peltry. Two magistrates will +determine all causes not exceeding one hundred livers in +peltry,—from their decision any person aggrieved may +(on paying the cost of the suit) appeal to the District +Court, which will consist of three magistrates; the senior +one will preside. They will meet the third Tuesday in every +month and set two days, unless the business before them +be completed within that time. All causes in this court +shall be determined by a jury of twelve inhabitants. Any +person summoned by the sheriff as a juryman who refuses +or neglects to attend, shall be fined the price of a day's +labour. In case of indisposition, he will, previous to the +sitting of the court, inform the clerk, Mr. Antoine Gamelin, +who will order such vacancies to be filled.</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“The fees of the court shall be as follows: A magistrate, +for every cause of fifty livers or upwards in peltry, shall +receive one pistole in peltry, and in proportion for a lesser +sum. The sheriff for serving a writ or a warrant shall +receive three livers in peltry; for levying an execution, 5 +per cent, including the fees of the clerk of the court.</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“The clerk for issuing a writ shall receive three livers in +peltry, and all other fees as heretofore. The jury being +an office which will be reciprocal, are not to receive pay. +All expenses of the court are to be paid by the person that +is cast. This last part may appear to you to be an extraordinary +charge—but my reason for mentioning it is, that +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page061">[pg 061]</span><a name="Pg061" id="Pg061" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +formerly the court made the one who was most able pay +the fees of the court, whether he lost or no.</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“The magistrates, before they enter into the execution +of their office, will take the following oath before the commandant: +I, A., do swear that I will administer justice +impartially, and to the best of my knowledge and understanding, +so help me God.</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Given under my hand this 5th day of April, 1788.”</span> +</p> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">(Signed) <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">J. F. Hamtramck</span></span>,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Maj<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="vertical-align: super">r</span></span>. +Comd'g.<a id="noteref_119" name="noteref_119" href="#note_119"><span class="tei tei-noteref" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">119</span></span></a></div> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A little later, Hamtramck wrote: <span class="tei tei-q">“Our new government +has taken place; five magistrates have been elected by the +suffrage of the people, but not one of the Ottoman families +remains in. One Mr. Miliet, Mr. Henry, Mr. Bagargon, +Capt. Johnson, and Capt. Dalton, have been elected. You +will be surprised to see Dalton in office; but I found that +he had too many friends to refuse him. I keep a watch-side +eye over him, and find that he conducts himself with +great propriety.”</span><a id="noteref_120" name="noteref_120" href="#note_120"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">120</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The relief afforded by the new court was not complete, +for soon came the report: <span class="tei tei-q">“The people are very impatient +to see Gen. St. Clair or some of the judges; in fact, they +are very much wanted.”</span><a id="noteref_121" name="noteref_121" href="#note_121"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">121</span></span></a> The term of the members of +the court expired in April, 1789, and no new members +were elected, because the early arrival of Gen. St. Clair +was expected.<a id="noteref_122" name="noteref_122" href="#note_122"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">122</span></span></a> An interregnum occurred, and +in November, 1789, Hamtramck wrote to Harmar: <span class="tei tei-q">“It is high time +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page062">[pg 062]</span><a name="Pg062" id="Pg062" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +that government should take place in this country, and if +it should happen that the Governor was not to come, nor +any of the Judges, I would beg (for the sake of the people) +that his Excellency would give me certain powers to create +magistrates, a Sheriff and other officers, for the purpose of +establishing Courts of Justice—for, at present, there are +none, owing to the daily expectation of the arrival of the +Governor. Those that had been appointed by the people +last year, their authority has been refused in the courts of +Kentucky, they declaring that by the resolve of Congress, +neither the people of Post Vincennes, or the commanding +officer, had a right to appoint magistrates; that the power +was vested in the Governor only, and that it was an usurped +authority. You see, Sir, how much to the prejudice of the +people their present situation is, and how necessary it is +that some steps should be taken to relieve them.</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“The powers of the magistrates may be circumscribed +as his Excellency may think proper, but the necessity of +having such characters will appear when I assure you that +at present no person here, can administer an oath which +will be considered legal in the courts of Kentucky—and +for the reasons above mentioned.”</span><a id="noteref_123" name="noteref_123" href="#note_123"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">123</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +At last, on June 19, 1790, the judges for the Northwest +Territory arrived at Vincennes.<a id="noteref_124" name="noteref_124" href="#note_124"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">124</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The situation at Kaskaskia was even worse than that at +Vincennes, because Vincennes had a garrison. To understand +the complaints of the time, it is necessary to notice +the relations with Spain. On the first day of 1788, +Hamtramck wrote: <span class="tei tei-q">“The Spanish commanding officers of +the different posts on the Mississippi are encouraging +settlers by giving them lands gratis. A village by the +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page063">[pg 063]</span><a name="Pg063" id="Pg063" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +name of Zewapetas, which is about thirty miles above the +mouth of the Ohio, and which was begun last summer, +consists now of thirty or fifty families.”</span><a id="noteref_125" name="noteref_125" href="#note_125"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">125</span></span></a> In the following +October, Morgan made flattering offers to persons who +would settle at New Madrid.<a id="noteref_126" name="noteref_126" href="#note_126"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">126</span></span></a> At the same time, the +Mississippi was closed to Americans. Joseph St. Marie, of +Vincennes, sent his clerk with a load of peltry to be traded +to the Indians on the banks of the Mississippi. His goods +were seized and confiscated by the Spanish commander at +the Arkansas Post. The commander said that his orders +were to seize all goods of Americans, found in the Mississippi +below the mouth of the Ohio. Upon appeal to Gov. +Miro, of Louisiana, the governor said that the court of +Spain had given orders to send offending traders prisoners +to the mines of Brazil.<a id="noteref_127" name="noteref_127" href="#note_127"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">127</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The combination of inducements to such as would +become Spanish subjects and of severity to such as would +not do so, secured Spain some settlers. Hamtramck +said: <span class="tei tei-q">“I am fearful that the Governor will not find many +people in the Illinois, as they are daily going on the +Spanish side. I believe that all our Americans of Post +Vincennes will go to Morgan—a number of them are +already gone to see him. I am told that Mr. Morgan has +taken unwarrantable measures to invite the people of +Illinois to come to him, saying that the Governor never +would come in that country, and that their negroes were +all free the moment the government should be established—for +which all the remaining good inhabitants propose to +go to him. I can not give you this for certain; I will +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page064">[pg 064]</span><a name="Pg064" id="Pg064" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +know better in a short time, and inform you.”</span><a id="noteref_128" name="noteref_128" href="#note_128"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">128</span></span></a> <span class="tei tei-q">“I have +the honor to enclose you Mr. Morgan's letter <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">at his request</span></em>, +and one for you. You will see in Mr. Morgan's that a +post will be established opposite the Ohio; and if what +Mr. Morgan says is true (which I doubt not), respecting +the inhabitants of the Illinois, the Governor will have no +occasion to go there. Will you be so good as to inform +me if Congress have changed their resolution respecting +the freedom of the negroes of this country; and if they +are free from the day of the resolve, or if from the day it is +published in a district.”</span><a id="noteref_129" name="noteref_129" href="#note_129"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">129</span></span></a> A few weeks later, Harmar wrote +to St. Clair: <span class="tei tei-q">“The emigration continues, it possible, more +rapid than ever; within these twenty days, not less than +one hundred souls have passed [Fort Harmar, at Falls of +Ohio] daily: the people are all taken up with Col. +Morgan's New Madrid.... The generality of the +inhabitants of Kaskaskias, and a number of those at Post +Vincennes, I am informed, have quit those villages, and gone +over to the Spanish side. The arrival of your Excellency +amongst them, I believe is anxiously expected.”</span><a id="noteref_130" name="noteref_130" href="#note_130"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">130</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Indians were very hostile, and it is noteworthy that +by the middle of 1789, the comparative immunity of the +French from attack had ceased. Only negroes were safe, +and they, probably, because they sold well.<a id="noteref_131" name="noteref_131" href="#note_131"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">131</span></span></a> Civil +government was at low ebb in the Kaskaskia region. By +January, 1789, the court at Kaskaskia had dissolved.<a id="noteref_132" name="noteref_132" href="#note_132"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">132</span></span></a> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page065">[pg 065]</span><a name="Pg065" id="Pg065" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The depopulation of Illinois led Hamtramck to write to +Bartholomew Tardiveau, at the Falls of Ohio, asking +whether it were true that the slaves of the French were to +be free. Tardiveau responded that it was not true, and +that he had written from New York, the preceding +December, to Hamtramck and to Illinois concerning the +matter, but that his letters had been intercepted. The +true meaning of the resolve of Congress was published at +Vincennes upon the receipt of Tardiveau's letter and was +to be published in Illinois at the first opportunity. The +narration of these facts was closed by the statement that +if the governor or the judges did not come soon, most of +the people would go to the Spanish side, <span class="tei tei-q">“for they begin to +think there are no such men as a Governor or Judges.”</span><a id="noteref_133" name="noteref_133" href="#note_133"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">133</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In September, 1789, Hamtramck received the following +petition from Kaskaskia: +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“To John Francis Hamtramck, Esqr., Major of the 1st +U. S. Reg<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">t.</span></span> and commandant at +Post Vincennes, &c. &c.</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“The inhabitants of Kaskaskias, in the Illinois, beg +leave to address you, as the next commanding officer in +the service of the United States, to lay before you the +deplorable situation we are reduced to, and the absolute +necessity of our being speedily succoured to prevent as +well our total ruin, as that of the place.</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“The Indians are greatly more numerous than the white +people, and are rather hostilely inclined; the name of an +American among them is a disgrace, because we have no +superior. Our horses, horned cattle, and corn are stolen +and destroyed without the power of making any effectual +resistance. Our houses are in ruin and decay; our lands +are uncultivated; debtors absconded and absconding; our +little commerce destroyed. We are apprehensive of a +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page066">[pg 066]</span><a name="Pg066" id="Pg066" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +dearth of corn, and our best prospects are misery and +distress, or what is more than probable an untimely death +by the hands of Savages.</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“We are well convinced that all these misfortunes have +befallen us for want of some superior, or commanding +authority; for ever since the cession of this Territory to +Congress, we have been neglected as an abandoned people, +to encounter all the difficulties that are always attendant +upon anarchy and confusion; neither did we know from +authority until latterly, to what power we were subject. +The greater part of our citizens have left the country on +this account to reside in the Spanish dominions; others +are now following, and we are fearful, nay, certain, that +without your assistance, the small remainder will be +obliged to follow their example.</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Thus situated, our last resource is to you, Sir, hoping +and praying that you will so far use your authority to save +an almost deserted country from destruction, and to order +or procure the small number of twenty men with an +officer, to be stationed among us for our defence; and that +you will make order for the establishment of a civil court +to take place immediately and to continue in force until +the pleasure of his Excellency the Governor shall be +known, and to whom we beg you would communicate our +distress.</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“We beg your answer by the return of the bearer, +addressed to the Rev<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">d</span></span> Mr. Le Dru, our Priest, who +signs this in the name and at the request, of the inhabitants.</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Dated at Kaskaskia the fourteenth day of September, +1789.</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“Ledru, curé Des Kaskaskias pour tous les habitans +Français de l'endroit et outres voisins de la partie Americaine.</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Jno Edgar.</span></span>”</span><a id="noteref_134" name="noteref_134" href="#note_134"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">134</span></span></a> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page067">[pg 067]</span><a name="Pg067" id="Pg067" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +John Edgar offered to furnish provisions for the twenty +soldiers asked for in the petition, and to take bills on +Congress in payment.<a id="noteref_135" name="noteref_135" href="#note_135"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">135</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Hamtramck responded to the petition by saying that +sickness prevailed among the troops at Vincennes to such +an extent that twenty men could not be sent thence to +Kaskaskia, but that the request would be sent to headquarters. +As to the civil department, the people were +advised to elect two or three magistrates in every village. +These should prevent debtors from leaving, and should +levy on the goods of such debtors as had already gone to +the Spanish side. <span class="tei tei-q">“Let your magistrates be respectable +men by their moral character, as well as in point of property; +let them attend with vigilance to all disputes that +may arise amongst you, and in a particular manner to the +Indian affairs.”</span><a id="noteref_136" name="noteref_136" href="#note_136"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">136</span></span></a> This reply reached Edgar on the night +of October 27, 1789. The next day, Edgar wrote to +Hamtramck saying that it was probable that the recommendations +in regard to establishing a civil government +could not be carried out without a military force. The +French were easily governed by a superior, but they knew +nothing of government by an equal. Indians were constantly +incited by the Spanish. They stole horses and +escaped to the Spanish side. Edgar enclosed correspondence +and depositions showing that on the night of the +eighth of October, John Dodge and Michael Antanya, +with a party of whites and Indians, came from the Spanish +side to Kaskaskia, made an unsuccessful attempt to carry +off some of Edgar's slaves, and threatened to burn the +village. He adds <span class="tei tei-q">“[In] the spring it is impossible I can +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page068">[pg 068]</span><a name="Pg068" id="Pg068" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +stand my ground, surrounded as we are by savage enemies. +I have waited five years in hopes of a government; I shall +still wait until March, as I may be able to withstand them +in the winter season, but if no succour nor government +should then arrive, I shall be compelled to abandon the +country, and I shall go to live at St. Louis. Inclination, +interest and love for the country prompt me to reside here, +but when in so doing it is ten to one but both my life and +property will fall a sacrifice, you nor any impartial mind +can blame me for the part I shall take.”</span><a id="noteref_137" name="noteref_137" href="#note_137"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">137</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +One day later, John Rice Jones wrote from Kaskaskia. +The answer to the petition sent by Ducoigne and addressed +to Ledru and Edgar, had been opened by the latter in the +absence and by the consent of the former. Ledru had +gone to be priest at St. Louis. At first he had refused the +offer of the position, but when he received his tithes at +Kaskaskia, he found that they would not support him, so +he was compelled to move. He met no better treatment +than de la Valiniere and Gibault before him, and no priest +was likely to fare any better until a government was +established. St. Pierre, priest at Cahokia, had gone to be +priest at Ste. Genevieve, and it was said that Gibault was +to be priest at L'Anse a la Graisse (New Madrid). +Morgan had been coolly received at New Orleans, and his +boasted settlement at New Madrid was almost broken up. +The attempted seizure of Edgar's negroes could not be +punished, because there was no one with authority to +remonstrate with the Spanish, and private remonstrances +were unheeded. The Spanish were making every effort to +depopulate Illinois. They well knew that the people +would follow their priests. Flattering offers had been +made to Edgar by the Spanish, among them being free +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page069">[pg 069]</span><a name="Pg069" id="Pg069" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +lands, no taxes, and free permission to work at the lead +mines and salt springs. He had refused all offers, but if +government was not established by the next March he +would go to St. Louis, and if he went, Kaskaskia would +be practically at an end. Twenty-four British trading-boats +from Michilimackinac were on the Mississippi on +the American side opposite the mouth of the Missouri. +Their purpose was to attract Indian trade.<a id="noteref_138" name="noteref_138" href="#note_138"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">138</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Gov. St. Clair arrived at Kaskaskia on March 5, +1790.<a id="noteref_139" name="noteref_139" href="#note_139"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">139</span></span></a> +With his coming anarchy technically ceased, but naturally +the institution of an orderly government was a gradual +process. In August, Tardiveau wrote to Hamtramck +from Kaskaskia, saying that he hoped that Maj. Wyllys +had given Hamtramck such a specimen of the difficulty +of establishing a regular government and organizing the +militia in Illinois as would induce the sending of a few +regular troops from Vincennes. Even ten men would be +a help. The Indians daily stole horses, and Tardiveau +tried to raise a force to go and punish the offenders, but +he was effectually opposed by a lawless band of ringleaders. +A militia law and the Illinois civil power were +useless to remedy the matter. There were plenty of provisions +in Illinois to supply any soldiers that might be +sent.<a id="noteref_140" name="noteref_140" href="#note_140"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">140</span></span></a> Tardiveau +was then lieutenant-colonel of the first +regiment of militia, and also judge of probate, having +been appointed by the governor.<a id="noteref_141" name="noteref_141" href="#note_141"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">141</span></span></a> Harmar replied that it +was utterly impracticable to comply with Tardiveau's +request for soldiers.<a id="noteref_142" name="noteref_142" href="#note_142"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">142</span></span></a> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page070">[pg 070]</span><a name="Pg070" id="Pg070" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +On June 20, 1788, a congressional committee reported +that there were about eighty families at Kaskaskia, twelve +at Prairie du Rocher, four or five at Fort Chartres and St. +Philips, and about fifty at Cahokia, making one hundred +and forty-six or one hundred and forty-seven families +in these villages.<a id="noteref_143" name="noteref_143" href="#note_143"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">143</span></span></a> In 1766-7, the same villages, with +Vincennes, were supposed to have about two thousand +inhabitants<a id="noteref_144" name="noteref_144" href="#note_144"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">144</span></span></a>; and about five years later, 1772, there were +some fifteen hundred inhabitants in these villages, not +including Vincennes.<a id="noteref_145" name="noteref_145" href="#note_145"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">145</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It is not surprising that the population of the Illinois +country decreased from 1765 to 1790. During these years, +British and Americans had attempted to impose upon the +French settlers a form of government for which they had +neither desire nor aptitude. The attempt to immediately +transform a subject people was a signal failure, but neither +the attempt nor the failure was unique. +</p> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page071">[pg 071]</span><a name="Pg071" id="Pg071" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc7" id="toc7"></a> +<a name="pdf8" id="pdf8"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter III.</span></h1> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> +<a name="toc9" id="toc9"></a> +<a name="pdf10" id="pdf10"></a> +<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">I. The Land and Indian Questions. 1790 to 1809.</span></h2> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A proclamation issued by Estevan Miro, Governor +and Intendant of the Provinces of Louisiana and Florida +in 1789, offered to immigrants a liberal donation of land, +graduated according to the number of laborers in the +family; freedom of religion and from payment of tithes, +although no public worship except Catholic would be +allowed; freedom from taxation; and a free market at +New Orleans for produce or manufactures. All settlers +must swear allegiance to Spain.<a id="noteref_146" name="noteref_146" href="#note_146"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">146</span></span></a> This proclamation came +at a time when the West was divided in opinion as to +whether to make war upon Spain for her closure of the +Mississippi or to secede from the United States and +become a part of Spain.<a id="noteref_147" name="noteref_147" href="#note_147"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">147</span></span></a> It tended to continue the emigration +from the Illinois country to Spanish territory, for +public land was not yet for sale in Illinois. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +To the professional rover, the inability to secure a title +to land was the cause of small concern, but the more +substantial and desirable the settler, the more concerned +was he about the matter. Settlement and improvements +were retarded. Before the affairs of the Ohio Company +had progressed far enough to permit sales of land to +settlers, the little company at Marietta saw, with deep +chagrin, thousands of settlers float by on their way to +Kentucky, where land could be bought.<a id="noteref_148" name="noteref_148" href="#note_148"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">148</span></span></a> Squatters in +Illinois were constantly expecting that the public lands +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page072">[pg 072]</span><a name="Pg072" id="Pg072" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +would soon be offered for sale. The natural result was +petitions for the right of preëmption, because without such +a right, the settler was in danger of losing whatever +improvements he had made. In 1790, James Piggott and +forty-five others petitioned for such a right. The petitioners +stated that they had settled since 1783 and had +suffered much from Indians. They could not cultivate +their land except under guard. Seventeen families had no +more tillable land than four could tend. The land on which +they lived was the property of two individuals.<a id="noteref_149" name="noteref_149" href="#note_149"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">149</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + </p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 60%; text-align: center"><img src="images/illus-1.png" alt="Illustration: Indian Cessions." /></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Petitions from various classes of settlers, not provided +for by the acts of June 20, August 28, and August 29, +1788, led Congress to pass the act of March 3, 1791. By +this act, four hundred acres was to be given to each head +of a family who, in 1783, was resident in the Illinois +country or at Vincennes, and who had since moved from +the one to the other. The same donation was to be made +to all persons who had moved away, if they should return +within five years. Such persons should also have confirmed +to them the land they originally held. This was intended +to bring back persons who had gone to the Spanish side of +the Mississippi. Grants previously made by courts having +no authority should be confirmed to persons who had +made improvements, to an extent not exceeding four +hundred acres to any one person. As these lands had in +some cases been repeatedly sold, the parties making the +improvements were frequently guiltless of any knowledge +of fraud. The Cahokia commons were confirmed to that +village. One hundred acres was to be granted to each +militiaman enrolled on August 1, 1790, and who had +received no other grant.<a id="noteref_150" name="noteref_150" href="#note_150"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">150</span></span></a> This act throws considerable +light on the causes of discontent then prevailing among +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page073">[pg 073]</span><a name="Pg073" id="Pg073" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +the settlers and on the conditions to which immigrants +came. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This same spring, about two hundred and fifty of the +inhabitants of Vincennes had gone to settle at New Madrid.<a id="noteref_151" name="noteref_151" href="#note_151"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">151</span></span></a> +It is not strange that the act of March 3, 1791, made +provisions intended to induce the Americans who had emigrated +to the Spanish possessions to return. The history +of the threatened Spanish aggression upon the western +part of the United States is known in essence to anyone +who has made the slightest special study of the period at +which it was at its height. Morgan's scheme for a purchase +of land in Illinois was not carried out, and he turned +his attention to peopling his settlement at New Madrid. +Down the Mississippi to New Orleans seemed the natural +route for Illinois commerce. Slavery flourished unmolested +west of the Mississippi. In 1794, Baron de Carondolet +gave orders to the governor of Natchez to incite the +Chickasaw Indians to expel the Americans from Fort +Massac. The governor refused to obey the order, because +Fort Massac had been occupied by the Americans in +pursuance of a request by the Spanish representative at +the capital of the United States that the president would +put a stop to the proposed expedition of the French +against the Spanish. The claim was advanced by Carondolet +that the Americans had no right to the land on +which the fort stood, but that the land belonged to the +Chickasaws, who were independent allies of Spain. Two +other reasons given for not obeying the order were that it +would preclude the successful issue of the Spanish intrigue +for the separation of Kentucky from the United States, +and would hinder negotiations, then pending, for a commercial +treaty between Spain and the United States.<a id="noteref_152" name="noteref_152" href="#note_152"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">152</span></span></a> +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page074">[pg 074]</span><a name="Pg074" id="Pg074" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +Carondolet regarded the Indians as Spain's best defence +against the Americans,<a id="noteref_153" name="noteref_153" href="#note_153"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">153</span></span></a> yet the whites prepared for defence, +and in anticipation of the proposed French expedition of +George Rogers Clark, a garrison of thirty men and an +officer was placed at Ste. Genevieve, opposite Kaskaskia. +Carondolet said: <span class="tei tei-q">“This will suffice to prevent the smuggling +carried on by the Americans of the settlement of Kaskaskias +situated opposite, which increases daily.”</span><a id="noteref_154" name="noteref_154" href="#note_154"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">154</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Early in 1796, a petition was sent from Kaskaskia to Congress. +The petitioners desired that they might be permitted +to locate their donation of four hundred acres per family +on Long Prairie, a few miles above Kaskaskia, on the Kaskaskia +River, and that the expense of surveying the land +might be paid by the United States. The act granting +the donation-land had provided for its location between +the Kaskaskia and the Mississippi. This land the petitioners +declared to be private land and some of it was of +poor quality.<a id="noteref_155" name="noteref_155" href="#note_155"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">155</span></span></a> +Confirmation of land claims directed to be +made upon the Governor's visit in 1790 were delayed by +the lack of a surveyor and the poverty of the +inhabitants.<a id="noteref_156" name="noteref_156" href="#note_156"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">156</span></span></a> +The petition was signed by John Edgar, William Morrison, +William St. Clair, and John Demoulin<a id="noteref_157" name="noteref_157" href="#note_157"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">157</span></span></a> <span class="tei tei-q">“for the inhabitants +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page075">[pg 075]</span><a name="Pg075" id="Pg075" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +of the counties of St. Clair and Randolph”</span><a id="noteref_158" name="noteref_158" href="#note_158"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">158</span></span></a>—the +Illinois counties. The petitioners ranked high in the +mercantile and legal life of the Illinois settlements, but +they must have been novices in the art of petitioning if +they thought that a petition signed by four men from the +Illinois country, with no sign of their being legally representative, +would be regarded by Congress as an expression +of the opinion of the Northwest Territory. The part of +the petition relating to lands was granted, but the major +part, which related to other subjects, was denied on the +ground that the petitioners probably did not represent +public sentiment.<a id="noteref_159" name="noteref_159" href="#note_159"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">159</span></span></a> During this same year Congress denied +a number of petitions for the right of preëmption in the +Northwest Territory, because such a right would encourage +illegal settling. It was also during this year that the first +sales of public land in the Northwest Territory were +authorized. The land to be sold was in what is now Ohio. +No tract of less than four thousand acres could be purchased.<a id="noteref_160" name="noteref_160" href="#note_160"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">160</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In 1800, two hundred and sixty-eight inhabitants of +Illinois, chiefly French, petitioned Congress that Indian +titles to land in the southern part of Illinois might be +extinguished and the land offered for sale; that tracts of +land at the distance of a day's journey from each other, +lying between Vincennes and the Illinois settlements, +might be ceded to such persons as would keep taverns, and +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page076">[pg 076]</span><a name="Pg076" id="Pg076" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +that one or two garrisons might be stationed in Illinois. +The petitioners state that the Kaskaskia tribe of Indians +numbered not more than fifteen members and that their +title to land could be easily extinguished; that not enough +land is open to settlement to admit a population sufficient +to support ordinary county establishments; that roads are +much needed, and that many of the inhabitants are crossing +the Mississippi with their slaves. The petition was +not considered.<a id="noteref_161" name="noteref_161" href="#note_161"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">161</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A new factor now appears in the forces affecting Illinois +settlement. The Northwest Territory having advanced to +the second grade of territorial government, in December, +1799, its delegate took his seat in Congress. The step +was an important one for the struggling colony. Before +this time such petitions as were prepared by inhabitants +of the territory for the consideration of Congress +had been subjected to all the vicissitudes of being addressed +to some public officer or of being confided to some member +of Congress who represented a different portion of the +country. Up to this time the public lands could only be +bought in tracts of four thousand acres. Largely through +the influence of the delegate from the Northwest Territory, +a bill was passed which authorized the sale of sections and +half-sections. In consequence, emigration soon began to +flow rapidly into Ohio. Land in Illinois was not yet +offered for sale, but this bill is important because the policy +of offering land in smaller tracts was to continue.<a id="noteref_162" name="noteref_162" href="#note_162"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">162</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The territorial delegate was also active in procuring the +passage of a bill for the division of the Northwest Territory. +While the bill was pending, a petition from Illinois, +praying for the division and for the establishment of such +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page077">[pg 077]</span><a name="Pg077" id="Pg077" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +a government in the western part as was provided for by +the Ordinance of 1787, was presented. The act for +division was signed by the President on May 7, 1800; it +formed Indiana Territory, with Vincennes as its capital.<a id="noteref_163" name="noteref_163" href="#note_163"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">163</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The propositions made by a convention of representatives +elected by the citizens of Indiana to prepare petitions +to Congress, near the close of 1802, illustrate the needs of +the time. It was desired that the Indian title to land lying +in Southern Illinois and Southwestern Indiana might be +extinguished and the land sold in smaller tracts and at a +lower price;<a id="noteref_164" name="noteref_164" href="#note_164"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">164</span></span></a> +that a preëmption act might be passed; that +a grant of seminary and school lands might be made; that +land for taverns, twenty miles or less apart, might be +granted along certain specified routes; that donation-lands +might be chosen in separate tracts, instead of in three +specified areas, in order to avoid <span class="tei tei-q">“absolutely useless”</span> +prairies, and also lands claimed by ancient grants; and that +the qualification of a freehold of fifty acres of land, prescribed +for the electors of representatives to the territorial +legislature, might be changed to manhood suffrage, because +the freehold qualification was said to tend <span class="tei tei-q">“to throw too +great a weight in the scale of wealth.”</span> The petition was +considered in committees, but it led to no legislation.<a id="noteref_165" name="noteref_165" href="#note_165"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">165</span></span></a> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page078">[pg 078]</span><a name="Pg078" id="Pg078" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +None of the above complaints was better founded than +that concerning the restriction of the suffrage, and it is +well to note subsequent proceedings in regard to it. No +qualification less suitable to the time and place could well +have been devised, and this is especially true of the Illinois +portion of the territory, because there unsettled French +claims were to delay the sales of public lands until 1814, +and thus early settlers could neither buy land nor vote +unless they owned it, unless indeed they purchased land +claims from the needy and unbusiness-like French. An +interesting petition of 1807 from the settlement on Richland +Creek,<a id="noteref_166" name="noteref_166" href="#note_166"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">166</span></span></a> for the right of preëmption, throws light upon +conditions then obtaining. The petitioner inclosed a map +of the settlement, with the following explanation: <span class="tei tei-q">“Those +persons whose names are enclosed in said plot, within surveyed +lines, have confirmed and located rights, amounting +to 3,775 acres; ... the residue of the said settlers, +occupying about 6,000 acres of land, have, without any +right, settled upon the public land.”</span> The map shows that +there were eleven owners and twenty-two squatters.<a id="noteref_167" name="noteref_167" href="#note_167"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">167</span></span></a> As +the law then stood, the twenty-two squatters, occupying +more than three-fifths of the land, could not vote. The +eleven land-owners must have secured their land either +under the acts of 1788 or that of 1791, or by the purchase +of French claims, a trade vigorously carried on. In 1808,<a id="noteref_168" name="noteref_168" href="#note_168"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">168</span></span></a> +Congress so far extended the suffrage in Indiana as to +make the ownership of a town lot worth one hundred +dollars an alternative qualification to the possession of a +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page079">[pg 079]</span><a name="Pg079" id="Pg079" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +freehold of fifty acres. This was in advance of the law in +some of the Eastern states. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +After 1802, the land question can not be traced without +reference to the Indian question in Illinois. That question +became important as soon as American occupation was +assured, and it remained important for fifty years after the +Revolution. The desire of the American settlers for land +was directly counter to the desire of the Indians to preserve +their hunting-grounds. Before the close of the eighteenth +century, the list of bloody deeds in Illinois had grown +long.<a id="noteref_169" name="noteref_169" href="#note_169"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">169</span></span></a> +The United States Government appreciated the +gravity of the situation and early made efforts to purchase +the land from the Indians. That part of the treaty of +Greenville, of 1795, which affected Illinois, extinguished +the Indian title to a tract six miles square, at the mouth of +Chicago River; one six miles square, at Peoria; one twelve +miles square, near the mouth of the Illinois River; the +post of Fort Massac, and the land in the possession of the +whites.<a id="noteref_170" name="noteref_170" href="#note_170"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">170</span></span></a> The treaty of Fort Wayne, in 1803, ceded four +square miles or less, at the salt springs on Saline Creek, and +some land west and southwest from Vincennes. This treaty, +with another made in the following August, ceded three +tracts of land, each one mile square, between Vincennes +and Kaskaskia, to be sites for taverns.<a id="noteref_171" name="noteref_171" href="#note_171"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">171</span></span></a> The treaty of +Vincennes, of August, 1803, ceded land in Illinois bounded +by the Ohio, the Mississippi, the Illinois, and the western +watershed of the Wabash, except three hundred and fifty +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page080">[pg 080]</span><a name="Pg080" id="Pg080" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +acres near Kaskaskia, and twelve hundred and eighty +acres to be located. This last treaty was made with the +depleted Kaskaskia tribe.<a id="noteref_172" name="noteref_172" href="#note_172"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">172</span></span></a> As the claims of various tribes +overlapped, an Indian treaty rarely signifies that all controversy +in regard to the land ceded is at an end. +Frequently one or more treaties must yet be made with +other tribes, and frequently a tribe refuses to abide by its +agreement. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Previous to 1804, no land was sold in the Northwest +Territory west of the mouth of the Kentucky River. An +act of March 26 of that year provided for the opening of +a land-office at Detroit to sell lands north of Ohio; one at +Vincennes to sell lands in its vicinity ceded by the treaty +of Fort Wayne; and one at Kaskaskia to sell so much of +the land ceded by the treaty of Vincennes (August, 1803) +as was not claimed by any other tribe than those represented +in the cession. The register and the receiver of +public moneys of these respective districts were to be +commissioners to settle private land claims. Evidences of +claims should be filed before January 1, 1805, and after +the adjustment of claims the public lands should be sold +at auction to the highest bidder. Two dollars per acre +was to be the minimum price; no land should be sold +in less than quarter-sections, except fractional portions +caused by irregularities in topography or survey, and lands +unsold after the auction might be sold at private sale. +Although this act provided for the sale of public lands in +Illinois after private claims should have been satisfied, and +directed that such claims should be filed not later than +January 1, 1805, Congress repeatedly extended the time +for the filing of claims, and ten years after the passage of +this act there were still unsatisfied claims.<a id="noteref_173" name="noteref_173" href="#note_173"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">173</span></span></a> Not until +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page081">[pg 081]</span><a name="Pg081" id="Pg081" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +1814 did sales of public land begin in Illinois. The delay +retarded immigration of that class which would have made +the most desirable citizens. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +By the treaty of St. Louis, November 3, 1804, the Sauk +and Foxes ceded that part of Illinois west of the Illinois +and Fox rivers. Black Hawk, the principal chief of the +Sauk, did not sign the treaty.<a id="noteref_174" name="noteref_174" href="#note_174"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">174</span></span></a> By the treaty of Vincennes, +1805, the Piankashaws ceded a tract lying between the +lower Wabash and its western watershed.<a id="noteref_175" name="noteref_175" href="#note_175"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">175</span></span></a> No more Indian +titles to land in Illinois were extinguished, and no public +land was sold in Illinois until after that part of the country +became a separate territory. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Early in 1806, there came to Congress from Illinois a +petition which betrayed the anxiety of the French settlers, +and of the Americans who had bought French claims, lest +the peculiar shape of their holdings should be disturbed by +the orderly system of government surveys. The petitioners +asked that a line might be run from a point north of +Cahokia to an unspecified river south of Kaskaskia, in +such a manner as to include all settlements between the +two points, and that the land so included be exempt from +the mode of survey and terms of sale of other public lands +of the United States. The petition was apparently not +reported upon, but a detailed map of the region referred +to shows that the holdings were left in their bewildering +complexity.<a id="noteref_176" name="noteref_176" href="#note_176"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">176</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +By the time Indiana Territory was divided some progress +had been made in extinguishing Indian titles, and some +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page082">[pg 082]</span><a name="Pg082" id="Pg082" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +also in investigating land claims of the French and their +assignees; but the American immigrant had still the hard +choice of buying a French claim with uncertain title or +squatting on government land with the risk of losing +whatever improvement he might make, and often the +added risk of being killed by the suspicious, hostile, +untrustworthy Indians. This was one class of hindrances +to settlement. Another hindrance, next to be noticed, was +the unstable governmental conditions following the anarchy +already recited. +</p> + +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> +<a name="toc11" id="toc11"></a> +<a name="pdf12" id="pdf12"></a> +<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">II. Government Succeeding the Period +of Anarchy, 1790 to 1809.</span></h2> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +When St. Clair County was formed, in 1790, it was +made to include all the settlements of the Northwest +Territory to the westward of Vincennes. On account +of its geographical extent it was divided into three judicial +districts, but it could not be made into three separate +counties, because there were not enough men capable of +holding office to furnish the necessary officials. The American +settlers were few and a large proportion of them were +unskilled in matters of government, while the French were +totally unfit to govern. In 1795, St. Clair, when referring +to conditions in 1790, wrote that since then the population +of Illinois had decreased considerably.<a id="noteref_177" name="noteref_177" href="#note_177"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">177</span></span></a> Combining this +decrease with the fact that there were in the settlements in +what is now Missouri 1491 inhabitants in 1785, 2093 in +1788, and 6028, including 883 slaves, in 1799,<a id="noteref_178" name="noteref_178" href="#note_178"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">178</span></span></a> the conclusion +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page083">[pg 083]</span><a name="Pg083" id="Pg083" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +is inevitable that emigration across the Mississippi +was the immediate cause of the decrease in Illinois. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In 1795, notwithstanding the decreased population, and +perhaps in the hope of checking the decrease, St. Clair +County was divided by proclamation of Governor St. Clair. +The division was by an east and west line running a little +south of the settlement of New Design.<a id="noteref_179" name="noteref_179" href="#note_179"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">179</span></span></a> St. Clair County +lay to the north, Randolph County to the south of the +line.<a id="noteref_180" name="noteref_180" href="#note_180"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">180</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The early laws of the Northwest Territory throw light +upon the conditions existing upon the frontier. Minute +provisions for establishing and maintaining ferries, with no +mention of bridges, indicate the primitive methods of +travel.<a id="noteref_181" name="noteref_181" href="#note_181"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">181</span></span></a> Millers were required to use a prescribed set of +measures and to grind for a prescribed toll, the toll for the +use of a horse-mill being higher than that for a water-mill, +unless the owner of the grain furnished the +horses.<a id="noteref_182" name="noteref_182" href="#note_182"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">182</span></span></a> +Guide-posts were to be put up at the forks of every public +road.<a id="noteref_183" name="noteref_183" href="#note_183"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">183</span></span></a> No stray stock should be taken up between the +first of April and the first of November, unless the stray +should have broken into the inclosure of the +taker-up.<a id="noteref_184" name="noteref_184" href="#note_184"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">184</span></span></a> In +those days stock was turned out and crops were fenced in. +Prairies or cleared land were not to be fired except between +December 1 and March 10, unless upon one's own +land.<a id="noteref_185" name="noteref_185" href="#note_185"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">185</span></span></a> +The following rates of county taxation were prescribed: +</p> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Horses, per head, not more than $.50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Neat cattle, not more than .12-½</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Bond servant, not more than 1.00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Single man, 21 yrs. or older, with less than +$200 worth of property, not more than 2.00 nor less than .50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Retail merchants, not more than 10.00<a id="noteref_186" name="noteref_186" href="#note_186"><span class="tei tei-noteref" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">186</span></span></a></div> +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page084">[pg 084]</span><a name="Pg084" id="Pg084" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A bounty, varying at different times between 1799 and +1810 from 50 cents to $2 per head, was given for killing +wolves.<a id="noteref_187" name="noteref_187" href="#note_187"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">187</span></span></a> Imprisonment for debt, a law antedating by +many years similar laws in several of the other parts of the +United States, was practically abolished.<a id="noteref_188" name="noteref_188" href="#note_188"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">188</span></span></a> A frontier +region does not have that social stratification which makes +oppression of the debtor class easy. A county too poor +to build a log jail without difficulty is not likely to be so +senseless as to make a practice of confining and boarding +its debtor class. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +For the purpose of taxation land was to be listed in +three classes according to value. No specification as to the +value of the respective classes was prescribed. The tax +was eighty-five, sixty, or twenty-five cents per one hundred +acres, according as land was first, second, or third +class. No unimproved land in Illinois was to be listed +higher than second class.<a id="noteref_189" name="noteref_189" href="#note_189"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">189</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The laws above cited were enacted by the legislature of +the Northwest Territory. In May, 1800, that territory was +divided, the western part, including Illinois, becoming +Indiana Territory. This made the Illinois country more +distinctly frontier by again reducing it to the first grade of +territorial government, Indiana Territory, as such, not being +represented in Congress until December, 1805.<a id="noteref_190" name="noteref_190" href="#note_190"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">190</span></span></a> Among +the reasons advanced for dividing the Northwest Territory +was the fact that in five years there had been but one +court for criminal cases in the three western +counties.<a id="noteref_191" name="noteref_191" href="#note_191"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">191</span></span></a> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page085">[pg 085]</span><a name="Pg085" id="Pg085" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Illinois soon sought admission to the second grade of +territorial government. In April, 1801, John Edgar wrote +from Kaskaskia to St. Clair: <span class="tei tei-q">“During a few weeks past, we +have put into circulation petitions addressed to Governor +Harrison, for a General Assembly, and we have had the +satisfaction to find that about nine-tenths of the inhabitants +of the counties of St. Clair and Randolph approve of +the measure, a great proportion of whom have already put +their signatures to the petition.... I have no doubt +but that the undertaking will meet with early success, so as +to admit of the House of Representatives meeting in the +fall.”</span><a id="noteref_192" name="noteref_192" href="#note_192"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">192</span></span></a> The movement for advancement to the second +grade was not, however, destined to such early success, +and when it did take place such a change had occurred +that Illinois was much enraged. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Illinois country early became restive under the +government of Indiana Territory. Much the same causes +for discontent existed as had caused Kentucky to wish to +separate from Virginia, Tennessee from North Carolina, +and the country west of the Alleghanies from the United +States. In each case a frontier minority saw its wishes, if +not its rights, infringed by a more eastern majority. In +each case the eastern people were themselves too weak to +furnish sufficient succor to the struggling West. The +conflict was natural and inevitable. The grave charge +against Governor Harrison, who had large powers of patronage, +was local favoritism. So discontented was Illinois, +that in 1803 it had petitioned for annexation to the territory +of Louisiana when such territory should be formed.<a id="noteref_193" name="noteref_193" href="#note_193"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">193</span></span></a> +Antagonism to the Indiana government became still more +bitter when, in December, 1804, after an election which +was so hurried that an outlying county did not get to vote, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page086">[pg 086]</span><a name="Pg086" id="Pg086" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +the territory entered the second grade of territorial +government.<a id="noteref_194" name="noteref_194" href="#note_194"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">194</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In the summer of 1805, discontent in Illinois was again +expressed in a memorial to Congress. About three hundred +and fifty inhabitants of the region petitioned for a +division of Indiana Territory, From the Illinois settlements +to the capital, Vincennes, was said to be one hundred +and eighty miles, <span class="tei tei-q">“through a dreary and inhospitable +wilderness, uninhabited, and which during one part of the +year, can scarcely afford water sufficient to sustain nature, +and that of the most indifferent quality, besides presenting +other hardships equally severe, while in another it is part +under water, and in places to the extent of some miles, by +which the road is rendered almost impassable, and the +traveler is not only subjected to the greatest difficulties, +but his life placed in the most imminent danger.”</span> It +resulted that the attendance of Illinois inhabitants upon +either the legislature or the supreme court was fraught +with many inconveniences. Because of the extensive +prairies between Illinois and Vincennes, <span class="tei tei-q">“a communication +between them and the settlements east of that river [the +Wabash] can not in the common course of things, for +centuries yet to come, be supported with the least benefit, +or be of the least moment to either of them.”</span> Illinois +objected to having been precipitated into the second grade +of government. In the election for that purpose, said the +memorialists, only Knox county voted in the affirmative, +and Wayne county did not vote, because the writs of +election arrived too late. Since entering the second grade +the County of Wayne (Michigan) had been struck off. It +was believed that if the prayer for separation should be +granted, the rage for emigration to Louisiana would, in +great measure, cease, the value of public lands in Illinois +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page087">[pg 087]</span><a name="Pg087" id="Pg087" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +would be increased, and their sale would also be more +rapid, while an increased population would render Illinois +flourishing and self-supporting rather than a claimant for +governmental support.<a id="noteref_195" name="noteref_195" href="#note_195"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">195</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +At the same time that Congress received the above +memorial, it received a petition from a majority of the +members of the respective houses of the Indiana legislature. +This petition asked that the freehold qualification +for electors be abolished; that Indiana Territory be not +divided, and that the undivided territory be soon made a +state. It was said that the people were too poor to +support a divided government, and that as the general +court met annually in each county it was slight hardship +to the frontier to have the supreme court meet at Vincennes.<a id="noteref_196" name="noteref_196" href="#note_196"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">196</span></span></a> +It was probably true at this time, as it certainly +was in 1807, that the general court met as above stated. +Appeal by bill of exceptions was, however, allowed. The +supreme court had no original, exclusive jurisdiction.<a id="noteref_197" name="noteref_197" href="#note_197"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">197</span></span></a> +Nothing daunted by this memorial from the legislature, +Illinois, in a short time, prepared another memorial—this +time with twenty signatures. This adds to the grievances +recited in the previous memorial that the wealthy appeal +cases against the Illinois poor to the supreme court at +Vincennes; that landholders on the Wabash are interested +in preventing the population of lands on the Mississippi; +that preëmption is needed, and that it is hoped that the +general government will not pass unnoticed the act of the +last legislature authorizing the importation of slaves into +the territory. It violates the Ordinance of 1787. The +memorialists desired such importation, but it must be +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page088">[pg 088]</span><a name="Pg088" id="Pg088" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +authorized by Congress to be legal. The population of +Illinois was given as follows: +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%"> +By the census of April 1, 1801: 2,361 +</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Inhabitants of Prairie du Chien and on the +Illinois River, not included in above: 550 +</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Emigration</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> since 1801, at least one-third +increase: 750 +</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%"> +Settlements on the Ohio River: 650 +</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%"> +4,311</span><a id="noteref_198" name="noteref_198" href="#note_198"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">198</span></span></a> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The truth of some of the complaints from Illinois is +apparent. That a land company on the Wabash wished +to hinder settlement on the Mississippi is probably true, +for Matthew Lyon, of Kentucky, said in Congress, in the +winter of 1805-6: <span class="tei tei-q">“The price of lands is various. I +know of two hundred thousand acres of land on the +Wabash, which is offered for sale at twenty cents per +acre.”</span><a id="noteref_199" name="noteref_199" href="#note_199"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">199</span></span></a> It is to be presumed that the company making +the offer could not give a secure title to the land. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In 1806, a congressional committee reported on the +various memorials and petitions from Illinois, but the +report led to no legislation and thus settled nothing, and +in 1807 petitioning continued.<a id="noteref_200" name="noteref_200" href="#note_200"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">200</span></span></a> Illinois again petitioned +for separation from the remainder of Indiana Territory, +this petition bearing seventeen signatures. An inclosed +census is lost, but a population of five thousand is spoken +of. A new and significant paragraph occurs: <span class="tei tei-q">“When +your Memorialists contemplate the probable movements +which may arise out of an European peace, now apparently +about to take place, they cannot but feel the importance +of union, of energy, of population on this shore of the +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page089">[pg 089]</span><a name="Pg089" id="Pg089" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +Mississippi—they cannot but shudder at the horrors which +may arise from a <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">disaffection in the West</span></em>....”</span> A +government was needed, and that of Indiana Territory +was not acceptable to the people of Illinois. One hundred +and two inhabitants of Illinois sent a counter-petition, in +which they said that Illinois had paid no taxes and needed +no separate government, also that the committee that +prepared the above petition was not legally chosen. Most +of the signers of the petition were Americans, while most +of the signers of the counter-petition were French, forty-two +of the latter being illiterate.<a id="noteref_201" name="noteref_201" href="#note_201"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">201</span></span></a> The report of a congressional +committee on the petition was adverse,<a id="noteref_202" name="noteref_202" href="#note_202"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">202</span></span></a> as was +also a report on three petitions for division that came from +Illinois in the spring of 1808.<a id="noteref_203" name="noteref_203" href="#note_203"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">203</span></span></a> In the following December, +the representative of Indiana Territory in Congress was +appointed chairman of a committee to consider the expediency +of dividing the territory, and to this committee +petitions both for and against division were referred. +This territorial delegate was in favor of division, and his +committee presented a favorable report, in which the +number of inhabitants of Indiana east of the Wabash was +estimated to be seventeen thousand, and the number west +of the Wabash to be eleven thousand—numbers thought +to be sufficiently large to justify division, and an estimate +which the census of 1810 proves to have been almost +correct. In February, 1809, the bill providing for the +division so ardently desired by Illinois was approved, the +division to take place on the first of the next March. +The western division was to be known as Illinois Territory +and was to have for its eastern boundary a line due north +from Vincennes to the Canadian line.<a id="noteref_204" name="noteref_204" href="#note_204"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">204</span></span></a> In the debate in +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page090">[pg 090]</span><a name="Pg090" id="Pg090" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +the House of Representatives, preceding the passage of +the bill for division, the arguments in its favor were that +the Wabash was a natural dividing line; that a wide +extent of wilderness intervened between Vincennes and +the western settlements; that the power of the executive +was enervated by the dispersed condition of the settlements; +that to render justice was almost impossible; that +the United States would be more than compensated for +the increased expense by the rise in value of the public +lands. Opponents of the bill declared that the complaints +made by Illinois were common to many parts of the +country; that the number of officers would be needlessly +increased by the proposed division; and that <span class="tei tei-q">“a compliance +with this petition would but serve to foster their +factions, and produce more petitions.”</span> No significant +geographical division of the vote on the bill is +apparent.<a id="noteref_205" name="noteref_205" href="#note_205"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">205</span></span></a> +</p> + +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> +<a name="toc13" id="toc13"></a> +<a name="pdf14" id="pdf14"></a> +<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">III. Obstacles to Immigration. 1790 to 1809.</span></h2> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In addition to the inability to secure land titles on account +of unsettled French claims, to the presence of Indians +and to the discontent with the government of Indiana +Territory, almost every cause which made settlement on +the frontier difficult was found in the Illinois country in +its most pronounced form, because Illinois was the far +corner of the frontier. The census reports of the United +Status give the following statistics of population: +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page091">[pg 091]</span><a name="Pg091" id="Pg091" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class="tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><colgroup span="4"></colgroup><tbody><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1790.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1800.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1810.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Kentucky</td><td class="tei tei-cell">73,677</td><td class="tei tei-cell">220,955</td> +<td class="tei tei-cell">406,511</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Ohio</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">45,365</td><td class="tei tei-cell">230,760</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Indiana</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">2,517</td><td class="tei tei-cell">24,520</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Illinois</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">2,458</td><td class="tei tei-cell">12,282</td></tr></tbody></table> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +These figures show how conspicuously small was the +immigration to Illinois. Enough has already been said +to show some of the reasons for this sluggish settlement. +When, in 1793, Governor St. Clair wrote to Alexander Hamilton, +<span class="tei tei-q">“In compassion to a poor devil banished to another +planet, tell me what is doing in yours, if you can snatch a +moment from the weighty cares of your office,”</span><a id="noteref_206" name="noteref_206" href="#note_206"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">206</span></span></a> he +doubtless felt that the language was not too strong, and +voiced a feeling of loneliness that was common to the +settlers. Nor was there a lack of land in the East to +make westward movement imperative. Massachusetts was +much opposed to her people emigrating to Ohio, because +she wished them to settle on her own eastern frontier +(Maine), and Vermont and New York had vacant lands.<a id="noteref_207" name="noteref_207" href="#note_207"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">207</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +One who settled in Illinois at this period came through +danger to danger, for Indians lurked in the woods and +malaria waited in the lowlands. The journey made by +the immigrants was tedious and difficult, and was often +rendered dangerous by precipitous and rough hills and +swollen streams, if the journey was overland, or by snags, +shoals and rapids, if by water. A large proportion of the +settlers came from Maryland, Virginia, or the Carolinas. +Those from Virginia and Maryland were induced to +emigrate by the glowing descriptions of the Illinois country +given by the soldiers of George Rogers Clark, and +these soldiers sometimes led the first contingent. A +typical Virginia settlement in Illinois was that called New +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page092">[pg 092]</span><a name="Pg092" id="Pg092" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +Design, located in what is now Monroe county, between +Kaskaskia and Cahokia. Founded about 1786 by a native +of Berkeley county, the settlement received important +additions in 1793, and four years later a party of more +than one hundred and fifty arrived from near the headwaters +of the south branch of the Potomac, this last +contingent led by a Baptist minister, who had organized a +church on a previous visit.<a id="noteref_208" name="noteref_208" href="#note_208"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">208</span></span></a> In general, persons Scotch-Irish +by birth were opposed to slavery, as were also the +members of the Quaker church. This caused a considerable +emigration from the Carolinas. Another motive for +people from all sections was that expressed by settlers of +Illinois, in 1806, when they said that they came west in +order to secure <span class="tei tei-q">“such an establishment in land as they +despaired of ever being able to procure in the old +settlements.”</span><a id="noteref_209" name="noteref_209" href="#note_209"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">209</span></span></a> +We have seen how long deferred was the +fulfillment of their hope of getting a title to the coveted +land. Although the East was not crowded, it is true that +land there was more expensive than that of the same +quality in the West. In 1806, three dollars per acre was +the maximum price in even the settled parts of Indiana +Territory, while fifty dollars per acre had been paid for +choice Kentucky land.<a id="noteref_210" name="noteref_210" href="#note_210"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">210</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The greater number of immigrants came by water, but +a family too poor to travel thus, or whose starting-point +was not near a navigable stream, could come overland. +Illinois was favored by having a number of large rivers +leading toward it; the Ohio, Kentucky, Cumberland, Tennessee, +and their tributaries were much used by emigrants. +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page093">[pg 093]</span><a name="Pg093" id="Pg093" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +The chief route by land was the Wilderness Road, over +which thousands of the inhabitants of Kentucky had come. +Its existence helps to explain the wonderful growth of +Kentucky—in 1774 the first cabin, in 1790 a population of +73,000. It crossed the mountains at Cumberland Gap, +wound its way by the most convenient course to Crab +Orchard, and was early extended to the Falls of the Ohio +and later to Vincennes and St. Louis. The legislature of +Kentucky provided, in 1795, that the road from Cumberland +Gap to Crab Orchard should be made perfectly commodious +and passable for wagons carrying a weight of one ton, and +appropriated two thousand pounds for the work. Two +years later five hundred dollars were appropriated for the +repair of the road, and the highway was made a turnpike +with prescribed toll, although it did not become such a +road as the word turnpike suggests.<a id="noteref_211" name="noteref_211" href="#note_211"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">211</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A traveler of 1807 described the river craft of the period. +The smallest kind in use was a simple log canoe. This +was followed by the pirogue, which was a larger kind of +canoe and sufficiently strong and capacious to carry from +twelve to fifteen barrels of salt. Skiffs were built of all +sizes, from five hundred to twenty thousand pounds burden, +and batteaux were the same as the larger skiffs, being +indifferently known by either name. Kentucky boats were +strong frames of an oblong form, varying in size from +twenty to fifty feet in length and from ten to fourteen in +breadth, were sided and roofed, and guided by huge oars. +New Orleans boats resembled Kentucky boats, but were +larger and stronger and had arched roofs. The largest +could carry four hundred and fifty barrels of flour. Keel +boats were generally built from forty to eighty feet in +length and from seven to nine feet in width. The largest +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page094">[pg 094]</span><a name="Pg094" id="Pg094" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +required one man to steer and two to row in descending +the Ohio, and would carry about one hundred barrels of +salt; but to ascend the stream, at least six or eight men +were required to make any considerable progress. A barge +would carry from four thousand to sixty thousand pounds, +and required four men, besides the helmsman, to descend +the river, while to return with a load from eight to twelve +men were required.<a id="noteref_212" name="noteref_212" href="#note_212"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">212</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Shipments of produce from Illinois were usually made +in flat-bottomed boats of fifteen tons burden. Such a +boat cost about one hundred dollars, the crew of five +men was paid one hundred dollars each, the support +of the crew was reckoned at one hundred dollars, and +insurance at one hundred dollars, thus making a freightage +cost of eight hundred dollars for fifteen tons. The boat +was either set adrift or sold for the price of firewood +at New Orleans. It was estimated that the use of boats +of four hundred and fifty tons burden would save four +dollars per barrel on shipping flour to New Orleans, where +flour had often sold at less than three dollars per barrel, +but such boats were not yet used in the West.<a id="noteref_213" name="noteref_213" href="#note_213"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">213</span></span></a> Canoes +cost an emigrant from one to three dollars; pirogues, five +to twenty dollars; small skiffs, five to ten dollars; large +skiffs or batteaux, twenty to fifty dollars; Kentucky and +New Orleans boats, one dollar to one and one-half dollars +per foot; keel boats, two dollars and a half to three +dollars per foot; and barges, four to five dollars per +foot.<a id="noteref_214" name="noteref_214" href="#note_214"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">214</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Horses, cattle, and household goods were carried on +boats. Travel by either land or water was beset with +difficulties. The river, without pilot or dredge, had dangers +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page095">[pg 095]</span><a name="Pg095" id="Pg095" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +peculiar to itself. Sometimes, when traveling overland, +a broken wheel or axle, or a horse lost or stolen by +Indians, caused protracted and vexatious delays. It is +well to notice, also, that to travel a given distance into the +wilderness was more than twice as difficult as to travel +one-half that distance, because of the constantly increasing +separation between the traveler and what had previously +been his base of supplies.<a id="noteref_215" name="noteref_215" href="#note_215"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">215</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Sometimes immigrants debarked at Fort Massac and +completed their journey by land. Two roads led from +Fort Massac, one called the lower road and the other +the upper road, the former, practicable only in the dry +season and then only for travel on foot or on horseback, +was some eighty miles long, while the latter was one hundred +and fifty miles long. Roads of a like character +connected Kaskaskia and Cahokia.<a id="noteref_216" name="noteref_216" href="#note_216"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">216</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A party of more than one hundred and fifty, which +came from Virginia to the New Design settlement in 1797, +set out from the south branch of the Potomac. They came +from Redstone (now Brownsville), on the Monongahela, to +Fort Massac, on flat-boats, and then by land, in twenty-one +days, to New Design. The summer was wet and hot, a +malignant fever broke out among the newcomers, and one-half +of them died before winter. The old settlers were +not affected by the fever, but they were too few to properly +care for so many immigrants.<a id="noteref_217" name="noteref_217" href="#note_217"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">217</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Commerce in Illinois was in its infancy. Some cattle, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page096">[pg 096]</span><a name="Pg096" id="Pg096" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +corn, pork, and various other commodities were sent at +irregular intervals to New Orleans.<a id="noteref_218" name="noteref_218" href="#note_218"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">218</span></span></a> The fur trade was +carried on much as under the French régime. Salt was +made at the salt springs on Saline Creek, the labor being +performed chiefly by Kentucky and Tennessee slaves +under the supervision of contractors who leased the works +from the United States. The contractors agreed to sell no +salt at the works for more than fifty cents per bushel, but +by means of silent partners to whom the entire supply +was sold, the price was sometimes raised as high as two +dollars per bushel.<a id="noteref_219" name="noteref_219" href="#note_219"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">219</span></span></a> The commerce of the West suffered +from a lack of vessels going from New Orleans to Atlantic +ports, and as a result corn sold in New Orleans at fifty +cents per bushel in 1805, while in some of the Atlantic +ports it sold for more than two dollars. At the same time +the West had a good crop, and Kentucky alone could have +spared five hundred thousand bushels of corn, if it could +have been shipped.<a id="noteref_220" name="noteref_220" href="#note_220"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">220</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +To secure laborers was difficult. A petition of 1796 +said that farm laborers could not be secured for less than +one dollar per day, exclusive of washing, lodging, and +boarding; that every kind of tradesman was paid from +one dollar and a half to two dollars per day, and that at +these prices laborers were scarce. Labor was cheaper on +the Spanish side of the Mississippi, because of the larger +proportion of slaves.<a id="noteref_221" name="noteref_221" href="#note_221"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">221</span></span></a> These wages were doubtless high +in comparison with those paid in the East, just as the one +dollar per day and board paid at the Galena lead mines in +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page097">[pg 097]</span><a name="Pg097" id="Pg097" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +1788 was more than double the wages then paid in New +England,<a id="noteref_222" name="noteref_222" href="#note_222"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">222</span></span></a> +but an Illinois price list of 1795 shows that the +wages of 1796 were by no means comparable to those of +today in purchasing power. Making shoes was two dollars +per pair; potatoes were one dollar per bushel; brandy, +one dollar per quart; corn, one dollar per bushel.<a id="noteref_223" name="noteref_223" href="#note_223"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">223</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Among the early difficulties in the way of settlement, +one of the most persistent was the presence of prairies. +This is by no means far-fetched, although it sounds so to +modern ears. In 1786, Monroe wrote to Jefferson concerning +the Northwest Territory: <span class="tei tei-q">“A great part of the +territory is miserably poor, especially that near Lakes +Michigan and Erie, and that upon the Mississippi and the +Illinois consists of extensive plains which have not had, +from appearances, and will not have, a single bush on +them for ages. The districts, therefore, within which these +fall will never contain a sufficient number of inhabitants +to entitle them to membership in the confederacy.”</span><a id="noteref_224" name="noteref_224" href="#note_224"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">224</span></span></a> +Some of the most fertile of the Illinois prairies were not +settled until far into the nineteenth century. The false +prophets of the early days will be judged less harshly if +we recall that wood was then a necessity, that no railroads +and few roads existed, that wells now in use in prairie +regions are much deeper than the early settlers could dig, +and that the vast quantities of coal under the surface of +Illinois were undiscovered. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +As causes for the fact that more than a quarter of a +century after the Revolution, Illinois had a population +estimated at only eleven thousand, may be suggested the +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page098">[pg 098]</span><a name="Pg098" id="Pg098" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +presence of hostile Indians; the inability of settlers to +secure a title to their land; the unsettled condition of the +slavery question; the great distance from the older portions +of the United States and from any market; the fact +that Kentucky, Ohio, and Indiana had vast quantities of +unoccupied land more accessible to emigrants than was +Illinois; the danger and the cost of moving; privation +incident to a scanty population, such as lack of roads, +schools, churches and mills; the existence of large prairies +in Illinois. To remove or mitigate these difficulties was +still the problem of Illinois settlers. On some of them a +beginning had been made before 1809, but none were yet +removed. +</p> + +</div> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page099">[pg 099]</span><a name="Pg099" id="Pg099" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc15" id="toc15"></a> +<a name="pdf16" id="pdf16"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter IV. Illinois During Its Territorial Period. 1809 to 1818.</span></h1> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> +<a name="toc17" id="toc17"></a> +<a name="pdf18" id="pdf18"></a> +<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">I. The Land and Indian Questions.</span></h2> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Probably nothing affected settlement in Illinois from +1809 to 1818 more profoundly than did changes in +the land question, for during this period Congress passed +important acts relative to land sales, and this was also the +period of the first sales of public lands in the territory. It +seems strange that such sales should have been so long +delayed, yet the settlement of French claims, although +begun by the Governor of the Northwest Territory at an +early day, and continued by commissioners authorized by +Congress and appointed in 1804, was incomplete when +Illinois became a separate territory, and the United States +government adhered to its policy of selling no land in the +territory until the claims were finally adjudicated. When +a list of decisions reported by the commissioners to Congress +late in 1809 was confirmed in the following May,<a id="noteref_225" name="noteref_225" href="#note_225"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">225</span></span></a> and +the next year a long list of rejected claims arising chiefly +from the work of professional falsifiers, was reported,<a id="noteref_226" name="noteref_226" href="#note_226"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">226</span></span></a> it +seemed probable that the work was nearing completion, +but a final settlement was still delayed, and the long-suffering +Illinois squatters were bitterly disappointed when, +in February, 1812, in accordance with a resolution presented +by the Committee on Public Lands, Congress made +provision for the appointment of a committee to revise the +confirmations made by the Governor years before.<a id="noteref_227" name="noteref_227" href="#note_227"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">227</span></span></a> The +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page100">[pg 100]</span><a name="Pg100" id="Pg100" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +first legislature of Illinois met in the succeeding November, +and adopted a memorial to Congress in which it was +pointed out that the establishment of a land-office in the +territory, several years before, had led to the opinion that +the public land would soon be sold, and that because of +this opinion those who constituted the majority of the +inhabitants of the territory had been induced to settle, +hoping that they would have an opportunity to purchase +land before they should have made such improvements as +would tempt the competition of avaricious speculators. +The fulfillment of this hope having been long deferred, +many squatters had now made valuable improvements +which they were in danger of losing, either at the public +sales of land or through the designs of the few speculators +who had bought from the needy and unbusinesslike +French most of the unlocated claims. For the relief of +the squatters a law was desired that would permit actual +settlers to enter the land on which their improvements +stood, and requiring persons holding unlocated claims to +locate them on unimproved lands lying in the region +designated by Congress for that purpose. It was also +hoped that as Congress had given one hundred acres of +land to each regular soldier, as much would be granted to +each member of the Illinois militia, since the militiaman +had not only fought as bravely as the regular, but had +also furnished his own supplies. If such a donation was +not made it was hoped that a right of preëmption would +be given to the militia, or failing even this, that they might +be given the right, legally, to collect from anyone entering +their land, the value of their improvements.<a id="noteref_228" name="noteref_228" href="#note_228"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">228</span></span></a> In proof of +the fact stated in the memorial, that speculators had bought +many French claims, it may be noted that William Morrison +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page101">[pg 101]</span><a name="Pg101" id="Pg101" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +had ninety-two of the claims granted at Kaskaskia, +his affirmed claims comprising more than eighteen thousand +acres, exclusive of a large number of claims measured in +French units, while John Edgar received a satisfactory +report on claims aggregating more than forty thousand +acres, in addition to a number of claims previously affirmed +to him.<a id="noteref_229" name="noteref_229" href="#note_229"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">229</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A few days after preparing the above memorial, the +legislature prepared an address to Congress, in which +reference was made to the arrangement made between +Congress and Ohio by the Act of April 30, 1802, granting +to Ohio two salt springs on condition that the state should +agree not to tax such public lands as should be sold within +her borders, until after five years from the date of sale. +Illinois wished in similar fashion to gain control of the salt +springs on Saline creek. The Illinois delegate in Congress +was instructed that if the bargain could not be made, he +should attempt to secure an appropriation for opening a +road from Shawneetown to the Saline and thence to Kaskaskia. +It was also desired that the Secretary of the +Treasury should authorize the designation of the college +township reserved by the Ordinance of 1787 and by the +Act of 1804, and because <span class="tei tei-q">“labor in this Territory is abundant, +and laborers at this time extremely scarce,”</span> it was +hoped that slaves from Kentucky or elsewhere might be +employed at the salines for a period of not more than +three years, after which they should return to their +masters.<a id="noteref_230" name="noteref_230" href="#note_230"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">230</span></span></a> +Each prayer of this address was granted. The +enabling act and the Illinois constitution ceded the salt +springs to the state and agreed that public lands sold in +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page102">[pg 102]</span><a name="Pg102" id="Pg102" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +Illinois should be exempt from taxation for five years from +date of sale; the Illinois Constitution provided for the +employment of slaves at the salt works; an act provided +for the location of the college township; and in 1816 the +making of the desired road was authorized, although at +the beginning of 1818 the route had been merely surveyed +and mapped.<a id="noteref_231" name="noteref_231" href="#note_231"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">231</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The memorial which preceded the address was also in +large measure successful. An act of February, 1813, +granted to the squatters in Illinois the right of preëmpting +a quarter section, each, of the lands they occupied, and of +entering the land upon the payment of one-twentieth of +the purchase money, as was then required in private +sales.<a id="noteref_232" name="noteref_232" href="#note_232"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">232</span></span></a> +This act was of prime importance. For more than thirty +years settlers in Illinois had improved their lands at the +risk of losing them. Since the appointment, in 1804, of +commissioners to settle the French land claims, the settlers +had been expecting the public lands, including those they +occupied, to be offered for sale; thus it was inevitable that +anxiety concerning the right of preëmption should increase +as the settlement of claims neared completion, and contemporaries +record that the inability to secure land titles +seriously retarded settlement;<a id="noteref_233" name="noteref_233" href="#note_233"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">233</span></span></a> now, however, the granting +of the right of preëmption, before any public lands in +Illinois were offered for sale, ended the long suspense of +the settlers. Years before this, Kentucky, now selling its +public lands at twenty cents per acre, had passed liberal +preëmption laws, and they were repeatedly renewed,<a id="noteref_234" name="noteref_234" href="#note_234"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">234</span></span></a> facts +which increased the anxiety of Illinois. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page103">[pg 103]</span><a name="Pg103" id="Pg103" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Year after year the settlement of land claims dragged +on, thus delaying the sales of land.<a id="noteref_235" name="noteref_235" href="#note_235"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">235</span></span></a> In an official report +of December, 1813, it is stated that: <span class="tei tei-q">“In the Territory of +Illinois, two land-offices are directed by law to be opened; +one at Kaskaskia, the other at Shawneetown, so soon as the +private claims and donations are all located, and the lands surveyed, +which are in great forwardness.”</span><a id="noteref_236" name="noteref_236" href="#note_236"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">236</span></span></a> A tract of +land was set apart in April, 1814, to satisfy the claims +recommended by the commissioners for confirmation.<a id="noteref_237" name="noteref_237" href="#note_237"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">237</span></span></a> A +report of November, 1815, said that the commissioners +hoped to open the land-office at Kaskaskia on May 15, +1816; and finally, in a report on the public lands sold from +October 1, 1815, to September 30, 1816, we find that about +thirty-four thousand acres have been sold at Shawneetown +and somewhat less than thirteen thousand acres at Kaskaskia, +the price at the latter place being precisely the +two dollars per acre which was then the minimum, while +that at Shawneetown was slightly higher,<a id="noteref_238" name="noteref_238" href="#note_238"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">238</span></span></a> presumably due +to the sale of town lots, which had been authorized in +1810, although no sales took place earlier than 1814.<a id="noteref_239" name="noteref_239" href="#note_239"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">239</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The long delay in opening the land-offices in Illinois +was fatal to an early settlement of the region, because the +old states had public lands which they offered for sale at +low rates, thus depriving Illinois of a fair chance as a +competitor. In 1779 Kentucky granted to each family +which had settled before January 1, 1778, the right of +preëmption—four hundred acres if no improvement had +been made and one thousand acres if a hut had been +built. The preëmptor, by a law of 1786, was to pay 13<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">s</span></span>. +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page104">[pg 104]</span><a name="Pg104" id="Pg104" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +4<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">d.</span></span> per one hundred acres.<a id="noteref_240" name="noteref_240" href="#note_240"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">240</span></span></a> In 1781 the sheriffs of Lincoln, +Fayette, and Jefferson counties, Virginia, were authorized to +survey not more than four hundred acres for each poor +family in Kentucky, for which twenty shillings per one +hundred acres should be paid within two and one-half +years.<a id="noteref_241" name="noteref_241" href="#note_241"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">241</span></span></a> In 1791 more than three and one-half millions of +acres were sold in New York at eight pence per acre, while +many thousands of acres in addition were sold for less +than four shillings per acre—many for less than two +shillings.<a id="noteref_242" name="noteref_242" href="#note_242"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">242</span></span></a> Pennsylvania offered homestead claims, in 1792, +at seven pounds ten shillings per hundred acres.<a id="noteref_243" name="noteref_243" href="#note_243"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">243</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In December, 1796, Kentucky sheriffs were ordered to +sell no more land for taxes until directed by the legislature +to do so.<a id="noteref_244" name="noteref_244" href="#note_244"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">244</span></span></a> In 1800, and again in 1812, Kentucky offered +land at twenty cents per acre, and in 1820 at fifteen cents +per acre,<a id="noteref_245" name="noteref_245" href="#note_245"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">245</span></span></a> while during the interval preëmption acts were +repeatedly passed.<a id="noteref_246" name="noteref_246" href="#note_246"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">246</span></span></a> Land in Tennessee sold at from twelve +and one-half to twenty-five cents per acre in 1814, and in +1819 at fifty cents.<a id="noteref_247" name="noteref_247" href="#note_247"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">247</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In 1816 various classes of claimants were given increased +facilities and an extension of time for locating their claims +in Illinois. The business of satisfying claims was to linger +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page105">[pg 105]</span><a name="Pg105" id="Pg105" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +for years, but with the opening of the land-offices it ceased +to be a potent factor in retarding settlement.<a id="noteref_248" name="noteref_248" href="#note_248"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">248</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +One writer says of Illinois: <span class="tei tei-q">“The public lands have +rarely sold for more than five dollars per acre, <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">at auction</span></em>. +Those sold at Edwardsville in October, 1816, averaged +four dollars. Private sales at the land-office are fixed by +law, at two dollars per acre. The old French locations +command various prices, from one to fifty dollars. Titles +derived from the United States government are always +valid, and those from individuals rarely false.”</span><a id="noteref_249" name="noteref_249" href="#note_249"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">249</span></span></a> At this +time emigrants were going in large numbers to Missouri, +and the Illinois river country, not yet relieved of its Indian +title, was being explored.<a id="noteref_250" name="noteref_250" href="#note_250"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">250</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Reports concerning the sales of public lands give the +quantity of land sold in Illinois toward the close of the +territorial period, the figures for 1817 and 1818 being as +follows: +</p> + +<table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class="tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><colgroup span="5"></colgroup><tbody><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Acres in 1817.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Acres in 1818.</td> + <td class="tei tei-cell">Jan. 1, 1818.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Sept. 30, 1818.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Shawneetown</td><td class="tei tei-cell">72,384</td><td class="tei tei-cell">216,315</td> + <td class="tei tei-cell">$291,429</td><td class="tei tei-cell">$637,468</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Kaskaskia</td><td class="tei tei-cell">90,493</td><td class="tei tei-cell">121,052</td> + <td class="tei tei-cell">209,295</td><td class="tei tei-cell">406,288</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Edwardsville<a id="noteref_251" name="noteref_251" href="#note_251"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">251</span></span></a></td> + <td class="tei tei-cell">149,165</td><td class="tei tei-cell">121,923</td><td class="tei tei-cell">301,701</td> + <td class="tei tei-cell">451,499<a id="noteref_252" name="noteref_252" href="#note_252"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">252</span></span></a></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">312,042</td><td class="tei tei-cell">459,290</td><td class="tei tei-cell">$802,425</td> + <td class="tei tei-cell">$1,495,255</td></tr></tbody></table> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The percentage of debt showed a marked increase in the +first nine months of 1818. There were received in three-quarters +of 1817 and 1818, respectively: +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page106">[pg 106]</span><a name="Pg106" id="Pg106" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class="tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><colgroup span="3"></colgroup><tbody><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1817.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1818.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">At Shawneetown</td><td class="tei tei-cell">$32,837</td><td class="tei tei-cell">$112,759</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">At Kaskaskia</td><td class="tei tei-cell">41,218</td><td class="tei tei-cell">68,975</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">At Edwardsville</td><td class="tei tei-cell">41,426</td><td class="tei tei-cell">78,788</td></tr></tbody></table> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +During this same period the receipts at Steubenville, +Marietta, and Wooster, Ohio, decreased,<a id="noteref_253" name="noteref_253" href="#note_253"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">253</span></span></a> showing that +Illinois was beginning to surpass Ohio as an objective +point for emigrants wishing to enter land. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Indian question was interwoven with the land +question during the territorial period. In 1809 the Indians +relinquished their claim to some small tracts of land lying +near the point where the Wabash ceases to be a state +boundary line.<a id="noteref_254" name="noteref_254" href="#note_254"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">254</span></span></a> No more cessions were made until after +the war of 1812. Although the population of Illinois +increased, during the territorial period, from some eleven +thousand to about forty thousand, the increase before the +war was slight, and thus it came about that during the war +the few whites were kept busy defending themselves from +the large and hostile Indian population. So well does the +manner of defence in Illinois illustrate the frontier character +of the region that a sketch of the same may be given. +When, in 1811, the Indians became hostile and murdered a +few whites, the condition of the settlers was precarious in +the extreme. Today the term city would be almost a favor +to a place containing no more inhabitants than were then to +be found in the white settlements in Illinois. Moreover, +few as were the whites, they were dispersed in a long half-oval +extending from a point on the Mississippi near the +present Alton southward to the Ohio, and thence up that +river and the Wabash to a point considerably north of +Vincennes. This fringe of settlement was but a few miles +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page107">[pg 107]</span><a name="Pg107" id="Pg107" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +wide in some places, while so sparse was the population +near the mouth of the Ohio that the communication +between northern and southern Indians was unchecked. +Carlyle was regarded as the extreme eastern boundary of +settlements to the westward; a fort on Muddy River, near +where the old Fort Massac trace crossed the stream, was +considered as one of the most exposed situations; and +Fort La Motte, on a creek of the same name above Vincennes, +was a far northern point. The exposed outside +was some hundreds of miles long, and the interior and +north were occupied by ten times as many hostile savages +as there were whites in the country, the savages being given +counsel and ammunition by the British garrisons on the +north.<a id="noteref_255" name="noteref_255" href="#note_255"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">255</span></span></a> Under conditions then existing, aid from the United +States could be expected only in the event of dire necessity. +Stout frontiersmen were almost ready to seek refuge in +flight, but no general exodus took place, although in February, +1812, Governor Edwards wrote to the Secretary of +War: <span class="tei tei-q">“The alarms and apprehensions of the people are +becoming so universal, that really I should not be surprised +if we should, in three months, lose more than one-half +of our present population. In places, in my opinion, +entirely out of danger, many are removing. In other +parts, large settlements are about to be totally deserted. +Even in my own neighborhood, several families have +removed, and others are preparing to do so in a week or +two. A few days past, a gentleman of respectability arrived +here from Kentucky, and he informed me that he saw on +the road, in one day, upwards of twenty wagons conveying +families out of this Territory. Every effort to check the +prevalence of such terror seems to be ineffectual, and +although much of it is unreasonably indulged, yet it is very +certain the Territory will very shortly be in considerable +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page108">[pg 108]</span><a name="Pg108" id="Pg108" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +danger. Its physical force is very inconsiderable, and is +growing weaker, while it presents numerous points of +attack.”</span><a id="noteref_256" name="noteref_256" href="#note_256"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">256</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +To the first feeling of fear succeeded a determination to +hold the ground. Before the middle of 1812, Governor +Edwards had established Fort Russell, a few miles northwest +of the present Edwardsville, bringing to this place, +which was to be his headquarters, the cannon which Louis +XIV. had had placed in Fort Chartres;<a id="noteref_257" name="noteref_257" href="#note_257"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">257</span></span></a> and two volunteer +companies had been raised, and had <span class="tei tei-q">“ranged to a great +distance—principally between the Illinois and the Kaskaskia +rivers, and sometimes between the Kaskaskia and +the Wabash—always keeping their line of march never +less than one and sometimes three days' journey outside +of all the settlements”</span><a id="noteref_258" name="noteref_258" href="#note_258"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">258</span></span></a>—which incidentally shows what +great unoccupied regions still existed even in the southern +part of Illinois. As the rangers furnished their own supplies, +the two companies went out alternately for periods of +fifteen days. Sometimes the company on duty divided, +one part marching in one direction and the other in the +opposite, in order to produce the greatest possible effect +upon the Indians. Settlers on the frontier—and that +comprised a large proportion of the population—<span class="tei tei-q">“forted +themselves,”</span> as it was then expressed. Where a few +families lived near each other, one of the most substantial +houses was fortified, and here the community staid at +night, and in case of imminent danger in the daytime as +well. Isolated outlying families left their homes and +retired to the nearest fort. Such places of refuge were +numerous and many were the attacks which they successfully +withstood. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page109">[pg 109]</span><a name="Pg109" id="Pg109" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Rangers and frontier forts were used with much effect, +but the great dispersion of settlement and the large numbers +of Indians combined to make it wholly impossible to +make such means of defence entirely adequate. In August, +1812, the Governor wrote to the Secretary of War: <span class="tei tei-q">“The +principal settlements of this Territory being on the Mississippi, +are at least one hundred and fifty miles from those +of Indiana, and immense prairies intervene between them. +There can, therefore, be no concert of operations for the +protection of their frontiers and ours.... No troops +of any kind have yet arrived in this Territory, and I think +you may count on hearing of a bloody stroke upon us very +soon. I have been extremely reluctant to send my family +away, but, unless I hear shortly of more assistance than a +few rangers, I shall bury my papers in the ground, send +my family off, and stand my ground as long as possible.”</span><a id="noteref_259" name="noteref_259" href="#note_259"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">259</span></span></a> +The <span class="tei tei-q">“bloody stroke”</span> predicted by the Governor fell on the +garrison at Fort Dearborn, where Chicago now stands. +Some regular troops were subsequently sent to the territory, +but the war did not lose its frontier character. One +of the most characteristic features was that troops sometimes +set out on a campaign of considerable length, in an +uninhabited region, without any baggage train and practically +without pack horses, the men carrying their provisions +on their horses, and the horses living on wild grass.<a id="noteref_260" name="noteref_260" href="#note_260"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">260</span></span></a> +Unflagging energy was shown by the settlers, several +effective campaigns being carried on, and by the close of +1814 the war was closed in Illinois.<a id="noteref_261" name="noteref_261" href="#note_261"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">261</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Extinction of Indian titles to land was retarded by the +war and also by the policy of the United States, which was +expressed by Secretary of War Crawford, in 1816, as follows: +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page110">[pg 110]</span><a name="Pg110" id="Pg110" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +<span class="tei tei-q">“The determination to purchase land only when +demanded for settlement will form the settled policy of +the Government. Experience has sufficiently proven that +our population will spread over any cession, however +extensive, before it can be brought into market, and before +there is any regular and steady demand for settlement, +thereby increasing the difficulty of protection, embarrassing +the Government by broils with the natives, and +rendering the execution of the laws regulating intercourse +with the Indian tribes utterly impracticable.”</span><a id="noteref_262" name="noteref_262" href="#note_262"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">262</span></span></a> Some +progress, however, was made in extinguishing Indian titles +during the territorial period after the close of the war. +In 1816, several tribes confirmed the cession of 1804 of +land lying south of an east and west line passing through +the southern point of Lake Michigan, and ceded a route +for an Illinois-Michigan canal.<a id="noteref_263" name="noteref_263" href="#note_263"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">263</span></span></a> At Edwardsville, on September +25, 1818, the Peoria, Kaskaskia, Michigamia, Cahokia, +and Tamarois ceded a tract comprising most of +southern and much of central Illinois.<a id="noteref_264" name="noteref_264" href="#note_264"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">264</span></span></a> The significance +of this cession would have been immense had it not been +that it was made by weak tribes, while the powerful +Kickapoo still claimed and held all that part of the ceded +tract lying north of the parallel of 39°—a little to the +north of the mouth of the Illinois river. This Kickapoo +claim included the fertile and already famous Sangamon +country, in which the state capital was eventually to be +located, and squatters were pressing hard upon the Indian +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page111">[pg 111]</span><a name="Pg111" id="Pg111" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +frontier, yet the Indians still held the land when Illinois +became a state. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +During the territorial period, Illinois gained the long-sought +right of preëmption; the French claims ceased to +retard settlement; some progress was made in the extinction +of Indian titles, and the sale of public land was +begun. The new state was to find the Indian question a +pressing one, and some changes in the land system were +yet desired, but the crucial point was passed. +</p> + +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> +<a name="toc19" id="toc19"></a> +<a name="pdf20" id="pdf20"></a> +<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">II. Territorial Government of Illinois. 1809 to 1818.</span></h2> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The act for the division of Indiana Territory provided +that Illinois, during the first stage of its territorial existence, +should have a government similar to that of the +Northwest Territory under the Ordinance of 1787. In +1809 there were in Illinois two distinct and hostile parties, +which had been formed on questions arising in Indiana +Territory before division. It was with sound judgment, +therefore, that the President, going outside of Illinois, +appointed as Governor, Ninian Edwards of Kentucky, a +native of Maryland, who successfully resisted all efforts to +involve him in party quarrels.<a id="noteref_265" name="noteref_265" href="#note_265"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">265</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Laws for the government of the territory were to be +chosen by the Governor and the judges from the laws of +the states. The judges were Jesse B. Thomas and William +Sprigg, natives of Maryland, and Alexander Stuart, a +native of Virginia. It is worthy of note that of the twelve +laws chosen before the meeting of the first territorial +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page112">[pg 112]</span><a name="Pg112" id="Pg112" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +legislature, five were from Kentucky, three from Georgia, +two from Virginia, one from South Carolina, and one from +Pennsylvania.<a id="noteref_266" name="noteref_266" href="#note_266"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">266</span></span></a> A people practically southern in +origin was being governed by officials from the south under +southern laws. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Illinois entered the second grade of territorial government +in 1812, electing its first legislature in October.<a id="noteref_267" name="noteref_267" href="#note_267"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">267</span></span></a> In +the preceding May, Congress had passed an act making +radical and most important extensions in the suffrage in +Illinois, over that which had been prescribed by the Ordinance +of 1787. The new provision was: <span class="tei tei-q">“Every free white +male person who shall have attained the age of twenty-one +years, and who shall have paid a county or territorial +tax, and who shall have resided one year in said Territory +previous to any general election, and be at the time of +any such election a resident thereof, shall be entitled to +vote for members of the Legislative Council and House of +Representatives of the said Territory.”</span> Each county was +to elect one member of the Legislative Council, to serve +for four years. The territorial delegate to Congress was +also made elective by the citizens.<a id="noteref_268" name="noteref_268" href="#note_268"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">268</span></span></a> One has but to consider +what a complete revolution this act brought about to +appreciate its great significance. Previously the Legislative +Council had been appointive by the President of the +United States, from nominees of the territorial House of +Representatives, the nominees being twice the number +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page113">[pg 113]</span><a name="Pg113" id="Pg113" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +necessary; the delegate to Congress had not been chosen +by popular vote; and a freehold qualification for the +elective franchise had obtained. Early petitions show how +much the people complained of a landed aristocracy,<a id="noteref_269" name="noteref_269" href="#note_269"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">269</span></span></a> and +letters written by Governor Edwards early in 1812 show how +well founded was the complaint. No preëmption act had +yet been passed, and of the more than twelve thousand +inhabitants of Illinois some two hundred and twenty possessed +a freehold of fifty acres, thus giving the balance of +power, if the territory should enter the second grade under +the old provision, to one hundred and eleven persons. Nearly +one-third of the entire population lived either near the +Ohio or between it and the Kaskaskia, and among them +there were not more than three or four freeholders, and not +one who possessed two hundred acres—the necessary +qualification for a representative. With no public lands +yet offered for sale, with no right of preëmption, with a +freehold qualification for the suffrage, this law enfranchising +squatters was of prime importance.<a id="noteref_270" name="noteref_270" href="#note_270"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">270</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The first legislature had few French members, and was +apparently southern in nativity.<a id="noteref_271" name="noteref_271" href="#note_271"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">271</span></span></a> After more than three +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page114">[pg 114]</span><a name="Pg114" id="Pg114" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +years and a half of legislation by the Governor and judges, +the inhabitants at last had an elective legislature. The +journals of the two houses indicate that the belief that +had been expressed in petitions to Congress some years +before that such a body would provide an efficient government, +was well founded. The laws passed were eminently +practical for the frontier conditions under which they were +to operate.<a id="noteref_272" name="noteref_272" href="#note_272"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">272</span></span></a> A man contemplating settlement in Illinois +could now be sure that he would be governed by Illinois +men whom he had a share in electing. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The rude character of the facilities for transportation is +indicated by the fact that the earlier laws of the territory +deal with ferries only rarely and with bridges not at all, +while as time progresses and population increases, ferries +multiply and bridges begin to be constructed. By 1817-18 +the desire for banks and for internal improvements, which +was to be disastrous to the state at a later period, began +to show itself. As examples, the Bank of Cairo and the +Illinois Navigation Company will suffice. Nine men purchased +the low peninsula lying near the junction of the +Ohio and the Mississippi, and were incorporated by <span class="tei tei-q">“An +Act to Incorporate the City and Bank of Cairo.”</span> A site +for a city comprising at least two thousand lots, with +streets eighty feet wide, was to be laid out. The lots +were to be sold at one hundred and fifty dollars each and +were to be not less than one hundred and twenty by sixty-six +feet in size. Of the purchase money, two-thirds +should go into the stock of the Bank of Cairo, and one-third +to a fund to build dykes to keep the city from being +flooded.<a id="noteref_273" name="noteref_273" href="#note_273"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">273</span></span></a> Considering the time and the +location, the scheme was utterly impracticable. <span class="tei tei-q">“An Act to Incorporate +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page115">[pg 115]</span><a name="Pg115" id="Pg115" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +the Stockholders of the Illinois Navigation Company”</span> +authorized the formation of a company with a +capital of one hundred thousand dollars, for the purpose +of cutting a canal through the peninsula between the Ohio +and the Mississippi. Within twelve years a canal sufficiently +large for the passage of a vessel of twenty tons +burden should be completed. The company was given +the right of eminent domain.<a id="noteref_274" name="noteref_274" href="#note_274"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">274</span></span></a> Here again the character +of the project was unsuited to existing conditions. Population +was increasing rapidly at the time these laws were +passed, but they required for their success an increase +much more rapid. They were, however, pleasing to the +settlers and the prospective settlers of the day. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +On January 16, 1818, Mr. Pope, of Illinois, was appointed +chairman of a select committee to consider a petition +from the Illinois legislature praying for a state government. +One week later the committee reported a bill to +enable Illinois to form such a government, and to admit +the state into the union. When the enabling act came up +for discussion, Mr. Pope offered the amendment which +changed the northern boundary of Illinois from a line due +west from the southern extremity of Lake Michigan, as +provided by the Ordinance of 1787, to a line running from +that lake to the Mississippi on the parallel of 42° 30'. +<span class="tei tei-q">“The object of this amendment, Mr. Pope said, was to +gain, for the proposed state, a coast on Lake Michigan. +This would offer additional security to the perpetuity of +the union, inasmuch as the state would thereby be connected +with the states of Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and +New York, through the lakes. The facility of opening a +canal between Lake Michigan and the Illinois River, said +Mr. Pope, is acknowledged by every one who has visited +the place. Giving to the proposed state the port of Chicago +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page116">[pg 116]</span><a name="Pg116" id="Pg116" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +(embraced in the proposed limits), will draw its attention +to the opening of the communication between the Illinois +River and that place, and the improvement of that harbor. +It was believed, he said, upon good authority, that the line +of separation between Indiana and Illinois would strike +Lake Michigan south of Chicago, and not pass west of it, +as had been supposed by some geographers....”</span> +Although an avowed violation of the Ordinance of 1787, +the amendment was adopted without division or recorded +debate. Mr. Pope also secured an amendment to the +effect that the state's proportion of the proceeds of the +sales of public lands, instead of being applied to the +making of roads and canals in the state, should be used +in making roads leading to the state, and for the encouragement +of learning, two-fifths being applied to the +former purpose. Pope pointed out that people would +build roads as they needed them, much more readily than +they would supply schools, and that waste school lands in +a new country would produce slight revenue. Subsequent +history of the state justified both statements. The enabling +act met with little opposition and was signed by President +Monroe on April 18, 1818.<a id="noteref_275" name="noteref_275" href="#note_275"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">275</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +One of the provisions of the enabling act was that, in +order to become a state, Illinois must have as many as +forty thousand inhabitants. In anticipation of such a +provision, the territorial legislature had passed a law in +January, 1818, providing that a census of the territory +should be taken between April 1 and June 1. A supplemental +act provided that as a great increase in population +might be expected between June 1 and December, census +takers should continue to take the census in their districts +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page117">[pg 117]</span><a name="Pg117" id="Pg117" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +of all who should remove into them between June 1 and +December 1. The law as framed gave an opportunity +to count not only immigrants, but to re-count all who +moved from one county to another (such moving being +common), and to count in each successive county persons +passing through the state. There is no reasonable doubt +that at the time the census was taken, the territory had +fewer than forty thousand inhabitants. Dana gives a +census of 1818, in which the number is given as thirty-four +thousand six hundred and sixty-six, and adds: +<span class="tei tei-q">“Another enumeration having been taken a few months +after, the amount of population returned was forty thousand +one hundred and fifty-six, which exceeded the +number entitling the territory to become a state.”</span><a id="noteref_276" name="noteref_276" href="#note_276"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">276</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In August, 1818, the Constitution of Illinois was completed. +Its provisions most likely to influence settlement +were those concerning the elective franchise and slavery. +It provided that <span class="tei tei-q">“In all elections, all white male inhabitants +above the age of twenty-one years, having resided in the +state six months next preceding the election, shall enjoy +the right of an elector; but no person shall be entitled to +vote except in the county or district in which he shall +actually reside at the time of the election.”</span> Slaves could +not hereafter be brought into the state, but existing slavery +was not abolished, and existing indentures—and some +were for ninety-nine years—should be carried out, although +future indentures should not run for a longer term than +one year. Male children of slaves or indentured servants +should be free at the age of twenty-one, and females at +eighteen. Slaves from other states could be employed only +at the Saline Creek salt works, and there only until 1825.<a id="noteref_277" name="noteref_277" href="#note_277"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">277</span></span></a> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page118">[pg 118]</span><a name="Pg118" id="Pg118" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +During the congressional debate on the acceptance of the +Illinois Constitution, objection to admitting the state was +made on the ground that the number of inhabitants was +doubtful, and that slavery was not distinctly prohibited, +Tallmadge, of New York, who later wished to restrict +slavery in Missouri, being the chief objector. The state +was admitted, however, and on December 4, 1818, the representatives +and senators from Illinois took their seats in +Congress.<a id="noteref_278" name="noteref_278" href="#note_278"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">278</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Between 1809 and 1818, Illinois passed from a non-representative +territorial government to a liberal state +government. The energy of the settlers had done much +to hasten the change, and the change, in turn, did much +to hasten settlement. +</p> + +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> +<a name="toc21" id="toc21"></a> +<a name="pdf22" id="pdf22"></a> +<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">IV. Transportation and Settlement, 1809 to 1818.</span></h2> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +At the close of the War of 1812, an unparalleled emigration +to the frontiers of the United States began. Contemporary +accounts speak of its great volume. <span class="tei tei-q">“Through +New York and down the Alleghany River is now the track +of many emigrants from the east to the west. Two +hundred and sixty waggons have passed a certain house +on this route in nine days, besides many persons on +horseback and on foot. The editor of the Gennessee +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page119">[pg 119]</span><a name="Pg119" id="Pg119" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +Farmer observes, that he himself met on the road to +Hamilton a cavalcade of upwards of twenty waggons, +containing one company of one hundred and sixteen +persons, on their way to <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Indiana</span></span>, and all from one town in +the district of Maine. So great is the emigration to +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Illinois</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Missouri</span></span> also, that it is +apprehended that many must suffer for want of provisions the ensuing +winter.”</span><a id="noteref_279" name="noteref_279" href="#note_279"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">279</span></span></a> <span class="tei tei-q">“Nothing more strongly proves the superiority +of the western territory than the vast emigration to it +from the eastern and southern states; during the eighteen +months previous to April, 1816, fifteen thousand waggons +passed over the bridge at Cayuga, containing emigrants to +the western country.”</span><a id="noteref_280" name="noteref_280" href="#note_280"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">280</span></span></a> <span class="tei tei-q">“Old America seems to be breaking +up, and moving westward.... The number of +emigrants who passed this way [St. Clairsville, Ohio], was +greater last year than in any preceding; and the present +spring they are still more numerous than the last. Fourteen +waggons yesterday, and thirteen today, have gone through +this town. Myriads take their course down the Ohio. The +waggons swarm with children. I heard today of three together, +which contain forty-two of these young citizens.”</span><a id="noteref_281" name="noteref_281" href="#note_281"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">281</span></span></a> +From Hamilton, New York: <span class="tei tei-q">“It is estimated, that there +are now in this village and its vicinity, three hundred +families, besides single travellers, amounting in all to fifteen +hundred souls, waiting for a rise of water to embark for +<span class="tei tei-q">‘the promised land.’</span> ”</span><a id="noteref_282" name="noteref_282" href="#note_282"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">282</span></span></a> <span class="tei tei-q">“The numerous companies of emigrants +that flock to this country, might appear, to those +who have not witnessed them, almost incredible. But +there is scarce a day, except when the river is impeded +with ice, but what there is a greater or less number of +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page120">[pg 120]</span><a name="Pg120" id="Pg120" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +boats to be seen floating down its gentle current, to some +place of destination. No less than five hundred families +stopped at Cincinnati at one time, and many of them +having come a great distance, and being of the poorer class +of people, before they could provide for themselves, were +in a suffering condition; but to the honor of the citizens of Cincinnati, +they raised a donation and relieved their distress.”</span><a id="noteref_283" name="noteref_283" href="#note_283"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">283</span></span></a> +Of the remote districts, Missouri and Michigan +were receiving crowds of immigrants.<a id="noteref_284" name="noteref_284" href="#note_284"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">284</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The changes in government and in the land question in +Illinois were typical of changes in other frontier regions, +but although worthy of note as helping to make a more +attractive place for settlement, they are by no means +sufficient to account for the great migration to the westward. +Why that migration took place and how it was +accomplished are interesting and important questions. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Emigration from New England resulted largely from +financial and industrial disorganization caused by the close +of the war, and a year of such continued cold weather as +to produce a famine. This movement was interesting, +dramatic, and large in volume, but its influence upon +Illinois was slight, because the tide was stayed to the eastward +of that state.<a id="noteref_285" name="noteref_285" href="#note_285"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">285</span></span></a> Migration from the South was also +large, and it was from this source that most of the immigrants +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page121">[pg 121]</span><a name="Pg121" id="Pg121" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +to Illinois came. In 1816 there was a severe drought +in eastern North Carolina, and many planters cut their +immature corn for their cattle, while great numbers sold +their property and joined the emigrants.<a id="noteref_286" name="noteref_286" href="#note_286"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">286</span></span></a> Kentucky, still +a favorite place for settlement, was in the midst of a land +boom which reached such proportions as to cause a large +volume of emigration to Illinois, Missouri, and the southwest. +The buyer of Kentucky land was often a neighbor +who wished to enlarge his farm and work on a larger +scale, or some well-to-do immigrant who preferred the +location to a more remote region. Land sold on credit +and at fictitious prices, the seller in turn buying land for +which he frequently could make only the first payment. +Retribution did not come, however, until after 1820, and +for some years it seemed as if Kentucky was to become a +source of population, for it was to Illinois and Missouri, +and to a lesser degree to Alabama, what New England +was to Ohio.<a id="noteref_287" name="noteref_287" href="#note_287"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">287</span></span></a> Probably chief among the reasons for +migration from the South was the increase of slavery, with +the resulting changes in industrial and social conditions. +Early in the century the growing importance of the cotton +crop began to hasten a stratification of opinion which +was determined by physiographic areas. The western +parts of Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina, the +northern part of Georgia, and the eastern parts of Kentucky +and Tennessee, respectively, being hilly and less fertile +than the coastal plain, became the center of the southern +anti-slavery sentiment. On the plain settled the wealthy +planters, and later the poorer Germans and Quakers settled +in the uplands. Only when cotton-raising became very +profitable was slavery to intrude upon the latter location.<a id="noteref_288" name="noteref_288" href="#note_288"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">288</span></span></a> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page122">[pg 122]</span><a name="Pg122" id="Pg122" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +During the war the production of cotton in the United +States had been almost constant in amount and less than +in preceding years, but 1815 saw an increase of over forty-two +per cent and 1816 an increase of twenty-four per +cent,<a id="noteref_289" name="noteref_289" href="#note_289"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">289</span></span></a> while in the latter year South Carolina, after an +interval of thirteen years, resumed its slavery legislation +by passing the first of a series of acts which show that the +slavery problem was becoming increasingly difficult. Similar +legislation took place in Tennessee, and to a lesser +degree in Kentucky.<a id="noteref_290" name="noteref_290" href="#note_290"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">290</span></span></a> Increased production of cotton was +accompanied by an increase in price, middling upland +cotton selling at New York at 15 cents per pound in 1814, +at 21 cents in 1815, at 29-½ cents in 1816, at 26-½ cents in +1817, and at 34 cents in 1818, while South Carolina sea-island +cotton sold at Charleston in 1816 at 55 cents a +pound.<a id="noteref_291" name="noteref_291" href="#note_291"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">291</span></span></a> An increase in cotton production meant an +increase of the plantation system with its slaves, this meant an +increased demand for large farms, and also a strengthening +of the antagonism between pro-slavery and anti-slavery +parties. Even in 1812, a man who wished to sell, lease, or +rent his manufacturing establishment in the northwestern +part of Virginia, Frederick county, lamented in his advertisement +that <span class="tei tei-q">“some good men of strict moral or religious +principles should object against forming settled abodes in +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page123">[pg 123]</span><a name="Pg123" id="Pg123" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +Virginia”</span> or other slave states.<a id="noteref_292" name="noteref_292" href="#note_292"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">292</span></span></a> Census reports show that +the proportion of negroes to whites increased in the +western counties of North Carolina during the decade +1810 to 1820 over the proportion in 1800 to 1810. Conditions +above described naturally led to the emigration of +at least four classes of people: those who were anti-slavery, +those who did not wish to change from small +farming to the plantation system, the poor whites who +found themselves increasingly disgraced and who at the +same time found that their land was in demand, the slave-holder +who wished a large tract of virgin soil. It is very +important to note that these forces were merely beginning +to operate in the time from 1814 to 1818, and that they +did not reach their maximum of influence until after 1830, +yet as the population of Illinois increased less than twenty-eight +thousand from 1810 to 1818, it is altogether probable +that a considerable proportion were influenced by the +causes suggested. It is also true that some pioneers +moved merely from habit, without any well-defined cause. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Although it is true that the first steamboat that passed +down the Ohio and Mississippi made its trip in the winter +of 1811-12, and by 1816 an enterprising captain had made +a successful experiment of running a steamboat with coal for +fuel, also that the speed of steamboats in eastern waters was +a matter for enthusiastic comment, yet it is also true that +immigrants to Illinois did not usually arrive by steamer.<a id="noteref_293" name="noteref_293" href="#note_293"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">293</span></span></a> +The development of steamboat navigation in western +waters was slow, the first steamboat reaching St. Louis on +August 2, 1817.<a id="noteref_294" name="noteref_294" href="#note_294"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">294</span></span></a> Peter Cartwright wrote of his trip from +the West to the General Conference in Baltimore, in 1816: +<span class="tei tei-q">“We had no steamboats, railroad cars, or comfortable +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page124">[pg 124]</span><a name="Pg124" id="Pg124" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +stages in those days. We had to travel from the extreme +West on horseback. It generally took us near a month to +go; a month was spent at General Conference, and nearly +a month in returning to our fields of labor.”</span><a id="noteref_295" name="noteref_295" href="#note_295"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">295</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Some instances of the manner and cost of emigration +may be given. A man with his wife and brother having +arrived at Philadelphia from England, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">en route</span></span> to Birkbeck's +settlement<a id="noteref_296" name="noteref_296" href="#note_296"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">296</span></span></a> in Illinois, the party was directed to +Pittsburg, which they reached after a wearisome journey +of over three hundred miles across the mountains. At +Pittsburg they bought a little boat for six or seven dollars, +and came down the Ohio to Shawneetown, whence they +proceeded on foot.<a id="noteref_297" name="noteref_297" href="#note_297"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">297</span></span></a> In the summer of 1818, a party of +eighty-eight came over the same route in much the same +manner, using flat-boats on the river.<a id="noteref_298" name="noteref_298" href="#note_298"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">298</span></span></a> In 1817, John +Mason Peck, with his wife and three children, went from +Litchfield, Connecticut, to Shawneetown, Illinois, in a one-horse +wagon. The journey was begun on July 25 and +Shawneetown was reached on the sixth of November. +<span class="tei tei-q">“Nearly one month was occupied in passing from Philadelphia +through the State of Pennsylvania over the Alleghany +Mountains, till on the 10th of September he passed into +Ohio. Three weeks he journeyed in that State, and on +the 23d of October recrossed the Ohio River into the State +of Kentucky ..., and on the 6th of November +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page125">[pg 125]</span><a name="Pg125" id="Pg125" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +again crossed the Ohio River, into the then Territory of +Illinois, at Shawneetown.”</span><a id="noteref_299" name="noteref_299" href="#note_299"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">299</span></span></a> Here the family was delayed +by floods which rendered the roads impassable. Leaving +the horse and wagon at Shawneetown to be brought on by +a friend, they proceeded to St. Louis in a keel-boat, paying +twenty-five dollars fare, and arrived at their destination +on the first of December.<a id="noteref_300" name="noteref_300" href="#note_300"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">300</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Shawneetown was a sort of center from which emigrants +radiated to their destinations. It owed much to its location, +being on the main route from the southern states to +St. Louis and what was then called the Missouri, and being +also the port for the salt works on Saline Creek. It was +the seat of a land-office. The town thus had a business +which was out of all proportion to the number of its permanent +inhabitants. In 1817 it consisted of but about +thirty log houses, a log bank, and a land-office. When a +certain traveler came to the place from the South, in 1818, +he found the number of wagons, horses, and passengers +waiting to cross the Ohio, on the ferry, so great that he +had to wait <span class="tei tei-q">“a great part of the morning”</span> for his turn.<a id="noteref_301" name="noteref_301" href="#note_301"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">301</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +During the latter part of the territorial period freight +charges from Philadelphia to Pittsburg, by land, were from +seven to ten dollars per hundredweight;<a id="noteref_302" name="noteref_302" href="#note_302"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">302</span></span></a> from Pittsburg +to Shawneetown, one dollar; from Louisville to Shawneetown, +thirty-seven cents; and from New Orleans to +Shawneetown, four dollars and a half.<a id="noteref_303" name="noteref_303" href="#note_303"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">303</span></span></a> The use of arks +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page126">[pg 126]</span><a name="Pg126" id="Pg126" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +was common. These were flat-bottomed boats of a tonnage +of from twenty-five to thirty tons, covered, square at +the ends, of a uniform size of fifty feet in length and +fourteen in breadth, usually sold for seventy-five dollars, +and would carry three or four families. A common practice +was to re-sell them at a somewhat reduced price to +someone going further down the river. Two dollars was +the charge for piloting an ark over the falls of the +Ohio.<a id="noteref_304" name="noteref_304" href="#note_304"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">304</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +There is much truth in the remarks made by a German +traveler in 1818-19. He said: <span class="tei tei-q">“The State of Illinois is +from one thousand to twelve hundred miles distant from +the sea ports. The journey thither is often as costly and +tedious, for a man with a family, as the sea passage. Any +father of a family, unless he is well-to-do, can certainly +count on being impoverished upon his arrival in Illinois. +At Williamsport, on the Susquehanna, I found a Swiss, +who, with his wife and ten children, had spent one thousand +French crown-dollars for their journey. In the village of +Williamsport, an old German schoolmaster, who seems to +have been formerly a merchant in Nassau, told me that +the passage of himself and family had cost thirteen hundred +dollars. For an adult the fare is seventy-five dollars—one +dollar is equal to one thaler, ten groschen, Prussian—for +children under twelve years, half so much, for children +of two years, one-fourth so much, and only babes in +arms go free.”</span><a id="noteref_305" name="noteref_305" href="#note_305"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">305</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It can now be understood why people emigrated to the +West, and also why many went overland. A family too +poor to go by water could go in a buggy or wagon, and if +poorer still they might walk, as many actually did. The +immigration to Illinois, which was but a small fraction of +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page127">[pg 127]</span><a name="Pg127" id="Pg127" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +the great westward movement, was still largely southern +in origin, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, and even New York +still staying, in large measure, the tide from New England. +In New England it was the <span class="tei tei-q">“Ohio fever”</span> and not the +Illinois fever which carried away the people, and the +designation is geographically correct. The men prominent +in Illinois politics at the close of the territorial period, and +at the beginning of the state period, were natives of southern +states, a fact hardly conceivable if New England had +been largely represented in Illinois. Then, too, the natural +routes from the South led to, or near to, Illinois, the great +road from the South crossing the Ohio River at Shawneetown, +and the Kentucky and Cumberland rivers being +natural water routes. Another fact to be noticed is that +much of the emigration was of relatives and friends to +join those who had gone before, and as Virginia, Maryland, +Kentucky, Tennessee, the Carolinas, and even Georgia, +had furnished a large number of early settlers to Illinois, +this was a powerful inducement to continued emigration +from the same sources. Similarly Ohio and Michigan had +early received settlers from the East. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Immigration to Illinois was not large in comparison to +that to neighboring states or territories. Indians still held +the greater part of Illinois, and the inconveniences incident +to frontier life were more pronounced as the distance +from the East increased. Pro-slavery men, and anti-slavery +men as well, were still in doubt as to the ultimate +fate of slavery in Illinois. This had a deterrent effect +upon immigration. +</p> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page128">[pg 128]</span><a name="Pg128" id="Pg128" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> +<a name="toc23" id="toc23"></a> +<a name="pdf24" id="pdf24"></a> +<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">IV. Life of the Settlers.</span></h2> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +According to the marshal's return the manufactures +in Illinois, in 1810, were as follows: +</p> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Spinning-wheels, $630</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Looms, 460; cloth produced, 90,039 yards, $54,028</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Tanneries, 9; leather dressed, $7,750</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Distilleries, 10,200 gallons, $7,500</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Flour, 6,440 barrels, $32,200</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Maple sugar, 15,600 lbs., $1,980<a id="noteref_306" name="noteref_306" href="#note_306"><span class="tei tei-noteref" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">306</span></span></a>—$104,088</div> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This list incidentally indicates the average price of several +manufactured articles. For the first six months of 1814, +the internal revenue assessed in Illinois was: +</p> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Licenses for stills and boilers, $490.14</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Carriages, $62.00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Licenses to retailers, $835.00</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Stamps, $5.60—$1392.74</div> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Of this amount ($1392.74), $1047.37 had been paid by +October 10, 1814.<a id="noteref_307" name="noteref_307" href="#note_307"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">307</span></span></a> For the period from April 18, 1815, +to February 22, 1816, the following were the internal +duties: +</p> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Hats, caps, and bonnets, $ 66.50-½</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Saddles and bridles, $65.25</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Boots and bootees, $7.26</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Leather, $184.35-½—$323.37</div> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This was the smallest sum listed in any part of the United +States, except Michigan Territory.<a id="noteref_308" name="noteref_308" href="#note_308"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">308</span></span></a> For 1818: +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page129">[pg 129]</span><a name="Pg129" id="Pg129" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Licenses for stills, $214.91</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Licenses at 20c. per gal., $549.23</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Duty on spirits at 25c. per gal., $701.26</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">On eighteen carriages, $36.75</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Licenses to retailers, $1248.80</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">On stamped paper and bank-notes, $4.50</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Manufactured goods, $220.14—$2975.59</div> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Of this amount, $1966.41 was paid, only Indiana and +Missouri territories paying a smaller proportion of their +assessment.<a id="noteref_309" name="noteref_309" href="#note_309"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">309</span></span></a> The small proportion paid in these three +territories may have been due to the poverty of their +inhabitants. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Most of the manufactured articles were consumed within +the territory. Both cotton and flax were raised and made +into cloth; maple sugar was sometimes sold and exported, +but a large proportion of the supply was used as a substitute +for sugar, another substitute much used being wild +honey. A certain Smith's Prairie was celebrated for the +numerous plum and crabapple orchards that grew around +its borders. The large red and yellow plums grew there +in such abundance that people would come from long +distances and haul them away by the wagon-loads, and +would preserve them with honey or maple sugar, which +was the only sweetening they had in pioneer times.<a id="noteref_310" name="noteref_310" href="#note_310"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">310</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Previous to the War of 1812, little commerce was carried +on, although a few trips had been made to New Orleans +with keel-boats or pirogues, and some goods were occasionally +brought over the Alleghany Mountains by means +of wagons. The round trip to New Orleans and back +then required six months; the trip down was easy and +required a comparatively short time, but the return trip +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page130">[pg 130]</span><a name="Pg130" id="Pg130" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +was slow. It was entirely a barter trade, money being +almost unknown. Furs, wild honey, and other commodities +of Illinois, as well as lead from the Missouri mines, were +carried down and exchanged for groceries, cloth, and other +articles of a large value and small bulk. As a natural +consequence of having to be transported up stream, goods +of that nature were extremely dear, the common price of +tea being sixteen dollars a pound, of coffee fifty cents, and +of calico fifty cents per yard.<a id="noteref_311" name="noteref_311" href="#note_311"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">311</span></span></a> To go up the Mississippi +from St. Louis to Prairie du Chien, in 1815, required from +twelve days to a month, while the return trip was made in +from six to ten days.<a id="noteref_312" name="noteref_312" href="#note_312"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">312</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In the great American Bottom of the Mississippi, extending +from the mouth of the Kaskaskia almost to the mouth +of the Illinois, cattle raising was a leading industry, the +cattle being driven to the Philadelphia or Baltimore markets.<a id="noteref_313" name="noteref_313" href="#note_313"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">313</span></span></a> +Towards the close of the period land could easily +be secured by government entry. The fertility of the +land was such as must have been new to those immigrants +who came from the poorer parts of the older states. +Land was subject to a tax of a little more that two cents +per acre, the tax being about equally divided between the +territory and the county.<a id="noteref_314" name="noteref_314" href="#note_314"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">314</span></span></a> Public lands were not to be +taxed by the state, after 1818, until five years from the +date of their sale. Governor Edwards, who was a large +landowner, offered to pay three dollars per acre for plowing.<a id="noteref_315" name="noteref_315" href="#note_315"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">315</span></span></a> +Prairies were not yet settled to any considerable +extent, but it is worthy of note that a traveler of 1818-19 +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page131">[pg 131]</span><a name="Pg131" id="Pg131" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +suggested what was eventually to be the solution of the +question of prairie settlement. He wrote: <span class="tei tei-q">“It will probably +be some time before these vast prairies can be +settled, owing to the inconvenience attending the want of +timber. I know of no way, unless the plan is adopted of +ditching and hedging, and the building of brick houses, +and substituting the stone coal for fuel. It seems as if the +bountiful hand of nature, where it has withheld one gift has +always furnished another; for instance, where there is a +scarcity of wood, there are coal mines.”</span><a id="noteref_316" name="noteref_316" href="#note_316"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">316</span></span></a> The remedy +suggested was the one adopted, except that brick houses +did not become common. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Really good roads were entirely lacking. Most of the +settlements were connected by roads that were practicable +at most seasons for packers and travelers on horseback, +but in times of flood the suspension of travel by land was +practically complete. A post-road had been established +between Vincennes and Cahokia in 1805, and in 1810 a +route was established from Vincennes, by way of Kaskaskia, +Prairie du Rocher, and Cahokia, to St. Louis. At this +time and place, however, a post-route does not necessarily +imply anything more than a bridle-path. Mail was received +at irregular intervals, although the trips were regularly +made in good weather. The post-office nearest Chicago +was Fort Wayne, Indiana, whence a soldier on foot carried +the mail once a month.<a id="noteref_317" name="noteref_317" href="#note_317"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">317</span></span></a> A report for the first six months +of 1814 shows, in Illinois, nine post-offices, three hundred +and eighty-eight miles of post-roads, about $143 received for +postage, and $1002 paid for transportation of mail—a balance +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page132">[pg 132]</span><a name="Pg132" id="Pg132" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +of some $859 against the United States.<a id="noteref_318" name="noteref_318" href="#note_318"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">318</span></span></a> At this +time even Cleveland, Chillicothe, and Marietta received +mail but twice per week.<a id="noteref_319" name="noteref_319" href="#note_319"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">319</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Books were very scarce,<a id="noteref_320" name="noteref_320" href="#note_320"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">320</span></span></a> and no newspapers had been +published in Illinois before its separate territorial organization. +Between 1809 and 1818 there were founded the +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Illinois Herald</span></span> and the +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Western Intelligencer</span></span>, at Kaskaskia, +the latter becoming the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Illinois Intelligencer</span></span> on May 27, +1818; and the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Shawnee Chief</span></span>, at +Shawneetown.<a id="noteref_321" name="noteref_321" href="#note_321"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">321</span></span></a> In 1816 +the citizens of Shawneetown gave notice through the +papers of Kaskaskia, Frankfort, Kentucky, and Nashville, +Tennessee, that they would apply to the Legislature of +Illinois for the establishment of a bank.<a id="noteref_322" name="noteref_322" href="#note_322"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">322</span></span></a> This may indicate +that the papers of the places named had a considerable +circulation in Illinois. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The character of the immigrants left much to be desired. +A good observer wrote: <span class="tei tei-q">“After residing awhile in White +County, Tennessee, I migrated in May, 1817, to the southern +part of the then Territory of Illinois, and settled in +Madison County, twenty-five miles east of St. Louis, which +town then contained about five thousand inhabitants. The +surrounding country, however, was quite sparsely settled, +and destitute of any energy or enterprise among the +people; their labors and attention being chiefly confined to +the hunting of game, which then abounded, and tilling a +small patch of corn for bread, relying on game for the +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page133">[pg 133]</span><a name="Pg133" id="Pg133" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +remaining supplies of the table. The inhabitants were of +the most generous and hospitable character, and were +principally from the southern states; harmony and the +utmost good feeling prevailed throughout the country.”</span><a id="noteref_323" name="noteref_323" href="#note_323"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">323</span></span></a> +Naturally this description was not of universal application, +but the source of the population and the reasons for +removing from the old homes make it probable that it was +widely appropriate. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +If it was difficult for an emigrant to reach Illinois, and +if, after reaching it, he was inconvenienced by the poor +facilities for commerce, the bad roads, the infrequency of +mails, the scarcity of schools and churches, he at least +found it easy to obtain a living, and to some of the immigrants +of the territorial period it was worth something not +to starve, even though living was reduced to its lowest +terms. The poorest immigrant had access to land on the +borders of settlement, because the laws against squatting +were not enforced. This same class could procure game +in abundance, while maple sugar, wild honey, persimmons, +crabapples, nuts, pawpaws, wild grapes, wild plums, fish, +mushrooms, <span class="tei tei-q">“greens,”</span> berries of several kinds, and other +palatable natural products known to the Illinois frontiersman, +were to be had in most, if not all, of the localities +then settled. Hogs fattened on the mast. Log houses +could be built without nails. The problem of clothing +was probably more difficult at first than that of food, but +although clothing could not be picked up in the woods, +the materials for making it could be grown in the fields. +Spinning, and the processes necessarily preceding and +following it, involved a certain amount of labor. Taxes +were not high, nor were tax laws rigidly enforced. It is +thus easy to understand the reasoning that may have led +a large proportion of the immigrants during this period to +leave their old homes. +</p> + +</div> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page134">[pg 134]</span><a name="Pg134" id="Pg134" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc25" id="toc25"></a> +<a name="pdf26" id="pdf26"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter V. The First Years of Statehood, +1818 to 1830.</span></h1> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> +<a name="toc27" id="toc27"></a> +<a name="pdf28" id="pdf28"></a> +<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">The Indian and Land Questions.</span></h2> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +One of the most important cessions of land in Illinois +ever made by the Indians was that made by the +Kickapoo in 1819, of the vast region lying north of the +parallel of 39—a little north of the mouth of the Illinois +River, and southeast of the Illinois River.<a id="noteref_324" name="noteref_324" href="#note_324"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">324</span></span></a> Settlement +had been crowding hard upon this region and many +squatters anxiously awaited the survey and sale of the +land, especially of that in the famous Sangamon country. +In northern Illinois settlement was still retarded by the +presence of Indians. In 1825, the Menominee, Kaskaskia, +Sauk and Fox, Potawatomi, and Chippewa tribes claimed +over 5,314,000 acres of land in Illinois,<a id="noteref_325" name="noteref_325" href="#note_325"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">325</span></span></a> and there was a +licensed Indian trader at Sangamo, one at the saline near the +present Danville, and two on Fever River.<a id="noteref_326" name="noteref_326" href="#note_326"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">326</span></span></a> Two years +later there were three such traders at Fever River, and two +at Chicago,<a id="noteref_327" name="noteref_327" href="#note_327"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">327</span></span></a> and in 1827-28 there was one at Fever River +with a capital of about $2000.<a id="noteref_328" name="noteref_328" href="#note_328"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">328</span></span></a> In February, 1829, there +were Indian agents at Chicago, Fort Armstrong, Kaskaskia, +and Peoria, as well as others near the borders of +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page135">[pg 135]</span><a name="Pg135" id="Pg135" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +Illinois.<a id="noteref_329" name="noteref_329" href="#note_329"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">329</span></span></a> At this time, the Ottawa, Chippewa, Potawatomi, +Kaskaskia, and Winnebago claimed land in the state, +although only about 6000 of the more than 25,000 members +of these tribes resided in the state. The eight +members of the Kaskaskia tribe held a small reservation +near the Kaskaskia River. Of the twenty-two hundred +members of the Kickapoo tribe, which had relinquished all +claim to land east of the Mississippi, about two hundred +still lived on the Mackinaw River, but they were expected +to move in a few weeks.<a id="noteref_330" name="noteref_330" href="#note_330"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">330</span></span></a> +By a treaty of July 29, 1829, +the Chippewa, Ottawa, and Potawatomi ceded their claims +in northern Illinois.<a id="noteref_331" name="noteref_331" href="#note_331"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">331</span></span></a> There still remained the Winnebago +tribe, and not until 1833 was Illinois to be free from Indian +claims.<a id="noteref_332" name="noteref_332" href="#note_332"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">332</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A war with the Winnebago tribe was imminent in 1827. +Settlers in the northern part of the state either fled to the +southward or collected at such points as Galena or Prairie +du Chien. <span class="tei tei-q">“This was a period of great suffering at Galena. +The weather was inclement and two or three thousand +persons driven suddenly in, with scant provisions, without +ammunition or weapons encamped in the open air, or cloth +tents which were but little better, were placed in a very +disagreeable and critical position.”</span><a id="noteref_333" name="noteref_333" href="#note_333"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">333</span></span></a> The prompt action of +Governor Lewis Cass, of Michigan, averted what would in +all probability have been a bloody war, if prompt action +had not been taken.<a id="noteref_334" name="noteref_334" href="#note_334"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">334</span></span></a> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page136">[pg 136]</span><a name="Pg136" id="Pg136" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +To September 30, 1819, the record of land sales in +Illinois was as follows: +</p> + +<table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class="tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><colgroup span="4"></colgroup><tbody><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Acres Unsold.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Acres Sold.</td> + <td class="tei tei-cell">Price.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Shawneetown</td><td class="tei tei-cell">4,561,920</td><td class="tei tei-cell">562,296</td> + <td class="tei tei-cell">$1,153,897</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Kaskaskia</td><td class="tei tei-cell">2,188,800</td><td class="tei tei-cell">407,027</td> + <td class="tei tei-cell">1,781,773</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Edwardsville</td><td class="tei tei-cell">2,625,960</td><td class="tei tei-cell">394,730</td> + <td class="tei tei-cell">795,531<a id="noteref_335" name="noteref_335" href="#note_335"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">335</span></span></a></td></tr></tbody></table> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The balances unpaid by purchasers of public lands steadily +increased from 1813 to 1819 until on September 30, 1819, +there was due from purchasers of land in the area of the old Northwest +Territory nearly ten million dollars.<a id="noteref_336" name="noteref_336" href="#note_336"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">336</span></span></a> An +increase would have resulted merely from an increased sale +of public lands under the credit system, but it is also true +that the difficulty of collecting the unpaid balances became +so great that the government at last abolished the credit +system, by the act of April 24, 1820. The act provided +that after July 1, 1820, no credit whatever should be given +to the purchasers of public lands; that land might be sold +in either sections, half-sections, quarter-sections, or eighth-sections; +that the minimum price should be reduced from +two dollars to one dollar and twenty-five cents per acre; +and that reverted lands should be offered at auction before +being offered at private sale.<a id="noteref_337" name="noteref_337" href="#note_337"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">337</span></span></a> At least two of the provisions +of this act had long been desired by Illinois in +common with other frontier regions: the reduction of the +minimum price and the sale in smaller tracts. Under the +new law a man with one hundred dollars could buy eighty +acres of land, while previously the same man would have +had to pay eighty of his one hundred dollars as the first +payment on one hundred and sixty acres, the smallest tract +then sold. The great danger had been that the second, +third, and fourth payments could not be made. In Illinois, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page137">[pg 137]</span><a name="Pg137" id="Pg137" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +before July 1, 1820, there had been sold 1,593,247.53 acres +of the public land at an average price of about $2.02 per +acre. Some of this reverted from non-payment.<a id="noteref_338" name="noteref_338" href="#note_338"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">338</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + </p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 60%; text-align: center"><img src="images/illus-2.png" alt="Illustration: Indian Cessions." /></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +During the third quarter of 1820, all sales in Illinois +were at the minimum price and a considerable proportion +were of the minimum area. At the same time, some of +the land in Ohio, and a very few tracts in Indiana, sold at +a higher price, one tract in Ohio, but only one, selling for +more than seven dollars per acre.<a id="noteref_339" name="noteref_339" href="#note_339"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">339</span></span></a> To October 1, 1821, +the land-offices in Illinois reported: +</p> + +<table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class="tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><colgroup span="3"></colgroup><tbody><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Acres Sold.</td><td class="tei tei-cell">Surveyed, but Unsold.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Shawneetown</td><td class="tei tei-cell">592,464</td><td class="tei tei-cell">2,401,936</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Kaskaskia</td><td class="tei tei-cell">419,898</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1,615,942</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Palestine</td><td class="tei tei-cell">714</td><td class="tei tei-cell">2,880,720</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Edwardsville</td><td class="tei tei-cell">437,993</td><td class="tei tei-cell">2,696,727</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Vandalia</td><td class="tei tei-cell">7,923</td><td class="tei tei-cell">2,545,677</td></tr></tbody></table> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +All land in the districts of Shawneetown and Kaskaskia +had been surveyed, but the remaining districts were still +indefinite on the north.<a id="noteref_340" name="noteref_340" href="#note_340"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">340</span></span></a> At this time, Illinois money +passed in the state at par, and the Bank of Illinois was +among those whose notes were received in payment for +public lands.<a id="noteref_341" name="noteref_341" href="#note_341"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">341</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +As more and more land was opened to settlement, a +new difficulty arose and became increasingly troublesome. +All public land was to be entered at the same minimum +price, and as a natural result, the poorest land was not taken +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page138">[pg 138]</span><a name="Pg138" id="Pg138" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +up and settlement became widely dispersed on the best +tracts of land. In December, 1824, the Illinois legislature +sent a memorial to Congress portraying the evils of sparse +settlement, and asking that land that had been offered for +sale for five years or more might be sold at fifty cents per +acre. Better roads, better markets, and better institutions +were expected to result from such sales.<a id="noteref_342" name="noteref_342" href="#note_342"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">342</span></span></a> Two years later, +another memorial was sent. This asked that land be +offered for sale at prices graduated according to the quality +of the land, suggested that the poorest land might well +be donated to settlers, and declared that settlement was +retarded by the high minimum price of land.<a id="noteref_343" name="noteref_343" href="#note_343"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">343</span></span></a> Governor +Ninian Edwards pointed out that in 1790, Hamilton had +recommended that public lands be sold at twenty cents +per acre, which <span class="tei tei-q">“was the price at which Kentucky, long +afterward, sold her lands.”</span><a id="noteref_344" name="noteref_344" href="#note_344"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">344</span></span></a> In 1828, the Committee on +Public Lands recommended that public lands unsold at +public sale be first offered at one dollar per acre, and if +still unsold, that the price be reduced twenty-five cents per +acre each two years until sold or reduced to twenty-five +cents per acre; that eighty-acre homestead claims be given +to such persons as would cultivate and occupy them for five +years; and that lands unsold at twenty-five cents per acre +be ceded to the states in which they lay, upon payment of +the cost of survey and twenty-five cents per acre. At this +time, there was in Illinois 1,403,482 acres surveyed and sold; +19,684,186 acres surveyed and unsold, of the 39,000,000 +acres estimated to be in the State.<a id="noteref_345" name="noteref_345" href="#note_345"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">345</span></span></a> Still another memorial +from the legislature was sent to Congress in 1829. It +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page139">[pg 139]</span><a name="Pg139" id="Pg139" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +pointed out, in strong terms, the inconvenience arising from +the high price at which public land was offered for sale. +Unsold public land could neither be taxed nor legally +settled. It was stated that of the forty millions of acres +in Illinois, little over one and one-half millions had been +sold at public sales. A granting of the right of preemption, +which implies the presence in the state of +squatters, is suggested.<a id="noteref_346" name="noteref_346" href="#note_346"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">346</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The implication of the presence of squatters was well +founded. When Peter Cartwright, in 1823, visited a settlement +in the Sangamon country, he found it a community +of squatters, on land which had been surveyed, but was +not yet offered for sale. Money was hoarded up to enter +land when Congress should order sales. Cartwright paid +a squatter two hundred dollars for his improvement and +his claim, bought some stock, and rented out the place, to +which he was to remove from Kentucky the following +year.<a id="noteref_347" name="noteref_347" href="#note_347"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">347</span></span></a> This squatting on surveyed land, and even on +unsurveyed land, was a regular procedure. It added much +to the difficulty of governing the state—hence the memorials +to Congress, and hence the great significance to +Illinois of an act of May 29, 1830, which gave to all +settlers who had cultivated land in 1829 the right to preempt +not more than one hundred and sixty acres.<a id="noteref_348" name="noteref_348" href="#note_348"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">348</span></span></a> This +law was of general application. Even now the Illinois +legislature sent another petition concerning preemption to +Congress, because one of the provisions of the act of May, +1830, was that the plat of survey should have been filed +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page140">[pg 140]</span><a name="Pg140" id="Pg140" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +in the land-office, and this provision debarred about one +thousand Illinois squatters from the benefit of the act. A +modification in their favor was desired.<a id="noteref_349" name="noteref_349" href="#note_349"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">349</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The land claims of the ancient settlers, as they are +called in government documents, continued to occupy the +attention of Congress, in a desultory way, throughout the +period, but their influence upon settlement had practically +ceased with the opening of the public land-offices.<a id="noteref_350" name="noteref_350" href="#note_350"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">350</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Among the obstacles to settlement was the holding of +land by non-residents. Such lands were subject to a triple +tax in case of delinquency, and when sold for taxes and +costs frequently did not bring enough for that purpose, in +which event they reverted to the state and the state paid +the costs. Redemption, although possible, was rare.<a id="noteref_351" name="noteref_351" href="#note_351"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">351</span></span></a> In +1823, about nine thousand quarter-sections of land in the +Military Tract, lying between the Illinois and the Mississippi, +were advertised for sale, because of the non-payment +of taxes by non-resident landholders.<a id="noteref_352" name="noteref_352" href="#note_352"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">352</span></span></a> At this time, two +of the prominent men of the state who wished to dispose +of a large amount of state paper, advertised that they would pay +such delinquent taxes at twenty-five per cent discount.<a id="noteref_353" name="noteref_353" href="#note_353"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">353</span></span></a> +In 1826, thirty-eight pages of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Illinois Intelligencer</span></span> +were filled with a description, in double column, of lands +owned by non-residents, the lands being for sale for taxes. +In 1829, a similar list filled thirty-two pages.<a id="noteref_354" name="noteref_354" href="#note_354"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">354</span></span></a> Much discontent +was manifested in the state on account of the laws +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page141">[pg 141]</span><a name="Pg141" id="Pg141" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +concerning the public lands, and Governor Edwards' +message to the legislature, in 1830, elaborated a theory +that all public lands belonged of right to the states in +which they lay.<a id="noteref_355" name="noteref_355" href="#note_355"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">355</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Illinois early understood that an Illinois-Michigan canal +would help to people her northern lands. This led to +many efforts to secure such a waterway. In 1819 a favorable +topographical report concerning the route for the +proposed canal was made,<a id="noteref_356" name="noteref_356" href="#note_356"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">356</span></span></a> and in 1822 the state was +authorized to construct the canal, but no tangible aid was +given.<a id="noteref_357" name="noteref_357" href="#note_357"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">357</span></span></a> In 1825 the legislature petitioned Congress for a +grant of the townships through which the canal would +pass. A committee report of March, 1826, which was +almost identical with another presented in February, 1825, +pointed out that the cost of transporting a ton of merchandise +from Philadelphia, New York, or Baltimore was +about ninety dollars, and required from twenty to twenty-two +days. The probable cost by the proposed canal, the +Lakes, and the Erie Canal, from St. Louis to New York +was from sixty-three to sixty-five dollars per ton, and the +time from twelve to fifteen days. The canal would bind +Illinois and Missouri to the North.<a id="noteref_358" name="noteref_358" href="#note_358"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">358</span></span></a> Congress received a +memorial from the legislature on the same subject in +January, 1827, requesting the grant of <span class="tei tei-q">“two entire townships, +along the whole course of the canal,”</span> and declaring +that markets at New Orleans fluctuated because of speculators, +and that grain and goods sent from the West to the +Atlantic ports by way of New Orleans was exposed to the +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page142">[pg 142]</span><a name="Pg142" id="Pg142" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +dangers of both the southern climate and the +sea.<a id="noteref_359" name="noteref_359" href="#note_359"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">359</span></span></a> A few +weeks later the desired grant was made, the state being +given one-half of five sections in width on each side of +the canal, the United States reserving the alternate sections.<a id="noteref_360" name="noteref_360" href="#note_360"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">360</span></span></a> +The canal commissioners promptly platted the +original town of Chicago and sold lots at from twenty to +eighty dollars each, but no immediate settlement followed +the land sale, and Chicago remained for some years longer +an Indian town. The prospect of having a canal doubtless +had some influence upon settlement, but at the close of +1830 the actual construction of the canal was still a thing +of the future. By the close of 1828, Congress had donated +to Illinois, for various purposes, chiefly for schools and +internal improvements, 1,346,000 acres.<a id="noteref_361" name="noteref_361" href="#note_361"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">361</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The salt springs had been vested in the state of Illinois +with the provision that no part of the reservations should +be sold. Large reservations were made at the Saline River +salt works and at the Vermilion saline near Danville, the +object being to reserve a supply of wood for the making +of salt. Upon the discovery of coal near the springs the +state was permitted to sell not more than thirty thousand +acres of the Saline River reservation.<a id="noteref_362" name="noteref_362" href="#note_362"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">362</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Illinois as a landowner sometimes mingled church and +state. The original proprietors of Alton having donated +one hundred lots, one-half for the support of the gospel, +and one-half for the support of a public school, the state +vested the donated lots in the trustees of the town, upon +its incorporation in 1821. A similar donation made by +the proprietors of Mt. Carmel was confirmed in the same +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page143">[pg 143]</span><a name="Pg143" id="Pg143" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +manner.<a id="noteref_363" name="noteref_363" href="#note_363"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">363</span></span></a> The Cumberland Presbyterians having built a +church on a school section, the state provided that for +ninety-nine years the building should be used as a schoolhouse +also, the school being under the joint direction of the trustees +of the township and the church society.<a id="noteref_364" name="noteref_364" href="#note_364"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">364</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The receipts for public lands in 1828 and 1829, respectively, +were: +</p> + +<table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class="tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><colgroup span="3"></colgroup><tbody><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">1828</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1829.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Kaskaskia</td><td class="tei tei-cell">$ 4,639.82</td><td class="tei tei-cell">$ 10,503.99</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Shawneetown</td><td class="tei tei-cell">7,250.28</td><td class="tei tei-cell">16,058.79</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Edwardsville</td><td class="tei tei-cell">23,536.49</td><td class="tei tei-cell">38,001.35</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Vandalia</td><td class="tei tei-cell">4,489.71</td><td class="tei tei-cell">24,258.13</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Palestine</td><td class="tei tei-cell">25,671.62</td><td class="tei tei-cell">59,026.81</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Springfield</td><td class="tei tei-cell">56,507.63</td><td class="tei tei-cell">108,175.47</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">$122,095.55</td><td class="tei tei-cell">$256,024.54<a id="noteref_365" name="noteref_365" href="#note_365"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">365</span></span></a></td></tr></tbody></table> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The receipts for 1828 were for 96,092.91 acres; of 1829, for +196,324.92 acres.<a id="noteref_366" name="noteref_366" href="#note_366"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">366</span></span></a> +From October 1, 1829, to September +30, 1830, sales, receipts, and prices were: +</p> + +<table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class="tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><colgroup span="4"></colgroup><tbody><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell"></td><td class="tei tei-cell">Acres.</td><td class="tei tei-cell"></td> + <td class="tei tei-cell">Average Price per Acre.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Illinois</td><td class="tei tei-cell">291,401.28</td><td class="tei tei-cell">$364,369.87</td> + <td class="tei tei-cell">$1.2504</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Indiana</td><td class="tei tei-cell">413,253.63</td><td class="tei tei-cell">521,715.13</td> + <td class="tei tei-cell">1.2624</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Alabama</td><td class="tei tei-cell">233,369.27</td><td class="tei tei-cell">291,715.20</td> + <td class="tei tei-cell">1.25</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Missouri</td><td class="tei tei-cell">182,929.63</td><td class="tei tei-cell">228,748.12</td> + <td class="tei tei-cell">1.2505</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Michigan</td><td class="tei tei-cell">106,201.28</td><td class="tei tei-cell">132,751.68</td> + <td class="tei tei-cell">1.25</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Ohio</td><td class="tei tei-cell">160,182.14</td><td class="tei tei-cell">201,923.50</td> + <td class="tei tei-cell">1.2606</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Mississippi</td><td class="tei tei-cell">103,795.61</td><td class="tei tei-cell">130,475.87</td> + <td class="tei tei-cell">1.257<a id="noteref_367" name="noteref_367" href="#note_367"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">367</span></span></a></td></tr></tbody></table> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The northward movement of population in Illinois is well +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page144">[pg 144]</span><a name="Pg144" id="Pg144" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +indicated by the figures for 1828 and 1829. The Indian +barrier was being pushed back, and the Sangamon country, +with its land-office at Springfield, was a favorite place for +settlement. The rapid increase in the amount of land +sold is also striking. As the third decade of the century +closed Indiana was the favorite place for frontier settlement. +The sales of public lands in Ohio were diminishing. +A prophetic glance would have seen that as the ever-shifting +frontier passed westward Illinois was to overtake +and then to far surpass Indiana in number of settlers. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The period from 1818 to 1830 saw the Indian title to a +great fertile tract of land in Illinois extinguished, the price +of all public lands lowered and the land offered for sale in +smaller tracts, the right of preemption granted to squatters +who had settled before 1830, considerable grants of land +made to the state for internal improvements, the great salt +spring reservations reduced. These changes did much to +make Illinois a more attractive place for settlement. +When a committee of workingmen in Wheeling, Virginia, +made a report, in October, 1830, on a method of escaping +from the ills of workingmen, they presented an elaborate +plan for buying land and forming a colony in Illinois.<a id="noteref_368" name="noteref_368" href="#note_368"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">368</span></span></a> +The experience of the squatter who settled with four or +five sows for breeders and in four years or less drove forty-two +fat hogs to market and sold them for $135, with which +he bought eighty acres of land and paid his debts, was not +a rare one.<a id="noteref_369" name="noteref_369" href="#note_369"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">369</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +As 1830 closed there were still problems connected with +the land to solve. The Indian question persisted, non-resident +landholders were troublesome, and the state +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page145">[pg 145]</span><a name="Pg145" id="Pg145" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +would still seek grants for internal improvements, but none +of these was to be long a serious impediment to settlement. +</p> + +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> +<a name="toc29" id="toc29"></a> +<a name="pdf30" id="pdf30"></a> +<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">The Government and Its Representatives, +1818 to 1830.</span></h2> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In some respects the character of the state government +of Illinois shows the character of the settlers. The nativity +of the governors and the congressmen of the state indicates +that the South was the origin of a majority of the population. +Before the end of 1830 there had been no northern-born +representative of the state in the national House of +Representatives; the first northern-born senator was chosen +in the last month of 1825, and the first northern governor +in 1830.<a id="noteref_370" name="noteref_370" href="#note_370"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">370</span></span></a> +Pierre Menard, a French Canadian, the first +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page146">[pg 146]</span><a name="Pg146" id="Pg146" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +lieutenant-governor, came to Illinois in 1790, and can not +fairly be cited as a type of the French descendants of the +first white settlers of Illinois.<a id="noteref_371" name="noteref_371" href="#note_371"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">371</span></span></a> As a matter of fact, the +French element was not a political factor of importance. +Nor is it true that all southerners were pro-slavery, for the +most noted anti-slavery governor of Illinois, and her governor +during the Civil War, were from the South, while +her first northern senator was pro-slavery. The great +influx of immigrants from New England and the rest of +the North did not come until after 1830. It was retarded, +after the opening of the Erie Canal (1825), by the Winnebago +and Black Hawk wars, and did not reach its height +until the latter war had closed and the Indian claims to +land in northern Illinois had been extinguished. Immigration +from the northern states increased proportionally, +however, after 1820. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Illinois men in Congress give a number of indications of +the feeling of the people on questions having a more or +less intimate relation to settlement. Constant and insistent +demands for more land-offices, more post-roads, more +pensions, donations of land for poor settlers, grants of +land for internal improvements, the right of preëmption +for squatters, and the reduction of the price of public +lands show that the frontier was in favor of a liberal governmental +expenditure.<a id="noteref_372" name="noteref_372" href="#note_372"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">372</span></span></a> Congressmen from Illinois, without +exception, favored the tariff bills of 1824 and 1828.<a id="noteref_373" name="noteref_373" href="#note_373"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">373</span></span></a> +In 1828, the only senator from Illinois who voted on the +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page147">[pg 147]</span><a name="Pg147" id="Pg147" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +question, voted for the bill abolishing imprisonment for +debt on processes issuing from a United States court.<a id="noteref_374" name="noteref_374" href="#note_374"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">374</span></span></a> +Since Illinois early abolished such imprisonment, it is +interesting to note that three hundred and thirty-eight +persons were committed to the Essex county jail in New +Jersey, for debt, in the year ending April 1, 1823, of whom +one hundred and forty-one were in close confinement. +The aggregate of debt was fifty-five thousand dollars.<a id="noteref_375" name="noteref_375" href="#note_375"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">375</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Within the state one of the phenomena which has characterized +frontier regions appeared about the year 1821. +A desperate gang of immigrants had robbed and plundered +until, after a most notable robbery, <span class="tei tei-q">“a public meeting was +held, and among other things, a company was formed, +consisting of ten law-abiding men of well-known courage, +who bound themselves together, under the name of the +Regulators of the Valley, to rid the country of horse +thieves and robbers.... A regular constitution was +drawn up and subscribed to.”</span> After the leader of the +desperadoes had been killed the remainder fled.<a id="noteref_376" name="noteref_376" href="#note_376"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">376</span></span></a> A frontier +condition is indicated also by the fact that when +Sangamon county was formed, on January 30, 1821, a +special law provided that housekeepers in the county +should perform the duties and receive the privileges of +freeholders. The same provision was made for Morgan +county two years later. As land sales in the Sangamon +country, in which these counties lay, did not begin until +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page148">[pg 148]</span><a name="Pg148" id="Pg148" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +November, 1823, these laws probably resulted from the +formation of counties whose entire population consisted of +squatters.<a id="noteref_377" name="noteref_377" href="#note_377"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">377</span></span></a> +The persistence of wolf bounties bears testimony +to continued wild surroundings.<a id="noteref_378" name="noteref_378" href="#note_378"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">378</span></span></a> In 1829 alien +Irish, and presumably all other aliens, could vote at all +elections. An election law of this year provided that +voting should be by the voter's approaching the bar, in +the election room, and naming in an audible voice the +persons for whom he voted, or, if the voter preferred, by +delivering to the judges a ballot which should be read +aloud by them, the alternative being for the benefit of +illiterate voters. Voting had previously been by ballot.<a id="noteref_379" name="noteref_379" href="#note_379"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">379</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Although frontier conditions obtained, there were evidences +of their gradual amelioration. A law of 1823 +provided that counterfeiting, which, in the territorial period, +had been punishable by death, should be punished by a +fine of not more than one thousand dollars, whipping with +not fewer than one hundred nor more than two hundred +lashes, imprisonment for not more than twelve months, +and being rendered forever infamous.<a id="noteref_380" name="noteref_380" href="#note_380"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">380</span></span></a> The state established +a system of common schools to be supported, in +part, by the state, in 1825; but in 1829 the sections of +the act which provided that two per cent of all money +received into the state treasury, and five-sixths of the +interest of the school fund, should be for the support of +public schools, were repealed,<a id="noteref_381" name="noteref_381" href="#note_381"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">381</span></span></a> taxation for such a purpose +not being then in accord with public sentiment. A +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page149">[pg 149]</span><a name="Pg149" id="Pg149" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +mechanic's lien law, passed in 1825, provided that in case +of a contract between a landowner and a mechanic, the +mechanic should have a lien upon the product of his labor +for three months, after which the lien lapsed unless suit +had been commenced. Three years later an unsuccessful +attempt to secure such a law was made in New York.<a id="noteref_382" name="noteref_382" href="#note_382"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">382</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Two accounts on the records of the state are of sufficient +interest to give at length. The first gives the amount of +money received into the treasury during the two years +ending December 27, 1822: +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">The amount paid into the treasury by the +different sheriffs within the two years ending +as aforesaid, is $ 7,121.09</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%"> +The amount of a judgment obtained against +the former sheriff of Randolph [County] +for non-resident tax of 1818, is 147.14 +</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%"> +The amount from non-residents for the two +preceding years, including back taxes, +redemptions, interest, &c., is 38,437.75 +</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%"> +The amount from non-residents' bank stock, is 97.77 +</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%"> +The amount from the Saline on the Ohio, is 10,563.09 +</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%"> +The amount from the Saline on Muddy river, is 200.00 +</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%"> +The amount from the sale of Lots in the town +of Vandalia, is 5659.86 +</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">Total amount of money paid at the Treasury +between the 1st of January, 1821, and the +27th of December, 1822, $62,226.70</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The balance in the treasury was $33,661.11, but Governor +Edwards, in his message of December 2, 1828, reported a +state indebtedness of $44,140.03 and taxes in Illinois as +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page150">[pg 150]</span><a name="Pg150" id="Pg150" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +precisely eight times as high as those in Kentucky which +were payable in the same kind of currency.<a id="noteref_383" name="noteref_383" href="#note_383"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">383</span></span></a> The rage for +internal improvements was partly responsible, and for this +in turn the wide dispersion of the settlements in Illinois, +caused by the fact that all public lands were offered at the +same minimum price and that the prairies were in large +measure shunned, furnishes a partial explanation. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The second account of the state, above referred to, shows +that in 1822 it cost $151.82 to make a trip from Vandalia +to Shawneetown and return, and one from Vandalia to +Kaskaskia and return, to convey to the capital some +money paid by the United States on the three per cent +fund due the state. The former trip occupied fourteen +days, the latter eight days.<a id="noteref_384" name="noteref_384" href="#note_384"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">384</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Governor Cass' protection of Galena during the Winnebago +War of 1827 may have been influenced by its +uncertain governmental status. In 1828 miners in what is +now southwestern Wisconsin voted for members of Congress +from Illinois, and in 1829 Galena was enumerated +among the thriving towns of Huron or Ouisconsin Territory. +November 29, 1828, one hundred and eighty-seven +inhabitants of Galena and vicinity sent a memorial to +Congress asking that a separate territory be formed, the +territory to be bounded on the south by a line drawn due +west from the southern point of Lake Michigan to the +Mississippi, and by the northern boundary of Missouri. +The memorial began: <span class="tei tei-q">“The undersigned, inhabitants of +that portion of the <span class="tei tei-q">‘Territory Northwest of the Ohio,’</span> lying +north of a due east and west line drawn through the +southernmost end of Lake Michigan, and west of that +lake to the British possessions, comprehending the mining +district, more generally known as the Fever River Lead +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page151">[pg 151]</span><a name="Pg151" id="Pg151" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +Mines.”</span> The petitioners referred to the violation of the +Ordinance of 1787, and also stated that they were subject +to two separate governments, each some hundreds of miles +from them, and each unacquainted with their needs. The +petition was read and tabled.<a id="noteref_385" name="noteref_385" href="#note_385"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">385</span></span></a> It is true that the situation +of Galena was peculiarly difficult. No mail could be +carried along the rude trail from Peoria to Galena during +the wet season, and when the Illinois legislature, seeking +to give relief, passed a bill for laying out a road between +the <span class="tei tei-q">“Illinois settlements and Galena,”</span> it was vetoed by the +governor and council because the road would pass through +lands of the United States and of the Indians. When +the river was frozen provisions were very high, and mail +was sent forward from Fort Edwards once a month. These +conditions were more aggravating as the number of inhabitants +increased, and in 1827, notwithstanding the trouble +with the Winnebago Indians, there were about four thousand +men at Galena, and they mined about fifteen times +as much lead as had been mined in 1823. In January, +1828, a congressional committee reported favorably on a +proposition to open a road to Galena.<a id="noteref_386" name="noteref_386" href="#note_386"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">386</span></span></a> In a letter written +one year later by the delegate from Michigan Territory, to +the committee on territories, the suggestion is made that +a new territory, to be called Huron, should be formed, +because the region at Galena was said to have received +hundreds of settlers during the preceding summer and +to have at the time of writing ten thousand or more, +and government in the lead region could not be properly +carried on from Detroit, which was eight hundred or one +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page152">[pg 152]</span><a name="Pg152" id="Pg152" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +thousand miles distant, by the routes commonly traveled. +The legislature of Michigan was said to be compelled to +meet in the summer in order to enable delegates to attend +and that was the busy time at the mines.<a id="noteref_387" name="noteref_387" href="#note_387"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">387</span></span></a> A congressional +act of February, 1829, provided for the laying out of a +village at Galena. The plat was not to exceed one section +of land, no lot was to be larger than one-fourth of an +acre, unimproved lots were to be sold at not less than five +dollars, improved lots were to be graded, without reference +to their improvements, into three grades, to sell at the rate +of twenty-five, fifteen, and ten dollars, respectively, per +acre, the occupants having the right of preëmption.<a id="noteref_388" name="noteref_388" href="#note_388"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">388</span></span></a> +Another mode of relief, which the inhabitants were working +out for themselves, is described in a Galena paper of +September 14, 1829: <span class="tei tei-q">“Mr. Soulard's wagon and mule +team returned, a few days since, from Chicago, near the +southernmost bend of Lake Michigan; to which place it +had been taken across the country, with a load of lead. +This is the first wagon that has ever passed from the Mississippi +River to Chicago. The route taken from the +mines was, to Ogee's ferry, on Rock River, eighty miles; +thence an east course sixty miles, to the Missionary establishment +on the Fox River of the Illinois; and thence a +north-easterly course sixty miles to Chicago, as travelled, +two hundred miles. The wagon was loaded with one ton +and a half of lead. The trip out was performed in eleven, +and the return trip in eight days. The lead was taken, by +water, from Chicago to Detroit. Should a road be surveyed +and marked, on the best ground, and the shortest +distance, a trip could be performed in much less time. +And if salt could be obtained at Chicago, from the New +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page153">[pg 153]</span><a name="Pg153" id="Pg153" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +York Salt Works, it would be a profitable and advantageous +trade.”</span><a id="noteref_389" name="noteref_389" href="#note_389"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">389</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +As the life history of an individual recapitulates the +history of the development of a species, so does the history +of Galena, in respect to the difficulties of its early settlers, +recapitulate the history of the several parts of the United +States in their early days. As Illinois had sent petitions +for relief to the governments of the Northwest Territory, +of Indiana Territory, and of the United States, so did +Galena send similar petitions to the governments of Illinois, +of Michigan Territory, and of the United States. In each +case the prayers of the petitioners were but partially +granted. In each case the difficulties from Indians, lack of +facilities for commerce, distance from the seat of government, +inability to secure lands, were gradually mitigated +until the steady onward sweep of settlement engulfed the +outlying region and it ceased to be the frontier, and +turned its energies to other questions—different, although +probably as difficult. Galena, even at the close of 1830, +was a frontier region on the outskirts of Illinois settlement. +</p> + +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> +<a name="toc31" id="toc31"></a> +<a name="pdf32" id="pdf32"></a> +<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">Transportation.</span></h2> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Transportation was long a difficult problem, although it +became gradually less so. Travel by either water or land +was slow and difficult. When a party of about one hundred +men, conducted by Colonel R. M. Johnson, went, in +six or eight boats, from St. Louis to the site of the present +Galena, in 1819, to make an arrangement with the Indians +which would permit the whites to mine lead, the upward +voyage occupied some twenty days.<a id="noteref_390" name="noteref_390" href="#note_390"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">390</span></span></a> Doubtless the journey +of Edward Coles from Albemarle county, Virginia, to +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page154">[pg 154]</span><a name="Pg154" id="Pg154" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +Illinois, in 1819, was typical of that of the better class of +immigrants. At the Virginia homestead, slaves, horses +and wagons were prepared for the long journey. A trusty +slave was put in charge of the caravan of emigrant wagons +and started out on the long journey over the Alleghanies +to Brownsville, Pennsylvania. Mr. Coles started a few +days later, overtook the party one day's journey from +Brownsville, and upon arriving at that place bought two +flat-bottomed boats, upon which negroes, horses and +wagons, with their owner, were embarked. The drunken +pilot was discharged at Pittsburg, and Coles acted as captain +and pilot on the voyage of some six hundred miles +down the Ohio to a point below Louisville, whence, the +boats being sold, the journey was continued by land to +Edwardsville, Illinois.<a id="noteref_391" name="noteref_391" href="#note_391"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">391</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +April 5, 1823, a party of forty-three started from Cincinnati +in a keel-boat, arriving at Galena, June 1, 1823. +Twenty-two days were required to stem the flooded +Mississippi from the mouth of the Ohio to St. Louis, and +twenty of these were rainy days.<a id="noteref_392" name="noteref_392" href="#note_392"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">392</span></span></a> In 1822 the English +settlement in Edwards county sent several flat-boats loaded +with corn, flour, beef, pork, sausage, etc., to New Orleans.<a id="noteref_393" name="noteref_393" href="#note_393"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">393</span></span></a> +Improvement of the Wabash was entrusted to an incorporated +company in 1825, and several years earlier a canal +across the peninsula at the junction of the Ohio and the +Mississippi was contemplated.<a id="noteref_394" name="noteref_394" href="#note_394"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">394</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Many immigrants came overland. The following is +typical: <span class="tei tei-q">“In the year 1819 a party of six men, and families +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page155">[pg 155]</span><a name="Pg155" id="Pg155" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +of three of them, started from Casey County, Kentucky, +for Illinois.... The first three were young unmarried +men, the last three had their wives and children with them. +They came in an old-fashioned Tennessee wagon, that +resembled a flat-boat on wheels. The younger readers of +this sketch can form but a faint idea of the curious and +awkward appearance of one of these old fashioned wagons, +covered over with white sheeting, the front and rear bows +set at an angle of forty-five degrees to correspond with +the ends of the body, and then the enormous quantity of +freight that could be stowed away in the hole would +astonish even a modern omnibus driver! Women, children, +beds, buckets, tubs, old fashioned chairs, including all the +household furniture usually used by our log-cabin ancestors; +a chicken coop, with <span class="tei tei-q">‘two or three hens and a jolly +rooster for a start,’</span> tied on behind, while, under the wagon, +trotted a full-blood, long-eared hound, fastened by a short +rope to the hind axle. Without much effort on your part, +you can, in imagination, see this party on the road, one of +the men in the saddle on the near horse, driving; the other +two, perhaps on horseback, slowly plodding along in the +rear of the wagon, while the boys <span class="tei tei-q">‘walked ahead,’</span> with +rifles on their shoulders <span class="tei tei-q">‘at half-mast,’</span> on the lookout for +squirrels, turkey, deer, or +<span class="tei tei-q">‘<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Injin</span></span>.’</span> ”</span><a id="noteref_395" name="noteref_395" href="#note_395"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">395</span></span></a> Muddy roads sometimes +caused emigrants to make long detours in the +hope of finding better ones, and if the roads became +impassable water transportation might be resorted to when +the locality permitted.<a id="noteref_396" name="noteref_396" href="#note_396"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">396</span></span></a> The fear of breaking down was +omnipresent and danger from professional bandits<a id="noteref_397" name="noteref_397" href="#note_397"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">397</span></span></a> was not +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page156">[pg 156]</span><a name="Pg156" id="Pg156" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +lacking. There was also danger of being lost on the +enormous prairies in Illinois.<a id="noteref_398" name="noteref_398" href="#note_398"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">398</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The best road from North Carolina to Indiana, for loaded +wagons, was that which crossed the Blue Ridge at Ward's +Gap, in Western Virginia, led through East Tennessee and +Kentucky, and reached the Ohio River at +Cincinnati,<a id="noteref_399" name="noteref_399" href="#note_399"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">399</span></span></a> and +this was a part of the route for some of the Illinois immigrants. +Illustrations of the moving instinct, the ever-present desire to go +frontierward, were constantly appearing.<a id="noteref_400" name="noteref_400" href="#note_400"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">400</span></span></a> +Although the greater proportion of immigrants +came by either wagon or boat, some came on horseback +and some on foot.<a id="noteref_401" name="noteref_401" href="#note_401"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">401</span></span></a> One pioneer wrote: <span class="tei tei-q">“My mother was +a delicate woman and in the hope of prolonging her life, +my father, in 1830, broke up his home at Windsor, Connecticut, +and started overland for Jacksonville, Illinois. +Most of the household furniture was shipped by water, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">via</span></span> +New Orleans and did not reach its destination until a year +afterwards, six months after our arrival. The wagon for +my mother was made strong and wide, drawn by three +horses, so that a bed could be put in it and most of the +way she lay in this bed. Most of the time the drive was +pleasant but over the mountains it was rough and over the +national corduroy road of Indiana, it was perfectly +horrible.”</span><a id="noteref_402" name="noteref_402" href="#note_402"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">402</span></span></a> +A journey was made in 1827 in about four weeks +over the same route that it had taken the same traveler +seven and a half weeks to cover in 1822.<a id="noteref_403" name="noteref_403" href="#note_403"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">403</span></span></a> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page157">[pg 157]</span><a name="Pg157" id="Pg157" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Within the state changes in facilities for transportation +were constant. From Shawneetown to St. Louis, by way +of Kaskaskia and Cahokia, passed the great western road. +There was also a road from Shawneetown, by way of +Carmi, to Birkbeck's settlement in Edwards county.<a id="noteref_404" name="noteref_404" href="#note_404"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">404</span></span></a> +Frontier roads to different places seem to have been designated +by different numbers of notches cut in the trees +along the wayside.<a id="noteref_405" name="noteref_405" href="#note_405"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">405</span></span></a> New roads were in constant demand. +In February, 1821, the legislature authorized the building +of a turnpike road, one hundred feet wide, from the Mississippi, +opposite St. Louis, across the American Bottom to +the Bluffs. Toll was to be regulated by the county commissioners, +but it must be not less than twelve and one-half +cents for a man and horse, twenty-five cents for a one-horse +wagon or carriage, six and one-fourth cents for each +wheel and each horse of other wagons and carriages, six +and one-fourth cents for each single horse or head of +cattle, and two cents for each hog or sheep. If at any +time the county should pay the cost of the road, plus six +per cent, the county should become the owner.<a id="noteref_406" name="noteref_406" href="#note_406"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">406</span></span></a> A traveler +writing late in 1822 says that a public road had just been +opened between Vandalia and Springfield.<a id="noteref_407" name="noteref_407" href="#note_407"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">407</span></span></a> During the +same year, Gurdon Saltonstall Hubbard, one of the most +active of the agents of the American Fur Company in +Illinois, established a direct path or track from Iroquois +Post to Danville. In 1824 this path, which was known as +<span class="tei tei-q">“Hubbard's Trail,”</span> was extended northward to Chicago, +and southward to a point about one hundred and fifty +miles southwest of Danville. Along this trail trading-posts +were established at intervals of forty or fifty miles. +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page158">[pg 158]</span><a name="Pg158" id="Pg158" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +The southern extremity of the trail was Blue Point, in +Effingham county.<a id="noteref_408" name="noteref_408" href="#note_408"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">408</span></span></a> This became the regularly traveled +route between points connected by it. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Springfield was the northern terminus of the mail route +early in 1823, and the next year Sangamon county, in which +the village lay, was almost entirely without ferries, bridges, +or roads.<a id="noteref_409" name="noteref_409" href="#note_409"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">409</span></span></a> In 1830 mail was carried between Vincennes +and St. Louis thrice a week; between Maysville and St. +Louis, and between Belleville and St. Charles twice a +week. No point in Illinois, not on one of these routes, +received mail oftener than once a week. There was at +this time a mail route from Peoria to Galena.<a id="noteref_410" name="noteref_410" href="#note_410"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">410</span></span></a> The legislatures +of Indiana and Illinois petitioned Congress for an +appropriation to improve the mail route from Louisville, +Kentucky, to St. Louis, Missouri. The length of that part +of the route which lay between Vincennes and St. Louis +was one hundred and sixty miles, but a more direct route, +recently surveyed by authority of the legislature of Illinois, +reduced the distance to one hundred and forty-five miles. +The distance between Vincennes and St. Louis was made +up of about one-fourth of timber land and three-fourths +of prairies, from five to twenty miles across. <span class="tei tei-q">“The settlements +are therefore scattered, and far between, and confined +to the vicinity of the timbered land. More than nineteen-twentieths +of the land, over which the road passes, is the +property of the Federal Government. To make the +necessary causeways and bridges, and to keep the road in +a proper state of repair, is beyond the capacity of the +people who reside upon it.”</span> Another writer says of the +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page159">[pg 159]</span><a name="Pg159" id="Pg159" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +route: <span class="tei tei-q">“It must, for many years, be the channel of communication, +through which the Government shall transmit, +and receive, all its intelligence relative to the mines in the +region of Galena, and Prairie Du Chien, the Military Posts +of the Upper Mississippi, Missouri, and their tributary +streams, and the whole northwestern Indian frontier.”</span><a id="noteref_411" name="noteref_411" href="#note_411"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">411</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Galena remained much isolated. A man who had +horses and cattle, purchased in southern Illinois and driven +to Galena, by way of Springfield and Peoria, in 1823, says +that there was no settlement between Peoria and Fever +River. A year before, a traveler who went from St. Louis +to Galena, on horseback, arrived in time to assist in completing +the second cabin in the place.<a id="noteref_412" name="noteref_412" href="#note_412"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">412</span></span></a> Two travelers who +walked from Upper Alton to Galena, in January and February, +1826, had to camp out several nights, because no +residence was in reach. Much of the way no trail existed.<a id="noteref_413" name="noteref_413" href="#note_413"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">413</span></span></a> +About 1827 it was common for men to go with teams of +four yoke of oxen, and strong canvas-covered wagons +from southern Illinois to the lead regions. In those +regions they spent the summer in hauling from the mines +to the furnaces or from the furnaces to the place of shipment, +usually Galena, and taking back to the mines a load +of supplies. In the fall the teamsters returned to their +homes, sometimes, in the early days, taking a load of lead +to St. Louis. These men lived in their wagons, and cooked +their own food. The oxen lived by browsing at night.<a id="noteref_414" name="noteref_414" href="#note_414"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">414</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Transportation rates can be only approximately given, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page160">[pg 160]</span><a name="Pg160" id="Pg160" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +because they varied with the condition of the weather or +of the roads, and were frequently agreed upon by a special +bargain. In 1817 steamboats are said to have descended +the Ohio and the Mississippi at the rate of ten miles per +hour, and to have charged passengers six cents per mile. +Freight, by steamboat, from New Orleans to Shippingport +(Falls of the Ohio), and thence by boats to Zanesville, was +about $6.50 per 100 pounds.<a id="noteref_415" name="noteref_415" href="#note_415"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">415</span></span></a> It took about one month to +make the trip from New Orleans to Shawneetown—June +6 to July 10 in a specific case. Nine-tenths of the trade +was still carried on in the old style—by flat-boats, barges, +pirogues, etc.<a id="noteref_416" name="noteref_416" href="#note_416"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">416</span></span></a> In December, 1817, freight from Shawneetown +to Louisville was $1.12-½ per hundred weight; to New +Orleans, $1.00; to Pittsburg, $3.50; to Shawneetown from +Pittsburg, $1.00; from Louisville, $0.37-½; from New +Orleans, $4.50. The great difference between the rates up +stream and those down stream was due to the difficulty of +going against the current.<a id="noteref_417" name="noteref_417" href="#note_417"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">417</span></span></a> Cobbett estimated that Birkbeck's +settlement, fifty miles north of Shawneetown, could +be reached from the eastern seaboard for five pounds +sterling per person.<a id="noteref_418" name="noteref_418" href="#note_418"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">418</span></span></a> In 1819, the passenger rate, by steamboat, +from New Orleans to Shawneetown, was $110; the +freight rate $0.04-½ to $0.06 per pound, the high charges +being attributed to a lack of competition, which the many +new boats then building were expected to remedy.<a id="noteref_419" name="noteref_419" href="#note_419"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">419</span></span></a> A +party of nine people with somewhat more than six thousand +pounds of luggage, wishing to start from Baltimore +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page161">[pg 161]</span><a name="Pg161" id="Pg161" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +for Illinois, in July, 1819, learned that the water was so low +that large boats could with difficulty pass from Pittsburg +to Wheeling. They accordingly went from Baltimore to +Wheeling, a distance of two hundred and eighty miles, by +land. They had two wagons with six horses and a driver +to each wagon. The price for transportation was three +hundred and fifty dollars. At Wheeling a contract was +made for transportation to Louisville, six hundred miles +distance. For this, fifty dollars was paid, the passengers +agreeing to help navigate the boat. At Louisville an ark +was bought for twenty-five dollars, and two men were +hired for eighteen dollars and their board, to take the party +to Shawneetown, about three hundred miles distant. At +Shawneetown the master of a keel-boat was engaged to +take the luggage of six thousand pounds to a point about +eleven miles from Birkbeck's settlement, for 37-½ cents +per hundred pounds. The travelers proceeded on foot. The +time occupied in the journey was: From Baltimore to +Wheeling, sixteen days; from Wheeling to Shawneetown, +thirty-eight days; from Shawneetown to the Birkbeck +settlement, four days.<a id="noteref_420" name="noteref_420" href="#note_420"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">420</span></span></a> A traveler in Illinois, in 1819, said +that the usual price of land carriage was fifty cents per +hundred pounds for each twenty miles; sometimes higher, +never lower, and that it would not pay to have corn transported +twenty miles.<a id="noteref_421" name="noteref_421" href="#note_421"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">421</span></span></a> In 1820, the charge for carrying +either baggage or persons from Baltimore to Wheeling was +reported as from five to seven dollars per hundred weight. +Persons wishing to travel cheaply had their luggage transported +while they walked.<a id="noteref_422" name="noteref_422" href="#note_422"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">422</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In 1823 the following passenger rates, by steamboat, +were quoted: From Cincinnati to New Orleans, $25.00; to +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page162">[pg 162]</span><a name="Pg162" id="Pg162" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +Louisville, $4.00; to Pittsburg, $15.00; to Wheeling, $14.00; +from New Orleans to Cincinnati, $50.00; from Louisville to +Cincinnati, $6.00; from Pittsburg to Cincinnati, $12.00; +from Wheeling to Cincinnati, $10.00. The time quoted +for passage up stream was never less than twice that for +passage down stream.<a id="noteref_423" name="noteref_423" href="#note_423"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">423</span></span></a> Early in 1825 the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Louisiana Gazette</span></span> +(presumably of New Orleans) reported that a steamboat +had made the 2200 miles from Pittsburg in sixteen days,<a id="noteref_424" name="noteref_424" href="#note_424"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">424</span></span></a> +and a few weeks later another steamer arrived at Shippingport, +at the Falls of the Ohio about two miles below Louisville, +thirteen days from New Orleans, this time including +three days detention from the breaking of a crank.<a id="noteref_425" name="noteref_425" href="#note_425"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">425</span></span></a> Rates +quoted in 1826, per one hundred pounds, were: From +Pittsburg to St. Louis, in keel-boats, $1.62-½; to Nashville, +$1.50; to Louisville, $0.75; to Cincinnati, $0.62-½; to +Maysville, $0.50; to Marietta, $0.40; to Wheeling, $0.18-3/4; +in wagons, from Pittsburg to Philadelphia, $1.00 to $1.12-½; +from Philadelphia to Pittsburg, $3.00; from Philadelphia +to Wheeling, $3.50.<a id="noteref_426" name="noteref_426" href="#note_426"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">426</span></span></a> A Columbus, Ohio, editor declared +that it required thirty days and cost $5.00 per hundred to +transport goods from Philadelphia to Columbus, while it +required but twenty days and $2.50 to transport from +New York.<a id="noteref_427" name="noteref_427" href="#note_427"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">427</span></span></a> No explanation was given, but the most +probable one is the opening of the Erie Canal. Illinois +buyers could, of course, take advantage of the cheaper rate +as well as the inhabitants of Columbus. The freight +schedule agreed upon by the owners, masters, and agents +of steamboats in July, 1830, was, per 100 pounds, as +follows: Pittsburg to Cincinnati, $0.45; Pittsburg to Louisville, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page163">[pg 163]</span><a name="Pg163" id="Pg163" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +$0.50; Wheeling to Cincinnati, $0.40; Wheeling to +Louisville, $0.45; Cincinnati to Louisville, $0.12-½; in the +reverse direction rates were the same, except that the rate +from Louisville to Cincinnati was $0.16. Freight on pork, +from Cincinnati to Louisville was $0.20 per barrel, and on +flour and light (probably meaning empty) barrels, $0.15 +per barrel. The schedule rates were not, however, generally +adhered to, many boats carrying freight at from 2-½ +to 5 cents lower than the quoted rate.<a id="noteref_428" name="noteref_428" href="#note_428"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">428</span></span></a> At this time there +were 213 steamboats in use in western waters—an increase +of about three-fold since 1820.<a id="noteref_429" name="noteref_429" href="#note_429"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">429</span></span></a> Improved transportation +caused a better market price for produce in the West. In +1819, at Cincinnati, flour sold at $1.37-½ per barrel, corn +at from $0.10 to $0.12 per bushel, and pork at $0.10-½ +per pound,<a id="noteref_430" name="noteref_430" href="#note_430"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">430</span></span></a> while in 1830, in the same market, flour from +wagons sold at $2.65 per barrel, or from store at $3.00; +corn at $0.18 to $0.20, and pork at $0.05 per pound ($10.00 +to $10.50 per barrel).<a id="noteref_431" name="noteref_431" href="#note_431"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">431</span></span></a> The influence of improved transportation +on emigration is obvious. In regard to steamboat +navigation it should be noted that in 1817 rates up-stream +were more than three times as high as rates down-stream, +in 1823 the former were less than twice the latter, +and in 1830 the two were about equal. During the same +period the time of up-stream passage was diminished +more than one-half. Steamboats had not driven out the +ruder crafts, but more and more use was being made of the +more expeditious means of transportation, and its effect on +the future economic activity of the West could already be +seen. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Naturally the difference in price of the same commodity +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page164">[pg 164]</span><a name="Pg164" id="Pg164" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +in two different markets was dependent in large measure +on the ease or difficulty of transportation. In the latter +part of 1817, corn was $0.24 to $0.30 and wheat $0.75, in +Illinois, while corn was $0.50 and wheat $0.75 at Cincinnati.<a id="noteref_432" name="noteref_432" href="#note_432"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">432</span></span></a> +In 1825 wheat was worth hardly $0.25 per +bushel, while it sold for $0.80 to $0.87-½ in Petersburg, +Virginia, and flour was $6.00 per barrel at Charleston, +South Carolina, and was scarce even at that price in +Nashville, Tennessee. At the same time corn sold for +from $0.08 to $0.10 in Illinois, and for $1.75 to $2.00 in +Petersburg, Virginia.<a id="noteref_433" name="noteref_433" href="#note_433"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">433</span></span></a> In 1826 wheat sold in Illinois at +$0.37-½, and in England at $2.00 (nine shillings).<a id="noteref_434" name="noteref_434" href="#note_434"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">434</span></span></a> In 1829 +flour was scarce at Galena. A supply from the more +southern settlements in Illinois sold at $8.00 per barrel, +and the farmers were urged to bring more.<a id="noteref_435" name="noteref_435" href="#note_435"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">435</span></span></a> This was in +October. In November flour was quoted at Galena at +$9.00 to $10.00 per barrel, while it sold at St. Louis for +$4.50 to $5.50. In December, Cincinnati flour was from +$10.00 to $10.50 and Illinois flour from $8.00 to $8.50, at +Galena, whereas in the succeeding August they were $5.00 +and $4.00, respectively. In November, 1829, the one +article of food that was quoted as cheaper at Galena than +at St. Louis was potatoes. They were $0.25 per bushel, at +Galena, and from $0.37-½ to $0.50 at St. Louis. Butter +was $0.25 to $0.37-½ at Galena, and $0.12-½ to $0.20 +at St. Louis; corn, $0.50 at Galena, and $0.25 to $0.31 at +St. Louis; beef, $0.03-½ to $0.04-½ at Galena, and $0.01-½ +to $0.02 at St. Louis; whisky, $0.62-½ per gallon at Galena, +and $0.30 to $0.33 at St. Louis.<a id="noteref_436" name="noteref_436" href="#note_436"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">436</span></span></a> +</p> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page165">[pg 165]</span><a name="Pg165" id="Pg165" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> +<a name="toc33" id="toc33"></a> +<a name="pdf34" id="pdf34"></a> +<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">Life of the People.</span></h2> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Of the 13,635 persons who were following some occupation +in Illinois in 1820, nearly 91 per cent (12,395) were +engaged in agriculture.<a id="noteref_437" name="noteref_437" href="#note_437"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">437</span></span></a> To this pursuit the state was +naturally well adapted. One of the most observant of +German travelers in America wrote that the meaning of +<span class="tei tei-q">“fertile land”</span> was very different in this region from its +meaning in Germany. In America fertile land of the first +class required no fertilizer for the first century and was too +rich for wheat during the first decade, while fertile land of +the second class needed no fertilizer during the first twelve +to twenty years of its cultivation. Bottom-lands belonged +to the first class.<a id="noteref_438" name="noteref_438" href="#note_438"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">438</span></span></a> The prairies remained unappreciated +by the Americans, although some foreign farmers preferred +to settle in Illinois, because there they could avoid having +to clear land, and could raise a crop the first year, while +coal could serve as fuel,<a id="noteref_439" name="noteref_439" href="#note_439"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">439</span></span></a> and a ditch and bank fence, +requiring little wood, could be constructed, or a hedge +could be grown.<a id="noteref_440" name="noteref_440" href="#note_440"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">440</span></span></a> A traveler of 1819 speaks of one of the +largest prairies as not well adapted to cultivation, because +of the scarcity of wood, and in the fall of 1825 there was +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page166">[pg 166]</span><a name="Pg166" id="Pg166" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +but one house on the way from Paris to Springfield, leading +across eighty miles of a prairie ninety miles in length.<a id="noteref_441" name="noteref_441" href="#note_441"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">441</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It was easy to obtain land. After 1820 it could be +bought from the government of the United States at $1.25 +per acre, it could be rented—sometimes for one peck of +corn per acre per year<a id="noteref_442" name="noteref_442" href="#note_442"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">442</span></span></a>—, or the claim of a squatter could +be purchased. When Peter Cartwright moved from Kentucky +to Illinois in 1824, he gave as reasons for moving +the fact that he had six children and but one hundred and +fifty acres of land, and that Kentucky land was high and +rising in value; the increase of a disposition in the South +to justify slavery; the distinction in Kentucky between +young people reared without working and those who +worked; the danger that his four daughters might marry +into slave families; and the need of preachers in the new +country.<a id="noteref_443" name="noteref_443" href="#note_443"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">443</span></span></a> The land being obtained, the first cultivation +was difficult. Writers often give the idea that after a year +or two the land which had been heavily timbered was left +free from trees, stumps, or roots, but many a pioneer +plowed for twenty years among the stumps. Stump fields +are today no novelty in Illinois, and farming has not retrograded. +Usually the settler's first need was a crop, and in +order to hasten its production the trees were girdled, a +process which might either precede or follow the planting, +according to the time of year in which the immigrant +arrived. If prairie land was plowed six horses, or their +equivalent of power in oxen, were required for the first +breaking, and a summer's fallow usually followed in order +to allow the roots to decay. In 1819 five dollars per acre +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page167">[pg 167]</span><a name="Pg167" id="Pg167" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +was paid for the first plowing of the prairie, and three or +four dollars for the second.<a id="noteref_444" name="noteref_444" href="#note_444"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">444</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Agricultural products exhibited considerable variety, +although corn was the chief article raised, because it +furnished food for man and beast, it gave a large yield, +and it was more easily harvested than wheat. Wheat was +raised without any great degree of care as to its culture, +being frequently sowed upon ground that was poorly prepared, +and being threshed in a most wasteful manner. Both +wheat and flour were exported. Flour-mills, often of a +rude sort, were found at inconveniently long distances +from each other. Ferdinand Ernst, traveling in 1819, +found a turbine wheel at the mill of Mr. Jarrott, a few +miles from St. Louis, and mentioned the fact as a peculiar +feature.<a id="noteref_445" name="noteref_445" href="#note_445"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">445</span></span></a> Some of the settlers in Sangamon county had +to go sixty miles to mill in 1824.<a id="noteref_446" name="noteref_446" href="#note_446"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">446</span></span></a> In 1830 the first flour +mill in northern Illinois was erected on Fox River. It was +operated by the same power that ran a saw-mill, and the +millstones were boulders, laboriously dressed by hand.<a id="noteref_447" name="noteref_447" href="#note_447"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">447</span></span></a> +Tobacco of excellent quality was grown, and sometimes +formed an article of export.<a id="noteref_448" name="noteref_448" href="#note_448"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">448</span></span></a> Cotton was an important +article for home consumption. In the early years of the +state hopes were entertained that cotton might become an +article of export, but it was found that the crop required +so much labor as to make raising it in large quantities +unprofitable. It was after 1830, however, that it ceased +to be cultivated in the state. It was raised at least as far +north as the present Danville, about one hundred and +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page168">[pg 168]</span><a name="Pg168" id="Pg168" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +twenty-five miles south of Chicago.<a id="noteref_449" name="noteref_449" href="#note_449"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">449</span></span></a> A woman whose +parents moved to Sangamon county in 1819 says that +when in that county they raised, picked, spun, and wove +their own cotton. The children had to seed the cotton +before the fire in the long winter evenings. The importance +of cotton as a factor in inducing immigration may +have been considerable.<a id="noteref_450" name="noteref_450" href="#note_450"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">450</span></span></a> Large quantities of castor oil +were made in the state from home-grown castor beans.<a id="noteref_451" name="noteref_451" href="#note_451"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">451</span></span></a> +Vegetables were large, although not always of good flavor.<a id="noteref_452" name="noteref_452" href="#note_452"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">452</span></span></a> +Peaches, apples, pears, quinces and cherries were cultivated +successfully, while grapes, plums, crabapples, persimmons, +mulberries, strawberries, raspberries and blackberries +grew wild.<a id="noteref_453" name="noteref_453" href="#note_453"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">453</span></span></a> An agricultural society was formed in +1819, a chief purpose being to rid the state of stagnant +water.<a id="noteref_454" name="noteref_454" href="#note_454"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">454</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It is not easy to exaggerate the simplicity of the farming +of pioneer times. When one reads that in 1817 a log +cabin of two rooms could be built for from $50.00 to +$70.00; a frame house, ten by fourteen feet, for $575.00 to +$665.00; a log kitchen for $31.00 to $35.50; a log stable +for $31.00 to $40.00; a barn for $80.00 to $97.75; a fence +for $0.25 per rod, and a prairie ditch for $0.29 to $0.44 per +rod; that a strong wagon cost $160.00; that a log house, +eighteen by sixteen feet, was made by contract for $20, +and ceiled and floored with sawn boards for $10 more; +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page169">[pg 169]</span><a name="Pg169" id="Pg169" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +that a cow and calf cost $12.00 to $16.00, and a breeding +sow, $2.00 or $3.00; that laborers received $0.75 per day +without board, and a man and two horses $1.00 per day; +and that various other useful articles could be procured at +certain prices, care is needed in order to avoid the conclusion +that an immigrant must have had several dollars, if +not a few hundreds of them. This need for care is increased +by the fact that the most detailed statistical data for early +Illinois is given by Birkbeck or his visitors, and is applicable +to the English settlement in Edwards county—a +settlement with enough unique features to make the data +almost more of an obstacle than a help. As a matter of +fact, many immigrants before 1820 had only enough money +to make the first payment on their land ($80.00), or after +July 1, 1820, only enough to buy the minimum tract +offered for sale ($100.00), while in both periods hundreds had +not even as much money as $80.00 or $100.00, and had to +become squatters. A log house, and practically all of the +first houses were of logs, was usually built without the +expenditure of one cent in cash, being erected by the +family which was to occupy it, or, if neighbors were within +reach, on the <span class="tei tei-q">“frolic”</span> system. Ceilings and floors were +both rare, and if a floor existed it was usually made of +puncheons. The number of pioneers who actually paid +as much as $31.00 for a log stable must have been small +indeed. First fences were often of brush, or brush and +logs, and many times crops were raised unfenced. Territorial +laws prohibited allowing stock to run at large during +the crop season. An immigrant often brought his cow and +sow, and if not he either did without, which in the latter +case was small privation in a region almost crowded with +game, or secured the desired animals by barter or by +working for a few days. Men frequently traded work, but +the payment of cash wages was rare, the cheapness of +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page170">[pg 170]</span><a name="Pg170" id="Pg170" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +land and the ease of securing a living leaving small +inducement to anyone to become a day laborer;<a id="noteref_455" name="noteref_455" href="#note_455"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">455</span></span></a> while +for the same reason those who were professional laborers +were often of an undesirable type.<a id="noteref_456" name="noteref_456" href="#note_456"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">456</span></span></a> Foreigners were sometimes +shocked at the utter carelessness of Illinois farmers. +A soil of great fertility, a region so abundantly supplied +with game and wild products as to make it almost possible +to live from the forest alone, combined with a lack of +efficient means of transportation, made such a temptation +to a life of idle ease as many pioneers did not resist. Be +it remembered, also, that although towns, retail trade, +and export trade had begun in Illinois by 1830, these +changes were not simultaneous throughout the state. As +1830 closed Illinois still had squatters many miles from a +mill, it still had Indians, it still had unbridged streams, it +still had regions far from a market—in a word, it had still +persisting in some part of its wide extent each of the ills +that had at various times confronted it in respect to +personal danger and lack of inducements to farmers. The +minority of really progressive farmers overcame the difficulties +confronting them by raising cattle or hogs and +driving them to distant markets, the price received being +almost clear profit, or by constructing their own boats and +shipping their produce.<a id="noteref_457" name="noteref_457" href="#note_457"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">457</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Although the great majority of the population of Illinois +was engaged in agriculture, there were salt works in the +southeast and lead mines in the northwest. The salt +industry was important. Far the greater part of the salt +made in the state was made at the Gallatin county saline, +near Shawneetown. In 1819 the indefinite statement was +made that these springs furnished between 200,000 and +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page171">[pg 171]</span><a name="Pg171" id="Pg171" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +300,000 bushels of salt annually, the salt being sold at the +works at from fifty to seventy-five cents per bushel.<a id="noteref_458" name="noteref_458" href="#note_458"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">458</span></span></a> In +1822, the price of salt in Illinois was reported to have +fallen from $1.25 to $0.50, because of the discovery of +copious and strong salt wells.<a id="noteref_459" name="noteref_459" href="#note_459"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">459</span></span></a> The next year a strong well was +reported twenty miles east of Carlyle.<a id="noteref_460" name="noteref_460" href="#note_460"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">460</span></span></a> In 1825, +a visitor to the Vermilion county saline found twenty +kettles in operation, producing about one hundred bushels +of salt per week.<a id="noteref_461" name="noteref_461" href="#note_461"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">461</span></span></a> In 1828, an official report of the superintendent +of the Gallatin county saline stated that about +100,000 bushels of salt was made annually, and sold at +from $0.30 to $0.50 per bushel. The lessees paid $2,160.50 +rent during the year.<a id="noteref_462" name="noteref_462" href="#note_462"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">462</span></span></a> In 1830, the salt works in Gallatin +county had a capital of $50,000; a product of from 100,000 +to 130,000 bushels, selling at from $0.40 to $0.50; and three +hundred employees. The saline in Vermilion county had +a capital of $3500; a product of 3000 to 4000 bushels, +selling at $1.25 to $1.50 per bushel; and eight employees. +The works in Jackson county produced 3000 to 4000 +bushels, selling at $0.75 to $1.00; and had from six to +eight employees. The difference in price is noteworthy as +indicating what must have been the difficulty of transporting +salt from Gallatin county to either Vermilion or Jackson +counties. At the Gallatin county works fuel was becoming +scarce and water had to be carried some distance in pipes, +thus increasing the cost of production. At the springs in +Indiana salt was $1.25 per bushel, and in Kentucky it was +$0.50 to $1.00. The states of New York, Virginia, Massachusetts +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page172">[pg 172]</span><a name="Pg172" id="Pg172" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +and Ohio, respectively, produced more salt than +did Illinois.<a id="noteref_463" name="noteref_463" href="#note_463"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">463</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The lead industry at Galena was still in its infancy, +notwithstanding the fact that the richness of the mines +was early known.<a id="noteref_464" name="noteref_464" href="#note_464"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">464</span></span></a> In 1822, a number of persons went to +Galena from Sangamon county.<a id="noteref_465" name="noteref_465" href="#note_465"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">465</span></span></a> For some years it was +a common practice to go to the mines in the summer and +return to the older settlements for the winter.<a id="noteref_466" name="noteref_466" href="#note_466"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">466</span></span></a> The population +of Galena was 74 in August, 1823;<a id="noteref_467" name="noteref_467" href="#note_467"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">467</span></span></a> about 100 on +July 1, 1825; 151 on December 31, 1825; 194 on March +31, 1826; 406 on June 30, 1826;<a id="noteref_468" name="noteref_468" href="#note_468"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">468</span></span></a> and 1000 to 1500 in +1829.<a id="noteref_469" name="noteref_469" href="#note_469"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">469</span></span></a> In 1826 a part of Lord Selkirk's French-Swiss +colony on the Red River moved to Galena and became +farmers in that region.<a id="noteref_470" name="noteref_470" href="#note_470"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">470</span></span></a> +The rush to the lead region began +in 1826 and became intense in the next year.<a id="noteref_471" name="noteref_471" href="#note_471"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">471</span></span></a> In 1827, a +rude log hut, sixteen by twenty feet, rented for $35.00 per +month. Galena had then about two hundred log houses,<a id="noteref_472" name="noteref_472" href="#note_472"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">472</span></span></a> +and in the same year the first framed house was raised.<a id="noteref_473" name="noteref_473" href="#note_473"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">473</span></span></a> +In July, 1828, five hundred lead miners were wanted at +$17.00 to $25.00 and board per month.<a id="noteref_474" name="noteref_474" href="#note_474"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">474</span></span></a> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page173">[pg 173]</span><a name="Pg173" id="Pg173" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A pursuit that was once common and profitable is +described by a lawyer who traveled the first Illinois circuit, +consisting of the counties of Greene, Sangamon, Peoria, +Fulton, Schuyler, Adams, Pike and Calhoun, in 1827, as +follows: <span class="tei tei-q">“On this circuit we found but little business in +any of the counties—parties, jurymen and witnesses were +reported in all the counties after Peoria, as being absent +bee and deer hunting—a business that was then profitable, +as well as necessary to the sustenance of families during +the winter.”</span><a id="noteref_475" name="noteref_475" href="#note_475"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">475</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Not until after 1830 was a common school system with +effective provision for its support established, although +subscription schools existed some years before the close of +the eighteenth century. Instruction given in the earliest +schools was slight, and in 1818 a most competent observer +declared that he believed that in Missouri <span class="tei tei-q">“at least one-third +of the schools were really a public nuisance, and did +the people more harm than good; another third about +balanced the account, by doing about as much harm as +good; and perhaps one-third were advantageous to the +community in various degrees. Not a few drunken, profane, +worthless Irishmen were perambulating the country, +and getting up schools; and yet they could neither speak, +read, pronounce, spell, or write the English language.”</span><a id="noteref_476" name="noteref_476" href="#note_476"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">476</span></span></a> +These schools closely resembled those of Illinois. Schoolbooks +were rare and children carried to school whatever +book they chanced to have, the Old Testament with its +long proper names sometimes serving in lieu of a chart or +primer.<a id="noteref_477" name="noteref_477" href="#note_477"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">477</span></span></a> In some schools pupils studied aloud. Reading, +writing, spelling and arithmetic were the only branches +commonly taught, although as early as 1806 surveying was +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page174">[pg 174]</span><a name="Pg174" id="Pg174" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +taught in a <span class="tei tei-q">“seminary”</span> near the present Belleville.<a id="noteref_478" name="noteref_478" href="#note_478"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">478</span></span></a> In +1827 Rock Spring Seminary, now Shortleff College, was +opened by Baptists, and the following year instruction was +begun in what was to become McKendree College (Methodist).<a id="noteref_479" name="noteref_479" href="#note_479"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">479</span></span></a> +The teacher of the first school in McLean county +(1825) received $2.50 per pupil for the term of four +months.<a id="noteref_480" name="noteref_480" href="#note_480"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">480</span></span></a> The next year a teacher in Jacksonville was to +be paid in cash or produce, or in pork, cattle, or hogs at +cash prices, and to pay board in similar commodities at +the rate of one dollar per week. This included washing, +fuel and lights. School was open ten, and often twelve, +hours per day.<a id="noteref_481" name="noteref_481" href="#note_481"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">481</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Religious societies were early organized, but the building +of churches was not then common. In 1796 a Baptist +society was organized, and previous to this time both +Baptists and Methodists, without organized societies, had +united in holding prayer-meetings in which the Bible +and published sermons were read, prayers offered, and +hymns sung.<a id="noteref_482" name="noteref_482" href="#note_482"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">482</span></span></a> Before the close of the century the Methodists +organized. The Presbyterians were prominent in +the early years of statehood, but in 1818 they were just +beginning their work in Illinois.<a id="noteref_483" name="noteref_483" href="#note_483"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">483</span></span></a> Meetings were usually +held in private houses until such time as the congregation +felt that a church building should be erected, or at least +until some one felt the need, for the first church was +sometimes built by a few individuals.<a id="noteref_484" name="noteref_484" href="#note_484"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">484</span></span></a> Ministers were of +two types—those who devoted all of their time to religious +work and traveled over large areas, and those who +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page175">[pg 175]</span><a name="Pg175" id="Pg175" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +combined ministerial duties with farming, hunting, or +some other frontier occupation. Neither class received +much money. Peter Cartwright, one of the most famous +pioneer preachers, received $40 one year (1824-25) and +$60 the next—and this he considered good wages.<a id="noteref_485" name="noteref_485" href="#note_485"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">485</span></span></a> +Pioneer energy was displayed in the overcoming of +difficulties. For more than ten years the Baptists held +meetings on alternate months at two places thirty-six +miles apart, and several families regularly traveled that +distance to the two-days' meeting, even in unfavorable weather—and +this, too, after Illinois had become a state.<a id="noteref_486" name="noteref_486" href="#note_486"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">486</span></span></a> +In 1829, the Presbyterians, true to their missionary spirit, +occupied the extreme frontier at Galena.<a id="noteref_487" name="noteref_487" href="#note_487"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">487</span></span></a> Catholicism +increased but slowly.<a id="noteref_488" name="noteref_488" href="#note_488"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">488</span></span></a> Divisions such as were found in +the East or South reached Illinois, and at one time the +Baptists were divided into three factions, which had about +the same kind of fraternal relations as the Jews and the +Samaritans. The chief questions for contention were +whether or not missionaries should be sent out by the +church and whether fellowship with slaveholders should +be maintained.<a id="noteref_489" name="noteref_489" href="#note_489"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">489</span></span></a> An association of anti-slavery Baptists +was formed, as also Bible societies and temperance +societies.<a id="noteref_490" name="noteref_490" href="#note_490"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">490</span></span></a> +Camp-meetings, with their well-known phenomena, +were common in the early years of statehood, and it is no +reflection upon their value to say that they were one of +the chief diversions for the pioneers. +</p> + +</div> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page176">[pg 176]</span><a name="Pg176" id="Pg176" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc35" id="toc35"></a> +<a name="pdf36" id="pdf36"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter VI. Slavery in Illinois As Affecting +Settlement.</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Slavery, as well as indentured servitude, existed in +Illinois as late as 1845,<a id="noteref_491" name="noteref_491" href="#note_491"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">491</span></span></a> and the <span class="tei tei-q">“Black Laws”</span> of the +state were repealed on February 7, 1865.<a id="noteref_492" name="noteref_492" href="#note_492"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">492</span></span></a> From 1787 +until years after 1830 the slavery question was an unsettled +one. In addition to the arguments for or against the +institution that were used everywhere, the pro-slavery +party in Illinois asserted that as the Ordinance of 1787 +guaranteed to the French inhabitants their property, the +French could hold slaves, and that as all citizens of a state +had equal rights other persons in Illinois could hold +slaves. The reply was that the Ordinance plainly forbade +slavery.<a id="noteref_493" name="noteref_493" href="#note_493"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">493</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Whatever the merits of the argument, slavery did exist +in Illinois. The fear of the French that they might lose +their slaves, and the desire to attract slaveholders to +Illinois, led to determined and repeated efforts to legalize +slavery. Early in 1796 a petition was sent from Kaskaskia +to Congress, praying that the anti-slavery article in the +Ordinance of 1787 might be either repealed or so altered +as to permit the introduction of slaves from the original +states or elsewhere into the country of Illinois, that a law +might be enacted permitting the introduction of such +slaves as servants for life, and that it might be declared +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page177">[pg 177]</span><a name="Pg177" id="Pg177" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +for what period the children of such servants should serve +the masters of their parents. This petition was signed by +four men, including some of the largest landowners in Illinois, +but as the petition, while purporting to come from +Illinois alone, concerned the entire Northwest Territory, as +there was no indication that the four petitioners represented +Illinois sentiment, and as the congressional committee was +informed that many of the inhabitants of the territory did +not desire the proposed change, the prayer of the petition +was denied.<a id="noteref_494" name="noteref_494" href="#note_494"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">494</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In 1800, two hundred and sixty-eight inhabitants of +Illinois, chiefly French, petitioned Congress to repeal the +anti-slavery provision of the Ordinance, stating that many +of the inhabitants were crossing the Mississippi with their +slaves. The petition was not considered.<a id="noteref_495" name="noteref_495" href="#note_495"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">495</span></span></a> A similar +request, presented late in 1802, was twice reported upon +by committees, one report (Randolph's) declaring that the +growth of Ohio proved that a lack of slavery would not +seriously retard settlement, while the other was in favor of +suspending the anti-slavery article for ten years, the male +descendants of immigrating slaves to be free at the age of +twenty-five years, and the females at twenty-one.<a id="noteref_496" name="noteref_496" href="#note_496"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">496</span></span></a> In +1805 a majority of the members of the respective houses +of the Indiana legislature petitioned for the repeal of the +anti-slavery article, and this petition was closely followed +by a memorial from Illinois expressing the hope that the +general government would not pass unnoticed the act of +the last legislature authorizing the importation of slaves +into the territory. It violated the Ordinance, the memorialists +declared, and although they desired slavery they +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page178">[pg 178]</span><a name="Pg178" id="Pg178" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +professed themselves to be law-abiding.<a id="noteref_497" name="noteref_497" href="#note_497"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">497</span></span></a> A committee +report on the petition and memorial recommended that +permission to import slaves into Indiana (then including +Illinois) for ten years be granted, in order that the evil +effects of slavery might be mitigated by its dispersion, but +no legislation resulted from the report,<a id="noteref_498" name="noteref_498" href="#note_498"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">498</span></span></a> and the next year +petitioning was resumed. The legislature sent resolutions +asking for the suspension of the anti-slavery article, and +elaborating the argument for such suspension. A committee +of which the territorial delegate from Indiana was +chairman, presented a favorable report.<a id="noteref_499" name="noteref_499" href="#note_499"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">499</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In September, 1807, a petition for the suspension of the +anti-slavery article was sent to Congress from the Indiana +legislature. It was signed by Jesse B. Thomas, later +author of the Missouri Compromise, but then Speaker of +the territorial House of Representatives, and resident in +what was to become the State of Indiana, and by the +president <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">pro tem.</span></span> of the Legislative Council. Action in +committee was adverse,<a id="noteref_500" name="noteref_500" href="#note_500"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">500</span></span></a> Congress being then busied with +the question of the abolition of the slave trade. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +During the territorial period in Illinois (1809-1818), the +slavery question was not much agitated. The Constitution +of 1818 provided that slaves could not be thereafter brought +into the State, except such as should be brought under +contract to labor at the Saline Creek salt works, said contract +to be limited to one year, although renewable, and +the proviso to be void after 1825, but existing slavery was +not abolished, and existing indentures—and some were +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page179">[pg 179]</span><a name="Pg179" id="Pg179" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +for ninety-nine years<a id="noteref_501" name="noteref_501" href="#note_501"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">501</span></span></a>—should be carried out. Male +children of slaves or indentured servants should be free at +the age of twenty-one and females at eighteen.<a id="noteref_502" name="noteref_502" href="#note_502"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">502</span></span></a> In Congress, +as has been seen, Tallmadge, of New York, objected +to admitting Illinois before she abolished slavery, but his +objection was ineffectual. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In March, 1819, a slave code was enacted. Any black +or mulatto coming into the State was required to file with +the clerk of a circuit court a certificate of freedom. Slaves +should not be brought into the state for the purpose of +emancipation. Resident negroes, other than slaves and +indentured servants, must file certificates of freedom. +Slaves were to be whipped instead of fined, thirty-nine +stripes being the maximum number that might be inflicted. +Contracts with slaves were void. Not more than two +slaves should meet together without written permission +from their masters. Any master emancipating his slaves +must give a bond of $1000 per head that such emancipated +slaves should not become public charges, failure to give +such a bond being punishable by a fine of $200 per head. +Colored people must present passes when traveling.<a id="noteref_503" name="noteref_503" href="#note_503"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">503</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Stringent as was the code of 1819, it was of a type +that was common in the slave states. Its passage may +have kept some negroes, both free and slave, from coming +into the state upon their own initiative without certificates +of freedom. From 1810 to 1820 the number of slaves in +Illinois increased from 168 to 917, Illinois being the only +state north of Mason and Dixon's line having an increase +in the number of slaves during the decade, although in +the Territory of Missouri, during this time, the number +increased from about 3000 to over 10,200. At the same +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page180">[pg 180]</span><a name="Pg180" id="Pg180" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +time the number of free blacks in Illinois decreased from +about 600 to some 450, while they increased in Indiana +from nearly 400 to over 1200. Of the slaves in Illinois in +1820 precisely 500 were in the counties of Gallatin and +Randolph, the former being the center of the salt-making +industry, and the latter the seat of the early French settlement +at Kaskaskia.<a id="noteref_504" name="noteref_504" href="#note_504"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">504</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Whether the anti-slavery clause of the Ordinance of +1787 freed the slaves of the old French settlers was long a +disputed question, and it is certain that a strict construction +of the Illinois Constitution of 1818 made further +importation of slaves illegal. Many slave-owners passed +through southern Illinois to Missouri, because the main +road for emigration by land to that territory crossed the +Ohio River at Shawneetown. Many of the slaves who +produced the large increase in the number of slaves in +Missouri from 1810 to 1820 must have gone over this route. +In 1820 more than one-seventh of the population of +Missouri was slave.<a id="noteref_505" name="noteref_505" href="#note_505"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">505</span></span></a> The people of Illinois could not fail +to see that they were losing a certain class of emigrants—the +prosperous slaveholders. The loss became greater as +the likelihood of Missouri's admittance as a slave state +increased. As early as 1820 there was a rumor of the +formation of a party in Illinois to introduce slavery into +the state in a legal manner.<a id="noteref_506" name="noteref_506" href="#note_506"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">506</span></span></a> The next year an editorial +in a leading newspaper of Illinois said: <span class="tei tei-q">“Will the +admission of slavery in a new state tend to increase its +population?—is a question which has been of late much +discussed both within and without this state. It has been +contended that its admission would induce the emigration +of citizens of states as well where slavery was, as where it +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page181">[pg 181]</span><a name="Pg181" id="Pg181" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +was not tolerated—that while it would attract the attention +of the wealthy southern planter, it would not deter the +industrious northern farmer.”</span> The editor cites Ohio and +Kentucky as proof against the above argument. In 1810 +Ohio had a population, in round numbers, of 230,700 and +Kentucky one of 406,500; in 1820 Ohio had 581,400, while +Kentucky had 563,300, giving a difference in favor of Ohio +of over 18,000; and an excess of gain during the decade, +in favor of Ohio, of 93,847. <span class="tei tei-q">“We are willing to take +into consideration the unsettled titles of land in the last-mentioned +state [Kentucky], and admit that in this respect +Ohio had a decided advantage—we will therefore deduct +the fraction of 93,847, believing it equivalent to the loss of +population from this cause—there is still a difference of +100,000.”</span><a id="noteref_507" name="noteref_507" href="#note_507"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">507</span></span></a> The editor's figures for 1810 were correct and +those for 1820 were approximately so. It is also true, +and in line with his argument, that during the same decade +Indiana showed an increase from 24,500 to 147,200, while +Missouri's increase was from 20,800 to 66,500; the +increase in Illinois being between the two in proportion of +increase—from 12,282 to 55,162.<a id="noteref_508" name="noteref_508" href="#note_508"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">508</span></span></a> The passing of the +slaveholders to Missouri continued and the discussion of +the slavery question became animated. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In the gubernatorial election of 1822 there were four +candidates for governor, two being anti-slavery and two +pro-slavery in belief. Edward Coles, from Virginia, an +anti-slavery man, was elected by a plurality of but a few +votes. His election was due to a division in the ranks of +the opposite party, as is shown by the fact that the pro-slavery +party polled over 5300 votes, while the anti-slavery +party polled only some 3300.<a id="noteref_509" name="noteref_509" href="#note_509"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">509</span></span></a> In his message of December +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page182">[pg 182]</span><a name="Pg182" id="Pg182" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +5, 1822, Governor Coles strongly urged the passage of +a law to prevent kidnapping<a id="noteref_510" name="noteref_510" href="#note_510"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">510</span></span></a>—then a regular trade. +This was referred to a select committee which reported as +follows: <span class="tei tei-q">“Your committee have carefully examined the +laws upon the subject, and with deep regret announce +their incapability of devising a more effectual plan than +the one already prescribed by law for the suppression of +such infamous crimes. It is believed that the benevolent +views of the executive and the benign purposes of the +statutes can only be realized by the redoubled diligence +of our grand juries and our magistrates, aided by the well-directed +support of all just and good men.”</span><a id="noteref_511" name="noteref_511" href="#note_511"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">511</span></span></a> The legislature +was politically opposed to the governor, and the +committee's report sounds like the baldest irony. With +the report was presented a scheme for introducing slavery +into the state,<a id="noteref_512" name="noteref_512" href="#note_512"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">512</span></span></a> a scheme which eventually led to the vote +of 1824.<a id="noteref_513" name="noteref_513" href="#note_513"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">513</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Constitution of Illinois provided that upon the vote +of two-thirds of the members of each house of the legislature, +the question of calling a convention for the revision +of the Constitution should be submitted to the people. +For calling a convention only a majority vote from the +people was necessary. This method of procedure the +pro-slavery party determined upon. The two-thirds in +favor of the project could be secured without difficulty in +the senate, but in the house the desperate expedient of +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page183">[pg 183]</span><a name="Pg183" id="Pg183" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +reconsidering the right of a member to a contested seat +and seating his opponent was resorted to.<a id="noteref_514" name="noteref_514" href="#note_514"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">514</span></span></a> This being +done the resolution to submit the question of a constitutional +convention to the people was passed by a bare two-thirds +vote in each house.<a id="noteref_515" name="noteref_515" href="#note_515"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">515</span></span></a> Of the eighteen men who +voted against the resolution, eleven were natives of southern +states, two of New York, two of Connecticut, one of Massachusetts, +one of Vermont, and one of Sweden. There +were some northern men who voted in favor of the resolution.<a id="noteref_516" name="noteref_516" href="#note_516"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">516</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The campaign resulting from the passage of the convention +resolution was waged for eighteen months with great +vigor. Press and pulpit were actively employed.<a id="noteref_517" name="noteref_517" href="#note_517"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">517</span></span></a> A large +anti-slavery society was formed in Morgan county,<a id="noteref_518" name="noteref_518" href="#note_518"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">518</span></span></a> and +it was in all probability one of many such organizations. +In August, 1824, came the final vote, and the official count +of the votes showed a majority of 1668 against calling a +constitutional convention.<a id="noteref_519" name="noteref_519" href="#note_519"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">519</span></span></a> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page184">[pg 184]</span><a name="Pg184" id="Pg184" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +It is noteworthy that in this struggle the governor of +the state was an anti-slavery southerner; eleven of the +eighteen anti-slavery men in the legislature were southern; +the pro-slavery party, which polled 1971 more votes +than its opponents in 1822, was defeated by 1668 votes in +1824. It is also true that of the leaders in the campaign +some of the most noted were southern anti-slavery or +northern pro-slavery men. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + </p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 60%; text-align: center"><img src="images/illus-3.png" alt="Illustration: Election Results." /></div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The history of settlement suggests several explanations +for the votes of 1822 and 1824. The legislature which +passed the convention resolution had not been chosen +with the avowed purpose of doing so. Some designing +politicians had such an object in view and secured the +election of pro-slavery men by anti-slavery constituents. +The number of such cases was not large, but as the resolution +passed by the minimum vote they are important.<a id="noteref_520" name="noteref_520" href="#note_520"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">520</span></span></a> +In 1822, however, there was almost without doubt a pro-slavery +majority in the state, but it is improbable that +there was a two-thirds majority. In the election of 1822, +there were 8635 votes cast, while in that of 1824 there were +11,612 votes cast. This great increase indicates a large +immigration. Immigration at this time was largely to +the northern counties of the state, and it is a point of +prime significance that each of the seven northern counties +gave large majorities against the calling of the convention, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page185">[pg 185]</span><a name="Pg185" id="Pg185" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +and that without the vote of these seven counties the vote +would have been 4523 for a convention and 4408 against a +convention, thus changing the decision of the state. This +vote of the northern counties can not be explained by an +increased immigration from the north, because no such +increase to any significant degree is discoverable. The +admission of Missouri as a slave state would naturally +lead pro-slavery emigrants to go to that state instead of +to Illinois. Another event which tended to influence the +vote in Illinois was the decision of Indiana against slavery, +in the summer of 1823, in the midst of the campaign in +Illinois.<a id="noteref_521" name="noteref_521" href="#note_521"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">521</span></span></a> The unjust action of the Illinois House of Representatives +in unseating an anti-convention member was +a powerful argument against the pro-slavery party. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In his message to the legislature, on November 16, +1824, Governor Coles said: <span class="tei tei-q">“In the observations I had the +honor to make to the last Legislature, I recommended +that provision should be made for the abolition of the +remnant of African slavery which still existed in this +state. The full discussion of the principles and policy of +personal slavery, which has taken place since that period, +resulting in its rejection by the decided voice of the +people, still more imperiously makes it my duty to call +your attention in an especial manner to this subject, and +earnestly to entreat you to make just and equitable provision +for as speedy an abolition of this remnant of slavery, +as may be deemed consistent with the rights and claims of +the parties concerned.</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“In close connection with this subject, is my former +recommendation, to which I again solicit your attention, +that the law as it respects those held in service should be +rendered less severe, and more accordant with our political +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page186">[pg 186]</span><a name="Pg186" id="Pg186" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +institutions and local situation; and that more severe +penalties should be enacted against the unnatural crime of +kidnapping, which then prevailed to a great extent and +has since considerably increased, in consequence of the +defects of the present law. Regarding the former, our +laws in general are a mere transcript of those of the more +southern states, where the great number of slaves makes +it necessary for the safety of the whites, that the laws for +their government, and concerning free blacks, should be +very strict.—But, there being no such motive here, the +necessity of such laws ceases, and consequently their +injustice and cruelty are the more apparent. The latter +are found every day more and more defective and inefficient; +and kidnapping has now become a regular trade, +which is carried on to a vast extent to the country bordering +on the lower Mississippi, up the Red River, and to the +West Indies. To put an immediate and effectual stop to +this nefarious traffic, is the imperious duty of the +Legislature.”</span><a id="noteref_522" name="noteref_522" href="#note_522"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">522</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The house of representatives referred the governor's +remarks concerning kidnapping to a select committee. A +bill was reported, but after being weakened by amendments +it was tabled.<a id="noteref_523" name="noteref_523" href="#note_523"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">523</span></span></a> In his message in 1826 the governor +renewed his recommendations,<a id="noteref_524" name="noteref_524" href="#note_524"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">524</span></span></a> and a section of the criminal +code of January, 1827, provided that kidnapping +should be punishable by confinement in the penitentiary +for not less than one nor more than seven years.<a id="noteref_525" name="noteref_525" href="#note_525"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">525</span></span></a> An act +of January, 1825, provided that anyone who had failed to +give the bond required by the black code of 1819 from +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page187">[pg 187]</span><a name="Pg187" id="Pg187" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +those who emancipated slaves, should be released from any +verdict or judgment arising from such failure, upon indemnifying +the county for any money expended for the relief +of the freedmen.<a id="noteref_526" name="noteref_526" href="#note_526"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">526</span></span></a> By an act of 1829 relating to slaves, +whites were not to marry blacks, slaves were not to come +to the state in order to be free, and runaway slaves should +be advertised in the newspapers of the state.<a id="noteref_527" name="noteref_527" href="#note_527"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">527</span></span></a> The number +of slaves in Illinois decreased after 1820. In 1820 +there were 917 slaves in the state; in 1830, 747; in 1840, +331,<a id="noteref_528" name="noteref_528" href="#note_528"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">528</span></span></a> +and before the next census slavery in the state was +abolished. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The vote of 1824 against calling a constitutional convention +marked the end of the slavery question as an +obstacle to the immigration of an anti-slavery population. +Slaveholders, never a large proportion of the immigrants, +practically ceased to come to the state, while the immigration +of anti-slavery southerners continued, and the +aggregate immigration greatly increased. The population +of the state was 55,162 in 1820; 72,817, in 1825; and +157,445 in 1830. Missouri, more populous than Illinois +by more than 11,000 in 1820, was less so by 17,000 in +1830.<a id="noteref_529" name="noteref_529" href="#note_529"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">529</span></span></a> Governor Coles, in his message of January 3, 1826, +said: <span class="tei tei-q">“The tide of emigration, which had been for several +years checked by various causes, both general and local, +has again set in, and has afforded a greater accession of +population during the past, than it had for the three preceding +years. This addition to our population and wealth +has given a new impulse to the industry and enterprise of +our citizens, and has sensibly animated the face of our +country. And as the causes which have impeded the +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page188">[pg 188]</span><a name="Pg188" id="Pg188" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +prosperity of the state are daily diminishing, and the +inducements to emigration are increasing, we may confidently +anticipate a more steady and rapid augmentation +of its population and resources.”</span><a id="noteref_530" name="noteref_530" href="#note_530"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">530</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +From 1820 to 1825 the increase of population in Illinois +was 17,655, while from 1825 to 1830 it was 84,628. Contemporaries +have left some interesting records of immigration +during the latter five years—a period in which the +population of the state increased more than 116 per cent. +Immigration had begun to be brisk by the fall of 1824. +At the general election in August, 1820, there were 1132 +votes cast in Madison county, while at a similar election in +August, 1824, there were 3223 votes cast in the same territory, +Madison county having been divided into Madison, +Pike, Fulton, Sangamon, Morgan and Greene counties. A +Madison county newspaper said: <span class="tei tei-q">“That country bordering +on the Illinois River is populating at this time more rapidly +than at any former period. Family wagons with emigrants +are daily passing this place [Edwardsville], on their way +thither.”</span><a id="noteref_531" name="noteref_531" href="#note_531"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">531</span></span></a> During the five weeks ending October 28, 1825, +about two hundred and fifty wagons, with an average of +five persons to each, passed through Vandalia, bound +chiefly for the Sangamo country.<a id="noteref_532" name="noteref_532" href="#note_532"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">532</span></span></a> The unsettled condition +of the slavery question from 1820 to August, 1824, is given +as the cause of the slight increase in population during +that period, and the settlement of the question is thought +to have been a chief cause for the increase after +1824.<a id="noteref_533" name="noteref_533" href="#note_533"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">533</span></span></a> +It must not be supposed, however, that any one cause +excludes all others. The country as a whole had scarcely +recovered from the great financial depression of 1819; +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page189">[pg 189]</span><a name="Pg189" id="Pg189" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +Kentucky was in turmoil over her bank, land titles and +old and new courts;<a id="noteref_534" name="noteref_534" href="#note_534"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">534</span></span></a> early in 1825 over 65,000 acres in a +single county in Tennessee were advertised for sale for the +delinquent taxes of 1824;<a id="noteref_535" name="noteref_535" href="#note_535"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">535</span></span></a> and in 1826 a great drought in +North Carolina caused a marked emigration from that +state.<a id="noteref_536" name="noteref_536" href="#note_536"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">536</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In 1829 emigration was great. Some forty English +families from Yorkshire came by way of Canada and +settled near Jacksonville, Illinois. They brought agricultural +implements and some money.<a id="noteref_537" name="noteref_537" href="#note_537"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">537</span></span></a> The <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Kentucky Gazette</span></span> +lamented the fact that a large number of the best families of +Lexington were removing to Illinois.<a id="noteref_538" name="noteref_538" href="#note_538"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">538</span></span></a> An Illinois newspaper +reported: <span class="tei tei-q">“The number of emigrants passing through +our Town [Vandalia] this fall, is unusually great. During +the last week the waggons and teams going to the north +amounted to several hundred. At no previous period has our +State encreased so rapidly, as it is now encreasing.”</span><a id="noteref_539" name="noteref_539" href="#note_539"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">539</span></span></a> +Another editor estimated the annual increase in population +from 1826 to 1829 at not less than 12,000<a id="noteref_540" name="noteref_540" href="#note_540"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">540</span></span></a>—a figure which +was almost certainly too low. In 1830 a meeting of gentlemen +from the counties of Hampshire and Hampden +(Massachusetts) was held at Northampton to consider the +expediency of forming a colony to remove to Illinois. +After a discussion it was voted to adjourn to meet on the +10th of October at Warner's Coffee House in Southampton. +Similar meetings were held at Pawtucket and Worcester.<a id="noteref_541" name="noteref_541" href="#note_541"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">541</span></span></a> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page190">[pg 190]</span><a name="Pg190" id="Pg190" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The immigration to Illinois was but part of a general +westward movement. From Charleston, Virginia, we hear: +<span class="tei tei-q">“The tide of emigration through this place is rapid, and +we believe, unprecedented. It is believed that not less +than eight thousand individuals, since the 1st September +last [written on November 6, 1829], have passed on this +route. They are principally from the lower part of this +state and South Carolina, bound for Indiana, Illinois, and +Michigan.—They jog on, careless of the varying climate, +and apparently without regret for the friends and the +country they leave behind, seeking forests to fell, and a +new country to settle.”</span> The editor attributes this movement +to the fact that slavery had rendered white labor +disreputable.<a id="noteref_542" name="noteref_542" href="#note_542"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">542</span></span></a> Three thousand persons bound for the +West arrived at Buffalo in one week and six thousand per +week were reported as passing through Indianapolis, bound +for the Wabash country alone.<a id="noteref_543" name="noteref_543" href="#note_543"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">543</span></span></a> The great northern tide +was chiefly bound to Ohio and Michigan,<a id="noteref_544" name="noteref_544" href="#note_544"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">544</span></span></a> northern Illinois +not being open to settlement. Five years after Detroit +received three hundred arrivals per week, Chicago had +about a dozen houses, besides Fort Dearborn. This was +the Chicago of 1830.<a id="noteref_545" name="noteref_545" href="#note_545"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">545</span></span></a> +</p> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page191">[pg 191]</span><a name="Pg191" id="Pg191" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc37" id="toc37"></a> +<a name="pdf38" id="pdf38"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter VII. Successful Frontiersmen.</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The character of the men who succeed in gaining the +favor of those among whom they live indicates the +character of those whose favor has been gained. Preachers, +land dealers, lawyers, town builders, and politicians can not +thrive in a hostile community. It is worth while in studying +Illinois in its frontier stage to notice some of the chief +traits of its leaders. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +No better type of the pioneer preacher need be sought +than the Rev. Dr. Peter Cartwright. He preached in the +West for nearly seventy years, during which time he delivered +some eighteen thousand sermons, baptized some +fifteen thousand persons, received into the church nearly +twelve thousand members, and licensed preachers enough +to make a whole conference. He was for fifty years a +presiding elder in the Methodist Episcopal church. His +home was in Illinois from 1824 until his death in 1872. +Aside from his ministerial duties he twice represented +Sangamon county in the Illinois House of Representatives; +was a candidate for congressman against Abraham +Lincoln in 1846; and was a member of an historical society +founded as early as 1827. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Cartwright had a number of traits that attracted frontiersmen. +In person he was about five feet ten inches +high, and of square build, having a powerful physical +frame and weighing nearly two hundred pounds. <span class="tei tei-q">“The +roughs and bruisers at camp-meetings and elsewhere stood +in awe of his brawny arm, and many anecdotes are told of +his courage and daring that sent terror to their ranks. He +felt that he was one of the Lord's breaking plows, and that he +had to drive his way through all kinds of roots and stubborn +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page192">[pg 192]</span><a name="Pg192" id="Pg192" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +soil.... His gesticulation, his manner of listening, +his walk, and his laugh were peculiar, and would command +attention in a crowd of a thousand. There was something +undefinable about the whole man that was attractive to +the majority of the people, and made them linger in his +presence and want to see him again.”</span> He had a remarkable +power to read men, his first impressions being quickly +made and almost always correct. He was often gay, but +never frivolous; often eccentric, but never silly. A Cumberland +Presbyterian, after attending a communion service +administered by Cartwright and at which the Baptist, Rev. +John M. Peck, was present, wrote: <span class="tei tei-q">“After meeting, I +invited these two men to spend the night with me, which +they did; and such a night!—of all Western anecdotes +and manners, flow of soul and out-spoken brotherhood—we +had never seen, and never expect to enjoy again. +These were, then [1824 c.], the two strongest men of mark +in the ministry, in this State [Illinois].”</span> Cartwright's +vitality was remarkable. In the sixty-sixth year of his +ministry, and the eighty-sixth of his life, he dedicated eight +churches, preached at seventy-seven funerals, addressed +eight schools, baptized twenty adults and fifty children, +married five couples, received fifteen into the church on +probation and twenty-five into full connection, raised +twenty-five dollars missionary money, donated twenty +dollars for new churches, wrote one hundred and twelve +letters, delivered many lectures, and sold two hundred +dollars worth of books. Many frontier preachers of the +time were lacking in common sense, but they were not +popular. This is the testimony of a contemporary (1828) +writer whose analysis of western character has rarely been +excelled.<a id="noteref_546" name="noteref_546" href="#note_546"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">546</span></span></a> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page193">[pg 193]</span><a name="Pg193" id="Pg193" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +John Edgar, a native of Ireland, was one of the largest +landholders who ever lived in Illinois. At the outbreak +of the American Revolution he was a British officer living +at Detroit, but becoming implicated in the efforts of his +American wife to aid British soldiers in deserting, he was +imprisoned. He escaped, and in 1784 settled in Kaskaskia, +where his wife joined him two years later, having +saved from confiscation some twelve thousand dollars. +This made Edgar the rich man of the community. <span class="tei tei-q">“In +very early times, he erected, at great expense, a fine flouring +mill on the same site where M. Paget had built one sixty +years before. This mill was a great benefit to the public +and also profitable to the proprietor. Before the year +1800, this mill manufactured great quantities of flour for +the New Orleans market which would compare well with +the Atlantic flour.”</span> Edgar built a splendid mansion in +Kaskaskia and entertained royally. At a time when hospitality +was common he improved upon it. His home was +the fashionable resort for almost half a century. It was +here that Lafayette was entertained. In addition to his +flour mill, which attracted settlers to its vicinity near +Kaskaskia and which for many years did most of the +merchant business in flour in the country, Edgar owned +and operated salt works near the Mississippi, northwest of +Kaskaskia, and also invested largely in land. Before the +commissioners appointed to settle land claims he claimed +thirty-six thousand acres in one claim as the assignee of +ninety donation-rights, while he and John Murry St. Clair +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page194">[pg 194]</span><a name="Pg194" id="Pg194" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +claimed 13,986 acres which proved upon survey to cover +almost thirty thousand acres. In territorial times Edgar +paid more taxes than any one else in the territory. In +1790 Edgar was appointed chief justice of the Kaskaskia +district of St. Clair county; in 1800 he was <span class="tei tei-q">“Lieutenant-Colonel +Commandant of the First Regiment of Militia of +the County of Randolph”</span>; in 1802 he was commissioned +an associate judge of the Criminal Court of Randolph +county, by Governor Harrison. He had never studied +law <span class="tei tei-q">“but common sense, a good education, and experience +in business with perfect honesty made him a very respectable +officer.”</span> Edgar's correspondence with Clark and +Hamtramck show him to have been a leader in Illinois +during its period of anarchy preceding the establishment of +government in 1790. He offered to board a garrison on +the credit of the United States, if a garrison should be +sent to protect Illinois. At a time when slaveholding was +regarded as eminently respectable by the people of Illinois, +Edgar held slaves, and in 1796 he was one of four who +petitioned Congress to introduce slavery into the territory. +He was a member of the legislature of the Northwest +Territory, was worshipful master of the first Lodge of +Ancient Free and Accepted Masons in Illinois, constituted +at Kaskaskia in 1806, and was major-general of militia, in +which capacity he presided at reviews with much dignity. +In person Gen. Edgar was large and portly. He was +definitely charged with forgery by the commissioners to +settle land titles at Kaskaskia. In one case a letter signed +in a fair hand by one who had made his mark to a deed +was produced by Edgar. The letter was an offer of the +illiterate owner to sell his land to Edgar. There is no +indication that this conduct of the hospitable and popular +man changed the esteem in which he was held by his +contemporaries.<a id="noteref_547" name="noteref_547" href="#note_547"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">547</span></span></a> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page195">[pg 195]</span><a name="Pg195" id="Pg195" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +John Rice Jones, the first lawyer in Illinois, was eminently +successful. He was born in Wales in 1759, received +a collegiate education at Oxford, England, and afterward +took regular courses in both medicine and law. In 1783 +he was a lawyer in London and owned property in Wales. +The next year he came to Philadelphia where he practiced +law and became acquainted with Benjamin Rush, Benjamin +Franklin, Myers Fisher, and other distinguished men. In +1786 he came to Kentucky and joined Clark's troops +against the Wabash Indians. A garrison was irregularly +established at Vincennes and Jones was made commissary-general. +He sold seized Spanish goods to partially indemnify +those whose goods had been seized by the Spanish. +In 1790 Jones removed to Kaskaskia, bringing to his +residence on the frontier a mind well trained by education +and experience. He early became a large landowner, in +1808 paying taxes on 16,400 acres in Monroe county alone. +The list of offices held by Jones shows him to have been +prominent wherever he went. He was attorney-general +of the Northwest Territory, a member and president of the +legislative council of the same, joint-revisor with John +Johnson, of the laws of Indiana Territory, one of the first +trustees, as well as a chief promoter, of Vincennes University, +official interpreter and translator of French for the +commissioners appointed to settle land claims at Kaskaskia, +and after his removal to Missouri, about 1810, a +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page196">[pg 196]</span><a name="Pg196" id="Pg196" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +member of the Missouri Constitutional Convention of +1820, and, upon the admission of the state, justice of its +Supreme Court until his death in February, 1824. In +Missouri he engaged in lead mining and smelting with +Moses Austin and later with Austin's sons. He made an +exhaustive report on the lead mines of Missouri in 1816. +Jones was well versed in English, French and Spanish +law, especially in regard to land titles. He was an excellent +mathematician, and had also a thorough acquaintance with +the Greek, Latin, French, Spanish, English, and Welsh +languages. The pioneers recognized his peculiar fitness +for a legal career on the frontier. Governor Reynolds, a +fellow-townsman of Jones, says: <span class="tei tei-q">“Judge Jones lived a +life of great activity and was conspicuous and prominent +in all the important transactions of the country ... +His integrity, honor, and honesty were always above doubt +or suspicion. He was exemplary in his moral habits, and +lived a temperate and orderly man in all things.”</span><a id="noteref_548" name="noteref_548" href="#note_548"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">548</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The founding of the towns of Mt. Carmel, Alton and +Springfield illustrates the work of successful town building +on the frontier. Mt. Carmel was laid out in 1817, Alton +in 1818, and the land where Springfield now stands was +entered in 1823. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The town of Mt. Carmel was founded by three ministers, +Thomas S. Hinde, William McDowell and William +Beauchamp, the first two being proprietors and the last +agent and surveyor. McDowell probably never settled in +Illinois. Hinde and Beauchamp were men of more than +ordinary ability. The former was a son of the well-known +Dr. Hinde, of Virginia, who was a surgeon in the +British navy during the French and Indian war. Dr. +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page197">[pg 197]</span><a name="Pg197" id="Pg197" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +Hinde moved to Kentucky and there the boy Thomas +grew up. At one time he was a neighbor of Daniel +Boone, and later of Simon Kenton. He was in the office +of the Superior Court of Kentucky for some time, during +which he became well acquainted with Governor Madison +and his nephew, John Madison, kinsmen of President James +Madison. He was well informed as to some of the obscure +movements of Aaron Burr. This led him to send copies +of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fredonian</span></span>, which he published in order to oppose +Burr, to Henry Clay, then secretary of state, although the +copies later unaccountably disappeared; and, in 1829, to +write to James Madison, who was reported as contemplating +the writing of a political history, offering to furnish +information which he possessed at first hand concerning +the conspiracy. Madison denied any intention of writing +a history, but asked Hinde to furnish an account of Burr's +transactions to be filed with Madison's papers. This was +done. In 1806, Hinde moved to Ohio to get away from +slavery. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +William Beauchamp was born in Kent county, Delaware, +in 1772. He became a minister in the Methodist +Episcopal Church in 1794, but located in 1801 on account +of ill health. His ministry had been markedly successful +and he had been stationed in New York and Boston. In +1807 he settled on the Little Kanawha River in Virginia, +and in 1815 moved to Chillicothe, Ohio, where he acted as +editor of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Western Christian Monitor</span></span>, Hinde being a +contributor. Beauchamp knew Latin, Greek and Hebrew, +was a writer of considerable ability, and was well fitted to +be editor. In 1816, however, the General Conference +decided to establish a magazine, and in the following year +Beauchamp retired from the editorship of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Monitor</span></span>, +having successfully established the first Methodist magazine +in America. Beauchamp, Hinde and McDowell were now +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page198">[pg 198]</span><a name="Pg198" id="Pg198" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +fellow-townsmen. They resolved to establish a town +where their ideas of rectitude might be applied. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The site chosen for the town was a point on the west +bank of the Wabash opposite the mouth of the White +River, and twenty-four miles southwest of Vincennes. This +point was selected because of the available water power +and of the likelihood that main roads from east to west +would pass here. The town became a railroad and manufacturing +center and justified the wisdom of its founders. +An elaborate circular, called the <span class="tei tei-q">“Articles of Association, +for the City of Mount Carmel,”</span> was issued at Chillicothe +in 1817. The purpose of the association was announced +to be <span class="tei tei-q">“to build a city on liberal and advantageous principles, +and to constitute funds for the establishment of +seminaries of learning and for religious purposes.”</span> The +proprietors reserved for themselves one-fourth of the lots, +these being called <span class="tei tei-q">“proprietors' lots;”</span> one-fourth were +called <span class="tei tei-q">“public donation lots;”</span> and one-half were called +<span class="tei tei-q">“private donation lots.”</span> The plan of survey and sale was +described as follows: <span class="tei tei-q">“The front street is 132 feet wide; +the others 99. The in-lots are six poles in front, and +eleven and a half back; containing each sixty-eight +perches, nearly half an acre. The most of the out-lots +contain four acres and eight square poles; some of them +more, (five and six acres on the back range); and a few of +them less. There are 748 in-lots, and 331 out-lots—1079 +in the whole.</span> +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">The lots are offered at private sale, at the following +prices:</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%"> +In-Lots On Front Street. +</span></p> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">Corners, $150 each</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">Not corners, 100</span></div> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%"> +The Rest Of The In-Lots. +</span></p> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">Corners, $120 each</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">Not corners, 80</span></div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">The out-lots, $100 each</span></div> +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page199">[pg 199]</span><a name="Pg199" id="Pg199" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">The payments are to be made in four annual instalments; +the first at the time of sale.</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">A bank is to be constituted by the sale of the lots.</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">One-fourth of the lots are appropriated to the use of +schools and religious purposes.</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> +<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">One-half of the lots are to be given away to those who +will improve them according to the articles of association. +A person may have as many gift, or private donation out-lots, +as he has such in-lots; the out-lots not required to +be improved. The gift lots are to be disposed of on the +following terms: the persons receiving them pay the prices +above stated, and receive for the money thus paid, stock +in the aforesaid bank. They are to improve the in-lots +thus given to them, by building one dwelling-house for +every such in-lot; one-half of the houses to be built +within five years, and the other half within ten years, from +the sale of said lots. The houses to be framed, brick, or +stone, and to contain two rooms, and two fire-places each.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> +</p> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The bank referred to was <span class="tei tei-q">“The Bank of Mount Carmel.”</span> +Its shares were ten dollars each. The proprietors might +put into the stock one-half of the money received from +the sale of proprietors' lots; all the money received for +public donation lots was to be divided into three equal +parts, one part to be funded in the bank in the name of +the trustees (to be appointed) of the Methodist Episcopal +Church, the proceeds to be applied to the building of +<span class="tei tei-q">“Methodist Episcopal meeting houses in the city of Mount +Carmel, and to other religious purposes,”</span> not including +ministers' salary; the second part to be funded in the +name of the trustees (to be appointed) of a male academy; +the third part to be similarly funded for a female academy; +the money from private donation lots to be funded in the +name of the purchasers, after deducting ten per cent for +expenses, which ten per cent should remain in the bank +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page200">[pg 200]</span><a name="Pg200" id="Pg200" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +as permanent stock. The articles of association were +elaborate. The 18th article became known as the <span class="tei tei-q">“Blue +Laws.”</span> It read as follows: <span class="tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Art. 18.</span></span> +No theatre or play-house +shall ever be built within the bounds of this city. +No person who shall be guilty of drunkenness, profane +swearing or cursing, Sabbath breaking, or who shall keep +a disorderly house, shall gamble, or suffer gambling in his +house, or raise a riot, or break the peace within the city, or +be guilty of any other crime of greater magnitude in guilt +than those here mentioned, and shall be convicted thereof +before the mayor, council, or any other court having cognizance +of such crime or crimes, shall be eligible to any +office of the city of Mount Carmel or its bank, or be +entitled to vote for any such officer, within three years +after such conviction, notwithstanding anything in these +articles to the contrary.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The plan for a town was successful. Beauchamp was +surveyor, pastor, teacher, and lawyer in the beginning of +settlement. By 1819 a school was established; four or +five years later a school-house was built; by 1820 Mt. +Carmel circuit of the M. E. church had been formed; in +1825 a brick church was erected; the same year the town +was incorporated by the state on the plan laid down in +the articles of association; in 1827 the annual conference +of the Illinois Conference was held at Mt. Carmel. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Beauchamp's health having improved he reëntered the +ministry in 1822, and at the General Conference two years +later he lacked but two votes of being chosen bishop. He +died in 1824. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Hinde, in 1825, was a member of the Wabash Navigation +Company, consisting of seventeen prominent Indiana +and Illinois men, and having a capital stock of one million +dollars. He was one of the nine directors for the first +year. He continued to be a contributor to periodical literature +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page201">[pg 201]</span><a name="Pg201" id="Pg201" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +and became the biographer of his friend Beauchamp. +In a letter from Mt. Carmel, of May 6, 1842, Hinde says: +<span class="tei tei-q">“I have just returned from the East, having visited the +Atlantic cities generally for the first time, after forty-five +years pioneering in the wilderness of the West. I have +been three times a citizen of Kentucky, twice of Ohio, and +twice of Illinois.”</span> Hinde died in 1846 and was buried at +Mt. Carmel. Among his writings is found one of the +most acute analyses of frontier character that has appeared. +The writer points out that eastern ministers have often been +unsuccessful and eastern immigrants unpopular, because +they have underrated the people of the West, among +whom there are many people of culture. They prefer +<span class="tei tei-q">“the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">useful</span></em> to the shining or showy talent.”</span> In the West +the best work has been done by westerners. The English +spoken in the West is the purest to be found, because the +various provincialisms of the immigrants are mutually +corrective. The Virginian, who retained his unbounded +hospitality, was the most prominent character in the West. +<span class="tei tei-q">“If we expect to find on crossing the mountains a people +either illiterate or ignorant as a body, we will assuredly, +in many instances, be happily disappointed. It too often +happens, that one puffed up with self importance, and +possessing a conceited and heated imagination, will form +wild conjectures as to men and things. We have been +amused at the bewildered minds of such, with the <span class="tei tei-q">‘whys’</span> +and <span class="tei tei-q">‘wherefores’</span>; and one of the most ridiculous whims of +some, is to endeavour to press every thing into their own +<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">mould</span></em>; and shape it, be it what it may, if possible, after +their own manner, custom, or operation, forgetting that +<span class="tei tei-q">‘we have to take the world as it is, and not as we would +have it to be.’</span> The fact is, an emigrant should come forth +as an inquirer, and set himself down to learn at the threshold +of experience. On this rock thousands have been +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page202">[pg 202]</span><a name="Pg202" id="Pg202" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +injured, and none have suffered more than the English +emigrants. Oh! with what poignant grief have I heard +the English emigrant exclaim with the bitterest invectives +on his own course and conduct, as to this particular. +Conceiving that he knew every thing, when he came here +to test his experience, he soon found that he <span class="tei tei-q">‘knew +nothing.’</span> This circumstance I have found too to have its +bearings upon American emigrants from different states; +upon families, upon individuals, and upon preachers also. +How often have I heard the old settler complaining, (who +having himself learned by <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">experience</span></em>) of the impertinent +conduct of an emigrant, who sometimes carries his local +policy through all the ramifications of his life, and often into +the religious society, as well as elsewhere; he wishing every +thing done, as he saw it done in Boston, New-York, Philadelphia, +Baltimore, and very often <span class="tei tei-q">‘Old England’</span> and +<span class="tei tei-q">‘Ireland!’</span> as if men who have to act, and reflect upon the +circumstances of the case, different from any ever before +presented except among themselves, are to be governed +by acts and doings of people in the moon!”</span><a id="noteref_549" name="noteref_549" href="#note_549"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">549</span></span></a> A man who +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page203">[pg 203]</span><a name="Pg203" id="Pg203" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +thus knew the frontier was fitted to be the founder of a +western town. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Rufus Easton was the founder of the town of Alton. +Like Hinde, he brought to his work a fund of experience +gained on the frontier and in public affairs. Easton was +born at Washington, Litchfield county, Connecticut, in 1774. +He descended from pioneers, being a direct descendant of +Joseph Easton, who came from England to Newtowne, +now Cambridge, Massachusetts, about 1633, and was later +one of Rev. Thos. Hooker's colony which founded Hartford, +Connecticut, of which Easton was an original proprietor. +In 1792 Rufus Easton's father, a Tory, obtained a +large grant of land near Wolford, now Easton Corners, +Ontario. Rufus received a good education before studying +law. In 1798 he was practicing law in Rome, New +York, then a frontier town. November, 1801, Easton, with +thirteen other prominent men, held a banquet to celebrate +the election of Thos. Jefferson as President. The prominence +of the young lawyer at this time is shown by the +fact that he was consulted in regard to federal appointments, +and that he was in 1803 a confidential correspondent +of De Witt Clinton. The winter of 1803-4 Easton spent +in Washington, where he became a friend of Aaron Burr, +Postmaster-General Granger, and others. In the spring +of 1804 he started for New Orleans. Aaron Burr gave +him a letter of introduction to Abm. R. Ellery, Esq., of +New Orleans, in which he said: <span class="tei tei-q">“You will certainly be +greatly amused to converse with a man who has passed +the whole winter in this city—who has had free intercourse +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page204">[pg 204]</span><a name="Pg204" id="Pg204" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +with the officers of Govt. & members of Congress—who +has discernment to see beyond the surface, and frankness +and independence enough to speak his own sentiments.”</span> +Easton did not, however, go to New Orleans. He stopped +for a short time at Vincennes and then located at St. Louis. +He was appointed by Jefferson judge of the Territory of +Louisiana and first postmaster of St. Louis. In September, +1805, Burr, Wilkinson and Easton had a conference at +St. Louis. Easton turned a deaf ear to Burr's questionable +proposals and from this time Wilkinson was hostile to +Easton. Easton corresponded with Jefferson and Granger +concerning the Burr conspiracy. Jefferson appointed him +United States attorney, 1814-18 he was delegate to Congress +from Missouri, 1821-26 he was attorney-general of +Missouri. Easton was very prominent, entertaining almost +all visitors of note. Edward Bates, Lincoln's attorney-general, +read law in Easton's office. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Soon after coming to St. Louis, Easton began to buy up +claims to land in Missouri and Illinois. When seeking to +find a suitable place for a town in Illinois, he selected a +point on the east bank of the Mississippi, twenty-five +miles north of St. Louis and twenty miles south of the +mouth of the Illinois. There was here a good landing +place for boats, and also extensive beds of coal and limestone. +The town was named Alton in honor of the +founder's son. One hundred lots in the new town were +donated to the support of the gospel and public schools, +one-half of the proceeds to be devoted to each. This +provision was confirmed by the act of incorporation of +January 30, 1821, and the trustees were given the right to +tax undonated lots for the support of schools. This latter +provision was in advance of public sentiment and two +years later it was repealed. Alton, like Mt. Carmel and to +a much greater extent, proved the wisdom of its location. +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page205">[pg 205]</span><a name="Pg205" id="Pg205" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +It has long been noted for its manufactures and is a +thriving modern city.<a id="noteref_550" name="noteref_550" href="#note_550"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">550</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The town of Springfield, since 1839 the capital of +Illinois, was laid out in 1822, before the land upon which +it stood was offered for sale. When the land was sold in +November, 1823, the section upon which the town stood +was bought by Elijah Iles, Pascal Paoli Enos, Thomas +Cox, and Daniel P. Cook, each purchasing one quarter, +but the title being vested by agreement in Iles and Enos. +Cook, like McDowell in the founding of Mt. Carmel, +seems to have been a non-resident proprietor. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Elijah Iles was a child of the wilderness. He was born +in Kentucky in 1796, and died at Springfield, Illinois, in +1883, leaving valuable reminiscences of his long experience +on the frontier. His mother was Elizabeth Crockett Iles, +a relative of David Crockett. Elijah attended school two +winters and taught two winters. In 1812, although but +sixteen years of age, he acted as deputy for his father, who +was sheriff of Bath county, Kentucky. Some three years +later his father gave him three hundred dollars, with which +he bought one hundred head of yearling cattle. For three +years he herded these cattle among the mountains of Kentucky, +about twenty miles from civilization, having as his +only companions his horse, dog, gun, milk cow, and the +cattle. His meals usually consisted of a stew made of +bear meat, venison, or turkey, and a piece of fat bacon. +At the end of the three years the cattle were sold for +about ten dollars a head, and the youthful dealer having +attained his majority went to Missouri and became a land +agent for eastern speculators, and soon began to speculate +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page206">[pg 206]</span><a name="Pg206" id="Pg206" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +for himself. In 1821, concluding that Missouri was too +far from a market, he sold some of his land and resolved to +move to Illinois. At that time the site upon which Springfield +was to stand had been chosen as the temporary +county seat of Sangamon county, because eight men, some +of whom had families, lived within a radius of two miles +from the site, and at no other place in the county could +the lawyers and judge secure board and lodging. Iles +quickly discerned the advantages of the Sangamon country +as a place of settlement, and straightway built a log store +sixteen feet square, went to St. Louis and bought fifteen +hundred dollars worth of goods, which he loaded on a +keel-boat and had towed up the Mississippi and the +Illinois by six men, whom he paid seventy-five dollars +for their services. When the land was offered for sale, in +1823, Iles bought a quarter-section. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Another quarter-section of the town site was bought by +Pascal Paoli Enos. The fact that the frontier is a great +social leveler is well illustrated by the combination of +Enos and Iles as joint owners of a town site. The Enos +family had come from England in 1648, and Pascal Paoli +Enos, son of Major-General Roger Enos, was born in +Windsor, Connecticut, in 1770. He was graduated from +Dartmouth College in 1794, studied law, was a member of +the Vermont legislature in 1804, married in Vermont and +moved to Cincinnati in 1815, later to St. Charles, Missouri, +then to St. Louis, then to Madison county, Illinois, and in +1823 was appointed by President Monroe receiver of +public moneys for the land-office in the District of Sangamo. +Thus the elderly scholar joined the shrewd but +youthful frontiersman. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Col. Thomas Cox was the third of the trio of the resident +proprietors of Springfield. He had signed a petition +for the division of Randolph county in 1812, represented +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page207">[pg 207]</span><a name="Pg207" id="Pg207" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +Union county as a senator in the first general assembly of +Illinois, and in 1820 was appointed register of the land-office +at Vandalia. In 1823 he came to Springfield as +register of the land-office at that place. Col. Cox was six +feet tall, weighed two hundred and forty pounds, and was +a drunkard within a short time after the founding of +Springfield. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The most important thing about the founding of the +town is the heterogeneous character of its founders. A +few incidents in their subsequent history will emphasize +this, and also show how well they worked together when +surrounded by the same conditions. When the commissioners +came to locate a permanent county seat Springfield, +then called Calhoun, had a formidable rival for the +honor. Iles and Enos managed to have a mutual friend +engaged as guide to the commissioners. The guide conducted +them to the rival settlement by a long and rough +route and upon being requested to take them back over a +shorter route he took a course more difficult still. The +commissioners decided that the rival settlement was inaccessible. +Iles was twice state senator, major in the Winnebago +war, and captain in the Black Hawk war, in which +he served with Zachary Taylor, Jefferson Davis, Abraham +Lincoln, John T. Stuart, Robt. Anderson, of Fort Sumter +fame, and others. Iles was also a large stock dealer, selling +hogs and cattle in St. Louis and mules in Kentucky, until +1838, in which year he lost ten thousand dollars on hogs +packed at Alton. In 1838-9 he built the American House +in Springfield. This was then the largest hotel in the +state and its erection created a great sensation. He was +four times state senator, and was an officer of the Bank of +Edwardsville. Enos held his position as receiver until +removed for political reasons by Jackson in 1829. Cox +had an eventful career. He was removed from his position +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page208">[pg 208]</span><a name="Pg208" id="Pg208" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +of register, under charges of misconduct, early in 1827; +the next year he was keeping a hotel in Springfield; later +he removed to Iowa, then Wisconsin, having secured a +contract for the survey of public lands. He was three +times a member of the Iowa territorial House of Representatives +and twice a member of the territorial Council. +A band of murderers, horsethieves, counterfeiters, and +blacklegs, having gained possession of the town of Bellevue, +on the Mississippi, in Jackson county, Iowa, Col. Cox +led the citizens in a successful attack in which seven men +were killed outright and some ten or fifteen wounded. At +this time Cox was recognized as a pronounced drunkard, +but his undoubted courage, ability to command, and strong +physique secured him a following.<a id="noteref_551" name="noteref_551" href="#note_551"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">551</span></span></a> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Shadrach Bond, the first governor of Illinois, and Pierre +Menard, the first lieutenant-governor, were both poorly +educated, but they had a good knowledge of men and a +large fund of information concerning practical affairs.<a id="noteref_552" name="noteref_552" href="#note_552"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">552</span></span></a> +Edward Coles, the second governor of the state, is a good +example of the polished, well-educated gentleman succeeding +with a rude constituency. Coles was born in 1786, +in Albemarle county, Virginia, fitted for college by private +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page209">[pg 209]</span><a name="Pg209" id="Pg209" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +tutors, educated at Hampden Sidney and later at William +and Mary College. His father's home was visited by +Patrick Henry, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, the Randolphs, +Tazwell, Wirt, and others. For six years Coles +was the private secretary of President Madison, and during +this time he became an intimate friend of Nicholas Biddle. +In 1815 he visited Illinois in what must have seemed at +that time great state, for he traveled not only with a horse +and buggy, but with a servant and a saddle-horse as well. +In 1816-17 he was sent as a special messenger to Russia, +stopping at Paris on his return, meeting Louis XVIII. of +France and becoming a friend of Lafayette. In 1819 he +came to Edwardsville, Illinois, emancipated his slaves, and +assumed his duties as register of the land-office. The +rough pioneers were very anxious to get a title to their +lands. <span class="tei tei-q">“When the settler reached Edwardsville, dressed +in jeans and wearing moccasins, with his money in his +belt, having traveled on foot or on horseback long distances, +and first presented himself to the Register of the +Land Office, there he found Edward Coles, who had +recently emigrated into the State from Virginia. It was +known to some of them that he had been the private secretary +for President Madison, and had been on an important +mission to Europe.</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“They found him a young man of handsome, but somewhat +awkward personal appearance, genteelly dressed, and +of kind and agreeable manners. The anxious settler was +at once put at ease by the suavity of his address, the +interest he appeared to feel in aiding him, and the thoroughly +intelligent manner in which he discharged his +duty. No man went away who was not delighted with +his intercourse with the <span class="tei tei-q">‘Register.’</span> And herein is illustrated +the great mistake so often made by politicians and +candidates for popular favor. Too many candidates for +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page210">[pg 210]</span><a name="Pg210" id="Pg210" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +the suffrage of the people in our early political contests +thought it necessary, in order to make themselves popular, +to affect slovenly and unclean dress and vulgar +manners in their campaigns. There was never a greater +mistake. However rough, ill-clothed and unintelligent +the voter might be, he always preferred to vote for the +man who was dressed and acted like a gentleman to the +one who dressed like and acted like himself.”</span><a id="noteref_553" name="noteref_553" href="#note_553"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">553</span></span></a> Coles +was always dignified, always gentlemanly, and always +respected. His brief residence in Illinois affected its +history for all time to come. Like Coles in several +respects was his successor as governor, Ninian Edwards. +Born in Maryland in 1775, educated by the celebrated +William Wirt, and later graduating from Dickinson College, +Pennsylvania, at nineteen years of age he came to Kentucky. +Here he served two terms in the Kentucky +legislature, was presiding judge of the general court, +circuit judge, and chief-justice of the court of appeals. +Henry Clay gave as Edwards' marked characteristics, +good understanding, weight of character, and conciliatory +manners. In his campaign for governor of Illinois, +Edwards presented himself as the highest type of a polished +and well-dressed gentleman, always riding in his +own carriage and driven by his negro servant, and dressing +in all the style of an old-fashioned gentleman with broad-cloth +coat, ruffled shirt, and high-topped boots. The +people were not repelled by such a display, but considered +it an honor to vote for such a man. The egotistical +Adolphus Frederick Hubbard, who was one of the two +opponents of Edwards, intermingled bad grammar and +poor attempts at wit in his electioneering speeches, and +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page211">[pg 211]</span><a name="Pg211" id="Pg211" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +received less than one-tenth of the number of votes cast +for either of the two other candidates.<a id="noteref_554" name="noteref_554" href="#note_554"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">554</span></span></a> +</p> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page213">[pg 213]</span><a name="Pg213" id="Pg213" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc39" id="toc39"></a> +<a name="pdf40" id="pdf40"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Works Consulted.</span></h1> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> +<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">I. Sources.</span></h2> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">American Historical Association, Annual Report of the. Washington: +Government Printing Office.</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Report for 1893, pp. 199-227, see Turner, Frederick Jackson; Report of +1896, Vol. I., pp. 930-1107, has <span class="tei tei-q">“Selections from the Draper Collection in +the possession of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, to elucidate the +proposed French expedition under George Rogers Clark against Louisiana, +in the years 1793-94.”</span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">American monthly Magazine and critical Review. New York: +H. Biglow, editor.</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Volumes I.-III. (1817-18) give information of much value concerning +European conditions inducing emigration. A few of the notices concern +emigration from east to west in the United States. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">American Register; or, Summary Review of History, Politics, and +Literature. Philadelphia.</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Volume II., 202, 203, 216 (1817), tells of improvements in steamboat navigation. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Americans as they are; described in a Tour through the Valley of +the Mississippi. London: Hurst, Chance & Co.,</span></span> 1828. vi. + +218 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Observations on Illinois are more suggestive than accurate. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Atwater, Caleb</span></span>. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Remarks made on a Tour to Prairie du +Chien. Columbus, Ohio: Isaac N. Whiting</span></span>, 1831. 296 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The tour was from Circleville, Ohio, to Prairie du Chien, in 1829, and +thence to Washington. The writer's remarks give valuable material for the +history of the time. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +—— <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Writings. Columbus, Ohio: Caleb Atwater</span></span>, 1833. +408 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The author was one of a commission to treat with the Indians at Prairie du +Chien for the cession of the lead region. In 1829 he went from St. Louis to +Prairie du Chien. He gives good descriptions of Quincy, Galena, and a few +other places. The part of the Writings describing this journey was separately +printed in 1831. The edition of 1833 is somewhat better than the previous +one. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page214">[pg 214]</span><a name="Pg214" id="Pg214" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Balestier, Joseph N</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Annals of Chicago: a +Lecture delivered before the Chicago Lyceum, Jan. 21, 1840. Republished from the +original Edition of 1840, with an Introduction, written by the Author +in 1876. Chicago: Fergus Printing Co.</span></span>, 1876. In <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fergus historical +Series</span></span>, I., No. 1. 48 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Contains a copy of Capt. Heald's letter of 1812, describing the massacre +at Fort Dearborn. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Biggs, William.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Narrative of William Biggs, +while he was a Prisoner with the Kickepoo Indians ... on the west Bank +of the Wabash River ... Printed for the author, June, +1826.</span></span> 22 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Biggs was captured on March 28, 1788, and remained a captive for several +weeks. This very rare book gives valuable insight into the revolting customs +of the Indians. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Birkbeck, Morris.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Extracts from a +supplementary Letter from the Illinois: an Address to British Emigrants, and a Reply +to the Remarks of William Cobbett, Esq. 2d ed. London: James +Ridgeway</span></span>, 1819. 36 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Birkbeck had issued an address to British emigrants, advertising the virtues +of his English settlement in Illinois. William Cobbett declared that Birkbeck's +account of the fertility and salubrity of Illinois was not true. Birkbeck +issued a somewhat scathing reply, showing Cobbett's ignorance. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +—— <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Letters from Illinois. Philadelphia: M. Carey & +Son</span></span>, 1818. 12mo. vii. + 154 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Twenty-two letters written from November, 1817, to March, 1818, by +Morris Birkbeck, from the English settlement in Edwards county, Ill., of +which settlement he was the founder. Very valuable for notes concerning +transportation and the manner of life of the early settlers of Illinois. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +—— <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Notes on a Journey in America from the Coast of Virginia +to the Territory of Illinois. Philadelphia: Richardson</span></span>, 1817. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Passed through several editions in England. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A graphic account of the journey of Birkbeck from 500 miles east of Cape +Henry, Va. (April 26, 1817), to Shawneetown, Ill., where on August 2, 1817, +he bought 1440 acres of land as a site for his English settlement. Very +valuable for information concerning transportation and western conditions. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Blaney</span></span>, Capt. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">An Excursion through +the United States and +</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page215">[pg 215]</span><a name="Pg215" id="Pg215" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-style: italic"> +Canada during the years 1822-23. By an English Gentleman. +London: Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy</span></span>, 1824. 16mo. 511 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Pages 156-92 tell of the author's trip across Illinois. He visited Albion and +then went to St. Louis overland. The descriptions of Birkbeck's settlement, +the difficulties of prairie travel, and of the frontier life encountered are much +above the average of travelers' reports. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bonner</span></span>, T. D. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Life and Adventures of James P. +Beckwourth, Mountaineer, Scout, and Pioneer, and Chief of the Crow Nation of +Indians. Written from his own Dictation. New York: Harper & +Bros.</span></span>, 1858. 16mo. 535 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The book deals almost entirely with the region west of the Mississippi, but +in 1820 Beckwourth visited Galena. He went from St. Louis with a party +led by Col. R. M. Johnson, the object of the party being to gain a mining +concession from the Sauk Indians. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Brannan, John</span></span> (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Editor</span></span>). +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Official Letters of the military and +naval Officers of the United States, during the War with Great +Britain in the Years 1812, 13, 14, & 15. Washington: Way & +Gideon, 1823.</span></span> 510 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A valuable collection. Printed without comment. Pages 84-5 give Capt. +Heald's official report of the massacre at Fort Dearborn, August 15, 1812. +The report is in a letter to Thos. H. Cushing, Adjutant General, written from +Pittsburg, October 23, 1812. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Brodhead</span></span>, Col. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Daniel</span></span>. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A Letter from Brodhead to Gen. +Washington referring to La Balme's Expedition.</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The olden Time</span></span>, II., 390-91. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Butricke, George</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Affairs at Fort +Chartres, 1768-1781. +Albany: J. Munsell</span></span>, 1864. 10 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Reprinted from <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Historical Magazine</span></span>, VIII., No, 8. Valuable. Several +letters written by Geo. Butricke, then stationed at Fort Chartres. Contains +interesting notes on Indians, Spaniards, and British. Tells of epidemic. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Calendar of Virginia State Papers and other Manuscripts. +Richmond, Va.</span></span>, 1875-1900. 9 vols. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The early volumes have documents of great value concerning the period +when Illinois was a part of Virginia. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cartwright, Peter</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Autobiography of +Peter Cartwright, the +</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page216">[pg 216]</span><a name="Pg216" id="Pg216" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-style: italic"> +backwoods Preacher. Ed. by W. P. Strickland. New York: +Carlton & Porter</span></span>, 1857, 16mo. 525 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The author was from 1803 to the time of writing his book (1856) one of +the most famous circuit riders. His first work was in Kentucky. He came +to Illinois in 1823. His views on slavery, which caused his removal, are +interesting. A valuable work, especially for giving an insight into the social +life of the time. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Chetlain</span></span>, Gen. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Augustus Louis</span></span>. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Recollections of seventy +Years. Galena: The Gazette Pub. Co.</span></span>, 1899. 304 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The author was one of the first settlers in Galena, and gives valuable information +concerning that important region—1821 ff. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Chicago Historical Society's Collections. Chicago</span></span>, 1882-90:— +</p> + +<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%"> +I. History of the English Settlement in Edwards County, Illinois, by +George Flower, 1882. 408 pp. +</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%"> +II. Sketch of Enoch Long, by Harvey Reid, 1884. 112 pp. +</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%"> +III. The Edwards Papers, edited by E. B. Washburne, 1884. 632 pp. +</span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%"> +IV. Early Chicago and Illinois, 1889. 400 pp. Of great value. +</span></p> +</div> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Childs</span></span>, Col. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ebenezer</span></span>. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Recollections of Wisconsin since 1820. +In Wis. Hist. Coll.</span></span>, IV., 1859, 153-95. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The writer describes Chicago as it was in 1821, at which time he visited it. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Christian Spectator</span></span>, V., 1823, 20-26. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Remarks +on the States of Illinois and Missouri</span></span>, by Edward Hollister. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The author had recently completed a missionary tour in these states, and +his remarks give an insight into the social conditions of the time. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cobbett, William</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A Years Residence, in +the United States of America, 3d ed. London: William Cobbett</span></span>, 1828. 370 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Cobbett was in the United States in 1817-18. He declared that Birkbeck +and Fearon had deceived the people of England by portraying America as +better than it was. His book is unfair. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Coffin, Levi</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Reminiscences of Levi +Coffin, the reputed President of the Underground Railroad.... Cincinnati: Western +Tract Society</span></span> [c. 1876]. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">2d ed. with appendix. Cincinnati: Robert +Clarke & Co.</span></span>, 1880. 732 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Pages 89-99 describe the author's visit to a Quaker settlement in Sangamon +county, Ill., in 1823. Lost on the prairies. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page217">[pg 217]</span><a name="Pg217" id="Pg217" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Collot, Victor</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A Journey in North America, +containing a Survey of the Countries watered by the Mississippi, Ohio, Missouri, +and other affluing Rivers ... Illustrated by 36 Maps, Plans, +Views, and divers Cuts. Paris: Arthus Bertrand</span></span>, 1826. 2 vols. +and atlas in one. iv. + 310; v. + 272 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The author traveled through Illinois in 1796. His observations were acute +and are more helpful than would be expected from a soldier of fortune. The +New Orleans <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Picayune</span></span> of March 18, 1901, has a valuable article on +the journey of Collot and its purpose. See his <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Map of the Country of +the Illinois</span></span>, in pocket. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Columbian Centinel. Boston, June-December</span></span>, 1790; 1791-1801; +1802-1829. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The issue for June 16, 1790, has a note on the current experiments with +steamboats. In Library of Wisconsin State Historical Society. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Croghan, George</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal</span></span>, 1765. In +Thwaites, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Early western +Travels, I., 126-73. Cleveland, Ohio: Arthur H. Clark Company</span></span>, +1904. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Journal is of a trip to the West, and characterizes the early French +settlers. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cuming, Fortescue.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sketches of a Tour to the +western Country,... commenced at Philadelphia in the Winter of 1807 +and concluded in 1809. Pittsburg: Cramer, Spear & Eichbaum</span></span>, +1810. 12mo. 504 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Describes Shawneetown and gives some information in regard to routes. +Very slight, however, in respect to Illinois. Criticism: <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Inter +Ocean, August 3, 1904.</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cutler, Julia Perkins</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Life and Times of +Ephraim Cutler. Prepared from his Journals and Correspondence. Cincinnati: Robert +Clarke & Co.</span></span>, 1890. 353 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Cutler early settled in Ohio. This work gives good examples of the difficulties +of travel, between 1795 and 1809, on some of the Alleghany routes +frequented by emigrants to Illinois. The driving of western cattle to market +is also described. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cutler, William Parker</span></span>, and +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cutler, Julia Perkins</span></span>. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Life, Journals and Correspondence of Rev. Manasseh Cutler</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page218">[pg 218]</span><a name="Pg218" id="Pg218" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +LL. D. Cincinnati: Robert Clarke & Co., 1888. 2 vols. 9 + 524; +495 PP. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Considerable information concerning early eastern opposition to western +settlement is given. Dr. Cutler kept a diary from 1765 to 1823, of which +nine years are missing. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">De Peyster, J. Watts</span></span>, LL. D. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Miscellanies, by an Officer</span></span> +[Colonel Arent Schuyler de Peyster, B. A.], 1774-1813. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">New +York: A. E. Chasmar & Co.</span></span>, 1888. 80 pp., and an appendix of +cci. pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Pages xxvi.-xxvii. contain a letter from Arent De Peyster to Capt. +McKee describing an Illinois expedition against St. Josephs in 1780 or 1781. +Letter dated Detroit, Feb. 1, 1781. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Draper Collection of Manuscripts.</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This collection, made by Lyman C. Draper, is the property of the State +Historical Society of Wisconsin. It has been of more value to the writer +than any other single source, being especially helpful for the hitherto obscure +period immediately succeeding the expedition of George Rogers Clark, 1779-1790. +Most important of all are the Harmar Papers, although the Illinois +MSS., the Clark MSS., and Draper's Notes were much used. The Hinde +MSS. have little historical value, consisting as they do, largely of religious +musings of the writer's old age. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Duden, Gottfried</span></span>. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bericht über eine Reise nach den westlichen +Staaten Nordamerika's and einen mehrjährigen Aufenthalt am +Missouri (in den Jahren 1824-1827) in Bezug auf Auswanderung +und Uebervölkerung. 1st ed. of 1500 copies. 2d ed. Bonn, In +Commission bei Eduard Weber</span></span>, 1834. lviii. + 404 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Contains a prediction of Illinois future greatness. Gives valuable information +concerning the cost and manner of transportation, and concerning social +life. Comparison of American and European conditions. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dunn, Jacob Piatt</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Compiler. +Slavery Petitions and Papers. +In Indiana Hist. Soc. Pub., II., 443-529. Indianapolis: The +Bowen-Merrill Company</span></span>, 1894. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-q">“The following papers are the petitions to Congress from Northwest and +Indiana Territories for the suspension of the sixth article of compact of the +Ordinance of 1787, and the admission of slavery to the Territory, together +with the counter-petitions, the reports on them, and the accompanying +documents,”</span>—Compiler's +introduction. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page219">[pg 219]</span><a name="Pg219" id="Pg219" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Edwardsville Spectator. Edwardsville, Ill.: Hooper Warren, +pub., Apr. 18, 1820-Feb. 8, 1825, and 1820-22.</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Material has been gleaned from the issues of Nov. 7, 1820; August 31, +1822; Nov. 30, 1822; Nov. 29, 1823; Jan. 27, 1824; and Oct 5, 1824. In +Library of Chicago Historical Society. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ernst, Ferdinand</span></span>. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Travels in Illinois in 1819. Translation +from the German Original.</span></span> In <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pub. No. 8 of the Ill. Hist. Lib.</span></span> +pp. 150-65. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Springfield, Ill.: Phillips Bros.</span></span>, 1904. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Ernst was the leader of a party of German immigrants who settled at Vandalia +soon after his journey to Illinois. He gives a vivid picture of the +rapidly settling Illinois with its squatters and its fertile and inviting land. +He visited the Sangamo country and the Kickapoo United States treaty conference. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Faux, W.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Memorable Days in America: being a Journal of a +Tour to the United States, principally undertaken to ascertain, by +positive Evidence, the Condition and probable Prospects of British +Emigrants; including Accounts of Mr. Birkbeck's Settlement in the +Illinois ... London: W. Simpkin & R. Marshall</span></span>, 1823. +488 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Sufficiently pessimistic to require cautious use. The journey was performed +in 1819-20. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Fay</span></span>, H. A. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Collection of the official Accounts, in Detail, of all the +Battles fought by Sea and Land, between the Navy and Army of +the United States, and the Navy and Army of Great Britain, during +the Years</span></span> 1812, 13, 14, & 15. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">New York: E. Conrad</span></span>, 1817. +295 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Contains Capt. Heald's official report of the massacre at Fort Dearborn, +August 15, 1812, and Col. Russell's official report of Gov. Edwards' attack +on the Indians near Peoria in 1812. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Fearon, Henry Bradshaw</span></span>. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sketches of America. A Narrative +of a Journey of five thousand Miles through the eastern and western +States of America ... With Remarks on Mr. Birkbeck's +</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-style: italic">“</span><span style="font-style: italic">Notes</span><span style="font-style: italic">”</span></span><span style="font-style: italic"> and </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-style: italic">“</span><span style="font-style: italic">Letters.</span><span style="font-style: italic">”</span></span><span style="font-style: italic"> 3d ed. London: Strahan and Spottiswoode</span></span>, +1819. xv. + 454 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The work gives a glimpse of Illinois through a foreigner's eye. Fearon +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page220">[pg 220]</span><a name="Pg220" id="Pg220" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +paints in sober colors, but his values are fairly true. Of considerable value +as a work on society in the U. S. in 1817-18. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Flint, James.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Letters from America, containing Observations +on the Climate and Agriculture of the western States, the Manners of +the People, and the Prospects of Emigrants, &c., &c. Edinburgh: +W. & C. Tait, 1822.</span></span> 16mo. 330 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The author probably did not reach Illinois, but his letters from Ohio, +Indiana and Kentucky give interesting bits of information in regard to the +manner and cost of travel—1818 to 1820. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Flower, George.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">History of the English Settlement in Edwards +County, Illinois, founded in 1817 and 1818, by Morris Birkbeck +and George Flower. Chicago: Fergus Printing Co., 1882.</span></span> 16mo. +401 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The work is volume I. of the Chicago Historical Society's Collections. +The best book on this important episode in immigration to Illinois. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Flower, Richard.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Letters from Lexington and +the Illinois, containing a brief Account of the English Settlement in the latter +Territory, and a Refutation of the Misrepresentations of Mr. Cobbett. +London: J. Rigdway, 1819.</span></span> iv. + 32 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Two letters—one from Lexington and the other from New Albion, Ill. +Highly colored. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Forsyth</span></span>, Maj. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Thomas</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Indian Agent</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal of a Voyage +from St. Louis to the Falls of St. Anthony, in 1819.</span></span> In <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Wis. +Hist. Coll.</span></span>, VI., 188-215. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Madison, Wis.: Atwood & Culver, +State Printers, 1872.</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Incidentally the writer gives an account of the atrocities committed in 1812 +by Capt. Thomas E. Craig upon the inhabitants of Peoria. Forsyth was an +eye-witness of the barbarities described. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Galena Advertiser. Galena, Ill. Pub. by H. Newhall, Philleo +and Co., July 20, 1829-May 24, 1830, and July 20, 1829-May +10, 1830.</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +July 20, July 27, August 10, Sept. 14, Sept. 21, 1829, have been used. In +Library of Chicago Historical Society. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Galena (Ill.) Weekly Gazette.</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The issue for May 2, 1879, contains reminiscences of Mrs. Adile B. Gratiot, +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page221">[pg 221]</span><a name="Pg221" id="Pg221" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +whose husband settled in Galena, Ill., in 1825. This account furnishes a +valuable bit of reliable history. It describes Galena, northern Illinois, a Fourth +of July celebration (1826), the coming of Lord Selkirk's colonists, and the +trouble with the Sauk Indians (1827). +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gillespie</span></span>, Hon. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Joseph</span></span>. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Recollections of early Illinois and +her noted Men. Fergus hist. Series</span></span>, No. 13. 51 pp. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Chicago: +Fergus Printing Co., 1880.</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Valuable because of the author's direct knowledge of persons and events. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Goodrich, Samuel Griswold.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Recollections of +a Life Time; or, Men and Things I have seen: in a Series of Letters to a Friend, +historical, biographical, anecdotal, and descriptive. New York: +Miller, Orton & Co., 1857.</span></span> 2 vols. 542, 563 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Letter XXXIII. describes the emigration from East to West in 1816-17. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gratiot</span></span>, Mrs. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Adile</span></span>. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">In early Illinois (Towns).</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A volume of newspaper clippings in the Library of the Chicago Historical +Society. Mrs. Gratiot, who early lived in Galena, gives reminiscences of +her life there. Describes the trouble with the Winnebago Indians. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hall, James.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Letters from the West; +containing Sketches of Scenery, Manners, and Customs; and Anecdotes connected with the +first Settlements of the western Sections of the United States. London: +Henry Colburn, 1828.</span></span> 16mo. 385 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Verbose, but not without value. One of the twenty-two letters is from +Shawneetown and describes the vicinity. Illinois is defended from her foreign +detractors. Routes and manner of travel receive much attention. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hamilton, Henry Edward.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Incidents and Events +in the Life of Gurdon Saltonstall Hubbard, collected from personal Narrations +and other Sources, and arranged by his Nephew, Henry E. Hamilton. +Chicago: Rand, McNally & Co., 1888.</span></span> 189 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Very valuable for the history of northern and eastern Illinois from 1818 to +the close of the Black Hawk war. Most of the work is autobiographical. +Mr. Hubbard was an employee of the American Fur Company. Later he was +in business in Danville and Chicago. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Harding, Benjamin.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A Tour through the +Western Country, A. D. 1818 & 1819. New London: Samuel Green, 1819.</span></span> 8vo. +17 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The inducements which Illinois offered to emigrants are described with a +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page222">[pg 222]</span><a name="Pg222" id="Pg222" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +degree of sense rarely displayed in the period to which the work belongs by +writers of advice to emigrants. The American Bottom and the prairies are +described. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Harris, William Tell.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Remarks made during a +Tour through the United States of America, in the Years 1817, 1818, and 1819.</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Describes Shawneetown (1818), and speaks of the great number of wagons, +horses, and passengers which crossed the ferry there. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hecke, J. Val.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Reise durch die Vereinigten +Staaten von Nord-Amerika in den Jahren 1818 und 1819. Nebst einer kurzen +Uebersicht der neuesten Ereignisse auf dem Kriegs-Schauplatz in +Sud-Amerika und West-Indien. Berlin: H. Ph. Petri</span></span>, 1820-21. +2 vols. 16mo. I., 228; II., xvi. + 326. pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Interesting and incorrect. The author tells well both of what he knows +and what he does not know. Tells foreigners how to reach Illinois. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Henry, William Wirt.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Patrick Henry. Life, +Correspondence, and Speeches. New York: Charles Scribners Sons</span></span>, 1891. 3 vols. +I., 20 + 622; II., 652; III., 672 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The third volume contains instructions issued by Gov. Henry to officers of +the County of Illinois, and some correspondence of those officers. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Historical Register of the United States. Philadelphia: G. +Palmer</span></span>, 1814-1816. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +II., 60-62 (second pagination) gives Capt. Heald's official report of the +massacre at Fort Dearborn on August 15, 1812. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hodgson, Adam.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Remarks during a Journey +through North America in the Years 1819-21, in a Series of Letters: with an +Appendix, containing an Account of several of the Indian Tribes, +and the principal missionary Stations, &c. New York: Samuel +Whiting, 1823.</span></span> 8vo. iv. + 335 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The author did not visit Illinois, but he gives an interesting criticism of +Mr. Birkbeck's venture in Illinois. He conversed with persons who had visited +Birkbeck's settlement. Criticism rather unfavorable. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Holmes, Isaac.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">An Account of the United +States of America</span></span>, [1823] <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">derived from actual Observation, during +a Residence of four Years in that Republic: including original Communications. +London: Caxton Press</span></span>, 1823. 16mo. viii. + 476 pp. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page223">[pg 223]</span><a name="Pg223" id="Pg223" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Most of the author's remarks are general. He, however, mentions Birkbeck +and advises emigrants to settle in the East rather than to go West as +Birkbeck advised. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hulme, Thomas.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal.</span></span> +In Cobbett, <span class="tei tei-q">“A Year's Residence +in the United States of America,”</span> 259-309. 3d ed. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Andover: +B. Bensley</span></span>, 1828. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The Journal was of a journey through the West in 1817. Birkbeck's settlement +and the manner of traveling were described. Some information in +regard to prices was given. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hutchins</span></span>, Capt. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Thomas</span></span>. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A topographical Description of +Virginia, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and North Carolina, comprehending +the Rivers Ohio, Kenhawa, Sioto, Cherokee, Wabash, Illinois, +Mississippi, etc.... With a Plan of the Rapids of the +Ohio, a Plan of the several Villages in the Illinois Country ... +and an Appendix containing Mr. Patrick Kennedy's Journal up +the Illinois River. London: T. Hutchins</span></span>, 1778. 8vo. 67 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Valuable for its map of the Illinois country and a description of the settlements. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Illinois and Wabash Land Companies</span></span>:— +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">An Account of the Proceedings of the Illinois and Ouabache Land +Companies, in Pursuance of their Purchases made of the independent +Natives, July 5th, 1773, and 18th October, 1775. Philadelphia: +William Young</span></span>, 1796. 55 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Memorial of the Illinois and Wabash Land Company, 13th +January, 1797. Referred to Mr. Jeremiah Smith, Mr. Kittera, +and Mr. Baldwin. Published by Order of the House of Representatives. +Philadelphia: Richard Folwell</span></span>, [c. 1797.] 26 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">An Account of the Proceedings of the Illinois and Ouabache Land +Companies, in Pursuance of their Purchases made of the independent +Natives, July 5th, 1773, and 18th October, 1775. Philadelphia: +William Duane</span></span>, 1803. 74 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Memorial of the Illinois and Ouabache Land Companies to the +honorable Congress of the United States. Intended as a full +Recapitulation and clear Statement of the former Addresses, Petitions, +</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page224">[pg 224]</span><a name="Pg224" id="Pg224" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-style: italic"> +Memorials, &c., of the Company; and their short and final +Prayer for Redress, without Delay: presented at the Sessions</span></span>, +1802. 20 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Memorial of the United Illinois and Wabash Land Companies, to +the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States. +Baltimore: Joseph Robinson</span></span>, 1816. 48 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Illinois, House Journal, 1824-25. Vandalia, Ill.: Robert Blackwell +& Co.</span></span>, 1824. 305 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Contains items on slavery (pp. 13, 151-2), and tells of the election of a +U. S. senator to succeed Ninian Edwards (pp. 38-9). +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Illinois Intelligencer. Edwardsville, Ill.: Hooper Warren, ed.</span></span>, +1826-30. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In St. Louis Mercantile Library. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Illinois Laws</span></span>, 1824-25. 190 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Pages 50-51 give the text of an act to amend an act entitled <span class="tei tei-q">“An act respecting +free Negroes, Mulattoes, Servants, and Slaves,”</span> approved 30th March, +1819. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Illinois monthly Magazine. Vandalia, Ill.: conducted by James +Hall.</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Notes on Illinois in Volumes I. and II. (1830-1832) and the History of St. +Louis in Volume II. are of some service. The articles are, however, +unsigned, and are of too popular a type to be wholly relied upon. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Illinois Revised Laws of 1833. Vandalia, Ill.: Greiner & +Sherman</span></span>, 1833. 677 pp. and index. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Contains the negro codes of 1819 and 1829, respectively. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Imlay, Gilbert.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A topographical +Description of the Western +Territory of North America, containing a succinct Account of its +Climate, natural History, Population, Agriculture, Manners and +Customs. London: J. Debrett</span></span>, 1792. 8vo. xv. + 247 pp. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">3d +ed.</span></span>, 1797, enlarged. More valuable. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The best early authority on the subject treated. Not very full in regard to +Illinois. Predicts western state-making. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Keating, William H.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Narrative of +an Expedition to the +Source of St. Peter's River, Lake Winnepeek, Lake of the Woods, +</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page225">[pg 225]</span><a name="Pg225" id="Pg225" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-style: italic"> +&c., &c., performed in the Year 1823 ... compiled from +the Notes of Major Long, Messrs. Say, Keating, and Colhoun. +Philadelphia: Carey & Lea</span></span>, 1824. 2 vols. 8vo. I., xii. + 439; +II., 459 pp. Same, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">London: Whittaker</span></span>, 1825. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Contains an extremely interesting and important description of Chicago and +its vicinity, and in less detail, of northern Illinois. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Kinzie</span></span>, Mrs. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">John</span></span> H. +(Juliette A. McGill Kinzie). <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Wau-Bun, +the </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-style: italic">“</span><span style="font-style: italic">Early Day</span><span style="font-style: italic">”</span></span><span style="font-style: italic"> in the North-West.</span></span> New edition with an +introduction and notes by Reuben Gold Thwaites. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Chicago: The +Caxton Club</span></span>, 1901. xxvii. + 451 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This work, which first appeared in 1856, has the best account, not by an +eye-witness, of the massacre at Fort Dearborn in 1812. Mrs. Helm gives +this account. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +——<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Narrative of the Massacre at Chicago, August 15, 1812, +and of some preceding Events. Chicago: Ellis & Fergus</span></span>, 1844. +34 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A valuable account, written by Mrs. Kinzie from the dictation of her +mother-in-law, who was an eye-witness of the massacre. Incorporated +almost verbatim in Mrs. Kinzie's <span class="tei tei-q">“Wau-Bun.”</span> The edition of 1844 was +the first, not the second, as stated in the Chicago Magazine, I., 103, and +repeated by Dr. Thwaites. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Laussat</span></span>, Count. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The military +Title of Louisiana and the +Territory of Illinois, dated New Orleans, Jan. 12, 1804, and +signed by Count Laussat, Napoleon's Ambassador. It is also the +order to Gen. De Lassus to deliver the Territory over to Capt. Amos +Stoddard, of the U. S. Artillery.</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Original manuscript letter, in French, in the Illinois State Historical +Library, Springfield, Ill. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Loomis, Chester A.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The +Notes of a Journey to the Great +West in 1825.</span></span> 28 unnumbered pages, six chapters. Printed +without place, name of publisher, or date. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The writer entered Illinois in the present Vermilion county, went south to +the Wabash, west to Vandalia, then to Kaskaskia. His observations are +acute and readable. Describes Vermilion county salines, Illinois farm products, +pioneer homes, and the inconvenience attendant upon traveling on +horseback. Bound with other pamphlets in the Champaign (Illinois) Public +Library. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page226">[pg 226]</span><a name="Pg226" id="Pg226" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +——<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A Journey on Horseback through the Great West, in 1825. +Visiting Alleghany Towns, Olean, Warren, Franklin, Pittsburg, +New Lisbon, Elyria, Norfolk, Columbus, Zanesville, Vermilion, +Kaskaskia, Vandalia, Sandusky, and many other places. Bath, +N. Y.; Plaindealer Press.</span></span> 27 unnumbered pages. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The writer was from Rushville, Ontario county, N. Y. Same as the preceding. +In library of State Historical Society of Wisconsin. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">McLean County Historical Society, Transactions of the.</span></span> Vol. II. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bloomington, Ill.: Pantagraph Printing and Stationery Co.</span></span>, 1903. +695 pages. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Some facts of interest concerning the first school in the county, and the +early settlers and their manner of living, are given by those old settlers who +were chief actors. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mandements des Évêques de Québec. Québec: Imprimérie Générale +A. Coté et Cie.</span></span>, 1887-88. I., (1659-1740), 588; II., (1741-1806), +566; III., (1806-1850), 635; IV., (1850-1870), 794 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A valuable collection of manuscripts. They tell of a monopoly on sending +missionaries to Illinois, and one letter (II., 205) gives a good idea of the +worldliness of the Kaskaskians of 1767. The first two volumes alone concern +us. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mason, Edward G.</span></span> +(<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Editor</span></span>). <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Early Chicago and Illinois. +Chicago: Fergus Printing Co.</span></span>, 1890. 521 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +This volume is the fourth of the collections of the Chicago Historical +Society. It is one of the most valuable collections for the study of early +Illinois history. Contains, among other things, Pierre Menard Papers, John +Todd Papers, John Todd's Record-Book, Lists of Early Illinois Citizens, +and Rocheblave Papers. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Meeker</span></span>, Dr. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Moses.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Early History of the Lead Region of +Wisconsin. In Wis. Hist. Coll.</span></span>, VI., 271-96. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Madison, Wis.: +Atwood & Culver, State Printers</span></span>, 1872. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Very valuable. Dr. Meeker came to Galena in 1822 and settled there in +1823. The article gives the history of the settlement of the lead region to +1825. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Michigan pioneer and historical Collections. Lansing, Mich.</span></span>, +1877-1900. 29 vols. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Valuable for the French and British periods of Illinois history. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page227">[pg 227]</span><a name="Pg227" id="Pg227" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mount Carmel, Articles of Association, for the City of. Chillicothe: +John Bailhache</span></span>, 1817. 4to. 22 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Mt. Carmel was to be, and now is, on the west bank of the Wabash in +what is now Wabash county, Illinois. The articles drawn up by the proprietors +and their agent contain curious provisions in regard to the support of +church and school. Some Puritanic rules are given. (In <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ill. Local Hist. +Pam.</span></span>, VII., in Library of Wisconsin State Historical Society.) +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Niles' weekly Register, Baltimore.</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Of great value for the period 1811-1830. Its notices of foreign immigration +are extensive. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ogden, George W.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Letters +from the West. New-Bedford: +Melcher & Rogers</span></span>, 1823. 126 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Describes several of the Illinois towns, and characterizes their inhabitants. +A part of the work is plagiarized from Harding, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tour through the western +Country</span></span>. Reprinted in Thwaites, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Early western Travels</span></span>, XIX. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Olden Time</span></span>, I., 1846, 403-15. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">George Croghan's Journal of +his Route.</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Interesting sketches of the French. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Owen</span></span>, A. R. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ums Jahr +1819 und 1829.</span></span> In <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Deutsch-Amerikanische +Geschichtsblätter</span></span>, Jahrgang 2, Heft 2, pp. 41-43. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Chicago: +April</span></span>, 1902. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Not sufficiently definite, reliable, or extensive to be of much value. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Palmer, John.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal of +Travels in the United States of +North America and in Lower Canada, performed in the year 1817. +London: Sherwood, Neely, and Jones</span></span>, 1818. vii. 456 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Pages 411-20 are on Illinois. Too inaccurate to be of great value, although +some information in regard to roads may be used. Tells of routes, methods, +and cost of travel. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Palmer, John McCauley.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Personal Recollections of John M. +Palmer. Cincinnati: The Robert Clarke Co.</span></span>, 1901. 631 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The writer came to Illinois in 1831, but he had previously lived in Kentucky, +and he gives some facts concerning slavery that are of value. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Parkison</span></span>, Col. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Daniel</span></span> M. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pioneer Life in Wisconsin.</span></span> In +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Wis. Hist. Coll.</span></span>, II., 326-64. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Madison, Wis.: Calkins & +Proudfit</span></span>, 1856. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page228">[pg 228]</span><a name="Pg228" id="Pg228" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The author came from Tennessee to Madison county, Illinois, in 1817; in +1819, to Sangamon county, Illinois; in 1827, to Galena, Illinois. Gives a +valuable statement concerning the feeling of Yankees toward Southerners, +tells of the first sermon in Sangamon county, and of the Winnebago war of +1827. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Peck</span></span>, Rev. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">John Mason</span></span>. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A Guide for Emigrants</span></span> (1831), <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">containing +Sketches of Illinois, Missouri, and the adjacent Parts. +Boston: Lincoln & Edmands</span></span>, 1831. 336 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Contains a great amount of fairly accurate information. Its description of +cities is especially useful. Page 184 gives an amusing and instructive illustration +of the need of energy and work in even a frontier settlement (1829). +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +——<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Memoir of John Mason Peck, D. D., edited from his +Journals and Correspondence. By Rufus Babcock. Philadelphia: +Am. Baptist Pub. Soc.</span></span>, 1864. 12mo. 360 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Not in good literary form. Throws much light upon the moral and +religious life in Illinois and Missouri from 1817 to 1857. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +——<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Religion and Morals of Illinois prior to 1818. In +Reynolds, Pioneer History of Illinois</span></span>. Pp. 253-275. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The writer came to Illinois before 1818, and knew many of the persons of +whom he wrote. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pennsylvania Packet and daily Advertiser. Philadelphia</span></span>, 1785-89; +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Apr.</span></span>, 1789; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mar.</span></span>, +1790; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Apr.-Dec.</span></span>, 1790. In Library of +Wisconsin State Historical Society. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +August 23, 1790, the expression of apprehension of the depopulation of +the East by emigration to the West is said not to be well founded. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Peoria County, Illinois, Marriage Licences, 1825-1855.</span></span> On file +in the court house in Peoria, Ill. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The early names show the French origin of the inhabitants. The absence +of clergymen is noticeable. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Pike</span></span>, Lieut. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Zebulon +Montgomery</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">An Account of a Voyage +up the Mississippi River, from St. Louis to its Source; made under +the Orders of the War Department, by Lieut. Pike, of the U. S. +Army, in the Years 1805 and 1806. Compiled from Mr. Pike's +Journal.</span></span> A 68 page pamphlet without place, publisher, or date. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Locates the largest Sauk village. These reports are of extreme importance. +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page229">[pg 229]</span><a name="Pg229" id="Pg229" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +An edition including the trip of 1807 was issued in 1895 by Harper, F. P., +New York. 3 vols. $10.00. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pioneer of the Valley of the Mississippi, The. Rock Spring, Ill.: +Rev. J. M. Peck, editor.</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Issue of April 24, 1829, in St. Louis Mercantile Library. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Pittman</span></span>, Capt. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Philip</span></span>. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The present State of the European +Settlements on the Mississippi, with a geographical Description of +that River; illustrated by Plans and Draughts. London: J. +Nourse</span></span>, 1770. viii. +99 pp. 8 maps. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Describes the settlements in Illinois and gives a map of the region. Of +great value. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Criticism in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Narrative and Critical History of America</span></span>, VI., 702. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Regulators of the Valley.</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Charles M. Eames, in his <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Historic +Morgan and Classic Jacksonville</span></span> (1885), +says that a vigilance committee with the above title was formed in 1821, or +thereabouts, to rid the country of horse-thieves and robbers. <span class="tei tei-q">“A regular +constitution was drawn up and subscribed to, and this paper is still in existence.”</span> +C. M. Eames, son of the now deceased author, in a letter of Oct. 7, +1903, said that he had made an unsuccessful search for the manuscript. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Reynolds, John,</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">My +own Times, embracing also, the History +of my Life. Belleville, Ill.</span></span>, 1855. Reprinted, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Chicago: Fergus +Printing Co.</span></span>, 1879. iv.+395 pp. $7.50. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Verbose, but has much wheat among the chaff. Covers the period from +1800 to 1853. The first edition is now very rare. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ross, Harvey Lee.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The early Pioneers and pioneer Events of +the State of Illinois. Chicago</span></span>, 1899. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A medley of facts, written by a pioneer of 1820. The author was +acquainted with both Cartwright and Lincoln, and speaks of them and of +pioneer events with authority. Tells of a trip from New Jersey by wagons. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Summary Narrative of an +exploratory Expedition to the Sources of the Mississippi River, in +1820; resumed and completed, by the Discovery of its Origin in +Itasca Lake, in 1832. By authority of the United States. Philadelphia: +Lippincott, Grambo, & Co.</span></span>, 1855. 596 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The book is chiefly of interest to us because of its description of Chicago. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page230">[pg 230]</span><a name="Pg230" id="Pg230" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +——<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Travels in the central Portions of the Mississippi Valley: +comprising Observations on its mineral Geography, internal +Resources, and aboriginal Population. Performed under the Sanction +of Government, in the Year 1821. New York: Collins & +Hannay</span></span>, 1825. 459 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The writer descended the Wabash, the Ohio, and then ascended the Mississippi +and the Illinois to Chicago. His descriptions of places, peoples and +things are well written and are a chief historical source. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Schultz, Christian.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Travels on an inland Voyage through +the States of New-York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Ohio, Kentucky, +and Tennessee, and through the Territories of Indiana, Louisiana, +Mississippi and New-Orleans; performed in the Years 1807 and +1808. New York: Isaac Riley</span></span>, 1810. 2 vols. I., xviii.+206; +II., 224 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Has an interesting description of Illinois settlements. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Smith, William Henry</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Editor. The St. Clair Papers. The +Life and public Services of Arthur St. Clair ... with his +Correspondence and other Papers. Cincinnati: Robert Clarke & +Co.</span></span>, 1882. 2 vols. I., viii.+609; II., 649 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Much information concerning Illinois under the Ordinance of 1787. Criticisms: +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nation</span></span>, XXXIV., 383; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">New York +Tribune, June</span></span> 16, 1882. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Stories of the pioneer Mothers of Illinois. A collection of Manuscript +Letters from the pioneer Women of the State, giving their +early Experiences. Collected for the World's Columbian Exposition +and afterward deposited in the Illinois State Historical Library.</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Especially valuable for information on reasons for immigration and on +methods of traveling. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Storrow, Samuel A.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The +North-West in 1817.</span></span> In <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Wis. +Hist. Coll.</span></span>, VI., pp. 154-87. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Madison, Wis.: Atwood & Culver, +State Printers</span></span>, 1872. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The narrative, which is in the form of a letter to Maj.-Gen. Brown, was +first published in pamphlet form. The letter is dated Dec. 1, 1817. It deals +chiefly with the country to the north of Illinois, but the author visited Chicago, +was entertained at Fort Dearborn, and wrote of the desirability of an +Illinois-Michigan canal. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page231">[pg 231]</span><a name="Pg231" id="Pg231" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tenney, H. A.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Early +Times in Wisconsin</span></span>. In <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Wis. Hist. +Coll.</span></span>, I., pp. 94-102. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Madison, Wis.: Beriah Brown</span></span>, 1855. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Written in 1849. Gives considerable information concerning the Galena +region. Tells of the size of Galena and of Springfield, Ill., in 1822. Criticism: +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Draper MSS., Z</span></span> 24. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Thomas</span></span>, Judge <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">William</span></span>. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Reminiscences.</span></span> Printed in the +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Jacksonville, Ill., Weekly Journal, Apr.</span></span> 18, 1877. Clipping +bound in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ill. Local Hist. Pamphlets</span></span>, V., in Library of Wisconsin +State Historical Society. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The article is of extreme interest to a student of early society in Illinois. +The author settled in Jacksonville, Ill., in 1826. His observations were unusually +acute. He was a lawyer and a teacher. He tells of Yankees vs. +Southerners, of early lawlessness, and of early Galena. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +——<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Winnebago Outbreak of +1827.</span></span> In <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Chicago Tribune, Apr.</span></span> +7, 1877. Reprinted from the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Jacksonville (Ill.) Journal</span></span> of Aug. +17, 1871. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The article is important because the writer was a volunteer in the campaign +against the Winnebagoes. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Thwaites, Reuben Gold.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Narrative of Morgan L. Martin. +In an Interview with the Editor</span></span> [Thwaites]. +In <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Wis. Hist. Coll.</span></span>, +XI., pp. 385-415. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Madison, Wis.: Democrat Printing Co., State +Printers</span></span>, 1888. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Page 398 gives an estimate of the population of Galena, which Martin +visited in 1829. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tillson, Christiana Holmes.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Reminiscences of early Life in +Illinois.</span></span> Privately printed—as late as 1870. iv.+138 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A very rare book. Copy in the Chicago Historical Society Library. The +best book I know of from which to secure a knowledge of life in Illinois +from 1822 to 1827. The writer was observant, and her command of English +is far superior to that of many old persons who write reminiscences. Of +great value. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Van Zandt, Nicholas Biddle.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A full Description of the +Soil, Water, Timber, and Prairies of each Lot, or quarter Section +of the Military Lands between the Mississippi and Illinois Rivers. +Washington City: P. Force</span></span>, 1818. 8vo. 127 pp. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page232">[pg 232]</span><a name="Pg232" id="Pg232" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Rare and valuable. Pages 109-25 contain a venomous account of Birkbeck's +settlement in Illinois. In Library of Wisconsin State Historical Society. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Vermont. Records of the Council of Safety and Governor and +Council of the State of Vermont, to which are prefixed the Records +of the general Conventions from July, 1775, to December, 1777. +Montpelier: J. & J. M. Poland, 1873-80.</span></span> 8 vols. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Vol. VI., 431-2 contains remarks of Governor Galusha on the scarcity of +food in 1816. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Virginia Patriot and Richmond mercantile Advertiser. Richmond, +Va., Apr.-Dec., 1816.</span></span> In Library of Wisconsin State +Historical Society. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Sept. 7, 11, 21, 1816, tell of the cold in New England and the drought in +the South. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Volney, Constantin François +Chasse-bœuf.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A View of +the Soil and Climate of the United States of America: with supplementary +Remarks upon Florida; on the French Colonies on the +Mississippi and Ohio, and in Canada; and on the aboriginal Tribes +of America. Philadelphia, 1804. London, 1804.</span></span> xxv. + 446 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Translated by C. B. Brown. The author gives a moderately full description +of the Illinois of the close of the 18th century. Valuable for characterization +of the inhabitants. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Washburne, Elihu Benjamin.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sketch of Edward +Coles, second Governor of Illinois, and of the slavery Struggle of 1823-4. +Prepared for the Chicago Historical Society. Chicago: Jansen, +McClurg & Co., 1882.</span></span> 253 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Indispensable for a specialist in this period of Illinois history. Well +written. Quotes many letters. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +—— <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Editor</span></span>. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Edwards Papers. (Volume II. of the Chicago +Historical Society's Collections.) Chicago: Fergus Printing Co., +1884.</span></span> 8 + xxviii. + 633 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Pages 86-90 give Capt. Thos. E. Craig's official report to Governor Edwards +of the attack on Peoria in 1812. The volume has a description of Peoria in +1827, and considerable information concerning the Indian troubles of that year. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Welby, Adlard</span></span>, Esq. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A Visit to North America and the +English Settlements in Illinois, with a winter Residence at Philadelphia; +</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page233">[pg 233]</span><a name="Pg233" id="Pg233" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-style: italic"> +solely to ascertain the actual Prospects of the emigrating +Agriculturist, Mechanic, and Commercial Speculator. London: J. +Drury,</span></span> 1821. 16mo. xii.+224 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Wheeling, Va. Report of a Meeting of Workingmen in the City +of Wheeling, Virginia, on forming a Settlement in the State of +Illinois.</span></span> 12 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The report is dated Oct. 4, 1830. Printed without place and publisher's +name. In Library of Chicago Historical Society. Rare. It set forth a +scheme for purchasing and settling a county in Illinois. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Williams, Samuel</span></span>. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sketches of the War, between the United +States and the British Isles: intended as a faithful History of all +the material Events from the Time of the Declaration in 1812 to +and including the Treaty of Peace in 1815. Rutland, Vt.: Fay & +Davison</span></span>, 1815. 496 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Contains Capt. Heald's official account of the massacre at Fort Dearborn, +August 15, 1812. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Woods, John</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Two +Years' Residence in the Settlement on the +English Prairie, in the Illinois Country, U. S. With an Account of +its animal and vegetable Productions, Agriculture, &c. &c. A +Description of the principal Towns, Villages, &c. &c. With the +Habits and Customs of the Back-woodsmen. London: Longman +& others</span></span>, 1822. 310 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Of great value. Unusually conservative as to Illinois advantages, but +apparently truthful. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Wright, John S</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Letters +from the West; or, A Caution to +Emigrants. Salem, N. Y.: Dodd & Stevenson,</span></span> 1819. 72 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A series of letters from one who traveled through the West in 1818-19. +In a fair manner the discouragements which emigrants may expect to meet are +portrayed. In Library of Chicago Historical Society. +</p> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page234">[pg 234]</span><a name="Pg234" id="Pg234" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> +<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">II. Secondary Works.</span></h2> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Abbott, John Stevens Cabot</span></span>. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">History of Maine from the +earliest Discovery of the Region by the Northmen until the present +Time. Boston: B. B. Russell</span></span>, 1875. 556 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Tells of the <span class="tei tei-q">“Ohio fever,”</span> which raged about the close of the war of 1812, +and which furnished some settlers to Illinois. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Agnew</span></span>, Hon. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Daniel</span></span>, +LL. D. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">History of the Region of Pennsylvania +north of the Ohio and west of the Allegheny River ... +also, an Account of the Division of the Territory for public Purposes, +and of the Lands, Laws, Titles, Settlements, Controversies, and +Litigation within this Region. Philadelphia: Kay & Brother,</span></span> +1887. 4+246 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The work shows the price at which Pennsylvania public lands sold at the +time Illinois was being settled. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Allen, J. A.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">American +Bisons, living and extinct. Cambridge, +Mass.: Welch, Bigelow, & Co.</span></span>, 1876. ix.+246 pp. and 12 plates. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Carefully done. Tells of the great herds of buffalo early found in Illinois +and of their extermination in that region. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Allen, William Francis</span></span>. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Place of the North-West in +general History.</span></span> Pages 92-111 of the author's +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Essays and Monographs. +Boston: Geo. H. Ellis</span></span>, 1890. 392 pp. Found also in +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Papers of the Am. Hist. Ass'n</span></span>., III., pp. 329-48. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Good for a view of our subject as connected with larger portions of the +world's history. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Alton city Directory</span></span>, 1858. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Alton, Ill.: McEvoy & Bowron</span></span>, +1858. 156 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A short historical sketch of Alton is given. Its authority is on a par with +that of county histories. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">American historical Review.</span></span> New York. Vol. IV., 623-35. +See Boyd, Carl Evans, below. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Andreas, A. T.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">History of Chicago from the earliest Period to +the present Time. Chicago: A. T. Andreas</span></span>, 1884. I., 648; II., +780; III., 876 pp. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page235">[pg 235]</span><a name="Pg235" id="Pg235" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Only pages 31-111 of Volume I. concern the period before 1830. The narrative +is written with considerable care, and the work is especially rich in +copies of old maps, having not fewer than two dozen before 1830. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Asbury, Henry</span></span>. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Reminiscences of Quincy, Illinois, containing +historical Events, Anecdotes, Matters concerning old Settlers and old +Times, etc. Quincy, Ill.: D. Wilcox & Sons</span></span>, 1882. 224 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Tells of the first settlement of Adams county, under the congressional act +of Jan. 13, 1825. The large number of New Englanders is suggestive of the +increase of northern over southern immigration. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Atlantic Monthly. Boston and London.</span></span> Vol. II., 579-95. +(May, 1861.) See Clarke, S. C. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Barber, John Warner</span></span>, and +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Howe, Henry</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">All the Western +States and Territories, from the Alleghanies to the Pacific, and from +the Lakes to the Gulf. Cincinnati: Howe's Subscription Book +Concern</span></span>, 1867. 16mo. 733 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Pages 195-250 are on Illinois. Early settlement, Clark's campaign, and +the Chicago Massacre of 1812 are described. The work is popular in character, +yet its citation of sources makes it of some value. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Barry</span></span>, Hon. P. T. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The first Irish in Illinois. Reminiscent of +Old Kaskaskia Days.</span></span> In <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Trans. +of the Ill. State Hist. Soc.</span></span>, 1902. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Springfield, Ill.: Phillips Bros., State Printers</span></span>, 1902. pp. 63-70. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Almost exclusively concerned with the period before 1830. Tells of the +work of Chevalier Makarty, George Croghan, John Reynolds, and of the Irish +soldiers under George Rogers Clark. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Barstow, George</span></span>. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The History of New Hampshire, from its +Discovery, in 1614, to the Passage of the Toleration Act in 1819. +2d ed. New York: G. P. Putnam & Co.</span></span>, 1853. 8vo. iv. ++456 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Gives a short account of the unusual cold of 1816-17, which affected +western immigration. There is nothing to indicate that the second edition is +not an exact reprint of the first. Copyright, 1842. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Beck, Lewis C.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A Gazetteer of the States of Illinois and +Missouri; containing a general View of each State, a general View +of their Counties, and a particular Description of their Towns, +Villages, Rivers, &c., &c. Albany: Charles R. and George Webster,</span></span> +1823. 352 pp. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page236">[pg 236]</span><a name="Pg236" id="Pg236" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +165 pages are devoted to Illinois. Much interesting material is given, but +the nature of the publication makes caution in its use necessary. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Beckley, Hosea, A. M.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The History of Vermont; with +Descriptions, physical and topographical. Brattleboro: George H. +Salisbury</span></span>, 1846. 16mo. 396 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Describes the effects of the unusual cold of 1816-17, which greatly affected +western emigration. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Beckwith, Hiram Williams</span></span>. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Historic Notes on the North-west, +gleaned from early Authors, old Maps and Manuscripts, +private and official Correspondence, and other authentic, though, for +the most part, out-of-the-way Sources.</span></span> (In <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hist. of Vermilion +County, Ill. Chicago: H. H. Hill & Co.</span></span>, 1879. 11-304 pp). +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Deals with the period before Illinois became a state (1818). <span class="tei tei-q">“The authorities +consulted show a large range of acquaintance with the very best sources +of information extant”</span>—Lyman C. Draper. Strong on French and Indians. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +——<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A brief History of Danville, Illinois, with a concise +Statement of its mining, manufacturing, and commercial Advantages. +Danville, Ill.: Danville Printing Co.</span></span>, 1874. 11 pp. (unnumbered). +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Slight, but tells of the beginnings of the city in the third decade of the 19th +century. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Beckwith, Paul</span></span>. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Creoles of St. Louis. St. Louis: Nixon-Jones +Printing Co.</span></span>, 1893. 169 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The genealogy of the five branches of the Chouteau family is given. As +many of this family were prominent in early Illinois the work is of some +interest, although not wholly reliable. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Beggs</span></span>, Rev. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Stephen R.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pages from the early History of the +West and North-West: embracing Reminiscences and Incidents of +Settlement and Growth, and Sketches of the material and religious +Progress of the States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Missouri, +with especial Reference to the History of Methodism. Cincinnati: +Methodist Book Concern</span></span>, 1868. 325 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Good upon the beginnings of northern Illinois. Tells of the Chicago +massacre (1812), of the work of Rev. Jesse Walker, and of early pioneer life. +No clerical bias, in the bad sense. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bernheim</span></span>, G. D. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">History of the German Settlements and of +</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page237">[pg 237]</span><a name="Pg237" id="Pg237" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-style: italic"> +the Lutheran Church in North and South Carolina, from the earliest +Period of the Colonization of the Dutch, German and Swiss Settlers +to the Close of the first Half of the present Century. Philadelphia: +The Lutheran Book Store</span></span>, 1872. ix.+557 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Pages 471-3 tell of the North Carolina Synod sending a missionary to +Illinois in 1827. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Birney, William</span></span>. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">James G. Birney and his Times. The +Genesis of the Republican Party with some Account of abolition +Movements in the South before 1828. New York: D. Appleton & +Co.</span></span>, 1890. 24mo. x.+443 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Chapter 12 is on abolition in the South before 1828. The work is helpful +in learning the conditions from which southern emigrants moved. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Blanchard, Rufus</span></span>. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Discovery and Conquest of the Northwest, +with the History of Chicago. Wheaton: R. Blanchard & Co., +1879. Chicago: Cushing</span></span>, 1880. 768 pp. 8vo. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A well-written and valuable book for discovery and conquest, but of little +value for a study of mere immigration before 1831. What it has of immigration +is almost exclusively confined to immigration to the region of the present +Chicago. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +——<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">History of Illinois, to accompany an historical Map of the +State. Chicago: National School Furnishing Company</span></span>, 1883. 128 +pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The text is a disconnected symposium, and has in some cases been superseded +by later research. The map is the most valuable part of the work. +It is 27-½x42-½ inches in size, mounted on heavy cloth, and shows, with dates, +Indian trails, routes of exploring and military expeditions, early stage and +mail routes, historic sites, dates of settlement of the principal towns. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bonham, Jeriah</span></span>. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fifty Years' Recollections with Observations +and Reflections on historical Events, giving Sketches of eminent Citizens—their +Lives and public Services. Peoria: J. W. Franks & +Sons</span></span>, 1883. 536 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The <span class="tei tei-q">“fifty years”</span> seem to have begun shortly after 1830. The biographical +sketches, however, give several facts in regard to the origin and immigration +of such early leaders as Coles, Edwards, Reynolds, Carlin, and others. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Boyd, Carl Evans</span></span>. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">County of Illinois, The. Am. Hist. Rev.</span></span>, +IV., 623-35. July, 1899. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page238">[pg 238]</span><a name="Pg238" id="Pg238" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A scholarly history of Virginia's ephemeral County of Illinois, although in +error as to the dates of its beginning and ending, respectively. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Brackenridge, Henry Marie</span></span>, +Esq. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">History of the late War +between the United States and Great Britain. Containing a minute +Account of the various military and naval Operations. Baltimore: +Cushing, 1817. 4th ed. Baltimore: Cushing & Jewett</span></span>, 1818. +xxiv.+348 pp. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">6th ed. Philadelphia: James Kay</span></span>, 1839. 298 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Valuable. Several times translated. Impartial. Gives a short account of +the massacre at Fort Dearborn, August 15, 1812. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Brown, Charles R.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Old Northwest Territory: its Missions, +Forts, and trading Posts. Kalamazoo, Mich.: Brown, Moore +& Quale</span></span>, 1875. 32 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The work consists of an historical and chronological map (14-½ x 15 inches), +and notes upon the 94 sites located upon it. Eleven of the sites are in Illinois. +Valuable and suggestive, although deficient in citation of authorities. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Brown, Henry</span></span>. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The History of Illinois from its first Discovery +and Settlement to the present Time. New York: J. Winchester</span></span>, +1844. vi.+492 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The author confesses to having written in haste and to having borrowed +stories from other states simply to amuse his readers. Worthless except to +furnish a few topics which one may wish +to verify. Criticism: <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Draper MSS</span></span>., +Z No. 2. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Brown, Samuel R.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Western Gazetteer; or, Emigrant's +Directory, (1817) containing a geographical Description of the western +States and Territories, viz., the States of Ky., Ind., La., O., Tenn., +and Miss., and the Territories of Ill., Mo., Ala., Mich., and N. +Western, with an Appendix containing Sketches of some of the +western Counties of N. Y., Pa. and Va.; a description of the Gt. +Northern Lakes; Indian Annuities, and Directions to Emigrants. +Auburn, N. Y.: H. C. Southwick</span></span>, 1817. 360 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Pages 17-35 give an inaccurate description of Illinois' population and +resources. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Brown, William Hubbard</span></span>. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">An historical Sketch of the early +Movement in Illinois for the Legalization of Slavery, read at the +annual Meeting of the Chicago Historical Society, Dec. 5, 1864.</span></span> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page239">[pg 239]</span><a name="Pg239" id="Pg239" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Chicago: Fergus Printing Co.</span></span>, +1876. 31 pp. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fergus hist. Series</span></span>, +No. 4. 8vo. 25 cents. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Especially valuable for the great struggle over slavery in Illinois in 1822-24. +First printed in 1865, under the auspices of the Chicago Historical Society. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Buckley, James Monroe</span></span>. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A History of Methodists in the +United States.</span></span> (Volume V. of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">American Church +History</span></span>.) <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">New +York: The Christian Literature Co.</span></span>, 1896. xix.+714 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Tells of the founding of Lebanon Seminary, later McKendree College, at +Lebanon, Ill., in 1828. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Chicago City Directory, for the Year 1855-56, and Northern +Illinois Gazetteer. Chicago: Robert Fergus</span></span>, 1855. 150+xxxii.+208+128 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Of slight value for our purpose, although the historical introductions to the +directories of the various cities and towns have a few usable statements. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Chicago daily Democratic Press. Railroads, History and Commerce +of Chicago, three Articles. 2d ed. Chicago: Democratic Press +Job and Book Steam Print</span></span>, 1854. 80 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Of considerable interest, although many statements are of too late a date +to be used. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Chicago Magazine. Chicago, Ill.</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +I., 103-16 (1857), gives an account of the massacre at Fort Dearborn, +August 15, 1812, largely taken from the Kinzie narrative. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Chicago Sunday Tribune, Nov.</span></span> 28, 1897. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +New light thrown on Old Fort Dearborn. An account of the finding of +important records in the archives of the U. S. government. The archives +contained the original order for building a fort where Fort Dearborn later +stood (order of 1803), and sketches of Fort Dearborn as early as January, +1808. The sketches are reproduced. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Clarke, S. C.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Prairie State, The.</span></span> (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Atlantic Monthly</span></span>, VII., +579-595, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">May</span></span>, 1861.) +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Well written and treats a large number of subjects. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Copeland, Louis Albert, B. L.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Cornish in southwest +Wisconsin.</span></span> Pages 301-334 of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Wis. +Hist. Coll.</span></span>, XIV. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Madison, +Wis.: Democrat Printing Co., State Printer</span></span>, 1898. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page240">[pg 240]</span><a name="Pg240" id="Pg240" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Gives several facts concerning the early history of the Galena region. +Most of the Cornish, however, came after 1830. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dana</span></span>, E. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Geographical Sketches on the Western Country: +designed for Emigrants and Settlers: being the Result of extensive +Researches and Remarks. To which is added a Summary of all +the most interesting Matters on the Subject, including a particular +Description of the unsold public Lands, ... also, a List of +the principal Roads. Cincinnati: Looker, Reynolds & Co.</span></span>, 1819. +312 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Pages 133-156 are devoted to Illinois. A suggestion of the fraudulent +count in the census of 1818 is given. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +——<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A Description +of the bounty Lands in the State of Illinois: +also, the principal Roads and Routes, by Land and Water, through +the Territory of the United States. Cincinnati: Looker, Reynolds +& Co.</span></span>, 1819. 12mo. 108 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Gives very few references to settlement and few descriptions of historic +sites. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Davidson, Alexander</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">and</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Stuvé, Bernard</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A complete +History of Illinois from 1673 to 1873; embracing the physical +Features of the Country; its early Explorations, aboriginal Inhabitants; +French and British Occupation; Conquest by Virginia; territorial +Condition and the subsequent civil, military and political +Events of the State. Springfield, Ill.: Ill. Journal Co.</span></span>, 1874. +944 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Crude, but no specialist in Illinois history should be without it. Not +minute in treatment of immigration. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Decatur, Macon County, Illinois, History of. Decatur, Ill.: +Compiled and published by Wiggins & Co., Cleveland, O.</span></span>, 1871. +51 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A symposium without historical merit. Almost exclusively of a later +period than 1830, but tells of the first settlement of the county in 1820. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Drake, Samuel Adams</span></span>. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Making of the Ohio Valley +States, 1660-1837. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons</span></span>, 1894. +16mo. 269 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A very few pages are devoted to Illinois, and naturally the larger events +alone are noted. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page241">[pg 241]</span><a name="Pg241" id="Pg241" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Drew, Benjamin.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Refugee; or, The Narratives of fugitive +Slaves in Canada. Related by themselves, with an Account of the +History and Condition of the colored Population of Upper Canada. +Boston: John P. Jewett & Co.</span></span>, 1856. 12mo. 387 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A few of the refugees whose escapes are narrated passed through Illinois +on the Underground Railroad. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Eames, Charles M.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Historic Morgan and Classic Jacksonville. +Jacksonville, Ill.: Daily Journal Steam Job Printing +Office</span></span>, 1885. 336 pp. In Library of Chicago Historical Society. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Of great interest because of its details concerning early methods of travel +and concerning the beginnings in Morgan county. Deals with pioneer and +slavery history. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Edwards, Ninian Wirt.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">History of Illinois, from 1778 to +1833; and Life and Times of Ninian Edwards. Springfield, Ill.: +Ill. State Journal Co.</span></span>, 1870. 549 + iii. pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Written by the son of Gov. Ninian Edwards. Not in good form, but has +much authentic material. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Family Magazine: or, Monthly Abstract of general Knowledge. +New York, Boston, Cincinnati.</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Volumes IV. (1837) and V. (1839) have short articles on Illinois, which are +too light to be taken seriously. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Farmer, Silas.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The History of Detroit and Michigan, or the +Metropolis illustrated. A chronological Cyclopedia of the Past end +Present, including a full Record of territorial Days in Michigan +and the Annals of Wayne County. Detroit: Silas Farmer & Co.</span></span>, +1884. Revised and enlarged, 1890. 2 vols. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Valuable for information concerning Clark, Hamilton, Vigo, and La Balme. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Flagler</span></span>, Major D. W. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A History of the Rock Island Arsenal +from its establishment in 1863 to December, 1876: and of the Island +of Rock Island, the Site of the Arsenal, from 1804 to 1863. +Washington: Government Printing Office</span></span>, 1877. 483 pp. 13 +plates, 2 pictures. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The first chapter of the book refers to the first white settlement in the +region of Rock Island, about 1828. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ford, Gov. Thomas.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A History of Illinois, from its Commencement +</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page242">[pg 242]</span><a name="Pg242" id="Pg242" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-style: italic"> +as a State in 1818 to 1847. Containing a full Account +of the Black Hawk War, the Rise, Progress, and Fall of Mormonism, +the Alton and Lovejoy Riots, and other important and interesting +Events. Chicago: S. C. Griggs & Co.</span></span>, 1854. 447 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +As the title indicates, the book is chiefly valuable for a period later than +1830. It is also largely political. The first one hundred and ten pages will +be found useful and deal to some extent with the social life when the state was +young. Criticism: <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Draper MSS.</span></span>, Z 13. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gerhard, Fred.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Illinois as it is; its History, Geography, +Statistics, Constitution, Laws, Government, Finances, Climate, Soil, +Plants, Animals, State of Health, Prairies, Agriculture, Cattle-breeding, +Orcharding, Cultivation of the Grape, Timber-growing, +Market-prices, Lands and Land-prices ... etc. Philadelphia: +Charles Desilver</span></span>, 1857. 451 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Pages 13-137 are devoted to the history of Illinois. The author is conspicuously +accurate and treats a large number of topics. A valuable secondary +work. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Glimpses of the Monastery. Scenes from the History of the +Ursulines of Quebec during two hundred Years, 1639-1839. By +a Member of the Community. Second edition, completed by Reminiscences +of the last fifty Years, 1839-1889. Quebec: L. J. Domers +& Frère</span></span>, 1897. ix.+418+184 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Pages 84-93 of the first pagination give a suggestive discussion of the +capability of the Indian for civilization. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Green, Thomas Marshall.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Historic Families of Kentucky. +(First Series.) Cincinnati: Robert Clarke & Co.</span></span>, 1889. 304 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Gives a few facts concerning John Todd and John Todd Stuart, who were +active in Illinois. The latter was a cousin of Mary Todd Lincoln and had +much early influence upon Lincoln. The volume deals with McDowells, +Logans, and Allens. Well written and valuable. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Haight, Walter C.</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">B. L. The Ordinance of 1787.</span></span> (pp. 343-402 +of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pub. of the Mich. Pol. Sci. Ass'n.</span></span> II.), 1896, 1897. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A discussion of the binding effect of the Ordinance of 1787. The question +has a close connection with slavery in Illinois. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hall, B. F.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The early History of the North Western States, +</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page243">[pg 243]</span><a name="Pg243" id="Pg243" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-style: italic"> +embracing New York, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Iowa and +Wisconsin, with their land Laws, etc., and an Appendix containing +the Constitutions of those States. Buffalo: Geo. H. Derby & Co., +1849.</span></span> Duodecimo. 477 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Statements made in this book must be carefully verified. The rise of conflicting +land titles is fairly well treated. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Harris, N. Dwight</span></span>, Ph. D. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The History of Negro Servitude +in Illinois and of the slavery Agitation in that State 1719-1864. +Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co., 1904.</span></span> 276 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +An erudite work, compiled from many sources previously unused. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hayes, A. A.</span></span>, Jr. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Metropolis of the Prairies. (Harper's +New Monthly Mag.</span></span>, LXI., 711-730, Oct. 1880). +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A readable popular article. Chiefly concerned with events later than 1830. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Heaton, John L.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Story of Vermont. Boston: D. Lothrop +Co., 1889.</span></span> 319 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Has an interesting chapter of twenty pages on The Great West. More +reliable than so popular a book usually is. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Henderson, John G.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Early History of the </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-style: italic">“</span><span style="font-style: italic">Sangamon Country,</span><span style="font-style: italic">”</span></span><span style="font-style: italic"> +being Notes on the first Settlements in the Territory now comprised +within the Limits of Morgan, Scott and Cass Counties. +Davenport, Iowa: Day, Egbert & Fidlar, 1873.</span></span> 33 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Of great interest for a study of early troubles with the Indians. Treats of +East <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">vs.</span></span> South +in Illinois and of Regulators. Deals almost exclusively with +the period before 1830. Compiled largely from interviews with old settlers, +hence not wholly reliable. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hinsdale, Burke Aaron.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Old Northwest with a View +of the thirteen Colonies as constituted by the royal Charters. New +York: Townsend MacCoun, 1888.</span></span> 8vo. 440 pp. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">2d ed., rev. +New York: Silver, Burdett & Co., 1899.</span></span> $2.50. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In general only the boldest outlines of immigration to Illinois are sketched. +The slavery struggle in Illinois (1822-24) is treated with comparative fullness. +Criticism: <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Boston Herald, July 2, 1888</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hoskins, Nathan.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A History of the State of Vermont, from +its Discovery and Settlement to the Close of the Year 1830. Vergennes: +J. Shedd, 1831.</span></span> 12 mo. 316 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Tells of the unusually cold summer of 1816. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page244">[pg 244]</span><a name="Pg244" id="Pg244" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Howe, Henry.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Historical Collections of the great West: containing +Narratives of the most important and interesting Events in +western History—remarkable individual Adventures—Sketches of +frontier Life—Descriptions of natural Curiosities: to which is +appended historical and descriptive Sketches of Oregon, New Mexico, +Texas, Minnesota, Utah and California. Cincinnati: Henry Howe, +1853.</span></span> 8vo. 440 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Compiled from a large number of sources, largely secondary. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hubbard, George D.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A Case of geographic Influence upon +human Affairs.</span></span> Pages 145-157 of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bulletin of the American +Geographical Society</span></span>, XXXVI., No. 3, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">March</span></span>, 1904. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pub. by the +Society, New York.</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A scientific discussion of the effect of glaciation upon the character of the +people of different portions of Illinois. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hulbert, Archer Butler.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Red-Men's Roads. The Indian +Thoroughfares of the central West. Columbus, Ohio: Fred J. +Heer & Co., 1900.</span></span> 37 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The book has many maps and is a help toward an understanding of the +ways by which early settlers reached Illinois. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hynes</span></span>, Rev. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Thomas W.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">History of a Century. An Address +delivered at Greenville, Bond Co., Ill., on July 4, 1876.</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A newspaper clipping, bound, without the name of the paper from which it +was taken, in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Illinois Local +History Pamphlets</span></span>, V., in Library of the Wisconsin +State Historical Society. It contains a valuable historical letter from +Mrs. Almira Morse, a resident as early as 1820. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Illinois. Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois. Chicago and New +York: Munsell Pub. Co., 1900.</span></span> 608 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Edited by Newton Bateman, LL. D., and Paul Selby, A. M. Much more +reliable than many books of the same literary type. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">International Monthly. Burlington, Vt.</span></span>, IV., 794-820. See +Turner, Frederick Jackson. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">James, Edmund Janes</span></span>, +and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Loveless, Milo J.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A Bibliography +of Newspapers published in Illinois prior to 1860. Springfield, +Ill., Phillips Bros., State Printers, 1899.</span></span> 94 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A very valuable work. An appendix gives a list of the Illinois and Missouri +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page245">[pg 245]</span><a name="Pg245" id="Pg245" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +papers (1808-1897) in the St. Louis Mercantile Library, while a second +appendix enumerates the county histories of Illinois and tells where they may +be found. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Johnson, Eric</span></span> and +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Peterson, C. F.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Svenskarne i Illinois. +Chicago: W. Williamson, 1880.</span></span> 471 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Chiefly valuable for a later period. The salient points of early Illinois +history are canvassed. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Kingdom, William</span></span>, Jr. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">America and the British Colonies, an +abstract of all the most useful Information relative to the United +States of America, and the British Colonies of Canada, the Cape of +Good Hope, New South Wales, and Van Diemen's Island. London: +G. and W. B. Whittaker, 1820.</span></span> 16mo. 359 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Pages 61-73 describe Illinois and give some judicious advice to emigrants. +Conservative, but not cynical. Entire pages are reprinted from other authors, +notably Fearon, without the use of quotation marks. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Kingston</span></span>, Hon. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">John T.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Early Western Days.</span></span> (In <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Wis. +Hist. Coll.</span></span>, VII., 297-344). <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Madison, Wis.: E. B. Bolens, +1876.</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Gives a short account of the slavery struggle in Illinois in 1822-24. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +—— <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Slavery in Illinois. +Necedah, Wis.: Necedah Republican.</span></span> +6 pp. Reprinted, without date, in pamphlet form. In Library +of State Historical Society of Wisconsin. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A very short sketch of slavery in Illinois from its introduction in 1719-20. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Kirkland, Joseph.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Story of Chicago. Chicago: Dibble +Pub. Co., 1892.</span></span> 470 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The book makes large reference to authorities and is in consequence +valuable for reference. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Körner, Gustav.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Das deutsche Element in den Vereinigten +Staaten von Nordamerika, 1818-1848. Cincinnati: A. E. Wilde +& Co., 1880.</span></span> 16mo. 461 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The 12th chapter (pp. 244-81) treats of German settlement in Illinois. +Tells of the first German and Swiss settlements in the state. Naturally this +chapter and the work as a whole is largely concerned with a period later than +1830. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Law</span></span>, Judge <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">John</span></span>. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Address delivered before the Vincennes Historical +and Antiquarian Society, February 22, 1839. Louisville, +</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page246">[pg 246]</span><a name="Pg246" id="Pg246" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-style: italic"> +Ky.: Prentice & Weissinger</span></span>, 1839. 48 pp. Enlarged and +reprinted as <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The colonial History of Vincennes. Vincennes: Harvey, +Mason & Co</span></span>., 1858. 156 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Of great value on account of its description of Clark's campaign, and its +notes on Mermet, Gibault, Hamilton, Tecumseh, La Balme, and on the public +lands. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Lawrence, John</span></span>. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The History of the Church of the United +Brethren in Christ. Dayton, Ohio: W. J. Shuey</span></span>, 1868. 2 vols. +I., vi.+416; II., vii.+431 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The book contains many facts concerning early emigration and settlement. +Its bearing on early Illinois history is, however, slight. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Leaton</span></span>, Rev. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">James</span></span>. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">History of Methodism in Illinois, from +1793 to 1832. Cincinnati: Walden & Stowe</span></span>, 1883. 410 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Very interesting notes on Peter Cartwright, Jesse Walker, and other +pioneers. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Lee, Francis Bagley</span></span>. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">New Jersey as a Colony and as a +State. New York: The Publishing Soc. of New Jersey</span></span>, 1902. 4 +vols. I., 422; II., 456; III., 400; IV., 402 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The work is superbly printed and illustrated and contains a vast amount of +information, but is totally lacking in bibliography or references, except a few +indications in the index to the illustrations. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Löher, Franz</span></span>. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Geschichte und Zustände der Deutschen in +Amerika. Cincinnati: Eggers & Wulkop</span></span>, 1847. v.+544 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The chapters of especial interest to us are <span class="tei tei-q">“Ausströmen der Yankees,”</span> pp. +237-41; <span class="tei tei-q">“Einwanderung von 1815 bis 1830,”</span> pp. 253-58; <span class="tei tei-q">“Die Wohnsitze”</span> +(Illinois and Missouri), pp. 337-40. The author cites many authorities, and +his book is of very great value in the study of the assimilation of an expatriated +people. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Lothrop, J. S.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">J. S. Lothrop's Champaign County (Ill.) +Directory for 1870-1, with History of the same, and of each Township +therein. Chicago: J. S. Lothrop</span></span>, 1871. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Tells a great many things—several of which are false—concerning the +early period of Illinois history. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Lusk, D. W.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Eighty Years of Illinois Politics and Politicians, +Anecdotes and Incidents. A succinct History of the State, 1809-1889. +3d ed. Revised and enlarged. Springfield, Ill.: H. W. +Rokker</span></span>, 1889. 609+109 pp. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page247">[pg 247]</span><a name="Pg247" id="Pg247" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The 609 pages are political. The 109 pages have a great interest, dealing +as they do with the beginnings of Illinois. Secondary sources are largely +quoted. Not exact enough for critical work, yet very suggestive. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">M'Afee, Robert B.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">History of the late War in the Western +Country, comprising a full Account of all the Transactions in that +Quarter, from the Commencement of Hostilities at Tippecanoe, to the +Termination of the Contest at New Orleans on the Return of Peace. +Lexington, Ky.: Worsley & Smith, 1816.</span></span> 8vo. 534 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Very rare. In the Chicago Historical Society Library. A valuable book. +Describes the attack on Fort Dearborn in 1812. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mackenzie, E.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">An historical, topographical, and descriptive +View of the United States of America, and of Upper and Lower +Canada ... the present State of Mexico and South America, +and also of the native Tribes of the New World. Newcastle-upon-Tyne: +Mackenzie & Dent, 1819.</span></span> viii. + 432 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The four pages devoted to Illinois are interesting and fairly reliable, +though scarcely up to date. The author mentions eighteen works used in +compiling his book. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">McLaughlin, Andrew C.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lewis Cass. Boston: Houghton, +Mifflin & Co., 1891.</span></span> 363 pp. $1.25. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Describes the expedition of General Cass to northern Illinois during the +Sauk outbreak of 1827. Criticism: <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nation</span></span>, LIII., 204. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Marietta, O.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Report of the Commissioners of the National Centennial +Celebration of the Early Settlement of the Territory North +West of the Ohio River, ... held at Marietta, O., July +15-19, inclusive, 1888. Columbus, O.: The Westbote Company, +State Printers, 1889.</span></span> 292 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Contains many speeches of varying historical accuracy and importance. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mason, Edward Gay.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Chapters from Illinois History. Chicago: +Herbert S. Stone, 1901.</span></span> 322 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Scholarly and accurate, and rich in citation of sources. Tells of Old Fort +Chartres, John Todd's Record-Book, the march of the Spaniards across +Illinois, and the Chicago massacre. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +—— <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">March of the Spaniards +across Illinois.</span></span> (In his <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Chapters +of Illinois History, Chicago, 1901</span></span>; also in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mag. of Am. Hist.</span></span> +N. Y., XV., 457-469, 1886.) +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page248">[pg 248]</span><a name="Pg248" id="Pg248" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Refers to a number of sources. The march is that of 1781 against St. +Joseph. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mather, Irwin F.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Making of Illinois. Chicago: A. +Flanagan, 1900.</span></span> 292 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The work is strong in the number of subjects which it treats. The Illinois +of our period is well covered. The bibliography cites many valuable sources, +but no references are given in the body of the work. The date of the founding +of the village of Kaskaskia is given as 1695—a confusion of the mission +on the Illinois River with the later village of the same name. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mayo, A. D.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Western Emigration and Western Character.</span></span> +(<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Christian Examiner</span></span>, N. Y., LXXXII., 265-82, 1867.) +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The subject is well treated, but the value of the article for our purpose is +not so great as it would have been if confined to the early period. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Meigs, William M.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Life of Thomas Hart Benton. Philadelphia +and London: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1904.</span></span> 535 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The work throws much light upon the policy of the United States in regard +to the sale of public lands, and the attitude of the West towards that policy. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Melish, John.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A geographical Description of the United States, +with the contiguous British and Spanish Possessions. Philadelphia: +John Melish, 1816.</span></span> 182 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A trifle over one page is devoted to Illinois. Of interest only as showing +what was presented to the East at the time concerning Illinois. Melish was +a professional map and gazetteer maker. His work typifies that of the +geographers of the time, who described the world with marvelous audacity. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +—— <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A geographical Description of the United States, with the +contiguous Countries, including Mexico and the West Indies. Philadelphia: +John Melish, 1822.</span></span> v.+491 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Seven pages are devoted to Illinois. The description of several Illinois +towns is useful. This was a second and much improved edition of the +author's similar work of 1816. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +—— <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Information and Advice to Emigrants to the United States: +and from the Eastern to the Western States: illustrated by a Map +of the United States and a Chart of the Atlantic Ocean. Philadelphia: +John Melish, 1819.</span></span> 12mo. v.+144 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +An entire chapter of twenty six pages is devoted to Birkbeck's settlement +in Illinois. The map shows several routes in Illinois, but it must have been +old. The book is a good type of its class. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page249">[pg 249]</span><a name="Pg249" id="Pg249" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Moore, Charles.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Northwest under three Flags, 1635-1796. +New York: Harper & Bros., 1900.</span></span> xxiii. + 402 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Many facts concerning the Illinois of the period are given. This work is +of considerable historical value. References to sources, although not abundant, +are helpful. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Moses, John.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Illinois, historical and statistical. Comprising +the essential Facts of its Planting and Growth as a Province, +County, Territory, and State. Derived from the most authentic +Sources, including original Documents and Papers. Together with +carefully prepared statistical Tables.... Chicago: Fergus +Printing Co., 1889-93.</span></span> 2 vols. 1316 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The author was secretary and librarian of the Chicago Historical Society. +His work is perhaps the best that has appeared. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mowry, William Augustus.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The territorial Growth of the +United States. New York: Silver, Burdett & Co., 1902.</span></span> 225 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The chapter on the Northwest Territory tells of various cessions of land +comprised in the present Illinois. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Murat, Achille.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">America and the Americans. New York: +William H. Graham, 1849.</span></span> Duodecimo. vii. + 260 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Too late in date to be of much service, although some valuable suggestions +as to the social and political development of the frontier can be obtained. +The writer was an acute observer. He treats politics, slavery, society, +religion, justice, etc. The book was written about 1829. Describes customs +and extra legal proceedings in the West. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nashville, Tennessee, History of, with full Outline of the natural +Advantages.... Nashville, Tenn.: Pub. House of the +M. E. Church, South, 1890.</span></span> 656 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Tells of passage of emigrants from North Carolina to Illinois in 1780, of +French traders from Illinois to Tennessee in 1779, of Tennesseeans getting +head rights from George Rogers Clark. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">North American Review, Boston.</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Volume LI., 92-140 (July, 1840) has an exhaustive review of Peck's +Gazetteer of Illinois. The review is probably of much more historical interest +than the Gazetteer. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Palmer, B. M.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Slavery in Illinois. (Dubuque semi-weekly +Telegraph, Tues., Sept. 19, 1899.)</span></span> +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page250">[pg 250]</span><a name="Pg250" id="Pg250" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Gives the bill of sale, taken from the county records of Jo Daviess County, +Ill., and executed in that county in 1830, of a negro mother and child. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Patterson, Robert Wilson.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Early Society in southern Illinois. +Chicago: Fergus Printing Co.</span></span>, 1879. Pp. 103-131 of +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fergus historical Series</span></span> No. 14. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A characterization, in general terms, of early Illinois society, its manners +and its origin. This was a lecture read before the Chicago Historical Society, +Oct. 19, 1880. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Peck</span></span>, Rev. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">John Mason</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Editor. </span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-style: italic">“</span><span style="font-style: italic">Father Clark</span><span style="font-style: italic">”</span></span><span style="font-style: italic"> or the +Pioneer Preacher. Sketches and Incidents of Rev. John Clark, by +An Old Pioneer. New York: Sheldon, Lamport & Blakeman</span></span>, 1855. +287 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Gives considerable religious and Indian material for Illinois history from +1790 to 1833, but chiefly on the earlier part of that period. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +—— <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">An historical Sketch of the early American Settlements in +Illinois, from 1780-1800. Read before the Ill. State Lyceum, at +its anniversary</span></span>, Aug. 16, 1832. (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Western monthly Mag.</span></span>, I., +73-83. Feb. 1833.) +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Popular, but of some value. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Post</span></span>, Rev. T. M. +[Author of pp. 93-102.] <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Contributions to +the ecclesiastical History of Connecticut; prepared under the Direction +of the General Association, to commemorate the Completion of one +hundred and fifty Years since its first annual Assembly. New +Haven: Wm. L. Kingsley</span></span>, 1861. xiv. + 562 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A symposium. The article by Rev. Mr. Post is on <span class="tei tei-q">“The Mission of Congregationalism +at the West.”</span> It is suggestive on the moral effects of frontier +life. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Powell, J. W.</span></span>, Director. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Eighteenth annual Report of the +Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian +Institution, 1896-97. Washington: Government Printing Office, +1899. Part 2. Indian land Cessions in the United States compiled +by Charles C. Royce, with an Introduction by Cyrus Thomas</span></span>. +521-997 pp. and 67 plates. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Valuable. The work was used in preparing the outline maps of Indian +cessions contained in this work. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page251">[pg 251]</span><a name="Pg251" id="Pg251" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Reid, Harvey.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Biographical Sketch of Enoch Long, an Illinois +Pioneer. Chicago: Fergus Printing Co., 1884.</span></span> 134 pp. This is +Volume II. of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Chicago Historical Society's Collections</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Mr. Long visited St. Louis and resided at Alton and Galena before 1827. +The book is of great interest on account of its notes on the methods of travel +and the extent of Illinois settlements at that date. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Reynolds, John.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Belleville in January, 1854.</span></span> A 12-page +pamphlet, printed without place, publisher, or date. In Library +of Wisconsin State Historical Society. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Tells of the laying out of the city in the cornfield of George Blair, in 1814. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +—— <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A biographical Sketch.</span></span> +(<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Western Journal and Civilian</span></span>, +XV., 100-114). +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Gives glimpses of early travel and of pioneer life. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +—— <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The pioneer +History of Illinois, containing the Discovery, in +1673, and the History of the Country to the Year 1818. Belleville, +Ill.: N. A. Randall, 1852. 2d ed., with portrait, notes and index, +Chicago: Fergus Printing Co., 1887.</span></span> 459 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Contains much valuable biographical material, and describes the life of the +early settlers in a clear way. Criticism: <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Draper MSS.</span></span>, Z 13, 14. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Roosevelt, Theodore.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Winning of the West. New +York: G. W. Putnam's Sons, 1889-96.</span></span> Vols. I.-IV.. I., xiv. + +352: II., 427; III., 339: IV., 363 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Valuable, although bearing marks of haste in preparation. Criticism: +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Am. Hist. Rev.</span></span>, II., 171. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Sanborn, Edwin David.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">History of New Hampshire, from +its Discovery to the Year 1830. Manchester, N. H.: John B. +Clarke, 1875.</span></span> 422 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Describes the unusually cold summer of 1816 and its effect upon western +migration. The book is written in an extremely disconnected style, and is +without index, references, or bibliography. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Sergeant, Thomas</span></span>, Esq. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">View of the land Laws of Pennsylvania. +With Notices of its early History and Legislation. Philadelphia: +James Kay, Jr., and Brother. Pittsburgh: John I. +Kay & Co., 1838.</span></span> 13 + 203 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Valuable for ascertaining the price at which Pennsylvania public lands, which +competed with government lands in the West, were sold. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page252">[pg 252]</span><a name="Pg252" id="Pg252" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Shaler, Nathaniel Southgate.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Kentucky. A pioneer Commonwealth. +Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1885.</span></span> viii. + 433 +pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Useful as giving an insight into the character of a neighboring state from +which many of the early settlers of Illinois came. One of the best of the +American Commonwealths series. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Shea, John Gilmary.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">History of the Catholic Church in the +United States, 1808-1843. New York: John G. Shea, 1890.</span></span> +vii. + 731 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +References to Illinois are very few, but are important. The volume is the +third in the author's four-volumed History of the Catholic Church in the +United States. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Siebert, Wilbur Henry.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Underground Rail Road from +Slavery to Freedom; with an Introduction by Albert Bushnell Hart. +New York; The Macmillan Co., 1898.</span></span> viii. + iii. + 478 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Has notes of great interest on the U. G. R. R. in Illinois before 1830. +Criticism: <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Am. Hist. Rev.</span></span>, IV., 557. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Smith, Theodore Clarke.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Liberty and Free Soil Parties +in the Northwest. New York: Longmans, Green & Co., 1897.</span></span> +vii. + 351 pp. (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Harvard Hist. Studies</span></span>, VI.) +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A well-written book, but only the first chapter concerns the period before +1830. This chapter is, however, well worth attention. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Steinhard, S.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Deutschland und sein Volk. Gotha: Hugo +Scheube, 1856-7.</span></span> 2 vols. I., x. + 658; II., 826 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Pages 28-46 of volume II. are on the Germans in the United States and +contain a few important facts, including statistics, for our period. The Vandalia +(Ill.) settlement of 1820 is mentioned. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Stevens, Abel</span></span>, LL. D. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">History of the Methodist Episcopal +Church in the United States of America. New York: Phillips & +Hunt, 1884.</span></span> 4 vols. I., 423; II., 511; III., 510; IV., 522 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The fourth volume of this history has interesting notes on Benjamin Young +and Jesse Walker, respectively. These men came to Illinois as pioneer ministers; +the former in 1804, the latter in 1806. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Strong, Moses M.</span></span>, A. M. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">History of the Territory of Wisconsin, +from 1836 to 1848. Preceded by an Account of some Events +</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page253">[pg 253]</span><a name="Pg253" id="Pg253" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-style: italic"> +during the Period in which it was under the Dominion of Kings, +States or other Territories, previous to the Year 1836. Madison, +Wis.: Democrat Printing Co., State Printers</span></span>, 1885. 16mo. 637 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A valuable book. Its chief interest for us is its sketches of early settlement +in the Galena lead region. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Sulte, Benjamin.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Histoire des Canadiens-Français, 1608-1880. +Montreal: Wilson & Cie.</span></span>, 1882-4. 8 vols. 8vo. About +160 pp. per vol. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Montreal: Granger Frères.</span></span> 40 parts, paper, +$10; 4 vols, cloth. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Gives only slight attention to the French of Illinois. A popular work, +but quite useful for a study of social institutions. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Summers, Thomas O.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Biographical Sketches of eminent itinerant +Ministers distinguished, for the most Part, as Pioneers of +Methodism within the Bounds of the Methodist Episcopal Church, +South. Nashville, Tenn.: Southern Methodist Publishing House</span></span>, +1859. 374 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Pages 48-56 give a character sketch of Jesse Walker and an idea of the +character of the men to whom he preached in Illinois in 1807. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Swayne, Wager.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Ordinance of 1787; and the War of +1861. An Address delivered before the N. Y. Commandery of the +Military Order of the Loyal Legion. New York: C. G. Burgoyne</span></span>, +[c. 1893]. 90 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Contains interesting notes on George Rogers Clark and on slavery in Illinois. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Thomson, John Lewis.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Historical Sketches of the late War +between the United States and Great Britain. Philadelphia: Thos. +Desilver</span></span>, 1816. 359 pp. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">5th ed.</span></span>, 1818. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Contains one of the earliest accounts of the massacre at Fort Dearborn, +August 15, 1812. The account is short, but tolerably correct. The work +was reprinted in 1887 [Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co.], with a short +account of the war with Mexico added. 656 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Thompson, Zadock.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">History of the State of Vermont, from its +earliest Settlement to the Close of the Year 1832. Burlington: +Edward Smith</span></span>, 1833. 12mo. 252 pp. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Reprinted with natural +Hist. of Vt. and Gazetteer of Vt. Burlington: Zadock Thompson</span></span>, +1853. 8vo. 224+224+200+63 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Describes the cold season of 1816-17. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page254">[pg 254]</span><a name="Pg254" id="Pg254" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Thwaites, Reuben Gold.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Early Lead-mining in Illinois and +Wisconsin.</span></span> Pages 191-196 of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Am. Hist. Ass'n. Rep't.</span></span>, 1893. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Washington: Government Printing Office</span></span>, 1894. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Contains several interesting statements concerning the early history of the +Galena region. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tucker, George</span></span>. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Progress of the United States in Population +and Wealth in fifty Years, as exhibited by the decennial Census. +Boston: Little & Brown, 1843.</span></span> 12mo. 211 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The fifty years were 1790-1840. Very useful for material concerning the +relative growth of different sections of the country. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Turner, Frederick Jackson.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Middle West, The.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">International +Monthly</span></span>, IV., 794-820 (1901). +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The article has a few suggestions that are of value for our period. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +—— <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Significance of the Frontier in American +History.</span></span> Pages 199-227 of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rep't. of Am. Hist. Ass'n., 1893</span></span>. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Contains a valuable characterization of the French as colonizers. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Varney, George Jones.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A brief History of Maine. Portland, +Me.: McLellan, Mosher & Co., 1888.</span></span> 336 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Tells of the intense cold of 1816-17 and of the great Western exodus. A +<span class="tei tei-q">“Young People's History.”</span> Popular. Without references. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Walker, Edwin Sawyer.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">History of the Springfield (Illinois) +Baptist Association. Springfield, Ill.: H. W. Rokker, 1881.</span></span> 140 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Tells of the organization of the United Baptist Church, of Springfield, on +July 17, 1830, with eight members. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Wallace, Joseph.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The History of Illinois and Louisiana +under the French Rule, embracing a general View of the French +Dominion in North America, with some Account of the English +Occupation of Illinois. Cincinnati: Robert Clarke & Co., 1893.</span></span> +vi. + 433 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Contains a great deal of material. Usually, though not always, correct. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Warden, David Baillie.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A statistical, political and historical +Account of the U. S. of N. A.; from the period of their first Colonization +to the present Day. Edinburgh: Archibald Constable & +Co., 1819.</span></span> 3 vols. 16mo. I., lxiv. + 552; II., 571; III., 588 pp. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page255">[pg 255]</span><a name="Pg255" id="Pg255" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Pages 43-65 of Volume III. deal with Illinois exclusively. At the close +of the chapter the author gives a bibliography for Illinois—five titles and two +maps. A useful book. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Wentworth</span></span>, Hon. +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">John.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Early Chicago. Two Lectures +delivered April 11, 1875, and May 7, 1876, respectively.</span></span> 48 and +56 pp. Nos. 8 and 7 of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fergus historical Series. Chicago: Fergus +Printing Co., 1876.</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The critical supplemental notes are of especial interest. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">West, Mary Allen.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A MS. Letter in the Illinois State Historical +Library.</span></span> +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Tells the story of the coming of James Moore and his party from Virginia +in 1781. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Western monthly Magazine. Conducted by James Hall. Cincinnati</span></span>, +I., 73-83. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">See</span></span> Peck, Rev. John Mason. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">White, Emma Siggins.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Genealogy of the Descendants of John +Walker of Wigton, Scotland, with Records and some fragmentary +Notes pertaining to the History of Virginia, 1600-1902. Tiernan-Dart +Printing Co., 1902.</span></span> xxx. + 722 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Valuable. Has original letters from Western emigrants. Suggests the +great influx of people into Illinois in the third decade of the 19th century. +Gives a good idea of the westward drift of population in the United States. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Whiton, John Milton.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sketches of the History of New-Hampshire, +from its Settlement in 1623 to 1833. Concord: Marsh, +Capen & Lyon, 1834.</span></span> 222 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Describes the great cold of 1816 and the great emigration to the West. +An unimportant work, confessedly popular, and without references. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Wilbur, La Fayette.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Early History of Vermont. Jericho, +Vt.: Roscoe Printing House, 1899-1903.</span></span> 4 vols. I., 362; II., +419; III., 397; IV., 463 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Pages 162-3 of Volume III. tell of the unusual cold of 1816-17 and +quote Governor Galusha's reference to the impending famine. No references +are given. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Williams, George Washington.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">History of the Negro Race +in America from 1619-1880. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, +1882.</span></span> 2 vols. I., X. + 481; II., 611 pp. The two volumes are +also issued as one. +</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page256">[pg 256]</span><a name="Pg256" id="Pg256" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Gives some statistics concerning slaves in Illinois and notes on Illinois +slavery legislation. The author was a negro. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Williamson, William Durkee.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The History of the State of +Maine: from its first Discovery, A. D. 1602, to the Separation, +A. D. 1820. inclusive. Hallowell: Glazier, Masters & Co.</span></span>, 1832. +2 vols. I., iv. + 696; II., 729 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Tells of the unusual cold of 1816-17 and of the great movement toward +the West. Strong in citation of authorities. Much above the average of +State histories of its time. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Wilson, Henry.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">History of the Rise and Fall of the slave +Power in America. Boston: James R. Osgood & Co.</span></span>, 1872-7. +3 vols. I., vii. + 670; II., 720: III., 774 pp. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Houghton.</span></span> 3 vols. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Valuable material on slavery in Illinois. A strong work. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Winsor, Justin.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The westward Movement: the Colonies and +the Republic west of the Alleghanies, 1673-98; with full cartographical +Illustrations from contemporary Sources. Boston: Houghton, +Mifflin & Co.</span></span>, 1897. 595 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Criticism: <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Am. Hist. Rev.</span></span>, III., 556. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Withers, Alexander Scott.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Chronicles of border Warfare, +or A History of the Settlement by the Whites, of North-western +Virginia: and of the Indian Wars and Massacres, in that Section +of the State. Clarksburg, Va.: Joseph Israel</span></span>, 1831. 319+iv. pp. +Very rare. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Same. New ed., edited and annotated by Reuben Gold +Thwaites. Cincinnati: Clarke</span></span>, 1895. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A few references are to events in Illinois. +Criticism: <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Am. Hist. Rev.</span></span>, +I., 170. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Young, William T.</span></span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Life and public Services of General Lewis +Cass. 2d ed. Detroit: Markham & Elwood</span></span>, 1852. 420 pp. +</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Tells of Gen. Cass' expedition to Illinois during the trouble with the Sauk +Indians in 1827. +</p> + +</div> + +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page257">[pg 257]</span><a name="Pg257" id="Pg257" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc41" id="toc41"></a> +<a name="pdf42" id="pdf42"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Index.</span></h1> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">A</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Aboite river, 35.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Act creating Illinois county, 9, 15.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Act enabling Illinois to form a state government, 115.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Agricultural Society, formed, 168.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Agriculture, 130, 165. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">See also</span></span> Farming, Fruits, etc.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Albemarle county, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Va.</span></span>, 153, 154.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Alton, founding of, 196, 204;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">land donations for church and school, 142.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Alvord, Clarence W., 5.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">American Bottom, 130, 134, 157; map, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">in pocket</span></span>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">American Fur Company, 157, 158.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">American House, Springfield, 207.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Anarchy in Illinois, 40 <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">ended, 69.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Ancient Free and Accepted Masons, founded, 194.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Anderson, Robert, mention, 207.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Antanya, Michael, 67.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Anti slavery agitation. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">See under</span></span> Slavery.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Anti slavery Society, Morgan Co., 183.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Arkansas Post, 63.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Arks, 125, 126;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">price of, 161.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">See also</span></span> Flat-boats.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Assenisipia, mention, 46.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Augusta county, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Va.</span></span>, 15.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Austin, Moses, 196.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">B</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Bagargon, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Mr.</span></span>, elected magistrate, 61.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Baker, David J., 145.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Baltimore, 123, 160, 161.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Bandits, 155.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Bank of Cairo, 114.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Bank of Edwardsville, 207.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Bank of Mt. Carmel, 199.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Baptists, organized, 172;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">found Shurtleff college, 174;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">divided on slavery, 175.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Barbour, Philip, mention, 40.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Barges, 94, 129, 160.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Barter, 130. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">See also under</span></span> Money.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Bates, Edward, 204.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Batteaux, 94.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Baynton, Wharton and Morgan, trading firm, 10.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Bears, 14, 173.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Beauchamp, William, 197, 198.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Beef, cost of, 164.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Bellefontaine, 51.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Bellevue, Iowa, terrorized by mob, 208.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Bentley, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Capt.</span></span>, 26.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Biddle, Nicholas, mention, 209.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Biggs, William, leg. coun., 113.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Birds, 14.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Birkbeck, Morris, founds English settlement, 124;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">method of fencing, 165.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Birkbeck's Settlement. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">See</span></span> English Settlement, The.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Black Hawk, 81.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Black Hawk War, 146;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">mention, 207.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Black Laws,”</span> 176, 186.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Blue Laws,”</span> of Mt. Carmel, 200.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Blue Point, 157.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Bond, Shadrach, delegate to Congress, 113;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">governor of Illinois, 145, 208.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Books, 132.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Bosseron, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Maj.</span></span> F., 18, 24.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Bountylands. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">See</span></span> Military bounty lands.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Brady, ——, 38.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Brandy, price of, 97.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Brashears, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Capt.</span></span>, mention, 26.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Brick houses, 131.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Bridges, 114.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">British at Michilimackinac attempt to divert Indian trade, 69;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">expeditions against Illinois settlers, 31-39, 107.</div> +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page258">[pg 258]</span><a name="Pg258" id="Pg258" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">British Michilimackinac Company, 49.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Buffalo, 14.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Building, cost of, 168.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Burr, Aaron, mention, 203.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Butter, price of, 164.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">C</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Cahokia, attacked by British and Indians, 33;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">bounty lands, 57;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">commons, 72;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">court, 17;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">distress at, 25;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">population, 12.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Cahokia Indians, 53.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Cairo, Bank of, 114;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">dykes at, 114.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Calhoun, original name of Springfield, 207.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Calico, price of, 130.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Calvé, ——, trader, 33.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Canadian French settlers, 19.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Canal route ceded, 110.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Carbonneaux, Francis, 42-46.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Carlyle, eastern limit of frontier, 107;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">salt discovered, 18, 23, 171.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Carolinas, The, settlers from, 91.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Carondelet, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Baron</span></span> de, orders expulsion of Americans from Ft. Massac, 73.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Cartwright, Peter, journey to Baltimore, 1816, 123;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">personal traits, 191, 192;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">purchases land, 139;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">reasons for moving to Illinois, 166;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">representative from Sangamon Co., 191.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Cass, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Gov.</span></span> Lewis, averts Indian war, 135;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">protects Galena, 150.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Catholicism, slow increase of, 175.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Cattle, allowed to run at large, 20;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">raising of, 130.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">See also</span></span> Live-stock.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Census of 1801, 88.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Cessions of land, by Indians, 44, 79-81, maps, 72, 104, 136;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">by individuals, 10, 24, 71, 196;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">by Virginia to United States, 45, 46;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">congressional, 57, 70, 72, 79.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Charleston, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Va.</span></span>, emigration from to Illinois, 190.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Chicago, in 1830, 190;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">massacre at, 109;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">platted, 142;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">post-office, 151;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">route to, 152;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">valuable port, 116.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Chicago Historical Society, 5, 11.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Chicago river, Indians cede tract six miles square at, 79.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Chickasaws, allies of Spain, 73.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Chippewa Indians, 134.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Cincinnati, trip from to Illinois, 1823, 154.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Clark, George Rogers, 14, 40, 45 <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">land granted to, 46;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">seizes Spanish goods, 54.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Clay, Henry, mention, 210.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Clergy, 174, 175, 196.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Climate, 95.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Clinton, De Witt, mention, 203.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Coal, in Illinois, 14, 131, 142, 165.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Cobbett, William, 160.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Coffee, price of, 130.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Coles, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Gov.</span></span> Edward, character, 210;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">emancipates slaves, 209;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">governor, 145, 208;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">message against slavery, 183;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">special envoy to Russia, 209;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">urges law to prevent kidnapping, 182.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">College township, reserved by Ordinance of 1787, 101, 102.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Colleges, McKendree, 174;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Shurtleff, 174.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Collot, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Gen.</span></span> [George Henry] Victor, <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Journey in N. A.,”</span> 14, etc.;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Map of the Country of the Illinois, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">in pocket</span></span>.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Commerce in territorial period, 95, 96, 129.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Committee of Workingmen of Wheeling, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Va.</span></span>, 144.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Commodities, prices of, 49, 59, 130, 164.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Commons, Cahokia, 72.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Congress, delegate of N. W. Territory in, 76. 77;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">donates land, 142;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">early Illinoisians in, 146;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">memorialized:—by Galena, 150;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">by Illinois, 87, 100, 101, 138;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">petitioned, 53, 74, 75, 77, 78, 81, 86, 88.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Constitution of Illinois, provisions of, 117.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Constitutional Convention, 1824, 182, 183;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">votes for and against, chart of, 184.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Cook, Daniel P., non-resident proprietor of Springfield, 205;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">representative in Congress, 145.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Corn, price of, 96, 164.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Cotton, production of, in United States 122, 129;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">raised in Illinois, 167, 168.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Counterfeiting, penalty for, 148.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Counties in Illinois, 1824, list of, 183.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Courts, 15, 17, 60, 62.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">See also</span></span> under Illinois, Kaskaskia, Vincennes.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Cox, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Col.</span></span> Thomas, joint owner of Springfield, 206-208.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Crawford, William Henry, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Secretary of +</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page259">[pg 259]</span><a name="Pg259" id="Pg259" class="tei tei-anchor" style="text-align: left"></a><span style="font-style: italic"> +War</span></span>, announces land policy, 109.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Crockett, David, mention, 205.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Croghan, George, description of Vincennes, 13.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Cruzat, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Spanish Commandant at St. Louis</span></span>, 39.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Cumberland Presbyterians, 143.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">D</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Dalton, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Capt.</span></span>, 34;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">elected magistrate, 61.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Dartmouth College, mention, 206.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Davis, Jefferson, mention, 207.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Deane, Silas, mention, 34.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Debtors, imprisonment of, 147.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Deer, 14.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Demoulin, Dumoulin, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">or</span></span> De Moulin, John, 74.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Demunbrunt, Demunbrun, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">or</span></span> De Munbrun, Thimothé, 22, 41.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Detroit, land office at, 80;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">mention, 190;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">threatened by de la Balme, 35, 36.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Dickinson College, mention, 210.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Dixon's ferry. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">See</span></span> Ogee's ferry.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Dodge, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Capt.</span></span> John, 22-23, 26-27, 67.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Ducharme, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">trader</span></span>, 33.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Ducoigne, ——, 68.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Duncan, Joseph, 145.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">E</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Easton, Joseph, emigrant from England, 1633, 203.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Easton, Rufus, founder of Alton, 203;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">political career, 204.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Edgar, John, career of, 174, 193, 194;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">correspondence concerning anarchy in Illinois, 67;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">land holdings of, 10, 101;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">letter to St. Clair, 85.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Edwards, Ninian, appointed governor of Illinois Territory, 111, 113, 145;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">in War of 1812, 107, 108;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">message of 1828, 149;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">on prices of public lands, 138;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">political career of, 210;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">wages offered by, 130.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Edwards county, Birkbeck's settlement in. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">See</span></span> English Settlement.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Edwardsville, Bank of, 207;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">public lands at, 105, 137.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Ellery, Abm. R., mention, 203.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Emancipation. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">See under</span></span> Slavery.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Emigration and immigration, 127, 176 <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq</span></span>.;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">causes of:—from New England, 120,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">from the South, 121, 189;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">cost of, 124;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">food supply for emigrants, 119, 133;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">increase, 180;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">opposition to immigration, 91.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">English Settlement, The, 124, 157, 161, 169;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">cost of transportation to, 100;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">ships produce to New Orleans 154.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">See also</span></span> Birkbeck, Morris; <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">also</span></span> Flower, George.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Enos, Pascal Paoli, joint proprietor of Springfield, 205, 206.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Enos, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Maj.-Gen.</span></span> Roger, 206.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Ernst, Ferdinand, mention, 167.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Extinguishment of Indian land titles, 77, 79, 81, 109, 144, 146.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">F</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Falls of Ohio, 30, 64, 65, 160, 162.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">See also</span></span> Ft. Harmar;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">also</span></span> Shipping-port.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Farming methods 168.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Federal Government owns land, 158.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Fencing, 165 n., 169.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Ferguson, Thomas, leg. coun., 13.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Ferries, 83, 114, 152.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Fever, 95.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">See also under</span></span> Health.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Fever river, 134;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">lead mines at, 150.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Financial panic, 1819, 188-189.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Fisher, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Dr.</span></span> George, rep., 113.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Fisher, Myers, mention, 195.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Flat-boats, 94, 124, 125, 129, 154, 160.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">See also</span></span> Arks.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Flax, 129.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Florida, Province of, 71.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Flour, price of, 49, 50, 94, 163, 164.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Flour-mills, 167;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">built by John Edgar, 193.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Flower, George, 124.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">See also</span></span> English Settlement.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Food, scarcity, 21-23, 25, 28, 30;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">supply of, 133.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">See also under</span></span> names of food products.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Fort Chartres, cannon from, 108;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">inhabitants, 12.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Fort Dearborn, massacre at, 109;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">mention, 190.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Fort Edwards, terminus of mail route, 151.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Fort Harmar, 64.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Fort Jefferson, 24, 25, 30.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Fort La Motte, mention, 107.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Fort Massac, 73, 79, 95, 107.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Fort Nelson, mention, 32.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Fort Russell, established, 108.</div> +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page260">[pg 260]</span><a name="Pg260" id="Pg260" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Fort Stanwix, mention, 56.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Fort Wayne, Treaty of, 79.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Fox Indians, 33, 81.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Fox river, first flour-mill on, 167.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Franklin, Benjamin, mention, 34, 195.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Fredonian</span></span>, mention, 197.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Free masons, organized, 194</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Freehold qualifications, 77, 112, 113.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Freeholders, housekeepers privileged as, 147.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Freight charges, 94, 124, 160 <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">French, Augustus C., 145.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">French settlers, attitude toward Americans, 47-49;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">land holdings 13, 18, 99;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">misled by La Balme, 34;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">offered free land by Spanish, 55;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">priests, emigrate from Illinois co., 68;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">towns, character of, 11.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">French-Swiss from Lord Selkirk's colony reach Galena, 172.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Frontier, The, 48, 91, 100, 147, 206;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Carlyle eastern limit of, 107.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Frontiersman, analysis of character of, 191, 201, 202.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Fruit, 129, 133, 168.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Fuel, scarcity of, 131.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Fulton county separated from Madison, 188.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Fur trade, 96.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">See also</span></span> American Fur Company.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Furs, 130.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">G</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Gage, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Gen.</span></span> Thomas, 10.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Galena, 150-53; lead-mining, 172.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Gallatin county, saline, 170;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">slaves in, 180.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Game, 14, 51, 132.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Gamelin, Antoine, clerk of District Court, Post Vincennes, 60.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">George, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Capt.</span></span> Robert, mention, 40.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Germain, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Lord</span></span> George, mention, 32.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Gibault, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Father</span></span> Pierre, mention, 68.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Governor and judges, 58, 62.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Grammar, John, rep., 113.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Grand Ruisseau, 52.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Granger, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Postmaster-General</span></span> Gideon, mention, 203.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Gratiot, Charles, 39.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Great Britain, King's proclamation, 1763, 10.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Great Western Road, 157.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Greene county, separated from Madison, 188.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Greenville, Treaty of, 79.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">H</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Hamilton, Alexander, 138;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">mention, 91.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Hamilton, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Gen.</span></span>, leads British against Vincennes, 15.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Hampden Sidney College, mention, 209.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Hamtramck, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Maj.</span></span> John F., at Kaskaskia, 53;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">petitioned for troops, 65.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Hancock, John, mention, 34.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Harmar, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Gen.</span></span> Josiah, 50; advice to French, 52;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">expedition from Vincennes to Kaskaskia, 51;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">on emigration from Illinois, 64;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">refuses request for troops, 69.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Harrison, Benjamin, 40;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">receives petition for General Assembly, 85.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Health, 27, 91, 95.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Henry, Mr., elected magistrate, 61.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Henry, Patrick, 209;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">instructions concerning Illinois County, 9.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Hinde, Thomas S., career in Illinois, 196, 197;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">description of Peter Cartwright, 192.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Hog raising, 14, 20.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Hogs, 144.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Honey, 129, 130, 133.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Hooker, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Rev.</span></span> Thomas, founder of Hartford, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Conn.</span></span>, 203.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Horse stealing, 65, 67, 69.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Hubbard, Adolphus Frederick, 210.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Hubbard, Gurdon Saltonstall, agent American Fur Company, 157.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Hubbard's Trail, extent of, 157.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Hunting, as occupation, 132.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Huron (Ouisconsin or Wisconsin) Territory, claims Galena, 150.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">I</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Iles, Elijah, career of, 205, 206.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Iles, Elizabeth Crockett, mention, 205.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Illinois:—</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Country</span></span>, British in, 10 <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">climate, 14, 95;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Collot's description of, 14;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">map, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">in pocket</span></span>:</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">conditions in 1787, 50, 51;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">development, 97, 98;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">enters second grade of territorial government, 85, 86;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">French population, 10, 12, 13, 30;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">French settlers offered free land by Spanish, 55;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">game in, 14, 51;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">governor and judges, 58;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Indian owners of, 10 <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et +</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page261">[pg 261]</span><a name="Pg261" id="Pg261" class="tei tei-anchor" style="text-align: left"></a><span style="font-style: italic"> +seq.</span></span>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">inhabitants of, 12, 13;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">immigration to, 91, 92;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">labor conditions in, 96, 97;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">population in 1767, 1772, 1788, 70;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">in 1790, 1800, 1810; 91, 97;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">racial conflicts in, 54, 55;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">rivers of, 92, 94;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">roads, 13, 14, 93, 94, 131;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">separation from Indiana, 85 <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">squatters in, 71.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">County</span></span> (1778-1783), Act creating, 9, 15;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Act renewed, 25;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Act dissolved, 31;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">anarchy, 40 <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">anomalous position, 18;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">bankrupt, 40;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">civil organization, 15;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">condition in 1780, 25, 26;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">courts, 15;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">extent of, 9, 10;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">French inhabitants dissatisfied, 30;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">hardships in early period, 21, 22;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">judges, election of, 17;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">military and civil authorities conflict, 25-27;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">military operations, 19, 22-24, 32-39;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">money scarce, 21;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Spanish claims, 38.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Territory</span></span>, books in, 132;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">boundaries, 90;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">cattle raising, 130;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">commerce in, 96, 129;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">delegates in Congress, 113;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">election of officials, 112;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">enters second grade of territorial government, 112;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">extent, 89;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">formed, 89-90;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">governor and judges, 111, 113;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">immigration to, 120, 121, 124, 126, 132;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Indian troubles in, 106 <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">internal improvements proposed, 114;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">internal revenue, 1814, 128;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">judges for, 111;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">land office authorized, 103;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">land policy, 111;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">laws, 111, 112, 114;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">legislature, 100, 113;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">legislature southern in nativity, 112 n., 113;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">manufactures, 1810, 128, 129;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">newspapers in, 132;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">petitions for state government, 115;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">physical features, 86;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">population, 1810, 91;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">post-roads, 131;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">productions, 129 <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>, 133;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">qualifications for representative, 113;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">slavery, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">see</span></span> general alphabet;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">suffrage in, 112;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">taxes, 133;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">transportation, 114, 129, 130.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">State</span></span>, admission proposed, 115, opposed, 118;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">agriculture in 1820, 165;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Black Laws,”</span> 176, 186;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">boundary, eastern, 90, northern, 115;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">cattle raising, 130;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">cessions of Indian lands, 134, 135;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">coal in, 14, 142, 165;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">constitution completed, 117;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">cost of living in, 130;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">counties, list of, 183;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">debtors, 147;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">election in 1822, 181;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">election laws, 1826, 148;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">emigration, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">see</span></span> General alphabet;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Enabling Act of 1818, 115;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">food supplies, 133;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">government southern in character, 145;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">governors, list of, 145;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">House of Representatives, mention, 185;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">in Congress, 118, 146;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Indian agents, 134;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Indian land claims, 134, 135;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Indian traders, 134;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Indian wars, 146, 207;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">internal revenue, 128;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">judicial circuit, 173;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">land, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">see</span></span> general alphabet;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">laws, southern influence on, 186;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">manners and customs, 128 <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>, 165;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">manufactures, 128;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">money, substitutes for, 130;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">New Englanders in, 146;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">newspapers, 132;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">northern boundary changed, 115;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">population required for admission, 116, 117;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">postal facilities in, 151, 158, 159;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">products of, 129, 167 <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">public lands, 136;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">salt springs legislation, 101;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">school tax, 148;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">senators and representatives, 145;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">settlement typical, 5;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">slavery, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">see</span></span> general alphabet;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">southern influence in, 183, 184, 186;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">taxation, 1828, compared with that of Kentucky, 149, 150;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">transportation, cost of, 150; facilities, 124, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">see also</span></span> general alphabet;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">treasury receipts 149;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">squatter population, 148;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">voting in 1820, 148.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Illinois and Michigan Canal, estimated cost of transportation by, 141;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">route ceded, 110;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">mention, 115.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Illinois Company, holdings of, 10, 44.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Illinois Herald, 132.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Illinois Intelligencer, 132, 140.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Illinois Land Company, 10 <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Illinois river settlements, 134.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Illinois Navigation Company, 114, 115.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Illiteracy of French inhabitants, 13.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Immigration. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">See with</span></span> Emigration.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Indentured servitude, 117, 176 <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Indian agents, 134.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Indians, 11, 12;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">employed by British, 32;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">land cessions, maps: 1705-1801, 72;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">1809-1818, 104;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">1818-1830, 136;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">reservations, 134, 135;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">titles to land extinguished, 77, 79, 81, 109, 144, 146;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">traders, 134;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">tribes: Cahokias, 52;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Chickasaws, 73;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Chippewas, 134;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Foxes, 33, 81;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Kaskaskias, 12;</div> +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page262">[pg 262]</span><a name="Pg262" id="Pg262" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Kickapoos, 110;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Menominees, 134;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Mitchas, 52;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Mitchigamias, 12;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Ottawas, 135;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Ouias, 29;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Peorias, 12, 52;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Piankashaws, 81;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Potawatomies, 134;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Sauks, 33, 81;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Sioux, 31;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Tamarois, 110;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Winnebagoes, 135.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Indiana, population, 91, 181;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">route to, from North Carolina, 156;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">slavery, 185.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Indiana Territory, divided, 81, 88, 89;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">formed, 84.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">J</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Jacksonville, 156;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">English emigrants at, 189.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Jarrott's mill, 167.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Jefferson, Thomas, mention, 203, 204.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Johnson, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Capt.</span></span> elected magistrate, 61.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Johnson, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Col.</span></span> R. M., 163.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Jones, John Rice, career of, 195, 196;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">death, 196;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">mention, 68;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">with Clark, 54.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Jones, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Rev.</span></span> William, rep., 113.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Judges, election of, 17, 58, 111.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Judy, Samuel, leg. coun., 113.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Jurors paid, 58.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Jury, trial by, 60.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Justices of the peace, not paid, 23.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">K</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Kane, Elias K., 145.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Kaskaskia, bounty lands, 57;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">court, 17, 19;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">judicial district of, 44;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">land office at, 103, 136, 137, 138, 143.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Kaskaskia Indians, 12.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Keel-boats, 125, 129;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">rates, 161.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Kenton, Simon, 179.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Kentucky, emigration to Illinois, 189;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">journey from, to Illinois, 1819, 155;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">mention, 21, 24, 32, 33, 189;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">population, 1790, 1800, 1810, 91, 93;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">1820, 181.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Kentucky boats, 93, 94.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Kentucky Gazette</span></span>, 189.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Kickapoo Indians, 110.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Kidnapping of negroes, 186.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">King's proclamation, 1763, 10.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Knox county, 75 n., 86.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Kohos (Cahokia), mention, 27.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">L</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">La Balme, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Col.</span></span> Augustin Mottin de, career of, 33 <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Labor questions, 96, 97, 99, 130, 169.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Lafayette, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Marquis</span></span> de, entertained by John Edgar, 193;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">mention, 209.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Lake Michigan, advantages to Illinois of port on, 115, 116.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Land, Act of 1791, 72; canal, 141, 142;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">cessions by Indian tribes, 72, 104, 110, 136;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">cession by Virginia to U. S., 45, 46;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">church and school, 141, 142;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">classified for taxation, 84;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">cultivation of, 166;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">fertility of, 14, 165;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">form of holdings, 13, 38;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">French deeds to, 13;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">government entry of, 130;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Kickapoo cession of, 1819, 134;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">military, 100;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">owned by Federal Government, 158;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">prices, 57, 80, 88, 92, 103-5, 136-8, 143;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">rental of, 166;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Spanish donate to French, 55;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">tavern sites, 75;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">taxes on, 130;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">unoccupied in Kentucky, Ohio and Indiana, 98.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">See also</span></span> Public lands.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Land-claims, 10;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">in Illinois, 140.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Land-companies, 10, 11.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Land-frauds, referred to Congress, 99, 100.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Land-grants, investigated, 57.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Land-holders, non-resident, mention, 140, 145.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Land-offices 80;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">in Illinois, 44 <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>, 103.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Land-titles, insecure, 51, 71;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">King's proclamation, 1763, 10.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Laws: <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Black Laws,”</span> 176, 186;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Blue Laws,”</span> 200;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">territorial, 111-14.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">La Valiniere, Pierre Huet de, mention, 68.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Lead, output of, 1823-1827, 151.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Lead region, rush to, 1826, 172.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Le Dru, removes to St. Louis, 68;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">signs petition, 66.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Le Grand, signature on land grant, 45.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Legras, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Col.</span></span> P., at Vincennes, 18.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Limestone beds at Alton, 204.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Lincoln, Abraham, in Black Hawk War, 207.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Linctot, 38 n., 39 n.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Live-stock, 27, 83, 169. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">See also</span></span> Cattle.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Log canoes, 93.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Log houses, cost of, 168.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Long Prairie, 74.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Louis XVIII. of France, mention, 209.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Louisiana, emigration to, 86;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">province of, 91.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Louisiana Gazette</span></span>, report of steamboat speed, 162.</div> +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page263">[pg 263]</span><a name="Pg263" id="Pg263" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Luzerne, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Chevalier</span></span>, 30, 36.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Lyon, Matthew, on price of lands, 88.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">M</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">McCarty, Richard, 19, 20, 26, 27;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">killed, 29.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">McDowell, William, 196.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">McIlvaine, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Miss</span></span> Caroline M., 5.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">McKendree College, opened by Methodists in 1828, 174.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">McLean, John, 145.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">McMaster, John Bach, 5.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Madison, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Governor of Kentucky</span></span>, 197.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Madison, James, mention, 209.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Madison, John, 196.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Madison county, population 1820, 1824, 1825, 132, 188.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Magistrates, 59 <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>, 67.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Mail routes 1825-1830, 158, 159.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Malaria, 91, 95.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Manufactures, 128, 129.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Maple sugar, 129.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Marietta, O., 71.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Marriage, mixed, 51;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">without priest, 12.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Mary of the Incarnation, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Mother</span></span>, 11.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Maryland, settlers from, 91.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Mason and Dixon's line, 179.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Massachusetts, emigration to Illinois, 189.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Mechanics' lien, 149.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Menard, Pierre, leg. coun., 113, 208;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Lt.-Gov., 145.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Menominee Indians, 134.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Methodist Episcopal Church, 174;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">mention, 191.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Meurin, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Father</span></span>, mention, 12.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Michigan, legislature meets in summer, 152.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Michilimackinac, British at, 32, 39, 46, 47, 69.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Miliet, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Mr.</span></span>, elected magistrate, 61.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Military bounty lands, 57.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Military organization, etc. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">See under</span></span> Illinois.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Military Tract, land in, sold for taxes, 140.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Mills, 83, 167.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Miro, Estevan, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Governor of Louisiana and Florida</span></span>, proclamation of, 63, 71.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Mississippi river, navigation of, 21;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">settlement on hindered, 88.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Missouri, population, 82, 181;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">slavery in, 179, 180.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Missouri Compromise, 178.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Mitchigamia Indians, 12, 52.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Money, scarcity, 21, 22.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Monroe, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">President</span></span> James, letter to Jefferson, 97;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">mention, 209.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Montgomery, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Lieut.-Col.</span></span> John, 15 <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Morals. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">See</span></span> Public morals.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Morgan, ——, member of trading company, 10.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Morgan, George, agent of Indiana Company, 56;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">land frauds, 56, 57.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Morgan county, anti-slavery society, 183;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">freehold rights to housekeepers, 147;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">separated from Madison, 188.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Morrison, William, landholdings of, 74, 100, 101.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Mount Carmel, Bank of, 199;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">donation of land for church and schools, 142;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">founding of, 196, 198;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">incorporation, 200.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Murray, Edward, 23.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Murray, William, mention, 10.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">N</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Negroes, 12, 64;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">punishment of, 179.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">See also</span></span> Slavery.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">New Design, founded. 91, 92, 95;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">mention, 83.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">New England, immigrants from, 146.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">New Jersey Land Company, 11.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">New Madrid (L'Anse a la Graisse), 63 <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">New Orleans, flour market, 193;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">mention, 26.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">New Orleans boats, 93, 94.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Newspapers:—</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Illinois Herald</span></span>, 132;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Illinois Intelligencer</span></span>, 132, 140;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Kentucky Gazette</span></span>, 189;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Louisiana Gazette</span></span>, 162;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Shawnee Chief</span></span>, 132;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Western Intelligencer</span></span>, 132.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Non-resident landholders, 140, 145.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">North Carolina, route from, to Indiana, 156.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Northwest Territory, bounties in, 84;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">congressional delegate seated, 76;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">divided, 76, 84, 85;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">enters second degree, 75;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">first sale of public land in, 75;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">judges, 62;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">laws, 83, 84;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">magistrates, 61;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">mention, 58;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">taxation, 83.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">O</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Ogee's (Dixon's) ferry, 152.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Oglesby, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Rev.</span></span> Joshua, rep., 113.</div> +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page264">[pg 264]</span><a name="Pg264" id="Pg264" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Ohio, emigration to, 76, 190;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">population, 91, 181;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">public land sale, 144.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Ohio Company, 71.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Ohio river, boundary of Illinois, 10;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">settlers, 88;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">settlers northwest of, 18, 19.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Ordinance of 1784, 46.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Ordinance of 1787, 40;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">amendments to, 115, 116;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">anti-slavery article, 176 <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">college township reserved by, 101;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">effect on Illinois country, 54, 55;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">violation of, 87.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Ottawa Indians, 135.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Ouia, town, 30.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Ouia (Wea) Indians, 29.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Ouisconsin (Wisconsin) Territory, Galena claimed by, 150.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">P</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Paget, M., mill built by, 193.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Palestine, sale of public lands at, 137.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Parker, Joseph, of Kaskaskia, 53, 54.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Peck, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Rev.</span></span> John M., Baptist minister, 124, 125, 192.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Peltry, debts paid in, 21, 43, 60.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Peoria, Indian agent at, 134;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">mention, 79.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Peoria Indians, 12.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Philips, Joseph, territorial secretary, 113.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Piankashaw Indians, 81.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Pierre, Eugenio, 38.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Pike county, separated from Madison, 188.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Pioneer clergy, 191 <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Pirogues, 93, 94, 160.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Plums, at Smith's Prairie, 129.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Pollock, Oliver, 40.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Polypotamia, mention, 46.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Pope, Nathaniel, and the northern boundary, 115, 116;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">delegate in Congress, 113.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Population, 1788, 70;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">1785-1799, 82;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">1801, 88;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">1790-1810, 91;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">1818, 116;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">1812, 113;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">1820-1840, 187, 188;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">French, 1766-1777, 12.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Post routes. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">See</span></span> Mail routes.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Post Vincennes, court regulations for, 59, 135.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">See also</span></span> Vincennes.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Potatoes, price, 97, 164.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Potawatomie Indians, 134.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Prairie du Chien, inhabitants, 1801, 88.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Prairie du Rocher, bounty lands, 57;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">inhabitants, 1766-1777, 12;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">1801, 88.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Prairies, 83, 86, 97, 109, 131, 156;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">fertility of, 165 <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">settlement, 130, 131.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Preëmption rights, 72, 75, 77, 78, 100, 102, 111, 113, 139, 144, 152;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">in various states, 102 <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Presbyterians, at Galena, 175;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Cumberland Presbyterians, 143.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Prices of commodities, 49, 59, 97, 130, 131, 164;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of land, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">see under</span></span> Land.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Priests, French, emigrate from Illinois, 68.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Pro-slavery agitation. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">See under</span></span> Slavery.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Provisions, scarcity of, 21-23, 25, 28.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Public lands, donated for schools and internal improvements, 142;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">price of in various states, 103, 104, 105;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">proceeds of sales applied to roads and schools, 116;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">receipts from sale of, 143;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">sales in Illinois, 77, 81, 105, 106, 137, 143;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">sales in other states, 103, 104, 144;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">tax regulations of, up to 1818, 130.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Public morals, 28, 29.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Publications. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">See</span></span> Books, Newspapers.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Q</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Quebec, Bishop of, pastoral letter, 1767, 12.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">R</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Randolphs, The, mention, 209.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Randolph county, formed, 75 n., 83;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">slaves in, 180.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Rangers, volunteer for guard service, 108, 109.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Regulators of the Valley, 147.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Religious denominations, 172 <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Reynolds, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Gov.</span></span> John, 145, 196.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Richland Creek, settlement, 78.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">River craft, 93, 94, 126, 129.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Rivière du Chemin, fight at, 37.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Roads, 86, 116, 153 <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Illinois settlements to Galena, 151;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">repairs, 158;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Shawneetown to Birkbeck's settlement, 157;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">to Kaskaskia, Cahokia and St. Louis, 101, 102, 157;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Vandalia to Springfield, 157.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">See also under</span></span> Illinois; <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">also</span></span> Toll roads.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Rock river, 152.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Rock Spring Seminary (Shurtleff College) founded by Baptists in 1827, 174.</div> +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page265">[pg 265]</span><a name="Pg265" id="Pg265" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Rogers, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Capt.</span></span> ——, defense of, 28, 29.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Roosevelt, Theodore, <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Winning of the West,”</span> 9.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Rush, Benjamin, mention, 195.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">S</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">St. Clair, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Gov.</span></span> Arthur, 10, 64;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">at Kaskaskia, 69;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">establishes counties, 83;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">president of Congress, 54.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">St. Clair, James, 74.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">St. Clair, John Murray, 10, 193.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">St. Clair, William, 74.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">St. Clair county, divided, 83;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">formed, 75 n., 82.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">St. Josephs, expedition against, 37, 38.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">St. Louis, attacked by British, 33;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">population of, 1817, 132;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Treaty of, 1804, 81.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">St. Marie, Joseph, goods confiscated by Spanish, 63.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">St. Philips, inhabitants of, 12.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">St. Pierre, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Father</span></span>, leaves Cahokia, 68.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Ste. Geneviève, garrisoned by Spanish, 74.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Saline creek salt works, slave labor at, 117.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Saline river reservation, sale of, 142.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Saline spring in Gallatin county, 170, 171.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Salt, discovered at Carlyle, 1823, 171;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">legislation concerning, 101;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">prices of, 170 <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">works, New York, 153.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Sangamon county, emigration to, 1810-1825, 188;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">housekeepers as freeholders, 147;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">separated from Madison, 188.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Sauk Indians, 33, 81.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Schools, academic, funds given for, 199;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">common, established, 173;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">early, 173;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">land granted for, 116, 141, 142;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">teachers, 173, 174.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Scotch-Irish opposed to slavery, 92.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Selkirk, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Lord</span></span>, colony, 172.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Seminaries, location of, 174.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Servitude, indentured, 117, 176, 177, 179.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Shawnee Chief</span></span>, 132.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Shawneetown, description, 1817, 125-7;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">land-office at, 103;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">road to Kaskaskia, 101, 102, 157;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">sale of public lands, 105, 137.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Shipping, 93, 94, 125, 129.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Shippingport, Falls of Ohio, mention, 162.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Short, Jacob, rep., 113.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Shurtleff College (Rock Springs Seminary) founded by Baptists in 1827, 174.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Sickness. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">See under</span></span> Health.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Sioux Indians, 31, 32.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Skiffs, 93, 94.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Slave code, enacted in 1819, 179.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Slavery, 64, 65, 176 <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">abolition recommended by Coles, 185;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">anti-slavery article of Ordinance of 1787, 55, 177, 180;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Black Laws”</span> of Illinois, 176, 186;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">children of slaves, 177;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">constitutional provisions, 178;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">decrease of, 187;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">effect on settlement, 177;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">freeing of slaves, 64, 65, 177, 179;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">French slaveholders, 55, 176, 177;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">importation of slaves authorized, 87;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">increase, 180, 181;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">indentured servitude, 117, 176 <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">legalization, 176;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">number of slaves, 1820, 1840, 187;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Ordinance of 1787, 55, 176, 177, 180;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">whipping of slaves, 179.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Slave-trade, abolition of, 178.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Smith's Prairie, fruit at, 129.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Soulard, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Mr.</span></span>, 152.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Southern influence in Illinois, 145, 180.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Spain claims the Illinois country, 38;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">offers free land to Illinois settlers, 55, 71;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">refuses to allow navigation of Mississippi, 21.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Spanish, aggression upon United States, 73;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">trouble Illinois settlers, 21, 24.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Sprigg, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Judge</span></span> William, 111.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Springfield, called Calhoun when founded, 196;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">first store, 206;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">land-office at, 144;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">sales of public land, 137, 143;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">terminus of mail route, 158.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Squatters in Illinois, 50, 58, 72, 99, 148.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">State Historical Society of Wisconsin. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">See under</span></span> Wisconsin.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Steamboats, first on Ohio and Mississippi, 123;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">speed and rates of, 160, 162, 163.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Stephenson, Benjamin, delegate in Congress, 113.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Stuart, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Judge</span></span> Alexander, 111, 113.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Stuart, John T., mention, 207.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Suffrage, qualifications, 77, 78, 112-14, 117, 147, 148.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Sugar, maple, 129.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Supreme Court, U. S., decision of, 11.</div> +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page266">[pg 266]</span><a name="Pg266" id="Pg266" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">T</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Talbott, Benjamin, leg. coun., 113.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Tallmadge, James, opposes admission of Illinois, 118, 179.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Tamarois, Indians, 110.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Tardiveau, Bartholomew, 51, 52, 55, 69.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Tavern-keepers (housekeepers) given freehold privileges, 147.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Tavern-sites, land ceded for, 75, 79.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Taxation, in N.-W. terr., 83;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of land, 130, 133;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">of live-stock, 83.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Taylor, Zachary, mention, 207.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Tazewell, L. W., mention, 209.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Tea, price of, 130.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Teachers, salaries of, 174.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Tennessee, lands sold for taxes, 189.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Tennessee wagon, 155.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Thomas, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Judge</span></span> Jesse B., signs petition for retention of slavery in Illinois, 111, 178;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">territorial judge, 113, 145.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Timber, want of, 131.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Todd, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Col.</span></span> John, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Jr.</span></span>, 15, 16 <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span></div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Toll roads, 157.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Tomahawk rights, 51.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Trading firms: Baynton, Wharton and Morgan, 10;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">British Michilimackinac Company, 49.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Trammell, Philip, rep., 113.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Transportation,</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">cost:</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">via</span></span> canals, 141;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">via</span></span> rivers, 124, 125, 126, 160;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">improvement in facilities, 157;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">land, 93, 126, 154-7, 161;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">water, 83, 92 <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>, 114, 126, 129.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">See also</span></span> River craft, Wagons.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Treaties.—Fort Wayne, 1803, 79;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Greenville, 1795, 79;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">St. Louis, 1804, 81;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Spain-U. S., commercial treaty, 73;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Vincennes, 1803, 79;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">1805, 81.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Trottier, F., 36.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Turbine wheel, 167.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Turner, Frederick Jackson, 5.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Turnpike, 93.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">U</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">United States Supreme Court decision, 11.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">V</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Vandalia, mention, 188, 189;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">land-office at, 207;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">public lands sold, 137.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Vegetables, 168.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Vehicles, 152, 155, 156;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">emigrant wagons, 159, 164;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Tennessee wagon, 155.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Vermilion saline, 142.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Vincennes, accept inducements of Morgan, 63;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">attack on, 32, 73;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">court, 17, 59;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">description of, 13;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">levy of troops at, 54;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">treaty, 1803, 79;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">treaty, 1805, 81.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">See also</span></span> Post Vincennes.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Virginia, Augusta county, 15;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Board of Commissioners for the Settlement of Western Accounts, 42-44;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">cedes Western lands to the United States, 45, 46;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">emigration from, to Illinois, 91, 92, 190, 201;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">legislation for protection of Illinois county, 9;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">military bounty lands, 46;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">money, 21, 23, 24.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Vote, August 2, 1824, 183;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">chart of, 184.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">W</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Wabash Land Company, 10 <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>, 88.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Wabash Navigation Company, 200.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Wabash river, boundary line, 90, 154;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">expedition on, 41;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">landholders on, 10, 87, 88.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Wages, 96, 169.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Wagons, first, Galena to Chicago, 152.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">See also</span></span> Vehicles.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">War of 1812, 106 <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>; mention, 118.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Water supply, 86.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Wayne county, separated from Illinois, 86.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Wea. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">See</span></span> Ouia.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">West, The, Commerce of, 96.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Western Christian Monitor</span></span>, mention, 197.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Western frontier. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">See</span></span> Frontier; <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">also</span></span> Wilderness.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Western Intelligencer</span></span>, 132.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Western Territory, Ordinance for government of, 46.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Westward movement, 190.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Wharton, ——, member of trading firm, 10.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Wheat, price of, 164.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Wheeling, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Va.</span></span>, Committee of Workingmen, 144.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Wild animals, 14.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Wilderness, description of, 86;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">mention, 95.</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">See also</span></span> Frontier.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Wilderness Road, 93.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Wilkins, John, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">British Commandant in Illinois</span></span>, 10.</div> +</div> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page267">[pg 267]</span><a name="Pg267" id="Pg267" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Wilkinson, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Gen.</span></span> James, 204.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Williams, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Maj.</span></span>, 39.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Wilson, Alexander, rep., 113.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Winnebago Indians, 135, 151.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Winnebago war, 135, 146, 207.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Winston, Richard, 17, 18;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">sheriff at Kaskaskia, 26, 41, 61.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Wirt, William, mention, 209.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Wisconsin, southern boundary, 150.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Wisconsin, State Historical Society of, 11.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Wolves, 14;</div> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">bounty for, 84, 148.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Wood, scarcity of retards settlement, 165.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Wyllys, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Maj.</span></span>, 69.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Y</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Yorkshire, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">England</span></span>, emigrants from, reach Jacksonville, 189.</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Z</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left">Zewapetas, 63.</div> +</div> + +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + </p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 60%; text-align: center"><img src="images/illus-4.png" alt="Illustration: Map of Illinois Country." /></div> + +</div> + +</div> +<hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-back" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 6.00em"> + <div id="footnotes" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc43" id="toc43"></a> + <a name="pdf44" id="pdf44"></a> + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Footnotes</span></h1> + <dl class="tei tei-list-footnotes"><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_1" name="note_1" href="#noteref_1">1.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-q">“Jour. H. of Del.,”</span> Va., Oct. +Sess., 1778, 106-7; <span class="tei tei-q">“Jour. of Senate,”</span> Va., +Oct. Sess., 1778, 52. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Erroneous statements concerning the time of the formation of the County of +Illinois have been made by Winsor, <span class="tei tei-q">“Westward Movement,”</span> 122; Poole, in +Winsor, <span class="tei tei-q">“Narrative and Crit. Hist. of Am.,”</span> VI., 729; Thwaites, <span class="tei tei-q">“How George +Rogers Clark Won the Northwest,”</span> 64; Boyd, in <span class="tei tei-q">“Am. Hist. Rev.,”</span> IV., 623; +Mason, in <span class="tei tei-q">“Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,”</span> IV., 286; Pirtle, <span class="tei tei-q">“Clark's Campaign in +the Ill.,”</span> 5; Moore, <span class="tei tei-q">“The Northwest Under Three Flags,”</span> 220; Wallace, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Hist, of Ill. and La. Under French Rule,”</span> 402; Butler, <span class="tei tei-q">“Hist. of Ky.,”</span> 1836 +ed., 64; and others. Roosevelt's indefinite statement that the county was +formed <span class="tei tei-q">“in the fall of 1778”</span>—<span class="tei tei-q">“Winning of the West,”</span> II., 168—is +technically correct. Kate Mason Rowland truthfully says—<span class="tei tei-q">“George Mason,”</span> +I., 307, 308—that +a committee was ordered to prepare a bill for the formation of the county, +on November 19, 1778, and that such a bill was presented on November 30. +Butterfield says—<span class="tei tei-q">“George Rogers Clark's Conquest of the Ill.,”</span> 681-6—that +the Act was passed between the 10th of November and the 12th of December, +1778. It is true that the bill in its final amended form passed both houses on +December 9, was signed by the Speaker of the Senate on December 17, and +subsequently, if at all, by the Speaker of the House of Delegates. On the +12th of December, Governor Patrick Henry issued three important sets of +instructions in accordance with the provisions of the Act creating the County +of Illinois. As the signing of the bill by the Speakers was mandatory after +its passage, it is easy to understand the issuance of these instructions previous +to the signing. It is almost impossible to conceive that Governor Henry, who +showed marked interest in the Western frontier, should first have begun to +issue orders at least six weeks after the county was formed, as is implied by +the date commonly given for its formation. For the legislative history of the +act, see <span class="tei tei-q">“Jour. H. of Del.,”</span> Va., Oct. Sess., 1778, 65, 72, 79-80, 91, 96, 106-7; +<span class="tei tei-q">“Jour. of Senate,”</span> Va., Oct. Sess., 1778, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 70-1.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_2" name="note_2" href="#noteref_2">2.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Jour. H. of Del.”</span> +Va., Oct. Sess., 1778, 72; <span class="tei tei-q">“Hening's Statutes,”</span> IX., 553.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_3" name="note_3" href="#noteref_3">3.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Public Lands,”</span> II., 204, +206-9.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_4" name="note_4" href="#noteref_4">4.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">The +Illinois and Wabash Land companies, which had several members +in common, united in 1780. After a long series of memorials to Congress, +the Supreme Court of the United States, in 1823, decided that <span class="tei tei-q">“a title to land, +under grant to private individuals, made by Indian tribes or nations, northwest +of the river Ohio, in 1773 and 1775, can not be recognized in the courts +of the United States”</span>—8 <span class="tei tei-q">“Wheaton,”</span> 543-605. In general see: <span class="tei tei-q">“Pub. +Lands,”</span> I., 24, 27, 72, 74, 160, 189, 301; II., 108-20, 138, 253; <span class="tei tei-q">“Sen. Jour.,”</span> +1793-99, 317, 326; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-q">“2d Cong.,”</span> 165; <span class="tei tei-q">“Va. +Calendar State Papers,”</span> I., +314; <span class="tei tei-q">“Jour. of Cong.,”</span> III., 676-7, 681; IV., 23; <span class="tei tei-q">“An Account of the Proceedings +of the Ill. and Ouabache Land Companies,”</span> 1-55, Phil'a, 1796; <span class="tei tei-q">“Memorial +of the Ill. and Wabash Land Company,”</span> 1-26, Phil'a, 1797; <span class="tei tei-q">“Memorial +of the Ill. and Ouabache Land Companies,”</span> 1802, 1-20; <span class="tei tei-q">“An Account of the +Proceedings of the Ill. and Ouabache Land Company,”</span> 1-74, Phil'a, 1803; +<span class="tei tei-q">“Memorial of the United Ill. and Wabash Land Companies,”</span> 1-48, Baltimore, +1816. For a map of the claims, see <span class="tei tei-q">“Map of the State of Ky. with the Adjoining +Territories,”</span> 1794, pub. by H. D. Symonds; also a copy of the same published +by Smith, Reid and Wayland, in 1795; and <span class="tei tei-q">“States of America,”</span> by +J. Russell, London, C. Dilly and G. G. & J. Robinson, 1799. The last map +gives the claims of the Ill., Wabash, and N. J. companies, respectively, the +others, the claims of the last two only. All references here given are to material +to be found in the libraries of the Chicago Historical Society and of the +State Hist. Soc. of Wis.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_5" name="note_5" href="#noteref_5">5.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Mother Mary of the Incarnation, of Quebec, in 1668. In +<span class="tei tei-q">“Glimpses of the Monastery.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Scenes from the Hist. of the Ursulines +of Quebec,”</span> 1639-1839, <span class="tei tei-q">“by a Member of the Community,”</span> 90. Charlevoix, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Histoire de la Nouvelle-France,”</span> III., 322, expressed a similar opinion in 1721, and +Collot, <span class="tei tei-q">“Journey in N. A.,”</span> I., 232-3, shows that the Illinois French of 1796-7 +were a case in point.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_6" name="note_6" href="#noteref_6">6.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Pittman, <span class="tei tei-q">“European Settlements on the +Miss.,”</span> 55. See pp. 42, 44, 45, 47, 48, for the settlement in detail.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_7" name="note_7" href="#noteref_7">7.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hutchins, <span class="tei tei-q">“Topographical Desc. of Va.,”</span> +36-8.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_8" name="note_8" href="#noteref_8">8.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Mandements +des Evêques de Quebec,”</span> II., 1741-1806, 205-6.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_9" name="note_9" href="#noteref_9">9.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Thwaites, <span class="tei tei-q">“Early Western Travels,”</span> +I., 141, reprint of Croghan's Jour.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_10" name="note_10" href="#noteref_10">10.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Chicago Hist. Soc. +Coll.,”</span> IV., 165; <span class="tei tei-q">“Ind. Hist Soc. Pub.,”</span> II., 513-4.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_11" name="note_11" href="#noteref_11">11.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Public +Lands,”</span> I., 10.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_12" name="note_12" href="#noteref_12">12.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Two of the many maps illustrating this are in +<span class="tei tei-q">“Pub. Lands,”</span> II., facing +183, 195. A number of maps in Hopkins', <span class="tei tei-q">“The Home Lots of the Early +Settlers of the Providence Plantations,”</span> especially the one following page 17, +show that the same form of holdings existed in Providence, R. I. For reasons +for this form, see the note by Emma Helen Blair, in Thwaites', <span class="tei tei-q">“Jesuit Relations,”</span> +IV., 268-9. Stiles, <span class="tei tei-q">“Ancient Windsor,”</span> I., 149, has a map showing +such holdings in Windsor, Conn., 1633-1650.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_13" name="note_13" href="#noteref_13">13.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Monroe, <span class="tei tei-q">“Writings,”</span> I., 117; +<span class="tei tei-q">“Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,”</span> II., 483-92; Hutchins, <span class="tei tei-q">“Topographical Desc. of Va.,”</span> +map facing 41; Collot, <span class="tei tei-q">“A +Journey in N. A.,”</span> I., 239-42, describes the roads in Illinois in 1796, and +plate 28 of the accompanying atlas gives an excellent map, +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">q. v.</span></span> in pocket.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_14" name="note_14" href="#noteref_14">14.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Draper +Coll., Ill. MSS.,”</span> 99.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_15" name="note_15" href="#noteref_15">15.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Harmar to Sec. +of War from Fort Harmar, Nov. 24, 1787—<span class="tei tei-q">“St. +Clair Papers,”</span> II., 30-1.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_16" name="note_16" href="#noteref_16">16.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Collot, +<span class="tei tei-q">“A Journey in N. A.,”</span> I., 233.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_17" name="note_17" href="#noteref_17">17.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">At the November session +of 1738, Virginia had formed the County of +Augusta, which technically included the Illinois country—<span class="tei tei-q">“Hening's Statutes,”</span> +V., 78-80. For a map, see Waddell, <span class="tei tei-q">“Annals of Augusta Co., Va.,”</span> +frontispiece.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_18" name="note_18" href="#noteref_18">18.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Hening's Statutes,”</span> +IX., 117, 552-5; V., 489, 491.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_19" name="note_19" href="#noteref_19">19.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Henry, <span class="tei tei-q">“Life of Patrick Henry,”</span> III., +209-18.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_20" name="note_20" href="#noteref_20">20.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-q">“Cal. of +Va. State Papers,”</span> I., 312-14. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Col. John Todd, jr., was born March 27, 1750, in Pennsylvania. He was +well educated by his uncle in Virginia, in which state young Todd practised +law for some years. In 1775, he was one of the representatives chosen at the +call of the proprietors of Transylvania to form an ultra-constitutional government +for that new settlement. In 1777, he was one of the first two +burgesses from the county of Kentucky. He was killed at the Battle of the +Blue Licks, August 19, 1782. For biographical sketches see John Mason +Brown, <span class="tei tei-q">“Oration at the Centennial of the Battle of the Blue Licks,”</span> 27-31; +<span class="tei tei-q">“Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,”</span> IV., 285-8; Green, <span class="tei tei-q">“Historic Families of +Ky.,”</span> 211; White, <span class="tei tei-q">“Descendants of John Walker,”</span> 56; <span class="tei tei-q">“Filson Club +Pub.”</span> VI., 27-8; Morehead, <span class="tei tei-q">“Settlement of Ky.,”</span> 174. Morehead's facts +were from R. Wickliffe, Todd's son-in-law, but this fact loses its significance +from the circumstance that Todd's only living child was of posthumous birth.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_21" name="note_21" href="#noteref_21">21.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Henry, <span class="tei tei-q">“Life of Patrick Henry,”</span> III., +216-18.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_22" name="note_22" href="#noteref_22">22.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, 237.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_23" name="note_23" href="#noteref_23">23.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Draper Coll., +Clark MSS.,”</span> XLIX., 43, original MS. in French.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_24" name="note_24" href="#noteref_24">24.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Chicago +Hist. Soc. Coll.,”</span> IV., 295.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_25" name="note_25" href="#noteref_25">25.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-q">“Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,”</span> +IV., 294-6, 418; <span class="tei tei-q">“Mich. Pioneer Coll.,”</span> +IX., 498. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +A Mr. Winston, probably Richard, was in Illinois in 1770, and was +regarded as an authority on the prices of cattle, as is shown by the court +records. In 1773, upon the occasion of the purchase of land from the Kaskaskia +Indians, by the Illinois Land Company, Richard Winston was at +Kaskaskia, and interpreted in French to the illiterate Indian interpreter of +His Majesty what the company desired to say to the Indians—<span class="tei tei-q">“Chicago +Hist. Soc. Coll.,”</span> IV., 435; <span class="tei tei-q">“An Account of the Proceedings of the Ill. and +Ouabache Land Companies,”</span> 1796, 14. Richard Winston was one of the +original Indiana Company—<span class="tei tei-q">“Cal. of Va. State Papers,”</span> VI., 18, 35.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_26" name="note_26" href="#noteref_26">26.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Hening's Statutes,”</span> X., 26, 32, 43, 161.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_27" name="note_27" href="#noteref_27">27.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Chicago Hist. Soc. +Coll.,”</span> IV., 301; <span class="tei tei-q">“Pub. Lands,”</span> I., 16.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_28" name="note_28" href="#noteref_28">28.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Todd to +Winston, June 15, 1779—<span class="tei tei-q">“Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,”</span> IV., +302; Todd to Judges at Kaskaskia, July 31, 1779—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, 304; +McCarty to Todd, from Cahokia, July 18, 1779—<span class="tei tei-q">“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,”</span> XLIX., +72, original MS.; McCarty to Montgomery, from Cahokia, Sept. 19, +1779,—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, +XLIX., 71, original MS. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Richard McCarty had been a resident of Cahokia under British rule and +had warned the British against American encroachments. He was licensed +to trade by the county government upon the recommendation of the court of +the District of Cahokia, June 5, 1779—<span class="tei tei-q">“Mich. Pioneer Coll.,”</span> IX., 368, +383; <span class="tei tei-q">“Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,”</span> IV., 296-7-8.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_29" name="note_29" href="#noteref_29">29.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Capt. John +Williams to G. R. Clark, from Fort Clark, Kaskaskia, +Sept. 25, 1779—<span class="tei tei-q">“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,”</span> XLIX., 73, original MS.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_30" name="note_30" href="#noteref_30">30.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Todd +to Col. Will Fleming, senator from Botetourt, from Kaskaskia, +Aug. 18, 1779—<span class="tei tei-q">“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,”</span> XXIII, 103, original MS.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_31" name="note_31" href="#noteref_31">31.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Todd +to Gov. of Va., from Kaskaskia, Aug. 18, 1779—<span class="tei tei-q">“Chicago Hist. +Soc. Coll.,”</span> IV., 319.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_32" name="note_32" href="#noteref_32">32.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Capt. +John Williams to Col. Wm. Preston, from Ft. Clark, Kaskaskia, +Sept. 20, 1779—<span class="tei tei-q">“Draper Coll., Preston Papers.”</span> V., 9, original MS. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Montgomery to Clark, from Ft. Clark, Kaskaskia, Oct. 5, +1779—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Clark MSS.,”</span> XLIX., 78, original MS.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_33" name="note_33" href="#noteref_33">33.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Shelby +to Clark, from Vincennes, Oct. 10, 1779—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, XLIX., 79, +original MS.; Montgomery to Clark, from Ft. Clark, Kaskaskia, Nov. 15, +1779—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, XLIX., 85, original MS.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_34" name="note_34" href="#noteref_34">34.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Montgomery +to Clark, from Kaskaskia, Feb. 1, 1780—<span class="tei tei-q">“Draper Coll. +Clark MSS.,”</span> L., 9, original MS.; Clark to Todd, from Louisville, March, +1780—<span class="tei tei-q">“Cal. of Va. State Papers,”</span> I., 338-9; John McArthur from Ste. +Genevieve, Mo., Oct. 22, 1883—<span class="tei tei-q">“Draper Coll. Clark MSS.,”</span> VIII., 27. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +I have been unable to determine just when Col. Todd left Illinois, whether +he resigned as county-lieutenant, and whether he again returned. Boyd in +his article in the <span class="tei tei-q">“Am. Hist. Rev.,”</span> IV., says that he left in 1780, resigned +in the same year, and apparently did not return. Mason, in <span class="tei tei-q">“Chicago Hist. +Soc. Coll.,”</span> IV., 287, says that he seems to have left in 1779, seems not to +have resigned, and not to have returned. Wickliffe, in Morehead, <span class="tei tei-q">“Settlement +of Ky.,”</span> 174, implies that he did not resign, and says that he several +times revisited the county. No one of these writers gives any authority for +his statement and I have found none. It is certain that Todd was at the +Falls of Ohio on December 23, 1779; that he then wrote to the governor of +Virginia expressing his intention of resigning; that the governor, Jefferson, +strongly opposed his resigning—<span class="tei tei-q">“Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,”</span> IV., 359; that +he left some peltry in the joint care of his subordinates, Montgomery and +Winston, in November, 1779; that goods were said to be consigned to him as +county-lieutenant of Illinois in November, 1780; that he wrote <span class="tei tei-q">“I still receive +complaints from the Illinois,”</span> on April 15, 1781; that on April 29, 1781, +Winston was referred to as <span class="tei tei-q">“Deputy County-Lieutenant for the Illinois +County;”</span> and that Thimothé Demunbrunt signed as <span class="tei tei-q">“Lt. Comd. par interim, +&c.”</span> in February and again in March, 1782—<span class="tei tei-q">“Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,”</span> +IV., 315-16, 335, 343, 359; <span class="tei tei-q">“Draper's Notes, Trip 1860,”</span> III., 40-4.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_35" name="note_35" href="#noteref_35">35.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Edward +Murray to ——, from Kaskaskia, Apr. 19, 1780—<span class="tei tei-q">“Draper +Coll., Clark MSS.,”</span> XLVI., 52, original MS. John Dodge had +been an Indian trader between Detroit and Pittsburg. He was captured by the +British, but escaped on Oct. 9, 1778, after thirty-three months detention. Washington +recommended him to Congress as a man who would be useful because of +his knowledge of the country—<span class="tei tei-q">“Draper's Notes, Trip 1860,”</span> VI., 153-5.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_36" name="note_36" href="#noteref_36">36.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Unsigned and +unaddressed, from <span class="tei tei-q">“Williamsburg, Jan. 28, 1780”</span>—<span class="tei tei-q">“Draper +Coll., Clark MSS.,”</span> I., 5, original MS.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_37" name="note_37" href="#noteref_37">37.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hamtramck to +Harmar, from Vincennes, Apr. 13, 1788—<span class="tei tei-q">“Draper +Coll., Harmar Papers,”</span> I., 386-7.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_38" name="note_38" href="#noteref_38">38.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Clark to +Todd from Louisville, Mar., 1780—<span class="tei tei-q">“Cal. of Va. State +Papers,”</span> I., 338-9; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">see also</span></span> pp. 358, 360. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Unsigned and unaddressed official letter, from Williamsburg, Jan. 28, +1780—<span class="tei tei-q">“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,”</span> L., 5, original MS.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_39" name="note_39" href="#noteref_39">39.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Dodge to Gov. of Va., from +Ft. Jefferson, Aug. 1, 1780—<span class="tei tei-q">“Cal. of Va. +State Papers,”</span> I., 368.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_40" name="note_40" href="#noteref_40">40.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Todd +to Gov. Jefferson, from Richmond, June 2, 1780—<span class="tei tei-q">“Cal. of +Va. State Papers,”</span> I., 358; Address from the people of Cahokia to G. R. +Clark, April 11, 1780—<span class="tei tei-q">“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,”</span> L., 27, original MS. in +French.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_41" name="note_41" href="#noteref_41">41.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Legras to +Clark, from Vincennes, Aug. 1, 1780—<span class="tei tei-q">“Draper Coll., Clark +MSS.,”</span> L., 54, original MS. in French.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_42" name="note_42" href="#noteref_42">42.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Hening's +Statutes,”</span> X., 303, 388-9.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_43" name="note_43" href="#noteref_43">43.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Extract +from McCarty's journal, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 14, 1780—<span class="tei tei-q">“Draper +Coll., Clark MSS.,”</span> L., 66; McCarty to Col. Slaughter, Jan. 27, +1781—<span class="tei tei-q">“Draper's Notes, Trip 1860,”</span> III., 1, 2; incomplete in <span class="tei tei-q">“Cal. of Va. +State Papers.”</span> I., 465; Montgomery to McCarty, between Aug. 27 and Aug. +30, 1780—<span class="tei tei-q">“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,”</span> L., 66, 68; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, +L., 70, original MS.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_44" name="note_44" href="#noteref_44">44.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">McCarty +to Todd, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 14, 1780—<span class="tei tei-q">“Cal. of Va. State +Papers,”</span> L., 380.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_45" name="note_45" href="#noteref_45">45.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Winston to Todd, from +Kaskaskia, Oct. 24, 1780—<span class="tei tei-q">“Cal. of Va. State +Papers,”</span> I., 380-2.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_46" name="note_46" href="#noteref_46">46.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Winston to +Clark, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 24, 1780—<span class="tei tei-q">“Draper Coll., +Clark MSS.,”</span> L., 71, original MS.; <span class="tei tei-q">“Draper's Notes, Trip 1860,”</span> II., +136-40; Helm to Slaughter, from Fort Jefferson, Oct. 29, 1780—<span class="tei tei-q">“Cal. of +Va. State Papers,”</span> I., 383; Williams to Clark, from Camp Jefferson, Oct. 28, +1780—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, I., 383.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_47" name="note_47" href="#noteref_47">47.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Montgomery to Jefferson, from +New Orleans, Jan. 8, 1781—<span class="tei tei-q">“Cal. of +Va. State Papers,”</span> I., 424-5.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_48" name="note_48" href="#noteref_48">48.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Draper Coll., +Clark MSS.,”</span> VIII., 78.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_49" name="note_49" href="#noteref_49">49.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Todd to +Gov. Jefferson, from Lexington, Ky., Jan. 24, 1781—<span class="tei tei-q">“Cal. +of Va. State Papers,”</span> I., 460.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_50" name="note_50" href="#noteref_50">50.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Draper's Notes, +Trip 1860,”</span> II., 158.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_51" name="note_51" href="#noteref_51">51.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rogers to +Gov. Jefferson, from Harrodsburg, Apr. 29, 1781—<span class="tei tei-q">“Draper's +Notes, Trip 1860,”</span> III., 40-4; incomplete in <span class="tei tei-q">“Cal. of Va. State +Papers,”</span> II., 76-7. Rogers refers to Winston as <span class="tei tei-q">“Deputy County Lieutenant +for the Illinois County.”</span> Who was county-lieutenant?</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_52" name="note_52" href="#noteref_52">52.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Slaughter to +Gov. Jefferson, from Louisville, Jan. 14, 1781—<span class="tei tei-q">“Draper +Coll., Clark MSS.,”</span> LI., 12, original MS.; Maj. Williams's orders, endorsed +<span class="tei tei-q">“pretended orders,”</span> from Fort Clark, Kaskaskia, Feb. 12, 1781.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_53" name="note_53" href="#noteref_53">53.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Clark +to Gov. of Va., from <span class="tei tei-q">“Yough,”</span> Mar. 27, 1781—<span class="tei tei-q">“Cal. of Va. +State Papers,”</span> I., 597.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_54" name="note_54" href="#noteref_54">54.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Montgomery to Gov. of Va., +from Falls of Ohio, Aug. 10, 1781—<span class="tei tei-q">“Cal. +of Va. State Papers,”</span> II., 313; Montgomery to the Board of Commissioners +for the Settlement of Western Accounts, from New Holland, Feb. 22, +1783—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, +III., 441-4.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_55" name="note_55" href="#noteref_55">55.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Todd +to Gov. Jefferson, from Lexington, Ky., Apr. 15, 1781—<span class="tei tei-q">“Cal. +of Va. State Papers,”</span> II., 44-5.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_56" name="note_56" href="#noteref_56">56.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Draper Coll., +Clark MSS.,”</span> LX., 17, No. 2; Maj. de Peyster to Brig.-Gen. +Powell, from Detroit, July 12, 1781—<span class="tei tei-q">“Mich. Pioneer Coll.,”</span> XIX., +646.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_57" name="note_57" href="#noteref_57">57.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Can. Archives,”</span> Series +B., Vol. 182, 489; <span class="tei tei-q">“Rept. on Can. Archives,”</span> +1888, 882.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_58" name="note_58" href="#noteref_58">58.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Montgomery to +Gov. Nelson, from Falls of Ohio, Aug. 10, 1781—<span class="tei tei-q">“Cal. +of Va. State Papers,”</span> II., 313; Same to same, same +date—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, II., 315.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_59" name="note_59" href="#noteref_59">59.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Capt. Bailey to +Col. Slaughter, from <span class="tei tei-q">“Port Vincennes,”</span> Aug. 6, 1781—<span class="tei tei-q">“Cal. +of Va. State Papers,”</span> II., 338.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_60" name="note_60" href="#noteref_60">60.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Jour. H. +of Del.,”</span> Va., Oct. Sess., 1781, 13-39.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_61" name="note_61" href="#noteref_61">61.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, +72, 73, 74. Boyd states in <span class="tei tei-q">“Am. Hist. Rev.,”</span> IV., 632, 635, that +the county ceased to exist in 1781. This is erroneous. Mr. Boyd's article is +the most scholarly treatment of the County of Illinois which has been published. +Aside from the errors as to the time of the beginning and the ending +of the county, and doubtful statements as to Todd's leaving Illinois and +subsequently resigning, no errors of fact have been noted. A more complete, +but unpublished, article on the subject is by Dr. Edith +Lyle.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_62" name="note_62" href="#noteref_62">62.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Sinclair to Haldim, from +Michilimackinac, Feb. 17, 1780—<span class="tei tei-q">“Mich. +Pioneer Coll.,”</span> IX., 546; Same to same, May 29, +1780—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, IX., +548-9; Same to De Peyster, Feb. 15, 1780—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, +XIX., 500-1; Same to Lt.-Col. Bolton, June 4, +1780—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, XIX., 529; De Peyster to Lt.-Col. +Bolton, from Detroit, June 8, 1780—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, XIX., 531-2; +McKee to De Peyster, June 4, 1780—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, XIX., 530-1; +Bird to De Peyster, from <span class="tei tei-q">“a day's march from the Ohio,”</span> June 3, +1780—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, XIX., 527-9.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_63" name="note_63" href="#noteref_63">63.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Sinclair +to Bolton, from Michilimackinac, July 4, 1780—<span class="tei tei-q">“Mich. Pioneer +Coll.,”</span> XIX., 529-30; Same to Haldimand, July 8, +1780—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, IX., 558-9; +Same to same, May 29, 1780—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, IX., +548-9; Same to De Peyster, July 30, 1780—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, IX., +586; <span class="tei tei-q">“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,”</span> XXVIII., No. 117, p. 6; Scharf to +Lyman C. Draper, from Baltimore, Dec. 16, 1882—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, +p. 7; Capt. John Rogers' account—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, p. 3; Capt. +John Murphy's account—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, VIII., 66-78; +See also <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, XXVI., 18.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_64" name="note_64" href="#noteref_64">64.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Rept. +on Canadian Archives,”</span> 1888, p. 904; <span class="tei tei-q">“Mag. of Am. Hist.,”</span> +III., 366.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_65" name="note_65" href="#noteref_65">65.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Bentley +to Clark, from Vincennes, July 30, 1780—<span class="tei tei-q">“Draper Coll., Clark +MSS.,”</span> L., 51. A copy, incomplete and not exact, is in +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, XXVI., 85.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_66" name="note_66" href="#noteref_66">66.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Extracts +from Capt. McCarty's Journal, at Kaskaskia—<span class="tei tei-q">“Draper Coll., +Clark MSS.,”</span> XXVI., 85-6; McCarty to Todd, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 14, +1780—<span class="tei tei-q">“Cal. of Va. State Papers,”</span> I., 380; Winston to Todd, from Kaskaskia, +Oct. 24, 1780—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, I., 381-2; Auguste St. Jemme, son of an +inhabitant of Kaskaskia, to Lyman C. Draper—<span class="tei tei-q">“Draper's Notes, +Trip 1851,”</span> I., 48-9—<span class="tei tei-q">“Draper +Coll., Clark MSS.,”</span> XXVI., 82.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_67" name="note_67" href="#noteref_67">67.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">De Peyster to Powell, from Detroit, Nov. 13, +1780—<span class="tei tei-q">“Mich. Pioneer Coll.,”</span> XIX., 581; Same to Haldimand, +Nov. 16, 1780—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, X., 448-9; +Linctot to Slaughter, <span class="tei tei-q">“O'Post,”</span> Jan. 11, 1781—<span class="tei tei-q">“Cal. of Va. State Papers,”</span> +I., 429; J. L. William to Lyman C. Draper, from Fort Wayne, Ind., +Oct. 1, 1881—<span class="tei tei-q">“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,”</span> XXVI., 92; McCarty to +Slaughter, from Ill., Jan. 27, 1781—<span class="tei tei-q">“Cal. of Va. State Papers”</span> I., 465; +Col. Brodhead to Washington, from Fort Pitt, Mar. 10, 1781, <span class="tei tei-q">“Olden +Time,”</span> II., 391; Col. Levin Powell, from Harrodsburg, Jan. 21, 1781—<span class="tei tei-q">“Pa. +Archives,”</span> VIII., 768; De Peyster to Haldimand, from Detroit, Nov. +13, 1780, Farmer, <span class="tei tei-q">“Hist. of Detroit and Michigan,”</span> 257; Letter from J. +M. P. Legras, from Vincennes, Dec. 1, 1780—<span class="tei tei-q">“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,”</span> +L., 77, original corrected draft; <span class="tei tei-q">“Rept. on Canadian Archives,”</span> 1888, +904-5; extract from <span class="tei tei-q">“Scot's Magazine,”</span> May, 1781, in <span class="tei tei-q">“Draper Coll., Clark +MSS.,”</span> XXVI., 82. Whether La Balme had any countenance from either +the French government or its representatives is an unsettled question. That +France should regain her hold in America was desired by many Frenchmen, +but on the other hand, the French government was pledged by its treaty of +alliance to make no acquisitions of territory in America. The following +references raise the question, but I know of none which settle it: Kingsford, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Canada,”</span> VI., 342-3; Sparks, <span class="tei tei-q">“Washington,”</span> VI., 106 ff., 113; Stevens, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Facsimiles,”</span> XVII., No. 1609; <span class="tei tei-q">“Secret Jour. of Cong.,”</span> II., +111-117, 125.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_68" name="note_68" href="#noteref_68">68.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Haldimand +to De Peyster, from Quebec, Jan. 6, 1781—<span class="tei tei-q">“Mich. Pioneer +Coll.,”</span> IX., 641.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_69" name="note_69" href="#noteref_69">69.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">This +amounts to but sixteen men. De Peyster says that the party was +one of sixteen; McCarty says there were seventeen.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_70" name="note_70" href="#noteref_70">70.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">McCarty to +Slaughter, from Ill., Jan. 27, 1781—<span class="tei tei-q">“Cal. of Va. State +Papers,”</span> I., 465; Sinclair to Mathews, from Michilimackinac, Feb. +23, 1781—<span class="tei tei-q">“Mich. Pioneer Coll.,”</span> IX., 629; De Peyster to Powell, from +Detroit, Jan. 8, 1781—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, XIX., 591-2; Same +to Haldimand, same date—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, X., +450-1; Same to McKee, from Detroit, Feb. 1, 1781—De Peyster, <span class="tei tei-q">“Miscellanies,”</span> +p. xxvi.; Linctot to commanding officer at the Falls of Ohio, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Opost Vincennes,”</span> Jan. 13, 1781—<span class="tei tei-q">“Cal. of Va. State Papers,”</span> I., 432; +Draper on date of the expedition, <span class="tei tei-q">“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,”</span> XXVI., 88; +De Peyster to Powell, from Detroit, Mar. 17, 1781—<span class="tei tei-q">“Mich. Pioneer Coll.,”</span> +XIX., 600; Sinclair to Powell, from Michilimackinac Id., May 1, +1781—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, +XIX., 632; <span class="tei tei-q">“Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,”</span> IV., 216.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_71" name="note_71" href="#noteref_71">71.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Jay +to Livingston, from Madrid, Apr. 28, 1782—<span class="tei tei-q">“Secret Jour. of +Cong.,”</span> IV., 64; or Wharton, <span class="tei tei-q">“Dipl. Corr. of the Am. Rev.,”</span> V., 363-4; +or Sparks, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, VIII., 76-8; McCarty to Slaughter, from Ill., +Jan. 27, 1781—<span class="tei tei-q">“Draper's Notes, Trip 1860,”</span> III., 1-2; incomplete copy in +<span class="tei tei-q">“Cal. of Va. State Papers,”</span> I., 465; Linctot to commanding officer at Falls of Ohio, +from Vincennes, Jan. 13, 1781—<span class="tei tei-q">“Cal. of Va. State Papers,”</span> I., 432; Franklin +to Livingston, from Passy, Apr. 12, 1782—Sparks, <span class="tei tei-q">“Dipl. Corr. of the +Am. Rev.,”</span> III., 339. See also <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, VIII., 150; Sparks, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Franklin's Works,”</span> IX., 206, Boston, 1856.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_72" name="note_72" href="#noteref_72">72.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Linctot to +——, from St. Louis, July 31, 1781—<span class="tei tei-q">“Draper Coll., Clark +MSS.,”</span> LI., 75, original MS. in French; Gratiot to Clark, from St. Louis, +Aug. 1, 1781—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, LI., 77, original MS. in French.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_73" name="note_73" href="#noteref_73">73.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">This chapter was read, by request, before the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, +Arts, and Letters, on February 8, 1906.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_74" name="note_74" href="#noteref_74">74.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">In Council, Jan. 29, 1782—<span class="tei tei-q">“Draper +Coll., Clark MSS.,”</span> XLVI., 69, +original MS.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_75" name="note_75" href="#noteref_75">75.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Demunbrunt to Clark, from Kaskaskia, +Mar. 5, 1782—<span class="tei tei-q">“Draper Coll., +Clark MSS.,”</span> L., 70; LI., 25, original MS. Demunbrunt, whose name +also appears as Demunbrun and De Munbrun, was prominent in early Illinois +history. Records signed by him as Lieutenant Commandant <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">par interim</span></span> +appear in <span class="tei tei-q">“John Todd's Record-Book”</span> under the dates June 14, 1779, Feb'y, +1782, and March 22, 1782. In 1783, 1784, and probably at other dates he +made grants of land in the Illinois country. He served under Clark. From +the time Winston was appointed to the command of the County of Illinois, +until the coming of St. Clair, Demunbrunt was <span class="tei tei-q">“commandant of the village of +Kaskaskia and its dependencies.”</span> He had important dealings with an +embassy from the Cherokee Indians. He was allowed land under the Virginia +grants. In his memorial to the General Assembly, he said: <span class="tei tei-q">“Your +memorialist, little acquainted with the mode of doing business in this State, +never kept a regular account, depending altogether on the justice and generosity +of the Legislature”</span>—<span class="tei tei-q">“Draper's Notes, Trip 1860,”</span> V., 15-18; <span class="tei tei-q">“Chicago +Hist. Soc. Coll.,”</span> IV., 315-16; <span class="tei tei-q">“Pub. Lands,”</span> II., 146.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_76" name="note_76" href="#noteref_76">76.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Todd to Winston, June 15, 1779, in <span class="tei tei-q">“Chicago +Hist. Soc. Coll.,”</span> IV., +302; Legras to Clark, from Vincennes, Dec. 31, 1782—<span class="tei tei-q">“Draper Coll., Clark +MSS.,”</span> LII., 67, original MS.; <span class="tei tei-q">“Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,”</span> +IV., 289.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_77" name="note_77" href="#noteref_77">77.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Letter from +Capt. Dodge, from Kaskaskia, Mar. 6, 1783—<span class="tei tei-q">“Draper +Coll., Clark MSS.,”</span> LX., No. 3, p. 48.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_78" name="note_78" href="#noteref_78">78.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Dodge to Clark, from +Kaskaskia, Mar. 3, 1783—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, LII., 78.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_79" name="note_79" href="#noteref_79">79.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Officers to Clark, from Ft. Nelson, +Falls of Ohio, March 30, 1783—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, +LII., 80.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_80" name="note_80" href="#noteref_80">80.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Montgomery to Board of +Commissioners, from New Holland, Feb. 22, +1783—<span class="tei tei-q">“Cal. of Va. State Papers,”</span> III., 441-4.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_81" name="note_81" href="#noteref_81">81.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Board +of Commissioners to Gov. Benjamin Harrison, from Jefferson +county, Feb. 17, 1783—<span class="tei tei-q">“Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,”</span> +IV., 350-1.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_82" name="note_82" href="#noteref_82">82.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Walker +Daniel to Board of Commissioners, from New Holland, Feb. +3, 1783—<span class="tei tei-q">“Cal. of Va. State Papers,”</span> III., 430-2.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_83" name="note_83" href="#noteref_83">83.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Jour. +of Cong.,”</span> III., 383-5.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_84" name="note_84" href="#noteref_84">84.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Jour. H. of Del.,”</span> +Va., May Sess., 1780, 25, 69, 70.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_85" name="note_85" href="#noteref_85">85.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Law, +<span class="tei tei-q">“The Colonial Hist. of Vincennes,”</span> 1858, 117-8, gives a copy of +the deed. For claims under such deeds see <span class="tei tei-q">“Pub. Lands,”</span> I., 294-8.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_86" name="note_86" href="#noteref_86">86.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Pub. Lands,”</span> I., 301.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_87" name="note_87" href="#noteref_87">87.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Jour. +of Cong.,”</span> IV., 342-4.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_88" name="note_88" href="#noteref_88">88.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, IV., +379-80; Thwaites, <span class="tei tei-q">“The Boundaries of Wisconsin,”</span> in +<span class="tei tei-q">“Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,”</span> XI., 452, gives a map of Jefferson's proposed states.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_89" name="note_89" href="#noteref_89">89.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Jour. of Cong.,”</span> IV., +473, 477.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_90" name="note_90" href="#noteref_90">90.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">John Edgar +to Clark, from Kaskaskia, Nov. 7, 1785—<span class="tei tei-q">“Draper's +Notes, Trip 1860,”</span> VI., 214-5.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_91" name="note_91" href="#noteref_91">91.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Petition +to Clark, from Vincennes, Mar. 16, 1786—<span class="tei tei-q">“Draper Coll., +Clark MSS.,”</span> LIII., 23.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_92" name="note_92" href="#noteref_92">92.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Petition +to Congress, from Vincennes, June 1, 1786—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, +LIII., 31.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_93" name="note_93" href="#noteref_93">93.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Clark +to Richard H. Lee, pres. of Cong., from Louisville, received +June 8, 1786—<span class="tei tei-q">“Draper's Notes, Trip 1860,”</span> VI., 208-9.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_94" name="note_94" href="#noteref_94">94.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Moses Henry +to Clark, from Vincennes, June 12, 1786—<span class="tei tei-q">“Draper +Coll., Clark MSS.,”</span> LIII., 32.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_95" name="note_95" href="#noteref_95">95.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Daniel Sullivan to Clark, +from Vincennes, June 23, 1786—<span class="tei tei-q">“Draper +Coll., Clark MSS.,”</span> LIII., 35; John Small +to Clark, same place and day—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, +LIII., 36.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_96" name="note_96" href="#noteref_96">96.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">John Edgar to Clark, from +Kaskaskia, Oct. 23, 1786—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, LIII., 56.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_97" name="note_97" href="#noteref_97">97.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Clark to people of +Vincennes—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, LIII., 52.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_98" name="note_98" href="#noteref_98">98.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Letter +from a man at Falls of Ohio to a friend in N. England, Dec. 4, +1786—<span class="tei tei-q">“Secret Jour. of Cong.,”</span> IV., 321.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_99" name="note_99" href="#noteref_99">99.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Jour. of +Cong.,”</span> IV., 688-9.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_100" name="note_100" href="#noteref_100">100.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Harmar to Sec'y +of War, from Fort Harmar, May 14, 1787—<span class="tei tei-q">“St. +Clair Papers,”</span> II., 20-1; Maj. Wyllys to Harmar, from Fort Finney, Rapids +of Ohio, Feb. 6, 1787—<span class="tei tei-q">“Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,”</span> I., 281-2; Knox to +Harmar, June 19, 1787—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, I., 303. See +also <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, I., 290; Sec'y of +War to Harmar, Apr. 26, 1787—<span class="tei tei-q">“St. Clair Papers,”</span> II., 22.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_101" name="note_101" href="#noteref_101">101.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Harmar to +Sec'y of War, from Vincennes, Aug. 7, 1787—<span class="tei tei-q">“St. Clair +Papers,”</span> II., 27-9; Address of Am. settlers at Vincennes to Harmar, transmitted +to the War Office, Aug. 7, 1787—<span class="tei tei-q">“Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,”</span> +I., 337-9; Address of French at Vincennes to Harmar, July 28, +1787—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, I., 331-3.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_102" name="note_102" href="#noteref_102">102.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Harmar to Sec'y of +War, from Fort Harmar, Nov. 24, 1787—<span class="tei tei-q">“St. +Clair Papers,”</span> II., 30-2.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_103" name="note_103" href="#noteref_103">103.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Harmar +to the Sec'y of War, from Fort Harmar, Nov. 24, 1787—<span class="tei tei-q">“St. +Clair Papers,”</span> II., 34.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_104" name="note_104" href="#noteref_104">104.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hamtramck to Harmar, from +Vincennes, Nov. 3, 1787—<span class="tei tei-q">“Draper +Coll., Harmar Papers,”</span> I., 352.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_105" name="note_105" href="#noteref_105">105.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Harmar +to Sec'y of War, from Fort Harmar, Nov. 24, 1787—<span class="tei tei-q">“St. +Clair Papers,”</span> II., 35.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_106" name="note_106" href="#noteref_106">106.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Draper's Notes, Trip 1860,”</span> VI., 170-3.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_107" name="note_107" href="#noteref_107">107.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Secret +Jour. of Cong.,”</span> IV., 301-29.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_108" name="note_108" href="#noteref_108">108.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">St. +Clair to the President, 1790—<span class="tei tei-q">“St. Clair Papers”</span> II., 175.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_109" name="note_109" href="#noteref_109">109.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hamtramck to Harmar, from +Vincennes, Oct. 13, 1788—<span class="tei tei-q">“Draper Coll., +Harmar Papers,”</span> I., 479; extract in <span class="tei tei-q">“St. Clair +Papers,”</span> II., 105.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_110" name="note_110" href="#noteref_110">110.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Tardiveau to St. +Clair, from Danville, June 30, 1789—<span class="tei tei-q">“St. Clair +Papers,”</span> II., 117-19.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_111" name="note_111" href="#noteref_111">111.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Extract from above +letter.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, II., 119-20, note.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_112" name="note_112" href="#noteref_112">112.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">George Morgan was much engaged in large land purchases. In 1763, +some Shawanese and other Indians carried off the property of certain whites +to the value of £85,916 10<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">s.</span></span>, 8<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">d.</span></span> +The offenders being tributary to the Six +Nations, the latter granted to King George III., for the exclusive use of the +sufferers, on November 3, 1768, at Fort Stanwix, the tract of some two million +five hundred thousand acres, later known as the claim of the Indiana +Company. The land lay southeast of the Ohio, and was claimed in part by +both Virginia and Pennsylvania. For map see <span class="tei tei-q">“States of America,”</span> by J. +Russell, London, E. Dilly and G. G. and J. Robinson, 1799; Hutchins, <span class="tei tei-q">“Topographical +Desc. of Va.,”</span> etc., French ed., Paris, 1781; Winsor, <span class="tei tei-q">“Westward +Movement,”</span> 17. Morgan, who was a large shareholder in the company, was +for years its agent. The claim was finally denied. Morgan was also the +founder of New Madrid, in what is now Missouri, but he was unfortunate in +assuming powers denied by the Spanish government. His experience in +Illinois was likewise a failure—<span class="tei tei-q">“Cal. of Va. State Papers”</span> I., 273, 297, 320; +VI., 1-36 (a history of the Indiana purchase), 261, 679, 301; <span class="tei tei-q">“Jour. of +Cong.,”</span> III., 359, 373; IV., 23; <span class="tei tei-q">“Rept. on Canadian Archives,”</span> 1888, p. +939; <span class="tei tei-q">“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,”</span> LIII., 78; Gayerré, <span class="tei tei-q">“Hist. of La.,”</span> +index under Morgan refers to passages giving several quotations from sources; +Kate Mason Rowland, <span class="tei tei-q">“George Mason,”</span> I., 230, 324-8, 289, 308, 333, +341-4; II., 21, 26, 239, 244, 262, 341-5, 406, 440-1. George Mason was +manager for the commonwealth when, in 1791, the final effort was made by +the Indiana Company to overthrow the Virginia settlement of its claim. +Some original sources of importance are given in this work—<span class="tei tei-q">“Plain Facts: +being an Examination into the Rights of the Indian Nations of America, to +their respective Countries, and a Vindication of the Grant, from the Six +United Nations of Indians, to the Proprietors of Indiana, against the decision +of Virginia, together with authentic documents, proving that the territory, +westward of the Alleghany Mountain, never belonged to Virginia, etc., Philadelphia...: +M.DCC.LXXXI.”</span> The work gives a resumé of the +proceedings of the company to 1779, 164 pp. <span class="tei tei-q">“View of the Title to Indiana, +a tract of country on the River Ohio,”</span> 24 pp., printed about 1775.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_113" name="note_113" href="#noteref_113">113.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Jour. of Cong.,”</span> IV., 341-2, 823-5.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_114" name="note_114" href="#noteref_114">114.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Jour. +of Cong.,”</span> IV., 823-5. The location of the ridge of rocks is +clearly shown in Hutchins' <span class="tei tei-q">“Topographical Desc. of Va.,”</span> 1778, on a map +opposite p. 41. French edition of 1781, facing p. 16; Winsor, <span class="tei tei-q">“Nar. and +Crit. Hist. of Am.,”</span> VI., 700; Collot, <span class="tei tei-q">“Atlas of America,”</span> 1826.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_115" name="note_115" href="#noteref_115">115.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Throughout +the period covered by this work, the term squatter denoted +one who illegally settled on public land, without a title. Later laws permitted +settling before securing a title, but in the early period, no squatting +was legal.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_116" name="note_116" href="#noteref_116">116.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Jour. of Cong.,”</span> IV., 857-9.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_117" name="note_117" href="#noteref_117">117.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“John Todd's +Record-Book,”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,”</span> IV., +308-14.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_118" name="note_118" href="#noteref_118">118.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Hamtramck to Harmar, +from Vincennes, April 13, 1788—<span class="tei tei-q">“Draper +Coll., Harmar Papers,”</span> I., 386-7. At the time fees as above were being +charged, prices current in Vincennes were: +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Corn, per bu. $ 2.00<br /> +Flour, per cwt. 7.00<br /> +Pork, per lb. .30<br /> +Beef, per lb. .15<br /> +Bordeaux wine, per bottle 2.00<br /> +Spirits, per gal. 12.00<br /> +Whisky, per gal. $ 8.00<br /> +Butter, per lb. 1.00<br /> +Eggs, per doz. 1.00<br /> +Loaf sugar, per lb. 1.00<br /> +Brown sugar, per lb. .60<br /> +Coffee, per lb. 1.45<br /> +A dunghill fowl $ 1.00<br /> +Potatoes, per bu. 2.00<br /> +Onions, per bu. 5.00<br /> +Cabbage, per head .15<br /> +Turnips, per bu. 1.00 +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +See <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, 388-9. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Beef was probably buffalo beef, as that was then the common meat for +garrisons and settlers in the West.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_119" name="note_119" href="#noteref_119">119.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,”</span> I., 389-92.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_120" name="note_120" href="#noteref_120">120.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hamtramck to +Harmar, from Vincennes, May 21, 1788—<span class="tei tei-q">“Draper +Coll., Harmar Papers,”</span> I., 396. <span class="tei tei-q">“Mr. Henry, of this place, who is very +much connected with the Indians, particularly his wife,”</span> implies that Henry's +wife was an Indian—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, 3-4.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_121" name="note_121" href="#noteref_121">121.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Same to same, Aug. 31, +1788—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, I., 450.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_122" name="note_122" href="#noteref_122">122.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Same to same, July 29, +1789—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, II., 70-1.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_123" name="note_123" href="#noteref_123">123.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hamtramck +to Harmar, from Vincennes, Nov. 11, 1789—<span class="tei tei-q">“Draper +Coll., Harmar Papers,”</span> II., 130-2.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_124" name="note_124" href="#noteref_124">124.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Same to same, June +24, 1790—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, II., 254.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_125" name="note_125" href="#noteref_125">125.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Same to ——, +Jan. 1, 1788—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, I., 371.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_126" name="note_126" href="#noteref_126">126.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Morgan's proclamation, +Oct. 3, 1788—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-q">“Clark MSS.,”</span> LIII., 78, +incomplete.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_127" name="note_127" href="#noteref_127">127.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">From Vincennes, Aug. 26, +1788—<span class="tei tei-q">“Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,”</span> I., +455-61.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_128" name="note_128" href="#noteref_128">128.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hamtramck to +Harmar, from Vincennes, Mar. 28, 1789—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, II., +17-18.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_129" name="note_129" href="#noteref_129">129.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hamtramck to Harmar, from +Vincennes, Apr. 11, 1789—<span class="tei tei-q">“Draper +Coll., Harmar Papers,”</span> II., 27-28.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_130" name="note_130" href="#noteref_130">130.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Harmar to St. +Clair, from Fort Harmar, May 8, 1789—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, II., 51. +Harmar to Knox, same date and of similar tenor—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, +II., 53.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_131" name="note_131" href="#noteref_131">131.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hamtramck to Wyllys, from +Vincennes, May 27, 1789—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, II., 39.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_132" name="note_132" href="#noteref_132">132.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hamtramck to +Harmar, from Fort Knox, Vincennes, Jan. 19, 1789—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, +II., 1.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_133" name="note_133" href="#noteref_133">133.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hamtramck to +Harmar, from Vincennes, Aug. 14, 1798—<span class="tei tei-q">“Draper +Coll., Harmar Papers,”</span> II., 90-1.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_134" name="note_134" href="#noteref_134">134.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Inclosed +in Hamtramck to Harmar, from Vincennes, Nov. 2, 1789—<span class="tei tei-q">“Draper +Coll., Harmar Papers,”</span> II., 124-7.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_135" name="note_135" href="#noteref_135">135.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Offer dated Oct. 3, +1789. Inclosed in Hamtramck to Harmar, Nov. +2, 1789—<span class="tei tei-q">“Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,”</span> II., 127-8.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_136" name="note_136" href="#noteref_136">136.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hamtramck's reply of +Oct. 14, 1789, to petition of Sept. 14, preceding, +inclosed as above—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, II., 128-30; +<span class="tei tei-q">“Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,”</span> +II., 128-130.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_137" name="note_137" href="#noteref_137">137.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Edgar to +Hamtramck, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 28, 1789—<span class="tei tei-q">“Draper Coll., +Harmar Papers,”</span> II., 132-6.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_138" name="note_138" href="#noteref_138">138.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Jones to Hamtramck, +from Kaskaskia, Oct. 29, 1789—<span class="tei tei-q">“Draper Coll., +Harmar Papers,”</span> II., 136-41.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_139" name="note_139" href="#noteref_139">139.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, II., 182; +<span class="tei tei-q">“St. Clair Papers,”</span> II., 164.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_140" name="note_140" href="#noteref_140">140.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Tardiveau to Hamtramck, from +Kaskaskia, Aug. 1, 1790—<span class="tei tei-q">“Draper +Coll., Harmar Papers,”</span> II., 302.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_141" name="note_141" href="#noteref_141">141.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“St. +Clair Papers,”</span> II., 165.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_142" name="note_142" href="#noteref_142">142.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Harmar to Hamtramck, +Sept. 3, 1790—<span class="tei tei-q">“Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,”</span> +II., 332.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_143" name="note_143" href="#noteref_143">143.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Jour. of +Cong.,”</span> IV., 823.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_144" name="note_144" href="#noteref_144">144.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Pittman, <span class="tei tei-q">“European Settlements on +the Miss.,”</span> 55.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_145" name="note_145" href="#noteref_145">145.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hutchins, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Topographical Desc. of Va.”</span> 36-8.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_146" name="note_146" href="#noteref_146">146.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“St. Clair +Papers,”</span> II. 122-3.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_147" name="note_147" href="#noteref_147">147.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Secret Jour. of Cong.,”</span> +IV., 301-29.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_148" name="note_148" href="#noteref_148">148.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“St. +Clair Papers,”</span> I., 150.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_149" name="note_149" href="#noteref_149">149.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Pub. +Lands,”</span> I., 20.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_150" name="note_150" href="#noteref_150">150.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Statutes at Large,”</span> +I., 221-2.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_151" name="note_151" href="#noteref_151">151.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hamtramck +to Harmar, from Vincennes, Apr. 14, 1791—<span class="tei tei-q">“Draper +Coll., Harmar Papers,”</span> II., 410.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_152" name="note_152" href="#noteref_152">152.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Draper MSS., +Translation of Spanish Documents,”</span> 49-60.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_153" name="note_153" href="#noteref_153">153.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Carondolet to +Duke of Alcudia, from New Orleans, Sept. 27, 1793—<span class="tei tei-q">“Draper +MSS., Translation of Spanish Documents.”</span> 24, second pagination of +typewritten matter.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_154" name="note_154" href="#noteref_154">154.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Carondolet to +——,—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, 33, first pagination of matter +in long hand.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_155" name="note_155" href="#noteref_155">155.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Pub. Lands,”</span> I., 69.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_156" name="note_156" href="#noteref_156">156.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“St. Clair Papers,”</span> II., 398-9.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_157" name="note_157" href="#noteref_157">157.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">John +Edgar, for years the wealthiest citizen of Illinois, was born in Ireland, +came to Kaskaskia in 1784, and soon became a large landholder by +purchasing French donation-rights. Wm. Morrison, a native of Bucks +county, Pa., came from Philadelphia to Kaskaskia in 1790 and became a +leading merchant and shipper. Wm. St. Clair, a son of James St. Clair, +once captain in the Irish Brigade in the service of France, was the first clerk +of the court of St. Clair county. John Dumoulin (or De Moulin) was a Swiss. +In 1790, he was a judge of the Court of Common Pleas in the Cahokia +district of St. Clair county.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_158" name="note_158" href="#noteref_158">158.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">St. +Clair county had been formed in 1790 and Randolph county in 1795. +In 1796, they were the only counties lying wholly within the present State of +Illinois. A strip of the eastern part of Illinois lay in Knox county. The +line between St. Clair and Randolph was an east-and-west line, a little south +of New Design, Randolph lying to the south—<span class="tei tei-q">“St. Clair Papers,”</span> II., 165, +166, 345.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_159" name="note_159" href="#noteref_159">159.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Pub. Lands,”</span> I., 68-9; <span class="tei tei-q">“Ind. +Hist. Soc. Pub.,”</span> II., 447-52, 452-55.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_160" name="note_160" href="#noteref_160">160.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Pub. +Lands,”</span> I., 68; Poore, <span class="tei tei-q">“Desc. Catalogue of Govt. Publications,”</span> +43; <span class="tei tei-q">“Laws of U. S. Relating to Pub. Lands,”</span> 420-5.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_161" name="note_161" href="#noteref_161">161.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,”</span> +II., 455-61; <span class="tei tei-q">“Annals of Cong.,”</span> 6th Cong., 735.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_162" name="note_162" href="#noteref_162">162.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Annals +of Cong.,”</span> 6th Cong., 537-538; Poore, <span class="tei tei-q">“Desc. Catalogue of +Govt. Publications,”</span> 43; <span class="tei tei-q">“Statutes at Large,”</span> II., 73-8.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_163" name="note_163" href="#noteref_163">163.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Statutes +at Large,”</span> II., 58-9; <span class="tei tei-q">“Annals of Cong.,”</span> 6th Cong., 507, +699, 701.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_164" name="note_164" href="#noteref_164">164.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">According to the Act +of May 10, 1800, public land was to be sold in +tracts, not smaller than one-half sections, and for a minimum price of two +dollars per acre. One-twentieth of the purchase-money should be paid at +the time of sale, the remainder of one-fourth of the price within forty days, +one-fourth in two years, one-fourth in three years, and one-fourth in four +years. On the last three payments, interest should be paid at six per cent +from the date of sale, and on the same three payments a discount of eight +per cent per year should be granted for prepayment. Land unpaid for reverted +to the United States—<span class="tei tei-q">“Statutes at Large,”</span> II., 73-8.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_165" name="note_165" href="#noteref_165">165.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Ind. +Hist. Soc. Pub.,”</span> II., 461-70; <span class="tei tei-q">“Annals of Cong.,”</span> 8th Cong., +1st Sess., 1023-4; 9th Cong., 1st Sess., 293-4, 466-8.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_166" name="note_166" href="#noteref_166">166.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">A western tributary of the lower +part of the Kaskaskia.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_167" name="note_167" href="#noteref_167">167.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Pub. +Lands,”</span> I., 591.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_168" name="note_168" href="#noteref_168">168.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Statutes +at Large,”</span> II., 469; Poore, <span class="tei tei-q">“Charters and Constitutions,”</span> +821, 832, 964, 973; McMaster, <span class="tei tei-q">“Acquisition of the ... Rights of Man in +Am.,”</span> 111-22; <span class="tei tei-q">“Proceedings and Debates of the Va. State Conv. of 1829-30,”</span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">passim</span></span>; Mowry, <span class="tei tei-q">“The Dorr War,”</span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">passim</span></span>.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_169" name="note_169" href="#noteref_169">169.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Draper Coll., Ill. MSS.,”</span> 37, 39, +43, 54, 57, 58, 67, 102, 104, 107, +108, 113; <span class="tei tei-q">“Pub. Lands,”</span> I., 20; <span class="tei tei-q">“Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,”</span> VII., 300; <span class="tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘Father +Clark;’</span> or, The Pioneer Preacher,”</span> 181 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_170" name="note_170" href="#noteref_170">170.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Indian Aff.,”</span> I., 562; +<span class="tei tei-q">“An. Rept. of the Bureau of Ethnology,”</span> 18, +Pt. 2, 656-7, Plates CXXIV., CXXV.; see map of Indian +cessions, 1795-1809.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_171" name="note_171" href="#noteref_171">171.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“An. +Rept. of the Bureau of Ethnology,”</span> 18, Pt. 2, 656-7; Plates +CXXIV., CXXV.; <span class="tei tei-q">“Indian Aff.,”</span> I., 688; see +map of Indian cessions.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_172" name="note_172" href="#noteref_172">172.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Indian Aff.,”</span> I., +687; <span class="tei tei-q">“An. Rept. of the Bureau of Ethnology,”</span> 18, +Pt. 2, 664-5, Plate CXXIV.; see map of Indian +cessions.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_173" name="note_173" href="#noteref_173">173.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Statutes +at Large,”</span> II., 277-83, 343-5, 446-8, 517, 590-1.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_174" name="note_174" href="#noteref_174">174.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Indian +Aff.,”</span> I., 693-4; <span class="tei tei-q">“An. Rept. of the Bureau of Ethnology,”</span> +18, Pt. 2, 666-7, Plate CXXIV.; see map of +Indian cessions.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_175" name="note_175" href="#noteref_175">175.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Indian +Aff.,”</span> I., 704-5; <span class="tei tei-q">“An. Rept. of the Bureau of Ethnology,”</span> +18, Pt. 2, 672-3, Plate CXXIV.; see map of Indian cessions.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_176" name="note_176" href="#noteref_176">176.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Annals of Cong.,”</span> 9th +Cong., 1st Sess., 339; see map in the <span class="tei tei-q">“Hist. +of Randolph, Monroe, and Perry Counties, Ill.,”</span> frontispiece.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_177" name="note_177" href="#noteref_177">177.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">St. Clair to +Judge Turner, from Marietta, May 2, 1795—<span class="tei tei-q">“St. Clair +Papers,”</span> II., 348-9.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_178" name="note_178" href="#noteref_178">178.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Edwards, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Great West,”</span> 271, 274-5; figures from the official census.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_179" name="note_179" href="#noteref_179">179.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">See +map of Illinois country.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_180" name="note_180" href="#noteref_180">180.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“St. Clair Papers,”</span> I., 193; II., 345.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_181" name="note_181" href="#noteref_181">181.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Laws of N.-W. Ter.,”</span> 1800, I., +47-51.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_182" name="note_182" href="#noteref_182">182.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, 1800, I., 58-61.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_183" name="note_183" href="#noteref_183">183.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, 1800, I., +178.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_184" name="note_184" href="#noteref_184">184.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, 1800, I., 61-71.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_185" name="note_185" href="#noteref_185">185.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, 1800, I., 119-21.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_186" name="note_186" href="#noteref_186">186.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, +1800, I., 197.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_187" name="note_187" href="#noteref_187">187.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Laws of N.-W. Ter., 1800,”</span> I., +226-7; <span class="tei tei-q">“Laws of Ill. Ter., 1815-16;”</span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, 1816-17, 4; +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, 17-19.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_188" name="note_188" href="#noteref_188">188.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Laws of N.-W. Ter., +1800,”</span> I., 157-61; McMaster, <span class="tei tei-q">“Acquisition +of the Pol., Social and Industrial Rights of Man in Am.,”</span> 64-66; 16th Cong., +2d Sess., <span class="tei tei-q">“Rept. of Com. No. 63.”</span></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_189" name="note_189" href="#noteref_189">189.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Laws of N.-W. +Ter., 1800,”</span> I., 184-5.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_190" name="note_190" href="#noteref_190">190.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Statutes at +Large,”</span> II., 58-9; <span class="tei tei-q">“Annals of Cong.,”</span> 6th Cong., 1007; +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, 9th Cong., 1st Sess., 275.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_191" name="note_191" href="#noteref_191">191.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Misc.,”</span> I., 206-7.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_192" name="note_192" href="#noteref_192">192.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“St. Clair Papers,”</span> II., +533-4.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_193" name="note_193" href="#noteref_193">193.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Annals +of Cong.,”</span> 8th Cong., 1st Sess., 489, 1659-60.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_194" name="note_194" href="#noteref_194">194.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,”</span> II., 486-7.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_195" name="note_195" href="#noteref_195">195.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Ind. Hist. Soc. +Pub.,”</span> II., 483-92; original among the House files at +Washington.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_196" name="note_196" href="#noteref_196">196.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Ind. +Hist. Soc. Pub.,”</span> II., 476-83.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_197" name="note_197" href="#noteref_197">197.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Laws +of Ind. Ter.,”</span> 1807, pp. 12-13.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_198" name="note_198" href="#noteref_198">198.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,”</span> II., 498-506.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_199" name="note_199" href="#noteref_199">199.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Annals of Cong.,”</span> +9th Cong., 1st Session, 469.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_200" name="note_200" href="#noteref_200">200.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, +466-8; <span class="tei tei-q">“Misc.,”</span> I., 450; <span class="tei tei-q">“Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,”</span> II., +494-7.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_201" name="note_201" href="#noteref_201">201.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Ind. Hist. +Soc. Pub.,”</span> II., 505-10.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_202" name="note_202" href="#noteref_202">202.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“H. +J.,”</span> 8th and 9th Cong., 611.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_203" name="note_203" href="#noteref_203">203.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Annals of +Cong.,”</span> 10th Cong., 1st Sess., 1976, 2067.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_204" name="note_204" href="#noteref_204">204.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, +10th Cong., 2d Sess., 971-3, 1093; <span class="tei tei-q">“Stat. at Large,”</span> II., +514-16.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_205" name="note_205" href="#noteref_205">205.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Annals of Cong.,”</span> 10th Cong., 2d Sess., 1093-4.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_206" name="note_206" href="#noteref_206">206.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“St. +Clair Papers,”</span> II., 318.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_207" name="note_207" href="#noteref_207">207.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cutler, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Life of Manasseh Cutler,”</span> II., 382.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_208" name="note_208" href="#noteref_208">208.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘Father Clark,’</span> +or the Pioneer Preacher,”</span> 202; Moses, <span class="tei tei-q">“Illinois,”</span> +I., 228.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_209" name="note_209" href="#noteref_209">209.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Pub. Lands,”</span> I., 256.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_210" name="note_210" href="#noteref_210">210.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Annals of Cong.,”</span> +9th Cong., 1st Sess., 469. The land bought in +Kentucky was probably near Eddyville, which the purchaser founded.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_211" name="note_211" href="#noteref_211">211.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Littell, <span class="tei tei-q">“Laws of Ky.,”</span> +I., 275-7, 687; Speed, <span class="tei tei-q">“The Wilderness Road,”</span> +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">passim</span></span>.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_212" name="note_212" href="#noteref_212">212.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Schultz, <span class="tei tei-q">“Travels on +an Inland Voyage,”</span> I., 129-32.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_213" name="note_213" href="#noteref_213">213.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Annals +of Cong.,”</span> 9th Cong., 1st Sess., 1049. Speech by Matthew +Lyon of Kentucky.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_214" name="note_214" href="#noteref_214">214.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Schultz, <span class="tei tei-q">“Travels on an Inland Voyage,”</span> I., 132.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_215" name="note_215" href="#noteref_215">215.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">For +vivid accounts of journeys between the East and Ohio, giving an +excellent idea of the difficulties of transit, in the period 1795-1809, see +Cutler, <span class="tei tei-q">“Life and Times of Ephraim Cutler,”</span> 17-22, 38-41, 90-103; also, +many passages in Cutler, <span class="tei tei-q">“Life, Journals and Corr. of Rev. Manasseh Cutler.”</span> +A similar journey made in 1790 is described in <span class="tei tei-q">“St. Clair Papers,”</span> II., 164.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_216" name="note_216" href="#noteref_216">216.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Collot, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Journey in N. A.,”</span> I., 192-3, 239.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_217" name="note_217" href="#noteref_217">217.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘Father +Clark,’</span> or The Pioneer Preacher,”</span> 193.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_218" name="note_218" href="#noteref_218">218.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Schultz, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Travels on an Inland Voyage,”</span> II., 38.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_219" name="note_219" href="#noteref_219">219.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cuming, <span class="tei tei-q">“Sketches +of a Tour,”</span> 245; Schultz, <span class="tei tei-q">“Travels on an Inland +Voyage,”</span> I., 199; Moses, <span class="tei tei-q">“Illinois,”</span> I., +265.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_220" name="note_220" href="#noteref_220">220.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Annals of Cong.,”</span> +9th Cong., 1st Sess., 1049. Speech by Matthew +Lyon of Kentucky.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_221" name="note_221" href="#noteref_221">221.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Pub. Lands,”</span> +I., 69; <span class="tei tei-q">“Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,”</span> II., 448.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_222" name="note_222" href="#noteref_222">222.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Ethelbert Stewart, <span class="tei tei-q">“A Few Notes +for an Industrial Hist. of Ill.,”</span> in +<span class="tei tei-q">“Pub. No. 8 of the Ill. Hist. Lib.,”</span> 120.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_223" name="note_223" href="#noteref_223">223.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Draper +Coll., Ill. MSS.,”</span> 73, 74. Original accounts of Wm. Biggs, +high sheriff of the county of St. Clair in the N.-W. Ter.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_224" name="note_224" href="#noteref_224">224.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hamilton, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Writings of James Monroe,”</span> I., 117.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_225" name="note_225" href="#noteref_225">225.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Statutes +at Large,”</span> II., 607.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_226" name="note_226" href="#noteref_226">226.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Pub. +Lands,”</span> II., 123.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_227" name="note_227" href="#noteref_227">227.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Statutes at +Large,”</span> II., 677; <span class="tei tei-q">“Pub. Lands,”</span> II., 254-5, 257-8, 210-41.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_228" name="note_228" href="#noteref_228">228.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Territorial Records +of Ill.,”</span> (<span class="tei tei-q">“Pub. of Ill. State Hist. Lib.,”</span> No. III., +109-10).</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_229" name="note_229" href="#noteref_229">229.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Pub. Lands,”</span> II., 157-81, 210-41.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_230" name="note_230" href="#noteref_230">230.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Territorial Records of Ill.,”</span> +(<span class="tei tei-q">“Pub. of the Ill. State Hist. Lib.,”</span> No. +III., 118-20); <span class="tei tei-q">“Statutes at Large,”</span> II., 175; <span class="tei tei-q">“Annals of Cong.”</span> (ed. 1853), +12th Cong., III., 883, 1011, 1015.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_231" name="note_231" href="#noteref_231">231.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“State Papers,”</span> 15th Cong., +1st Sess., III., No. 61, p. 6; Poore, <span class="tei tei-q">“Charters +and Constitutions,”</span> Pt. I., 436, 438, 445; <span class="tei tei-q">“Statutes at Large,”</span> III., 318.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_232" name="note_232" href="#noteref_232">232.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Statutes at Large,”</span> II., 797.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_233" name="note_233" href="#noteref_233">233.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Reynolds, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Illinois—My Own Times,”</span> 156.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_234" name="note_234" href="#noteref_234">234.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Littell, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Laws of Ky.,”</span> I., 430; <span class="tei tei-q">“Acts of 1811”</span> (Ky.), 213-15; <span class="tei tei-q">“Acts +of 1816”</span> (Ky.), 107; <span class="tei tei-q">“Acts of 1817”</span> (Ky.), 326.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_235" name="note_235" href="#noteref_235">235.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Pub. +Lands,”</span> III., 2.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_236" name="note_236" href="#noteref_236">236.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, +II., 873-4.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_237" name="note_237" href="#noteref_237">237.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Statutes +at Large,”</span> III., 125.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_238" name="note_238" href="#noteref_238">238.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“State +Papers,”</span> II., 14th Cong., 2d Sess., folio. Other volumes of the +same number and session are quarto.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_239" name="note_239" href="#noteref_239">239.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Statutes +at Large,”</span> II., 591; III., 113; <span class="tei tei-q">“Pub. Lands,”</span> II., 873-4.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_240" name="note_240" href="#noteref_240">240.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Littell, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Laws of Ky.,”</span> I., 395-7, 456.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_241" name="note_241" href="#noteref_241">241.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, I., +430.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_242" name="note_242" href="#noteref_242">242.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">O'Callaghan, <span class="tei tei-q">“Doc. Hist. of N. Y.,”</span> III., 1069-83, +quarto; 649-57, folio.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_243" name="note_243" href="#noteref_243">243.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Agnew, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Settlement and Land Titles of N.-W. Pa.,”</span> 118-19. See +also <span class="tei tei-q">“Jour. of H. of R.”</span> (Pa.), 1792-1794, first page of second appendix to +record of 1st Sess. of 3d House; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">ibid</span></span>., +first page of second appendix to record +of 1st Sess. of 4th House; Sergeant, <span class="tei tei-q">“View of the Land Laws of Pa., with +Notices of Its Early Hist. and Legislation,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">passim</span></span>.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_244" name="note_244" href="#noteref_244">244.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Littell, <span class="tei tei-q">“Laws of Ky.,”</span> I., +516.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_245" name="note_245" href="#noteref_245">245.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, II., +420-2; <span class="tei tei-q">“Acts of 1811”</span> (Ky.), 213-15; <span class="tei tei-q">“Acts of 1817”</span> (Ky.), +554; <span class="tei tei-q">“Acts of 1819”</span> (Ky.), 832.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_246" name="note_246" href="#noteref_246">246.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Acts of 1816”</span> (Ky.), +107; <span class="tei tei-q">“Acts of 1817”</span> (Ky.), 326.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_247" name="note_247" href="#noteref_247">247.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Phelan, <span class="tei tei-q">“Hist. of +Tenn.,”</span> 303. Quoted from Jones, <span class="tei tei-q">“The Chickasaw +Country Lately Ceded to the U. S.”</span> (1819).</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_248" name="note_248" href="#noteref_248">248.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Statutes +at Large,”</span> III., 307; <span class="tei tei-q">“Pub. Lands,”</span> II., 741; III., 1-5, +384-5.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_249" name="note_249" href="#noteref_249">249.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Brown, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Western Gazetteer, or Emigrants' Directory”</span> (1817), 33.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_250" name="note_250" href="#noteref_250">250.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">White, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Descendants of John Walker,”</span> 458-9, 461.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_251" name="note_251" href="#noteref_251">251.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">A land-office was +established at Edwardsville by an act of Apr. 29, 1816.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_252" name="note_252" href="#noteref_252">252.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“State Papers,”</span> No. 52, +15th Cong., 2d Sess., IV. Hundredths of acres +and cents are omitted from the tables. The figures for Shawneetown cover +the periods from Jan. 1 to Sept. 30; those for the other offices, from Jan. 1 +to Aug. 31.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_253" name="note_253" href="#noteref_253">253.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Pub. +Lands,”</span> III., 405.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_254" name="note_254" href="#noteref_254">254.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Indian Aff.,”</span> I., 761-2; +<span class="tei tei-q">“18th An. Rept. of the Bureau of Ethnology,”</span> +Pt. 2, 678; Nos. 73, 74. Plate CXXIV. See map of +Indian cessions.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_255" name="note_255" href="#noteref_255">255.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Reynolds, <span class="tei tei-q">“Illinois—My Own +Times,”</span> 81-4.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_256" name="note_256" href="#noteref_256">256.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Edwards, <span class="tei tei-q">“Hist. of Ill. and +Life of Ninian Edwards,”</span> 301.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_257" name="note_257" href="#noteref_257">257.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Reynolds, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Illinois—My Own Times,”</span> 82.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_258" name="note_258" href="#noteref_258">258.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Edwards, <span class="tei tei-q">“Hist. of +Ill. and Life of Ninian Edwards,”</span> 329.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_259" name="note_259" href="#noteref_259">259.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Edwards, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Hist. of Ill. and Life of Ninian Edwards,”</span> 335.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_260" name="note_260" href="#noteref_260">260.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Reynolds, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Illinois—My Own Times,”</span> 86-7.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_261" name="note_261" href="#noteref_261">261.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, +102.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_262" name="note_262" href="#noteref_262">262.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Indian +Aff.,”</span> II., 99.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_263" name="note_263" href="#noteref_263">263.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Indian Aff.,”</span> +II., 95-6; <span class="tei tei-q">“18th An. Rept. of the Bureau of Ethnology,”</span> +Pt. 2, 680-3, No. 77, Plate CXXV., and No. 78, Plate CXXIV. See map +of Indian cessions.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_264" name="note_264" href="#noteref_264">264.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Indian +Aff.,”</span> II., 167; <span class="tei tei-q">“18th An. Rept. of the Bureau of Ethnology,”</span> +Pt. 2, 692-3; No. 96a, Plate CXXIV. See also No. 48 on the same plate, +and No. 77, Plate CXXV. See map of Indian cessions.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_265" name="note_265" href="#noteref_265">265.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Territorial Records +of Ill.,”</span> (<span class="tei tei-q">“Pub. of the Ill. Hist. Lib.,”</span> No. III., 3, +6, 7).</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_266" name="note_266" href="#noteref_266">266.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Territorial Records of +Ill.”</span> (<span class="tei tei-q">“Pub. of the Ill. Hist. Lib.,”</span> No. III., +10-19). Of the thirty-eight laws selected by the Governor and judges in the +Northwest Territory, three were from the codes of southern states; of the +fifteen so selected in Indiana Territory, thirteen were from southern codes—<span class="tei tei-q">“Ind. +Hist. Soc. Pamphlets,”</span> No. I., 16; contained in Vol. 2 of <span class="tei tei-q">“Publications.”</span> +Illinois was thus most southern of the three.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_267" name="note_267" href="#noteref_267">267.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Territorial +Records of Ill.”</span> (<span class="tei tei-q">“Pub. of the Ill. Hist. Lib.,”</span> No. III., 23, +26-7).</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_268" name="note_268" href="#noteref_268">268.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Statutes +at Large,”</span> II., 741-2.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_269" name="note_269" href="#noteref_269">269.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Ind. +Hist. Soc. Pub.,”</span> II., 461-70.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_270" name="note_270" href="#noteref_270">270.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Edwards, <span class="tei tei-q">“Hist. of +Ill. and Life of Ninian Edwards.”</span> 296, 306.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_271" name="note_271" href="#noteref_271">271.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-q">“Territorial +Records of Ill.”</span> (<span class="tei tei-q">“Pub. of Ill. Hist. Lib.,”</span> No. III., 62, 86). +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +(For each of the following officials, their Nativity and County are listed.) +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Legislative Council. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Pierre Menard, Canada, Randolph.<br /> +Wm. Biggs, Md. St. Clair.<br /> +Sam'l Judy, Swiss or Md., Madison.<br /> +Thos. Ferguson, Johnson.<br /> +Benjamin Talbott, Gallatin. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +House of Reps. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Dr. George Fisher, Va., Randolph.<br /> +Rev. Joshua Oglesby, St. Clair.<br /> +Jacob Short, St. Clair.<br /> +Rev. Wm. Jones, N. C., Madison.<br /> +Philip Trammell, Gallatin.<br /> +Alex. Wilson, Va., Gallatin.<br /> +John Grammar, Johnson. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Territorial Judges. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Jesse B. Thomas, Maryland.<br /> +Alexander Stuart, Virginia.<br /> +William Sprigg, Maryland. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Territorial Secretaries. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Nathaniel Pope, Kentucky.<br /> +Joseph Philips, Tennessee. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Delegates in Congress and Term. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Shadrach Bond, Md, Dec. 3, 1812-14.<br /> +Benj. Stephenson, Ky, Nov. 14, 1814-16.<br /> +Nathan'l Pope, Ky, Dec. 2, 1816-18. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Governor. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Ninian Edwards, Md., 1809-1818. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Officers other than members are added to the above in order to emphasize +the southern origin of Illinois territorial officials. New England was not yet +a factor in Illinois politics.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_272" name="note_272" href="#noteref_272">272.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Territorial Records of +Illinois”</span> (<span class="tei tei-q">“Pub. of the Ill. Hist. Lib.,”</span> No. III., +62-170).</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_273" name="note_273" href="#noteref_273">273.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Laws of Ill. Ter., 1817-18,”</span> pp. 72-82; +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, 1815-16, p. 44.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_274" name="note_274" href="#noteref_274">274.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Laws of +Ill. Ter., 1817-18,”</span> pp. 57-64.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_275" name="note_275" href="#noteref_275">275.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Annals of Cong.,”</span> +15th Cong., 1st Sess., 1677, 1738; <span class="tei tei-q">“H. J.,”</span> 15th +Cong., 1st Sess., 151, 174; Benton, <span class="tei tei-q">“Abridgment of Debates in Cong.,”</span> VI., +173; <span class="tei tei-q">“Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,”</span> XI., 494-501.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_276" name="note_276" href="#noteref_276">276.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Statutes +at Large,”</span> III., 428; <span class="tei tei-q">“Laws of Ill. Ter.,”</span> 1817-18. pp. 42-5; +Dana, <span class="tei tei-q">“Sketches of Western Country,”</span> 1819, 153; <span class="tei tei-q">“Niles' Register,”</span> XIV., +359 (July 18, 1818); Babcock, <span class="tei tei-q">“Memoir of John Mason Peck,”</span> 99.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_277" name="note_277" href="#noteref_277">277.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Poore, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Charters and Constitutions,”</span> Pt. I., 442, 445. Of the members +of the Constitutional Convention of Illinois whose nativity has been learned, +ten were natives of the South, two were natives of Illinois born of southern +parents, two were Irishmen from the South, and five were natives of the +North. New England was represented by one man, John Messinger, a son-in-law +of Matthew Lyon.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_278" name="note_278" href="#noteref_278">278.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Annals of Cong.,”</span> 15th Cong., +2d Sess., 38, 305-11; <span class="tei tei-q">“Statutes at +Large,”</span> III., 536.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_279" name="note_279" href="#noteref_279">279.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Niles' Register,”</span> XIII., +1817, 224.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_280" name="note_280" href="#noteref_280">280.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Kingdom, <span class="tei tei-q">“America +and the British Colonies,”</span> 1816, 17.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_281" name="note_281" href="#noteref_281">281.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Birkbeck, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Journey from Va. to Ill.,”</span> 1817, 25, 29.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_282" name="note_282" href="#noteref_282">282.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Wright, <span class="tei tei-q">“Letters from the West, or, +A Caution to Emigrants,”</span> 1818, 1.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_283" name="note_283" href="#noteref_283">283.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Harding, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Tour through the Western Country,”</span> 1818-19, 5.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_284" name="note_284" href="#noteref_284">284.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Am. Mag. and +Review,”</span> III., 1818, 152; I., 1817, 473.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_285" name="note_285" href="#noteref_285">285.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Goodrich, <span class="tei tei-q">“Recollections of a +Life Time,”</span> II., 78 ff.; Birkbeck, <span class="tei tei-q">“Journey +from Va. to Ill.,”</span> 1817, 25; <span class="tei tei-q">“Va. Patriot,”</span> Sept. 7, 21, 1816; Varney, +<span class="tei tei-q">“A Brief Hist. of Me.,”</span> 239; Abbott, <span class="tei tei-q">“Hist. of Me.,”</span> 424; Williamson, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Hist. of Me.,”</span> II., 664-6; Sanborn, <span class="tei tei-q">“Hist. of N. H.,”</span> 265; Whiton, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Hist. of N. H.,”</span> 188; Barstow, <span class="tei tei-q">“Hist. of N. H.,”</span> 392; Thompson, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Hist. of the State of Vt.,”</span> 1833, 222; same, 1853, Pt. I., 20; Hoskins, <span class="tei tei-q">“Hist. +of the State of Vt.,”</span> 232; Wilbur, <span class="tei tei-q">“Early Hist. of Vt.,”</span> III., 162-3; Heaton, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Story of Vt.,”</span> 136; Beckley, <span class="tei tei-q">“Hist. of Vt.,”</span> 171-2; <span class="tei tei-q">“Gov. and +Council-Vt.,”</span> VI., 429-31.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_286" name="note_286" href="#noteref_286">286.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Va. +Patriot,”</span> Sept. 11, 1816.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_287" name="note_287" href="#noteref_287">287.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">White, <span class="tei tei-q">“Descendants of +John Walker,”</span> 425, 453, 461.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_288" name="note_288" href="#noteref_288">288.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Bassett, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Anti-Slavery Leaders of N. C.”</span> (J. H. U. Studies, XVI., 267-71).</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_289" name="note_289" href="#noteref_289">289.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">De Bow, <span class="tei tei-q">“Industrial Resources of +the U. S.,”</span> I., 122-3. Millions of +pounds of cotton raised in the U. S.: +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +1808, 75.<br /> +1809, 82.<br /> +1810, 85.<br /> +1811, 80.<br /> +1812, 75.<br /> +1813, 75.<br /> +1814, 70.<br /> +1815, 100.<br /> +1816, 124.<br /> +1817, 130.<br /> +1818, 125.<br /> +1819, 167.<br /> +1820, 160.<br /> +1821, 180.<br /> +1822, 210.<br /> +In Ga. 1811, 20, 1821, 45.<br /> +In Tenn. 1811, 3., 1821, 20.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_290" name="note_290" href="#noteref_290">290.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Statutes at +Large,”</span> S. C., VII., 451-66; <span class="tei tei-q">“Laws of Tenn., revision +of 1831,”</span> I., 314-30; <span class="tei tei-q">“Acts of 1818,”</span> Ky., 623, 787; <span class="tei tei-q">“Acts of 1815,”</span> Ky., +Feb. 8, 1815.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_291" name="note_291" href="#noteref_291">291.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. L. Watkins, in <span class="tei tei-q">“U. S. Dept. of Agric., Div. of Statistics, +Misc. Ser., Bulletin No. 9,”</span> p. 8.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_292" name="note_292" href="#noteref_292">292.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“National +Intelligencer,”</span> Washington, D. C., Apr. 18, 1812.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_293" name="note_293" href="#noteref_293">293.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Rambler +in N. A.,”</span> I., 104-11; <span class="tei tei-q">“Am. Register,”</span> II., 1817, 202-3.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_294" name="note_294" href="#noteref_294">294.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Memoir of John Mason +Peck,”</span> 81.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_295" name="note_295" href="#noteref_295">295.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Autobiography +of Peter Cartwright,”</span> 156.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_296" name="note_296" href="#noteref_296">296.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Morris Birkbeck and George Flower, +from England, founded in 1817, in +Edwards County, Illinois, what was the most famous of the English settlements +in Illinois. Birkbeck was an educated man and his writings are among +the important sources for the early history of Illinois. He was at one time +Secretary of State of Illinois. George Flower became the historian of the +settlement.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_297" name="note_297" href="#noteref_297">297.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Birkbeck, <span class="tei tei-q">“Letters from +Ill.,”</span> 56.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_298" name="note_298" href="#noteref_298">298.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Flower, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Hist. of the Eng. Settlement in Edwards Co., Ill.,”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Chicago +Hist. Soc. Coll.,”</span> I., 95-99.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_299" name="note_299" href="#noteref_299">299.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Memoir +of John Mason Peck,”</span> 71, 74.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_300" name="note_300" href="#noteref_300">300.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, +74-81. The disparity in dates in the latter part of the quotation +suggests that <span class="tei tei-q">“23d of October”</span> should probably read <span class="tei tei-q">“3d of October.”</span></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_301" name="note_301" href="#noteref_301">301.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Fearon, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Sketches of America,”</span> 258; William Tell Harris, <span class="tei tei-q">“Remarks +Made During a Tour through the U. S. of America in the Years 1817, +1818, 1819.”</span></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_302" name="note_302" href="#noteref_302">302.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Birkbeck, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Journey from Va. to Ill.,”</span> 1817, 128.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_303" name="note_303" href="#noteref_303">303.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Fearon, <span class="tei tei-q">“Sketches of Am.,”</span> +1817, 260. In Fearon's work 2<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">s.</span></span> 3<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">d.</span></span> is +equal to 50 cents, p. 5.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_304" name="note_304" href="#noteref_304">304.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Kingdom, <span class="tei tei-q">“Am. and the British Colonies,”</span> 2.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_305" name="note_305" href="#noteref_305">305.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hecke, <span class="tei tei-q">“Reise +durch die Vereinigten Staaten von Nord-Amerika,”</span> +1818-19, I., 34.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_306" name="note_306" href="#noteref_306">306.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Warden, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Acct. of the U. S. of N. A.,”</span> 1819, III., 62.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_307" name="note_307" href="#noteref_307">307.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“State Papers,”</span> 13th +Cong., 3d Sess.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_308" name="note_308" href="#noteref_308">308.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“State +Papers,”</span> 14th Cong., 2d Sess., II., folio. Another volume with +the same number is a quarto.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_309" name="note_309" href="#noteref_309">309.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, +14th Cong., 2d Sess., I.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_310" name="note_310" href="#noteref_310">310.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Ross, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Early Pioneers and Pioneer Events,”</span> 65.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_311" name="note_311" href="#noteref_311">311.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Kingston, <span class="tei tei-q">“Early Western +Days,”</span> in <span class="tei tei-q">“Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,”</span> VII., 313.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_312" name="note_312" href="#noteref_312">312.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Shaw, <span class="tei tei-q">“Personal Narrative,”</span> +in <span class="tei tei-q">“Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,”</span> II., 225.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_313" name="note_313" href="#noteref_313">313.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Fearon, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Sketches of Am.,”</span> 1817, 258; Brown, <span class="tei tei-q">“Western Gazetteer; +or, Emigrant's Directory,”</span> 1817, 20.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_314" name="note_314" href="#noteref_314">314.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Birkbeck, <span class="tei tei-q">“Journey from +Va. to Ill.,”</span> 1817, 137.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_315" name="note_315" href="#noteref_315">315.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Burnham +in <span class="tei tei-q">“Pub. of the Ill. State Hist. Lib.,”</span> No. VIII., 181.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_316" name="note_316" href="#noteref_316">316.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Harding, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Tour through the Western Country,”</span> 8. This passage is +practically plagiarized in Ogden, <span class="tei tei-q">“Letters from the West,”</span> and in Thwaites, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Early Western Travels,”</span> XIX., 56.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_317" name="note_317" href="#noteref_317">317.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Palmer, <span class="tei tei-q">“U. S. and +Canada,”</span> 1818, 417; <span class="tei tei-q">“Statutes at Large,”</span> II., +584; <span class="tei tei-q">“Incidents and Events in the Life of Gurdon Saltonstall +Hubbard,”</span> 38.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_318" name="note_318" href="#noteref_318">318.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“State Papers,”</span> +13th Cong., 3d Sess.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_319" name="note_319" href="#noteref_319">319.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, +13th Cong., 2d Sess., II.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_320" name="note_320" href="#noteref_320">320.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Autobiography of Peter +Cartwright,”</span> 178; Birkbeck, <span class="tei tei-q">“Journey from +Va. to Ill.,”</span> 1817, 128.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_321" name="note_321" href="#noteref_321">321.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">James and Loveless, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Newspapers in Ill. Prior to 1860,”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Pub. of the +Ill. State Hist. Lib.,”</span> No. I., 41, 42, 64, 73, 74; Palmer, <span class="tei tei-q">“U. S. and Canada,”</span> +1818, 416.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_322" name="note_322" href="#noteref_322">322.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Burnham, +<span class="tei tei-q">“An Early Ill. Newspaper,”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Pub. of the Ill. State Hist. +Lib.,”</span> No. VIII., 182.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_323" name="note_323" href="#noteref_323">323.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Col. +Daniel M. Parkison, <span class="tei tei-q">“Pioneer Life in Wis.,”</span> in <span class="tei tei-q">“Wis. Hist. Soc. +Coll.,”</span> II., 326-7, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">cf.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Memoir +of John Mason Peck,”</span> 76, 87.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_324" name="note_324" href="#noteref_324">324.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Indian +Aff.,”</span> II., 196-7; <span class="tei tei-q">“18th An. Rept. of the Bureau of Ethnology,”</span> +Pt. 2, 696-9, Plate CXXV.; Dana, <span class="tei tei-q">“Sketches of Western Country,”</span> +1819, 147. See map of Indian cessions.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_325" name="note_325" href="#noteref_325">325.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“State +Papers,”</span> No. 64, 18th Cong., 2d Sess., IV.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_326" name="note_326" href="#noteref_326">326.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, +No. 118, 19th Cong., 1st Sess., VI.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_327" name="note_327" href="#noteref_327">327.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, No. 96, 20th +Cong., 1st Sess., III.; <span class="tei tei-q">“Ex. Doc.,”</span> No. 140, 20th +Cong., 1st Sess., IV.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_328" name="note_328" href="#noteref_328">328.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Senate Doc.,”</span> +No. 47, 20th Cong., 2d Sess., I.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_329" name="note_329" href="#noteref_329">329.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, No. +72, 20th Cong., 2d Sess., I.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_330" name="note_330" href="#noteref_330">330.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Senate Doc.,”</span> No. 72, 20th Cong., +2d Sess., I.; see also <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">ibid.</span></span>, No. 27.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_331" name="note_331" href="#noteref_331">331.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“State Papers,”</span> +No. 24, 21st Cong., 1st Sess., II.; <span class="tei tei-q">“18th An. Rept. +of the Bureau of Ethnology,”</span> Pt. 2, 722-5, +Plate CXXV.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_332" name="note_332" href="#noteref_332">332.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, +Pt. 2, 736-7, 738-9, 750-1, Plates CXXIV. and CXXV.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_333" name="note_333" href="#noteref_333">333.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Tenney, <span class="tei tei-q">“Early +Times in Wis.,”</span> in <span class="tei tei-q">“Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,”</span> I., 96.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_334" name="note_334" href="#noteref_334">334.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">McLaughlin, <span class="tei tei-q">“Lewis Cass,”</span> +125; Young, <span class="tei tei-q">“Life of Gen. Lewis Cass,”</span> 93.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_335" name="note_335" href="#noteref_335">335.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“State Papers,”</span> +Senate, No. 87, 16th Cong., 1st Sess., II.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_336" name="note_336" href="#noteref_336">336.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, +No. 57, 16th Cong., 1st Sess., V.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_337" name="note_337" href="#noteref_337">337.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Statutes +at Large,”</span> III., 566-7.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_338" name="note_338" href="#noteref_338">338.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Donaldson, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Public Domain,”</span> 200 ff.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_339" name="note_339" href="#noteref_339">339.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“State Papers,”</span> +No. 35, 10th Cong., 2d Sess., II.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_340" name="note_340" href="#noteref_340">340.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Pub. Lands,”</span> +III., 533. It is interesting to note that for the five years +ending in 1822, the Pulteney estate of 380,000 acres of land in Steuben and +Alleghany counties, New York, had sold an average of 10,000 acres per +year, at an average price of $3.37 per acre—<span class="tei tei-q">“Columbian Sentinel,”</span> Boston, +Oct. 2, 1822.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_341" name="note_341" href="#noteref_341">341.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Illinois Intelligencer,”</span> Oct. 30, 1821.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_342" name="note_342" href="#noteref_342">342.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Pub. +Lands,”</span> IV.. 145; <span class="tei tei-q">“ Repts. and S. Doc.,”</span> No. 25, 18th Cong., +2d Sess., II.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_343" name="note_343" href="#noteref_343">343.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Pub. Lands,”</span> +IV., 871; <span class="tei tei-q">“S. Doc.,”</span> No. 17, 19th Cong., 2d Sess., II.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_344" name="note_344" href="#noteref_344">344.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“H. J.,”</span> +Ill., 1826-27, p. 54.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_345" name="note_345" href="#noteref_345">345.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Repts. of +Com.,”</span> No. 125, 20th Cong., 1st Sess., II.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_346" name="note_346" href="#noteref_346">346.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Senate Doc.,”</span> +No. 58, 20th Cong., 2d Sess., I. For the long and +futile effort made in Congress to secure a law graduating the price of public +lands, see Meigs, <span class="tei tei-q">“Life of Thomas Hart Benton,”</span> ch. xi., with the foot references +thereto.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_347" name="note_347" href="#noteref_347">347.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Strickland, <span class="tei tei-q">“Autobiography of Peter +Cartwright,”</span> 246, 254.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_348" name="note_348" href="#noteref_348">348.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Statutes +at Large,”</span> IV., 420-1.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_349" name="note_349" href="#noteref_349">349.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Pub. +Lands,”</span> VI., 240.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_350" name="note_350" href="#noteref_350">350.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Statutes +at Large,”</span> III., 786; <span class="tei tei-q">“Repts. of Com.,”</span> No. 58, 17th Cong., +1st Sess., I.; <span class="tei tei-q">“Pub. Lands,”</span> III., 406, 412-3, 421, 462-3; VI., 23-5; <span class="tei tei-q">“S. +Doc.,”</span> No. 10, 21st Cong., 1st Sess., I.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_351" name="note_351" href="#noteref_351">351.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Illinois +Intelligencer,”</span> Vandalia, Ill., Apr. 24, 1821.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_352" name="note_352" href="#noteref_352">352.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Niles' +Register,”</span> XXV., 117.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_353" name="note_353" href="#noteref_353">353.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Washington +(D. C.) Republican,”</span> Sept. 27, 1823.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_354" name="note_354" href="#noteref_354">354.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Illinois +Intelligencer,”</span> Oct. 3, 1829.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_355" name="note_355" href="#noteref_355">355.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Senate Jour.,”</span> Ill., +1830-31, 8-51. The message was delivered on +Dec. 7, 1830, and Edwards' successor was inaugurated the following day.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_356" name="note_356" href="#noteref_356">356.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“State +Papers,”</span> No. 17, 16th Cong., 1st Sess., II.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_357" name="note_357" href="#noteref_357">357.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Statutes at Large,”</span> III., 659-60; <span class="tei tei-q">“Niles' +Register,”</span> XXII., 59.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_358" name="note_358" href="#noteref_358">358.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Pub. Lands,”</span> +IV., 437-8; <span class="tei tei-q">“Repts. of Com.,”</span> No. 147, 19th Cong., +1st Sess., II.; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">ibid.</span></span>, No. 53, 18th Cong., +2d Sess., I.; <span class="tei tei-q">“S. Doc.,”</span> No. 49, +19th Cong., 1st Sess., II.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_359" name="note_359" href="#noteref_359">359.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, +No. 46, 19th Cong., 2d Sess., II.; <span class="tei tei-q">“State Papers,”</span> No. 81, 19th +Cong., 2d Sess., V.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_360" name="note_360" href="#noteref_360">360.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Pub. +Lands,”</span> VI., 27; <span class="tei tei-q">“Statutes at Large,”</span> IV., 234.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_361" name="note_361" href="#noteref_361">361.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“S. +Doc.,”</span> No. 11, 21st Cong., 1st Sess., I.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_362" name="note_362" href="#noteref_362">362.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Pub. Lands,”</span> +IV., 888, 921; V., 33, 35, 620; <span class="tei tei-q">“Statutes at Large,”</span> +IV., 305.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_363" name="note_363" href="#noteref_363">363.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Laws of Ill.,”</span> 1820-21, +39-45; 1824-25, 72.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_364" name="note_364" href="#noteref_364">364.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, +1820-21, 153-4.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_365" name="note_365" href="#noteref_365">365.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">The +total receipts from sales of 1829 is erroneously given as $256,124.54 +in the original.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_366" name="note_366" href="#noteref_366">366.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Pub. Lands,”</span> VI., 158-9.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_367" name="note_367" href="#noteref_367">367.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, VI., +219; <span class="tei tei-q">“H. Ex. Doc.,”</span> No. 19, 21st Cong., 2d Sess., I.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_368" name="note_368" href="#noteref_368">368.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Rept. +of a Meeting of Workingmen in the City of Wheeling, Va., on +Forming a Settlement in the State of Ill.,”</span> Oct. 4, 1830, 1-12.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_369" name="note_369" href="#noteref_369">369.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Information for +Emigrants,”</span> London, 1848, 33, first pagination. The +hogs were sold in 1829.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_370" name="note_370" href="#noteref_370">370.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Senators from Illinois: +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Ninian Edwards, Maryland, Dec. 4, 1818-Mar. 4, 1824<br /> +Jesse B. Thomas, Maryland, Dec. 4, 1818-Mar. 3, 1829<br /> +John McLean, North Carolina, Dec. 20, 1824-Mar. 3, 1825<br /> +and Dec. 7, 1829-Oct. 14, 1830<br /> +Elias K. Kane, New York, Dec. 5, 1825-Dec. 11, 1835<br /> +David J. Baker, Connecticut, Dec. 6, 1830-Jan. 4, 1831 +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Representatives from Illinois: +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +John McLean, North Carolina, Dec. 4, 1818-Mar. 3, 1819<br /> +Daniel P. Cook, Kentucky, Dec. 6, 1819-Mar. 3, 1827<br /> +Joseph Duncan, Kentucky, Dec. 3, 1827-Nov. 1834 +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Governors of Illinois: +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +1809-1818: Ninian Edwards, Maryland<br /> +1818-1822: Shadrach Bond, Maryland<br /> +1822-1826: Edward Coles, Virginia<br /> +1826-1830: Ninian Edwards, Maryland<br /> +1830-1834: John Reynolds, Pennsylvania +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The governors from 1834-1842 were from Kentucky, 1842-1861 from the +North, 1861-1873 from Kentucky. During the period 1846-1853, Illinois +had a Democratic governor (Augustus C. French), from New Hampshire, this +being the only instance of an Illinois governor from New England.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_371" name="note_371" href="#noteref_371">371.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Sulte, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Histoire des Canadiens-Français,”</span> VIII., 53.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_372" name="note_372" href="#noteref_372">372.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Annals of Cong.,”</span> 15th Cong., +2d Sess., 436, 704; <span class="tei tei-q">“H. J.,”</span> 15th Cong., +2d Sess., 100, 136-7, 273, 308; <span class="tei tei-q">“S. J.,”</span> 15th Cong., 2d Sess., 239, 240, +278-85, 322; 16th Cong., 1st Sess., 107, 201-2, 245; <span class="tei tei-q">“Annals of Cong.,”</span> 16th +Cong., 1st Sess., I., 450-2, 482-5; II., 1331-3; <span class="tei tei-q">“S. J.,”</span> 21st Cong., 2d +Sess., 38, 48, 51.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_373" name="note_373" href="#noteref_373">373.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“S. +J.,”</span> 18th Cong., 1st Sess., 401; <span class="tei tei-q">“H. J.,”</span> 18th Cong., 1st Sess., 428; +<span class="tei tei-q">“Cong. Debates,”</span> 20th Cong., 1st Sess., IV. 786, 2471.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_374" name="note_374" href="#noteref_374">374.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Cong. +Debates,”</span> 20th Cong., 1st Sess., IV., 90.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_375" name="note_375" href="#noteref_375">375.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Ohio +Republican,”</span> April 19, 1823.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_376" name="note_376" href="#noteref_376">376.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Eames, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Historic Morgan and Classic Jacksonville,”</span> 22. A letter from +the son of Mr. Eames, now deceased, says that search has failed to recover +the constitution of the Regulators of the Valley. Regulators were also useful +in preventing speculators from entering the claims of squatters, even when the +squatter was too poor to enter his own claim—Henderson, <span class="tei tei-q">“Early Hist. of +the Sangamon Country,”</span> 21. For another instance, see Blaney, <span class="tei tei-q">“Excursion +through the U. S.,”</span> 233-6; also, Reynolds, <span class="tei tei-q">“My Own Times,”</span> 1879, +113.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_377" name="note_377" href="#noteref_377">377.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Laws of Ill.,”</span> +1820-21, pp. 45-6; 1822-23, p. 109; Henderson, <span class="tei tei-q">“Early +Hist. of the Sangamon Country,”</span> 21.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_378" name="note_378" href="#noteref_378">378.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Laws of +Ill.,”</span> 1822-23, p. 86 ff.; 1824-25, p. 116.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_379" name="note_379" href="#noteref_379">379.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Miners' +Journal,”</span> Galena, Dec. 22, 1829; <span class="tei tei-q">“Revised Laws of Ill.,”</span> +1829, 57; <span class="tei tei-q">“H. J.,”</span> (Ill.), 1828-29, p. 57.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_380" name="note_380" href="#noteref_380">380.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Laws +of Ill.,”</span> 1822-23, pp. 149-51.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_381" name="note_381" href="#noteref_381">381.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, 1824-25, +pp. 121-8; <span class="tei tei-q">“Revised Laws of Ill.,”</span> 1829, 149.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_382" name="note_382" href="#noteref_382">382.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Revised +Laws of Ill.,”</span> 1829, p. 100; McMaster, <span class="tei tei-q">“Rights of Man in +Am.,”</span> 97.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_383" name="note_383" href="#noteref_383">383.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Laws +of Ill.,”</span> 1822-23, pp. 229-30.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_384" name="note_384" href="#noteref_384">384.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“H. J.,”</span> Ill., 1828-29, p. 8.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_385" name="note_385" href="#noteref_385">385.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Tenney, <span class="tei tei-q">“Early Times +in Wis.,”</span> in <span class="tei tei-q">“Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,”</span> I., 97; +<span class="tei tei-q">“Niles' Register,”</span> XXXVII., 53; <span class="tei tei-q">“State Papers,”</span> No. 35, 20th Cong., 2d +Sess., II.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_386" name="note_386" href="#noteref_386">386.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Repts. of +Com.,”</span> No. 177, 20th Cong., 1st Sess., III.; Meeker, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Early Hist. of the Lead Region of Wis.,”</span> in <span class="tei tei-q">“Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,”</span> VI., +278-9.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_387" name="note_387" href="#noteref_387">387.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“State +Papers,”</span> No. 66, 20th Cong., 2d Sess., II.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_388" name="note_388" href="#noteref_388">388.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Statutes +at Large,”</span> IV., 334.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_389" name="note_389" href="#noteref_389">389.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Galena Advertiser,”</span> Sept. 14, 1829.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_390" name="note_390" href="#noteref_390">390.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Bonner, <span class="tei tei-q">“Life and +Adventures of Beckwourth,”</span> 20, 21. Written from +Beckwourth's dictation.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_391" name="note_391" href="#noteref_391">391.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Washburne, <span class="tei tei-q">“Sketch of Edward Coles,”</span> +48.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_392" name="note_392" href="#noteref_392">392.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Meeker, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Early Hist. of the Lead Region of Wis.,”</span> in <span class="tei tei-q">“Wis. Hist. +Soc. Coll.,”</span> VI., 276-9.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_393" name="note_393" href="#noteref_393">393.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Blaney, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Excursion through the U. S. and Canada,”</span> 159.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_394" name="note_394" href="#noteref_394">394.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Niles' Register,”</span> +XXVIII., 168; Dana, <span class="tei tei-q">“Sketches of Western Country,”</span> +1819, 154; <span class="tei tei-q">“Laws of Ill. Ter.,”</span> 1817-18, pp. 57-64.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_395" name="note_395" href="#noteref_395">395.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Henderson, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Early Hist. of the Sangamon Country,”</span> 13.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_396" name="note_396" href="#noteref_396">396.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Reid, <span class="tei tei-q">“Sketch of Enoch +Long,”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,”</span> Il., 61-2.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_397" name="note_397" href="#noteref_397">397.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Pub. No. +8 of the Ill. State Hist. Lib.,”</span> 156; Strickland, <span class="tei tei-q">“Autobiography +of Peter Cartwright,”</span> 200-1; Faux, <span class="tei tei-q">“Memorable Days in Am.,”</span> 310.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_398" name="note_398" href="#noteref_398">398.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Reminiscences +of Levi Coffin,”</span> 89-99.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_399" name="note_399" href="#noteref_399">399.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, 76.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_400" name="note_400" href="#noteref_400">400.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, +94-5; Mrs. Delilah Mullin-Evans, in <span class="tei tei-q">“Trans. of the McLean Co. +(Ill.) Hist. Soc.,”</span> II., 17; Hecke, <span class="tei tei-q">“Reise durch die Vereinigten Staaten,”</span> +I., 37-8.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_401" name="note_401" href="#noteref_401">401.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Loomis, <span class="tei tei-q">“Notes of +a Journey to the Great West,”</span> pages unnumbered; +<span class="tei tei-q">“Niles' Register,”</span> XXII., 320.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_402" name="note_402" href="#noteref_402">402.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Stories of the Pioneer +Mothers of Ill.,”</span> MS. in Ill. State Hist. Lib.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_403" name="note_403" href="#noteref_403">403.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Tillson, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Reminiscences,”</span> 120.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_404" name="note_404" href="#noteref_404">404.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Melish, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Information and Advice to Emigrants,”</span> 1819, 108.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_405" name="note_405" href="#noteref_405">405.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Woods, <span class="tei tei-q">“Residence in +Ill.,”</span> 140.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_406" name="note_406" href="#noteref_406">406.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Laws +of Ill.,”</span> 1820-21, pp. 94-6.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_407" name="note_407" href="#noteref_407">407.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Tillson, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Reminiscences,”</span> 54.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_408" name="note_408" href="#noteref_408">408.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hamilton, <span class="tei tei-q">“Incidents and +Events in the Life of Gurdon Saltonstall +Hubbard,”</span> 136.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_409" name="note_409" href="#noteref_409">409.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Tillson, <span class="tei tei-q">“Reminiscences,”</span> +81; Strickland, <span class="tei tei-q">“Autobiography of Peter +Cartwright,”</span> 250.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_410" name="note_410" href="#noteref_410">410.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“State +Papers,”</span> No. 77, 21st Cong., 1st Sess., III.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_411" name="note_411" href="#noteref_411">411.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“S. +Doc.,”</span> No. 28, 21st Cong., 1st Sess., I.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_412" name="note_412" href="#noteref_412">412.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Meeker, <span class="tei tei-q">“Early +Hist. of the Lead Region of Wis.,”</span> in <span class="tei tei-q">“Wis. Hist. +Soc. Coll.,”</span> VI., 278-9.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_413" name="note_413" href="#noteref_413">413.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Reid, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Sketch of Enoch Long,”</span> Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll., II., 67-8. +See also Owen, in <span class="tei tei-q">“Deutsch-Amerikanische Geschichtsblatter,”</span> Jahrgang +2, Heft 2, 42.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_414" name="note_414" href="#noteref_414">414.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Chetlain, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Recollections of Seventy Years,”</span> 10.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_415" name="note_415" href="#noteref_415">415.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hulme, in Cobbett. <span class="tei tei-q">“Year's +Residence in the U. S.,”</span> 279, 302.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_416" name="note_416" href="#noteref_416">416.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Birkbeck, <span class="tei tei-q">“Letters from Ill.,”</span> +113; Birkbeck, <span class="tei tei-q">“Jour. from Va. to Ill.,”</span> +133-4.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_417" name="note_417" href="#noteref_417">417.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Fearon, <span class="tei tei-q">“Sketches of +Am.,”</span> 260, repeated in Kingdom, <span class="tei tei-q">“Am. and the +British Colonies,”</span> 63. In the works of Fearon +and Kingdom 4<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">s.</span></span> 6<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">d.</span></span> are +equal to $1.00.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_418" name="note_418" href="#noteref_418">418.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cobbett, <span class="tei tei-q">“A Year's Residence +in the U. S.,”</span> 337.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_419" name="note_419" href="#noteref_419">419.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Birkbeck, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Extracts,”</span> 4.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_420" name="note_420" href="#noteref_420">420.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Woods, <span class="tei tei-q">“Residence in Illinois,”</span> 33, +74, 111, 131, 133, 143-4.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_421" name="note_421" href="#noteref_421">421.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Faux, <span class="tei tei-q">“Memorable Days in Am.,”</span> +315.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_422" name="note_422" href="#noteref_422">422.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Kingdom, <span class="tei tei-q">“Am. +and the British Colonies,”</span> 2.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_423" name="note_423" href="#noteref_423">423.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Niles' Register,”</span> XXV., +95.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_424" name="note_424" href="#noteref_424">424.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Cincinnati +Emporium,”</span> Feb. 3, 1825.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_425" name="note_425" href="#noteref_425">425.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Cincinnati +Gazette,”</span> Apr. 1, 1825.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_426" name="note_426" href="#noteref_426">426.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Niles' Register,”</span> +XXXI., 58.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_427" name="note_427" href="#noteref_427">427.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, +XXXI., 38.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_428" name="note_428" href="#noteref_428">428.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Cincinnati Christian +Journal and Intelligencer,”</span> July 27, 1830.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_429" name="note_429" href="#noteref_429">429.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Niles' Register,”</span> +XXXVIII., 97.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_430" name="note_430" href="#noteref_430">430.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, XLIV., +36.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_431" name="note_431" href="#noteref_431">431.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Cincinnati Christian Journal +and Intelligencer,”</span> July 27, 1830.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_432" name="note_432" href="#noteref_432">432.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Fearon, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Sketches of Am.,”</span> 217, 260. Reprinted in Kingdom, <span class="tei tei-q">“Am. +and the British Colonies,”</span> 55, 62.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_433" name="note_433" href="#noteref_433">433.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Niles' Register,”</span> +XXIX., 165; <span class="tei tei-q">“The Intelligencer”</span> Petersburg, Va., +Mar. 11, 1825; <span class="tei tei-q">“Charleston (S. C.) Mercury,”</span> May 25, 1825; <span class="tei tei-q">“Nashville +(Tenn.) Republican,”</span> Apr. 16, 1825.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_434" name="note_434" href="#noteref_434">434.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Niles' +Register,”</span> XXXI., 52.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_435" name="note_435" href="#noteref_435">435.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Miners' +Journal,”</span> Galena, Oct. 4, 1829.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_436" name="note_436" href="#noteref_436">436.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, +Nov. 3, 1829; Dec. 15, 1829; Aug. 14, 1830.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_437" name="note_437" href="#noteref_437">437.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Twelfth Census of the U. +S., Occupations,”</span> p. xxx.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_438" name="note_438" href="#noteref_438">438.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Duden, <span class="tei tei-q">“Nordamerika,”</span> +61.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_439" name="note_439" href="#noteref_439">439.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hecke, <span class="tei tei-q">“Reise +durch die Vereinigten Staaten,”</span> II., 134-5.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_440" name="note_440" href="#noteref_440">440.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">The following describes a ditch and +bank fence: <span class="tei tei-q">“I very much admire +Mr. Birkbeck's mode of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">fencing</span></span>. +He makes a ditch 4 ft. wide at top, sloping +to 1 ft. wide at bottom, and 4 ft. deep. With the earth that comes out of the +ditch he makes a bank on one side, which is turfed towards the ditch. Then +a long pole is put up from the bottom of the ditch to 2 ft. above the bank; this +is crossed by a short pole from the other side, and then a rail is laid along +between the forks. The banks were growing beautifully, and looked altogether +very neat as well as formidable, though a live hedge (which he intends +to have) instead of dead poles and rails, upon top, would make the fence far +more effectual as well as handsomer.”</span>—Hulme, in Cobbett, <span class="tei tei-q">“Year's Residence +in the U. S.,”</span> 282.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_441" name="note_441" href="#noteref_441">441.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Ernst +in <span class="tei tei-q">“Pub. No. 8 of the Ill. State Hist. Lib.,”</span> 156; <span class="tei tei-q">“Jacksonville +(Ill.) Weekly Journal,”</span> Apr. 18, 1877 (in <span class="tei tei-q">“Ill. Local Hist.,”</span> III., in Wis. +Hist. Soc. Lib.)</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_442" name="note_442" href="#noteref_442">442.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Faux, <span class="tei tei-q">“Memorable Days +in Am.,”</span> 213.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_443" name="note_443" href="#noteref_443">443.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Strickland, <span class="tei tei-q">“Autobiography of Peter +Cartwright,”</span> 244.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_444" name="note_444" href="#noteref_444">444.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Faux, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Memorable Days in Am.,”</span> 273.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_445" name="note_445" href="#noteref_445">445.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Ernst, in <span class="tei tei-q">“Pub. No. 8 of the +Ill. State Hist. Lib.,”</span> 155.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_446" name="note_446" href="#noteref_446">446.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Strickland, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Autobiography of Peter Cartwright,”</span> 254.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_447" name="note_447" href="#noteref_447">447.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Chapman, +Lyde Grove, in <span class="tei tei-q">“Stories of the Pioneer Mothers of Ill.,”</span> in +MSS. in Ill. State Hist. Lib.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_448" name="note_448" href="#noteref_448">448.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Niles' Register,”</span> +XXIX., 37; <span class="tei tei-q">“Ill. Monthly Mag.,”</span> I., 127.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_449" name="note_449" href="#noteref_449">449.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Niles' +Register,”</span> XXII., 2, 67, 245, 386; <span class="tei tei-q">“Ill. Monthly Mag.,”</span> I., 129; +Loomis, <span class="tei tei-q">“Journey to the Great West in 1825,”</span> ch. iv., pages +unnumbered.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_450" name="note_450" href="#noteref_450">450.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Stories of the Pioneer Mothers +of Ill.,”</span> in MSS. in Ill. State Hist. Lib.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_451" name="note_451" href="#noteref_451">451.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Niles' +Register,”</span> XXX., 287; <span class="tei tei-q">“Ill. Intelligencer,”</span> May 18, 1826.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_452" name="note_452" href="#noteref_452">452.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Ill. +Monthly Mag.,”</span> I., 129.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_453" name="note_453" href="#noteref_453">453.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, +I., 128-9</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_454" name="note_454" href="#noteref_454">454.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Fearon, <span class="tei tei-q">“Sketches of America,”</span> 1817, 261, reprinted in +Kingdom, <span class="tei tei-q">“Am. and the British Colonies,”</span> 63; Birkbeck, <span class="tei tei-q">“Letters from Ill.”</span> 22, +32-3, 51-2, 69, 78, 85; Birkbeck, <span class="tei tei-q">“Extracts,”</span> 24-5, shows that a honey-locust +hedge could be made (1819) for less than 12 cents per rod.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_455" name="note_455" href="#noteref_455">455.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Birkbeck, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Jour. from Va. to Ill.,”</span> 36; Duden, <span class="tei tei-q">“Nordamerika,”</span> 319.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_456" name="note_456" href="#noteref_456">456.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Faux, <span class="tei tei-q">“Memorable +Days in Am.,”</span> 315.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_457" name="note_457" href="#noteref_457">457.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Birkbeck, <span class="tei tei-q">“Letters from Ill.,”</span> 35-6.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_458" name="note_458" href="#noteref_458">458.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Mackenzie, +<span class="tei tei-q">“View of the U. S.,”</span> 1819, 298.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_459" name="note_459" href="#noteref_459">459.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Niles' Register,”</span> +XXII., 112.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_460" name="note_460" href="#noteref_460">460.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, +XXV., 272.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_461" name="note_461" href="#noteref_461">461.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Loomis, <span class="tei tei-q">“Notes of a +Journey to the Great West in 1825,”</span> ch. iv, pages +unnumbered.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_462" name="note_462" href="#noteref_462">462.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“H. J.”</span> (Ill.), +1828-29, 63.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_463" name="note_463" href="#noteref_463">463.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“State Papers,”</span> No. 55, +21st Cong., 1st Sess., Vol. III.; <span class="tei tei-q">“Niles' Register,”</span> +XXVIII., 161.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_464" name="note_464" href="#noteref_464">464.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Niles' Register,”</span> XXII., +226.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_465" name="note_465" href="#noteref_465">465.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Parkison, <span class="tei tei-q">“Pioneer Life +in Wis.,”</span> in <span class="tei tei-q">“Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,”</span> II., 328-9.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_466" name="note_466" href="#noteref_466">466.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Owen, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Ums Jahr 1819 und 1829,”</span> in <span class="tei tei-q">“Deutsch-Amerikanische Geschichtsblatter,”</span> +Jahrgang 2, Heft 2, S. 42.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_467" name="note_467" href="#noteref_467">467.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Meeker, <span class="tei tei-q">“Early +Hist. of the Lead Region,”</span> in <span class="tei tei-q">“Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,”</span> +VI., 280.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_468" name="note_468" href="#noteref_468">468.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Pub. Lands,”</span> +IV, 800.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_469" name="note_469" href="#noteref_469">469.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Narrative of Morgan L. Martin,”</span> in <span class="tei tei-q">“Wis. +Hist. Soc. Coll.,”</span> XL, 398.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_470" name="note_470" href="#noteref_470">470.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Chetlain, <span class="tei tei-q">“Recollections of +Seventy Years,”</span> 6; Mrs. Adile Gratiot, in +<span class="tei tei-q">“Early Ill. Towns,”</span> Lib. of Chicago Hist. Soc.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_471" name="note_471" href="#noteref_471">471.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Parkison, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Pioneer Life in Wis,”</span> in <span class="tei tei-q">“Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll.,”</span> II., 329.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_472" name="note_472" href="#noteref_472">472.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Ex. +Doc.,”</span> No. 277, 20th Cong., 1st Sess., Vol. VII.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_473" name="note_473" href="#noteref_473">473.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Shattuck +Memorials,”</span> 233-4.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_474" name="note_474" href="#noteref_474">474.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Niles' +Register,”</span> XXXIV., 344.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_475" name="note_475" href="#noteref_475">475.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Jacksonville (Ill.) Weekly +Journal,”</span> Apr. 18, 1877.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_476" name="note_476" href="#noteref_476">476.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Babcock, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Memoir of John Mason Peck,”</span> 123.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_477" name="note_477" href="#noteref_477">477.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Peck, <span class="tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘Father Clark’</span>; or, +The Pioneer Preacher,”</span> 240.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_478" name="note_478" href="#noteref_478">478.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Reynolds, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Illinois—My Own Times,”</span> 59.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_479" name="note_479" href="#noteref_479">479.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Babcock, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Memoir of John Mason Peck,”</span> 229.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_480" name="note_480" href="#noteref_480">480.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Trans. of the McLean Co. (Ill.) +Hist. Soc,”</span> II., 19.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_481" name="note_481" href="#noteref_481">481.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Jacksonville (Ill.) +Weekly Journal,”</span> Apr. 18, 1877.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_482" name="note_482" href="#noteref_482">482.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Peck, in Reynolds, <span class="tei tei-q">“Pioneer Hist. of +Ill.,”</span> 259.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_483" name="note_483" href="#noteref_483">483.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, +272-3.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_484" name="note_484" href="#noteref_484">484.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Strickland, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Autobiography of Peter Cartwright,”</span> 386-7.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_485" name="note_485" href="#noteref_485">485.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Strickland, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Autobiography of Peter Cartwright,”</span> 254.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_486" name="note_486" href="#noteref_486">486.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Babcock, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Memoir of John M. Peck,”</span> 96-7.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_487" name="note_487" href="#noteref_487">487.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Reynolds, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Illinois—My Own Times,”</span> 128.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_488" name="note_488" href="#noteref_488">488.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, +116-7.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_489" name="note_489" href="#noteref_489">489.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Babcock, <span class="tei tei-q">“Memoir of John +M. Peck,”</span> 94-5.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_490" name="note_490" href="#noteref_490">490.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, +183, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>, 203, 209. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +In general, on the subject of religion in early Illinois, see: Peck, in Reynolds, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Pioneer Hist, of Ill.,”</span> 253-75, and the above mentioned works.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_491" name="note_491" href="#noteref_491">491.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Harris, <span class="tei tei-q">“Negro +Servitude in Ill.,”</span> 116-9, note 3, p. 118.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_492" name="note_492" href="#noteref_492">492.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Public +Laws”</span> (Ill.). 1865, 105.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_493" name="note_493" href="#noteref_493">493.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">The question of the binding +effect of the Ordinance received much attention, +especially from state courts, but early petitions show that the discussion +was not early important. In general, see Haight, <span class="tei tei-q">“Ordinance of 1787,”</span> in +<span class="tei tei-q">“Mich. Pol. Sci. Ass'n Pub.,”</span> II., 343-402; Cooley, <span class="tei tei-q">“Michigan,”</span> 137-9; +Washburne, <span class="tei tei-q">“Sketch of Edward Coles,”</span> 67-71.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_494" name="note_494" href="#noteref_494">494.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Pub. Lands,”</span> I., 68-9; +<span class="tei tei-q">“Ind. Hist. Soc. Pub.,”</span> II., 447-52, 452-5.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_495" name="note_495" href="#noteref_495">495.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Ind. Hist. +Soc. Pub.,”</span> II., 455-61; <span class="tei tei-q">“Annals of Cong.,”</span> 6th Cong., 735.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_496" name="note_496" href="#noteref_496">496.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Ind. +Hist. Soc. Pub.,”</span> II., 461-70; <span class="tei tei-q">“A. S. P. Misc.,”</span> I., 387; <span class="tei tei-q">“Annals +of Cong.,”</span> 8th Cong., 1st Sess., 1023-4; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">ibid.</span></span>, +9th Cong., 1st Sess., 466-8.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_497" name="note_497" href="#noteref_497">497.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Ind. Hist. +Soc. Pub.,”</span> II., 476-83, 498-506.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_498" name="note_498" href="#noteref_498">498.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, +II., 494-7; <span class="tei tei-q">“A. S. P., Misc.,”</span> I., 450; <span class="tei tei-q">“Annals of Cong.,”</span> 9th +Cong., 1st Sess., 293, 466-8.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_499" name="note_499" href="#noteref_499">499.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Ind. Hist. Soc. +Pub.,”</span> II., 507-10; <span class="tei tei-q">“A. S. P., Misc.,”</span> I., 467, 477; +<span class="tei tei-q">“Annals of Cong.,”</span> 9th Cong., 2d Sess., 375, 482.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_500" name="note_500" href="#noteref_500">500.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Ind. Hist. Soc. +Pub.,”</span> II., 515-21; <span class="tei tei-q">“A. S. P., Misc.,”</span> I., 484; <span class="tei tei-q">“Annals +of Cong.,”</span> 10th Cong., 1st Sess., 23, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>, +816.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_501" name="note_501" href="#noteref_501">501.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Harris, <span class="tei tei-q">“Negro Servitude +in Ill.,”</span> 11, note 3.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_502" name="note_502" href="#noteref_502">502.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Poore, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Charters and Constitutions,”</span> Pt. I., 445-6.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_503" name="note_503" href="#noteref_503">503.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Revised +Laws of Ill.,”</span> 1833, 457-62.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_504" name="note_504" href="#noteref_504">504.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Ninth Census of +U. S., Population and Social Statistics,”</span> 5, 7, 24-5; +Melish, <span class="tei tei-q">“Geog. Desc. of the U. S.,”</span> 1822, 359.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_505" name="note_505" href="#noteref_505">505.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Ninth Census of U. S., +Population and Social Statistics,”</span> 3, 7.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_506" name="note_506" href="#noteref_506">506.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Q. Adams, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Memoirs,”</span> V., 9.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_507" name="note_507" href="#noteref_507">507.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Illinois Intelligencer”</span> (Vandalia), +Apr. 24, 1821.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_508" name="note_508" href="#noteref_508">508.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Ninth +Census of the U. S., Population and Social Statistics,”</span> 3.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_509" name="note_509" href="#noteref_509">509.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">The vote +for governor given by W. H. Brown, <span class="tei tei-q">“Early Movement in +Illinois for the Legalization of Slavery,”</span> (<span class="tei tei-q">“Fergus Hist. Ser.,”</span> No. 4, p. 15), +differs from that by Washburne, <span class="tei tei-q">“Sketch of Edward Coles,”</span> 58, and Bonham, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Fifty Years Recollections,”</span> 22, while neither gives Coles a plurality of 46 +votes, as Harris in <span class="tei tei-q">“Negro Servitude in Ill.,”</span> 31, says the official returns show +him to have received. For the purposes of this work the differences are so +slight as to be negligible.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_510" name="note_510" href="#noteref_510">510.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“House Journal”</span> +(Ill.), 1822-23, pp. 25-7; <span class="tei tei-q">“Senate Journal”</span> (Ill.), +1822-23, pp. 29-30.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_511" name="note_511" href="#noteref_511">511.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Senate +Journal”</span> (Ill.), 1822-23, pp. 43-6; <span class="tei tei-q">“House Journal”</span> (Ill.), +1822-23, pp. 68, 134, 147-8.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_512" name="note_512" href="#noteref_512">512.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“House Journal”</span> (Ill.), +1822-23, pp. 44, 45.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_513" name="note_513" href="#noteref_513">513.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Davidson and Stuvé, <span class="tei tei-q">“Hist. of Ill.,”</span> 320.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_514" name="note_514" href="#noteref_514">514.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“House +Journal”</span> (Ill.), 1822-23, p. 272.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_515" name="note_515" href="#noteref_515">515.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, 1822-23, +P. 276; <span class="tei tei-q">“Senate Journal”</span> (Ill.), 1822-23, p. 252.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_516" name="note_516" href="#noteref_516">516.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Washburne, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Sketch of Edward Coles,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">passim.</span></span></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_517" name="note_517" href="#noteref_517">517.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Edwardsville +Spectator,”</span> Jan. 27, 1824; Nov. 29, 1823.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_518" name="note_518" href="#noteref_518">518.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Eames, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Historic Morgan and Classic Jacksonville,”</span> 12.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_519" name="note_519" href="#noteref_519">519.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-q">“House Journal”</span> (Ill.), +1824-25, p. 64. The corrected official vote +(Aug. 2, 1824), by counties, is as follows: +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +For. Against.<br /> +Alexander, 75, 51<br /> +Bond, 63, 240<br /> +Clark, 31, 116<br /> +Crawford, 134, 262<br /> +Edgar, 3, 234<br /> +Edwards, 189, 391<br /> +Fayette, 125, 121<br /> +Franklin, 170, 113<br /> +Fulton, 5, 60<br /> +Gallatin, 597, 133<br /> +Greene, 164, 379<br /> +Hamilton, 173, 85<br /> +Jackson, 180, 93<br /> +Jefferson, 99, 43<br /> +Johnson, 74, 74<br /> +Lawrence, 158, 261<br /> +Madison, 351, 563<br /> +Marion, 45, 52<br /> +Montgomery, 74, 90<br /> +Monroe, 141, 196<br /> +Morgan, 42, 432<br /> +Pike, 19, 165<br /> +Pope, 273, 124<br /> +Randolph, 357, 284<br /> +Sangamon, 153, 722<br /> +St. Clair, 408, 506<br /> +Union, 213, 240<br /> +Washington, 112, 173<br /> +Wayne, 189, 111<br /> +White, 355, 326 +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Totals, 4972, 6640 +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +The vote as here given is from Moses, <span class="tei tei-q">“Illinois,”</span> I., 324. It is also given in +Harris, <span class="tei tei-q">“Negro Servitude in Illinois,”</span> 48. It differs to a slight degree from +that given by William H. Brown in his <span class="tei tei-q">“Historical Sketch of the Early +Movement in Illinois for the Legalization of Slavery,”</span> read at the annual +meeting of the Chicago Hist. Soc., Dec. 5, 1864 (<span class="tei tei-q">“Fergus Hist. Ser.,”</span> No. 4), +and in Washburne, <span class="tei tei-q">“Sketch of Edward Coles,”</span> 191. Brown was one of the +leaders in the struggle and his work is of especial value. It is probable that +the vote appended to his address was prepared by some one else. The work +of Moses is of later date and his figures correspond to the official report in +respect to the majority against the convention, as the others do not.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_520" name="note_520" href="#noteref_520">520.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Brown, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Early Movement in Illinois for the Legalization of Slavery,”</span> +in <span class="tei tei-q">“Fergus Hist. Series,”</span> No. 4, pp. 16-17.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_521" name="note_521" href="#noteref_521">521.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Niles' Register,”</span> XXV., 39; +<span class="tei tei-q">“The Columbian Star”</span> (Washington, D. +C.), Feb. 21, 1824.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_522" name="note_522" href="#noteref_522">522.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“H. J.”</span> (Ill.), 1824-25, +p. 13; on kidnapping see Harris, <span class="tei tei-q">“Negro +Servitude in Ill.,”</span> 53 ff.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_523" name="note_523" href="#noteref_523">523.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, 1824-25, +pp. 26, 27, 151.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_524" name="note_524" href="#noteref_524">524.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, +1826-27, pp. 9-10.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_525" name="note_525" href="#noteref_525">525.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Revised +Laws of Ill.,”</span> 1833, 180-1.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_526" name="note_526" href="#noteref_526">526.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Laws of Ill.,”</span> +1824-25, p. 50.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_527" name="note_527" href="#noteref_527">527.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Revised +Laws of Ill.”</span> 1833, 463-65.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_528" name="note_528" href="#noteref_528">528.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Ninth Census of the U. S., +Population and Social Statistics,”</span> p. 7.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_529" name="note_529" href="#noteref_529">529.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, 3; +<span class="tei tei-q">“H. J.”</span> (Ill.), 1826, 11.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_530" name="note_530" href="#noteref_530">530.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“H. J.”</span> +(Ill.), 1826, 11.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_531" name="note_531" href="#noteref_531">531.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Edwardsville (Ill.) Spectator,”</span> +Oct. 5, 1824.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_532" name="note_532" href="#noteref_532">532.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Niles' +Register,”</span> XXIX., 208.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_533" name="note_533" href="#noteref_533">533.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span>, XXIX., 422.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_534" name="note_534" href="#noteref_534">534.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Shaler, <span class="tei tei-q">“Kentucky,”</span> +176-85.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_535" name="note_535" href="#noteref_535">535.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Nashville (Tenn.) +Republican,”</span> Apr. 16, 1825.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_536" name="note_536" href="#noteref_536">536.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Niles' Register,”</span> XXX., 449.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_537" name="note_537" href="#noteref_537">537.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Galena Advertiser,”</span> +July 20, Aug. 10, Sept. 21, 1829.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_538" name="note_538" href="#noteref_538">538.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Niles' Register,”</span> +XXXVI., 222.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_539" name="note_539" href="#noteref_539">539.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Illinois +Intelligencer”</span> (Vandalia), Oct. 31, 1829.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_540" name="note_540" href="#noteref_540">540.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Niles' Register,”</span> +XXXVI., 271.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_541" name="note_541" href="#noteref_541">541.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Illinois +Intelligencer”</span> (Vandalia), Nov. 27, 1830.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_542" name="note_542" href="#noteref_542">542.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Niles' Register,”</span> +XXXVII., 195.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_543" name="note_543" href="#noteref_543">543.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Galena Advertiser,”</span> +July 20, 1829; <span class="tei tei-q">“Niles' Register,”</span> XXXVII., 230.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_544" name="note_544" href="#noteref_544">544.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Niles' Register,”</span> +XXVIII., 161.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_545" name="note_545" href="#noteref_545">545.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“State Papers,”</span> +No. 69, 21st Cong., 1st Sess., Vol. III.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_546" name="note_546" href="#noteref_546">546.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thomas S. Hinde, +writing over the signature of <span class="tei tei-q">“Theophilus Arminius,”</span> +in <span class="tei tei-q">“Methodist Magazine,”</span> XI., 1828, 154-8. The identity of the writer is +shown by a note on p. 33 of the same volume. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +Among the many writings concerning Peter Cartwright, the best are Strickland, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Autobiography of Peter Cartwright”</span>; Cartwright, <span class="tei tei-q">“Fifty Years as a +Presiding Elder,”</span> and the obituary notice in <span class="tei tei-q">“Minutes of the Annual Conferences +of the M. E. Church,”</span> 1873, 115-7. See also Moses, <span class="tei tei-q">“Illinois,”</span> +I., 348, 379, 395, 506, 1166. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +For the character of John M. Peck, also a noted pioneer preacher and +founder of Rock Spring Seminary in Illinois, see <span class="tei tei-q">“Memoir of John Mason +Peck, D. D.,”</span> edited by Rufus Babcock.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_547" name="note_547" href="#noteref_547">547.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Pub. Lands,”</span> +I., 69-70; II., 203-4; <span class="tei tei-q">“Early Chicago and Illinois,”</span> in +<span class="tei tei-q">“Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,”</span> IV., 145, 159, 167, 169-70, 178-9, 209; Reynolds, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Pioneer Hist, of Ill.,”</span> 110, 116-8, 180, 215; John Edgar to Clark, +from Kaskaskia, Nov. 7, 1785, in <span class="tei tei-q">“Draper's Notes, Trip 1860,”</span> VI., 214-5; +Edgar to Clark, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 23, 1786, <span class="tei tei-q">“Draper Coll., Clark MSS.,”</span> +LIII., 56; Petition from Kaskaskia, Sept. 14, 1789, <span class="tei tei-q">“Draper Coll., Harmar +Papers,”</span> II., 124-7; Offer of John Edgar, from Kaskaskia, Oct. 3, 1789, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,”</span> II., 127-8; Hamtramck's reply to the Kaskaskia +petition of Sept. 14, 1789, from Vincennes, Oct. 14, 1789, <span class="tei tei-q">“Draper +Coll., Harmar Papers,”</span> II., 128-30; Edgar to Hamtramck, from Kaskaskia, +Oct. 28, 1789, ibid., II., 132-6; <span class="tei tei-q">“DraperColl., Kenton MSS.,”</span> Edgar Papers.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_548" name="note_548" href="#noteref_548">548.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Reynolds, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Pioneer Hist. of Ill.,”</span> 170-2; W. A. Burt Jones, in +<span class="tei tei-q">“Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,”</span> IV., 230-70; Jones to Hamtramck, from Kaskaskia, +Oct. 29, 1789, <span class="tei tei-q">“Draper Coll., Harmar Papers,”</span> II., 136-41.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_549" name="note_549" href="#noteref_549">549.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-q">“Methodist +Magazine,”</span> XI., 1828, 154-8. The remarks of Hinde +recall the difficulty which was experienced by the men who governed the +Northwest Territory under the Ordinance of 1787 when they attempted to +use only such laws as had been adopted by some state. The attempt was +early and finally abandoned. Hinde gives the following in a foot-note: <span class="tei tei-q">“A +gentleman, a Virginian, a physician of eminence who was educated in Paris, +visited a western state many years ago [written in 1827], and lost all his money +by gambling, (playing at cards). Meeting a friend on the mountains on his +return, he was thus addressed: <span class="tei tei-q">‘Well, doctor, you have been to see the new +country.’</span> <span class="tei tei-q">‘Yes,’</span> replied the doctor, biting his lips, <span class="tei tei-q">‘it is a new country, it +is true; but there are some of the oldest people in it that I ever saw.’</span> ”</span>—See +above reference, p. 155. +</p> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> +On Mt. Carmel and its founders, in general, see: <span class="tei tei-q">“Articles of Association +for the City of Mount Carmel”</span>; Bangs, <span class="tei tei-q">“Hist. of the M. E. Church,”</span> IV., +appendix, 3, 25; III., 230, 308-14; <span class="tei tei-q">“Minutes of Conferences”</span> Annual, M. +E., I., 347, 474, 516; <span class="tei tei-q">“American Pioneer,”</span> I., 327; II., 363-8; <span class="tei tei-q">“Laws of +Ill., 1824-25,”</span> 72-5; Simpson, <span class="tei tei-q">“Cyclopedia of Methodism,”</span> 97-S; <span class="tei tei-q">“Methodist +Magazine,”</span> VIII., 17, 49, 86. Less reliable data is given in <span class="tei tei-q">“Hist. of +Edwards, Lawrence, and Wabash Counties, Ill.,”</span> 85, 162, 189-90, 236, 238, +239. Mount Carmel is now (1908) the county seat of Wabash county. The +<span class="tei tei-q">“Hinde MSS.”</span> in the <span class="tei tei-q">“Draper Coll.”</span> are large in volume, but have slight +historic value, being chiefly musings of the author's later years.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_550" name="note_550" href="#noteref_550">550.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Bay, <span class="tei tei-q">“Reminiscences +of the Bench and Bar of Mo.,”</span> 78-91; <span class="tei tei-q">“Pub. +Lands,”</span> II., index under Easton, Rufus; Easton, <span class="tei tei-q">“Descendants of Joseph +Easton, Hartford, Conn.,”</span> I, 37, 65; Moses, <span class="tei tei-q">“Illinois,”</span> I., 272; <span class="tei tei-q">“Laws of +Ill., 1820-21,”</span> 39-45; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">ibid.</span></span>, 1822-23, 147.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_551" name="note_551" href="#noteref_551">551.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">For +information concerning Iles, see: <span class="tei tei-q">“Reminiscences of Elijah Iles,”</span> +in <span class="tei tei-q">“Hist. of Sangamon County, Ill.,”</span> 580-3; Power, <span class="tei tei-q">“Hist. of the Early +Settlers of Sangamon Co., Ill.,”</span> 397-400 (practically a short autobiography +of Iles, written in 1876); Moses, <span class="tei tei-q">“Illinois,”</span> I., 344; II., 1174. Concerning +Enos, see: Stiles, <span class="tei tei-q">“Ancient Windsor,”</span> (Conn.), II., 245, 246; <span class="tei tei-q">“Executive +Journal,”</span> Senate, 1815-29, pp. 325, 328, 551, 553, +555; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">ibid.</span></span>, 1829-37, pp. 50, +391; <span class="tei tei-q">“Edwards Papers,”</span> in <span class="tei tei-q">“Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,”</span> III., 205, 391. +Concerning Cox, see: Moses, <span class="tei tei-q">“Illinois,”</span> II., 1168; <span class="tei tei-q">“Executive Journal,”</span> +Senate, 1815-29, pp. 216-7, 325, 328, 551, 553, 555; Washburne, <span class="tei tei-q">“Sketch +of Edward Coles,”</span> 128-30; <span class="tei tei-q">“Edwards Papers,”</span> in <span class="tei tei-q">“Chicago Hist. Soc. +Coll.,”</span> III., 76, 211, 336-7; Gue, <span class="tei tei-q">“Hist. of Iowa,”</span> I., 205, 211; Fairall, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Manual of Iowa Politics,”</span> 107; <span class="tei tei-q">“Hist. of Jackson County,”</span> Iowa, 360-403. +On Springfield, see: Peck, <span class="tei tei-q">“Gazetteer of Illinois,”</span> 1834, 337.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_552" name="note_552" href="#noteref_552">552.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Moses, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Illinois,”</span> I., 287, 289-90; Reynolds, <span class="tei tei-q">“Pioneer Hist. of Ill.,”</span> +291-4, 323-7.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_553" name="note_553" href="#noteref_553">553.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Washburne, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Sketch of Edward Coles,”</span> 16 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">et seq.</span></span>, 54-7. Washburne, +the writer, came to Galena, Illinois, when it still had many frontier characteristics, +and for seventeen years represented his district in Congress.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_554" name="note_554" href="#noteref_554">554.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Moses, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Illinois,”</span> L., 242-3, 336, 340-1, 351; Washburne, <span class="tei tei-q">“Sketch of +Edward Coles,”</span> 54-7; and for a general view of Edwards, see: N. W. Edwards, +<span class="tei tei-q">“Hist. of Ill. and Life of Ninian Edwards,”</span> and <span class="tei tei-q">“The Edwards Papers,”</span> in +<span class="tei tei-q">“Chicago Hist. Soc. Coll.,”</span> III.</dd></dl> + </div> + <hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <div id="pgfooter" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"><pre class="pre tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em">***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE SETTLEMENT OF ILLINOIS, 1778-1830*** +</pre><hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"><a name="rightpageheader45" id="rightpageheader45"></a><a name="pgtoc46" id="pgtoc46"></a><a name="pdf47" id="pdf47"></a><h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Credits</span></h1><table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"><tbody><tr><th class="tei tei-label tei-label-gloss">October 9, 2010 </th></tr><tr><td class="tei tei-item tei-item-gloss"><table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"><tbody><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item">Project Gutenberg TEI edition 1</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item"><span class="tei tei-respStmt"> + <span class="tei tei-name"> + Produced by Geetu Melwani, Audrey Longhurst, Nancy Faller of The Morton + Arboretum, David King, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at + <http://www.pgdp.net/>. + (This file was produced from images generously made available by + The Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries.) + </span> + </span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div><hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"><a name="rightpageheader48" id="rightpageheader48"></a><a name="pgtoc49" id="pgtoc49"></a><a name="pdf50" id="pdf50"></a><h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">A Word from Project Gutenberg</span></h1><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This file should be named + 34049-h.html or + 34049-h.zip.</p><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This and all associated files of various formats will be found + in: + + <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/3/4/0/4/34049/" class="block tei tei-xref" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">http://www.gutenberg.org</span><span style="font-size: 90%">/dirs/3/4/0/4/34049/</span></a></p><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Updated editions will replace the previous one — the old + editions will be renamed.</p><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Creating the works from public domain print editions means that + no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the + Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United + States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. + Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this + license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works + to protect the Project Gutenberg™ concept and trademark. 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