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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Boke of Noblesse + +Author: Unknown + +Editor: John Gough Nichols + +Release Date: October 1, 2010 [EBook #33953] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BOKE OF NOBLESSE *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Keith Edkins and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<table border="0" cellpadding="10" style="background-color: #ccccff;"> +<tr> +<td style="width:25%; vertical-align:top"> +Transcriber's note: +</td> +<td> +A few typographical errors have been corrected. They +appear in the text <span class="correction" title="explanation will pop up">like this</span>, and the +explanation will appear when the mouse pointer is moved over the marked +passage. +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h1>T<span class="gsp"> </span>H<span class="gsp"> </span>E B<span class="gsp"> </span>O<span class="gsp"> </span>K<span class="gsp"> </span>E O<span class="gsp"> </span>F N<span class="gsp"> </span>O<span class="gsp"> </span>B<span class="gsp"> </span>L<span class="gsp"> </span>E<span class="gsp"> </span>S<span class="gsp"> </span>S<span class="gsp"> </span>E</h1> + +<h2>ADDRESSED TO KING EDWARD THE FOURTH</h2> + +<h2>ON HIS INVASION OF FRANCE</h2> + +<h2>IN 1475</h2> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="short" /> + +<h3>WITH AN INTRODUCTION</h3> + +<h2>B<span class="gsp"> </span>Y J<span class="gsp"> </span>O<span class="gsp"> </span>H<span class="gsp"> </span>N G<span class="gsp"> </span>O<span class="gsp"> </span>U<span class="gsp"> </span>G<span class="gsp"> </span>H N<span class="gsp"> </span>I<span class="gsp"> </span>C<span class="gsp"> </span>H<span class="gsp"> </span>O<span class="gsp"> </span>L<span class="gsp"> </span>S<span class="gsp"> </span>, F.<span class="gsp"> </span>S.<span class="gsp"> </span>A.</h2> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="short" /> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:8%;"> + <a href="images/bon001.png"><img style="width:100%" src="images/bon001.png" + alt="Printers Mark" title="Printers Mark" /></a> + </div> +<p class="cenhead">BURT FRANKLIN<br /> +NEW YORK</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Published by LENOX HILL Pub. & Dist. Co. (Burt Franklin)</p> + <p>235 East 44th St., New York, N.Y. 10017</p> + <p>Reprinted: 1972</p> + <p>Printed in the U.S.A.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Burt Franklin: Research and Source Works Series</p> + <p>Selected Studies in History, Economics, & Social Science:</p> + <p>n.s. 17 (b) Medieval, Renaissance & Reformation Studies</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Reprinted from the original edition in the University of</p> + <p>Minnesota Library.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>The Boke of noblesse.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Reprint of the 1860 ed. printed for the Roxburghe Club.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>1. Chivalry—History. 2. Hundred Years' War, 1339-1453. 3. Great</p> + <p>Britain—History—Edward IV, 1461-1483. I. Roxburghe Club, London.</p> + <p>CR4515.B64 1972 394'.7'09 73-80201</p> + <p>ISBN 0-8337-2524-6</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i8"><b>The Roxburghe Club.</b></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p class="i16">MDCCCLX.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>THE DUKE OF BUCCLEUCH AND QUEENSBERRY, K.G.</p> + <p class="i16">PRESIDENT.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>THE DUKE OF HAMILTON AND BRANDON.</p> + <p>THE DUKE OF SUTHERLAND, K.G.</p> + <p>HIS EXCELLENCY MONSIEUR VAN DE WEYER.</p> + <p>MARQUIS OF LOTHIAN.</p> + <p>EARL OF CARNARVON.</p> + <p>EARL OF POWIS, V.P.</p> + <p>EARL CAWDOR.</p> + <p>EARL OF ELLESMERE.</p> + <p>LORD VERNON.</p> + <p>LORD DELAMERE.</p> + <p>LORD DUFFERIN.</p> + <p>LORD WENSLEYDALE.</p> + <p>RIGHT HON. SIR DAVID DUNDAS.</p> + <p>HON. ROBERT CURZON, JUN.</p> + <p>SIR STEPHEN RICHARD GLYNNE, BART.</p> + <p>SIR EDWARD HULSE, BART.</p> + <p>SIR JOHN BENN WALSH, BART.</p> + <p>SIR JOHN SIMEON, BART.</p> + <p>SIR JAMES SHAW WILLES.</p> + <p>NATHANIEL BLAND, ESQ.</p> + <p>BERIAH BOTFIELD, ESQ. Treasurer.</p> + <p>REV WILLIAM EDWARD BUCKLEY.</p> + <p>PAUL BUTLER, ESQ.</p> + <p>FRANCIS HENRY DICKINSON, ESQ.</p> + <p>THOMAS GAISFORD, ESQ.</p> + <p>RALPH NEVILLE GRENVILLE, ESQ.</p> + <p>REV. EDWARD CRAVEN HAWTREY, D.D.</p> + <p>ROBERT STAYNER HOLFORD, ESQ.</p> + <p>ADRIAN JOHN HOPE, ESQ.</p> + <p>ALEX. JAMES BERESFORD HOPE, ESQ.</p> + <p>REV. JOHN STUART HIPPISLEY HORNER, M.A.</p> + <p>JOHN ARTHUR LLOYD, ESQ.</p> + <p>EVELYN PHILIP SHIRLEY, ESQ.</p> + <p>WILLIAM STIRLING, ESQ.</p> + <p>SIMON WATSON TAYLOR, ESQ.</p> + <p>GEORGE TOMLINE, ESQ.</p> + <p>CHARLES TOWNELEY, ESQ.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + +<h2>TO THE PRESIDENT AND MEMBERS</h2> + +<p class="cenhead">OF</p> + +<h2><b>The Roxburghe Club</b></h2> + +<h3>THIS INTERESTING HISTORICAL TREATISE,</h3> + +<p class="cenhead">WRITTEN IN ENCOURAGEMENT OF THE</p> + +<h3>INVASION OF FRANCE BY KING EDWARD THE FOURTH IN 1475,</h3> + +<p class="cenhead">IS DEDICATED AND PRESENTED</p> + +<p class="cenhead"> BY THEIR OBEDIENT SERVANT,</p> + +<h2> DELAMERE.</h2> + + <p>June 23, 1860.</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + +<p><!-- Page i --><span class="pagenum"><a name="pagei"></a>{i}</span></p> + +<h2>INTRODUCTION.</h2> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="short" /> + + <p>The Book of Noblesse, which is now for the first time printed, was + addressed to King Edward the Fourth for a political purpose, on a great + and important occasion. He was in the midst of his second reign, living + in high prosperity. He had subdued his domestic enemies. His Lancastrian + rivals were no longer in existence, and the potent King-maker had fought + his last field. Edward was the father of two sons; and had no immediate + reason to dread either of his younger brothers, however unkind and + treacherous we now know them to have been. He was the undisputed King of + England, and, like his predecessors, the titular King of France. His + brother-in-law the duke of Burgundy, who had befriended him in his exile + in 1470, was continually urging, for his own ambitious views, that the + English should renew their ancient enterprises in France; and Edward, + notwithstanding his natural indolence, was at last prepared to carry his + arms into that country. The project was popular with all those who were + burning for military fame, indignant at the decay of the English name + upon the continent, or desirous to improve their fortunes by the + acquisitions of conquest. The Book of Noblesse was written to excite and + inflame such sentiments and expectations.</p> + + <p>Its unknown author was connected with those who had formerly profited + by the occupation of the English provinces in France, and particularly + with the celebrated sir John Fastolfe, knight of the Garter, whom the + writer in several places mentions as "myne autor."</p> + + <p>Sir John Fastolfe had survived the losses of his countrymen in France, + and died at an advanced age in the year 1460. It seems not at all + improbable that the substance of this book was written during his + life-time, and that it was merely revised and augmented on the eve of + Edward the Fourth's invasion of France. All the historical events which + are mentioned in it date at least some five-and-twenty years before that + expedition.</p> + + <p>The author commences his composition by an acknowledgment, how + necessary it is in the beginning of every good work, to implore the grace + of God: and then <!-- Page ii --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="pageii"></a>{ii}</span>introduces a definition of true nobility or + Noblesse, in the words of "Kayus' son," as he designates the younger + Pliny.</p> + + <p>He next states that his work was suggested by the disgrace which the + realm had sustained from the grievous loss of the kingdom of France, the + duchies of Normandy, Gascony, and Guienne, and the counties of Maine and + Ponthieu; which had been recovered by the French party, headed by Charles + the Seventh, in the course of fifteen months, and chiefly during the year + 1450. To inspire a just indignation of such a reverse, he recalls all the + ancestral glories of the English nation, from their first original in the + ancient blood of Troy, and through all the triumphs of the Saxons, Danes, + Normans, and Angevyns. Of the Romans in England he says nothing, though + in his subsequent pages he draws much from Roman history.</p> + + <p>The next chapter sets forth how every man of worship in arms should + resemble the lion in disposition, being eager, fierce, and courageous. In + illustration of this it may be remarked, that Froissart, when describing + the battle of Poictiers, says of the Black Prince, "The Prince of Wales, + who was <i>as courageous and cruel as a lion</i>, took great pleasure + this day in fighting and chasing his enemies." So our first Richard is + still popularly known by his martial epithet of Cœur de Lyon: and + that the lion was generally considered the fit emblem of knightly valour + is testified by its general adoption on the heraldic shields of the + highest ranks of feudal chivalry. The royal house of England displayed + three lions, and the king of beasts was supposed to be peculiarly + symbolic of their race—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Your brother Kings and monarchs of the earth</p> + <p>Do all expect that you should rouse yourself</p> + <p>As did the former Lions of your Blood.</p> + <p class="i20">Shakspere's Henry V. Act I. scene 1.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>In the following chapter the author proceeds to describe "how the + French party began first to offend, and break the truce." This truce had + been concluded at Tours on the 28th of May 1444. The French are stated to + have transgressed it first by capturing certain English merchant-men on + the sea; and next by taking as prisoners various persons who bore + allegiance to the English king. Of such are enumerated sir Giles son of + the duke of Bretagne<a name="NtA1" href="#Nt1"><sup>[1]</sup></a>; sir + Simon Morhier, the <!-- Page iii --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="pageiii"></a>{iii}</span>provost of Paris, taken at Dieppe<a + name="NtA2" href="#Nt2"><sup>[2]</sup></a>; one Mansel an esquire, taken + on the road between Rouen and Dieppe, in January 1448-9<a name="NtA3" + href="#Nt3"><sup>[3]</sup></a>; and the lord Fauconberg, taken at Pont de + l'Arche on the 15th May 1449.<a name="NtA4" + href="#Nt4"><sup>[4]</sup></a> The writer is careful to state that these + acts of aggression on the part of the French, or some of them, were + committed "before the taking of Fugiers," for it was by that action that + the English party had really brought themselves into difficulty.<a + name="NtA5" href="#Nt5"><sup>[5]</sup></a></p> + + <p>There is next discussed (p. <a href="#page6">6</a>) "a question of + great charge and weight, whether it be lawful to make war upon Christian + blood." This is determined upon the authority of a book entitled The Tree + of Batailes, a work which had evidently already acquired considerable + popularity whilst still circulated in manuscript only, <!-- Page iv + --><span class="pagenum"><a name="pageiv"></a>{iv}</span>and which so far + retained its reputation when books began to be multiplied by the + printing-press as to be reproduced on several occasions. Our author + frequently recurs to it, but his references do not agree with the book as + it now remains; and it is remarkable that he attributes it, not to Honoré + Bonnet its real author,<a name="NtA6" href="#Nt6"><sup>[6]</sup></a> but + to one dame Christine, whom he describes (see his note in p. <a + href="#page54">54</a>) as an inmate of the house of religious ladies at + Passy near Paris. It would seem, therefore, that he made use of a + somewhat different book, though probably founded on the celebrated work + of Honoré Bonnet.</p> + + <p>The fact of wars sometimes originating from motives of mere rivalry or + revenge prompts the writer or commentator (whose insertions I have + distinguished as proceeding from a "second hand,") to introduce some + remarks on the inveterate and mortal enmity that had prevailed between + the houses of Burgundy and Orleans, which led to so many acts of cruelty + and violence at the beginning of the fifteenth century.</p> + + <p>King Edward is next reminded "how saint Louis exhorted and counselled + his son to move no war against Christian people;" but, notwithstanding + that blessed king's counsel,<a name="NtA7" href="#Nt7"><sup>[7]</sup></a> + it is declared on the other hand that "it is notarily and openly <!-- + Page v --><span class="pagenum"><a name="pagev"></a>{v}</span>known + through all Christian realms that our adverse party hath moved and + excited war and battles both by land and sea against this noble realm + without any justice or title, and without ways of peace showed; and + consequently it might be without note of tiranny for the king of England + to defend (or drive away) those assailants upon his true title, and to + put himself in devoir to conquer his rightful inheritance."</p> + + <p>The writer then bursts forth into a passionate exhortation to the + English nation, to remember their ancient prowess, the annals of which he + proceeds to set forth in several subsequent chapters. He enumerates the + examples of king Arthur, of Brennus, Edmond Ironside, William the + Conqueror, Henry the First, his brother Robert elect king of Jerusalem, + Fulke earl of Anjou, Richard Cœur de Lyon, Philip Dieudonné of + France, Edward the First, and Richard earl of Cornwall and emperor of + Almaine. He rehearses how Edward the Third had the victory at the battle + of Scluse, gat Caen by assault, won the field at the great and dolorous + battle of Cressy, captured David king of Scots and Charles duke of + Bretany, and took Calais by siege; how Edward prince of Wales made John + king of France prisoner at Poictiers; and how the battle of Nazar was + fought in Spain.</p> + + <p>In the following chapter it is related how king Henry the Fifth + conquered Normandy; under which head a particular account is given of the + defence of Harfleur against the power of France. Here it is that the name + of sir John Fastolfe is first introduced as an authority, in respect to a + circumstance of that siege, which is, that the watchmen availed + themselves of the assistance of mastiffs—"and as for wache and ward + yn the wynter nyghtys I herd the seyd ser Johan Fastolfe sey that every + man kepyng the scout wache had a masty hound at a lyes (<i>or</i> leash), + to barke and warne yff ony adverse partye were commyng to the dykes or to + aproche the towne for to scale yt."</p> + + <p>The chapter concludes with a mention of the battle of Agincourt and + the marriage of king Henry to the French king's daughter.</p> + + <p>The following chapters (pp. <a href="#page17">17</a> et seq.) contain + how in the time of John duke of Bedford, who was for thirteen years + Regent of France, the victory of Cravant was obtained by his lieutenant + the earl of Salisbury; how the duke in his own person won the battle of + Verneuil in Perche; how that the greater part of the county of Mayne, and + the city of Mauns, with many other castles, were brought <!-- Page vi + --><span class="pagenum"><a name="pagevi"></a>{vi}</span>into subjection; + and how that Henry the Sixth, by the might of great lords, was crowned + King in Paris; after which the writer bursts forth into another + exhortation, or "courageous recomforting" of the "valiauntnes of + Englishemen."</p> + + <p>The author now flies off (p. <a href="#page20">20</a>) to more remote + examples, to the noblesse of that vaillant knight Hector of Troy, to the + deeds in arms of Agamemnon the puissaunt king of Greece, and to those of + Ulysses and Hercules.</p> + + <p>He recites, from the book of Vegetius on Military Tactics,<a + name="NtA8" href="#Nt8"><sup>[8]</sup></a> how a conqueror should + especially practise three things,—the first, a scientific prudence + or caution: the second, exercitacion and usage in deeds of arms: and the + third, a diligent regard to the welfare of his people.</p> + + <p>He next argues how men of noblesse ought to leave sensualities and + delights.</p> + + <p>In the following chapters (p. <a href="#page22">22</a> et seq.), he + sets forth the King's title to the duchy of Normandy, to the inheritance + of Anjou, Maine, and Touraine, and to the duchies of Gascoigne and + Guienne.</p> + + <p>The "historier" proceedeth (p. <a href="#page25">25</a>) in his matter + of exhortation, strengthening his arguments by the heterogeneous + authority of master Alanus de Auriga, of "the clerke of eloquence + Tullius," of Caton, the famous poet Ovid, and Walter Malexander. The work + of the first of these authors, Alain Chartier, seems to have been at once + the source from which many of our author's materials were derived, and + also to have furnished the key-note upon which he endeavoured to pitch + his <!-- Page vii --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="pagevii"></a>{vii}</span>appeals to the patriotism and prowess of + his countrymen. Alain Chartier<a name="NtA9" + href="#Nt9"><sup>[9]</sup></a> had been secretary to king Charles the + Seventh, and wrote his Quadrilogue<a name="NtA10" + href="#Nt10"><sup>[10]</sup></a> in the year 1422, in defence of the + native party in France, and in opposition to the English usurpation. Our + author imitates his rhapsodical eloquence, and borrows some of his verbal + artillery and munitions of war, whilst he turns them against the party of + their original deviser.</p> + + <p>In the subsequent pages several anecdotes are derived from Alain + Chartier<a name="NtA11" href="#Nt11"><sup>[11]</sup></a>; and further + advice is drawn from the Arbre des Batailles (pp. <a + href="#page27">27</a>, <a href="#page30">30</a>), and from the treatise + of Vegetius (p. <a href="#page29">29</a>).</p> + + <p>It is related (p. <a href="#page33">33</a>) how king John lost the + duchy of Normandy for lack of finaunce to wage his soldiers; and next + follows (p. <a href="#page34">34</a>) a long and important chapter + recounting the various truces made between the kings of England and + France, and showing how frequently they had been broken by the French + party, to the decay of the English power, except when revived by the + victories of Edward the Third and Henry the Fifth. This part of the + discussion is concluded with a representation (p. <a + href="#page41">41</a>) of the lamentable condition of the French subjects + of the English crown, when put out of their lands and tenements. "Heh + allas! (thei did crie,) and woo be the tyme (they saide) that ever we + shulde put affiaunce and trust to the Frenshe partie or theire allies in + any trewes-keping, considering so many-folde tymes we have ben deceived + and myschevid thoroughe suche dissimuled trewes!"</p> + + <p>Yet, notwithstanding all these discouragements, a confident trust is + expressed that the inheritance of France will at length be brought to its + true and right estate.</p> + + <p>The writer then proposes (p. <a href="#page41">41</a>) a question to + be resolved by divines, How be <!-- Page viii --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="pageviii"></a>{viii}</span>it that at some times God suffereth the + party that hath a true title and right to be overcome, yet for all that a + man should not be discouraged from pursuing his right. He mentions the + last unfortunate overthrow sustained at Formigny<a name="NtA12" + href="#Nt12"><sup>[12]</sup></a> in 1450, and the consequent loss of + Guienne and Bordeaux.</p> + + <p>After which follows (p. <a href="#page43">43</a>) "another exhortation + of the historier," addressed to the "highe and myghtifulle prince, king + of Englonde and of France, and alle y<sup>e</sup> other noble princes and + other puissaunt lordes and nobles of divers astates olde or yong."</p> + + <p>A brief recommendation ensues of the deeds in arms of that mightiful + prince of renommee Henry the Fifth and the three full mighty and noble + princes his brethren; where, in the commendation of Humphrey duke of + Gloucester, the second hand has inserted a note of his "bokys yovyng, as + yt ys seyd to the value of M<sup>l</sup> marks, of the vij sciences, of + dyvinite, as of law spirituall and cyvyle, to the universite of + Oxford."</p> + + <p>Allusion is made (p. <a href="#page46">46</a>) to the order of the + Garter, "founded (as yt ys seyd) in token of worship that he being in + bataile, what fortune fille, shulde not voide the feeld, but abide the + fortune that God lust sende;" of which fellowship sir John Chandos, + seneschal of Poictou, had been a right noble exemplar. The historical + reminiscences of the author then again lead him on to the disastrous + period during which the continental possessions of England had been lost, + "within the space of one year and fourteen (fifteen) weeks, that is to + wete, from the xv. day of May in the year 1449 unto the xv. day of August + in the year 1450, that every castle, fortress, and town defensable of the + said duchies were delivered up by force or composition to the adverse + party."</p> + + <p>After a break (p. <a href="#page50">50</a>), in consequence of the + loss of a leaf of the Manuscript, we find ourselves in the midst of a + discussion of the merits of astrology. The author addresses himself to + combat the prevalent confidence in prophecies and in the influence of the + stars: "which judgments (he avers) be not necessarily true;" but merely + contingent or likely, and, he adds, "as likely not to be as to be." For + if, he puts the case, "a constellation or a prophecy signified that such + a year or within <!-- Page ix --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="pageix"></a>{ix}</span>such a time there should fall war, + pestilence, or dearth of vitaile to a country or region, or privation of + a country, it is said but dispositively, and not of necessity or + certainty; for then it should follow that the prophecies, constellations, + and influence of the stars were masters over God's power, and that would + soune to a heresy, or else to a great error." After this pious + determination upon a question that at that period presented great + difficulties, the author adds, that he believed God to have bestowed that + sovereignty upon man's soul, that, having a clean soul, he might even + turn the judgment of constellations or prophecies to the contrary + disposition: to which effect he quotes the bold assertion of the famous + astrologian Ptolemy,</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><i>Quod homo sapiens dominatur astris.</i></p> + + <p>With these sentiments, rising superior to the general prejudices of + the age, our author proceeds confidently to censure the moral causes of + the recent calamities, which in his judgment had ensued "for lak of + prudence and politique governaunce in dew time provided," and from + "havyng no consideracion to the comon wele, but rather to magnifie and + enriche one silfe by singler covetise, using to take gret rewardis and + suffering extorcions over the pore peple." On this subject he + subsequently speaks still more plainly.</p> + + <p>This leads him to reflect upon the fate of many realms and countries + that had been ruined by sin and misgovernance: as the old Bretons were, + when driven out of England by the Saxons into Cornwall and Wales. "And + where (he exclaims<a name="NtA13" href="#Nt13"><sup>[13]</sup></a>) is + Nynnyve, the gret cite of thre daies? and Babilon, the gret toure, + inhabited now withe wilde bestis? the citeis of Troy and Thebes, ij. + grete magnified citeis? also Athenes, that was the welle of connyng and + of wisdom?" Carthage, "the victorioux cite of gret renomme," had been + burnt to ashes by the Romans. Rome <!-- Page x --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="pagex"></a>{x}</span>herself had for the greater + part been overthrown; and Jerusalem had shared the like fate.</p> + + <p>In the succeeding portions of his work the compiler takes much of his + matter from Roman history: which he derives from the decades of Titus + Livius, either directly, or through the medium of the "Tree of Batailes." + Tullius and Cato are also repeatedly cited.</p> + + <p>It is unnecessary to notice here all the historical anecdotes thus + introduced, as they will at once be seen on turning over the pages; but + attention should be directed to one of the most remarkable passages in + the book, in which the writer quotes the sentiments of "myne autor," sir + John Fastolfe:—</p> + + <p>"I hafe herd myne autor Fastolfe sey, when he had yong knyghtys and + nobles at his solasse (<i>i.e.</i> tuition), how that there be twey maner + condicions of manly men, and one ys a manlye man called, another ys a + hardye man; but he sayd the manlye man ys more to be comended, more then + the hardy man; for the hardy man that sodenly, bethout discrecion of gode + avysement, avauncyth hym yn the felde to be hadde couragiouse, and wyth + grete aventur he scapyth, voidith the felde allone, but he levyth his + felyshyp detrussed (or disordered). And the manly man, hys policie ys + that (if) he avaunce hym and hys felyshyp at skirmish or sodeyn + racountre, he wulle so discretely avaunce hym that he wulle entend + [<i>i.e.</i> be sure] to hafe the over-hand of hys adversarye, and safe + hymself and hys felyshyp."</p> + + <p>It was thus that the experienced captain sir John Fastolfe + distinguished between the rashly daring and those who bravely embarked on + some feasible and well conceived exploit. It is evident that the term + "hardy" was then sometimes understood in the sense we now call + fool-hardy.<a name="NtA14" href="#Nt14"><sup>[14]</sup></a> The author + himself uses the word "fool-hardiesse" in p. <a + href="#page63">63</a>.</p> + +<p><!-- Page xi --><span class="pagenum"><a name="pagexi"></a>{xi}</span></p> + + <p>At p. <a href="#page68">68</a> will be found another anecdote of sir + John Fastolfe. It shows that the writer had access to those books of + accompt which sir John had kept when a captain in France. "I fynde (he + says) by his bookes of hys purveonds how yn every castell, forteresse, + and cyte or towne, he wolde hafe grete providence of vitaille, of cornys, + of larde, and beoffes, of stok physsh and saltfysh owt of England commyng + by shyppes." It was because of his good management in this respect that + the regent and lords of the council intrusted so many castles to his + custody that he yearly had under his command three hundred spears (or + mounted men-at-arms) with their attendants. Also in like manner he + purveyed yearly for his soldiers a livery of red and white; and + equipments sufficient for any naked man that was able to do the king and + regent service. The good result of this provision was manifested on a + memorable occasion, when the duke of Exeter was captain of the city of + Paris, and Fastolfe captain of the bastille of St. Anthoine. It happened, + in consequence of the arrest of the lord de Lisle Adam,<a name="NtA15" + href="#Nt15"><sup>[15]</sup></a> a favourite with the commons of the + city, that they suddenly took arms, and rebelled against the duke of + Exeter, who found it necessary to repair to the bastille for his defence. + <!-- Page xii --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="pagexii"></a>{xii}</span>At his coming the first question he asked + of Fastolfe was how far he was furnished with corn, with wheat, beans, + peasen, and aveyn for horse-meat, and with other vitail. Fastolfe + replied, With sufficient for a half-year or more: which gave the prince + great "comfort," or re-assurance. So he made ready his ordnance, and + discharged the great guns amongst the rebels, with mighty shot of arrows: + by which means, and because the French king and queen, who were in the + city, also held against the rebels, the burgesses were in a short time + constrained to submit to the mercy of the duke of Exeter.<a name="NtA16" + href="#Nt16"><sup>[16]</sup></a></p> + + <p>At p. <a href="#page69">69</a> occurs a curious chapter in the praise + of agriculture, or "labourage of the londe" as it is there termed, + illustrated by a description of the gardens and herbers of king + Cyrus.</p> + + <p>But the most important portion of the whole work, in an historical + point of view, is the chapter commencing at p. <a href="#page71">71</a>, + intended to inforce the wisdom and necessity of making just pay to + soldiers, for eschewing of great inconveniences that may otherwise insue. + It is here admitted that in this respect there had been more neglect in + the English possessions in France than was elsewhere known<a name="NtA17" + href="#Nt17"><sup>[17]</sup></a>: <!-- Page xiii --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="pagexiii"></a>{xiii}</span>that in consequence + the people had suffered great oppression from the soldiers taking their + vitail without payment, and that such abuses had continued unchecked for + ten or twelve years previously to the country being lost. Our author + advises that the chieftains and captains should be duly paid their wages, + either monthly, as had been usual during the time of the regent Bedford, + or quarterly, and that without any reward of courtesy, bribe, + defalcation, or abridgment, or any undue assignation; and that such + payments be made content without delay, or long and great pursuit. It + appears from the writer's statements, that the royal officers, deputies, + and commissioners had not only been guilty of the practices thus + denounced, but that those officers themselves had been needlessly + numerous, living as they did upon bribery and extortion, and neglecting + the exercise of arms necessary for the defence and protection of the + territory. Oftentimes they had wasted of the subjects'<a name="NtA18" + href="#Nt18"><sup>[18]</sup></a> livelode more than was necessary, and + oftentimes had suffered them to be menaced and beaten, and mischieved + their beasts with their weapons, so that they were nigh out of their wits + for sorrow, and thus enforced "for duresse" to forsake the title and laws + of their English sovereign. Moreover, they had been so often grievously + surcharged with paying of tasques, tails (or tolls), subsidies, and + impositions, besides their rents paid either to the crown or their + landlords, and many of them dwelling upon the marches having also patised + (or compounded?) to the adverse party in order to dwell in rest, that + these innumerable charges and divers torments had effected their + uttermost undoing. The author cannot quit these reflections without this + passionate appeal to the Almighty: "Oh God! which art most mercifulle and + highest juge, soverein and just, how maist thou long suffre this (misery) + regnyng without the stroke of vengeaunce and ponisshement commyng upon + the depryvyng or yelding up of that Dukedom?"</p> + + <p>The next chapter (p. <a href="#page74">74</a>) appears to intimate + that the writer personally sympathised in the degradation of the clergy. + "Moreover, (he exclaims,) in way of gret pitee, and in the worship of + God, suffre ye not the prelates of the Chirche of that lande, as + archebisshoppis, bisshoppis, abbatis, priours, denes, archedenes, and + their ministrours, to be oppressid, revaled, ne vileyned, as in your + predecessour's <!-- Page xiv --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="pagexiv"></a>{xiv}</span>daies they have been accepted in fulle + litelle reverence or obedience;" having as he alleges been privily + coerced to give to the rulers, governors, and masters of the marches and + countries great fees, wages, and rewards, for permission to live at rest + upon their livelodes. And oftentimes they were visited by strangers of + great estate, both spiritual and temporal, and particularly by those + intrusted with the administration of the laws, besides other needless + people that wasted and surcharged them, an exaction beyond the intent of + their foundation, which was merely to maintain their appointed numbers, + praying for their founders, and to feed the poor and needy in case of + necessity.</p> + + <p>The following chapter (p. <a href="#page76">76</a>) is a remarkable + one in respect to ancient chivalric usages. It sets forth "How lordis + sonnes and noble men of birthe, for the defense of her londe, shulde + exercise hem in armes lernyng." It is urged that "the sonnes of princes, + of lordis, and for the most part of alle tho that ben comen and descendid + of noble bloode, as of auncien knightis, esquiers, and other auncient + gentille men, while they ben of grene age, (should be) drawen forthe, + norisshed, and excercised in disciplines, doctrine, and usage of scole of + armes, as using justis, to renne with speer, handle withe ax, sworde, + dagger, and alle othir defensible wepyn, to wrestling, to skeping, + leping, and rennyng, to make hem hardie, deliver, and wele brethed;" ... + "and not to be unkonnyng, abashed, ne astonied for to take entrepresis, + to answer or deliver a gentilman that desires in worship to doo armes in + liestis, (either) to the utteraunce or to certein pointis, or in a + quarelle rightful to fight," or in time of war to defend their sovereign + and his realm. Such was the ancient custom of the kings both of France + and of England: as especially of king Edward the Third, and of Henry duke + of Lancaster. That chivalrous knight, who was accounted "a chief auctour + and foundour in law of armes," had (as the writer was told by sir John + Fastolfe) sent to him from princes and lords of strange regions, as out + of Spain, Aragon, Portugal, Navarre, and France, their children, young + knights, "to be doctrined, lerned, and brought up in his noble court, in + scole of armes, and for to see noblesse, curtesie, and worship."</p> + + <p>This useful custom had been maintained by other noble princes and + lords of great birth; but now of late days, (continues our author,) the + greater pity is! many that be descended of noble blood and born to arms, + as the sons of knights and esquires and of other gentle blood, set + themselves to "singuler practik" and to "straunge facultees," as to learn + "the practique of law or custom of lands, or of civil matier," and so + waste greatly their time in such needless business, as to undertake the + holding of manorial courts, to keep and bear out a proud <!-- Page xv + --><span class="pagenum"><a name="pagexv"></a>{xv}</span>countenance at + the holding of sessions and shire-motes,<a name="NtA19" + href="#Nt19"><sup>[19]</sup></a> and "there to embrace<a name="NtA20" + href="#Nt20"><sup>[20]</sup></a> and rule among youre pore and symple + comyns of bestialle contenaunce that lust to lyve in rest." And it is + added, that whoever could put himself forward as a ruler in such matters, + was, "as the worlde goithe now," more esteemed among all estates than he + who had expended thirty or forty years of his life in great jeopardies in + the conquests and wars of his sovereign. The author pursues the argument + at greater length, as the reader will find, and expresses his decided + opinion that the high-born personages in question should rather learn to + be good men of arms, chieftains, or captains in the field, than to be a + captain or ruler at a sessions or shire-day; leaving such matters to the + king's justices and officers,<a name="NtA21" + href="#Nt21"><sup>[21]</sup></a> and that "suche singuler practik shulde + not be accustumed and occupied undewly with suche men that be come of + noble birthe,"—except (it is added on second thoughts) he be the + younger brother, having not whereof to live honestly.</p> + + <p>The following chapter (p. <a href="#page78">78</a>) discusses "How + officers of the law shulde be <!-- Page xvi --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="pagexvi"></a>{xvi}</span>chosen, welle disposid and temperate men, + vertuous in condicion, and they to be protectid by lordis and noble men + of birthe." There is nothing however in this chapter so remarkable as in + that which has preceded.</p> + + <p>The author next shows (p. <a href="#page79">79</a>) "How over gret + cost and pomp in clothing shulde be eschewed;" in which respect he + asserts that in France "alle costius arraiementis of clothing, garmentis, + and bobauncees, and the usaige of pellure and furres they have + expresselie put away:" whilst in England the like "costues arraymentis + and disguising of clothing, of so many divers facion," had caused + impoverishing of the land, and excited great pride, envy, and wrath + amongst the people.</p> + + <p>Whether this was truly a national grievance may be doubted. It is, + however, more probable that the "pore comyns" of England had really + suffered, as set forth in the succeeding chapter (p. <a + href="#page80">80</a>), "gret hurt and inconvenientis because the + creditours have not been duelie paid of here lonys and prestis made to + high sovereins." This, it is stated, had been oftentimes the case in the + reign of Henry the Sixth. They had advanced loans, "prests of vitails and + other merchandise," of which the payment was so long delayed that great + part of their property was previously expended, and they were sometimes + fain to defalke and release part of their dues, in order to recover the + rest. As an alternative for this inconvenience the writer recommends a + course that would scarcely have proved more efficacious. "Let your riche + tresours (he advises the king) be spradde and put abrode, both juellis + (and) vesselle of golde and silver, among youre true subgettis, and + inespecialle to the helpe and avauncement of youre conquest, and to the + relief of your indigent and nedie peple, and inespecialle to tho that + have lost theire londis, livelode, and goode in the werres, so that the + saide tresoure may be put forthe, and late it be set in money to the + remedie and socoure of this gret importunyte and necessite, and to the + defens of youre roiaume from your adversaries."</p> + + <p>In another chapter (p. <a href="#page81">81</a>), having recommended + the king, "after the blessed counceile of Saint Louis," to cherish and + favour the good cities and towns, the author pursues the former argument + of raising supplies, urgently exhorting all classes to strain their + utmost for that object. "Youre saide citesins and burgeis and good comyns + if they be tendred shalbe of power and of good courage, and wille withe + here bodies and goodes largelie depart to be yoven for to resist the + adversaries." Those who had not able bodies nor usage in arms, were yet + to come forth with a good courage, spiritual men as well as temporal, + and, as true Englishmen should do, "every man put forthe of his goodes + after that his power is."</p> + + <p>With this strain the Epistle terminates, its last chapter (p. <a + href="#page83">83</a>) being an illustration of the same argument from + the <i>Punica bella</i> of Titus Livius, consisting of <!-- Page xvii + --><span class="pagenum"><a name="pagexvii"></a>{xvii}</span>"A noble + history of the largesse of Romaynys, how amplye they departed ther godes + yn a tym of urgent necessite, to make an armee yn to the contree of + Auffrique."</p> + + <p>These final passages of the book, which so urgently recommend a + voluntary contribution in aid of the intended war, were certainly written + in the year 1475, with which date the whole composition concludes: for it + is recorded by the historians of the day that it was on this occasion + that king Edward the Fourth, after he had already raised all the supplies + he could obtain by the ordinary methods of taxation, adopted the new + device of a contribution nominally voluntary and its amount optional, and + therefore termed a Benevolence,<a name="NtA22" + href="#Nt22"><sup>[22]</sup></a> but which eventually, when repeated, was + regarded with peculiar repugnance and discontent.</p> + + <p> </p> + + <p>After this review of the contents of the Work, we will proceed to + notice the circumstances of the occasion for which it was professedly + composed.</p> + + <p>The English invasion of France in the year 1475 originated in the + events of 1470 and 1471. The temporary deposition of Edward the Fourth + from his throne had been abetted by the aid which the King-making earl of + Warwick derived from that forger of all mischief Louis the Eleventh of + France. At that time Edward took refuge with his brother-in-law the duke + of Burgundy, a man as ambitious of aggrandisement as king Louis, but + whose disposition instigated him to pursue it by the more ordinary path + of martial enterprise. His enmity to the king of France was bitter and + inveterate; and it doubtless formed the topic of much of his discourse + with the exiled English monarch. Edward, on his part, vowed an ample + revenge when the forces of England should be again at his command: and + the result was a mutual understanding between these princes to prosecute + their common quarrel at the earliest opportunity.</p> + + <p>Having this object in view, Edward summoned a parliament<a + name="NtA23" href="#Nt23"><sup>[23]</sup></a> in the autumn <!-- Page + xviii --><span class="pagenum"><a name="pagexviii"></a>{xviii}</span>of + 1472, in order to obtain the requisite supplies; and on the last day of + November an act was passed whereby the commons granted to the king a + force of 13,000 archers (the like number which had been granted to his + predecessor in the 31st year of his reign<a name="NtA24" + href="#Nt24"><sup>[24]</sup></a>), assigning as their motives for so + doing, that "for the wele and suerte of this your reame inward, and the + defence of the same outeward, to assiste youre roiall astate, ye verraily + entendyng, in youre princely and knightly corage, with all diligence to + youre highnes possible, all your bodely ease leyde apart, to resiste the + seid confedered malice of youre and oure seide ennemyes, in setting + outeward a myghty armee, able by the helpe of God to resiste the seid + ennemyes." The archers were to abide in the king's service by the space + of a year, each receiving the pay of six pence a day; and the commons + granted for their support a disme, or tenth part of the income from + lands, tenements, and possessions of every temporal person, not being a + lord of parliament: but, if the said army held not before the feast of + Saint Michael in 1473, the grant was to be void, and the money repaid. <a + name="NtA25" href="#Nt25"><sup>[25]</sup></a></p> + + <p>The lords spiritual and temporal made a similar grant, on the + consideration "that the kyng oure soverayn lord is disposed by the grace + of God in his owne persone to passe forth of this his seid reame with an + armee roiall, for the saufegarde of the same reame, and the subduyng of + the auncien ennemyes of hym and of his seid reame."<a name="NtA26" + href="#Nt26"><sup>[26]</sup></a> In the next session, on the 8th April + 1473, the commons granted to the king a fifteenth and a tenth, because, + among other causes, "that ye verraily entend, as we understond, to aredye + youre self, by all measnes to you possible, in youre moost noble persone + to goo, departe, and passe with an arme roiall to the parties outward, to + subdue by the myght of God youre and oure auncien enemyes, to the weele + of you and prosperite of this youre reame."<a name="NtA27" + href="#Nt27"><sup>[27]</sup></a></p> + + <p>Notwithstanding these earnest intentions and costly preparations, the + season of 1473 wore away without any embarkation for France; and, at the + close of the session on the 1st of February 1473-4, the chancellor, by + the king's command, informed the commons that the parliament was + prorogued to the 9th of May following,<a name="NtA28" + href="#Nt28"><sup>[28]</sup></a> "because in the matter of foreign war + the king was not certainly <!-- Page xix --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="pagexix"></a>{xix}</span>informed of the disposition of his brother + of Burgundy, and on that account he had lately sent his ambassadors to + his said brother."</p> + + <p>The treaty with Burgundy was concluded in July 1474. The principal + documents<a name="NtA29" href="#Nt29"><sup>[29]</sup></a> respecting it + bear date on the 25th of that month, on which day they were ratified both + by king Edward and duke Charles. The former undertook to land in + Normandy, or in other parts of France, with more than ten thousand men, + before the 1st of July following (<i>i.e.</i> 1475); and the latter + agreed to support the king's part in person and with his forces, in order + to accomplish the recovery of the duchies of Normandy and Aquitaine, and + the kingdom and crown of France, from Louis, then unjustly occupying + them. The king engaged not to treat with Louis, without the consent of + the duke of Burgundy; and the duke in like manner covenanted not to treat + with him without the consent of king Edward. Henceforth Louis was to be + deemed and proclaimed their common enemy.</p> + + <p>By further articles, dated on the next following day, the contracting + parties agreed that, when either of them waged war, they should have + liberty to demand from the other aid to the amount of six thousand armed + men; which were to be paid at the expense of the party requiring them, + unless the war were in his own defence, in which case he was to pay only + three fifths, and the other party two fifths of the soldiers' wages. By a + further treaty, also dated on the 26th July 1474, king Edward ceded to + the duke of Burgundy the duchy of Barr, the counties of Champagne, + Nevers, Rethelle, Eu, and Guise, the barony of Douzi, the cities of + Tournay and Lingon, with their dependencies, the castle and town of + Picquigny, all the towns and lordships on either side the Somme before + pledged to him, and further all the lands and lordships then possessed by + Louis de <!-- Page xx --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="pagexx"></a>{xx}</span>Luxemburgh count of St. Paul: retaining no + feudal sovereignty over the same, but conceding that the duke and his + successors should in future be esteemed as the sovereign princes thereof. + It was further agreed that Edward should be crowned and anointed king of + France at Rheims, notwithstanding that the county of Champagne was ceded + to the duke of Burgundy.</p> + + <p>From this time the whole military population of England made constant + and earnest preparation for hostilities. They were retained by indenture + to serve the king for a whole year in his duchy of Normandy and realm of + France, each receiving the wages assigned to their respective ranks. + These were,—to a Duke xiij s. iiij d. by the day, to an Earl vj s. + viij d., to a Baron or Banneret iiij s., to a Knight ij s., to a Man at + Arms xij d. by the day and vj d. more as of reward, and to an Archer vj + d. by the day.<a name="NtA30" href="#Nt30"><sup>[30]</sup></a></p> + +<p><!-- Page xxi --><span class="pagenum"><a name="pagexxi"></a>{xxi}</span></p> + + <p>In December proclamations were made throughout England for all bowyers + and fletchers to pursue their labours with the utmost haste and + diligence, the latter to make only "shefe arrowes;" and purveyors were + sent into several circuits to superintend the delivery of their + supplies.<a name="NtA31" href="#Nt31"><sup>[31]</sup></a> Other + commissions were issued for impressing into the king's service + carpenters, wheelers, cartwrights, masons, smiths, plumbers, and other + artificers; and also for taking all ships of the burden of sixteen tons + and upwards, for the transport of the army.<a name="NtA32" + href="#Nt32"><sup>[32]</sup></a></p> + + <p>For all these expenses the large sums already voted by the lords and + commons in parliament, together with those granted by the clergy in their + convocation, were not sufficient. It was then that recourse was had to + the collections called Benevolences, to which allusion has been already + made, from their being so strongly advocated by the author of The Boke of + Noblesse. The process by which they were first brought into operation is + thus described by Fabyan the London chronicler:</p> + + <p>"He sent for the mayer of London and his brethren the aldermen, and + them severally examined and exorted to ayde and assyst hym towarde the + sayd great journaye; of whiche the maier (Robert Drope, draper,) for his + parte granted xxxli. and the aldermen some xx marke, and the leest xli. + And that done he sent for all the thryfty commoners within the sayd + cytie, and theym exortyd in lyke maner, whiche for the more partye + granted to hym the wages of halfe a man for a yere, the whiche amounted + to iiijli. xjs. iijd. And after that he rode about the more part of the + lande, and used the people in suche fayre maner, that he reysed therby + notable summes of money, the whiche way of the levyinge of this money was + after named a Benevolence."</p> + + <p>"But here (adds the chronicler Hall on this subject) I wil not let + passe a prety conceyt that happened in this gathering, in the which you + shall not onely note the humilitie of a kyng, but more the fantasie of a + woman. Kyng Edward had called before hym a wydow, muche aboundynge in + substance, and no lesse grown in yeres, of whome he merely demaunded what + she gladly woulde geve him towarde his greate charges. By my treuth, + (quod she,) for thy lovely countenance thou shalt have even xxl. The + kyng, lokyng scarce for the halfe of that summe, <!-- Page xxii --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="pagexxii"></a>{xxii}</span>thanked her, and + lovingly kyst her. Whether the flavor of his brethe did so comfort her + stommacke, or she estemed the kysse of a kynge so precious a juell, she + swore incontinently that he should have xxl. more, which she with the + same will payed that she offered it.</p> + + <p>"The kynge, willing to shew that this benefite was to hym much + acceptable, and not worthy to be put in oblivion, called this graunt of + money a Benevolence, notwithstanding that many with grudge and + malevolence gave great summes toward that new-founde Benevolence. But the + using of such gentill fashions toward them, wyth frendly prayer of their + assistance in his necessitie, so tempted theim, that they could not + otherwise do, but frankely and frely yelde and geve hym a reasonable + reward."</p> + + <p>In the spring of 1475 the season for the campaign had at length + arrived; and on the 1st of May proclamation was made that all "the lordes + and capitaignes" who were retained for the army should muster at + Portsdown in the county of Southampton on the 26th of the same month.<a + name="NtA33" href="#Nt33"><sup>[33]</sup></a> John lord Dynham, by + letters patent dated the 15th of April, was appointed to conduct the army + across the sea.<a name="NtA34" href="#Nt34"><sup>[34]</sup></a></p> + + <p>The transport of the army to Calais occupied the greater part of the + month of June. The king, having left London on the 4th of that month,<a + name="NtA35" href="#Nt35"><sup>[35]</sup></a> proceeded towards the coast + through the county of Kent. On the 6th and 10th he was at Canterbury, and + on the 20th at Sandwich, where on that day he made his will,<a + name="NtA36" href="#Nt36"><sup>[36]</sup></a> and executed the + instruments by which he constituted his son Edward prince of Wales to be + Custos and Lieutenant of the kingdom during his absence.<a name="NtA37" + href="#Nt37"><sup>[37]</sup></a> There was still some further delay, and + the king appears not to have crossed the channel until the 4th of July,<a + name="NtA38" href="#Nt38"><sup>[38]</sup></a> just one month after his + quitting London.</p> + + <p>The king was accompanied in this expedition by his two brothers, the + dukes of Clarence and Gloucester, by the dukes of Suffolk and Norfolk, + the marquess of <!-- Page xxiii --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="pagexxiii"></a>{xxiii}</span>Dorset, the earls of Northumberland, + Rivers, and Pembroke, the earl of Ormond, the earl of Douglas, and lord + Boyd, the barons Grey of Ruthyn, Scrope, Grey of Codnor, Stanley, + Hastings, Ferrers, Howard, Lisle, and probably others<a name="NtA39" + href="#Nt39"><sup>[39]</sup></a>; together with a long train of knights, + among whom were sir Thomas Mountgomery and sir Ralph Hastings bannerets + and knights for the king's body, sir John Astley a banneret, sir John + Parre a knight for the body, sir William Parre, and sir Richard + Tunstall.</p> + + <p>When the king had landed at Calais his sister the duchess of Burgundy + came thither to welcome him, on the 6th of July. She was followed by the + duke her husband on the 14th; at which time the duchess was at St. Omer's + with her brothers the dukes of Clarence and Gloucester. On the 18th the + sovereigns of England and Burgundy went together to the castle of + Guisnes, where the duke was entertained at king Edward's expense, as he + had been at Calais.<a name="NtA40" href="#Nt40"><sup>[40]</sup></a></p> + +<p><!-- Page xxiv --><span class="pagenum"><a name="pagexxiv"></a>{xxiv}</span></p> + + <p>Meanwhile, (relates Molinet,) "the army spread itself through the + neighbouring countries, numbering about twenty-two thousand men in the + king's pay, of which the archers were badly mounted, and little used to + go on horseback. The English were then inflated with high expectations, + and thought that France might well tremble before them. They brought a + new engine of artillery in the form of a carriage, which required, to put + it in action, more than fifty horses, and it was calculated to make at + every stroke breaches both deep and wide. Many of the English, who were + natives of the duchies of Guienne and Normandy, brought with them the + deeds of purchase, and registrations duly sealed, of the inheritances and + rents that they used to possess in those duchies before their expulsion, + looking forward to recover their title and enjoyment thereof.</p> + + <p>"The king (continues the same chronicler) drew his army towards + Fauquenbergh, where he raised the richest tent ever seen; then he moved + on Rousseauville, and stayed for two nights in the place where king + Henry, the father of his predecessor, had obtained a glorious victory + over the French, in the year 1415—<i>i.e.</i> at Agincourt; from + thence he marched to Blangy, and from Blangy towards Peronne. Supplies + came to his army from the countries and lordships of the duke of + Burgundy. The English repeatedly passed and repassed the river Somme; and + the duke of Burgundy, in person departing from Valenciennes, (where he + had been honourably received, and where many pageants had been exhibited + and performed before him in compliment to the king of England and + himself,) came to view the army of the English, whom he caused to march + and countermarch at his orders, to show his desire to lead them. The duke + and king Edward, who then kept the field, held a conference for the space + of three hours. A dove was observed to remain on the king's tent for a + whole day and a half<a name="NtA41" href="#Nt41"><sup>[41]</sup></a>: and + after its departure there <!-- Page xxv --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="pagexxv"></a>{xxv}</span>followed a terrible thunder-storm, which + did great damage to the army, by the hail stones which fell, as large as + walnuts. From that day forward the English were in trouble enough, and + began to murmur, saying that the king had kept badly the promises that + had been made to them. The time passed away without anything being + accomplished. The duke of Burgundy parted from them, and went to + Lorraine, where he had left part of his forces, to conquer the duchy and + county of Vaudemont."</p> + + <p>Our own historians have not discoursed at any length of the campaign + made in France on this occasion. It has not offered to them the + attractions of a Creci, a Poictiers, or an Agincourt; nor even presented + any minor achievement that might have inspired their eloquence or + stimulated their researches. Its laurels in fact withered under the wily + diplomacy of Louis the Eleventh; and, besides the chapter of Molinet from + which the preceding passages have been taken, it is in the pages of that + monarch's vivid biographer, Philippe de Commines, that we are most fully + informed of its transactions. Its results were entirely in correspondence + with the personal characteristics of the three sovereigns concerned. The + obstinate self-will of Charles the Rash, the luxurious indolence of king + Edward, and the timid but crafty time-serving of Louis the Eleventh, all + contributed to work out their natural effects.</p> + + <p>When the English began to land in France, the duke of Burgundy, + already engaged in warfare with the German princes, was besieging the + town of Neuss, upon the Rhine; and, until he could effect his object + there, he would not be persuaded to leave the spot, although other + projects of far greater political importance were now at stake. Commines + states that "the lord Scales (meaning Anthony then earl Rivers, the + king's brother-in-law,) was sent twice, with several other ambassadors, + to the duke<a name="NtA42" href="#Nt42"><sup>[42]</sup></a>; but the duke + was perverse, as if God Almighty had infatuated his senses and + understanding; for all his life long he had been labouring to get the + English over to invade France, and now, when they were ready, and all + things prepared to receive them both in Bretagne and elsewhere, he + obstinately persisted in an enterprise in which it was impossible for him + to succeed."</p> + +<p><!-- Page xxvi --><span class="pagenum"><a name="pagexxvi"></a>{xxvi}</span></p> + + <p>There was an apostolic legate at that time with the emperor, and the + king of Denmark was quartered in the same neighbourhood, and they both + endeavoured to negociate a peace, by which means the duke of Burgundy + might, if he would, have had honourable terms, and thus have been free to + join the king of England, but he would not accept their overtures. To the + English he excused himself as plausibly as he could, telling them that + his honour was engaged, and it would be a lessening to his reputation to + raise the siege of Neuss, with other like excuses. "The Englishmen (adds + the historian) were not the same who had flourished in his father's days, + and had conducted themselves with so much valour and skill in the old + wars with France; but these were all raw soldiers, utterly unacquainted + with French affairs; so that the duke acted very unwisely, if he had any + design to make a future use of them, for in that case he ought to have + led them on, as it were step by step, at least during the first + campaign."</p> + + <p>The earliest bad consequence that resulted to the duke of Burgundy + from his lingering at the seige of Neuss, was the loss of the three towns + of Montdidier, Roye, and Corbie, which were taken by the king of France, + shortly after the termination of his truce with Burgundy, which expired + on the 1st of May 1475. Still the duke would not quit the siege of Neuss + before the 13th of June.</p> + + <p>In the meanwhile, king Edward landed at Calais. His army is described + by Commines as "the most numerous, the best mounted, and the best + equipped, that ever any king of England had invaded France withal. He was + attended by all the lords of England, with few exceptions. He had 1500 + men of arms, richly accoutred after the French fashion, well mounted, and + most of them barded,<a name="NtA43" href="#Nt43"><sup>[43]</sup></a> and + every one of them had several persons on horseback in his retinue. The + archers were 15,000, all on horseback; besides a great number of footmen, + and others to pitch the tents and pavilions, take care of the artillery, + and inclose the camp; and there was not one varlet in the whole army. + There was besides a body of 3000 men who were to be landed in + Bretagne."</p> + + <p>After these particulars, Commines repeats his censures of the duke of + Burgundy's infatuated conduct, in throwing away that advantage of English + aid, which he had been labouring all his life to procure. He ought (it is + remarked) to have known that it was necessary for him to have made at + least one campaign with the English, in order to have instructed them in + the method of the French wars; for, though no nation is more raw or + undisciplined than the English on their first coming over, yet a little + time makes them excellent soldiers, equally brave and skilful. But the + duke's conduct was just the reverse; and, among other <!-- Page xxvii + --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="pagexxvii"></a>{xxvii}</span>disadvantages which ensued, the season + was almost lost, and his own army so worn out and diminished, that he was + ashamed they should be seen, for he had lost before Neuss 4000 of his + soldiers, the very flower of his army.</p> + + <p>The English were, however, assisted in the transport of their horses + by the duke of Burgundy providing them five hundred flat-bottomed vessels + of Holland and Zeeland; yet, notwithstanding that large number, and all + the vessels king Edward could procure from his own ports, the passage of + his forces occupied more than three weeks: "from whence one may observe + (remarks Commines) with what amazing difficulty the kings of England + transport their armies into France; and, if the king of France had + understood maritime affairs as well as he did those of the land, king + Edward would never have crossed over, at least that year; but king Louis + had no skill in naval matters, and those to whom he committed his + authority knew less of them than himself; yet one of our men-of-war, + belonging to Eu, took two or three of their transports.</p> + + <p>"Before the king of England embarked from Dover, he sent one of his + heralds, named Garter, who was a native of Normandy,<a name="NtA44" + href="#Nt44"><sup>[44]</sup></a> to the king of France, with a letter of + defiance, written in such an elegant style, and in such polite language, + that I can scarcely believe any Englishman indited it. The contents were, + that our king should surrender France to the king of England, as his + right and inheritance, to the end that he might restore the church, the + nobility, and the people to their ancient liberty, and relieve them from + the great oppression and burthens they groaned under; and, if king Louis + refused, it was declared that all the ensuing miseries and calamities + would lie at his door, according to the forms usual upon such + occasions.</p> + + <p>"The king of France read the letter to himself, and then, withdrawing + into another room, commanded the herald to be called in; to whom he + said,—I am very sensible that your master has not made this + invasion of his own seeking, but at the importunity of the duke of + Burgundy and the commons of England. He then remarked that the season was + visibly far spent, and that the duke of Burgundy <!-- Page xxviii + --><span class="pagenum"><a name="pagexxviii"></a>{xxviii}</span>had + returned from Neuss in so weak and miserable a condition, that he would + not be in a capacity to assist the invaders; that, as to the constable,<a + name="NtA45" href="#Nt45"><sup>[45]</sup></a> he was satisfied he held + intelligence with the king of England, who had married his niece,<a + name="NtA46" href="#Nt46"><sup>[46]</sup></a> but there was no confidence + to be reposed in him, for he would deceive king Edward, as he had often + deceived himself; and, after enumerating the favours which he had + conferred upon him, Louis added, 'His plan is to live in eternal + dissimulation, to traffic with everybody, and to make his advantage of + all.' Besides these, the king used several other arguments to induce the + herald to persuade his master to an accommodation with him, giving him + 300 crowns with his own hand, and promising him 1000 more upon the + conclusion of the peace; and afterwards, in public, his majesty ordered + him to be rewarded with a fine piece of crimson velvet, thirty ells in + length.</p> + + <p>"The herald replied, that, according to his capacity, he would + contribute all that lay in his power towards a peace, and he believed his + master would be glad to entertain the proposal; but nothing could be done + until he was landed in France, and then, if king Louis pleased, he might + send a herald to desire a passport for his ambassadors, if he had a mind + to send any to king Edward; but withal Garter desired the king to address + letters to the lords Howard or Stanley,<a name="NtA47" + href="#Nt47"><sup>[47]</sup></a> and also to himself, that he might + introduce the French herald.</p> + + <p>"There was a host of people attending outside during the king's + private discourse with the herald, all of them impatient to hear what the + king would say, and to see how his majesty looked when he came forth. + When he had done, (continues Commines,) he called me, and charged me to + entertain the herald till he <!-- Page xxix --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="pagexxix"></a>{xxix}</span>ordered him an escort, that I might keep + him from talking privately with anybody; he commanded me likewise to give + him a piece of crimson velvet of thirty ells, which I did. After which + the king addressed himself to the rest of the company, giving them an + account of the letters of defiance; and, having called seven or eight of + them apart, he ordered the letters to be read aloud, showing himself very + cheerful and valiant, without the least sign of fear in the world; for + indeed he was much revived by what he had learned from the herald."</p> + + <p>When the duke of Burgundy first came to wait on the king of England at + Calais, he was attended only by a small retinue,<a name="NtA48" + href="#Nt48"><sup>[48]</sup></a> having dismissed his army into the + countries of Barrois and Lorraine to plunder and refresh themselves (the + duke of Lorraine having declared himself his enemy). The English had + expected him to have joined them at their landing with at least 2500 men + at arms, well provided, and a considerable body of horse and foot; and + that he should have opened the campaign in France three months before + their descent, when they might have found king Louis already harassed + with the war and in great distress.</p> + + <p>King Edward (by the stages already described from Molinet,) marched to + Peronne, a town belonging to the duke of Burgundy. The English, however, + except in small companies, were not received within its gates, but they + formed their encampment in the adjacent fields.<a name="NtA49" + href="#Nt49"><sup>[49]</sup></a> At this place a messenger arrived from + the constable of France, bringing letters both for the duke and the + king.<a name="NtA50" href="#Nt50"><sup>[50]</sup></a> To the former he + made strong professions of friendship and service, declaring that he + would assist him and his allies, and particularly the king of England, + against all persons and princes whatever. In his letter to king Edward he + referred his good-meaning to the duke of Burgundy's testimony. The duke + communicated also to the king the contents of his own letter from the + constable, somewhat exaggerating them, and assuring Edward that the + constable would receive him into the town of St. Quentin, and all the + other towns under his control; and king Edward really believed it, + because he had married the constable's niece, and he thought him so + terribly afraid of the king of France, that he would not venture to break + his promise to the duke and himself. Nor was the duke of Burgundy less + credulous than king Edward. <!-- Page xxx --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="pagexxx"></a>{xxx}</span>But neither the perplexities of the + constable, nor his dread of the king of France, had as yet carried him so + far; his design was only to wheedle and amuse them (according to his + custom), and suggest to them such plausible reasons as might prevail with + them not to force him to declare himself openly.</p> + + <p>"The king of England and his nobility (remarks Commines,) were not so + well skilled in artifice and subtlety as the lords of France, but went + more bluntly and ingenuously about their business; so that they were not + so sharp at discovering the intrigues and deceptions common on this side + of the water. The English that have never travelled are naturally + headstrong, as the people generally are in all cold countries."</p> + + <p>Commines next relates how the English, when they attempted to occupy + the town of St. Quentin, were driven off with the loss of some killed and + others taken prisoners; and how on the following morning the duke of + Burgundy took his leave of king Edward, in order to return to his forces + in Barrois, pretending he would do great feats for the English; but the + English, being naturally of a jealous temper, novices on this side of the + water, and astonished at this kind of proceeding, began to entertain an + ill opinion of their ally, and were not satisfied he had any army at all; + besides, the duke of Burgundy could not reconcile them to the constable's + manner of receiving them, though he endeavoured to persuade them all was + well, and that what was done would turn to their advantage; but all the + duke of Burgundy's arguments did not pacify them, and, being disheartened + at the approach of winter, they seemed by their expressions to be more + inclinable to peace than war.</p> + + <p>Meanwhile, king Louis was thinking upon the suggestions which had been + made to him by Garter king of arms; and a message he received from the + lords Howard and Stanley by a dismissed prisoner determined him to put + them in action. With the assistance of Commines, he tutored a clever + servant to act as a herald, equipping him for the occasion in a coat of + arms formed from the banner of a trumpeter,—for king Louis was not + so stately nor so vain as to maintain a herald in his train as other + princes did.</p> + + <p>The man was sent off to the English camp, where, on his arrival, he + was immediately conducted to the tent of king Edward. Being asked his + business, he said he was come with a message from the king of France to + the king of England, and had orders to address himself to the lords + Howard and Stanley. He was taken into a tent to dinner, and very gently + entertained. When king Edward had dined, he sent for the herald, who then + said that his errand was to acquaint his majesty that the king of France + had long desired to be at amity with him, that <!-- Page xxxi --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="pagexxxi"></a>{xxxi}</span>both their kingdoms + might be at ease, and enjoy the blessings of peace; that, since his + accession to the crown of France, he had never made war or attempted + anything against king Edward or his kingdom; and, as for having formerly + entertained the earl of Warwick, he had done that more from opposition to + the duke of Burgundy than from any quarrel with the king of England. He + next proceeded to represent that the duke of Burgundy had invited king + Edward over, only in order to make his own terms the better with France; + and, if others had joined with him, it was to secure themselves against + their former offences, or to advance their private objects; which when + they had once compassed, they would not regard the interests of the king + of England, provided they had attained their own ends. He represented + likewise the lateness of the season, that winter was approaching, that + his master was sensible of the great charges king Edward had been at, and + that he knew that in England there were many, both of the nobility and + merchants, who were desirous of a war on this side of the water; yet, if + the king should be inclined to a treaty, his master would not refuse to + come to such terms as should be agreeable both to himself and to his + subjects; and if the king of England had a mind to be more particularly + informed of these matters, on his giving a passport for 100 horse, his + master would send ambassadors to him with full instructions: or, if king + Edward should prefer to depute certain commissioners, king Louis would + gladly consent to that arrangement, and send them a passport to hold a + conference in some village between the two armies.</p> + + <p>The king of England and part of his nobility were extremely pleased + with these proposals; a passport was given to the herald according to his + request, and, having been rewarded with four nobles in money, he was + attended by a herald from the king of England to obtain the king of + France's passport in the same form as the other; which being given, the + next morning the commissioners met in a village near Amiens. On the part + of the king of France, there were the Bastard of Bourbon admiral of + France, the lord of St. Pierre, and the bishop of Evreux. On the king of + England's side, there were the lord Howard, doctor Morton then master of + the rolls and afterwards archbishop of Canterbury, William Dudley dean of + the king's chapel, and Thomas Selynger.<a name="NtA51" + href="#Nt51"><sup>[51]</sup></a> Many overtures passed between these + negociators. The English at first demanded, according to their custom, + the crown of France; and then gradually fell to Normandy and Guienne. The + French commissioners replied as became them; so that the demands were + well urged on the one side, and well refused on the other: yet, from the + very first day <!-- Page xxxii --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="pagexxxii"></a>{xxxii}</span>of the treaty there was great prospect + of an accommodation, for both parties seemed very inclinable to hearken + to reasonable proposals.</p> + + <p>King Louis was exceedingly pleased when matters had taken this + favourable turn, and he employed all his arts to bring the negociation to + a peaceful termination. He sent every hour to entertain and wheedle the + treacherous constable, and prevent him from doing any harm. He resolved + to raise without delay the money required to buy off the invaders,<a + name="NtA52" href="#Nt52"><sup>[52]</sup></a> declaring that he would do + any thing in the world to get the king of England out of France, except + putting any towns into his possession, for, rather than do that, which + had been suggested by the constable, he would hazard all.</p> + + <p>The conclusion of the terms of the treaty was made on the 13th of + August, king Edward being then "in his felde beside a village called + Seyntre,<a name="NtA53" href="#Nt53"><sup>[53]</sup></a> within + Vermondose, a litell from Peronne," attended by his brothers the dukes of + Clarence and Gloucester, the dukes of Norfolk and Suffolk, the bishop of + Lincoln his chancellor, the marquess of Dorset, the earls of + Northumberland, Riviers, and Pembroke, the lords Grey de Ruthyn, Scrope, + Grey of Codnor, Stanley, Hastings, Ferrers, Howard, the earl Douglas, + lord Lisle, the master of the Rolls, the dean of the king's chapel, the + deans of Wells and Westminster, sir Thomas Mountgomery, sir Thomas + Borough, sir William Parre, sir Richard Tunstall, Thomas Selynger, and + John Elkyngton treasurer of the king's wars; most of whom signed the + public declaration<a name="NtA54" href="#Nt54"><sup>[54]</sup></a> of the + king's determination, which is stated to have been founded on these three + considerations,—"the povertie of his armyes, the nygh approachyng + of wynter, and small assistance of his allies."</p> + + <p>It was at the same time agreed, that the two kings should have an + interview, and swear mutually to the performance of certain articles; + after which the king of England should return to his own country, upon + the receipt of 72,000 crowns (as stated by Commines, but the amount + finally settled was 75,000), leaving the lord Howard and sir John Cheyne + as hostages until his arrival in England. In addition, pensions amounting + to 16,000 crowns were promised to the privy councillors <!-- Page xxxiii + --><span class="pagenum"><a name="pagexxxiii"></a>{xxxiii}</span>of the + king of England, viz. to the lord Hastings<a name="NtA55" + href="#Nt55"><sup>[55]</sup></a> 2000 crowns a-year, to the chancellor + (Rotherham) 2000, and the remainder to the lord Howard, the master of the + horse (Cheyne), Thomas St. Leger, sir Thomas Mountgomery, and several + others, besides a great deal of ready money and plate<a name="NtA56" + href="#Nt56"><sup>[56]</sup></a> that was distributed among the rest of + the king of England's retinue.</p> + + <p>Louis contrived to carry his corruption through every grade of his + adversaries. He purchased from one of the English secretaries for sixty + silver marks two letters which had been addressed by the seigneur d'Urfé, + who was then in the duke of Bretagne's service, (and afterwards master of + the horse of France,) one directed to the king of England, and the other + to the lord Hastings, lord chamberlain of England. They were shown to + Commines, who noticed in them this, among other expressions, That the + duke of Bretagne would do more by his intelligence in a month, than the + king of England and the duke of Burgundy both, with all the force they + could make.</p> + + <p>The duke of Burgundy, who was then at Luxembourg, having intimation of + these negociations, came in great haste to the king of England, attended + only with sixteen horse.<a name="NtA57" href="#Nt57"><sup>[57]</sup></a> + King Edward was much surprised at his unexpected arrival, and inquired + what it was that had brought him, for he saw by his countenance that he + was angry. The duke told him that he came to talk with him. The king of + England asked whether it should be in public or private? Then the duke + demanded whether he had made a peace? The king replied, that he had made + a truce for nine years, in which the duke of Bretagne and himself were + <!-- Page xxxiv --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="pagexxxiv"></a>{xxxiv}</span>comprehended,<a name="NtA58" + href="#Nt58"><sup>[58]</sup></a> and his desire was that they should + accept of that comprehension. The duke fell into a violent passion, and + in English, a language that he spoke very well, began to recount the + glorious achievements of Edward's predecessors on the throne of England, + who had formerly invaded France, and how they had spared no pains, nor + refused any danger, that might render them famous, and gain them immortal + honour and renown abroad. Then he inveighed against the truce, and told + the king he had not invited the English over into France out of any + necessity he had of their assistance, but only to put them in a way of + recovering their own right and inheritance; and, to convince them he + could subsist without their alliance, he was resolved not to make use of + the truce until the king had been three months in England. Having + unburthened himself in this manner, the duke took his leave, and returned + to Luxembourg. The king of England and his council were extremely + irritated by his language, but others who were adverse to the peace + highly extolled it.</p> + + <p>But, however dissatisfied the duke was with the truce, the constable + of France had cause to be still more so: for, having deceived all + parties, he could expect nothing but inevitable ruin. He made one more + attempt to ingratiate himself with king Edward, by offering him the towns + of Eu and St. Valery for winter quarters, and a loan of 50,000 crowns; + but king Louis immediately received intimation of this, and at once + ordered the two towns to be burned. King Edward returned to the constable + this answer, "That the truce was already concluded, and could not be + altered; but, had the constable performed his former promise (as to the + town of St. Quentin), the truce would never have been made." This answer + stung the constable to the very soul, and made him desperate on all + sides.</p> + + <p>In order to bring the treaty to a conclusion, king Edward advanced + within half a league of Amiens; and the king of France, being upon one of + the gates of the city, (where he had arrived on the 22d of August,) + viewed from a distance the English army marching up. "Speaking + impartially, (continues Commines,) the troops seemed but raw and unused + to action in the field; for they were in very ill order, and observed no + manner of discipline. Our king sent the king of England 300 cartloads<a + name="NtA59" href="#Nt59"><sup>[59]</sup></a> of the best wines in France + as a present, and I think the <!-- Page xxxv --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="pagexxxv"></a>{xxxv}</span>carts made as great a show as the whole + English army. Upon the strength of the truce, numbers of the English came + into the town, where they behaved themselves very imprudently, and + without the least regard to their prince's honour; for they entered the + streets all armed, and in great companies, so that if the king of France + could have dispensed with his oath, never was there so favourable an + opportunity of cutting off a considerable number of them; but his + majesty's design was only to entertain them nobly, and to settle a firm + and lasting peace, that might endure during his reign. The king had + ordered two long tables to be placed on either side the street, at the + entrance of the town gate, which were covered with a variety of good + dishes of all sorts of viands most likely to relish their wine, of which + there was great plenty, and of the richest that France could produce, + with a troop of servants to wait on them; but not a drop of water was + drank. At each of the tables the king had placed five or six boon + companions, persons of rank and condition, to entertain those who had a + mind to take a hearty glass, amongst whom were the lord of Craon, the + lord of Briquebec, the lord of Bressure, the lord of Villiers, and + several others. As the English came up to the gate, they saw what was + prepared, and there were persons appointed on purpose to take their + horses by the bridles and lead them to the tables, where every man was + treated handsomely, as he came in his turn, to their very great + satisfaction. When they had once entered the town, wherever they went, or + whatever they called for, nothing was to be paid; there were nine or ten + taverns liberally furnished with all that they wanted, the French king + bearing all the costs of that entertainment, which lasted three or four + days."</p> + + <p>On Childermas day (the 28th of August<a name="NtA60" + href="#Nt60"><sup>[60]</sup></a>) the license of the English visitors had + grown to such a height, that it was. estimated that there were at least + 9000 of them in the town. The councillors of Louis were alarmed, and + although on that day the superstitious monarch never spoke upon business, + nor allowed any one else to address him thereon, but took it as an ill + omen, Commines was induced to disturb his devotions, in order to inform + him of the state of affairs. The king commanded him immediately to get on + horseback, and endeavour to speak with some of the English captains of + note, to persuade them to order their troops to retire, and if he met any + of the French captains to send them to him, for he <!-- Page xxxvi + --><span class="pagenum"><a name="pagexxxvi"></a>{xxxvi}</span>would be + at the gate as soon as Commines. Commines met three or four English + commanders of his acquaintance, and spoke to them according to the king's + directions; but for one man that they directed to leave the town, there + were twenty that came in. In company with the lord of Gié (afterwards + maréchal of France) Commines went into a tavern, where, though it was not + yet one o'clock, there had already been a hundred and eleven reckonings + that morning. The house was filled with company; some were singing, + others were asleep, and all were drunk; upon observing which + circumstance, Commines concluded there was no danger, and sent to inform + the king of it; who came immediately to the gate, well attended, having + commanded 200 or 300 men at arms to be harnessed privately in their + captains' houses, some of whom he posted at the gate by which the English + entered. The king then ordered his dinner to be brought to the porter's + lodgings at the gate, where he dined, and did several English captains + the honour of admitting them to dinner with him. The king of England had + been informed of this disorder, and was much ashamed of it, and sent to + the king of France to desire him to admit no more of his soldiers into + the town. The king of France sent him word back he would not do that, but + if the king of England pleased to send a party of his own guards thither, + the gate should <span class="correction" title="Original reads `he'." + >be</span> delivered up to their charge, and they then might let in or + shut out whomever they pleased, which was done accordingly.</p> + + <p>In order to bring the whole affair to a conclusion, consultation was + now taken for the place that might be most convenient for the proposed + interview between the two kings, and commissioners were appointed to + survey it,—the lord du Bouchage and Commines on the French part, + and the lord Howard, Thomas St. Leger, and a herald on the English. Upon + taking view of the river, they agreed upon Picquigny, where the Somme is + neither wide nor fordable. On the one side, by which king Louis would + approach, was a fine open country; and on the other side it was the same, + only when king Edward came to the river, he was obliged to traverse a + causeway about two bow-shots in length, with marshes on both sides, + "which might (remarks Commines) have produced very dangerous consequences + to the English, if our intentions had not been honourable. And certainly, + as I have said before, the English do not manage their treaties and + capitulations with so much cunning and policy as the French do, let + people say what they will, but proceed more openly, and with greater + straightforwardness; yet a man must be careful, and take heed not to + affront them, for it is dangerous meddling with them."</p> + + <p>When the place of meeting was settled, the next business was to build + a bridge, <!-- Page xxxvii --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="pagexxxvii"></a>{xxxvii}</span>which was done by French carpenters. + The bridge was large and strong, and in the midst was contrived a massive + wooden lattice, such as lions' cages were made with, every aperture + between the bars being no wider than to admit a man's arm; at the top + were merely boards to keep off the rain, and the area was large enough to + contain ten or twelve men on a side, the bars running full out to either + side of the bridge, to hinder any person from passing either to the one + side or the other. For passage across the river there was provided only + one small boat, rowed by two men.</p> + + <p>The incident in French history which suggested these extraordinary + precautions had occurred fifty-six years before; when, at a similar + meeting upon a bridge at Montereau fault Yonne, John duke of Burgundy and + his attendants were treacherously slaughtered in the presence of Charles + the Seventh (then Dauphin), in revenge for the murder of Louis duke of + Orleans. In the barricade of that fatal bridge there was a wicket, which + the duke himself incautiously opened; a circumstance which the timid + Louis well remembered, and he now repeated the story to Commines, and + expressly commanded that there should be no such doorway.</p> + + <p>When the bridge at Picquigny was ready, the interview between the two + kings took place on the 29th of August 1475. The description which + Commines gives of it is highly graphic and interesting: "The king of + France came first, attended by about 800 men of arms. On the king of + England's side, his whole army was drawn up in battle array; and, though + we could not ascertain their total force, yet we saw such a vast number + both of horse and foot, that the body of troops which was with us seemed + very inconsiderable in comparison with them; but indeed the fourth part + of our army was not there. It was arranged that twelve men of a side were + to attend each of the kings at the interview, and they were already + chosen from among their greatest and most trusty courtiers. We had with + us four of the king of England's retinue to view what was done among us, + and they had as many of ours, on their side, to have an eye over their + actions. As I said before, our king came first to the barriers, attended + by twelve persons, among whom were John duke of Bourbon and the cardinal + his brother.<a name="NtA61" href="#Nt61"><sup>[61]</sup></a> It was the + king's pleasure (according to his old and frequent custom) that I should + be dressed like him that day.<a name="NtA62" + href="#Nt62"><sup>[62]</sup></a>"</p> + +<p><!-- Page xxxviii --><span class="pagenum"><a name="pagexxxviii"></a>{xxxviii}</span></p> + + <p>"The king of England advanced along the causeway very nobly attended, + with the air and presence of a king." Commines recognised in his train + his brother the duke of Clarence, the earl of Northumberland, his + chamberlain the lord Hastings, his chancellor, and other peers of the + realm; "among whom there were not above three or four dressed in cloth of + gold like himself. The king wore a black velvet cap upon his head, and on + it a large fleur-de-lis made of precious stones—[probably as a + compliment to the French king]. He was a prince of a noble and majestic + presence, but a little inclining to corpulence. I had seen him before + when the earl of Warwick drove him out of his kingdom, in 1470<a + name="NtA63" href="#Nt63"><sup>[63]</sup></a>; then I thought him much + handsomer, and, to the best of my remembrance, my eyes had never beheld a + more handsome person. When he came within a little distance of the + barrier he pulled off his cap, and bowed himself within half a foot of + the ground; and the king of France, who was then leaning against the + barrier, received him with abundance of reverence and respect. They + embraced through the apertures of the barriers, and, the king of England + making him another low bow, the king of France saluted him thus, 'Cousin, + you are heartily welcome! There is no person living I was so desirous of + seeing; and God be thanked that this interview is upon so good an + occasion.' King Edward returned the compliment in very good French<a + name="NtA64" href="#Nt64"><sup>[64]</sup></a>."</p> + +<p><!-- Page xxxix --><span class="pagenum"><a name="pagexxxix"></a>{xxxix}</span></p> + + <p>"Then the chancellor of England (who was a prelate, and bishop of + Lincoln) began his speech with a prophecy (with which the English are + always provided), that at Picquigny a memorable peace was to be concluded + between the English and French. After he had finished his harangue, the + instrument was produced containing the articles which the king of France + had sent to the king of England. The chancellor demanded of the king, + whether he had dictated the said articles? and whether he agreed to them? + The king replied, Yes; and when king Edward's letters were produced on + our side, he made the like answer. The missal being then brought and + opened, both the kings laid one of their hands upon the book, and the + other upon the holy true cross, and both of them swore religiously to + observe the contents of the truce.</p> + + <p>"This solemnity performed, king Louis (who had always words at + command) told king Edward in a jocular way that he should be glad to see + him at Paris, and that if he would come and divert himself with the + ladies, he would assign the cardinal of Bourbon for his confessor, who he + knew would willingly absolve him if he should commit any peccadillo in + the way of love and gallantry. King Edward was extremely pleased with his + raillery, and made him many good repartees, for he was aware that the + cardinal was a gay man with the ladies, and a boon companion.</p> + + <p>"After some further discourse to this purpose, the French king, to + shew his authority, commanded those who attended him to withdraw, for he + had a mind to have a little private discourse with the king of England. + They obeyed; and those who were with king Edward, seeing the French + retire, did the same, without waiting to be commanded. After the two + kings had conversed together alone for some time, our master (continues + Commines) called me to him, and asked the king <!-- Page xl --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="pagexl"></a>{xl}</span>of England whether he + knew me. King Edward said that he did, naming the places where he had + seen me, and told the king that I had formerly endeavoured to serve him + at Calais, when I was in the duke of Burgundy's service. The king of + France demanded, If the duke of Burgundy refused to be comprehended in + the treaty—as might be suspected from his obstinate + answer—what the king of England would have him do? The king of + England replied, he would offer it to him a second time, and, if he then + refused it, he would not concern himself any further, but leave it + entirely to themselves. By degrees king Louis came to mention the duke of + Bretagne, who was really the person he aimed at in the question, and made + the same demand as to him. The king of England desired that he would not + attempt anything against the duke of Bretagne, for in his distress he had + never found so true and faithful a friend. Louis then pressed him no + further, but, recalling the company, took his leave of king Edward<a + name="NtA65" href="#Nt65"><sup>[65]</sup></a> in the politest and most + flattering terms imaginable, and saluted all his attendants with especial + courtesy; whereupon both monarchs at the same time retired from the + barrier, and, mounting on horseback, the king of France returned to + Amiens, and the king of England to his army. King Edward was supplied + from the French household with whatever he required, to the very torches + and candles."</p> + + <p>By the treaty thus concluded king Edward engaged to return to England + with his army so soon as king Louis had paid him the sum of 75,000 + crowns. A truce for seven years was concluded between the two sovereigns; + and they mutually undertook to assist each other in case either prince + should be attacked by his enemies or by his rebellious subjects; and, to + make this alliance still closer, Charles the son of Louis was to wed the + princess Elizabeth, king Edward's eldest daughter, so soon as they were + both of marriageable age.</p> + + <p>By the fourth and last article, the king of France engaged to pay + annually to the king of England, in two instalments, the sum of 50,000 + crowns.</p> + + <p>Commines states that the duke of Gloucester, king Edward's younger + brother, and some other Englishmen of high rank, being averse to the + treaty, were not present at the interview; though (he adds) they + afterwards recollected themselves, and the duke of Gloucester waited upon + king Louis at Amiens, where he was splendidly entertained, and received + noble presents both of plate and of fine horses.</p> + +<p><!-- Page xli --><span class="pagenum"><a name="pagexli"></a>{xli}</span></p> + + <p>The chronicler Jean de Molinet also mentions the duke of Gloucester's + disapproval of the peace, although, as we have seen, he had signed the + preliminary articles of agreement on the 13th of August. It is by no + means inconsistent with the aspiring character of Richard duke of + Gloucester—who at this period was not twenty-three years of + age—that he should have affected to place himself at the head of + the more martial and chivalrous party of the English nobility, and that + Commines had good information of his policy in that respect.</p> + + <p>The same delightful historian, who, not content with barren facts, + confidentially introduces his readers into the secret motives and + reflections of the actors in his story, supplies some remarkable + particulars of the sentiments of his master king Louis on the result of + this memorable interview, which form as it were the finishing touches of + his picture.</p> + + <p>Whilst Louis was riding back to Amiens, he expressed his misgivings + upon two incidents in what had passed. One was that the king of England + had so readily caught at the idea of visiting Paris. "He is (said Louis,) + a handsome prince, a great admirer of the ladies, and who knows but that + he might find one of them at Paris, who would say so many pretty things + to him, as to make him desirous to come again? His ancestors have been + too often in Paris and Normandy already; and I do not care for his + company so near, though on the other side of the water I shall be ready + to esteem him as my friend and brother." Louis was also displeased to + find the English king so resolute in relation to the duke of Bretagne, + upon whom he would fain have made war; and to that purpose he made him + further overtures by the lord de Bouchage and the lord de St. Pierre; but + when Edward found himself pressed, he gave them this short but honourable + answer, that if any one invaded the duke of Bretagne's dominions he would + cross the sea again in his defence. Upon which the French king importuned + him no more.</p> + + <p>When Louis was arrived at Amiens, and was ready to go to supper, three + or four of the English lords, who had attended upon the king of England + at the interview, came to sup with his majesty; and one of them, the lord + Howard, told the king in his ear that, if he desired it, he would readily + find a way to bring the king his master to him to Amiens, and perhaps to + Paris too, to be merry with him. Though this proposition was not in the + least agreeable to Louis, yet he dissembled the matter pretty well, and + began washing his hands, without giving a direct answer; but he whispered + to Commines, and said that what he had dreaded was really coming to pass. + After supper the subject was renewed, but the king then put it off with + the greatest quietness and tact <!-- Page xlii --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="pagexlii"></a>{xlii}</span>imaginable, alleging + that his expedition against the duke of Burgundy would require his + departure immediately.</p> + + <p>Thus, (as our pleasant friend remarks,) though these affairs were of + the highest moment, and required the gravest caution to manage them + discreetly, yet they were not unattended by some agreeable incidents that + deserve to be related to posterity. Nor ought any man to wonder, + considering the great mischiefs which the English had brought upon the + kingdom of France, and the freshness of their date, that the king should + incur so much trouble and expense to send them home in an amicable + manner, and endeavour to make them his friends for the future, or at + least divert them from being his enemies.</p> + + <p>The next day the English came into Amiens in great numbers, and some + of them reported that the Holy Ghost had made the peace, producing some + prophecy in support of the assertion: but their greatest proof was that + during the interview a white dove came and sat upon the king of England's + tent, and could not be frightened away by any noise they could make. The + less superstitious, however, explained the incident more rationally; a + shower having fallen, and the sun afterwards shining out very warm, when + the pigeon, finding that tent higher than the others, came thither to dry + herself. This was the explanation given to Commines by a Gascon gentleman + named Louis de Bretailles,<a name="NtA66" + href="#Nt66"><sup>[66]</sup></a> who was in the king of England's + service. This gentleman was one of those who saw further than others into + the state of affairs, and, being an old acquaintance of Commines, he + privately <!-- Page xliii --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="pagexliii"></a>{xliii}</span>expressed his opinion that the French + were making sport of the king of England. During the conversation, + Commines asked him how many battles king Edward had fought. He answered + nine, and that he had been in every one of them in person. Commines then + asked how many he had lost. Bretailles replied, Never but one; and that + was this, in which the French had outwitted him now; for in his opinion + the ignominy of king Edward's returning so soon after such vast + preparations, would be a greater disgrace and stain to his reputation + than all the honour he had achieved in his nine previous victories. + Commines repeated this smart answer to his master, who replied, He is a + shrewd fellow, I warrant him, and we must have a care of his tongue. The + next day Louis sent for him, had him to dinner at his own table, and made + him very advantageous proposals, if he would quit his master's service, + and live in France; but, finding he was not to be prevailed upon, he + presented him with a thousand crowns, and promised he would do great + matters for his brothers in France. Upon his going away, Commines + whispered him in his ear, and desired him to employ his good offices to + continue and propagate that love and good understanding which was so + happily begun between the two kings.</p> + + <p>Though Louis could scarcely conceal his delight and self-gratulation + at the success of his policy, yet his timidity was continually revived + when he imagined that he had dropped any expressions that might reach the + ears of the English, and make them suspect that he had overreached and + deluded them. On the morning following the interview, being alone in his + closet with only three or four of his attendants, he began to droll and + jest upon the wines and presents which he had sent into the English camp, + but, turning suddenly round, he became aware of the presence of a Gascon + merchant who lived in England, and was come to solicit license to export + a certain quantity of Bordeaux wines without paying the duties. Louis was + startled at seeing him, and wondered how he had gained admission. The + king asked him of what town in Guienne he was, whether he was a merchant, + and whether married in England. The man replied yes, he had a wife in + England, but what estate he had there was but small. Before he went away, + the king appointed one to go with him to Bordeaux, and Commines had also + some talk with him, by his majesty's express command. Louis conferred on + him a considerable post of employment in his native town, granted him + exemption from duty <!-- Page xliv --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="pagexliv"></a>{xliv}</span>for his wines, and gave him a thousand + francs to bring his wife over from England, but he was to send his + brother for her, and not go personally to fetch her; and all these + penalties the king imposed upon himself for having indulged in too great + freedom of speech.</p> + + <p>As soon as king Edward had received his money, and delivered the lord + Howard and sir John Cheyne as hostages until he was landed in England, he + retired towards Calais by long and hasty marches, for he was suspicious + of the duke of Burgundy's anger, and the vengeance of the peasants; and, + indeed, if any of his soldiers straggled, some of them were sure to be + knocked on the head.</p> + + <p>"Uppon the xxviijth daye of Septembre folowynge he was with great + tryumphe receyved of the mayor and cytezeyns of London at Blakheth, and + with all honoure by theym conveyed thorugh the cytie unto Westmynster, + the mayer and aldermen beynge clade in scarlet, and the commoners to the + nombre of v C. in murrey."<a name="NtA67" + href="#Nt67"><sup>[67]</sup></a></p> + + <p>The treacherous constable of France again turning round, in order if + possible to recover his lost favour with his own sovereign,<a + name="NtA68" href="#Nt68"><sup>[68]</sup></a> sent a messenger to Louis, + offering to persuade the duke of Burgundy to join his forces with the + king's, and destroy the king of England and his whole army on their + return. But this last shift of the baffled traitor only contributed to + confirm his ruin. King Edward communicated to Louis (probably before this + offer) two letters which the constable had addressed to him, and related + all the proposals he had from time to time made; so that his three-fold + treasons were revealed to all the princes with whose rival interests he + had endeavoured to play his own game, and they were all alike provoked to + join in his destruction.</p> + + <p>Louis contemplated his punishment with the bitterest animosity. When + he received the overture above stated, there were only in his presence + the lord <!-- Page xlv --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="pagexlv"></a>{xlv}</span>Howard the English hostage, the lord de + Coutay, who was newly returned from an embassy to the duke of Burgundy, + the lord du Lude, and Commines, which two had been employed to receive + the constable's messenger. The king, calling for one of his secretaries, + dictated a letter to the constable, acquainting him with what had been + transacted the day before in relation to the truce; and adding that at + that instant he had weighty affairs upon his hands, and wanted such a + head as his to finish them. Then turning to the English nobleman and to + the lord de Coutay, he said, "I do not mean his body. I would have his + head with me, and his body where it is." After the letter had been read, + Louis delivered it to Rapine the constable's messenger, who was mightily + pleased with it, and took it as a great compliment in the king to write + that he wanted such a head as his master's, for he did not perceive the + ambiguity and sting of the expression.</p> + + <p>We are now arrived at the closing reflections of Commines upon the + course which events had taken in France at this memorable crisis. "At the + beginning of our affairs with the English, you may remember that the king + of England had no great inclination to make his descent; and as soon as + he came to Dover, and before his embarkation there, he entered into a + sort of treaty with us. But that which prevailed with him to transport + his army to Calais was first the solicitation of the duke of Burgundy, + and the natural animosity of the English against the French, which has + existed in all ages; and next to reserve to himself a great part of the + money which had been liberally granted him for that expedition; for, as + you have already heard, the kings of England live upon their own demesne + revenue, and can raise no taxes but under the pretence of invading + France. Besides, the king had another stratagem by which to content his + subjects; for he had brought with him ten or twelve citizens of London, + and other towns in England, all fat and jolly, the leaders of the English + commons, of great power in their countries, such as had promoted the wars + and had been very serviceable in raising that powerful army. The king + ordered very fine tents to be made for them, in which they lay; but, that + not being the kind of living they had been used to, they soon began to + grow weary of the campaign, for they expected they should come to an + engagement within three days of their landing, and the king multiplied + their fears and exaggerated the dangers of the war, on purpose that they + might be better satisfied with a peace, and aid him to quiet the murmurs + of the people upon his return to England; for, since king Arthur's days, + never king of England invaded France with so great a number of the + nobility and such a formidable army. But, as you have heard, he returned + immediately into England upon the conclusion of the peace, and then + reserved for his own private use the <!-- Page xlvi --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="pagexlvi"></a>{xlvi}</span>greater part of the + money that had been raised to pay the army; so that, in reality, he + accomplished most of the designs he had in view. King Edward was not of a + complexion or turn of mind to endure much hardship and labour, and such + any king of England must encounter who designs to make any considerable + conquest in France. Besides, our king was in a tolerable posture of + defence, though he was not so well prepared in all respects as he ought + to have been, by reason of the variety and multitude of his enemies. + Another great object with the king of England was the arrangement of a + marriage between our present king Charles the Eighth and his daughter; + and this alliance, causing him to wink at several things, was a material + advantage to our master's affairs.</p> + + <p>"King Louis himself was very desirous to obtain a general peace. The + vast numbers of the English had put him into great alarm; he had seen + enough of their exploits in his time in his kingdom, and he had no wish + to witness any more of them."</p> + + <p>When Louis went to meet the duke of Burgundy's plenipotentiaries at a + bridge half-way between Avesnes and Vervins, he took the English hostages + with him, and they were present when he gave audience to the Burgundians. + "One of them then told Commines that, if they had seen many such men of + the duke of Burgundy's before, perhaps the peace had not been concluded + so soon. The vīcomte of Narbonne, (afterwards comte of Foix,) overhearing + him, replied, 'Could you be so weak as to believe that the duke of + Burgundy had not great numbers of such soldiers? he had only sent them + into quarters of refreshment; but you were in such haste to be at home + again, that six hundred pipes of wine and a pension from our king sent + you presently back into England.' The Englishman was irritated, and + answered with much warmth, 'I plainly see, as everybody said, that you + have done nothing but cheat us. But do you call the money your king has + given us a pension? It is a tribute; and, by Saint George! you may prate + so much as will bring us back again to prove it.' I interrupted their + altercation, and turned it into a jest; but the Englishman would not + understand it so, and I informed the king of it, and his majesty was much + offended with the vīcomte of Narbonne."</p> + + <p>King Edward, being highly disgusted with the duke of Burgundy's + rejection of his truce, and his subsequent offer to make a distinct peace + with the king of France, despatched a great favourite of his, named sir + Thomas Mountgomery, to king Louis at Vervins, and he arrived whilst the + negociation was proceeding with the duke of Burgundy's envoys. Sir Thomas + desired, on the behalf of the king his master, that the king of France + would not consent to any other truce with the <!-- Page xlvii --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="pagexlvii"></a>{xlvii}</span>duke than what was + already made.<a name="NtA69" href="#Nt69"><sup>[69]</sup></a> He also + pressed Louis not to deliver St. Quentin into the duke's hands; and, as + further encouragement, Edward offered to repass the seas in the following + spring with a powerful army to assist him, provided his majesty would + continue in war against the duke of Burgundy, and compensate him for the + prejudice he should sustain in his duties upon wool at Calais, which + would be worth little or nothing in war time, though at other times they + were valued at 50,000 crowns. He proposed likewise that the king of + France should pay one-half of his army, and he would pay the other + himself. Louis returned Edward abundance of thanks, and made sir Thomas a + present of plate: but as to the continuation of the war, he begged to be + excused, for the truce with Burgundy was already concluded, and upon the + same terms as those which had been already agreed to between them; only + the duke of Burgundy had pressed urgently to have a separate truce for + himself; which circumstance Louis excused as well as he could, in order + to satisfy the English ambassador, who with this answer returned home, + accompanied by the hostages. "The king (adds Commines) felt extremely + surprised at king Edward's offers, which were delivered before me only, + and he conceived it would be very dangerous to bring the king of England + into France again, for between those two nations, when brought into + contact, any trifling accident might raise some new quarrel, and the + English might easily make friends again with the duke of Burgundy." These + considerations greatly forwarded the conclusion of the king of France's + treaty with the Burgundians.</p> + + <p>In fact, the duke of Burgundy at last overreached his brother-in-law + king Edward, for he concluded a truce with France for nine years, whilst + that of England with France was for seven years only. The duke's + ambassadors requested king Louis that this truce might not be proclaimed + immediately by sound of trumpet, as the usual custom was, for they were + anxious to save the duke's oath to king Edward (when he swore in his + passion that he would not accept of the benefit of the truce until the + king had been in England three months), lest Edward should think their + master had spoken otherwise than he designed.</p> + + <p>As for Edward himself, whatever selfish satisfaction he may have + derived from the result of the campaign,—such as Commines has + already suggested—it must have weakened his popularity both with + his nobles and with his people, whilst it terminated the former + cordiality that had existed with his brother of Burgundy. The king of + England had now become the pensioner of France, the great <!-- Page + xlviii --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="pagexlviii"></a>{xlviii}</span>absorbing power of that age, which + was soon to swallow up England's nearest and best allies, the duchies of + Burgundy and Britany.</p> + + <p>The French pension of 50,000 crowns was, as Commines relates, + punctually paid every half-year in the Tower of London; and by a treaty + made in Feb. 1478-9 it was renewed for the lives of Edward and Louis, and + extended for a hundred years after the death of both princes: which + seemed to give it more directly the character of a tribute, a term that + Commines says the English applied to it, but which the French indignantly + repelled. However, after little more than four years longer, it had + answered its purpose, and its payment ceased. The English voluptuary then + found himself entirely outwitted by the wily Frenchman. After the duke of + Burgundy's death (in 1477) and that of his only daughter the wife of the + archduke Maximilian (in 1482) his grand-daughter Margaret of Austria was + suddenly betrothed to the Dauphin, in the place of the lady Elizabeth of + England. Louis caught at this alliance in order to detach the counties of + Burgundy and Artois from the territory of the Netherlands, and annex them + to the crown of France; and the turbulent citizens of Ghent, in whose + keeping the children<a name="NtA70" href="#Nt70"><sup>[70]</sup></a> of + their late sovereign lady were, were ready to make this concession, + without the concurrence of the children's father, in order to reduce the + power of their princes. This infant bride was then only three years and a + half old; and had consequently made her appearance on the stage of life + subsequently to the Dauphin's former contract with the English + princess.<a name="NtA71" href="#Nt71"><sup>[71]</sup></a></p> + + <p>Commines describes at some length the mortification experienced by + king Edward when he heard of this alliance,—"finding himself + deluded in the hopes he had entertained of marrying his daughter to the + Dauphin, of which marriage both himself and his queen were more ambitious + than of any other in the world, and never would give credit to any man, + whether subject or foreigner, that endeavoured to persuade them that our + king's intentions were not sincere and honourable. For the parliament (or + council) of England had remonstrated to king Edward several times, when + our king was in Picardy, that after he had conquered <!-- Page xlix + --><span class="pagenum"><a name="pagexlix"></a>{xlix}</span>that + province he would certainly fall upon Calais and Guines, which are not + far off. The ambassadors from the duke and duchess of Austria, as also + those from the duke of Bretagne, who were continually in England at that + time, represented the same thing to him; but to no purpose, for he would + believe nothing of it, and he suffered greatly for his incredulity. Yet I + am entirely of opinion that his conduct proceeded not so much from + ignorance as avarice; for he was afraid to lose his pension of fifty + thousand crowns, which our master paid him very punctually, and besides + he was unwilling to leave his ease and pleasures, to which he was + extremely devoted."</p> + + <p>The enervated temper of Edward's latter years is faithfully depicted + in the opening lines of one of the best-known works of our great Dramatic + Poet:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Now are our brows bound with victorious wreaths,</p> + <p>Our bruised arms hung up for monuments;</p> + <p>Our stern alarums chang'd to merry meetings,</p> + <p>Our dreadful marches to delightful measures.</p> + <p>Grim-visaged War hath smooth'd his wrinkled front,</p> + <p>And now, instead of mounting barbed steeds,</p> + <p>To fright the souls of fearful adversaries,</p> + <p>He capers nimbly in a lady's chamber,</p> + <p>To the lascivious pleasing of a lute.</p> + <p class="i20"><i>Shakspeare's Richard the Third, act i. sc. 1.</i></p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>In another place Commines attributes the death of Edward the Fourth to + the vexation he conceived at the great reverse in his political + prospects, which disclosed itself on his loss of the French alliance. + This conclusion is probably imaginary, though Edward's death certainly + occurred whilst the Dauphin's new betrothal was in progress. The treaty + of Arras, by which the arrangement was made, was signed on the 23d Dec. + 1482, and the lady Margaret was delivered to the French, and met the + Dauphin at Amboise, on the 22d of June following. King Edward died on the + intervening 9th of April, a victim, as is generally thought, to his long + course of intemperate living. It is obvious, however, that the failure of + the French alliance must have been a very serious loss to Edward's + family, who were left defenceless on his death, although he had + previously contracted his daughters to the heirs of France, Scotland, + Spain, and Burgundy.</p> + + <p>Altogether, the ruin of the house of York, if we may credit Commines, + was the eventual result of the fatal compromise made in the campaign of + 1475, and of <!-- Page l --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="pagel"></a>{l}</span>the enervating and corrupting influences + exercised by the French pensions which were then accepted by king Edward + and his ministers. Thenceforward, any hope of recovering the English + provinces of France was indefinitely deferred; the very echoes of those + martial glories which had once made the English name so dreadful in that + country were allowed to die away; the dreams of conquest were dissipated; + and the hands of Englishmen again turned to internecine contests, which + resulted in the total destruction of the royal house of Plantagenet, and + the ruin of a large proportion of the ancient nobility.</p> + + <p><span class="sc">The Boke of Noblesse</span>, after the total failure + of those more generous sentiments and aspirations which it was intended + to propagate, at once became, what it is now, a mere mirror of by-gone + days; and, considering these circumstances, we cannot be surprised that + it was never again transcribed, nor found its way to the press.</p> + + <p>It is with regret that I relinquish to some future more fortunate + inquirer the discovery of the author of this composition. The manuscript + from which it is printed is certainly not his autograph original; for its + great inaccuracy occasionally renders the meaning almost unintelligible. + And yet the corrections and insertions, which I have indicated as coming + <i>ą secundā manu</i>, would seem to belong to the author.</p> + + <p>I have already, in the first page of this Introduction, intimated the + possibility of the work having been composed in the lifetime of sir John + Fastolfe, and merely re-edited, if we may use the term, upon occasion of + the projected invasion of France in 1475. There are three circumstances + which decidedly connect the book with some dependent of sir John + Fastolfe:—</p> + + <p>1. That the writer quotes sir John as "mine autour," or informant, in + pp. <a href="#page16">16</a> and <a href="#page64">64</a>, as well as + tells other anecdotes which were probably received from his relation.</p> + + <p>2. His having access to sir John's papers or books of account (p. <a + href="#page68">68</a>); and</p> + + <p>3. There being still preserved in the volume, bound up with its + fly-leaves, the two letters, probably both addressed to Fastolfe, and one + of them certainly so, which are printed hereafter, as an Appendix to + these remarks.</p> + + <p>Sir John Fastolfe is not commemorated as having been a patron of + literature. In the inventory of his property which is printed in the + twentieth volume of the Archęologia, no books occur except a few missals, + &c. belonging to his chapel. Though William of Worcestre, now famous + for his historical collections, (which have been edited by Hearne, + Nasmith, and Dallaway,) was Fastolfe's secretary, he was kept in a + subordinate position, and valued for his merely clerical, <!-- Page li + --><span class="pagenum"><a name="pageli"></a>{li}</span>not his + literary, services. Sir John Fastolfe's passion was the acquisition of + property; whilst William of Worcestre, on his part, followed (as far as + he could) the bent of his own taste, and not that of his master; being + (as his comrade Henry Windsore declared) as glad to obtain a good book of + French or of Poetry as his master Fastolfe was to purchase a fair + manor.<a name="NtA72" href="#Nt72"><sup>[72]</sup></a></p> + + <p>The translation of Cicero de Senectute, which was printed by Caxton in + 1481, is indeed in the preface stated to have been translated by the + ordinance and desire of the noble ancient knight sir John Fastolfe;<a + name="NtA73" href="#Nt73"><sup>[73]</sup></a> and, though Worcestre's + name is not mentioned by Caxton, we may conclude that it was the same + translation which from Worcestre's own memoranda we know was made by + him.<a name="NtA74" href="#Nt74"><sup>[74]</sup></a> Still, it was but a + very slight deference to literature, if the ancient knight approved of + his secretary's translating "Tully on Old Age," and did not make any + further contribution towards its publication.</p> + + <p>But on the particular subject of the loss of the English provinces in + France, and the causes thereof, there can be no question that sir John + Fastolfe, the "baron <!-- Page lii --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="pagelii"></a>{lii}</span>of Sillie le Guillem," once governor of + Anjou and Maine, and lord of Piron and Beaumont, took the deepest + interest; considering that he had spent his best days in their + acquisition, administration, and defence, and that he was one of the + principal sufferers by their loss. He may, therefore, well have promoted + the composition of the work now before us.</p> + + <p>William of Worcestre has the reputation of having written a memoir<a + name="NtA75" href="#Nt75"><sup>[75]</sup></a> of the exploits of sir John + Fastolfe; but this is not traceable beyond the bare assertion of Bale, + and a more recent misapprehension of the meaning of one of the Paston + letters.</p> + +<p><!-- Page liii --><span class="pagenum"><a name="pageliii"></a>{liii}</span></p> + + <p>Another person whose name has occurred as having been employed in a + literary capacity for sir John Fastolfe<a name="NtA76" + href="#Nt76"><sup>[76]</sup></a> is Peter Basset<a name="NtA77" + href="#Nt77"><sup>[77]</sup></a>; who is commemorated with some parade by + Bale as an historical writer, but whose writings, though quoted by Hall + the chronicler, have either disappeared or are no longer to be + identified.</p> + + <p>I have, however, mentioned the names of William of Worcestre and Peter + Basset only from the circumstance of their being connected with that of + sir John <!-- Page liv --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="pageliv"></a>{liv}</span>Fastolfe; and not from there being any + other presumptive proof that either of them wrote "The Boke of Noblesse." + We have no known production of Basset with which to compare it; and as to + Worcestre his "Collectanea" and private Memoranda can scarcely assist us + in determining what his style might have been had he attempted any such + work as the present.</p> + + <p>Altogether, The Boke of Noblesse is more of a compilation than an + original essay. It has apparently largely borrowed from the French; and I + have already shown that it was partly derived from former works, though I + cannot undertake to say to what extent that was the case. In its general + character our book resembles one which was popular in the middle ages, as + the <i>Secretum Secretorum</i>, falsely attributed to Aristotle,<a + name="NtA78" href="#Nt78"><sup>[78]</sup></a> and which was also known + under the title <i>De Regimine Principum</i>. The popularity of this work + was so great that MS. copies occur in most of our public libraries, and + not less than nine English translations and six French translations are + known.<a name="NtA79" href="#Nt79"><sup>[79]</sup></a> A Scots + translation by sir Gilbert de Hay, entitled "<i>The Buke of the + Governaunce of Princis</i>," is contained in a MS. at Abbotsford, + accompanying a version of <i>The Tree of Batailes</i>, already noticed in + pp. <a href="#pageiii">iii</a>. <a href="#pagevi">vi</a>.</p> + + <p>Another work of the same class is that of which Caxton published + (about the year 1484) a translation entitled <i>The booke of the ordre of + Chevalrye or Knyghthode</i>, and of which the Scots translation by sir + Gilbert de Hay was printed for the Abbotsford Club by Beriah Botfield, + esq. in 1847.</p> + + <p>To his translations of the treatises of Cicero on Old Age and + Friendship, which Caxton printed in 1481, he also appended two + "declaracyons," or orations, supposed to be spoken by two noble Roman + knights before the senate, in order "to know wherein Noblesse restith," + or, as otherwise expressed in the title-page, "shewing wherin Honoure + should reste." These imaginary orations were the work of an Italian, who + styled himself, in Latin, Banatusius Magnomontanus.</p> + + <p>After a time, the term Noblesse, which we here find synonymous with + Honour, and (in p. <a href="#pagexv">xv</a>. <i>ante</i>) with Chivalry, + in the sense of a class or order of society, <!-- Page lv --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="pagelv"></a>{lv}</span>became obsolete as an + English word. In the former sense, at least, it was changed into our + English "Nobleness;" and about the year 1530 we find published a "Book of + Noblenes," printed by Robert Wyer, without date.<a name="NtA80" + href="#Nt80"><sup>[80]</sup></a> This work had been translated from Latin + into French, and "now into English by John Larke." I have not seen it, + but I imagine it was a far smaller and slighter composition than the + present.<a name="NtA81" href="#Nt81"><sup>[81]</sup></a></p> + + <p>Ames<a name="NtA82" href="#Nt82"><sup>[82]</sup></a> mentioned our + "Boke of Noblesse" as a printed work, on the authority of Tanner's MSS., + but this was evidently a misapprehension.</p> + + <p>It only now remains that I should describe the Manuscript, which is + preserved in the Royal Collection at the British Museum, and marked 18 B. + XXII.</p> + + <p>It is written in a paper book, which is formed of four quires of + paper, each consisting of six sheets, and is of the size of a modern + quarto volume. The quires are marked in the lower margin with the + signatures of the scribe: the first quire consisting of six sheets, + placed within one another, and marked j. ij. iij. iiij. v. vj.; the + second also of six sheets, marked .a.i. .a.ij. .a.iij. .a.iiij. .a.v. and + .a.vj.; the third, b.1. .b.3. .b.4. .b.5. .b.6.; the fourth .c.1. c.2. + c.3. c.4. c.5. c.6. Thus it is seen that the sheet containing the leaf + b.2. and the attached leaf (b.11. as it might be called) is lost: and + this loss occasions the defects which will be found in the present volume + at p. <a href="#page50">50</a> and p. <a href="#page68">68</a>.</p> + + <p>In front of the volume are bound three leaves of vellum, on the last + of which is fastened a slip of the like material, inscribed, + apparently</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Edwarde w [iiij?]</p> + <p>wych ys</p> + <p class="i2">bold</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>On the back of the same leaf is the name of</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>Symond'</i></p> + <p><i>Samson.</i></p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>At the foot of the first paper leaf is the autograph name of</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>Lumley.</i></p> + </div> + </div> + + <p><i>i. e.</i> John lord Lumley, the son-in-law of the last Earl of + Arundel, into whose <!-- Page lvi --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="pagelvi"></a>{lvi}</span>possession the volume probably came by + purchase in the reign of Elizabeth or James the First.</p> + + <p>On the leaf .c.2. is the autograph name of <i>Robert Savylle</i>.</p> + + <p>On the last leaf are many scribblings, and attempts in drawing + grotesque heads and figures, apparently done about the time of queen + Mary. Among them occurs again the name of</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>Symeon Sampson p.</i></p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>Also those of <i>Richarde Dyconson</i> and <i>Edward Jones of Clemente + in the Jor of</i> —— and these sentences,</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>John Twychener ys booke he that stellys thys booke</p> + <p>he shall be hangid a pon a hooke and that wylle macke</p> + <p>ys necke to brake & that wyll macke ys neck awrye</p> + </div> + </div> + +<table class="nob" summary="A nyes wiffe." title="A nyes wiffe."> +<tr><td class="hspcsingle"> A nyes wiffe & a backe dore makythe +</td><td class="hspcsingle" style="vertical-align:middle;" rowspan="2"> <a href="images/$rbrace.png"><img src="images/$rbrace.png" class="middle" style="height:5ex; width:0.75em" alt="brace" /></a> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="hspcsingle"> outon tymys a Ryche man pore. </td></tr> +</table> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>In the name of the father of the Sonne and the holey Gost. So be itt.</p> + <p class="i2">Jhesus nazerinus Rex iudiorū fillij dei miserere mei.</p> + <p>Jhesus.) God save the king o<sup>r</sup> souu'ain lorde.</p> + <p class="i2">Jhesus Nazarinus. God save king p. & mary.</p> + <p>O gloryous Jesu o mekest Jesu o moost sweteste Jesu have m'cye on us.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>Quite at the bottom of the page is the name of</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p><i>Edward Banyster.</i></p> + </div> + </div> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + +<h3>LETTERS ADDRESSED TO SIR JOHN FASTOLFE.</h3> + +<p class="cenhead">(Royal MS. 18 B. XXII. f. 44.)</p> + +<p class="cenhead">From <span class="sc">John Appulton</span>, captain of Pontdonné and the Haye de Puis.</p> + + <p>Mon treshonnouré et Redoubté Sr., toute humble Recommendacion primier + mise, plaise vous savoir que Jay entendu que piecha vous aviez quittie et + transporté afin de heritaige a Degory Gamel vostre terre et seignourie de + Piron pour le prix de deux mille francs lesquelx il devoit paier a chinq + annees enssuit du dit transport, cest assavoir pour la premir ann six + cens francs, et le demourant es autres quatres anns ensuit, a chacun par + egalle porcion; de la quelle chose J'entens que le dit Degory na pas + acompli ces termes ne ses <!-- Page lvii --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="pagelvii"></a>{lvii}</span>paiemens, car il nest pas tousjours + prest de paier, et est de tel gouvernement que p..... que navez eu que + peu de chose de vostre ditte s'rie dempuis quil en a eu le gouvernement. + Et pour ce, mon treshonnouré et Redoubté, Janvois grant desir davoir + icelle terre afin de heritaige si c'estoit vostre plaisir et volenté. Car + elle est pres de mes et bien a mon aise. Sy vous prie et requier tant + humblement comme Je puis et comme vostre petit et humble serviteur, qu'il + vous pla[ira] que J'aie icelle terre et seigneurie de Piron par les prix + et condicions dessus desclerés et que l'aviez accordee au dit Degory en + cas que [sera] vostre plaisir de vous en des faire, et que Je la puisse + avoir aussi tost que ung autre, et J'en seay a tousjours mais tenu ... + car vous estes le seigneur qui vive en monde a qui Je suis plus tenu et a + qui Jay greigno' service, et que elle me soit confe[rmé?] par le Roy + nostre seigneur tellement que Je ny puisse avoir empeschement. Et je vous + promet que Je vous paieray loyalment es termes qui seront assignes sans + aucune faulte, et se faulte y avez per moy que le marchie ne fust nul, et + sur paine de perdre s ... que Jen avoie paié. Et sy est ce grant chose + pour le present de deux mille Francs attendans la guerre qui est a + present ou ... a l'occasion de la prinse et perte de la place de + Grantville. Car se remede ny est mis de brief tout le bailliage de + Costentin est en voie destre destruit, et estre comme le pais de Caulx, + que Dieu ne vueille. Car se seroit grant dommaige et grant pitie. Et pour + ceste cause Jenvoie Jehan Dotton devers vous, qui est vostre serviteur, + porteur de ces presentes, auquel Jay donné pouvoir et puissance den + composer et appointier avecque vous ainsi quil vous plaira, et que + regarderez quil sera bon a faire, tout aussi comme se Je y estoie + present, et lequel vous parlera plus a plain de lestate et gouvernement + de vostre ditte seigneurie de Piron et comme elle a esté gouvernée. Et + pour ce que autrefois Je vous avoie rescript de vostre terre et + seigneurie de Beaumont, que Jeusse volentiers eue se ceust esté vostre + plaisir et volenté, pour ce que ma terre d'Asineres est parmys la vostre + et joingnent ensemble, Et en cas que se ne seroit vostre plaisir que + Jeusse vostre ditte seigneurie de Piron, jentend' encores volentiers a + icelle de Beaumont, et quil vous pleust la mettre a prix de raison, car + Je ne scay pas bien que elle peult valloir, mes vous le savez bien, car + vous en avez fait fe presn(?) et en avez eu la desclaracion, non obstant + que les terres depar de cha sy sen vont en tres grant diminucion pour la + cause dessus dict. Sy vous plaise de vostre grace a y avoir sur le tout + advis, et den faire tant que Jen puisse estre tous jours vostre petit et + humble serviteur, et comme Jay tousjours esté et seray tant que je + vivray. Et se il vous plaist faire quelque appointe des choses dessus + dictes, quil vous plaise a le faire vous mesmes, et que ne menvoiez a + Raouen ne ailleurs, car les chemins sont trop dangereux, et ne voudroie + pas aler a Rouen voulentiers pour gaignier deux cens frans. Mon + treshonnouré et redoubté seigneur, Je me recommande a vous tant + humblement comme Je puis et comme vostre petit et humble serviteur, et se + il est chose que faire puisse pour vous, mandez le moy et Je l'acompliray + de tout mon cuer et volentiers, en priant le Saint Esprit qu'il soit + garde de vous et vous donne bonne vie et longue et acomplisse(ment) de + vous nobles desirs. Escript a la Haie du Puis, le derrain jour dé May. + <!-- Page lviii --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="pagelviii"></a>{lviii}</span></p> + + <p>Mon treshonnouré et redoubté seigneur, Je vous recommande ma fille qui + est demour' veufue, et quil vous plaist qelle soit (en) vostre bonne + grace et service, et la conseiller et conforter en tous ses afaires.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Letout vostre humble serviteur Jhon 'Appulton, cap(itaine)</p> + <p>du Pont donne et de la Haie du Puis.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>(<i>Directed on the back</i>,)</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>A mon treshonnouré et tresredoubté sire</p> + <p>Messire Jehan Fastouf, chevalier,</p> + <p>seigneur de Piron et de Beaumont</p> + <p>en Normendie.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p> </p> + +<p class="cenhead">From the <span class="sc">Bailiffs</span> of <span class="sc">Winchester</span>.<a name="NtA83" href="#Nt83"><sup>[83]</sup></a></p> + + <p>Right Worshipfulle Sire,—We recommande ws unto you, latyng you + wete of howre taryng that we brynge nat hoppe (up) howre money for howre + ferme ys for be cawse that we wholde receyve of howre dewte of the Cete, + and of the awnage sum of xiij. li.; the wheche money we cannat receyve in + to the time that we have a wrette to the mayre and to ws Ballys, for the + Cete scholde have of the awnage as Easter terme xx. marcs, for that the + Cete grant(ed) us to howre eryste ferme, and here a pon we tryst; and now + the fermeris of the awnage sey it pleynli that the Cete schale nat have a + peny in to Mighelmas terme but zyffe so be that ye sende us a wrytt that + we mowe brynge the fermers in to the Cheker, and ther to pay ws thys xx. + marcs, for we lacke no money but that, for the fermers makit hyrr a + skowsce apon the refuson that was thys tyme thre zere, for they fere + laste they schold pay agen, and there for they sey it they whole nat pay + us no peni but in the Cheker, also howre Mayre takyt no hede of ws, + nother howe whe schal be servyd of the mony, theirefore we pray you sende + a wrett down to the Mayre and to ws for to brynge ho(ppe, <i>i.e.</i> up) + howre ferme for the halfe zere, for dowt hyt nat ze schale be as wel payd + of ws as zevr (ever) ye w(ere) of zeny men, for in trowyf we pay of howre + money more than xiiij. li. No more, but God kepe you. I-wretyn at + Wynchester the viij. day of May.</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>By the baillifes of Wynchester.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>(To this letter no address is preserved.)</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + +<p><!-- Page lix --><span class="pagenum"><a name="pagelix"></a>{lix}</span></p> + +<h2>ADDITIONAL NOTES.</h2> + + <p>Page <a href="#pageliv">liv</a>. <i>De Regimine + Principum.</i>—Sir John Paston (temp. Edw. IV.) had a copy of this + work, which formed part of a volume which he thus described in the + catalogue of his library:—</p> + + <p>"M<sup>d</sup>. my <i>Boke of Knyghthode</i> and the maner off makyng + off knyghts, off justs, off tornaments, ffyghtyng in lystys, paces holden + by soldiers and chalenges, statutes off weere, and <i>de Regimine + Principum</i>." (Paston Letters, vol. iii p. 302.)</p> + + <p>It is more fully described by William Ebesham, the scribe who had + written the book, in his bill of accompt, which is also preserved in the + same volume, p. 14:—</p> + +<table class="nob" summary="Bill of accompt." title="Bill of accompt."> +<tr><td class="hspcsingle"> "Item as to <i>the Grete Booke</i>.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="hspcsingle"> "First for wrytyng of the <i>Coronacion</i> and other <i>tretys of Knyghthode</i> in that quaire, +which conteyneth a xiij. levis and more, ij<sup>d</sup>. a lefe </td><td class="hspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> ij<sup>s</sup>. ij<sup>d</sup>.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="hspcsingle"> "Item for the <i>Tretys of Werre</i> in iiij. books, which conteyneth lx. levis, after ij<sup>d</sup>. a +leaff </td><td class="hspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> x<sup>s</sup>. </td></tr> + +<tr><td class="hspcsingle"> "Item for <i>Othea pistill</i>, which conteyneth xliij. levis </td><td class="hspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> vij<sup>s</sup>. ij<sup>d</sup>.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="hspcsingle"> "Item for the <i>Chalenges</i> and the <i>Acts of Armes</i>, which is xxviij<sup>ti</sup>. lefs </td><td class="hspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> iiij<sup>s</sup>. viij<sup>d</sup>.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="hspcsingle"> "Item for <i>de Regimine Principum</i>, which conteyneth xlv<sup>ti</sup>. leves, after a peny a leef, +which is right wele worth </td><td class="hspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> iij<sup>s</sup>. ix<sup>d</sup>.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="hspcsingle"> "Item for rubriesheyng of all the booke </td><td class="hspcsingle" style="text-align:right"> iij<sup>s</sup>. iiij<sup>d</sup>.</td></tr> +</table> + + <p>The "Treatise of Knighthood" here mentioned, may probably have + resembled <i>The Booke of the Ordre of Chyvalrye or Knyghthode</i> + printed by Caxton (see p. liv.); and the "Treatise of War" may have been + a version of <i>The Boke of Fayttes of Armes and of Chyvallrye</i>, which + Caxton also published from the <i>Arbre de Batailes</i>, &c. as + before noticed in p. vi.</p> + + <p>The "Othea pistill" was certainly the same book which passes under the + name of Christine de Pisan, and which was printed at Paris by Philippe + Pigouchet, in 4to, under the title of "<i>Les cent Histoires de + troye.</i> Lepistre de Othea deesse de prudence enuoyee a lesperit + cheualereux Hector de troye, auec cent hystoires." In every page of this + book there is a <i>Texte</i> in French verse, and a <i>Glose</i> in + prose, which agrees exactly with sir John Paston's description in his + catalogue (where it appears as distinct from Ebesham's "Great Book,") in + this entry,—"Item, a <i>Book de Othea</i>, text and glose, in + quayers."</p> + + <p> </p> + + <p>Page <a href="#page15">15</a>. <i>Matheu Gournay de comitatu + Somerset.</i> This personage, whose name has been inserted by the second + hand, was a very distinguished warrior in the French wars, and has been + supposed to have been the model of the Knight in Chaucer's Canterbury + <!-- Page lx --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="pagelx"></a>{lx}</span>Pilgrims. His epitaph at Stoke upon Hampden + in Somersetshire, which has been preserved by Leland, describes him as + "le noble et vaillant chivaler Maheu de Gurney, iadys seneschal de Landes + et capitain du chastel Daques por nostre seignor le Roy en la duche de + Guyene, qui en sa vie fu a la batail de Beaumarin, et ala apres a la + siege Dalgezire sur les Sarazines, et auxi a les batailles de Lescluse, + de Cressy, de Yngenesse, de Peyteres, de Nazara, Dozrey, et a plusiurs + autres batailles et asseges, en les quex il gaina noblement graund los et + honour per lespece de xxxxiiij et xvj ans, et morust le xxvj jour de + Septembre, l'an nostre Seignor Jesu Christ Mccccvj, que de salme Dieux + eit mercy. Amen." (See Records of the House of Gournay, by Daniel Gurney, + esq. F.S.A. p. 681.)</p> + + <p> </p> + + <p>Page <a href="#page68">68</a>. <i>Sir John Fastolfe's victualling of + the Bastille.</i> This anecdote is illustrated by the following passage + of one of sir John's books of accompt:—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>"Item, in like wise is owing to the said Fastolfe for the keeping and victualling of the</p> + <p>Bastile of St. Anthony in Paris, as it appeareth by writing sufficient, and by the creditors</p> + <p>of sir John Tyrel knight, late treasurer of the King's house, remaining in the exchequer</p> + <p>of Westminster of record, the sum of xlij li.</p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>(Paston Letters, iii. 269.)</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + +<p><!-- Page 1 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page1"></a>{1}</span></p> + +<h2>T<span class="gsp"> </span>H<span class="gsp"> </span>E B<span class="gsp"> </span>O<span class="gsp"> </span>K<span class="gsp"> </span>E O<span class="gsp"> </span>F N<span class="gsp"> </span>O<span class="gsp"> </span>B<span class="gsp"> </span>L<span class="gsp"> </span>E<span class="gsp"> </span>S<span class="gsp"> </span>S<span class="gsp"> </span>E.</h2> + +<p class="cenhead">[<span class="sc">MS. Reg. 18 B. XXII.</span>]</p> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="short" /> + +<blockquote class="forsidenotel"> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>The Boke of Noblesse, compiled to the most hyghe and myghety prince + Kynge Edward the iiij<sup>the</sup> for the avauncyng and preferryng the + comyn publique of the Royaumes of England and of Fraunce.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>First, in the worship of the holy Trinite, bring to mynde to calle, in + the begynnyng of every good work, for grace. And sithe this litille + epistle is wrote and entitled to courage and comfort noble men in armes + to be in perpetuite of remembraunce for here noble dedis, as right + convenient is soo to bee. And as it is specified by auctorite of the + noble cenatoure of Rome Kayus son, in these termes foloweng: "Hoc igitur + summum est nobilitatis genus, posse majorum suorum egregia facta dicere, + posse eorum beneficiis petere honores publicos, posse gloriam rei publicę + hereditario quodam jure vendicare, posse insuper sese eorum partes + vocare, et clarissimas in suis vultibus ymagines ostendere. Quos enim + appellat vulgus nisi quod nobilissimi parentes genuere."</p> + +<p class="cenhead">De remedio casus Reipublicę.</p> + + <p>Here folowethe the evident Examples and the Resons of comfort for a + reformacion to be had uppon the piteous complaintes and dolorous + lamentacions made for the right grete outragious and most <!-- Page 2 + --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page2"></a>{2}</span>grevous losse of + the Royaume of Fraunce, Ducheeȝ of Normandie, of Gascoyne, and + Guyen, and also the noble Counte of Mayne and the Erledom of Pontife. And + for relevyng and geting ayen the said Reaume, dukedoms, [and earldoms,] + undre correccion of amendement ben shewed the exortacions and mocions, be + auctorite, example <span class="sidenotel">Anglorum nacio originem + sumpsit ex nacione Trojanorum.</span> <span class="sidenotel">Nota + j<sup>o</sup>. quod lingua Britonum adhuc usitatur in Wallia et Cornibea, + que lingua vocabatur corrupta Greca.</span> of actis in armes, bothe by + experience and otherwise purposid, meoved and declarid, to corage and + comfort the hertis of [the] Englisshe nacion, havyng theire first + originalle of the nacion of the noble auncient bloode of Troy more than + M<sup>l</sup>. yere before the birthe of Crist; in token and profe wherof + the auncient langage of the Brutes bloode at this day remayneth<a + name="NtA84" href="#Nt84"><sup>[84]</sup></a> bothe in the Princedome of + Walis and in the auncient provynce and Dukedom of Cornewale, whiche was + at tho daies called corrupt Greke.</p> + +<div class="sidenotel">ij<sup>o</sup>. lingua Saxonum alias lingua Germanorum.</div> +<div class="sidenotel">Dux Cerdicius applicuit in Britania tempore Regis Arthuri, et sic per favorem regis inhabitavit, et . . ex natione Grecorum.</div> + <p>And next after the mighty Saxons' bloode, otherwise called a provynce + in Germayne, that the vaileaunt Duke Cerdicius arrived in this reaume, + with whom<a name="NtA85" href="#Nt85"><sup>[85]</sup></a> Arthur, king of + the Breton bloode, made mighty werre, and suffred hym to inhabit here. + And the Saxons, as it is writen in Berthilmew in his booke of Propreteis, + also were decendid of the nacion of Grekis.</p> + +<div class="sidenotel">iij<sup>o</sup>. Lingua Danorum ex nacione Grecorum. Rex Danorum Knott conquestum fecit.</div> + <p>And next after came the feers manly Danysh nacion, also of Grekis bene + descendid, that the gret justicer king Knowt this land subdued and the + Saxons' bloode.</p> + + <p>And sithen the noble Normannes, also of the Danys nacion, descendid be + William Conquerour, of whome ye ben lyniallie descendid, subdued this + lande.</p> + + <p>And, last of alle, the victorius bloode of Angevyns, by mariage of + that puissaunt Erle Geffry Plantagenet, the son and heire of Fouke king + of Jherusalem, be mariage of Dame Maude, Emperes, soule doughter and + heire to the king of grete renoune, Henry the first of Inglond, and into + this day lineally descendid in most prowes.</p> + + <p>And whiche said Englisshe nacion ben sore astonyed and dulled <!-- + Page 3 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page3"></a>{3}</span>for the + repairing and wynnyng ayen, uppon a new conquest to be hadde for youre + verray right and true title in the inheritaunce of the saide Reaume of + Fraunce and the Duche of Normandie. Of whiche Duchie, we have in the yere + of oure Lorde M<sup>l</sup>.iiij<sup>c</sup>l., lost, as bethyn the space + of xv monithes be put out wrongfullie, tho roughe subtile wirkingis + conspired and wroughte be the Frenshe partie undre the umbre and coloure + of trewis late taken betwyxt youre antecessoure king Harry the sext then + named king, and youre grete adversarie of Fraunce Charles the + vij<sup>the</sup>.</p> + + <p>And where as the saide piteous complaintes [and] dolorous lamentacions + of youre verray true obeisaunt subjectis for lesing of the said countreis + may not be tendrid ne herde, [they] many daies have had but litille + comfort, nether the anguisshes, troubles, and divisions here late before + in this reaume be cyvyle batailes to be had, may not prevaile them to the + repairing and wynnyng of any soche manere outrageous losses to this + Reaume, whiche hathe thoroughe sodein and variable chaunces of unstedfast + fortune so be revaled and overthrow; the tyme of relief and comfort wolde + not be despendid ne occupied so: namely with theym whiche that have + necessite of relief and socoure of a grettir avauntage and a more + profitable remedie for theire avauncement to a new conquest: or by a good + tretie of a finalle peace for the recovere of the same: but to folow the + counceile of the noble cenatoure of Rome Boicius in the second prose of + his first booke of consolacion seieng <i>Sed medicine</i> (inquid) + <i>tempus est</i>, <i>quąm querele</i>.</p> + + <p>Therfor, alle ye lovyng liege men, bothe youre noble alliaunces and + frendis, levithe suche idille lamentacions, put away thoughte and gret + pensifnes of suche lamentable passions and besinesse, and put ye hem to + foryetefulnesse. And doo not away the recordacion of actis and dedis in + armes of so many famous and victorious Kingis, Princes, Dukis, Erles, + Barounes, and noble Knightis, as of fulle many other worshipfulle men + haunting armes, whiche as verray trew martirs and blissid souls have + taken theire last ende by werre; <!-- Page 4 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page4"></a>{4}</span>some woundid and taken prisonneres in so just + a title and conquest uppon youre enheritaunce in Fraunce and Normandie, + Gasquyn and Guyen; and also by the famous King and mighty Prince king + Edward the thrid, first heriter to the said Royaume of Fraunce, and by + Prince Edwarde his eldist son, and alle his noble bretherin, [who] + pursued his title and righte be force of armes, as was of late tyme sithe + the yere of Crist M<sup>l</sup>.iiij<sup>c</sup>xv. done, and made a new + conquest in conquering bothe the saide Reaume of Fraunce and Duche of + Normaundie by the Prince of blissid memorie king Harry the + v<sup>the</sup>. Also be the eide of tho thre noble prynces his bretherne + and be other of his puissant Dukes and lordis, being lieutenauntȝ + for the werre in that parties, as it is notorily knowen thoroughe alle + Cristen nacyons, to the gret renomme and<a name="NtA86" + href="#Nt86"><sup>[86]</sup></a> worship of this Reaume.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">How every good man of [worshyp yn<a name="NtA87" href="#Nt87"><sup>[87]</sup></a>] armes shulde in the +werre be resembled to the condicion of a lion.</p> + + <p>And therfor, in conclusion, every man in hym silf let the passions of + dolours be turned and empressid into vyfnes of here spiritis, of egre + courages, of manlinesse and feersnesse, after the condicion of the lion + resembled in condicions unto; for as ire, egrenesse, and feersnesse is + holden for a vertu in the lion, so in like manere the said condicions is + taken for a vertue and renomme of worship to alle tho that haunten armes: + that so usithe to be egre, feers uppon his advers partie, and not to be + lamentable and sorroufulle after a wrong shewed unto theym. And thus + withe coragious hertis putting forthe theire prowes in dedis of armes, so + that alle worshipfulle men, whiche oughte to be stedfast and holde + togider, may be of one intencion, wille, and comon assent to vapour, + sprede out, according to the flour delice, and avaunce hem forthe be + feernesse of strenght and power to the verray effect and dede ayenst the + untrew reproches of oure auncien adversaries halding uppon the Frenshe + partie, whiche of late tyme by unjust dissimilacions, undre the umbre + <!-- Page 5 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page5"></a>{5}</span>and + coloure of trewis and abstinence of werre late hadde and sacred at the + cite of Tairs the .xxviij. day of Maij, the yere of Crist of + M<sup>l</sup>.iiij<sup>c</sup>xliiij<sup>to</sup>. have by intrusion of + soche subtile dissimilacion wonne uppon us bethyn v yeres next foloweng + withyn the tyme of [the last<a name="NtA88" + href="#Nt88"><sup>[88]</sup></a>] trieux the said Reaume and duchees, so + that in the meane tyme and sethe contynued forthe the saide trewes from + yere to yere, to this land grete charge and cost, till they had conspired + and wrought theire avauntage, as it approvethe dailie of experience. And + under this they bring assailours uppon this lande and begynneris of the + trewis breking.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">How the Frenshe partie began firste to offende and brake +the Trewis.</p> + +<div class="sidenotel">Tempore Regis H. vj<sup>th</sup>.</div> + <p>First by taking of youre shippis and marchaundises upon the see, + keping men of noble birthe undre youre predecessoure obedience and divers + other true lieges men prisoneris under arest, as that noble and trew + knight ser Gilis the Duke is son of Bretaine, whiche for his grete + trouthe and love he hadde to this youre Royaume warde, ayenst all manhode + ungoodely entretid, died in prison. And also before the taking of Fugiers + ser Simon Morhier knight, the provost of Paris, a lorde also of youre + partie and chief of the Kingis counceile, take prisoner by Deepe and + paieng a grete raunson or he was deliverid. And sone after one Mauncelle + a squier, comyng fro Rone, with .xx. parsones in his company, to Deepe, + pesibly in the monythe of Januarij next before the taking of Fugiers, + were in Deepe taken prisoneris wrongfullie undre the umbre of trewis. And + sithen the lord Faucomberge take prisoner by subtile undew meanys of a + cautel taken under safconduct of youre adversarie at Pountelarge the xv + day of Maij, the yere of Crist M<sup>l</sup>.iiij<sup>c</sup>xlix. And + also the said forteresse of Pountlarge take the said day be right undew + meanys taken uppon the said lorde Faucomberge contrarie to the said + trewis, <!-- Page 6 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page6"></a>{6}</span>forging here colourable matieris in so + detestable unjust quarellis. For reformacion of whiche gret injuries + conspired, shewed, and doone, alle ye put to youre handis to this paast + and matier. Comythe therfor and approchen bothe kyn, affinitees, frendis, + subgectis, allies, and alle wellewilleris. Now at erst the irnesse be + brennyng hote in the fire thoroughe goode courage, the worke is overmoche + kindelid and begonne, thoroughe oure dulnesse and sleuthe slommering many + day, for be the sheding of the bloode of good cristen people as hathe be + done in youre predecessours conquest that now is lost: is said be the + wordis of Job: Criethe and bewailethe in the feelde, frendis and kyn, + take heede pitously to your bloode.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">A question of grete charge and wighte,<a name="NtA89" href="#Nt89"><sup>[89]</sup></a> meoved first to be determyned, +whethir for to make werre uppon Cristen bloode is +laufulle.</p> + + <p>But first ther wolde be meoved a question, whiche dame Cristyn makithe + mencion of in the seconde chapitre of the Tree of Batailles: whethir that + werres and batailes meintenyng and using ben laufulle according to + justice or no. And the oppinion of many one wolde undrestond that + haunting of armes and werre making is not lefull, ne just thing, for + asmoche in haunting and using of werre be many infinite<a name="NtA90" + href="#Nt90"><sup>[90]</sup></a> damages and extorsions done, as mourdre, + slaugheter, bloode-sheding, depopulacion of contrees, castelles, citees, + and townes brennyng, and many suche infinite damages. Wherfor it shulde + seme that<a name="NtA91" href="#Nt91"><sup>[91]</sup></a> meintenyng of + werre is a cursid deede: not dew to be meyntened. As to this question + it<a name="NtA92" href="#Nt92"><sup>[92]</sup></a> may be answerd that + entrepruises and werris taken and founded uppon a just cause and a trew + title is suffred of God, for dame Cristen seiethe and moevithe, in the + first booke of the Arbre of Bataile, how it is for to have in + consideracion why that princes shuld maynteyne werre and use bataile; and + the saide dame Cristin saiethe v. causes principalle: thre of them <!-- + Page 7 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page7"></a>{7}</span><span + class="sidenotel">1: p<sup>a</sup></span> bene of righte: and the other + tweyne of vallente. The first cause <span class="sidenotel">2: + ij<sup>da</sup></span> is to susteyne right and justice; the second is to + withestande alle soche mysdoers the whiche wolde do foule<a name="NtA93" + href="#Nt93"><sup>[93]</sup></a> greif and oppresse the peple of the + contre that the kyng or prince is gouvernoure of; the <span + class="sidenotel">3: iij<sup>d</sup></span> thrid is for to recuver + landes, seignories and goodes [that] be other unrightfully ravisshed, + taken away be force, or usurped, whiche shulde apperteine to the kyng and + prince of the same seignorie, or ellis to whome his subgettys shuld + apparteine [and] be meinteined under. And the other tweyne be but of + violence, as for to be venged for dammage or griefe done by another; the + othir to conquere straunge countrees bethout<a name="NtA94" + href="#Nt94"><sup>[94]</sup></a> any title of righte, as king Alexandre + conquerid uppon the Romayne: whiche tweine last causes, though<a + name="NtA95" href="#Nt95"><sup>[95]</sup></a> the conquest or victorie by + violence or by roialle power sownethe worshipfulle in dede of armes, yet + ther ought no cristen prince use them. And yet in the first thre causes, + before a prince to take an entreprise, it most be done be a just cause, + and havyng righte gret deliberacion, by the conduyt and counceile of the + most sage approuved men of a reaume or countre that the prince is of: and + so for to use it in a just quarelle as<a name="NtA96" + href="#Nt96"><sup>[96]</sup></a> the righte execution of justice + requirithe, whiche is one of the principalle iiij. cardinall virtues. And + if that using of armes and haunting of werre be doone rather for + magnificence, pride, and wilfulnesse, to destroie Roiaumes and countreis + by roialle gret power, as whan tho that wolde avenge have noo title, but + sey <i>Vive le plus fort</i>, [that] is to sey, Let the grettest maistrie + have the feelde,—</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>[In this place the following insertion is made by a second hand in the + margin:]</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>Lyke as when the duc off Burgoyn by cyvyle bataylle by maisterdom + expelled the duc of Orlyance partie and hys frendis owt of Parys cytee + the yere of Christ M<sup>l</sup>.iiij<sup>c</sup>xij, and slow many + thowsands and<a name="NtA97" href="#Nt97"><sup>[97]</sup></a> hondredes + bethout title of justice, but to revenge a synguler querel betwen both + prynces for the dethe of the duc off Orlyans, <!-- Page 8 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page8"></a>{8}</span>slayn yn the vigille of + Seynt Clement by Raulyn Actovyle of Normandie, yn the yeer of Crist + M<sup>l</sup>.iiij<sup>c</sup>vij<sup>o</sup>. And the bataylle of + Seynt-clow besyde Parys, by the duc of Burgoyn with help of capteyns of + England owt of England, waged by the seyd duc, was myghtly foughten and + had the fielde ayenste theyr adverse partye. Albeyt the duc of Orlyance + waged another armee sone aftyr owt of England to relyeve the ovyrthrow he + had at Seyntclowe. And the dyvysyon betwene the duc of Orlyance and the + duc of Burgoyn dured yn Fraunce continuelly by .xj. yeerday, as to the + yeere of Crist M<sup>l</sup>iiij<sup>c</sup>xviij, yn wyche yeere Phelip + duc of Burgoyn, a greet frende to the land, was pyteousely slayn at + Motreaw, and the cyte of Parys ayen taken by the Burgonons; lord + Lyseladam pryncipalle capteyn and the erle of Armonak conestable sleyn by + the comyns the seyd yere. (<i>End of the insertion.</i>)</p> + + <p>in soche undew enterprises theire can be thought no grettir tiranny, + extorcion, ne cruelte [by dyvysyons<a name="NtA98" + href="#Nt98"><sup>[98]</sup></a>].</p> + +<p class="cenhead">How seint Lowes exorted and counceiled his sonne to moeve +no werre ayenst Cristen peple.</p> + +<div class="sidenotel">Seynt Lowys. 1270.</div> + <p>And the blissid king of Fraunce seint Lowes exhortid and comaunded in + his testament writen of his owne hand, that he made the tyme of his + passing of this worlde the year of Crist M<sup>l</sup>.cclxx to his sonne + Philip that reigned after hym, that he shulde kepe hym welle, to meove no + werre ayenst no christen man, but if he had grevously done ayenst him. + And if he seke waies of peace, of grace and mercie, thou oughtest pardon + hym, and take soche amendis of hym as God may be pleasid. But as for this + blessid kingis counceile, it is notorily and openly knowen thoroughe alle + Cristen Royaumes that oure<a name="NtA99" + href="#Nt99"><sup>[99]</sup></a> adverse party hathe meoved [and] excited + werre and batailes bothe by lond and see ayenst this noble Royaume + bethout any justice [or] title, and bethout waies of pease shewed; and as + forto <!-- Page 9 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page9"></a>{9}</span>defende them assailours uppon youre true title + may be bethout note of tiranye, to put yow in youre devoire to conquere + youre rightfulle enheritaunce, without that a bettir moyene be had.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">A exortacion of a courageous disposicion for a reformation +of a wrong done.</p> + +<div class="sidenotel">Exclamacio.</div> + <p>O then, ye worshipfulle men of the Englisshe nacion, which bene + descendid of the noble Brutis bloode of Troy, suffre ye not than youre + highe auncien couragis to be revalid ne desceived by youre said + adversaries of Fraunce at this tyme, neither in tyme to come; ne in this + maner to be rebuked and put abak, to youre uttermost deshonoure and + reproche in the sighte of straunge nacions, without that it may be in + goodely hast remedied [as youre hyghnesse now entendyth,<a name="NtA100" + href="#Nt100"><sup>[100]</sup></a>] whiche ye have be conquerours of, as + ye<a name="NtA101" href="#Nt101"><sup>[101]</sup></a> to be yolden and + overcomen, in deffaute of goode and hasty remedie, thoroughe lak of + provision of men of armes, tresour, and finaunce of suffisaunt nombre of + goodes, in season and tyme convenable to wage and reliefe them. For were + ye not sometyme tho that thoroughe youre gret [prowesse,<a name="NtA102" + href="#Nt102"><sup>[102]</sup></a>] corages, feersnes, manlinesse, and of + strenght overleid and put in subgeccion the gret myghte and power of the + feers and puissaunt figheters of alle straunge nacions that presumed to + set ayenst this lande?</p> + + <p>How many worthi kinges of this lande have made gret conquestis in + ferre contrees in the Holy Lande, and also for the defence and right of + this lande, and for the duche of Normandie.</p> + +<div class="sidenotel">Arthur.</div> + <p>And for an example and witnes of King Arthur, whiche discomfit and + sleine was undre his banere the Emperoure of Rome in bataile, and + conquerid the gret part of the regions be west of Rome. And many othre + conquestis hathe be made before the daies of the said <!-- Page 10 + --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page10"></a>{10}</span><span + class="sidenotel">Brenus.</span> Arthur be many worthi kinges of this + roiaume, as Brenus, king Belynus' brother, a puissaunt chosen duke, that + was before the Incarnacion, wanne and conquerid to Rome, except the + capitoile of Rome. And sithen of other victorious kinges and princes, + <span class="sidenotel">Edmondus Ironside.</span> as Edmonde Irensede had + many gret batailes [and] desconfited the Danes to safe Englond. And what + victorious dedis <span class="sidenotel">Willelmus Conquestor.</span> + William Conqueroure did gret actis in bataile uppon the Frenshe partie + [many conquestys <a name="NtA103" href="#Nt103"><sup>[103]</sup></a>]. + And also his son [kyng<a href="#Nt103"><sup>[103]</sup></a>] <span + class="sidenotel">Henricus primus fundator plurimorum castrorum.</span> + Harry after hym defendid Normandie, bilded and fortified many a strong + castelle in his londe, to defende his dukedom ayenst the Frenshe partie. + And how victoriouslie his brother <span class="sidenotel">Robertus frater + Henrici primi, electus Rex de Jherusalem, sed renuit.</span> Roberd did + armes uppon the conquest of the holy londe, that for his gret prowesse + there was elect to be king of Jherusalem, and refusid it for a singuler + covetice to be duke of Normandie, returned home, and never had grace of + victorie after. And to bring to mynde how the noble worriour <span + class="sidenotel">Fulco comes de Angeu, Rex Jerusalem.</span> Fouke erle + of Angew, father to Geffrey Plantagenet youre noble auncetour, left his + erledom to his sonne, and made werre upon the Sarasynes in the holy land, + and for his noble dedis was made king of <span + class="sidenotel">1131.</span> Jherusalem, anno Christi + M<sup>l</sup>.cxxxi. As how king <span class="sidenotel">De Ricardo Rege + primo in terra sancta.</span> Richarde the first, clepid Cuer de lion, + whiche in a croiserie went in to the holy londe, and Baldewyne <span + class="sidenotel">Archiepiscopus Cant', Robertus Clare comes Glouc', + comes Cestr'.</span> archebisshop of Caunterburie, Hubert bisshop of + Salisburie, Randolfe the erle of Chestre, Robert Clare erle of + Gloucestre, and werreied uppon the hethen paynemys in the company of + <span class="sidenotel">Philippus Rex Francie, vocatus Deo datus, in + terra sancta.</span> king Philip Dieu-donné of Fraunce, whiche king + Richard conquerid and wanne by roiall power uppon the Sarrasyns in the + yere of Crist M<sup>l</sup>.c.iiij<sup>xx</sup>vij<sup>o</sup>. and toke + the King of Cipres and many other gret prisonneris. Also put the londe of + Surie in subjeccion, the isle of Cipres, and the gret cite of Damask + wanne be assaut, slow the king of Spayne clepid Ferranus. And the said + king Richard kept and defendid frome his adversarie Philip Dieu-donné + king of Fraunce, be mighty werre made to hym, the duchees of Normandie, + Gascoigne, Gyen, the counteeȝ of Anjou and Mayne, Tourayne, <!-- + Page 11 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page11"></a>{11}</span>Pontyve, + Auverne, and Champaigne, of alle whiche he was king, duke, erle, and + lorde as his enheritaunce, and as his predecessours <span + class="sidenotel">Edwardus Rex primus.</span> before hym did. Also in + like wise king Edward first after the Conquest, being Prince, in about + the yere of Crist M<sup>l</sup>.ij<sup>c</sup>.lxx, put hym in gret + laboure and aventure amonges the Sarrasins in the countye of Aufrik, was + at the conquest of the gret cite of the roiaume of <span + class="sidenotel">Sanctus Lodowicus rex Francorum obiit in viagio + antequam pervenit ad terram sanctam.</span> Thunes. [Yn whiche cuntree + that tyme and yeere seynt Lowys kyng of Fraunce dyed, and the croyserye + grete revaled by hys trespasseinte, had not the seyd prince Edward ys + armee be redye there to performe that holy voyage to Jerusalem, as he dyd + wyth many noble lordes off England.<a name="NtA104" + href="#Nt104"><sup>[104]</sup></a>] Also fulle noblie ententid about the + defence and saufegarde of the gret cite of Acres in the londe of Sirie, + that had be lost and yolden to the Sarrazins had not [hys armee and<a + href="#Nt104"><sup>[104]</sup></a>] his power bee, and by an hole yere + osteyng and abiding there in tyme of gret pestilence and mortalite + reigning there, and by whiche his peple were gretly wastid, where he was + be treason of a untrew messaunger Sarrasin wounded hym in his chambre + almost to dethe, that the souldone of Babiloyne had waged hym to doo it, + becaus of sharpe and cruelle werre the seide Edwarde made uppon the + Sarrasines, of gret fere and doubte he had of the said prince Edward and + of his power; whiche processe ye may more groundly see in the actis of + the said prince Edwarde is laboure. And his father king Harry thrid + decesid while his son was in the holy londe warring uppon the Sarasines. + And how worshipfullie <span class="sidenotel">Ricardus Imperator + Alemannie et comes Cornewayle.</span> Richard emperoure of Almaine and + brother to the said king Henry did gret actis of armes in the holy londe + uppon the Sarasynes and <span class="sidenotel">Edwardus primus + rex.</span> in the yere of Crist M<sup>l</sup>.ij<sup>c</sup>.xl. And + overmore the said king Edwarde first kept under subjeccion bothe Irelond, + Walis, and Scotlond, whiche were rebellis and wilde peple of condicion. + And also protectid and defendid the duchees of Gascoigne and Guyen, his + rightefull enheritaunce.</p> + +<p><!-- Page 12 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page12"></a>{12}</span></p> + +<p class="cenhead">How King Edward [the] thrid had the victorie at the bataile of +Scluse, and gate Cane by assaute, and havyng the victorie at +the batelle of Cressye [and wanne Calix by sege.<a name="NtA105" href="#Nt105"><sup>[105]</sup></a>]</p> + +<div class="sidenotel">T. Regis E. iij<sup>cii</sup> et ejus filiorum.</div> + <p>And sithen, over that, how that the most noble famous knighte of + renomme, king Edwarde the thrid, the whiche, with his roialle power, the + yere of Christ M<sup>l</sup>.ccc.xl. wanne [the day of seynt John + baptiste<a href="#Nt105"><sup>[105]</sup></a>] the gret bataile uppon the + see at Scluse ayenst Philip de Valoys callyng hym the Frenshe King and + his power, and alle his gret navye of shippis destroied, to the nombre of + .xxv.M<sup>l</sup>. men and CCxxx<sup>ti</sup>. shippis and barges. And + also after that, in the yere of Crist M<sup>l</sup>.iij<sup>c</sup>.xlvj. + the said king Philip purposid to have entred into Englond and had waged a + gret noumbre of Genues shippis and other navyes. And the said king Edward + thrid thought rather to werre withe hym in that countre rather: tooke his + vyage to Cane withe xij<sup>c</sup>. shippis, passed into Normandie by + the Hagge,<a name="NtA106" href="#Nt106"><sup>[106]</sup></a> wynnyng the + contrees of Constantine [from Chyrburgh<a + href="#Nt105"><sup>[105]</sup></a>] tylle he came to Cane, and by grete + assautes entred and gate the towne, and fought withe the <span + class="sidenotel">Comes de Ew captus. Comes Tankervyle captus.</span> + capitaine and burgeises fro midday till night; where the erle of Eu, + connestable of Fraunce, the erle of Tancarville, and others knightes and + squiers were take prisoneris: but the castelle and donjoune held still, + where the bisshop of Baieux and othre kept hem; and than the king + departid thens, for he wolde not lese his peple [by segyng yt.<a + href="#Nt105"><sup>[105]</sup></a>] And after that the yere of Crist + M<sup>l</sup>.iij<sup>c</sup>.xlvj descomfit the said king Philip and + wanne the feelde uppon hym at the dolorous <span + class="sidenotel">Cressye.</span> and gret bataile of Cressy in Picardie + the .xxvj. day of August the said yere, where the king of Beame was + slayne the son of Henry the Emperoure, and alle the gret part of the + noble bloode of Fraunce of dukes, erlis, and barons, as the erle of + Alaunson king of Fraunce is brother, the duke of Lorraine, the erle of + Bloys, the erle of Flaundres, the erle of Harecourt, the erle of + Sancerre, the erle of Fennes, to the nombre of .l. knightis sleyne, as + well as to othre gret <!-- Page 13 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page13"></a>{13}</span>nombre of his liege peple, as in the .39. + chapitre of the Actis of the said King Philip more plainly is historied. + And also the full noble <span class="sidenotel">Comes Derbye.</span> erle + of Darby, havyng rule under the said king Edwarde in the duchie of Guyen, + hostied the said tyme and yere, and put in subjeccion fro the towne of + saint Johan Evangelist unto the citee of Peyters, whiche he wanne also, + be the said erle of Derbye is entreprises.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">How David King of Scottis was take prisoner.</p> + +<div class="sidenotel">David Rex Scotorum captus est apud Doraham.</div> + <p>And in the said king Edward tyme David king of Scottis was take + prisoner, as I have undrestond, at the bataile beside Deram upon the + marchis of Scotlond.</p> + + <p>And also the said king kept Bretaine in gret subjeccion, had the + victorie uppon Charles de Bloys duke of Breteine, and leid a siege in + Breteine to a strong forteresse clepid Roche daryon, and kept be his true + subjectis. After many assautes and grete escarmisshes and a <span + class="sidenotel">Karolus dux Britannię captus est per E. + iij<sup>m</sup>.</span> bataile manly foughten, the said duke was take, + and havyng .vij. woundes was presentid to the said king Edward. And he + also <span class="sidenotel">Calicia capta est eodem tempore per Edwardum + iij<sup>m</sup>.</span> wanne Calix after, by a long and puissaunt sieges + keping<a name="NtA107" href="#Nt107"><sup>[107]</sup></a> by see and be + londe; and they enfamyned couthe have no socoure of king <span + class="sidenotel">Calicia reddita est in manus Regis Edwardi iij.</span> + Philip, and so for faute of vitaile yeldid Calix up to king Edwarde the + .iiij. day of August in the yere of Crist M<sup>l</sup>.ccc.xlvij. And + also put Normandie gret part of it in subgeccion. And therto in his daies + his eldist sonne Edward prince of Walis the .xix. day of Septembre the + yere of Crist M<sup>l</sup>.iij<sup>c</sup>.lvj had a gret discomfiture + afore the cite of Peyters uppon John calling hym King of Fraunce, where + the said <span class="sidenotel">Edwardus princeps cepit Johannem + vocantem se Regem Francię a<sup>o</sup>, d'ni + M<sup>o</sup>ccc<sup>o</sup>lvj<sup>o</sup>.</span> king was taken + prisoner, and in whiche bataile was slaine the duke of Bourbon, the duke + of Athenes, the lord Clermont, ser Geffrey Channy that bare the baner of + the oriflamble, and also take withe king Johan ser Philip duc [le + hardye<a name="NtA108" href="#Nt108"><sup>[108]</sup></a>] of Bourgoine + his yongist sonne, and for whois raunson and othres certaine lordes <!-- + Page 14 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page14"></a>{14}</span><span + class="sidenotel">Edwardus Rex Anglię iij<sup>us</sup> retribuit + xx.M<sup>l</sup>.li. Edwardo principi filio suo.</span> king Edwarde + rewarded the Prince xx.M<sup>l</sup>.li. sterlinges. Also <span + class="sidenotel">Karolus filius Regis Johannis Frauncię ac nominando se + pro duce Normandię captus est.</span> taken that day ser Jaques de + Bourbon erle of Pontieu [and] Charles his brother erle of Longville, the + kingis cosins germains, ser John Meloun erle of Tancarvile, ser William + Meleum archebisshop of Sens, the erle Dampmartyn, the erle Vendosme, the + erle Vaudemont, the erle Salebruce, the erle Nanson, ser Arnolde of + Doneham mareshalle of Fraunce, and many other knightis and gentiles to + the nombre of M<sup>l</sup>.vij<sup>c</sup>. prisonneris, of whiche were + taken and sleine .lij. knightis banerettis. And the kingis eldist sonne + Charlis calling hym duc of Normandie, the duc of Orliauns the kingis + brother, the duc of Anjou, the erle of Peiters that after was clepid + [Johan<a name="NtA109" href="#Nt109"><sup>[109]</sup></a>] the duc of + Berrie, the erle of Flaundris, withe a few other lordis, withdrewe hem + and escapid from the seide bataile. And sone after, the <span + class="sidenotel">Edwardus princeps navim ascendit cum Johanne nominando + se pro rege Francię et applicuerunt prope Dover iiij<sup>o</sup>. die + Maij, a<sup>o</sup> d'ni M<sup>l</sup>. &c.</span> yere of Crist + M<sup>l</sup>.iij<sup>c</sup>.lvij. the .xvj. day of Aprill the said + prince Edward with king Johan tooke the see at Burdeux to Englond, and + londed the .iiij. day of Maij and came to London the .xxiiij. day of + Maij, the said king Edwarde his father meeting withe king Johan in the + feelde, doing hym gret honoure and reverence. And after in the <span + class="sidenotel">De redempcione Johannis dicentis [se] Regem + Francię.</span> yere of Crist M<sup>l</sup>.iij<sup>c</sup>.lxvij the + month of Maij the said king Johan was put to finaunce and raunson of thre + millions of scutis of golde, that two of them be worth .j. noble, of + whiche was paied sex hondred thousand scutis be the said king Johan + comyng to Calix, and in certein yeris after was obliged under gret + seurtees, as it is declared in the articulis of the pease finalle made + betwene both kingis, to be paied 400,000 till the said thre hondred + M<sup>l</sup> crones<a name="NtA110" href="#Nt110"><sup>[110]</sup></a> + were fullie paied, whiche as it is said was not parfourmed. And, after + that, the said prince Edwarde and Harry that noble duke of Lancastre had + the <span class="sidenotel">De bello de Nazar.</span> bataile of Nazar in + Spaine withe king Peter ayenst the bastarde Henry callinge hym King of + Spain, haveng lxiij M<sup>l</sup>. fighting men in his host, and hym + descomfit, voided the feelde, and many a noble knighte of Englonde and of + Gascoigne and Guyen withe many othre worshipfulle gentiles quite hem + righte manlie, and amongis <!-- Page 15 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page15"></a>{15}</span><span class="sidenotel">Chandos.</span> many + goode men of chevalrie ser John Chandos avaunced hym chief in that + bataile [havyng the avauntgard<a name="NtA111" + href="#Nt111"><sup>[111]</sup></a>], for he had in his retenu <span + class="sidenotel">Beauchamp comes.</span> M<sup>l</sup>.ij<sup>c</sup> + penons armed and x.M<sup>l</sup>. horsmen; and ser William Beauchampe + <span class="sidenotel">D'n's Hastyngys.</span> <span + class="sidenotel">D'n's Nevyle.</span> the erle of Warwik is sonne, lorde + Hue Hastinges, lord Nevyle, <span class="sidenotel">D'n's Rays.</span> + lorde Rais a Breton lorde of Aubterré, withe many Gascoignes there <span + class="sidenotel">Rad's Hastyngys ch'l'r.</span> <span + class="sidenotel">Tho's Felton.</span> <span class="sidenotel">Robertus + Knolles.</span> also: ser Raufe Hastingis, ser Thomas Felton, ser Roberd + Knolles, withe many other notable of the chevalrie of Inglonde, passed + the streit high monteyns of Pirone by Runcyvale in the contre of + Pampilon, going from the cite of Burdeux into Spaine, and ser <span + class="sidenotel">Courteneyes. Tryvett.</span> <span + class="sidenotel">Matheu Gournay.</span> <span class="sidenotel">Et quam + plures alii milites hic nimis diu ad inscribendum.</span> <span + class="sidenotel">Bertl's Clekyn, locum tenens adversę partis, captus est + prisonarius.</span> Hughe Courtney, ser Philip Courtnay, ser John Tryvet, + [Matheu Gournay de comitatu Somerset<a + href="#Nt111"><sup>[111]</sup></a>]. And there was take ser Barthilmew + Clekyn the Frenshe kingis lieutenaunt for the werre prisoner, also the + Mareshalle of Fraunce, the Besque, with many othre notable lordis. Whiche + bataile of Nazar was in the yere of Crist + M<sup>l</sup>.iij<sup>c</sup>.lxvj. the thrid day of Aprille.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">How King Henry the v. conquerid [Normandy and Fraunce<a href="#Nt111"><sup>[111]</sup></a>].</p> + +<div class="sidenotel">De Henrico quinto.</div> + <p>And sithe now late the noble prince<a name="NtA112" + href="#Nt112"><sup>[112]</sup></a> Henry the v<sup>te</sup>. how in his + daies, withyn the space of .vij. yere and .xv. daies, thoroughe sieges + lieng, <span class="sidenotel">Nota quomodo Rex Henricus V<sup>te</sup>. + obtinuit Harefleet.</span> [<a name="NtA113" + href="#Nt113"><sup>[113]</sup></a> wan the towne of Harflete bethyn .xl. + days, made Thomas Beauford then erle Dorset hys oncle capteyn of yt. And + the seyd erle made ser John Fastolfe chevaler his lieutenaunt wyth + M<sup>l</sup>.v<sup>c</sup> soudeours, and the baron of Carew, wyth + .xxxiij. knyghtys, contynuelly defended the seyd toune ayenst the myghty + power of Fraunce by the space of one yere and half aftyr the seyd prince + Herry. v<sup>te</sup>. departed from <span class="sidenotel">De extrema + defensione ville Harflue contra potestatem Francię et de fame + ibidem.</span> Hareflue. And the seyd towne was beseged by the Frenshe + partye by lond and also by see, wyth a grete navye of carekys, galeyes, + and shyppis off Spayne, tille that yn the meene tyme Johan duc of + Bedfor(d), the erle of Marche your moste noble antecessour, accompanyed + wyth many other nobles, wyth a puissaunt armee of shypps, fought wyth the + carrekys and shypps lyeng at Seyn hede before Hareflue, were <!-- Page 16 + --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page16"></a>{16}</span>taken and many + one sleyn and drowned; and so vyttailled Harflue yn grete famyn, that a + wreched cowys hede was solde for vj s. viij d. sterling, and the tong for + xl d., and dyed of Englysh soudeours mo then v<sup>c</sup>. yn defaut of + sustenaunce. And the second voyage after wythynne the tyme before seyd + Johan erle of Hontyndon was made cheif admyralle of a new armee to rescue + Harflue, beseged of the new wyth a grete navy of shyppys and carekys of + the Frenshe partye, [which] were foughten wyth and ovyrcom throw myghty + fyghtyng; and of the new vitailled Hareflue, the seyd erle Dorset then + beyng yn England at the Emperour comyng hedre, called Sygemondus. I + briefly title thys incident to th'entent not to be foryete how suche + tweyn myghety batailles were foughten uppon the see bethyn one yere and + half, and how the seyd toune of Hareflue was deffended and kept ayenst + the puyssaunt power of Fraunce beseged as yt were by the seyd tyme; and + as for wache and ward yn the wynter nyghtys I herd the seyd ser Johan + Fastolfe sey that every man kepyng the scout wache had a masty hound at a + lyes, to berke and warne yff ony adverse partye were commyng to the dykes + or to aproche the towne for to scale yt. And the seyd prince Herry + v<sup>the</sup>,<a name="NtA114" href="#Nt114"><sup>[114]</sup></a>] + albeit that it consumed gretlie his peple, and also by batailes yeveng, + conquerid [the towne of Harflete<a href="#Nt114"><sup>[114]</sup></a>], + and wanne bothe the saide Duchie of Normandie first and after the Roiaume + of Fraunce, conquerid and broughte in subjeccion and wanne be his gret + manhode, withe the noble power of his lordis and helpe of his comonys, + and so overleid the myghtie roialle power of Fraunce be the seide sieges + lieng, first in his first viage at Harflete, and in the second <span + class="sidenotel">Nota, qualiter per civitates et mare obtinuit.</span> + viage he made manly besegid Cane, the cite of Rone, Falleise, Argenten, + Maunt, Vernonsurseyne, Melun, Meulx, Enbrie, and at many other castellis, + forteressis, citeis, and townes to long to rehers. Also <span + class="sidenotel">Bellum supermare et leȝ carrikes.</span> had gret + batailes on the see ayenst many grete carekkis and gret shippes that + beseiged Hareflue after it was Englisshe. And had a gret <span + class="sidenotel">Nota de bello apud Agincourt.</span> discomfiture at + the bataile of Agincourt in the yere of Crist + M<sup>l</sup>.iiij<sup>c</sup>xv. <!-- Page 17 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page17"></a>{17}</span>at his first viage, where + many dukes, erlis, lordis, and knightis were slaine and take prisoneris + that bene in remembraunce at this day of <span class="sidenotel">Henricus + Rex duxit in uxorem filiam Regis Frauncię.</span> men yet livyng. And + after allied hym to the Frenshe king Charlis .vj.<sup>te</sup> is + doughter, because of whiche alliaunce gret part of the roiaume of Fraunce + were yolden unto hym his obeisaunce. And now also in the said noble + conquest hathe be kepte undre the obediaunce of Englisshe nacion from the + begynnyng of the said late conquest by .xxxv. yeris be continued and kept + by roialle power, as first be the noble and famous prince Johan duke of + Bedforde, regent and governoure of the roiaume of Fraunce by .xiij. + yeris, with the eide and power of the noble lordis of this lande, bothe + youre said royaume of Fraunce and duchie of Normandie was kept and the + ennemies kept ferre of in gret subjeccion.</p> + +<div class="sidenotel">Joh'es dux Bedforde.</div> +<p class="cenhead">How that in Johan duke of Bedforde tyme be his lieutenaunt erle of +Salisburie had the victorie at the batelle of Cravant.</p> + + <p>In profe wherof how and in the first yere of the reigne of king Harry + the sixt, at whiche tyme his seide uncle toke uppon hym the charge and + the name of Regent of the roiaume of Fraunce, that had <span + class="sidenotel">Bellum de Cravant.</span> the victorie at the bateile + of Cravant, where as at that tyme Thomas <span class="sidenotel">Thomas + Montagu comes Sarum.</span> <span class="sidenotel">Will's Pole comes + Suff'.</span> Montagu the noble erle of Salisburie, the erle of Suffolke, + the <span class="sidenotel">Dominus Willughby.</span> marchalle of + Bourgoine, the lord Willoughebie, withe a gret power of Phelip the duke + of Bourgoine is host, holding the partie of the said Johan regent of + Fraunce, duc of Bedford, withe the eide and help of the trew subgettis of + this lande, had the overhande of the ennemies assembled to the nombre of + .ix. M<sup>l</sup>. Frenshemen and Scottis at the said bataile of Cravant + in the duchie of Bourgoine, where there were slayne of the ennemies to + the nombre of .iiij. M<sup>l</sup>., beside .ij. M<sup>l</sup>. + prisonneris take, of whiche gret part of them were Scottis, the erle + Bougham being chief capitein over them;<a name="NtA115" + href="#Nt115"><sup>[115]</sup></a> which late before were the cause of + the male-infortuned journey at Bougée, where the famous <!-- Page 18 + --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page18"></a>{18}</span>and victorious + knight Thomas duc of Claraunce, youre nere cousyn, <span + class="sidenotel">Vindicatio mortis ducis Clarencię.</span> for the right + of Fraunce, withe a smale company of his side, withe the Scottis to a + grete nombre there assembled among hem in the feelde, was slayn, withe + many a noble lorde, baron, knightis, squyers of Englond, that never so + gret an overthrow of lordes and noble bloode was seene in no mannys daies + as it was then. Aboute the nombre of .ij<sup>c</sup>. l. cote-armes + slaine and take prisoneris as yt was seyd, be the saide Scottis holding + withe youre adverse party of Fraunce, whiche God of his infinite goodenes + sone after at the saide batelle [of] Cravant, and after at the bateile of + Vernell, was sent a <span class="sidenotel">Secunda vice punicio mortis + ducis Clarencię.</span> chastisement upon the saide Scottis for theire + cruelltie vengeable and mortelle dethe of the said victorious prince, + duke of Claraunce, and of other of his noble lordis and knightis.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">How Johan duke of Bedforde had yn his owne parsone the batelle +of Vernelle.</p> + +<div class="sidenotel">1423.</div> +<div class="sidenotel">Batelle of Cravant.</div> + <p>Also in the said daies, sone after the saide batelle of Cravant, in + the yere of Crist M<sup>l</sup>.iiij<sup>c</sup>.xxiij., the .iij. yere + of King Harry the sext, the .xvij. day of August, the said Johan duke of + Bedford had a gret discomfiture and the victorie upon your adversaries of + Fraunce and of <span class="sidenotel">Batelle of Vernoyle.</span> <span + class="sidenotel">1424.</span> Scottis at the batelle of Vernelle in + Perche, where as Johan cleping hym duc of Alaunson, lieutenaunt for the + Frenshe partie, was take prisoner that day, and the said erle Bougham of + Scotlonde, marchalle of Fraunce, whiche was cause of that noble prince + Thomas duke of Claraunce dethe, was in the said bataile overthrow and + sleyne, and the erle Douglas made duc of Tourayne, aswelle as his sonne + and heire that was in the feelde at Shrewisburie ayenst king Henry the + .iiij<sup>the</sup>, and another tyme being ayenst the said Johan duc of + Bedford at Homeldonhille in Scotlond, was also slaine at the said + batelle, withe many other grete lordis of the Frenshe partie slayne and + taken prisoneris at the said bataile. <!-- Page 19 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page19"></a>{19}</span></p> + +<p class="cenhead">How that the grettir part of the counte of Mayne, the cite of +Mauns, withe many other castellis, were yolden.</p> + +<div class="sidenotel">Mayn.</div> + <p>And, overmore, not long after, youre auncien enheritaunce in the + counté of Mayne, the cite of Maunce, conquerid and brought be the said + regent duc of Bedforde, withe the power of his lordis and helpers, in + subgeccion, [by the erle of Salysbery, lord Scalys, ser John Fastalf, ser + John Popham, ser N. Mongomery, ser Wylliam Oldhalle, chevalers, and many + othyr noble men of worshyppe.<a name="NtA116" + href="#Nt116"><sup>[116]</sup></a>] And whiche counté of Mayne was + accustomed sithen to be in value yerely to the eide and helpe of the + werres of Fraunce, and to the releve of the kyng ys subgettis obeisauntes + lyvyng uppon the werre for the furtheraunce of that conquest, .x. + M<sup>l</sup>. li. sterlinges. Also the said regent of Fraunce, with the + power of youre noble bloode and lordes, wanne the feeld at the forseid + grete bataile of Vernelle in Perche ayenst the power of the Frenshe + adverse party of Fraunce, being assembled to the nombre of .xl. + M<sup>l</sup>. fighters of the Frenshe partie; and <span + class="sidenotel">Redempcio Joh'is dicentis [se] ducem de Allunson pro + .clx. M<sup>l</sup>. salux bene solutis ultra alia onera suarum + expensarum.</span> there Johan cleping hymsilf duke of Alaunson, + lieutenaunt to Charles the .vij. calling hym Frenshe king, taken + prisonner, withe many other lordis, barons, and knightes, and noble men + of worship, whiche paied to the said regent duc of Bedforde for his + raunson and finaunce allone .clx. M. salux, beside his other grete costis + and charges, whiche was a gret relief and socoure to the eide of the + conquest, whiche bataile was in the yere of Crist + M<sup>l</sup>.iiij<sup>c</sup>.xxiiij., the seyd .iij<sup>d</sup>. yere + of the reigne of king Henry sext.</p> + +<div class="sidenotel">Nota bene pro titulo Regis Henrici sexti.</div> +<p class="cenhead">How that Henry the sext was crouned king be the might of +grete lordes.</p> + +<div class="sidenotel">Coronatio Regis Henrici sexti.</div> + <p>And he also, for a gret act of remembraunce to be had in writing, was + crouned king of Fraunce in the noble citee of Paris, in the yere of Crist + M<sup>l</sup>.iiij<sup>c</sup>.xxix., the .ix. yere of his reigne, withe + right gret solennyte amongis the lordis spirituelle and temporelle, and + be the gret mighte and power, as well in goodes and richesse, of his + graunt <!-- Page 20 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page20"></a>{20}</span>oncle Henry cardinalle of Englande, byshop + of Wynchester, and by the gret mighte and power of his uncle Johan regent + of the roiaum of Fraunce, duc of Bedforde, being present at that tyme to + their grettist charge and cost to resist theire gret adversarie of + Fraunce calling hym Dolphin. For sethen the roiaume of Englonde first + began to be inhabite withe peple was never so worshipfulle an act of + entreprise <span class="sidenotel">De magna fama regni Anglię tempore + regis Hen. vi<sup>th</sup></span> done in suche a case, the renoume of + which coronacion spradde thoroughe alle cristen kingis roiaumes.</p> + +<div class="sidenotel">A courageous recomfortyng.</div> + <p>O then ye most noble and cristen prince, for notwithestanding gret + conquestis and batailes had in the said roiaume be the famous knight king + Edwarde the thrid, he never atteyned to that souvraine honoure but by + valiauntnes of Englishe men, whiche have in prowes avaunced hem, and + governed so nobly as is before briefly historied and specified, be youre + saide noble, puissaunt, and vailaunt progenitours in divers regions, and + inespecialle in Fraunce and Normandie, and in the duchie of Gascoigne and + Guyen, that this sodenly wern put oute of by usurpacion ayenst alle + trouthe and <span class="sidenotel">Exortacio militaris.</span> + knyghthode. Now therfore, in repairing this undew intrusion uppon yow, + mantelle, fortifie, and make yow strong ayenst the power of youre said + adversaries of Fraunce. For now it is tyme to clothe you in armoure of + defense ayenst youre ennemies, withe the cotes of armes of youre auncien + feernesse, haveng in remembraunce the victorious conquestis of youre + noble predecessours, the whiche clothing many histories, cronicles, and + writinges witnessithe moo than myn simple entendement can not suffice to + reherse in this brief epistle.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">Of the noblesse of Ectour and other mighty kinges of Grece.</p> + +<div class="sidenotel">Nota de exemplis aliorum nobilium.</div> +<div class="sidenotel">Hector.</div> + <p>And also let be brought to mynde to folow the steppis in conceitis of + noble courage of the mighty dedis in armes of the vaillaunt knight Hector + of Troy, whiche bene enacted in the siege of Troy for a perpetuelle + remembraunce of chevalrie [that your noblesse ys <span + class="sidenotel">Agamemnon.</span> decended of<a name="NtA117" + href="#Nt117"><sup>[117]</sup></a>]. Also of the dedis in armes of + Agamemnon the <!-- Page 21 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page21"></a>{21}</span>puissaunt king of Greece, that thoroughe + cruell and egre werre ayenst the Trojens bethin .x. yere day conquerid + the gret cite of <span class="sidenotel">Ulixes.</span> Troie. In like + wise of the famous knight Ulixes, that alle his daies dispendid in + marciall causis. And of the .xij. puissaunt entreprinses <span + class="sidenotel">Hercules.</span> and aventurous dedis that Hercules, as + it is figured and made mencion in the vij<sup>the</sup> metre of the .v. + booke of Boecius, toke uppon hym, putting himself frome voluptuouse + delites and lustis, being subget to grete laboure, wynnyng renomme and + worship; whiche .xij. entreprinses of Hercules, albeit it be thought [but + a poesye<a name="NtA118" href="#Nt118"><sup>[118]</sup></a>] impossible + to any mortalle man to doo or take uppon hym, as for to <span + class="sidenotel">1. j.</span> <span class="sidenotel">2. ij.</span> + <span class="sidenotel">3. iij.</span> bereffe the skyn of the rampant + lion, wrestlid withe Antheus and Poliphemus, the gret giauntes, and hym + overthrew, he slow the serpent clepit Ydra, made tame the proude beestis + clepid Centaurus, that be of halfe man and halfe best, and many soche + wonderfulle entreprises as is wreten that Hercules did, whiche is writen + in figure of a poesy for to courage and comfort alle othre noble men of + birthe to be victorious in entreprinses of armes. And how, in conclusion, + that there is no power, puissaunce, ne strenght, who so lust manly [wyth + prudens<a href="#Nt118"><sup>[118]</sup></a>] put forthe hymsilf may + resist and withestande ayenst such gret entreprises.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">How a conquerour shulde use in especialle thre thinges.</p> + +<div class="sidenotel">A conqueroure shuld use iij thinges.</div> + <p>And, as Vegecius in his booke of Chevalrie counceilithe that a + conquerour shulde use thre thinges in especialle whiche the Romains used, + and alle that tyme they had the victorie of here ennemies, that is to + wete, The first was science, that is forto undrestonde prudence, to seene + before the remedies of bonchief, or the contrarie; The <span + class="sidenotel">j.</span> second was exercitacion and usage in dedis of + armes, that they might be apte and redie to bataille whan necessite + fille; the thrid <span class="sidenotel">ij.</span> was naturalle love + that a prince shulde have to his peple, as doing his trew diligence to + doo that may be to the comon wele of his peple, whiche is to be + undrestonde in the executing of justice egallie. And for to kepe them in + tranquillite and pece within hemsilfe.</p> + +<p><!-- Page 22 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page22"></a>{22}</span></p> + +<div class="sidenotel">Menne of noblenesse shuld lefe sensualites and delites.</div> +<p class="cenhead">How men of noblesse ought lefe sensualitees and delites.</p> + + <p>Let it no lenger be suffred to abide rote, no forto use the pouder and + semblaunce of sensualite and idille delites, for Water Malexander + seiethe, that voluptuous delitis led be sensualite be contrarie to the + exercising and haunting of armes. Wherfor, like and after the example of + the boore whiche knowethe not his power, but foryetithe his strenghte + tille he be chafed and see his owne bloode, in like wise put forthe youre + silf, avaunsing youre corageous hertis to werre, and late youre strenght + be revyved and waked ayen, furious, egre, and rampanyng as liouns ayenst + alle tho nacions that soo without title of right wolde put you frome + youre said rightfulle enheritaunce. And where is a more holier, parfiter, + or a juster thing than in youre adversary is offence and wrong-doing to + make hym werre in youre rightfull title, where as none other moenys of + pease can be hadde. And therfore considering be this brief declaracion + that youre right and title in alle this royaumes and contrees is so + opyn—</p> + +<div class="sidenotel">Mentio brevis de titulo ducatus Normandię.</div> +<p class="cenhead">Here is briefly made mencion of the first title of Normandie, and +how frely it holdithe.</p> + +<div class="sidenotel">Nota pro titulo ducatus Normannię.</div> + <p>For as youre first auncien right and title in youre duchie of + Normandie, it is knowen thoroughe alle cristen landes, and also of highe + recorde by many credible bookis of olde cronicles and histories, that + William Conqueroure descendid frome duc Rollo, after cristned and called + Roberd, that came out of Dennemarke aboute the yere of Crist + .ix<sup>c</sup>.xij., was righte duke of Normandie by yeft of Charlys the + symple, king of Fraunce, [who] maried his doughter to Rollo and gave + <span class="sidenotel">Richardus dux Normandię cepit in bello Lodovicum + regem Francię, qui resingnavit totum titulum Ricardo de ducatu + predicto.</span> hym the saide ducdome. And after Richarde due of + Normandie, in the yere of Crist .ix<sup>c</sup>.xlv. in plaine batelle + before the cite of Rone toke Lowes king of Fraunce prisoner, and the said + Lowes relesid the seide dukedom to the said Richarde and to alle his + successours to holde frely in souvereinte and resort of none creature but + of God, as in act therof is made mencion that was sene and rad uppon this + writing. <!-- Page 23 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page23"></a>{23}</span>And after the said William Conquerour being + king of Englond, of whome ye and youre noble progenitours bene descendid + and entitled <span + class="sidenotel">ccccc.<sup>th</sup>xxx.v<sup>te</sup>.</span> <span + class="sidenotel">Arma ducatus illius.</span> this .v<sup>c</sup>.xxxv. + yere, and beere in armes by the saide duchie of Normandie in a feelde of + gulis .ij. libardis of golde.</p> + +<div class="sidenotel">Nota de tempore quo Rex Anglię intitulatus ducatui de Angew et comitatui Mayne.</div> +<p class="cenhead">How long the king is entitled to the righte enheritaunce of Angew +and Mayne.</p> + + <p>And that as for youre next enheritaunce that fille to youre seide + progenitoures and to you in the duchie of Anjou and countee of Mayne and + Tourayne, it is also notorily knowen among alle cristen <span + class="sidenotel">Matildis filia et heres Henrici primi copulata fuit + imperatori, et quo mortuo copulata fuit Galfrido Plantagenet, et ex ea + Henricus .ij. natus est.</span> princes and be parfit writing how that + dame Maude, whiche was doughter and soule heire to that puissaunt king + Henry the first, that after she weddid was to the emperoure of Almayne; + after his decese the saide Maude emperesse was maried the yere of Crist + <span class="sidenotel">1127.</span> .M<sup>l</sup>.cxxvij. to Geffry + Plantagenest son to Fouke king of Jherusalem, that was erle of Anjou, of + Mayne, and Toreyne, by whome the saide Maude had issue that most famous + king in renome Henry the seconde, whiche be right of his moder Maude was + right king and enheritoure <span class="sidenotel">Angew. Nota, pro + titulo ducat' Andegav'.</span> of Englonde, also duke of Normandie + seisid. And be right of his foresaide father Geffrey Plantagenet was + bethout any clayme or interupcion right enheritour and seisid of the said + countee of Anjou, Mayne, Toreyne continued this .iij<sup>c</sup>.xlvij. + yer. [And the noble actys of the seyd erles of Angew wyth her lynealle + dessentys ben wryten yn the cronicles called <i>Ymago historiarum</i> + that maister Raffe de Diceto dene of Poulys yn seynt Thomas Canterbery + days wrote notablye. And therfore the armys of the noble erlys that for + her prowesse were chosen king of Jerusalem wold be worshypped, because + yowr hyghnes ys descended of the eyr masle, that ys to wete of Geffry + Plantagenest erle of Angew, and the countee of Mayne by maryage was + unyoned to the erledom of Angew to longe to wryte.<a name="NtA119" + href="#Nt119"><sup>[119]</sup></a>]</p> + +<p><!-- Page 24 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page24"></a>{24}</span></p> + +<div class="sidenotel">Gyen.</div> +<p class="cenhead">Here is made mencion of the title of Gascoigne and Guien, and how +long agoo passed possessid.</p> + +<div class="sidenotel">Nota, pro titulo Vasconię.</div> + <p>And than for to be put in remembraunce of youre auncien enheritaunce, + verray right and title in youre duchies of Gascoigne and Guien, withe the + countrees, baronnyees and seignouries therto belonging. It is in like + fourme knowen of highe recorde, enacted in divers cronicles, as amongis + many other historialle bookis of <span + class="sidenotel">M<sup>l</sup>.cxxxvij.</span> auctorite, that aboute + the yere of Crist .M<sup>l</sup>.cxxxvij. William the duke of Guien died + bethout heire masle, uppon his voiage he made to seint <span + class="sidenotel">Alienora et Alicię filię et heredes Will'mi ducis + Guion.</span> James, havyng .ij. doughters and heires, called Alienore, + the second Alice, and king Lowes of Fraunce in his yong age, by the + agrement of Lowys le gros his father, spoused the said Alienor, to whome + the said duchie was hole enheriter. And after the said king Lowes came to + yeris of discretion, the archebisshoppis of Sens, of Rayns, of Rone, and + of Burdeux, withe others barouns, made relacion to the <span + class="sidenotel">Nota, divortio facta inter regem Francię et + Alienoram.</span> said king Lowes that the saide Alienor was so neere of + his blode that he might not laufullie be the chirche kepe her to wiffe, + so be theire counceile they bothe were departed laufully, and the said + king Lowes maried after that Constance the king of Spayne doughter. And + the said Alienor the duches of Gascoigne and Guien went to Burdeux. <span + class="sidenotel">Henricus ij<sup>d'</sup> Anglię rex superduxit + Alienoram filiam et heredem Willielmi ducis de Guien circa + M.cxlvj<sup>ad</sup></span> Than came the forsaid king Harry the seconde + of Englande, that was the Erle of Anjou is sonne and heire, and wedded + the said Alienor about the yere of Crist M<sup>l</sup>.cxlvj. by whome he + was duke of Gascoigne and Guien, and his heires after hym, of whom ye + bene descended and come right downe. And the said king Henry the seconde + bare in armes frome that day forthe the saide libarde of golde withe the + other two libardis of the same that is borne for Duke of Normandie. So in + conclusion he was, be right of his moder dame <span + class="sidenotel">Nota pro titulo Henrici ij.</span> Maude, the empresse, + king of Englonde and duke of Normandie, and, be right of his father + Geffry Plantagenest, erle of Anjou and of Mayne and Torayne; be right of + his wiffe dame Alienor, duke of Guien; of whiche duchie of Gascoigne and + Guien your noble <!-- Page 25 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page25"></a>{25}</span><span class="sidenotel">Nota bene, Karolus + vij rex Frauncię primo intrusionem fecit in ducatum Normannię, Gascon, + Guion, etc. circa annum M<sup>l</sup>iiij<sup>c</sup>lj.</span> + progenitours have continually be possessid and seased of, this + .iij<sup>c</sup>.xxviij. yere complete, tille that by intrusion of youre + said adversarie Charlis the vij<sup>the</sup>. of Fraunce have disscasid + yow in or about the monithe of June the yere of Crist + M<sup>l</sup>.iiij<sup>c</sup>.lj., as he hathe late done of youre + enheritaunce of Fraunce and Normandie and of the counte of Mayne, + thoroughe umbre of the said fenied colour of trewes, ayenst alle honoure + and trouthe of knighthode.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">How the historier procedithe in his matier of exhortacion.</p> + +<div class="sidenotel">Nota bonum concilium.</div> + <p>And for to think to alle cristen nacions for to fight in bataile if + the cas require it soo, that youre said enheritaunce can not be recuverid + by none other due meane of pease, bothe for youre defens for the + recuverey of youre roiaume of Fraunce, duchie of Normandie, and sithen + sone after the duchie of Gascoigne, that alle cristen princes opynly may + know it is youre verray true enheritaunce, and for salvacion of youre + enheritaunce by undew menys lost; for that yt ys <span + class="sidenotel">Magister Alanus de Auriga dicit.</span> wryten by + [maister Aleyn Chareter, <i>id est</i> de Auriga, in hys boke of + Quadrilogue, secretaire to Charlys le bien amée, the yere of Crist .1422. + yn thys termys: "Ayenst Herry the .v<sup>th</sup>., named kyng," yn + provokyng the adverse partye to werre ayenst the seyd king Herry. How<a + name="NtA120" href="#Nt120"><sup>[120]</sup></a>] the famous clerke of + eloquence Tullius seithe in his booke of retherique that, like as a man + recevethe his lyving in a region or in a countree, so is he of naturall + reason bounde to defende it; and law of nature, as welle as law imperiall + whiche is auctorised by popis and emperours, wol condescend and agre to + the same. Also Caton affirmithe withe the said Tullie. Therfor late not + this gret and importune losses now by infortune and of over grete favoure + and trust put to youre adversaries, fallen ayenst this lande undre the + umbre and coloure of trewes and abstinence of werre late hadde and taken + at Towris atwixen Charlis the .vij<sup>th</sup>. youre adversaire of + Fraunce and your predecessour <!-- Page 26 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page26"></a>{26}</span>Harry the sext, and now uppon the exercise + and usaige of bataile and left by so little a tyme, forto discomfort or + fere to a new recovere. Not so: God defende that! for the famous poet + Ovide seiethe that who so levithe the pursute and foloweing of good + fortune for one mysaventure, it shalle never come to hym. And namely the + said Water Malexander agreithe hym to the same saieng, and affermyng that + good courages of hertis be not mynissed, broken, ne lessid for disusage + and levyng armes for a litille season, nether for sodeyn recountres and + hasty comyng on, be force of whiche one mysadventure may folow.</p> + +<div class="sidenotel">Nota quod pro defectu excercicii armorum mala sequentur exercitui Romanorum.</div> +<p class="cenhead">How for the defaute of exercise of armes the gret nombre of Romains +were scomfited by men of Cartage.</p> + +<div class="sidenotel">Syr Alanus de Auriga.</div> + <p>A, mercifulle God! what was the losses of the Romayns, whiche in + defaute and by negligence lost by a litille tyme left the exercise of + armes was fulle gret ayenst the doughty men of Cartage, whan alle the + puissaunce of the Romains were assembled in bataile, where that were so + many noble men and coragious peple, the whiche were <span + class="sidenotel">Notand' est.</span> innumerable, assembled and joyned + in bataile, that men say was betwene Camos and Hanibal prince of Cartage, + the whiche discomfit <span class="sidenotel">Nota de cede + Romanorum.</span> before duke Camos in Puylle be suche power that the + ringis of golde <span class="sidenotel">Nota de annulis inventis super + digitos Romanorum occisorum.</span> take frome the fingers of ded bodies + of the said Romains, whiche were men of price and renomme, and Titus + Livius seiethe in his booke of Romayne batailes were extendid and mesurid + to the quantite of mesure of .xij. quarters or more, whiche Hanibal + brought withe hym to his countre of Cartage in signe of victorie.</p> + +<div class="sidenotel">Nota de experiencia armorum ex parte Romanorum.</div> +<p class="cenhead">How after the seide gret descomfiture that a few nombre of Romans +expert in werre (<i>unfinished</i>)</p> + + <p>But the worthy Romains, for alle that, left not the hope and trust of + recovering on another day, whan God lust, onnere and fortune, theyme so + exercised daily armes, [and] after accustumyng hem ayene <!-- Page 27 + --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page27"></a>{27}</span>to werre, were + by experience lerned and enhardid, that, as by the exorting and + comforting of one of theire princes, he assembled another time in bataile + ayenst the litille residue that were left of the said Romayns, and by + subtile craft of wise policie and good conduyt in actis of werre they + fille and tooke uppon theym and charged theym so moche that by unware of + theire purveiaunce met withe the said Haniballe at certen streightes and + narow places fille into the handis of Romains, to the gret discomfiture + and destruccion of Haniballe his gret oost of Cartage.</p> + +<div class="sidenotel">Exercitium armorum excedit divicias.</div> +<p class="cenhead">How men of armes welle lerned and excercised is of a grettir tresoure +then any precious stones or riche tresour.</p> + + <p>Dame Cristen saiethe in the first booke of the Tree of Batailes that + there is none erthely thing more forto be allowed than a countre or + region whiche be furnisshed and stored withe good men of armes well + lerned and exercited; for golde, silver, ne precious stones surmountethe + not ne conquerithe not ennemies, nother in time of pease wardithe the + peple to be in rest, the whiche thing a puissaunt man in armes dothe.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">How a few nombre of the Romains that were expert and connyng +in the werre descomfited .c.iiij<sup>xx</sup>.M<sup>l</sup>. of Frenshemen that the +prince of hem tolde and set right litille by.</p> + +<div class="sidenotel">Magister Alanus de Auriga. Id est compilam de libro suo.</div> + <p>Also ye may consider by example of king Bituitus of the countre of + Gaule clepid Fraunce, the whiche went ayenst the Romains withe an hondred + and fourescore thousande men of armes; and he saw so few a companie of + the Romains comyng that he despraised hem, and seid of gret pride that + there were not inoughe of the Romains for to fede the doggis of his oost: + neverthelesse, that few company were so welle excersised and lerned in + armes that there were ynoughe whiche overcome and destroied the said king + of Gaule and alle his gret <!-- Page 28 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page28"></a>{28}</span>oost; whiche storie may be verified in every + bataile or journay atwix youre adversarie of Fraunce and youre + predecessoures entreprises this .xxxv. yeres that continued in possession + frome king [named<a name="NtA121" href="#Nt121"><sup>[121]</sup></a>] + Henry the .v. is conquest till it was lost: for at the bataile of + Agincourt descomfited <span class="sidenotel">In multitudine gencium non + consistit victoria, ut infra. Nota bene.</span> by seid king Henry the + .v.<sup>th</sup> [wyth a few nomber.<a + href="#Nt121"><sup>[121]</sup></a>] And at the bataile of the see ayenst + the carrakes descomfited by Johan duke of Bedforde and the erle of the + Marche being principalle cheveteins also in that bataile [wyth a few + nombre yn comparison of the grete Frensh navye.<a + href="#Nt121"><sup>[121]</sup></a>] Also at the journay of Kedecause + descomfited be Thomas Beauforde erle Dorset after was duke of Eccestre; + [the erle of Armonak conestable of Fraunce beyng aboute x.M<sup>l</sup> + fyghtyng men ayenst aboute .ix<sup>c</sup>. accompanyed wyth the erle + Dorset.<a href="#Nt121"><sup>[121]</sup></a>] Also at the bataile of + Cravaunt descomfited by [Johan duc of Bedford as by hys lieutenaunt<a + href="#Nt121"><sup>[121]</sup></a>] Thomas Montague the erle of Salisbury + and Roberd [lord<a href="#Nt121"><sup>[121]</sup></a>] Willugheby + chiefeteynes. And at the bataile of Vernelle fought and descomfited by + Johan regent duke of Bedforde, the said erle of Salisbury and the erle of + Suffolke, [lord Wyllughby, lord Pownynnys, ser John Fastolf, and many + other noble men yn armys.<a href="#Nt121"><sup>[121]</sup></a>] Also at + the bataylle of Roveraye foughte [ayenst the bastard of Burbon, the + bastard of Orlyance,<a href="#Nt121"><sup>[121]</sup></a>] be ser Johan + Fastolfe, ser Thomas Rempstone, chiefteins, upon the vitailing the siege + of Orliaunce. Also at the <span class="sidenotel">Averaunces. D'n's + Talbot. D'n's Fauconberge. Harflete.</span> rescue of the cite [of] + Averaunces fought by Edmonde duke of Somerset and the erle of + Shrewisburie and lorde Fauconberge chiefeteins. And at the second wynnyng + of Hareflete fought [beseged<a href="#Nt121"><sup>[121]</sup></a>] <span + class="sidenotel">J. dux Som', Ed's Dors'. Cane.</span> by Johan duke of + Somerset, by Edmund erle of Dorset, and the erle of <span + class="sidenotel">Fastolf. Harynton.</span> Shrewisbury, at the rescue of + Cane fought by ser Johan Fastolfe and ser Richarde Harington, and his + felouship, [ayenst .xxx.M<sup>l</sup>. men.<a + href="#Nt121"><sup>[121]</sup></a>] And so in many other [sodeyn jorneys + and<a href="#Nt121"><sup>[121]</sup></a>] sharpe recountres sodenly met + and foughten, to long to write here. And also for the gret part at any + maner bataile, journey, enterprise, [seges,<a + href="#Nt121"><sup>[121]</sup></a>] and rescuse of places, it hathe bene + alway seen that the power of Fraunce have be in nombre of peple assembled + ayenst youre power <!-- Page 29 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page29"></a>{29}</span><span class="sidenotel">Nota bene et + applica.</span> by double so many, or by the thrid part, yet youre right + and title have bene so goode and fortunat, and men so well lernid and + exercised in armes, that withe few peple have descomfited the gret + multitude of your adverse partie.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">How Vegesse in his Booke of Chevalrie also gretly recomendithe +exercise in men of armes.</p> + +<div class="sidenotel">Vegescius de re militari.</div> + <p>O then, seith Vegecius in his Booke of Chevalrie, therbe none that + knowethe the gret merveilles and straunge aventures of armes and + knighthode, the whiche be comprehendid and nombred in dedis of armes, to + tho that be exercised in suche labouris of armes, that withe wise conduyt + prudently can aventure and hardely take uppon theym such sodein + entreprinses on hande.</p> + +<div class="sidenotel">Animacio.</div> + <p>O then, ye noble Englisshe chevalrie, late it no mervaile be to yow, + in lessing youre courage ne abating of your hardiesse, they that ye renew + youre coragious hertis to take armes and entreprinses, seeing so many + good examples before yow of so many victorius dedis in armes done by + youre noble progenitoures, and that it hathe be a thing to moche left + discorage you not; for, thoughe that ye were in renomme accepted alleway + withe the most worthi as in dede of armes, but now at this time ye ben + take and accepted in suche marcialle causes that concernithe werre on the + left hande, as withe the <span class="sidenotel">Concideracio.</span> + simplest of price and of reputacion. And it is to suppose that it is + rather in defaute of exercising of armes left this .xxiiij. yere day that + the londes were lost, thoroughe the said coloure of trewes, and for lak + of good provisions bothe of artillery and ordenaunce for the werre and + soudeyng to be made in dew season, and for singuler covetice reignyng + among some peple endowed with worldly goodes, that can not depart but + easily withe finaunce [wagyng<a name="NtA122" + href="#Nt122"><sup>[122]</sup></a>] and soulde theim in tyme of nede, + then for defaut of good corage and manhode, whiche is to deme werre never + feerser ne corageouser to dedis of armes, so they may be cherished and + avaunced therafter, as ben at this day.</p> + +<p><!-- Page 30 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page30"></a>{30}</span></p> + +<p class="cenhead">How dame Cristen counceilithe to make true paimentis to +sowdieris.</p> + +<div class="sidenotel">Hic nota optime pro solucione soldariorum.</div> + <p>For ye shalle rede in the first part of the Arbre of Batailes, where + dame Cristen exhortithe and counceilithe that every chieftein and + capiteyne of men of armes ought to have goode paimentis and sewre for + assignacion of paiment for his sowdieris for so long tyme that he + trustithe to endure and be souded in that voiage and armes; <span + class="sidenotel">Nota concilium.</span> for to that singlerly before + thing alle chieveteyns shulde have regarde, by as moche as it is the + principalle and chief cause of the good spede and conduit of here + entreprise, and the undoing and mischief of it [the contrarye<a + name="NtA123" href="#Nt123"><sup>[123]</sup></a>], if the paimentis be + not duely made to the soudeours; for late it be put in certein that no + cheveteyn can not have ne kepe long tyme good men of armes eville paied + or long <span class="sidenotel">Nota bene, ne forte.</span> delaied, but + discoragethe them as sone as paiment failethe, and takethe theire congie + and licence of theire prince, if they can have licence, orellis they + departethe bethout licence. And also of overmoche trust and avauntage + gyven to your adversaries be this dissimiled trewes as otherwise. And + also when that the cheveteins take more kepe to good than to worship + [and] using justice. And as welle as in defaute of largesse to youre + obeissauntes, not rewarding ne cherisshing youre obeissauntes subgettis + yolden and sworne stedfastly abiding under your obeissaunce, but suffring + them to be oppressid and charged unduely in divers wises, as well by over + gret taskis and tailis rered uppon them, and therto they finding bothe + horsmete and mannysmete to youre soudeours riding be the contre without + contenting or agreing hem, becaus of nompower of youre said men ben not + paide of here wages and soude, by lak of simple payment [caused the + rather the ducdom of Normandy to be lost.<a + href="#Nt123"><sup>[123]</sup></a>]</p> + +<div class="sidenotel">Nota peroptimum concilium istud.</div> + <p>And the same dame Cristen in the .xiiij. chapiter seiethe that a noble + good cheveteyn, whiche wolbe a leder of a felowship in werre, he must use + justice to Goddis pleasure; and that he may stand in the grace and + favoure of the worlde, and of his retenu and <!-- Page 31 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page31"></a>{31}</span>of other peple undre hym, + that the said chieftein must pay his men of soude so justly and truly, + bethout any defalking [or] abbregging of here wagis, that they have no + nede to lyve by pillage, extorcion, and rapyn uppon the countreis of here + frendis that be yolden undre obeisaunce of here prince. And be this way + the ost may never faut, for then the ost shalbe furnished of alle costis + coostis<a name="NtA124" href="#Nt124"><sup>[124]</sup></a> commyng withe + vitailes inoughe; so that it be provided that marchauntes and vitailers + may surely passe and come, and that a payne resonable be made, that uppon + forfeiting that payne no man take vitaile beforce without payment made in + hande, as the proclamacions made by Henry the .v<sup>the</sup>., that + victorious prince, in his host. [And also the statutes made by Johan + regent of Fraunce, duc of Bedford, by a parlement at Cane, yn the + .ij<sup>de</sup>. yeere of [blessed<a name="NtA125" + href="#Nt125"><sup>[125]</sup></a>] Henry .vj<sup>te</sup>., named kyng, + uppon the conduyt of the werre, that I delyvered to <span + class="sidenotel">Inquiratur pro libro illo, bonum est.</span> your + hyghenes enseled, the day before your departyng out of London, that + remayned yn the kepyng of ser Johan Fastolfe for grate <span + class="sidenotel">Nota bene, ne forte.</span> autoritee, a. iij.<a + name="NtA126" href="#Nt126"><sup>[126]</sup></a>] And that no damage or + offence be done to the marchauntes. It is fulle gret jupardie and perille + to an oost where as covetise of pillage and rappyne reignithe among men + of armes more than theire entencion is to kepe and meinteine the right of + theire prince's partie. And the worship of chevalrie and knighthode ys + that they shulde peine hem to wynne. And suche as ben of that inordynat + condicion of covetise and rappyne oughte rather be clepid pilleris, + robberis, extorcioneris, than men of armes chevalerous. In example the + said dame Cristen puttithe that the men of armes of the countre of Gaule, + whiche now is Fraunce, that had in a tyme a discomfiture and the + overhande uppon the Romains, being assembled withe a grete oost + embatailed upon the river of Rosne in Burgoyne; and the men of Gaule had + wonne gret praies and good, as horse harneis, vesselle of golde and of + silver gret plente; <span class="sidenotel">Nota bene.</span> but as to + the worldly goodes they set no count ne prise of it, but cast it into the + river. And in semblable wise it was saide of Johan duke <span + class="sidenotel">Dux Bedfordię.</span> of Bedforde, then regent, that + the day he had the victorie at the <!-- Page 32 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page32"></a>{32}</span>bataile of Vernaile, he + exhorted, making an oration to his peple, that they attende not to + covetise, for no sight of juelx and riches of cheynes of golde or nouches + [or] ringis cast before hem or left in the feelde, to take them up, + whiche might be the losse of the feeld, tille God had shewed his power + and fortune; but onely to worship and to <span class="sidenotel">Nota + bene.</span> doo that that they come for. And so be the jugement of God + had the victorie withe gret worship and riches, be the raunsonyng of + prisoneris, and be rewardis of the said regent in londis and goodis to + every man for theire welle doing that day, rewarded in lifelode of londes + and tenementis yoven in the counte of Mayne to the yerely valeu of + .x.M<sup>l</sup>. marcs yerely, whiche was .lx.M<sup>l</sup>.li. Turneis, + as it is of record to shew; the whiche was don aftyr the Romayns' + condicion, seeing that thei set so litille by goodis dispising but onely + by worship, the whiche the saide Romains were gretly astonied and <span + class="sidenotel">Exhortacio.</span> dred her power, for thei saw it + never done before. And wolde Jhesus for his highe grace that every + prince, chieftein, or captein wolde be of so noble condicions as is + before made mencion of! I have be credibly enfourmed by tho as were + present in bateile withe the fulle noble and victorius prince of renomme + king Henry the .v<sup>te</sup>. youre cousin and antecessour, used the + saide counceile among his ostes. <span class="sidenotel">Nota + bene.</span> And also at the bateile of Agincourt be the exortacion of + that forseyd noble prince Henry the .v<sup>the</sup>. counceiled to set + not be no tresure, praies, ne juelx and vesselle of golde and of silver, + aswelle of tho that were his there lost, ne of the juelx that he wonne, + but only to his right and to wonne worship. And that also fulle noble + prince youre cousin Johan duke of Bedforde, another victorius prince, + folowed his steppis tho daies that he was regent of the roiaume of + Fraunce, and whan his chariottes of his tresoure and vesselle at the + bataile of Vernelle in Perche was bereved frome hym by Lombardis and + other sowdieris holding youre adverse partie, he comaunded the oost + embatailed <span class="sidenotel">Exhortacio ad observandum ordinacionem + principis in bello.</span> not forto breke ne remeve [theyr aray<a + name="NtA127" href="#Nt127"><sup>[127]</sup></a>] for wynnyng or kepyng + worldly goodis, but only to wynne worship in the right of Englonde that + day, whiche he hadde the victorie to his grettist renomme.</p> + +<p><!-- Page 33 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page33"></a>{33}</span></p> + + <p>But yet it most be suffred paciently the fortune that is gevyn to + youre ennemies at this tyme, and late the case be taken for a new + lerning, and to the sharping of goode corages, to the refourmyng and + amendement of theire wittis. For the saide Ovide the lawreat poet saiethe + that it happithe often times that mysaventures lernithe tho that bene + conquerid to be wise. And so at other times in actis and <span + class="sidenotel">Verba m'ri Alani de Auriga.</span> dedis of armes that + for lak of providence or mysfortune were overthrow, enforcethe hem to be + conquerours [another seson.<a name="NtA128" + href="#Nt128"><sup>[128]</sup></a>] Here is yet noone so gret + inconvenient of aventure ne mysfortune falle at this tyme, but that it + hathe be seene fallen er now [yn kyng Johan dayes and in kyng Edward + iij<sup>d</sup> day, as yn hys gret age put owt of Normandye and off many + castells and townes yn Gyen by kyng Charlys the .v<sup>te</sup>.<a + href="#Nt128"><sup>[128]</sup></a>]</p> + +<div class="sidenotel">Defectus pecunię ad solvendum soldarios fuit causa una prodicionis ducatus Normannię.</div> +<p class="cenhead">How the duchie of Normandie for lak of a sufficient arme waged in +due time, that king Johan [of England<a href="#Nt128"><sup>[128]</sup></a>] had not sufficiently +wherof to wage [his peple,<a href="#Nt128"><sup>[128]</sup></a>] he lost the duchie of Normandie.</p> + +<div class="sidenotel">Infinita mala ex sensualitate corporis.</div> + <p>For a like mysfortune and overthrow fille unto us for defaute of + providence and helpe in dew tyme, and sensualite of lustis of the bodie + idely mispendid, and for lak of finaunce and goodeȝ to soude and + wage goode mennys bodies over into Normandie and other contrees, ande + thoroughe the umbre of trewes, the hole privacion of your duchie of + Normandie, and of Angew, Mayne, and Torayne, <span + class="sidenotel">.1203.</span> and a gret part of Gascoigne and Guyen, + was in king Johan daies by king Philip dieudonné of Fraunce, the yere of + Crist .M<sup>l</sup>.ij<sup>c</sup>.iij<sup>o</sup>. in the monithe of + Maij began.</p> + +<p><!-- Page 34 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page34"></a>{34}</span></p> + +<div class="sidenotel">Treugę pluries infractę.</div> +<p class="cenhead">How many divers times trewes that were taken betwene king +Richarde the first, king Johan, and king Edward the thrid at +the finalle peas generalle betwene tho kinges and the Frenshe +kinges, were afterwarde be the Frenshe partie first broken.</p> + + <p>And thus undre the coloure of trewes at divers times taken atwixt + youre noble progenitoures king Henry the seconde, and also divers treties + taken betwene the said king Johan and king Philip, and also sondry tymes + trewes taken betwene king Richarde the first and the Frenshe king Philip + dieudonné. And notwithestanding so oft tymes trewes and alliaunces taken + and made betwene the forsaide kinges of Englonde and of Fraunce, alle + waye whan the Frenshe partie coude have and fynde any avauntage or + coloure to breke here <span class="sidenotel">Nota fallacias Francorum in + rupcione treugarum; vide et attende bene.</span> trewes they did make new + werre ayenst this lande. Also there was another trewes made at Paris the + monithe of Octobre the yere of <span class="sidenotel">Treuga pessima + a<sup>o</sup> Xp'i 1259.</span> Crist M<sup>l</sup>.cclix. betwene king + Henry the thrid and Lowes king of Fraunce, the whiche king Lowes haveng + grete conscience that he heelde bethout title of right the duchie of + Normandie, the counté of Angew, Mayne, and Toureyne, out of the handis of + the kinges of Englonde, therfore toke a trewis withe king Henry the + thridde; and the saide king Lowes graunted and confirmed to the saide + king Henry and to his heires for ever all the right that he hadd or myght + have in the duchie of Gascoigne, withe thre eveschies clepid diocesis and + citees in the saide duchie, that is to witt, Limogensis, Caourcensis, and + Pieregourt. Also at<a name="NtA129" href="#Nt129"><sup>[129]</sup></a> + Agenois and Peito. <span class="sidenotel">De infinitis dampnis ex ilia + treuga sine pace.</span> And a peas to be made atwix bothe kinges undre + the condicion that the saide king Henry thrid shuld relese unto king + Lowes alle his right in Normandie and in the countre of Anjou, of Mayne, + and Toreyne, your verray auncient enheritaunce tailed, whiche albeit if + the said king Henry thrid had alone made any suche relese it was of none + strenght ne effect, for it was never graunted be the auctorite of the + parlement of thre astatis of his roiaume. For it is to be undrestande + that be no law imperialle ne by no dew reason can be founded <!-- Page 35 + --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page35"></a>{35}</span>that a prince + may not gyve away his duchees or countees ne his demaynes that is his + propre enheritaunces to a straunge parsone, of what astate or degre he + is, bethout the agrement and consenting of a parlement of his lordis + spirituelle and temporelle, and of his comyns assembled, and a sufficient + nombre of every of hem, as it hathe bene accustumed; so in conclusion the + relese of king Henry thrid to king Lowes was and is voide. And if any + relese of king Lowes to the said king Henry in the said duchie of + Gascoine had be made it standithe of fulle litille effect, becaus it was + the said king Henry propre enheritaunce by his aiel king Henry the second + that weddid dame Alienor duchesse and heriter of Guien, as is before + expressid. And so the said king Lowes relese was a confirmacion of the + said duchie of Guien into king Henry thrid is possession and a <span + class="sidenotel">De pluribus treugis sine effectu durationis.</span> + disclayme frome the kinges of Fraunce for ever. Also ther was another + trux and pease made the yere of Crist M<sup>l</sup>.cclxxix., at Amyens, + betwen king Edwarde first and king Philip of Fraunce, that the said king + Edwarde shulde holde peasibly all the saide landes in Gascoigne. Another + trewes and peas made at Paris the yere of Crist + M<sup>l</sup>.ij<sup>c</sup>.lxxxvj. betwene the said king Edwarde first + and king Philip of Fraunce for the saide duchie of Guien. Another trews + made at Paris, the yere of Crist + M<sup>l</sup>.iij<sup>c</sup>.iij<sup>o</sup>., the monithe of Maij, + betwene king Edwarde first and king Philip of Fraunce, that marchauntes + and alle maner men might passe to bothe roiaumes of Englond and Fraunce + bethout empeshement, and heelde not long. Another trux made in the yere + of Crist M<sup>l</sup>.cc.xiij., in a towne clept in <span + class="sidenotel">Edward ij<sup>d</sup>.</span> Latyn Pissaicus, betwene + king Edwarde second and king Phelip king of Fraunce for the said duchie + of Guien. And in the yere of Crist M<sup>l</sup>.iij<sup>c</sup>.xxiiij. + king Charles of Fraunce and of Navarre seased certein townes and + forteresses in Guien for defaut of homage of the king Edwarde second for + the said duchie of Guien, whiche townes and <span class="sidenotel">Nota + pro titulo regis.</span> forteresses after was delivered ayen to the king + Edwarde by the moyen of Edmonde erle of Kent, his lieftenaunt. Also + another pease made in the yere of Crist + M<sup>l</sup>.iij<sup>c</sup>.xxv. betwene king Edwarde second and king + Charles de Valoys of Fraunce, be reason and meane that <!-- Page 36 + --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page36"></a>{36}</span><span + class="sidenotel">Effectus maritagii Isabellę reginę heredis regni + Francię.</span> the saide king Edwarde weddid dam Isabel king Charles of + Fraunce daughter, [soule<a name="NtA130" + href="#Nt130"><sup>[130]</sup></a>] enheriter of Fraunce; and at that + tyme king <span class="sidenotel">Edwardus ij<sup>us</sup> duxit + Isabellam filiam et heredem Karoli regis Francię</span> Edward made + Edmond his brother erle of Kent his lieftenaunt for the duchie of Guyen, + whiche fulle nobly governed and kept that contre.</p> + +<div class="sidenotel">a<sup>o</sup>. X<sup>l</sup>. M<sup>l</sup>.ccc.xxv<sup>t</sup>i.</div> +<div class="sidenotel">Bellum Scluse.</div> + <p>Also in semblable wise in the yere of Crist + M<sup>l</sup>.iij<sup>c</sup>.xl. the .xiij. yere of king Edwarde the + thrid, after the saide king had wonne the gret bataile of Scluse ayenst + Philip de Valois his adversarie, and besieged Tourenay in Picardie, whan + the saide Philip de Valois and the [kyngis<a + href="#Nt130"><sup>[130]</sup></a>] Frenshe lordis were gretly rebuked + and put abak, they desired a trux of king Edwarde frome the monithe of + Septembre tille the feest of saint John next sueng, to the gret damage of + the king Edwarde conquest. And the Bretons making under that colour + mortalle werre to this land, but they were kept in subgeccion, and a gret + bataile of descomfiture ayenst them had by the erle of Northampton, then + the kingis lieutenaunt in that parties.</p> + + <p>Also the yere of Crist + M<sup>l</sup>.iij<sup>c</sup>.xliij<sup>o</sup>., the .xix. day of + Januarii, another gret trux for the yere take withe Philip de Valois + calling hym king, youre saide adversarie, and his allies, and the saide + trux broken be the seide Philip bethin thre yeris after, comaunding the + Bretons to make werre ayenst youre progenitours.</p> + +<div class="sidenotel">Obcidio Cane.</div> +<div class="sidenotel">Bellum Cressye.</div> + <p>And the noble king Edwarde the thrid, seeing that, in the monithe of + Julie, the yere of Crist M<sup>l</sup>.ccc.xlvij<sup>o</sup>., the .xx. + yere of his reigne, disposed hym ayen to werre ayen withe the saide + Philip, and wanne upon hym the strong towne of Cane, [and had<a + href="#Nt130"><sup>[130]</sup></a>] the sore fought bataile of Cressy, + the castelle of Calix by a harde siege bethin few daies after leide and + (<i>unfinished</i>.)</p> + +<div class="sidenotel">De pace finali quamvis non sortiebatur diu effectum.</div> + <p>How notwithestonding a finalle peas was made solempnely be the fulle + assent of king Johan of Fraunce prisoner, as it is the chief auctorite, + and comprehendid in many articles most sufficiauntly grounded by + auctorite of the Pope, confermed that, for alle that it helde not passe + .vij. or .viij. yere after. And so contynued by .xiij. <!-- Page 37 + --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page37"></a>{37}</span>yeris fro the + saide tyme mortal werre continued tille a final generalle peas was made + after by agrement of king Johan of Fraunce that was take betwene the said + noble king Edwarde the thrid and the saide king Johan the monithe of Maij + the yere of Crist M<sup>l</sup>.iij<sup>c</sup>.lx., at Bretigny, the + Pope assentyng, and be mediacion of cardinales, archebishoppis, + bisshoppis, abbotis, dukes, erles, barons, and lordis, and by the assent + of bothe parties of Englande as of Fraunce, and confermed by the saide + Pope and the sacramentis of both cristen kinges, made bothe by hemselfe + and by here commissaries in suche solempne wise that alle cristen princes + wolde have thought it shulde stande ferme and have bene stable for ever, + ande whiche finalle peas dured not scant .viij<sup>the</sup>. yere after, + but that it was broke fraudulentlie be feyned causes and colourable + quarellis of the Frenshe partie, as of the erle of Armenak and other + lordis of Guien. And after king Charles the .v<sup>the</sup>, of Fraunce, + son to king Johan, under colour of the seide trux and fynal peas made be + his father, put king Edwarde the thrid and his sonnes and other his + lieutenauntes out of alle his conquest, aswelle of alle the londis that + king Edwarde conquerid in Fraunce, Normandie, Burgoyne, and Flaundres, + and out of many other counteeȝ, baronies, and lordshippes, and of a + gret part of the duchie of Guien, whiche counteeȝ and lordshippes + in Gascoigne and Guien were given utterly and plenerlie to doo none + homage, ne sovereinte to holde but of the saide noble king Edwarde, and + of alle his enheriteris, never to resort ayen in homage ne feute to youre + adversaries of Fraunce, as it is expresly enacted and recorded in the + registres of alle the homagieris of Guien and Gascoigne, that was made by + the erle of Armenak, the lorde de la Brette, vicecountes, barons, + chevalers, and escuiers, and alle other nobles of the saide duchies, made + to the saide king Edwarde and to prince Edwarde the duke of Guien the + kingis lieutenaunt; that is to wete, in the cathedralle chirche of saint + Andrieu chirche at Burdeux, the <span class="sidenotel">.1363.</span> + .xix. day of Juilly, the yere of Crist + M<sup>l</sup>.iij<sup>c</sup>.lxiij., present there ser Thomas Beauchampe + erle of Warewik, that aventurous and most <span + class="sidenotel">Chaundos chevalier.</span> fortunat knighte in his + daies, and ser John Chaundos of Herfordshire <!-- Page 38 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page38"></a>{38}</span><span + class="sidenotel">De magnificencia Joh'is Chundos.</span> vicount de + Saint Saveoure [in Normandye,<a name="NtA131" + href="#Nt131"><sup>[131]</sup></a>] whiche had bene in many batailes, and + had the governaunce of M<sup>l</sup>. speris, and was comissarie for king + Edwarde, withe a fulle grete ost of multitude of <span + class="sidenotel">Princeps Edwardus.</span> peple well defensid in Guien. + And so, after that prince Edwarde had received alle the homages aboute + Bourdeux, Bordelois, and Bassedois, within the seneschalcie of Gascoigne, + than he and the said comissaries went to alle the countees foloweng and + received theire homages and feutees bothe in the name of King Edwarde + .iij<sup>d</sup>., and than in like fourme did homage to the prince as + Duc of Guien. And was no differens betwene the bothe homages doing to the + King and to the Duc of Guien, except that homager at his othe making to + the saide duke <span class="sidenotel">De pluribus comitatibus in + Vasconia sub obediencia regis Anglię.</span> he reserved the sovereinte + and the ressort dew to his highe soverein seigneur king Edwarde. [So he] + toke the homages of alle the vassallis and subgettis in the seneschalcie + of Agenois, after in the seneschalcie of Landis, after in the counte of + Bigorre, then in the seneschalcie <span class="correction" + title="Original reads `of of' across line break.">of</span> Pierregort, + in the seneschalcie of Caoursyn and Roergev' and Lymosyn, also in the + counté of Engwillom, also in the seneschalcie of Xantonge, than in the + counté of Poitou and Poytiers. By whiche it may be considerid be the said + countees and countrees before specified, it was of a wide space and many + a thousand peple that were at that tyme and yet ought be under youre + obeisaunce. And the saide prince Edwarde and the kinges commissaries made + here journeis by .viij. monithes day as tille the .iiij<sup>the</sup>. + day of Aprille the <span class="sidenotel">1364.</span> yere of Crist + M<sup>l</sup>.iij<sup>c</sup>.lxiiij., or thei coude receive alle the + saide homagiers; whiche now in the yere of Crist + M<sup>l</sup>.iiij<sup>c</sup>.li., after that hole Normaundie was lost, + and also Gascoigne and Guien yoven up in defaute of socoure [of an armee + made<a href="#Nt131"><sup>[131]</sup></a>] in season, many of youre saide + trew liege peple be overcome by youre adversaries of Fraunce, and many a + thousand peple of nobles and others coherted and be force ayenst theire + hertis wille and entent to become homagiers to youre saide adversarie by + the hole privacion of the saide duchie of Guien, as of Normandie, whiche + withe the helpe of almightie God and <!-- Page 39 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page39"></a>{39}</span>saint George, chief + defendoure and protectoure of these youre londis, withe the comfort of + youre true subgectis, shalnot abide long in theire possession ne + governaunce.</p> + +<div class="sidenotel">De pace finali.</div> + <p>And now of late tyme a peas finalle was made and take withe king + Charlis the sext, and the whiche finalle peas made solempnelie at Trois + in Champayne, the .xxj. day of Maij the yere of Crist <span + class="sidenotel">.1420.</span> M<sup>l</sup>.cccc.xx., and registred in + the court of parlement, confermed that alle divisions and debates betwene + the roiaume of Englande and the roiaume of Fraunce shulde for ever cease; + and the saide finalle peas <span class="sidenotel">Pro titulo regis + nota.</span> heelde not fullie .ij. yeris, but brake sone after the + decese of that victorioux prince king Harry the .v<sup>the</sup>., upon + his mariage withe quene Katerin.</p> + + <p>And now last of alle the gret trewes taken and made at Towris betwene + Henry the sext, the innocent<a name="NtA132" + href="#Nt132"><sup>[132]</sup></a> prince, and Charlis the + .vij<sup>the</sup>., youre adversarie of Fraunce, in the said .xxiiij. + yere of his reigne, <span class="sidenotel">De infractione treugarum nota + hoc.</span> solempnely sworne and sealed, and sone after broken be the + Frenshe partie.</p> + + <p>And none of alle these trewes hathe ben observed ne kept, + notwithstanding any sacremente, othes, [or] promisses made by youre + adversarie and be his dukes, erlis, and barones of the seide Frenshe + partie, but alway brake the saide trewes whan they coude take any + avauntage ayenst us, as it shewethe openly, and may be a mirroure for + ever to alle cristen princes to mystrust any trewes taking by youre saide + adversarie or his allies and subjectis, be it the duke of Breteyne, the + duke of Orliens, or any suche other his complisses: for where as youre + noble progenitours were seased and possessid of the said duchie <span + class="sidenotel">De continuacione hereditatis ducatus Normandię. Rollo + dux vocatus Robertus filius magnifici d'ni in regno Dacię vocati + Byercoteferre.</span> of Normandie sithe that duke Rollo of the nacion of + Denmarke, the yere of Crist .ix<sup>c</sup>xij. conquerid it upon Charlis + le Simple, to whome he gave his doughter in mariage withe the seide + duchie, and so hathe continued from heire to heire + .cc.iiij<sup>xx</sup>xj. yere, but after as it may be cast it was + .cc.iiij<sup>xx</sup>xj. yere that it was nevor in no king of Fraunce is + hande tille it was lost in king Johan is daies of Englande. And than for + suche inconvenientis as was used now be mysfortune under <!-- Page 40 + --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page40"></a>{40}</span><span + class="sidenotel">Nota causam &c.</span> [the umbre of trewes and for + puttyng down Arthur of Breteyn,<a name="NtA133" + href="#Nt133"><sup>[133]</sup></a>] it was lost and yoven up to the seide + king Phelip dieudonné in the yere of Crist M<sup>l</sup>.cc.iij., about + the first [and second<a href="#Nt133"><sup>[133]</sup></a>] yere of the + seide king Johan. And frome the saide first yere of king Johan the + possession of the saide duchie of Normandie discontynued .C.xxxvj. yere, + that was <span class="sidenotel">Nota optime.</span> to the yere of Crist + M<sup>l</sup>.ccc.xxxix., that youre right and possession was refourmed + by youre noble progenitoure king Edwarde the thrid, whiche by many yeris + leide segis and had batailes withe Philip de Valois and Johan of Fraunce, + occupieris of that kingdom.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">How king Edwarde the thrid made first grete alliaunces withe gret +astatis or he began to make werre in Fraunce.</p> + + <p>And therto king Edwarde allied hym withe fulle mighty princes to + socour and reliefe hym in his werres or he began to set on hem: first + withe Lowes emperoure of Allemayne, to whome he rewardid fifty thousande + sak wolle for perveaunce, and soulde men of werre that he shulde make to + helpe king Edward the thrid in his conquest; and <span + class="sidenotel">Nota de auxilio regis Edwardi.</span> after allied hym + to the erle of Heynew and to the erle of Flaundres, and also withe the + duke of Bretein; the whiche alliaunces was a fulle gret socoure and helpe + to his conquest in Fraunce and Normandie, for he wanne at the first raise + that he made over the see M<sup>l</sup>.M<sup>l</sup>.v<sup>c</sup>. + <span class="sidenotel">Conciderand'.</span> townes and castellis, and + soforthe reigned and continued in armes .xxxiiij. yeris, by putting the + Frenshe king and his allies in gret subgeccion for the right of his + enheritaunces, like as who so lust rede <span class="sidenotel">In + cronicis Frodsard.</span> the booke [of] his actis clepid [mayster<a + href="#Nt133"><sup>[133]</sup></a>] Froddesarde more plainly may + perceyve. And so alle his daies contynued tille unto the tyme <span + class="sidenotel">Pax finalis sperata fuit.</span> that be dissimulacion + of the gret peas taken atwix hym and his prisoner king Johan of Fraunce, + made at Bretigny the yere of Crist <span class="sidenotel">.1360.</span> + M<sup>l</sup>.iij<sup>c</sup>.lx., that undre umbre of the seid trewes + Charles le Sage his sonne, after the decese of king Johan, did put king + Edwarde thrid out of alle his said conquest in Fraunce and Normandie, and + partie of Guyen. And sithen more effectuelle laboures and dedis of armes + <!-- Page 41 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page41"></a>{41}</span>hathe be done by that victorioux prince + Henry the .v<sup>the</sup>., he being parsonelly bothe at many sieges, + leyng at assautes, at batailes, and journeis frome the second yere of his + reigne [exclusyfe<a name="NtA134" href="#Nt134"><sup>[134]</sup></a>] + into the day of his trespassement the space of .vij. yere. Whiche + labouris parcellis of them briefly bene specified before. And there youre + obeisaunt subgeitis and trew liege peple be put owt of their londis and + tenementis yoven to hem by youre predecessoures, as wel as be that highe + and mighty prince Richarde duke of Yorke youre father, being at two + voiages lieutenaunt and gouvernaunt in Fraunce, for service done unto hem + in theire conquest, not recompensed ayen to theire <span + class="sidenotel">Exclamacio.</span> undoing. Heh allas! thei did crie, + and woo be the tyme they saide, that ever we shulde put affiaunce and + trust to the Frenshe partie or theire allieȝ in any trewes keping, + considering so many folde tymes we have ben deceived and myschevid + thoroughe suche dissimuled trewes as is late before specified. And yet + not for alle <span class="sidenotel">Consideracio.</span> these + inconvenientis that have falle to us be conspiring of deceitis undre + umbre of suche dissimuled trewes, late it be out of doubte that, thoughe + they holde theym never so proude, puissaunt, and strong, ne so sotill and + crafty in suche deceitis conspiring, they by Goddis might shalbe overcome + and brought to the right astate that it oughte be, where as the title and + clayme of thenheritaunce of Fraunce is verray trew, whan dew diligence + have be shewed by us in executing the saide right, as it is verefied + briefly by examples here before.</p> + +<div class="sidenotel">Divina concideracio enodanda per theologos.</div> +<p class="cenhead">How be it that at som tymes that God suffrithe the partie that hathe +a true title and right to be overcome, yet for alle that a man +shulde not be discouraged alway to sew his right.</p> + + <p>And albeit that at som tymes God suffrethe the partie that hathe right + and a trew title, and that livethe after his lawes, to be gretly + parsecuted, and to be put to over gret aventure, laboure, and peyne, some + tyme to be overthrow, some tyme to be prisoner or slaine in <!-- Page 42 + --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page42"></a>{42}</span>bataile be + divine providence whan hym lust to be Juge, thoughe the peple be never so + goode, ne the querelle, title, and right never so trew; and yet not for + no suche adversite and as have fallen the yere <span + class="sidenotel">.1450.</span> of Crist + M<sup>l</sup>.iiij<sup>c</sup>.l., be the last overthrow of a notable + arme at <span class="sidenotel">Infortunium bellum apud Fermenye ultima + vice.</span> Fremyny, where ser Thomas Kirielle knight, lieftenaunt in + that voiage, [was take prysoner wyth many othyrs to the nombre about + .ix<sup>c</sup>.,<a name="NtA135" href="#Nt135"><sup>[135]</sup></a>] a + grete caus was that the pety capteins wolde not obbey at the day of that + journay at that sodeyne recountre to her chieftein, and taried lengir in + his voiage after he was londed or he came to any strong holde was + present.<a name="NtA136" href="#Nt136"><sup>[136]</sup></a> Also another + gret armee and voiage fordone for defaut and lak of spedy payment this + yere of Crist <span class="sidenotel">Gyen.</span> M<sup>l</sup>.cccclj., + whiche were at last redy to goo to Gyen, the armee taried upon the see + coostis in Englande almost a quarter of a yere or theire <span + class="sidenotel">Burdeux.</span> payment was redie. And the cite of + Burdeux lost in the meane tyme for lak of rescue. Yet God defende that + thoroughe suche adversitees we shulde be utterly discoraged. Late us take + example in according to this. It is wretin in the booke of Machabeus, in + the .viij. chapitre, how the worshipfull Judas Machabeus, seeyng Goddis + peple gretly febled and abashed be divers discomfitures of theym, seide + to his knightis, A, a, It is bettir to us to avaunce us forthe and rather + to die in bataile then lengre to suffre the gret passions and troubles of + oure infortune. And fro thens forthe by the wille of God, good corage and + comfort taken to theyme, they were made conquerours and had the victorie + in alle theire batailes. Also another <span class="sidenotel">De sancto + Lodovico rege Frauncię.</span> example by seint Lowes king of Fraunce, + whiche in encresing the cristyn feithe made gret armees into the holy + land in [about<a href="#Nt135"><sup>[135]</sup></a>] the yere of Crist + M<sup>l</sup>.ij<sup>c</sup>.lxx., and suffrethe gret adversiteis among + the Sarresyns, he and his knightis overthrow and take prisoneris to the + Soudan of Babilon, and the king put to gret raunsom paide, his peple died + up by gret mortalite of pestilence, suffred famyne, hungur, and thurst, + yet God at the last releved hym, and [he] came into Fraunce withe gret + worship.</p> + +<p><!-- Page 43 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page43"></a>{43}</span></p> + +<div class="sidenotel">Animacio.</div> +<p class="cenhead">An nother exhortacion of the historier.</p> + + <p>O ye highe and myghtifulle prince, king of Englande and of Fraunce, + and alle ye other noble princes and other puissaunt lordes and nobles of + divers astates olde or yong, of so auncien a stok and of so worthy a + lineage, as of the noble Trojan is blode descendid, as it is auctorised + and may appere by many croniclers and histories of noble doctours enacted + and registred, that ye alonly have ever ben halden without note of errour + or deformite of the law withe the most puissaunt and of power thoroughe + alle regions cristen or hethen, haveng alway under youre regencie and + governaunce the habondaunce of noble men of chevalrie, passing alle othir + landes after the quantite and afferaunt of youre roiaume, lete then be as + a mirrour noted and had before youre eyen by contynuell remembraunce to + thentent that the excersising of theire noble actis in conquestis may the + more vigorously endeuce you to succede the prowesse and vaillauntnesse of + youre highe predecessoures in armes, like as it shewethe welle at this + tyme of what worship they have bene by here victorious dedis, for they in + difference of other nacions have ever ewred and shewed the renomme and + excellence of youre highe and mighty antecessours' corages, aswelle in + straunge regions as among the Sarrazyns in the region of Sirie and + Turkie, as in the said neere regions of Fraunce, Spayne, Lumbardie, + Spruce, and other countrees. And therfor ye shulde yeve laude and + praisingis alway to God, for, sithe the trespassement of prince Edwarde + and good Henry duc of Lancaster that was, [ther wer but few like to hem + in armys.<a name="NtA137" href="#Nt137"><sup>[137]</sup></a>]</p> + +<p class="cenhead">Here is brieflie made mencion of the recomendacion of acyn<a name="NtA138" href="#Nt138"><sup>[138]</sup></a> worship +of Henry the .v<sup>the</sup>. and his bretheryn Thomas, Johan, and +Humfrey, .iiij. noble princes.</p> + + <p>Where was he of late daies descendid of noble bloode that was so + corageous in dedis of armes as was that mightifull prince of renommee of + <!-- Page 44 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page44"></a>{44}</span>youre noble lynage Henry .v<sup>te</sup>. + and his said thre full mighty and noble princes his brethern, and next + .ij. cosyns germayns of youre kynne, that in here daies were as the + pilours and chief postis of the holders up of the [last conquest, and of + the<a name="NtA139" href="#Nt139"><sup>[139]</sup></a>] possession of + youre rightfulle enheritaunce, bothe of youre roiaumes of Fraunce as of + justice keping, tranquillite and pease in youre roiaume of Englonde, also + of the duchies of Normandie, Gascoigne, Guyen, and of the counte of + Mayne.</p> + +<div class="sidenotel">Dux Clarence.</div> + <p>For as for a brief advertisement and remembraunce how Thomas the duc + of Clarence in his yong age, the yere of Crist M<sup>l</sup>.cccc.iij., + lieutenaunt of alle Irelonde, and after that lieutenaunt and governoure + of youre duchees of Gascoyne and Guien, defending the true subgettis + frome theire adversaries, holding up youre right and keping youre peple + and subgettis under youre lawes. And after [the seyd duc,<a + href="#Nt139"><sup>[139]</sup></a>] in company of the victorioux prince + Henry the .v<sup>te</sup>., labourid in armes <span + class="sidenotel">Conciderandum est.</span> upon that noble conquest in + Fraunce and the duchie of Normandie, there being lieutenaunt for that + marchis, where as he in bataile among youre adversaries in the duchie of + Anjou at Bowgée most worshiplie at a sodeyn recountre fighting withe a + few felouship of lordes and nobles, levyng his hoste behynde, not abiding + theire comyng, ayenst a gret multitude of fighters, the yere of Crist + M<sup>l</sup>.cccc.xxj. among the Frenshemen and Scottis was slayne; + whiche not long after God thoroughe power suffred the seid capteyns of + Scottis to be overthrow bothe at the batailes of Cravant, also at the + bataile of Vernelle, and [also<a href="#Nt139"><sup>[139]</sup></a>] at + the bataile of Rouverey.</p> + +<div class="sidenotel">J. dux Bedfordie regens regni Frauncie.</div> + <p>Also youre second cousyn Johan duc of Bedforde, that in his grene age + was lieutenaunt of the marchis, werrid ayenst the Scottis, keping them in + subgeccion, havyng gret journeis and batailes ayenst them. After that + made admirall and kepar of the see, havyng a gret mortal bataile and + victorie ayenst the carrakes, galeis, and othir gret shippis. Beyng also + a certayn tyme lieutenaunt and protectoure in this lande; and sethe yeede + upon youre said conquest into Fraunce and <!-- Page 45 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page45"></a>{45}</span>Normandie, therof being + regent and gouvernoure in the daies of the devout prince Henry the sext + over alle the subgeitis of Fraunce and <span class="sidenotel">Conquestus + comitatus de Mayn.</span> Normandie .xiij. yeris, and conquerid the + counte of Mayne, defending, keping, and gouvernyng the said countreis in + gret tranquillite and peace, to the gret worship of bothe roiaumes, and + there made his faire ende at Rone, where he liethe tombid, the yere of + Crist <span class="sidenotel">.1435.</span> M<sup>l</sup>.cccc.xxxv., the + .xiiij. day of Septembre.</p> + +<div class="sidenotel">Dux Glouc'.</div> + <p>And how the thrid brother Humfrey duc of Gloucestre, withe a notabille + power, was upon youre conquest in Normandie withe his said brother, and + at the bataile of Agyncourt was sore woundid, and <span + class="sidenotel">Comes de Marche. Comes Suff'.</span> after he wanne + [with help of the noble erle of Marche and the erle of Suffolk + acompanyed,<a name="NtA140" href="#Nt140"><sup>[140]</sup></a>] brought + in subjeccion, beforce of siegislieng among youre adversaries, base + Normandie, the castelle of Chierbourgh, the cite of Bayeux, Costances, + withe all the close of Costantyne and Averances, Seynt Lowe, Carenten, + and Valoignez, withe alle othir forteressis and villages in that marcher. + And over that sithe he was protectoure and defendoure of your roiaume of + Englond, in the tyme of the said Henry the sext of grene age, keping gret + justice, tranquillite, and peace withyn youre saide roiaume. And <span + class="sidenotel">Calix.</span> after whan youre nobille castelle and + towne of Calix was beseigid <span class="sidenotel">.1436.</span> in the + yere of Crist M<sup>l</sup>.cccc.xxxvj., without long respit or tarieng, + he puissauntly rescued it. And many other souvereyne and princely + condicions he used in this youre roiaume of Englonde, as in [bokys yovyng + as yt ys seyd to the value of M<sup>l</sup>. marks of all the .vij. + sciences, of dyvinite, as of lawe spirituell and cyvyle, to the + universite of Oxford, and<a href="#Nt140"><sup>[140]</sup></a>] + cherisshing the noble clergie of youre said roiaume. And also havyng gret + charge and cost aboute the gret tendirnesse and favoure shewed and done + to alle straungiers, were they ambassatours, messangiers, and other + noblesse that sought worship of armes, that of divers regions visited + this lande, for whiche favoure and bounteous chier, withe gret rewardes + done to theym, the renome of his noble astate and name sprad thoroughe + alle cristyn roiaumes <!-- Page 46 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page46"></a>{46}</span>and in hethynesse. And after he had by many + wyntris lyved in worship, he making his ende at the towne of Bury, the + yere of Crist <span class="sidenotel">.1447.</span> + M<sup>l</sup>.cccc.xlvij., the .xxv. day of Februarie.</p> + + <p>And over alle these puissaunt dedis done and meynteyned by the + foreseid .iiij. noble princes in theire daies, and now sithen many of + youre noble bloode, as cosins germayns and other allieȝ of youre + nere kyn, as dukis, erlis, barons, bene deceasid sithe the tyme of the + last conquest of Fraunce and Normandie.</p> + +<div class="sidenotel">Nota de ordine militum de la Gartere.</div> +<p class="cenhead">For what cause the knightys of the order and felouship of +saint George was ordeigned.</p> + + <p>And also of the vaillaunt chosen knightes of the noble and + worshipfulle ordre of the Garter, founded by the right noble prince king + Edward thrid, and to bere about his legge a tokyn of the Garter, in the + castelle of Wynsore, the .xxiij. yere of his reigne. And [as yt ys seyd<a + name="NtA141" href="#Nt141"><sup>[141]</sup></a>] in token of worship + that he being in bataile what fortune fille shuld not voide the feeld, + but abide the fortune that God lust sende. Whiche for gret prowesse and + here manlynesse approved in armes was founded for her gret labouris in + werre and vaillaunt dedis of armes be now passid to God and ought be put + in memorialle, that in what <span class="sidenotel">Non sunt oblivio + tradend'.</span> distresse of bataile or siege that they have ben yn for + the righte title in the crowne of Fraunce they alway avaunsid hem forthe + withe the formost in example of good corage gyvyng to alle theire + felouship, to opteyne the overhande of here entreprise. He allas! sethe + that none suche were never sene withdrawers or fleers frome batailes or + dedis of worship, but rather vigorouslie foryeting theymsilfe, as did the + full <span class="sidenotel">Nobilitas Johannis Chaundos de comitatu + Herefordie, senescalli de Peytou.</span> noble knight, a felow of the + Garter, ser Johan Chaundos, as a lion fighting in the feelde [at the + bataylle of Fizar, yn Spayn, wyth prince Edward<a + href="#Nt141"><sup>[141]</sup></a>] of the lion condicion, and defendid + youre roiaume of Fraunce frome youre adversaries, preservyng theire + prince's right and theire subgettis, avaunced youre conquest of Fraunce + and Normandie, Angew, and Mayne, and the noble duchie of Gascoigne and + Gyen, <!-- Page 47 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page47"></a>{47}</span>and maynteyned theire honoure and astate, to + the welle of youre bothe roiaumes and relief of youre treu subgettis of + this lande. And thereto they have ben of the condicions of lyons fighting + withe gret strenght, puissauntlie and stifly sett to withestande youre + ennemies, notwithestanding gret part of the said adverse partie have + voided, fledd, and forsake the feeld and theire felouship at suche tyme + as they sought to abide. In example, of the fulle noble jorney late had + <span class="sidenotel">Senlys</span> <span + class="sidenotel">.1431.</span> in the yere of Crist + M<sup>l</sup>.cccc.xxxj., at Senlys, where youre lieutenaunt and youre + power being present, and Charlis the .vij<sup>the</sup>, youre gret + adversarie of Fraunce withe alle his power to the nombre of + .l<sup>ti</sup>.M<sup>l</sup>. fighters on his side, and embatilled by + thre daies in the feeld, fled and voided unfoughten at the said jorney of + Senlis, youre saide kynnesman Johan duc of Bedford being then + lieutenaunt, and present in the feeld before hym thre daies. And also + sone after the saide worshipfull journey of Senlis, your saide adversarie + of Fraunce, after that <span class="sidenotel">Parys.</span> made his + entreprise, comyng before the noble cite of Paris, with alle his roialle + power to have entred the said cite, and to put out youre saide cosyn duke + of Bedford; whiche havyng knowlege therof incontinent disposed hym + (albeit he had upon so soden warnyng but a few felouship) to mete ayen + withe youre saide adversarie, and put hym in gret aventure, and entred in + youre saide cite of Paris to relief and defende theym as he promised, and + sent worde unto hem late before to theire grettist yoie and comfort. And + youre said adversarie, that ententid to gete the saide cite, besieging + theym withe a grete nombre, mightilie resisted withe men and ordenaunce, + so grevously hurt, being fayne to voide incontinent.</p> + + <p>And as in this maner it shewithe evidently that youre true obeisaunt + lordis, and noble chieveteins, also true subgettis, have abandonned + theire bodies, putting them in gret jupardie unto the parelle of dethe, + or to be taking prisoneris, and yet God hathe served hem soo, that + thoroughe His grace and theire manhod withe wise governaunce [they] have + had the overhande of youre adversaries, and kept bothe the saide citee + and the feelde withe other good men that aboode, whan theire partie + contrarie have ben nombred double or treble <!-- Page 48 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page48"></a>{48}</span>moo than youris, as is + before expressid. And at whiche tyme the saide citee was so mightly + besegid, ser John Radclif knight, withe his felouship, had gret + worship.</p> + +<div class="sidenotel">Exclamacio.</div> + <p>O ye right noble martirs! whiche that for youre verray righte of the + coroune of Fraunce, and for the welfare of the kingis highenesse, and for + the worship of his bothe roiaumes of Englond and Fraunce, ye forto + susteyne righte and forto wynne worship, have ben often put in gret + aventure, as was often tymes of the worshipfulle Romayns. And therfore of + you may be saide that ye were alway stedfast and obeieng youre souvereyn + unto the jupardie and perille of dethe. So wolde Jhesus that in the brief + seson of the sodeyne and wrecchid intrusion late had by the unmanly + disseising and putting oute of Fraunce, Normandie, Angew, and Mayne, + withe the duchies of Gasquien and Guyen, whiche is done bethin the space + of .j. yere and .xiiij. wekis, that is to wete frome the .xv. day of Maij + in the yere of <span class="sidenotel">Nota. 1449, 1450.</span> Crist + M<sup>l</sup>.cccc.xlix. unto the .xv. day of the monithe of August the + yere of Crist M<sup>l</sup>.cccc.l, that every castelle, forteresse, and + towne defensable of the said duchiees [were delyvered upp by force or + composicion to the adverse partye.<a name="NtA142" + href="#Nt142"><sup>[142]</sup></a>] And if they had be alway furnished + and stuffed withe suche suffisaunt nombre of men of armes, with + ordenaunce, vitaile, and wages duely kept and be paied, that they myght + couraged and enforced hem to have bene kept stille the possession,<a + name="NtA143" href="#Nt143"><sup>[143]</sup></a> and they so being of the + lyonns kynde as to have bene of soo egir courage and so manly and + stedfast as they were before this tyme in that parties of Normandie, + conquering, keping, and defending it as they did by the space of .xxxv. + yeris complete and .vij. <span class="sidenotel">Tempus ultimi + conquestus.</span> daies frome the begynnyng of the last conquest the + thrid yere of king Henry the .v<sup>the</sup>., and not the whele of + fortune turned ayenst this lande as it hathe. Notwithestanding king + Edwarde the thrid occupied not in his conquest of Fraunce and Normandie + passe .xxxiiij. yere, whiche that after undre certayne condicions upon + apoyntement of a smalle pease made atwix hym and king Johan of Fraunce + was <!-- Page 49 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page49"></a>{49}</span>graunted that the saide king Johan shulde be + seased and possessid <span class="sidenotel">De pace finali apud + Bretygnye.</span> ayen of a part of the said roiaume and duchie for + certeyne countees, baronnyes, and seignories that we shulde in chief + halde in Guien and other contrees, whiche is more amplie declared in the + saide finalle trety of pease made at Bretygny; yet for alle the othes, + sacrementis, seles of bothe kingis and here lordis made, the said trety + of pease was sone broken by the adverse partie when they couth take + theire <span class="sidenotel">.1371.</span> avauntage, about the yere of + Crist M<sup>l</sup>.ccc.lxxj.</p> + +<div class="sidenotel">Exclamacio alia.</div> + <p>He allas! we dolorous parsones suffring intollerabille persecucions + and miserie, aswelle in honoure lost as in oure<a name="NtA144" + href="#Nt144"><sup>[144]</sup></a> lyvelode there unrecompensid, as in + oure meveable goodes bereved, what shalle we doo or say? Shalle we in + this doloure, anguisshe, and hevynesse contynew long thus? Nay, nay, God + defende that suche intrusions, grete wrongis, and tiranye shuld be left + unpunisshed, and so gret a losse unpunysshed and not repared! For one + good moyen, undre correccion, <span class="sidenotel">De amicicia per + maritagia et alias alligancias fienda.</span> may be this, and if youre + lordis wolde enforce hem to renew theire olde allieȝ of straunge + regions and countrees, as the Romayns did whan they werrid in Auffrik + ayenst the Cartages, and of late daies king Edwarde the thrid gafe + example and sithe king Harry the .v<sup>te</sup>. in oure daies, and also + his noble brothir Johan duke of Bedford <span class="sidenotel">Nota + bene.</span> after hym; whiche allies be almost werid out and foryete to + oure grete desolacion, whiche and they were renewed by meane of mariages + of gret birthe, by cherisshing of lordis, nobles, and marchauntes of the + <span class="sidenotel">Nota et concidera ad honorandum extraneos.</span> + regions that we have been allied unto, or desire to be gyvyng renomme and + honoure in armes to the princes that we desire alliaunce, or<a + name="NtA145" href="#Nt145"><sup>[145]</sup></a> sending at suche tymes + as the cas shalle require to the princes ambassiatours that be halden + worshipfulle men of astate and degree that have sene worship in divers + contreis, whiche prudently can purpose and declare the urgent cause and + necessite of this royaume, it wolde be to think verralie than that tho + yowre<a name="NtA146" href="#Nt146"><sup>[146]</sup></a> people true + subgettis of Fraunce were mynusshed or abated as it is, but oure saide + allies wolde enforce hem withe alle hir power and might to the <!-- Page + 50 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page50"></a>{50}</span>reformacion + of the saide intrusions, and under colour of trewes wrought ayenst us. In + example of this matier, it bathe bene specified herebefore, and how it + hathe be rad among the Romayne stories that, whan Haniballe, prince of + Cartage, had so gret a descomfiture ayenst Camos, governour of the + Romayne ooste, that the men of Cartage gaderid of the fingers of the ded + Romayns three muys fulle of golde ringis. So it shewed that the power of + Rome was gretly mynusshed and febled. Than, whan this tidingis come to + Cartage, one Hamon, a wise man, a senatoure, demaunded if it so were that + for alle so gret a discomfiture is</p> + +<p class="cenhead">[At this place a leaf of the MS., or more, has been lost.]</p> + + <p> </p> + +<div class="sidenotel">Tullius Cicero.</div> + <p>whiche may noie be, for Cicero seicthe in the booke that he made of + Divinacion, and the famous doctour seint Austyn in the book of Fre <span + class="sidenotel">Boecius.</span> wille, and also Boecius in his booke of + Consolacion, or<a name="NtA147" href="#Nt147"><sup>[147]</sup></a> + Comforte ayenst mysfortune, accorden to the same, that we shuld not only + trust that the thinges whiche sounethe to adversite or infortune, and the + whiche comethe to us adversarily or on the lift side, for oure <span + class="sidenotel">Constellacio non necessitat sed forte disponit mores + hominum altor' bene vel contra, ac impressiones aeris et causa mere + naturalia concernencia.</span> offenses not keping the lawes of God, that + oft tymes comythe, they dyvynyng that they fallithe be casuelte of + fortune, by prophesies, orellis thoroughe influence and constellacions of + sterris of hevyn, whiche jugementes be not necessarilie true, for and if + it were like to trouthe it were but as contingent and of no necessite, + that is to sey, as likely to be not as to be. And if a constellacion or + prophesie signified that suche a yere or bethin suche a tyme there shulde + falle werre, pestilence, or deerthe of vitaile to a contree or region, or + privacion of a contre, it is said but dispositiflie and not of necessite + or certente, for than it shulde folow that the prophesies, + constellacions, and influence of sterris were maistris over Goddis power, + and that wolde soune to an herisie orellis to a gret erroure. And if + suche <!-- Page 51 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page51"></a>{51}</span>prophesies and influence of the seide + constellacions might be trew, <span class="sidenotel">Contra fiduciam + adhibendam in prophesiis.</span> <span class="sidenotel">Nota + conclusionem.</span> <span class="sidenotel">Nisi fuerit sanctissimis + viris.</span> yet God hathe gyve that souvereynte in mannys soule that + he, havyng a clene soule, may turne the contrarie disposicion that + jugement of constellacion or prophesies signified. As it is verified by + the famous astrologien Ptolome in his booke called Centilogie, the + capitalle, seieng <i>quod homo sapiens dominatur astris</i>, that a man + is sovereyn abofe suche domes of constellacions. And therfor ye oughte + not deme ne conceyve the gret adversite that fallithe to us is not falle + to us by prophesie or by influence of constellacion of sterris, but only + for synne and wrecchidnes, and for lak of prudence and politique + governaunce in dew tyme provided, and havyng no consideracion to the + comen wele, but rathir to magnifie and enriche oure silfe by singler + covetise, using to take gret rewardis and suffring extorcions over the + pore peple, for whiche inconvenientis by the jugementis and suffraunce of + God, and of his divine providence, the whiche by divers and of his + secretis and as misteries unknowen to us he hathe suffred this mysfortune + among us here, and privacion of the saide roiaume of Fraunce and contreis + ther to falle upon us. And who so wolle considre <span + class="sidenotel">Josephus. Orosius. Titus Livius.</span> welle the + histories of olde croniclers, as of Josephas, libro Antiquitatum, Orosius + de Ormesta Mundi, Titus Livius of the Romayne battelis, and such othirs, + how that gret chaunge of roiaumes and countreis frome one nacion to + another straunge tong hathe be, for synne and wrecchidnesse and + mysgovernaunce reignyng in the roiaume so conquerid. And as it is made + mencion in the olde <span class="sidenotel">Gyldas.</span> historien + called Gildas that for pride, covetice, and flesshely lustis <span + class="sidenotel">Deexpulsione Britonum in Walliam et Cornewaylle propter + peccata. Destruccio regnorum.</span> used amongis the olde Breton bloode + lordis of this roiaume, God suffred the Saxons of Duche ys tung, a + straunge nacion, to dryve them out of this land in Angle in Cornewale and + Walis. And where is Nynnyve, the gret cite of thre daies? and Babilon, + the gret toure, <span class="sidenotel">Nynyve. Babylon. Troye. Thebes. + Athenes.</span> inhabited now withe wilde bestis? the citeis of Troy + [and] Thebes, .ij. grete magnified citeis? also Athenes, that was the + welle of connyng and of wisdam? and Cartage, the victorioux cite of gret + renomme, most doubtable, by the Romayns was brent to asshes. <!-- Page 52 + --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page52"></a>{52}</span><span + class="sidenotel">Rome.</span> And also Rome, so gloriously magnified + thoroughe alle the world, <span class="sidenotel">Jerusalem.</span> + overthrow the gret part of it; aswelle as was Jerusalem. And to take an + example of the many overthrowes and conquestis of this lande by straunge + nacions sithen the Breton bloode first inhabited, <span + class="sidenotel">Picti gentes.</span> as withe peple callid Pictics, + commyng out of ferre northe partie of <span + class="sidenotel">Saxones.</span> the worlde. Then after the Saxones + drove out the olde Breton <span class="sidenotel">Danii. Normanni. + Andegavenses.</span> bloode. Than after the Danys peple conquerid the + Saxons, and than the Normans conquerid the Danys. And sone after the + Angevyns of highe Fraunce, full noble knightis of renomme, Geffrey erle + <span class="sidenotel">Galfridus Plantagenest.</span> Plantagenet erle + of Angew maried withe dame Maud, doughter of the duke of Normandie and + king of Englande, Harry the second, whych doughter, called dame Maude + emperesse, and so haldyn stille the Normandie bloode and the Angevyns + into this tyme. And Job in his booke seithe that nothing fallithe or + risithe on the erthe without a cause, as who saiethe that none adversite + fallithe not to us, but only for wikkidnesse of lyvyng and synne that + reignithe on us; as pride, envye, singuler covetice, and sensualite of + the bodie now a daies hathe most reigned over us to oure destruccion, we + not havyng consideracion to the generalle profit and universalle wele of + a comynalte. And to bring to mynde how the worshipfulle senatours <span + class="sidenotel">Lucius Valerius.</span> Romayns did gife us many + examples, as Lucius Valerius, and also the noble juge cenatoure of Rome + Boecius, [of the grete lofe<a name="NtA148" + href="#Nt148"><sup>[148]</sup></a>] had alway to the cite of Rome. For + the saide Lucius Valerius despendid so gret good upon the comyn profit of + the said cite, to kepe and maynteyne the honoure of the citee, defending + the cite and contreis about from here ennemies, that he died in gret + povertee, but by the cenatours relevyng, and for his worshipfulle dedis + they buried hym in the most solempne wise according to his worship. And + <span class="sidenotel">Boicius.</span> the said juge Boecius loved + rightwisnesse to be kept, and the pore comyns of Rome in that susteyned + and maynteyned that he spared nothir lord ne none astate. But suffred hym + to stande in the daunger of the hethyn king of Rome, and to be in exile + rathir <!-- Page 53 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page53"></a>{53}</span><span class="sidenotel">De republica + custodienda.</span> than he wolde offende justice. Notwithestanding the + saide adversite and tribulacions felle unto hem for avaunsing and + tendring the comyn wele, and alle men of worship may put hem in + worshipfulle remembraunce among worthy princes to here gret renomme and + <span class="sidenotel">De justicia.</span> laude. Also it is to be noted + that was one of the gret causis that the princes Romayns were so gret + conquerours and helde the straunge roiaumes so long in subjeccion, but + only using of trouthe and justice keping in here conquestis.</p> + +<div class="sidenotel">De justicia Camilli in obcidionibus historia gloriosa.</div> +<p class="cenhead">A fulle noble historie how that Camillus the duke of Rome +wolde use justice in his conquest.</p> + +<div class="sidenotel">Quod princeps debet vincere cicius per justiciam quam per traditionem.</div> +<div class="sidenotel">Titus Livius decade primo.</div> + <p>In example I rede in the Romayns stories of Titus Livius in the booke + of the first decade that a prince Romayn clepid Camillus, whiche did so + many victorioux dedis, and loved so welle the comyn profit of the cite of + Rome, that he was called the second Romulus whiche founded first Rome, + besieged a gret cite of Falistes, whiche is <span + class="sidenotel">Florens cytee.</span> nowe as it is saide called + Florence, to have hem undre the governaunce of the Romayne lawes. And as + he had leyne long at the siege, and after gret batailes and scarmysshes + it fortuned that a maister of sciencis of Falliste called now Florence, + the whiche had all the enfauntes and childryn of the gouvernours and + worshipfulle men of the saide citee in his rule to lerne hem virtuous + sciencis, thought to wynne a gret rewarde and thank of the noble prince + Camillus, and by the umbre of treson ayenst justice that the said maistre + wolde wirke to cause the senatours of Faliste [the rather<a name="NtA149" + href="#Nt149"><sup>[149]</sup></a>] to deliver up the cite to the prince, + the said maister by flatering and blandishing wordis meoved his clerkis + to desport bethout the cite in the feeldis, and so fedde hem forthe withe + sportis and plaies tille he had brought hem withyn the siege and power of + Camillus, and came to his presence, saiyng to hym that he had brought to + hym the sonnes of the chief lordes and governours of the cite of + Falliste, <!-- Page 54 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page54"></a>{54}</span>whiche and he wolde kepe the said chyldryn + in servage, the faderis of hem wolle deliver hym the cite bethout any + more werre making. <span class="sidenotel">Camillus.</span> Than saide + that just prince Camillus that it was not the Romayns condicions to werre + and punisshe such innocentis as never offendid in werre, ne knew not what + werre meoved; and wolde not suffre that the Falistes be defrauded of here + contre and cite by unjust menes of treason or fals covyn or undew + alliaunce, but as naturalle werre wol fortune by manhod and just dede of + armes to take the cite. And there the saide prince comaunded the + scolemaister for his gret deceite to be dispoilid and to be betyn nakid + withe baleese and sharpe roddis <span + class="sidenotel">Conciderandum.</span> withe his owne clerkis into the + cite ayen; than the governours and maistres of the cite, havyng + consideracion of the gret justice and manhod that he used in his + conquest, sent to Camillus ambassatours <span + class="sidenotel">Proposicio ad Romanos gentes.</span> withe the keies of + the cite, and purposid unto him, saieng, O ye fathir and prince of + justice, wher as the welle honoure and renommee of justice and of + victorioux dedis reignithe among you Romaynes by using of justice, and + that for asmoche they perceyved that princes Romayns used feithe and + justice, and peyned theym to kepe theire peple conquerid hem to be + subgettis to Rome by justice, they were fulle joifulle and glad to lyve + undre theire lawes, and so delivered hym the [keys and the<a + name="NtA150" href="#Nt150"><sup>[150]</sup></a>] citee, to the gret + renomme of the saide prince and to alle the Romayns gretly to be + magnified.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">Historie of dame Cristyn, declaring how a prince and a ledar of +peple shulde use prudence and justice by example of the noble +cenatoure called Fabricius.</p> + + <p>And also as dame Cristyn<a name="NtA151" + href="#Nt151"><sup>[151]</sup></a> in the .xv. chapitre of the first + partie of hir seid booke of Tree of Batailes leiethe a noble example that + <!-- Page 55 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page55"></a>{55}</span>among alle vertues that shulde long to a + prince, a duke, a cheveteyne, or to a governoure of a contre, citee, or + towne, or a leder of peple, rehersithe how it is necessarie that he + shulde be a prudent man and a wise and of gret trouthe, as by example it + is write of the noble and trew senatoure Fabricius, leder of the Roman + oostis, the whiche for his gret trouthe, vailliaunce, and manhod, and + wise governaunce, king Pirrus his adversarie offred to gyve hym the + .iiij<sup>the</sup>. part of his roiaume and of his tresoure and goodis, + so that the saide Fabricius wolde yelden and turne to his partie and + become his felow in armes. To whiche Pirrus the said Fabrisius answerd, + that a trew man might not to over moche hate and dispreise tresoure and + richesse by treason and falshed evylle getyn, where as by possibilite and + alle liklinesse may be honourable and truly vanquisshid and wonne bye + armes, and not in noo maner wise by untrouthe and falshed. In whiche + matier verifieng, saiethe Vigecius in his booke of Chevalrie, to a + chiefteyne, to whome is commytted so gret a thing as is deliverid hym the + charge and governaunce of noblesse of chevalrie, the dedis and + entreprises of a prince is office is principally comytted hym <span + class="sidenotel">Res publica.</span> for the governaunce of comon + publique of a roiaume, dukedom, erledom, barnage, or seignourie, + castelle, forteresse, citee, and towne, that is clepid vulgarlie the + comon profite, the suerte and saufegarde of alle the saide contreis. And + if by the fortune of batailes he might not only have a generall + consideracion and cure of alle his ooste or over alle the peple, contree, + or citee that he hathe take the charge of, but he must entende to every + particuler charge and thing that nedithe remedie or relief for his + charge; and any thing myssfortune to a comon universall damage in defaut + of oversight of remedie of a particuler and singuler thing or charge, + thoroughe whiche might grow to an universall damage, than it is to be + wited his defaute. <!-- Page 56 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page56"></a>{56}</span>And therefore in conclusion of this, late it + take example to folow the noble and fructufulle examples of the noble + cenatours. And we ought so to kepe us frome the offending and grevyng of + oure sovereyne Maker not to usurpe ayenst justice as hathe be doo, in + suche wise that thoroughe oure synfulle and wrecchid lyvyng ayenst his + lawes he be not lengir contrarie to us, suffring us this grevouslie for + oure offensis to be overthrow, rebukid, and punished as we bee, but lyve + and endure in suche clene life, observyng his .x. preceptis, that he have + no cause to shew on us the rod of his chastising as he dothe.</p> + +<div class="sidenotel">Deploracio contra iniquos malefactores prevalentes.</div> +<p class="cenhead">Another exhortacion to kepe the lawes of God, for in doubte that +ellis God wulle suffre oure adversaries punisshe us withe his +rodde.</p> + + <p>O mightifulle God, if it be soo as holy scripture seiethe, the whiche + is not to mystrust, have not we deserved cause this to be punished, + seeyng so many wrecchid synnes as among us dailie uncorrectid hathe + reigned, for whiche we ought know we be righte worthy of <span + class="sidenotel">Nota optime.</span> moche more chastising and grettir + punishement of God, he being just and not chaungeable; for it is wretyn + in the booke of Paralipomenon that for the gret synnes used be theym of + Israelle, God of his rightwisnesse suffred the Phillistyns that were they + never so eville ne in so eville a quarelle to be persecutours and + destroiers of the lande of Judee and of Goddis peple, and the rathir that + the saide Israelites had a law gyven hem by Moises and kept it not.</p> + +<div class="sidenotel">De republica augmentanda.</div> +<p class="cenhead">How every officer spirituelle and temporelle shulde put hym +in his devoire to the avaunsing of the comon profite.</p> + + <p>And it is for to remembre among alle other thingis that is made + mencion in this Epistille that every man after his power and degre shuld + principallie put hym in devoire and laboure for the <!-- Page 57 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page57"></a>{57}</span>avaunsment of the comon + profit of a region, contre, cite, towne, or householde; for, as alle the + famous clerkis writen, and inespecialle that wise cenatoure of Rome + Tullius in his booke De Officiis [de Republica, that Novius Marcellus + makyth mencion of yn dyvers chapiters,<a name="NtA152" + href="#Nt152"><sup>[152]</sup></a>] and in other bookis of his De + Amicicia, Paradoxis, and Tusculanis questionibus, that Res publica welle + attendid and observed, it is the grounde of welfare and prosperite of + alle maner peple. And first to wete the verray declaracion of these .ij. + termys Res publica, as seint Austyn seiethe in the .v. booke and .xxviij. + chapitre of the Cite of God, and the saide Tullius the famous rethoricien + accordithe withe the same, saieng in Latyn termes: "Res publica est res + populi, res patrię, res communis; sic patet quod omnis qui intendit bonum + commune et utilitatem populi vel patrię vel civitatis augere, conservare, + protegere, salva justicia intendit et rempublicam augere et conservare." + And it is forto lerne and considre to what vertues Respublica + strecchithe, as I rede in a tretie that Wallensis, a noble clerk, wrote + in his book clepid Commune loquium, C<sup>o</sup>. 3<sup>o</sup>. + p<sup>e</sup> partis, seithe quod, "Respublica ordinatur hiis virtutibus, + scilicet, legum rectitudine, justicię soliditate, equitatis concordia, + unanimitatis fidelitate mutua adjuvante, concilio salubri dirigente, + morum honestate decorante, ordinata intentione consumpnante." As for the + first <span class="sidenotel">Tullius in nova rethorica.</span> partie it + is verified by Tullie in his Rethorik the first booke: "Omnes leges ad + commodum reipublicę judicis referre oportet, et lex nichil aliud est quam + recta racio et anima justa, imperans honesta, prohibens contraria." And + it is right expedient that alle tho that be justices, governours, or + rulers of contrees, citees, or townes, to a comon profit, must doo it by + prudent counceile and good avise of auncien approved men; for a + governoure of a comon profit were in olde tyme named amongis the Romayns, + havyng the astate that at this daies bene used [by] alle tho that bene + called to highe digniteis, the emperoure, kingis, princes, dukis, + marques, erlis, vicountes, barons, baronettis, consules, chevalers, + esquiers, and aldermannes, justices, <!-- Page 58 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page58"></a>{58}</span>baillifis, provostis, + maires, and suche othirs officers. And Tullius in the first booke of + Offices seiethe: "Parva sunt foris arma ubi consilium non est domi."</p> + +<p class="cenhead">How auncient men growen in yeris be more acceptable to be elect +for a counceilour, or for to gouverne a cite for a comyn profit, +than yong men.</p> + +<div class="sidenotel">Tullius de Senectute.</div> + <p>Tullius in his book De Senectute saiethe that auncient men that bene + growen in age bene more profitable in gyvyng counceile for the <span + class="sidenotel">Examplum amplum.</span> avaunsing and governyng a comon + profit of a citee, towne, or village, as to bere offices, than othirs + that bene yong of age, althoughe he be [of] mighty power of bodie. For an + example he puttithe, as there be men in a ship som that be yonge of + mighty power halithe up the ankirs, othirs goithe feersly aboute the + ropis fastenyng, and some goithe to set up the saile and take it downe as + the govenoure the maister avisithe hem. Yet the eldist man that is halde + wisist among hem sittithe and kepithe the rothir or sterne [of] the ship, + and seethe to the nedille for to gide the ship to alle costis, + behofefulle to the savyng of the ship frome dangers and rokkis, whiche + dothe more profit and grettir avauntage to the vesselle than alle tho + yong lusty <span class="sidenotel">Experiencia, &c.</span> men that + rennen, halithe, or clymethe. Wherfor it may be concluded that the + auncien approved men by long experience, made governours and counceilours + of roiaumes, contrees, citeis, and townes, done grettir dedis by theire + wise counceile, than tho that labouren in the feelde, cite, or towne by + mighty power of her hand. And it is <span class="sidenotel">Job.</span> + saide by Job, .12<sup>o</sup>. that Roboam, whiche forsooke the counceile + of olde men, and drew after the counceile of yong men, lost the kingdom + [of] whiche he had the gouvernaunce; and whiche example is right + necessarie to be had in remembraunce in every wise governoure is hert. + And so wolde the mightifulle God that every governoure wolde have a + verray parfit love to the governaunce of a comon wele by wise and goode + counceile, and to folow the pathis and weies and examples <!-- Page 59 + --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page59"></a>{59}</span>of the noble + senatours of Rome, how they were attending to the commyn profit, setting + aside singular availe. So tho famous region and citeis aboute undre + theire obeissaunce reigned alle that tyme by many revolucion of yeris in + gret worship and prosperite, as I shalle in example put here in + remembraunce, and is founden writen in divers stories, as of one among + othir ys</p> + +<div class="sidenotel">De preferramento rei publice.</div> +<p class="cenhead">How Fabius the noble cenatoure set by no worship of vayne glorie, +but only laboured for the comon profit of Rome.</p> + +<div class="sidenotel">Fabius cenator dexspexit vanam gloriam.</div> + <p>Tullius de Senectute the first partie maketh mencion of a noble prince + Romayne clepid Fabius, whiche had gret batailes and journeis withe + Hanibal prince of Cartage, to kepe the conquest of Romayne contreis, and + to see theire libertees and fraunchises observed and kept for the wele of + alle maner peple; whiche Fabius despraised renommee and vayne glorie, but + onlie gafe his solicitude, thought, and his bisy cure about the comon + profit of Rome; for whiche cause the saide Fabius after his dethe was put + in gret renomme and more magnified among the Romayns than he was in his + liffe tyme. And the saide Fabius, after the right and usage was in tho + daies, did gret diligence to lerne and know by augures and <span + class="sidenotel">Quomodo Romani gentes fuerant divinatores et auguriste + pro conservacione rei publice.</span> divinacions of briddis and by other + causes naturell after the ceasons of the yeris and in what tymes + prosperite, welthe, and plente, derthe, or scarsite of cornes, wynes, + [and] oilis shulde falle to the contre of Romayns, to his grettist + comfort for the avauncement of the comon wele. And he delited gretly to + rede actis and dedis of armes of straunge nacions, to have a parfiter + remembraunce and experience to rule a comon wele, that was moche bettir + than before his daies ne sithe was no consulle like to his governaunce + except the worthy Scipion's. And it were fulle necessarie that princes + and lordis shuld know by naturalle cause of philosophie the seasons and + yeris of prosperite or adversite falling to the region that he is of, to + th'entent he might make his provision thereafter; but more pite is few + <!-- Page 60 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page60"></a>{60}</span>profound clerkis in this lande ben + parfitelie grounded in suche workis or they fauten her principales in + scolis, so they have no sufficient bookis, orellis they taken upon them + the connyng of judicielle mateiris to know the impressions of the heire + and be not expertid, and be this maner the noble science of suche + judicielle mater in causis naturelle concernyng the influence of the + bodies of hevyn ben defamed and rebukid.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">How Lucius Paulus Fabricius and Curius Cornicanus, cenatours, in +her grete age onlie studied and concellid for the proferring of the +comon wele.</p> + + <p>Also to bring to mynde for to folow the steppis of the full noble + consulle of Rome Lucius Paulus, whiche the wise Caton is sonne maried the + doughter of the saide Lucius Paule. Also the senatours clepid Fabricius + and Curiois Cornecanois, that they aswelle as the forsaide Fabius in her + grete age did none othir bisinesse but only by theire counceile and by + theire auctorite counceiled, avised, and comaunded that that shulde bee + to the comon profit of the saide cite of Rome.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">How Appius the highe preest of the tempill of Mynerfe, albeit he +was blinde, of good corage purposid tofore the Romains to +make werre withe king Pirrus then to be com subjet to her +auncient ennemy king Pirrus.</p> + +<div class="sidenotel">Tullius de Senectute.</div> + <p>In like wise the [hyghe<a name="NtA153" + href="#Nt153"><sup>[153]</sup></a>] preest of the tempille of Mynerve of + Rome clepid Appius, after he was for gret age blinde and feble, whan king + Pirrus, king of Epirotes, werrid so ayenst Rome that he had [febled and<a + href="#Nt153"><sup>[153]</sup></a>] werried them so sore and wan upon hem + so gret contreis, that the Romains ayenst theire worship wolde have made + pease and alliaunces withe hym to her uttermost dishonoure, <!-- Page 61 + --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page61"></a>{61}</span>but the said + Appius purposid tofore the noble senatoures Romayn <span + class="sidenotel">Ennius poeta.</span> and required hem to doo after the + counceile of Ennius the wise consul, that the Romains shulde take good + hert to hem, and not to abate here noble courages, to become subjet to + theire auncient adversarie Pirrus; and that they shulde take new + entreprinses upon Pirrus and destroie his gret armees; whiche the saide + senatours were revived in theire courages thoroughe the wise exhortacions + of Appius, and had the victorie of Pirrus.</p> + +<div class="sidenotel">De Officiis Catonis.</div> +<p class="cenhead">This chapitre declarithe how many gret offices of highe dignite +Caton was called and auctorised for his gret manhode and +wisdom, and how he in his age couraged the yong knightis to +goo to feelde to venquisshe Cartage or he died.</p> + + <p>Also the noble senatoure of Rome Caton, that was so manlie, prudent, + and of holsom counceile, whiche in his yong daies occupied the office of + a knight in excersising armes, anothir season he occupied the office of + tribune as a chief juge among the Romayns, another season was a legat as + an ambassatoure into ferre contreis, yet anothir tyme in his gret auncien + age, that he might not gretlie laboure, was made consul of Rome to sit + stille and avise the weies and meenys how the Romayns might alway be + puissaunt to resist ayenst Cartage, whiche he hopid verralie or he died + to see the saide cite destroied. And the said Caton, in presence of yong + Scipio and Lelius, .ij. noblest yong knightis of Rome that visited Cato + to here of his wise conduit and counceile, he being then of full gret + age, tendred so ferventlie the well of comon profit of Rome, that he + required and besought the immortalle godis<a name="NtA154" + href="#Nt154"><sup>[154]</sup></a> of licence that he might not die till + he might know Cartage destroied by victorie of bataile, and to be avengid + of the servage and miserie of the noble Romayns whiche were prisoneris + withe Quintus Fabius in Cartage xxxiij yere passed.</p> + +<p><!-- Page 62 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page62"></a>{62}</span></p> + +<div class="sidenotel">Doctor militum in armis.</div> +<p class="cenhead">Of a semblable noble condition of Quintus Fabius according +to Caton.</p> + + <p>And Quintus Fabius, albeit he might not in his gret age laboure, left + the usage that he in his youthe taught yong knightis, as to renne, lepe, + just withe speris, fight afoote withe axes, yet he had in his olde age + alway gret solicitude and thought for the avauncement of the comon profit + of the citee by counceile, by reason and by inure deliberacion of hymsilf + and of the wise senatoure.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">The diffinicion of the office that belongithe to the senate.</p> + +<div class="sidenotel">Tullius de Senectute.</div> + <p>And whiche terme senate is as moche for to say a companie of aged men + assembled togither.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">How Caton writithe that citeis and contreis that were governed by +men of yong age were destroied, and they lost also theire lifelode +wastefullie.</p> + +<div class="sidenotel">Ita Officia danda juvenibus.</div> + <p>And Caton saide that who so wolde rede in auncien histories he shulde + finde that citeis whiche were conduit and governed by men of yong age, + were destroied and brought to desert, as well Rome as othirs, and it was + not revived ne encresid ayen, but onlie be the counceile of auncien men. + And the saide Cato makithe a question to tho saide yong joly knightis, + Scipion and Lilius, demaunding them why they and suche othir yong + counceilours had wasted and brought to nought theire inheritaunce callid + patrimonie, and the comon profit of theire cite and countre destroied. + And Nennius the poet made answere for hem and saide, tho that were made + counceilours for the <!-- Page 63 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page63"></a>{63}</span>comon profit of the towne, also suche that + were of Scipion and Lilius counceile, were but new [not expert<a + name="NtA155" href="#Nt155"><sup>[155]</sup></a>] drawen maistris, + ignoraunt advocatȝ and pledours, yong men not roted ne expert in + the law ne in policie [of] governaunce, whiche by theire fole-hardiesse + and be the proprete and nature of grene age causid the patrimonie of + Lelius and Scipion to be lost, and also the countreis that they hadde to + governaunce. And he that wolle have prudent avise and sure conceile must + doo by counceile of men of gret age, aswelle in counceile of civile + causes as in conduct of armees and oostis of men of armes in werre, for + the defence of the comon publique.</p> + +<div class="sidenotel">Agamenon.</div> +<p class="cenhead">Of the answere and reson of Agamenon duke and leder of the +Greekis hoost ayenst the Troiens.</p> + + <p>For Agamenon the noble knight that was leder and governoure of the + Grekis batailes ayenst the noble Troiens,</p> + +<div class="sidenotel">Nestor.</div> +<p class="cenhead">Of the wisdom of king Nestor a Troian.</p> + +<div class="sidenotel">De conciliis antiquorum militum in experiencia preferrendorum.</div> + <p>when he herde of king Nestor, how he was holden the wisist lyvyng of + counceile yevyng and of gret eloquence in his auncien age,</p> + +<div class="sidenotel">Ayax.</div> +<p class="cenhead">Of the recomendacion of the prowesse of Ayax a knight +of Grece.</p> + + <p>and in like wise one Ayax a knight of Grece was halden the best + fighter amonge the Grekis ayenst the Trojens; in so moche that the Grekis + desired of the immortell goddis to have only but .xl. suche batellous + knightis as Ayax is to fighte withe the Grekis ayenst the Troyens,</p> + +<p><!-- Page 64 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page64"></a>{64}</span></p> + +<p class="cenhead">How duke Agamenon trusted so gretlie in the counceile of agid +men, that he required the immortelle goddis to have suche +.vj. olde kingis as Nestor is, doubted not to wynne Troie in +short tyme.</p> + + <p>but that noble duke Agamenon required of the goddis six suche wise + viellars as was Nestor, that then he doubted not within short tyme that + Troie shulde be take and destroied.</p> + +<div class="sidenotel">Publius Decius.</div> +<p class="cenhead">How that most noble centoure Publius Decius, so hardie an entreprennoure +in the bataile, whan the Romains were almost overthrow, +he avaunsid hym silfe so ferre in the bataile, to die to +th'entent to make the Romains more gret, and felle for his dethe +in fighting tille they had the victory.</p> + +<div class="sidenotel">Nota bene diversitatem militum.</div> +<div class="sidenotel">Publius Decius non est recomendandus in hoc negocio.</div> + <p>In semblable wise Tullius writithe of that vaillaunt citezin Romayne + Publius Decius, at a tyme he was chosen consulle and as a chiefteyne + among the Romayne ostes, he saw how the Romayne oost was almost bete + downe to grounde, he thought in his soule that he wolde put his bodie in + jubardie frely to die, forto make the Romains more egir and fellir in + that bataile to revive hem silfe thoroughe cruelte of his dethe. He tooke + his hors withe the sporis, and avaunsing hym silfe among his adversaries, + and at the last was so sore charged withe hem that he was fellid to + grounde deede. The Romayns, havyng consideracion in theire courageous + hertis how knyghtly he avaunsid hym in bataile fighting and suffered + dethe for here sake, tooke courage and hert to hem, and recomforting hem + foughten so vigorouslie ayenst theire adversaries that they hadde the + victorie.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">[Here is added in the margin the following anecdote:]</p> + + <p>Hyt ys to remembre that I hafe herd myne autor Fastolfe sey, whan he + had yong knyghtys and nobles at hys solasse, how that <!-- Page 65 + --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page65"></a>{65}</span>there be twey + maner condicions of manly men, and one ys a manlye man called, another ys + an hardye man; but he seyd the manly man ys more to be commended, more + then the hardy man; for the hardy man that sodenly, bethout discrecion of + gode avysement, avauncyth hym yn the felde to be halde courageouse, and + wyth grete aventur he scapyth, voydith the felde allone, but he levyth + hys felyshyp destrussed. And the manly man, ys policie ys that, or he + avaunce hym and hys felyshyp at skirmysshe or sodeyn racountre, he wille + so discretely avaunce hym that he wille entend to hafe the ovyr hand of + hys adversarye, and safe hymsylf and hys felyshyp. And therfore the + aventure of Publius Decius ys not aftyr cristen lawes comended by hys + willefulle deth, nother hys son.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">How the son of the said Publius died in the same case.</p> + + <p>And the sonne of the said Publius, that was foure tyme electe and and + chose consul among the Romains, put hym in so gret jupardie of bataile, + for the helthe, prosperitie, and welfare of the Romains, that he died in + bataile in like wise.</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>Here folowithe the historie of the most noble recommendacion in + perpetuite of Marcus Actilius, a chief duke of the Romayne hostes, of his + gret providence using in hostes ayenst derthes and scarsetees<a + name="NtA156" href="#Nt156"><sup>[156]</sup></a> of cornes, wines, [and] + oilis; and how he of fortune of werre, being prisoner in Cartage amongis + his dedlie adversaries, albeit he was put to raunson, suffred wilfullie + for to die in prison, because he was so gretly aged and wered in bataile, + then to the Romains to pay so infenite a somme for his finaunce and + raunson.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p>Hit is historied also of worshipfulle remembraunce how that verray + trew lover of the comon wele of the Romains, Marcus Actilius, that first + yave hym to labouragis and approwementis of londes and <!-- Page 66 + --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page66"></a>{66}</span><span + class="sidenotel">Autor rei publicę.</span> pastures, to furnisshe and + store the saide countre withe plente of corne and vitaile; after, for his + gret policie, wisdom, and manhod, was made consulle and conestable of the + Romayne batailes, and fulle often sithis discomfited theire adversaries + of Cartage. And he, at a tyme, by chaunge of fortune in bataile, was take + prisoner into Cartage, being of gret age than. And for deliveraunce of + whiche Actilius the governours of Cartage desired hym that he shulde + laboure and sende to Rome forto deliver out of prison a gret nombre of + yong men of werre of Cartage that were prisoneris in Rome, and he shulde + goo frank and quite. And the saide Actilius denyed and refused it + utterly, but that he wolde rather die in prison than to suffre the + werrours of Cartage to be delyverid for his sake, for he loved the comon + wele and proffit of Rome; and becaus that noble Actilius wolde not + condescende to deliver the prisoneris of Cartage, they turmentid hym in + prison in the most cruelle wise to dethe; that, and it were expressid + here, it wolde make an harde hert man to falle the teris of his yen. The + voluntarie dethe of whiche Marcus Actilius, for the welfare, prosperite, + and comon profit of Rome, causithe hym to be an example to alle othir, + and to be put perpetuelly in remembraunce for worship.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">How the noble duke Scipion Affrican put hym in so gret aventure in +his gret age ayens the Cartages, that he died upon,<a name="NtA157" href="#Nt157"><sup>[157]</sup></a> rathir than +to life in servage.</p> + +<div class="sidenotel">Scypio Affricanus.</div> +<div class="sidenotel">Scipio Asyanus.</div> + <p>Also to have in remembraunce to folow the steppis of the full noble + and glorious champions two bretherin Scipion Africanus and Scipion Asian, + whiche alle their lyve daies emploied and besied hem in divers + entreprises of armees and batailes ayenst the Affricains, for the + saufegarde and defense of the comon wele of theire contre. And the <span + class="sidenotel">Scipio Affricanus.</span> saide Scipion Affrican + wilfully died in armes of chevalrie rathir than to lyve in servage and + distresse among his adversaries in Cartage.</p> + +<p><!-- Page 67 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page67"></a>{67}</span></p> + +<p class="cenhead">How Scipion Asian, a noble conqueroure for the Romayns, yet in his +age he was envyed, accused to king Antiochus, [and] died +pitouslie in prison for his rewarde.</p> + + <p>And notwithestanding after many triumphes and victories done by + Scipion Asian, that put in subjeccion the contre of Asie, and enriched + gretlie the tresoure of Rome thoroughe his conquestis, he was by envious + peple accused falsely to king Antiochus, that he hadde withehalde the + tresoure of Rome, and was condempned to prison, where he endid his + daies.</p> + +<div class="sidenotel">Lucius Paulus.</div> +<p class="cenhead">How Lucius Paulus, a cenatoure, in defaute that his hoste wolde +not doo by counceile, he was slayne in bataile.</p> + +<div class="sidenotel">Quod capitanei non debent renunciare concilia peritorum.</div> + <p>Also Lucius Paulus, a noble consul Romayne, that spared not hym silfe + to die in bataile in Puylle withe .ccc. noble Romains that were assemblid + unwitting the saide Lucius Paulus, and alle for lak of counceile that the + saide .iij<sup>c</sup>. nobles Romayns wolde not be governed by hym: he + seeng anothir consul Romayn toke the entreprise, was so overthrowen withe + his felouship, the saide Lucius Paulus avaunced hym wilfully among his + adversaries withe the residew of the Romains that [were] lefte, and there + died withe them, to th'entent that it shulde be noted and know that the + saide entreprise was not lost in his defaute.</p> + +<div class="sidenotel">Marcus Marcellus.</div> +<div class="sidenotel">Haniballe.</div> +<p class="cenhead">How Marcus Marcellus, a consul that for the welfare of Rome, +bethout avise, went hastilie to bataile ayenst Haniballe of +Cartage, and he being so sorie for the dethe of so manlie a duke +did hym to be buried in the most worshipfulle wise.</p> + + <p>Also it is [to be] remembrid of Marcus Marcellus, a consulle Romayne + that set noughte of dethe, for he upon a tyme, bethout gret <!-- Page 68 + --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page68"></a>{68}</span>deliberacion or + advisement, desired to fight ayenst Haniballe prince of Cartage, + assemblid withe a gret power ayenst the Romains, whiche were feerse</p> + +<p class="cenhead">[Here again a leaf of the Manuscript is lost.]</p> + + <p>of man, his beeis for hony, his medewis purveied for sustenaunce of + his grete bestis, and every man after his degree to store hym silfe, that + whan ther falle by fortune of straunge wethirs, as thoroughe excessife + moist, colde, heet, mildewis, or by fortune of bataile and werre, the + saide countre, cite, towne, village, or menage so provided and stuffid + before shalle mow withe gret ease endure the persecucion of a scarsete or + derthe fallen [by] suche straunge menys. And <span class="sidenotel">Res + publica.</span> aswelle the terme of Res publica, whiche is in Englisshe + tong clepid a comyn profit, it ought aswelle be referred to the provision + and wise gouvernaunce of a mesuage or a householde as to the conduit and + wise governaunce of a village, towne, citee, countree, or region.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">[The following addition is here made in the margin.]</p> + + <p>Hyt ys to remembre thys caase of rebellyon of Parys felle in abcence + of Herry .v<sup>te</sup>. kyng beyng in England wyth hys queene. And + bethoute noote of vaynglory, yff I do wryte of myne autor<a name="NtA158" + href="#Nt158"><sup>[158]</sup></a> I fynde by hys bokes of hys purveours + how yn every castelle, forteresse, and cyte or towne he wolde hafe grete + providence of vitaille of cornys, of larde, and beoffes, of stokphyshe + and saltfyshe owt of England commyng by shyppes. And that policie was one + of the grete causes that the regent of Fraunce and the lordes of the kyng + ys grete councelle lefft hym to hafe so many castells to kepe that he + ledd yerly .iij<sup>c</sup>. sperys and the bowes. And also yn semblable + wyse purveyed yeerly for lyverey whyte and rede for hubes for hys + soudeours, and for armurs wepyns redye to a naked man that was hable to + do the kyng and the sayd regent service. And yt fille yn the + .viij<sup>te</sup>. yere of Herry the .v<sup>the</sup>., named kyng, when + he was capteyn of the Bastyle of Seynt Antonye of Parys, and Thomas + Beauford, dux of Excestyr, <!-- Page 69 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page69"></a>{69}</span>beyng then capteyn of the cytee, hyt + fortuned that for the arrestyng of the lord Lyseladam, who<a + name="NtA159" href="#Nt159"><sup>[159]</sup></a> was yn so grete favour + of the cyte that alle the comyns of the seyd cyte [stode] sodanly to + harneys and rebelled ayenst the duc of Exetyr and ayenst hys armee and + felyshyppe; so the duc for more suerte wyth hys felyshype were coherced + to take the Bastyle for her deffence. And at hys commyng the chieff + questyon he demaunded of the seyd Fastolf how welle he was stored of + greynes, of whete, of benys, pesyn, and aveyn for horsmete, and of othyr + vitaille; he seyd for half yere and more suffisaunt. And hyt comforted + gretly the prince. Then the duc made redy the ordenaunce wyth shot of + grete gonnys amongys the rebells and shot of arowes myghtelye, that they + kept her loggeyns. And the Frenshe kyng and the quene beyng yn the cytee, + helde ayenst the rebellys, so yn short tyme the burgeyses wer constreyned + to submytt them and put hem yn the duc ys grace.</p> + +<div class="sidenotel">De magnificencia felicitatis cultoribus terrarum adhibenda, specialiter Cyro regi.</div> +<p class="cenhead">Caton magnifiethe that prince that cherisshith and favourithe +erthe tiliers.</p> + + <p>And as Caton writithe that it is one of the principalle dedis of a + prince to maynteyne, kepe, and avaunce labourage of the londe, and of all + tho that bee laboureris of the londe, whiche men soo cherisshed most of + verray necessite cause a roiaume, countree, or cite to be <span + class="sidenotel">Socrates.</span> plenteous, riche, and well at ease. + And the philosophur Socrates writithe that Cirus king of Perse was + excellent in wit, glorious in seignorie terrien; in the daies [of] whiche + Cirus one Lisander, of the cite of Lacedemone in Grece, a man halden of + gret vertew and noblesse, came owt of ferre contrees to see the saide + king Cirus, being in the cite of Sardes, and presented hym withe clothis + of golde, juellis, and othir ricchesses sent by the citezeins of + Lacedemonois; the <span class="sidenotel">De quodam Lysander ph'o.</span> + whiche king Cirus received the saide Liȝander full worshiplie in + his palais, and, for the grettist ricchesse roialle and pleasure that the + said <!-- Page 70 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page70"></a>{70}</span>king Cirus had to doo hym worship and + pleasure and chier, he broughte the saide Lisander to see his gardins and + herbers, whiche gardins were so proporcionallie in a convenient distaunce + sett and planted withe treis of verdure of divers fructis, the gardyns so + welle aleyed to walke upon, and rengid withe beddis bering fulle many + straunge and divers herbis, and the herbers of so soote smyllis of + flouris and herbis of divers colours, that it was the joieust and + plesaunt sighte that ever the saide citesyn Lisander had see beforne. + <span class="sidenotel">De Ciro rege Persarum.</span> And the saide Cirus + saide unto Lisander that he had devised and ordeined the herbers to be + compassed, rengid, and made, and many of the treis planted it withe his + owne hande. And the saide Lisander, beholding the gret beaute, semlinesse + of his parson, [and] the riche clothis he ware of tissue and precious + stones, he saide that fortune and felicite mondeyne was joyned and knyt + withe his vertue and noblesse roiall, forasmoche as the saide Cirus + emploied and intentife<a name="NtA160" href="#Nt160"><sup>[160]</sup></a> + besynesse in tymes oportune in tilieng, ering, and labourage of his + londis to bere corne and fruit, whiche is the principalle partie of + beneurte and felicite mondeyne, that is to wete the <span + class="sidenotel">Tullius.</span> naturelle richesse of worldlie joie. + Also Tullius writithe that Valerius Corvinus, an auncien citesyn Romayne, + did his gret peyne and diligence to laboure londes and make it riche + withe labourage and tilieng upon the londe for the comon wele of the cite + of Rome, that in tyme and yeris of scarsete the garners in Rome shulde be + alway furnisshed and stuffid withe greyn, that a meane price of corne + shulde be alway hadde.</p> + +<div class="sidenotel">De re publica.</div> +<p class="cenhead">How the noble cenatours of Rome avaunced here parsones in gret +perille and jubardie ayenst theire adversaries for the comon +welfare of the Romains.</p> + + <p>And the saide famous clerk Tullius, in the .5. disc' of the saide + booke, puttithe in remembraunce whiche of the noble and famous <!-- Page + 71 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page71"></a>{71}</span>dukis, + princes, and cenatours of Romains abandonned her bodies and goodis, only + putting them to the uttermost jubardy in the feelde ayenst theire + adversaries, for the avauncement and keping in prosperite, worship, and + welfare of Rome. Among whiche, one of the <span class="sidenotel">Lucius + Brutus.</span> saide Romains was Lucius Brutus, that whan Arnus, a leder + of peple, assemblid a gret oost ayenst the Romains to have discomfit hem + and <span class="sidenotel">Lucius Romanus.</span> put hem in servage out + of her fraunchise, the saide noble Lucius, being then governoure of the + ooste of Romains, thought rathir to die upon the said Arnus, so that he + mighte subdew hym, rathir than the saide citee shulde stande in servage. + He mounted upon his hors, and leide his spere in the rest, and withe a + mightie courage renne feerslie <span class="sidenotel">Non est laudendum + secundum legem Christianorum.</span> upon the saide Arnus being in the + myddille of his oost, and fortuned by chaunce that bothe of hem wounded<a + name="NtA161" href="#Nt161"><sup>[161]</sup></a> othir to dethe. And whan + it was undrestonde in the hooste that the saide Arnus, capitalle + adversarie to Romains, was dede, his gret oost departed out of their + feelde, whiche had not soo done had not bene by mightie aventure the + wilfulle dethe of the saide Lucius Brutus.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">How a prince, be he made regent, governoure, or duke<a name="NtA162" href="#Nt162"><sup>[162]</sup></a>, chieveteyne, +lieutenaunt, capetaine, conestable, or marchalle, make alwaie +just paiment to her soudeours, for eschewing of gret inconvenientis +might falle.</p> + +<div class="sidenotel">Autor. Notandum est super omnia effectus istius articuli, quoad execucionem justicii.</div> + <p>And overmore, most highe and excellent prince, of youre benigne grace + and providence, if it please youre highenesse to have consideracion, in + way of justice and keping, to remedie one singuler offence and damage to + youre liege people, the whiche by Goddis law, and by law of reason and + nature, is the contrarie of it righte dampnable,<a name="NtA163" + href="#Nt163"><sup>[163]</sup></a> and which grevous offence, as it is + voised accustumablie, rennythe and hathe be more usid under [tho that + oughte be<a name="NtA164" href="#Nt164"><sup>[164]</sup></a>] youre + obeisaunce in Fraunce and Normandie than in othir straunge regions: and + to <!-- Page 72 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page72"></a>{72}</span>every welle advised man it is easy to + undrestande that it is a thing that may welle bene amendid and correctid, + and to be a gret mene to the recuvere of youre londes in the saide + adverse partie; that is to <span class="sidenotel">Notandum est de + ordinaria solucione Joh'is ducis Bedfordie.</span> say, that shalle be + men of soude and of armes, as well tho that [shalle be<a name="NtA165" + href="#Nt165"><sup>[165]</sup></a>] undre youre lieutenauntis as the + chiefteins and capetains, may be duely paide of her wages by the monithe, + [lyke as Johan regent of <span class="sidenotel">Concidera.</span> + Fraunce payd,<a href="#Nt165"><sup>[165]</sup></a>] or by quarter, + bethout any rewarde [of curtesyie of colour<a name="NtA166" + href="#Nt166"><sup>[166]</sup></a>] gyven, bribe, defalcacion, or + abreggement, or undew assignacion not levable assigned or made unto them, + aswelle in this londe as in Normandie, to deceyve hem, or cause hem be + empoverisshed in straunge contreis, as it hathe be accustumed late in the + saide contreis. And that suche paymentis be made content bethout delaie + or nede of<a name="NtA167" href="#Nt167"><sup>[167]</sup></a> long and + grete pursute, upon suche a resonable peyne as the cause shalle require + it. And that none of youre officers roialle, nethir hir debitees or + commissioneris, shalle darre doo the contrarie to take no bribe, rewarde, + or defalke the kingis wagis; wherbie youre souldeours shalle not have + cause to oppresse and charge youre obeissauntis and youre peple in taking + theire vitaile bethout paieng therfor, whiche gret part of theym in + defaut of due payment hathe ben accustumed, by .x. or .xij. yere day + contynued, or the saide londes <span class="sidenotel">Nota + multiplicacionem officiariorum.</span> were lost, uncorrectid ne + punisshid, [as] turned to the gret undoing of youre saide obeisauntes, + and one othir of gret causis that they have turned their hertis frome us, + breking theire allegeaunce by manere of cohercion for suche rapyn, + oppressions, and extorcions. And also the officers than being nedithe not + to have so many lieutenauntis or undre officers as they have hadde, + whiche wastithe and destroiethe youre saide peple by undew charges to + enriche hemsilfe; and many of the officers have be but esy vaileable to + the defense of youre countre, thoroughe negligence of exersising of armes + for theire defense and proteccion in tyme of necessite. For it was never + seen that any countre, cite, or towne did encrece welle wherover many + nedeles officers and governours that onlie wolde have a renomme, and <!-- + Page 73 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page73"></a>{73}</span>undre + that colour be a extorcioner, piller, or briboure, was reignyng and + ruling over theym.</p> + +<div class="sidenotel">Exclamacio.</div> + <p>O mighetie king, and ye noble lordes of this roiaume, if ye were wele + advertised and enfourmed of the gret persecucions, by way of suche + oppressions and tirannyes, ravynes, and crueltees, that many of suche + officers have suffred to be done unponisshed to the pore comons, + laborers, paissauntes of the saide duchie of Normandie, it is verailie to + deme that certeȝ ye of noble condicions, naturally pitous, wolde + not have suffred suche grevous inconvenientis to be redressid and amendid + long or the said intrusion fille, and the regalite of justice had be in + tho daies in youre possession. For often tymes suche as have pretendid + theym officers wastid of youre [predecessour<a name="NtA168" + href="#Nt168"><sup>[168]</sup></a>] is <span class="sidenotel">De + lamentabili oppressione subditorum nostrorum in Frauncia.</span> livelode + more than nedithe, and often tymes suffred them to be manassed [and] + beten, and mischieved theire bestis withe theire wepyns, that they were + nighe out of theire wittis for sorow, and so enforced for duresse to + forsake youre title and youre lawes, and but esilie relevyd and socoured. + And therto they have ben so often surcharged grevouslie withe paieng of + tasques, tailis, subsides, and imposicions beside theire rentis, paieng + to the somme righte importable sommes, paide to your predecessours for + youre demains, and to theire landlordis that halden of you, and many of + theym duelling upon the marches patised to youre adverse partie also to + dwelle in rest, and this innumerable charges and divers tormentis have + ben <span class="sidenotel">Alia exclamacio soldariorum ultimo in + Normannia commorancium.</span> done to theym to theire uttermost undoing. + He allas! and yet seeing they bene christen men, and lyvyng under youre + obeissaunce, lawes-yovyng, and yeldyng to youre lawes as trew Englisshe + men done, by whome also we lyve and be susteyned, and youre werre the + bettir born out and mainteyned, why shulde it here after be suffred that + suche tormentrie and cruelte shulde be shewed unto theym? <span + class="sidenotel">Deploracio miserię.</span> O God! whiche art most + mercifulle and highest juge, soverein, and just, how maist thow long + suffre this regnyng without the <!-- Page 74 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page74"></a>{74}</span>stroke of vengeaunce and ponisshement + commyng upon the depryvyng or yelding up of that dukedom?</p> + +<div class="sidenotel">Nota tria.</div> + <p>Late it be noted and construed what gret inconvenientis have folow + herof. There may be undrestonde to folow .iij. thingis inespecialle of + gret hurtis. One is the ire of God and his rod of vengeaunce <span + class="sidenotel">Prima.</span> fallen now upon us by his dyvyne + punisshement [of God,<a name="NtA169" href="#Nt169"><sup>[169]</sup></a>] + aswelle in suffring oure saide adversaries to have the overhande upon us, + as in destroieng of oure lordis by sodeyn fortunes [of dyvysyons<a + href="#Nt169"><sup>[169]</sup></a>] in this lande the saide yere and + season, the yere of Crist .M<sup>l</sup>iiij<sup>c</sup>l. that youre + [grete<a href="#Nt169"><sup>[169]</sup></a>] adversarie made his + intrusion in the saide Normandy, for pite of his peple so oppressid, + hiring theire clamours and cries <span + class="sidenotel">.ij<sup>a</sup>.</span> and theire curses. The second + is theire rebellion, as thoroughe theire wanhope, havyng no trust of + hastie socoure and relief of an armee to come in tyme covenable, be + turned awaie frome her ligeaunce and obedience to youre adverse partie, + seeing theym thus ungoodelie entretid under tho whiche were comytted to + kepe, defende, and maynteyn <span class="sidenotel">.iij. causa.</span> + them. The .iij<sup>de</sup>. is famyn of vitaile and penurie of money, + and <span class="sidenotel">Conciderandum est super omnia.</span> lak of + provision of artillerie and stuffe of ordenaunce, whiche youre saide + obeissauntis for faute of these were constreined to flee to youre adverse + partie, and to leve rathir theire natife contree, orellis to die for + famyn and povertee.</p> + +<div class="sidenotel">Ecclesia honoranda.</div> +<p class="cenhead">An exortacion how princes, lordes, and officers roialle shulde worship +and meynteyne the Chirche, and defende hem from oppression.</p> + + <p>And moreover in way of gret pitee and in the worship of God suffre ye + not the prelates of the Chirche of that lande, as archebisshoppis, + bisshoppis, abbatis, priours, denes, archedenes, and theire ministrours, + to be oppressid, revaled, ne vileyned, as they have bene in youre + predecessour daies accepted in fulle litille reverence or <!-- Page 75 + --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page75"></a>{75}</span>obedience, for + how that men usurpen in tho daies in surchargeyng them unduelie it is by + experience knowen welle ynoughe, as they be manere of a prive cohercion + to lyve in more rest withe theire lyvelode, be dryve too forto gyve out + to rulers, gouvernours, and maistris of the marchis and contrees that + they dwellin upon or have <span class="sidenotel">Nota bene.</span> her + lyvelode, gret fees and wages and rewardis nedelese. And the peple that + were welle set<a name="NtA170" href="#Nt170"><sup>[170]</sup></a> and + often tymes they ben visited withe straungiers of gret astatis, as welle + spirituelle as temporelle, and namelie withe tho that have the lawes to + mynistre and to kepe, and withe other nedeles peple that waste and + surcharge theym, for they were founded to that entent but to kepe theire + nombre of fundacion, <span class="sidenotel">Hospitalitas in ecclesia est + preferranda.</span> praieng for theire foundoures, and [kepe hospitalitee + for to<a name="NtA171" href="#Nt171"><sup>[171]</sup></a>] feede <span + class="sidenotel">Lamentacio.</span> the pore and the nedie in case of + necessite. A mercifulle Jhesu! many auctours rehersithe in her cronicles + that Pompeus, whiche that was so chevalrous a paynym knighte amongis the + Romains, the cause of his wofulle dethe and mortalle ende was alonlie + that he on a tyme disdeyned to reverence and worship holy places, as + chirches and seyntuaries, stabled his hors in Salamon is Temple, the + whiche the saide Salamon had edified to be the most sovereyn chirche or + temple of the erthe to serve and praise God. And in example of late daies + yn king Johan of Fraunce tyme suche chieveteins as was in his armee + before he was take at the bataile of Peitiers, as it is saide, avaunted + hym silfe to stabille her hors in the cathedralle chirche of Salisbury. + And after he was take and had sighte of the saide chirche [they<a + href="#Nt171"><sup>[171]</sup></a>] had gret repentaunce of. And therfor, + fulle noble king and ye puissaunt lordis of renomme, let a covenable and + a necessarye medecyn be counceiled and yoven to us for provision and + reformacion of this infirmite, and that it may be purveied for by so dew + meenes that it may be to God is pleasaunce. And that we may withedraw and + leve oure wrecchid governaunce that temporelle men wolde so inordinatlie + rule and oppresse the Chirche. So that now this begon mischiefe and + stroke of pestilence in youre <!-- Page 76 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page76"></a>{76}</span>predecessour daies be not set as a jugement + in oure arbitracion as to be decreed, juged, or determyned for oure wele + and availe, but as a chastising of oure mysdoeng, so to be take for oure + savacion. What saiethe saint Jeroyme amongis his dolorous lamentacions + upon the prophesie of Jooelle? If we have not, (seithe <span + class="sidenotel">Cogita.</span> he,) know God in welthe and prosperite, + then, at the leest, let us know hym in oure adversite, in suche wise + there we have erred and fauted by over gret haboundaunce of suche + chargeable crimes and synnes of delites, of suche oppression, covetice, + inespecialle pride and envy, &c. Let us withedraw us from hem withe + goode corage, and to that ende that we be not chastised ne punisshed by + the stroke of vengeaunce and pestilence, nor of none suche affliccions as + we hafe ben dailie by youre predecessour's daies by youre saide + adversaries.</p> + +<div class="sidenotel">Quod officium deffencionis adversariorum patrię est preferrandum quemcunque singularem facultatem sive practicam.</div> +<p class="cenhead">How lordis sonnes and noble men of birthe, for the defense of her +londe, shulde excersise hem in armes lernyng.</p> + +<div class="sidenotel">Introduccio juvenum nobilium natu.</div> + <p>And also moreover for the grettir defens of youre roiaumes, and saufe + garde of youre contreis in tyme of necessite, also to the avauncement and + encrece of chevalrie and worship in armes, comaunde and doo founde, + establisshe, and ordeyne that the sonnes of princes, of lordis, and for + the most part of alle tho that ben comen and descendid of noble bloode, + as of auncien knightis, esquiers, and other auncient gentille men, that + while they ben of grene age ben drawen forthe, norisshed, and excersised + in disciplines, doctrine, and usage of scole of armes, as using justis, + to can renne withe speer, handle withe ax, sworde, dagger, and alle othir + defensible wepyn, to wrestling, to skeping, leping, and rennyng, to make + hem hardie, deliver, and wele brethed, so as when ye and youre roiaume in + suche tyme of nede to have theire service in entreprises of dedis of + armes, they may of experience be apt and more enabled to doo you service + honourable in what region they become, and not to be [unkonnyng,<a + name="NtA172" href="#Nt172"><sup>[172]</sup></a>] abashed, ne astonied, + <!-- Page 77 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page77"></a>{77}</span>forto take entreprises, to answere or + deliver a gentilman that desire in worship to doo armes in liestis to the + utteraunce, or to certein pointis, or in a quarelle rightfulle to fight, + and in cas of necessite you<a name="NtA173" + href="#Nt173"><sup>[173]</sup></a> and youre roiaume forto warde, kepe, + and defende frome youre adversaries in tyme of werre. And this was the + custom in the daies of youre noble auncestries, bothe of kingis of + Fraunce as of Englande. In example wherof, king Edwarde + .iij<sup>de</sup>. that exersised his noble son Edwarde the prince in + righte grene age, and all his noble sonnes, in suche maiestries, wherby + they were more apt in haunting of armes. <span class="sidenotel">Ser + Johan Fastolf.</span> And, [as myne autor seyd me,<a name="NtA174" + href="#Nt174"><sup>[174]</sup></a>] the chevalrous knight [fyrst<a + href="#Nt174"><sup>[174]</sup></a>] Henry duke of Lancastre, which is + named a chief auctour and foundour in law of armes, had sent to hym frome + princes and lordis of straunge regions, as out of Spayne, Aragon, + Portingale, Naverre, and out of Fraunce, her children, yong knightis, to + be doctrined, lerned, and broughte up in his noble court in scole of + armes and for to see noblesse, curtesie, and worship. Wherthoroughe here + honoure spradde and encresid in renomme in all londis they came untoo. + And after hym, in youre antecessour daies, other noble princes and lordis + of gret birthe accustomed to excersise maistries apropred to defense of + armes and gentilnes<a name="NtA175" href="#Nt175"><sup>[175]</sup></a> to + them longing. But now of late daies, the grettir pite is, many one that + ben descendid of noble bloode and borne to armes, as knightis sonnes, + esquiers, and of othir gentille bloode, set hem silfe to singuler + practik, straunge [faculteeȝ<a name="NtA176" + href="#Nt176"><sup>[176]</sup></a>] frome that fet, as to lerne the + practique of law or custom of lande, or of civile matier, and so wastyn + gretlie theire tyme in suche nedelese besinesse, as to occupie courtis + halding, to kepe and bere out a proude countenaunce at sessions and + shiris halding, also there to embrace and rule among youre pore and + simple comyns of bestialle contenaunce that lust to lyve in rest. And who + can be a reuler and put hym forthe in suche matieris, he is, as the + worlde goithe now, among alle astatis more set of than he that hathe + despendid .xxx. or .xl. yeris of his daies in gret jubardies in youre + <!-- Page 78 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page78"></a>{78}</span><span class="sidenotel">Optativus + modus.</span> [antecessourys<a name="NtA177" + href="#Nt177"><sup>[177]</sup></a>] conquestis and werris. So wolde + Jhesus they so wolle welle lerned theym to be as good men of armes, + chieveteins, or capetains in the feelde that befallithe for hem where + worship and manhode shulde be shewed, moche bettir rathir then as they + have lerned and can be a captaine or a ruler at a sessions or a shire + day, to endite or amercie youre pore bestialle peple, to theire + [enpoveryshyng<a name="NtA178" href="#Nt178"><sup>[178]</sup></a>,] and + to enriche hem silfe or to be magnified the more, but only they shulde + maynteyn your justices and your officers usyng the goode custom of youre + lawes. And than ye shulde have righte litille nede to have thoughte, + anguisshe or besinesse for to conquere and wyn ayen youre rightfulle + enheritaunce, or to defende youre roiaume from youre ennemies. And that + suche singuler practik shulde [not<a href="#Nt177"><sup>[177]</sup></a>] + be accustumed and occupied [undewly<a href="#Nt177"><sup>[177]</sup></a>] + withe suche men that be come of noble birthe, [but he be the yonger + brother, havyng not whereof to lyve honestly<a + href="#Nt177"><sup>[177]</sup></a>.] And if the vaillaunt Romayns had + suffred theire sonnes to mysspende theire tyme in suche singuler practik, + using oppressing by colours [of custom of the law, they had not conquered + twyes<a href="#Nt177"><sup>[177]</sup></a>] Cartage ayenst alle the + Affricans.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">How officers of the law shulde be chosen, welle disposid and +temperate men, vertuous in condicion, and they to be protectid +by lordis and noble men of birthe.</p> + + <p>Hit was in auncient tyme used that suche practik and lernyng of the + custumes and law of a lande shulde onlie be comytted to suche parsones of + demure contenaunce that were holden vertuous and welle disposid, thoughe + he were descendid but of esie birthe to occupie in in suche facultees, + and to mynistre duelie and egallie the statutis and custumes of the law + to youre peple, bethout meintenaunce ayenst justice. And the saide + officers and ministrours of the law to be protectid and meyntened by the + princes, lordis, and men of worship when the case shalle require, namelie + tho that oughte defende yow and youre <!-- Page 79 --><span + class="pagenum"><a name="page79"></a>{79}</span>roiaume that halden + theire londis of you by that service onlie, and gyven to that entent by + youre noble auncestries. And over this that they be lerned and introducid + in the drede of God, and not presumptuously take upon hem to offende + theire law, for the whiche, and in example to this purpose, it is wretin + in the .36. chapitre of the prophete Jeremye, because that Joachym king + of Juda despraised the admonestementis, advertisementis, and the + doctrines of God, that Jeremie had doo set yn certein bookes and quaiers, + the whiche he made to be cast in the fire and disdeyned to hire theym, + but usid after his owne wilfulnesse and hedinesse and without counceile, + therfor God seiethe by the mouthe of the prophete that of hym shuld issew + ne come none heire to succeede ligneallie that after hym shulde enjoie + and holde his roiaume, and overmore that he shulde visit hym by + punisshement, and that aswelle his kynne as hym that had suffred and + caused to be so eville inducid. And so it <span + class="sidenotel">Exclamacio.</span> fille after the prophesie. O ye than + in the same wise puttithe away the delites of sensualitees of suche + inconvenient occupacion as before is specified frome the children of + noble men. And late theym be inducid and lerned of youthe that in thingis + [of noblesse<a name="NtA179" href="#Nt179"><sup>[179]</sup></a>] that + apparteynithe and belongithe to theym to lerne, as in excercising<a + name="NtA180" href="#Nt180"><sup>[180]</sup></a> of armes and to suche + occupacions of worship. These thingis provyded and ordeined oughte not be + long delaied, but incontinent stedfastlie to be persevered, that then + doubte not but that God, whiche is most mercifulle and allway in every + necessite to relief us, despraisithe not the humble and contrite hertis, + but that he of his infinite goodenesse wolle accept and take in gree and + his grace oure good entent, and shalbe withe us in alle oure gode actis + and dedis.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">How over gret cost and pomp in clothing shulde be eschewed.</p> + + <p>And therfore in witnesse herof eschew and leve the superfluite and + excesse of arraie and clothing. And late everie astate use as <!-- Page + 80 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page80"></a>{80}</span>the worthie + Romains did, the whiche, in tyme of affliccions and turmentis or + anguisshes by occasion of werres and batailes, used one manere clothing, + and anothir maner clothing in tyme of prosperite and felicitee reignyng. + And the same maner the ryte and custom of youre adverse partie of Fraunce + hathe used, escheweng alle costius arraiementis of clothing, garmentis, + and bobauncees, and the usaige of pellure and furres they have + expresselie put away. Whiche costues arraymentis and disgising of + clothing of so many divers facion used in this youre roiaume, + inespecialle amongis youre pore comyners, hathe be one of the gret + inconvenientis of the empoverisshing of youre lande, and enforced gret + pride, envy, and wrathe amongis hem, whiche hathe holpe broughte them to + gret indigence and povertee.</p> + +<p class="cenhead">How that gret hurt and inconvenientis have fallen to the roiaume +because the creditours have not been duelie paide of here lonys +and prestis made to highe sovereins.</p> + + <p>Moreover, youre pore comyns, [yn your antecessour dayes,<a + name="NtA181" href="#Nt181"><sup>[181]</sup></a>] not paied holy theire + duteis for theire lones, prestis of vitailis and othir marchaundise, as + by opyn example was often tymes lent and taken to the behofe of youre + predecessoure Henry sext, named king, but in sondrie wises be delaied and + despende gret part of her goode, or they can nighe her deutees and + paiementis, and fayn to suffre to <span class="sidenotel">Nota + optime.</span> defalke and relese partie of her dutee to receyve the + othir part, whiche is the cause of gret charge and hinderaunce of youre + peple. And therefore, to voide this inconvenient, righte noble king, + withe the discrete avise of youre noble lordis, let youre riche tresours + be spradde and put abrode, bothe juellis, vesselle of gold and silver, + among youre true subgettis, and inespecialle to the helpe and avauncement + of youre conquest, and to the relief of youre indigent and nedie peple. + And inespecialle to tho that have lost theire londis, livelode, and <!-- + Page 81 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page81"></a>{81}</span>goode in + the werres, so that the saide tresoure may be put forthe, and late it be + set in money to the remedie and socoure of this gret importunyte and + necessite, and to the defens of youre roiaume from youre adversaries + before specified; for it is saide that [an empyre or<a name="NtA182" + href="#Nt182"><sup>[182]</sup></a>] roiaume is bettir without tresoure of + golde than without worship, and also bettir it is to lyve a pore life in + a riche roiaume in tranquillite and pease than to be riche in a pore + roiaume where debate and strife reignithe. And if ye wolle doo thus, + every man than in his degree wolle doo the same. And to example of us + alle ye [soo<a href="#Nt182"><sup>[182]</sup></a>] puissaunt and mighetie + men of good counceile and stere,<a name="NtA183" + href="#Nt183"><sup>[183]</sup></a> every man helpe after his degree.</p> + +<div class="sidenotel">Nota bene.</div> +<p class="cenhead">How saint Lowis, king of Fraunce, in his testament writen of his +owne hande, counceiled his sonne [that] after hym reigned, +to cherisshe and favoure the good Citeis and Townes of his lande, +and use justice and peas.</p> + + <p>And to doo and werke after the blissid counceile of Saint Lowes, king + of Fraunce, [who] declared among othir exhortacions and counceile in his + testament, the chapiter where he exhorted and comaundid his sonne Phelip + that reigned king after hym, that he shulde put and doo alle his + diligence that he shulde kepe his peple in pease and justice, and + inespecialle to favoure and cherisshe the good Citeis and Townes of his + roiaume, and to kepe theym in fraunchise and fredoms soo as they may + encrese and lyve puissauntlie, for if they be tendred, that they be of + power and mighetie of goode, the ennemies of youre roiaume or of youre + adverse partie wol doubt and be ware to take any entreprise ayenst youre + noble mageste. And if the adversaries wolle werke ayen the honoure of + youre parsone, and the welfare of youre roiaume, youre saide citesins and + burgeis and good comyns shalbe of power and of goode courage, and wille + withe here bodies and goodes largelie depart to be yoven forto resist + them. And, <!-- Page 82 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page82"></a>{82}</span>therefore, favoure and forbere the pore + peple and namelie the nedie, in signe that ye in youre hertis may bring + to mynde and remembre the vengeaunce of hard offensis to this roiaume + shewed, and to the recuvere of the worship of the roiaume late lost. And + who so hathe not a bodie habille herto, or usage to emploie hym in dedis + of armes, or think it long not to hym, as men of religiouste<a + name="NtA184" href="#Nt184"><sup>[184]</sup></a> and spirituelle, + temporelle men wolde sey, Yet com forthe withe a goode courage, and not + by constreint ne in manere of tasque ne of thraldom in tyme to come, but + of fre wille withe a bounteuous hert at this tyme that is so expedient + and necessarie, as trew Englisshe men shulde doo, every man bring and put + forthe of his goodes after that his power is. Now in the worship of God + let this be timelie done. It shall now shew, or it may be shewed, who + that shalbe founde goode and profitable to the comonwele, or set hym + silfe to the employ and fortheraunce of this dede of gret necessite. And + who so hathe no power to ley out finaunce, good, or tresoure, yet put his + good wille therto. A noble Roiaume of gret price and of noble renomme as + thow hast be. Whan God lust to shew thy power, and to be victorious, who + may noy the? Shall thou than suffre the to be confunded withe simpler + people of reputacion then thow art, withe the whiche ye and youre noble + progenitours have conquerid and overcom diverse tymes before this? It is + welle to undrestonde that ye have no protectoure, kepar, ne defendour but + it come of God, of the whiche he is witnesse and the leder. Som say that + the floode of Temmys rennythe beting hier than the londe in stormye + seasons. Yet for alle that, withe Goddis mighte and grace, thow art not + in the extremitee of tho stormes, ne never mote it come there in suche + indigence and necessite.</p> + +<p><!-- Page 83 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page83"></a>{83}</span></p> + +<p class="cenhead">How that when the Romains were yn that uttermost necessite that +bothe mete and money failed hem and here chevalrie destroied, +yet tho that [were] left toke goode hert to hem, bothe widowes +and othirs, that releved ayen the frauncheis and libertees of +Rome.</p> + + <p>And where as the Romains fonde theym yn that urgent necessite whan + that bothe mete and monney failed theym to susteyne and support theire + manhode, neverthelesse noble courage ne goode hope failed not among hem; + so that, what time the auncien gentille bloode was wastid in bataile, + than they made knightis of theire bounde men, to avaunce theire conquest + forto encrese withe theire hoost. And that the goode worshipfulle ladies + of Rome, and namely the soroufulle widowes, whiche at that tyme were not + usid of custom nothing to pay ne yelde to the souding of men of armes, + yet at that tyme whan suche necessite fille, they offred and brought + right liberallie of theire juellis and goodis, for the whiche they were + right gretly thanked and praised, and after the victorie had welle + recompensid and contentid.</p> + +<div class="sidenotel">Titus Livius. A noble historye of the largesse of Romaynys, how amplye they departed ther godes yn a tym of urgent necessite to make an armee yn to the contree of Auffrique.</div> + <p>Also I rede of a noble example in Titus Livius the .5. booke of the + seconde decade of Punica bella, that whan the noble Romains, in the tyme + of werris long continued ayen theire adversaries of Aufrik, what by + tasques, tailes, and imposicions had for the defens of theire countree + habandonned and yoven largelie of theire goodis meveable, that the saide + Romains had no more in substaunce to lyve by except theire londes. And it + fille soo that the countree of Cisiliens and Champenois hadde doo purvoie + for a gret armee and an oost of peple, as well of men for to defende and + kepe the see as the lond. And so the comons of Rome had borne so many + gret chargis before that they might no more, but if the lordis senatours + and counceilours of Rome wolde put too theire hande. And in so moche that + the comons of Rome complained and grugged in open market places <!-- Page + 84 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page84"></a>{84}</span>ayenst the + saide gret astatis and governours of Rome, seieng but they wolde sille + theire bodies and goodis of the comons, they might pay no more tasque ne + taile, the saide governours of Rome, to appaise the peple, saiden they + wolde counceile togither and advise a day to purvey for the comon wele, + and seiden in conclusion that, were<a name="NtA185" + href="#Nt185"><sup>[185]</sup></a> it righte or wrong, we senatours, + astatis, and governours must put out largelie of oure goodis, and so yeve + example to the comons for the defens of the contree of Cesille and keping + of the lande and see <span class="sidenotel">Lenius.</span> frome + ennemies. And one Lenius, a noble senatoure, pronounced and saide that, + forasmoche the senatours have power of goode and rule of the cite in + preferraunce of worship and dignite, in like wise it is reason that they + here a charge to defende the comons and yeve example to doo as thow + woldist comaunde hem to doo; therfore late us, in yevyng the comons + example, to morne yn opyn market place before hem, bring forthe the gret + part of the golde and silver of coyne and print money that every of us + senatours and statis haven, so that none of us reserve and kepe to his + propre use but ringis and nouches for to worship his wiffe and children + withalle; so that every officer shulde have noo more silver vesselle but + for a chapelle and a cupbourde; and every senatoure to kepe but a pounde + of coyned silver; and every weddid man havyng wiffe and children to kepe + for every of hem an ounce of silver or suche a litille weight; and every + citesyn of havyour and degre to reserve only but .v<sup>mil</sup>. pens + of brasse money, and soo that alle othir golde, silver, and brasse money + coyned to be brought to the tresorers of the citee. And aftre than the + comons of Rome, havyng consideracion that the senatours and governours of + Rome of here owne fre voulente haboundonned and put out so habundantlie + and largelie of her golde and tresour for the comon wele, to the defense + and keping of the see withe shippis and maryneris, to the defense and + rebutting of her adversaries, that every of the comons of Rome, after her + power and havyoure, of gret courage brought frelie of gold, silver, and + othir coyne money to the <!-- Page 85 --><span class="pagenum"><a + name="page85"></a>{85}</span>tresorers and chaungers that were comytted + to receyve the money, the prese was so grete that they had no tyme to + write the names of the noble citesins, ne forto nombre and telle the + quantite and porcion of everie manis part that they broughte; and by this + accord and moien the comon profit was soo augmentid that the knightis and + men of werre had suffisaunt and more than nedid to defende and kepe the + countre of Cecilians and Champenois, and also to be maistris of the see; + and alle thingis and ordenaunces that longid to werre was purveied for + and put forthe in onure and worke, that alle the senatours counceilours + had no nede to tarie lenger for counseiling, but every of hem wente + forthe into her countre to dispose for hemsilfe; and in so gret + discomfort stode never the Romayns as they did in this urgent necessitee, + and was by this moien of largesse repared and brought ayen to worship, + prosperite, and welfare. And wolde the mightifulle God that every harde + covetouse hert were of suche largesse and distributif of here meveable + good and tresoure to the comon wele, as for defending us frome oure + adversaries, and keping the see aswelle as the londe, that we may alway + be lordis and maistris thereof, as noble governours were before this + tyme.</p> + + <p>Here endyth thys Epistle, undre correccion, the .xv. day of June, the + yeere of Crist .M<sup>l</sup>iiij<sup>c</sup>lxxv., and of the noble + Reyne of kyng Edward the .iiij<sup>the</sup>. the .xv<sup>ne</sup>.</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + +<p><!-- Page 87 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page87"></a>{87}</span></p> + +<h2>G<span class="gsp"> </span>E<span class="gsp"> </span>N<span class="gsp"> </span>E<span class="gsp"> </span>R<span class="gsp"> </span>A<span class="gsp"> </span>L I<span class="gsp"> </span>N<span class="gsp"> </span>D<span class="gsp"> </span>E<span class="gsp"> </span>X.</h2> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="short" /> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Acre, <a href="#page11">11</a></p> + <p>Actovylle, Raulyn, <a href="#page8">8</a></p> + <p>Africa, <a href="#page11">11</a>, <a href="#page83">83</a></p> + <p>Agamemnon, <a href="#page20">20</a>, <a href="#page63">63</a></p> + <p>Agincourt, battle of, <a href="#page16">16</a>, <a href="#page28">28</a>, <a href="#page32">32</a>, <a href="#page45">45</a></p> + <p>Ajax, <a href="#page63">63</a>, <a href="#page64">64</a></p> + <p>Alencon, duke of <a href="#page12">12</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">taken prisoner <a href="#page18">18</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">his redemption <a href="#page19">19</a></p> + <p>Alexander, king, <a href="#page7">7</a></p> + <p>Anjou, the title of, <a href="#page23">23</a></p> + <p>Appius, <a href="#page60">60</a></p> + <p>Appulton, John, his letter to sir John Fastolfe, <a href="#pagelvi">lvi</a></p> + <p>Arms (to do) in lists to the utterance, or to certain points, <a href="#page77">77</a></p> + <p>Armonac, earl of, <a href="#page8">8</a>, <a href="#page28">28</a>, <a href="#page37">37</a></p> + <p>Arras, treaty of, <a href="#pagexlix">xlix</a></p> + <p>Arthur, king, <a href="#page2">2</a>, <a href="#page9">9</a></p> + <p>—— of Breteyn, <a href="#page40">40</a></p> + <p>Astrology depreciated, <a href="#pageviii">viii</a>, <a href="#page50">50</a></p> + <p>Authors quoted:—</p> + <p class="i2">de Auriga, Alanus, his Quadrilogus, <a href="#page25">25</a>, <a href="#page27">27</a>, <a href="#page33">33</a>;</p> + <p class="i4">Preface <a href="#pageiii">iii</a>, <a href="#pagevi">vi</a>, <a href="#pagevii">vii</a>, <a href="#pageix">ix</a></p> + <p class="i2">Austyn, of the City of God, <a href="#page57">57</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">—— of Free will, <a href="#page50">50</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">Bartholomeus, de Proprietatibus Rerum, <a href="#page2">2</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">Basset, Peter, <a href="#pageliii">liii</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">Boetius de Consolatione, <a href="#page3">3</a>, <a href="#page21">21</a>, <a href="#page50">50</a>, <a href="#page52">52</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">Cato, <a href="#page25">25</a>, <a href="#page62">62</a>, <a href="#page69">69</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">Chartier, see Auriga</p> + <p class="i2">Cicero, of Divination, <a href="#page50">50</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">—— <i>see</i> Tullius;</p> + <p class="i2">Cristina, Arbre de Batailes, <a href="#page6">6</a> <i>bis</i>, <a href="#page27">27</a>, <a href="#page30">30</a>, <a href="#page31">31</a>, <a href="#page54">54</a> (her biography <i>ib.</i>);</p> + <p class="i2">de Diceto, Radulphus, Ymago historiarum, <a href="#page23">23</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">Dudley's Tree of Commonwealth, <a href="#pagevii">vii</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">Froissart, <a href="#page40">40</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">Gildas, <a href="#page51">51</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">Governance of Princes,liv;</p> + <p class="i2">Jeremye the prophet, <a href="#page79">79</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">Jerome, saint, <a href="#page76">76</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">Job, <a href="#page6">6</a>, <a href="#page52">52</a>, <a href="#page58">58</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">Josephus, liber antiquitatum, <a href="#page51">51</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">Kayus son, <a href="#pageii">ii</a>, <a href="#page1">1</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">Livius (Titus, <a href="#page26">26</a>, <a href="#page51">51</a>, <a href="#page53">53</a>, <a href="#page83">83</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">Machabeus, <a href="#page42">42</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">Malexander, Walter, <a href="#page22">22</a>, <a href="#page26">26</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">Nennius, <a href="#page62">62</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">Novius Marcellus, <a href="#page57">57</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">Orosius de Ormesta Mundi, <a href="#page51">51</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">Ovid, <a href="#page26">26</a>, <a href="#page33">33</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">Paralipomenon, <a href="#page56">56</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">Philip, the Acts of King, (the Philippiados), <a href="#page13">13</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">Pliny the younger, <a href="#pageii">ii</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">du Premier-Faict, Laurence, <a href="#pageli">li</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">Ptolomy, Centilogie, <a href="#page51">51</a>;</p> + <p class="i2"><i>de Regimine Principum</i>, <a href="#pageliv">liv</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">Socrates, <a href="#page69">69</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">Tree of Batailes, <a href="#pageiii">iii</a>, <a href="#pageliv">liv</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">Tullius, <a href="#page25">25</a>, <a href="#page57">57</a> <i>ter</i>, <a href="#page58">58</a> <i>bis</i>, <a href="#page59">59</a>, <a href="#page60">60</a>, <a href="#page62">62</a>, <a href="#page70">70</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">Vegetius, his book of Chivalry (<i>de Arte Militari</i>), <a href="#page21">21</a>, <a href="#page29">29</a>, <a href="#page55">55</a>;</p> + <p class="i4">Preface, p. <a href="#pagevi">vi</a>.;</p> + <p class="i2">Wallensis, Commune loquium, <a href="#page57">57</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">Worcestre, William of, <a href="#pagel">l</a>, <a href="#page1">1</a></p> + <p>Averaunces, <a href="#page28">28</a></p> +<!-- Page 88 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page88"></a>{88}</span> + <p>Baldwin archbishop of Canterbury, <a href="#page10">10</a></p> + <p>Basset, Peter, an historical writer, <a href="#pageliii">liii</a></p> + <p>Bastille of St. Anthoine, victualling of, <a href="#pagexi">xi</a>, <a href="#pagelx">lx</a>, <a href="#page68">68</a></p> + <p>Beauchamp, sir William, <a href="#page15">15</a></p> + <p>Bedford, John duke of, <a href="#page15">15</a>, <a href="#page17">17</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">wins the battle of Vernelle <a href="#page18">18</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">and conquers the county of Maine <a href="#page19">19</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">other victories <a href="#page28">28</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">statutes of <a href="#page31">31</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">eulogy on <a href="#page44">44</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">defended Paris <a href="#page47">47</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">his payment of wages <a href="#page72">72</a></p> + <p>Benevolence, a voluntary taxation, <a href="#pagexvii">xvii</a>, <a href="#pagexxi">xxi</a></p> + <p>Bituitus, king, <a href="#page27">27</a></p> + <p>Boecius, <a href="#page52">52</a></p> + <p><span class="sc">Boke of Noblesse</span>, its scope and intention, <a href="#pagei">i</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">probable date of its composition, <i>ib.</i>;</p> + <p class="i2">abstract of its contents, <a href="#pagei">i</a>-xvii;</p> + <p class="i2">the question of its authorship, <a href="#pagel">l</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">other books of the same character, <a href="#pageliv">liv</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">the MS. described, <a href="#pagelv">lv</a></p> + <p>Bonnet, Honoré, <a href="#pageiv">iv</a></p> + <p>Bordeaux, <a href="#page42">42</a></p> + <p>Bougée, battle of, <a href="#page17">17</a>, <a href="#page44">44</a></p> + <p>Bourbon, the bastard of, <a href="#pagexxxi">xxxi</a>, <a href="#pagexxxvii">xxxvii</a>, <a href="#pagexxxviii">xxxviii</a>, <a href="#page28">28</a></p> + <p>—— the cardinal of, <a href="#pagexxxi">xxxi</a>, <a href="#pagexxxvii">xxxvii</a>, <a href="#pagexxxix">xxxix</a></p> + <p>Brennus, <a href="#page10">10</a></p> + <p>Bretagne, Charles duke of, <a href="#page13">13</a></p> + <p>—— Giles son of the duke of, <a href="#pageii">ii</a>, <a href="#page5">5</a></p> + <p>—— the duke of, protected by king Edward, <a href="#pagexl">xl</a>, <a href="#pagexli">xli</a></p> + <p>Bretailles, Louis de, <a href="#pagexlii">xlii</a></p> + <p>Bretigny, peace of, <a href="#page37">37</a>, <a href="#page40">40</a>, <a href="#page49">49</a></p> + <p>Buchan, earl of, <a href="#page17">17</a></p> + <p>Burgoyne, duke of, <a href="#page7">7</a>, <a href="#page8">8</a></p> + <p>—— marshal of, <a href="#page17">17</a></p> + <p>Burgundy, Charles duke of, <a href="#pagei">i</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">his designation of <i>le Hardi</i>, <a href="#pagex">x</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">brother-in-law both to king Louis and king Edward, <a href="#pagexxviii">xxviii</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">interviews with king Edward, <a href="#pagexxiv">xxiv</a>, <a href="#pagexxix">xxix</a>, <a href="#pagexxxiii">xxxiii</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">character of, <a href="#pagexxv">xxv</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">suspected by the English, <a href="#pagexxx">xxx</a>, <a href="#pagexlvi">xlvi</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">his truce with France, <a href="#pagexlvii">xlvii</a></p> + <p>—— John duke of, his murder, <a href="#pagexxxviii">xxxviii</a></p> + <p>—— Margaret duchess of, <a href="#pagexxiii">xxiii</a></p> + <p>Caen, won by assault, <a href="#page12">12</a>, <a href="#page36">36</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">rescue of, <a href="#page28">28</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">parliament at, <a href="#page31">31</a></p> + <p>Calais, siege of, <a href="#page13">13</a>, <a href="#page36">36</a>, <a href="#page45">45</a></p> + <p>Camillus, <a href="#page53">53</a></p> + <p>Canute (Knowt), <a href="#page2">2</a></p> + <p>Carew, the baron of, <a href="#page15">15</a></p> + <p>Carthage, wars of the Romans with, <a href="#page26">26</a>, <a href="#page61">61</a>, <a href="#page65">65</a></p> + <p>Cato, <a href="#page61">61</a></p> + <p>Caulx, Pais de, the destruction of, <a href="#pagelvi">lvi</a></p> + <p>Caxton, works of:—</p> + <p class="i2">Book of the ordre of Chevalrye or Knyghthode, <a href="#pageliv">liv</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">Fayttes of Armes and of Chyvallrye, <a href="#pagevi">vi</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">Curial, <a href="#pagevii">vii</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">Tully on Old Age, <a href="#pageli">li</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">Dicts and Sayings of the Philosophers, <a href="#pagexliii">xliii</a></p> + <p>Cerdic, <a href="#page2">2</a></p> + <p>Champenois, <a href="#page83">83</a></p> + <p>Chandos, Sir John, <a href="#page15">15</a>, <a href="#page37">37</a>, <a href="#page46">46</a></p> + <p>Charles V. of France, purchased fortresses from the English, <a href="#pagexxxii">xxxii</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">mentioned, <a href="#page33">33</a>, <a href="#page37">37</a></p> + <p>Charles VII. his re-conquest of Normandy <a href="#pageii">ii</a>, <a href="#pageiii">iii</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">his secretary Alain Chartier <a href="#pagevii">vii</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">mentioned <a href="#page3">3</a>, <a href="#page25">25</a></p> + <p>Charles le bien amé, <a href="#page25">25</a></p> + <p>Charles le simple, <a href="#page39">39</a></p> + <p>Charles the sage, <a href="#page40">40</a></p> + <p>Chartier; <i>see</i> Authors</p> + <p>Chester, Randolfe earl of, <a href="#page10">10</a></p> + <p>Cheyne, sir John, <a href="#pagexxxii">xxxii</a>, <a href="#pagexxxiii">xxxiii</a>, <a href="#pagexliii">xliii</a></p> + <p>Childermas day, <a href="#pagexxxv">xxxv</a></p> + <p>Chirburgh, <a href="#page12">12</a></p> + <p>Chivalry, synonymous with Noblesse, <a href="#pagexv">xv</a></p> + <p>Christine, dame; <i>see</i> Passy <i>and</i> Pisan</p> + <p>Church, oppressed in Normandy, <a href="#pagexiii">xiii</a>, <a href="#page74">74</a></p> + <p>Citizens, their contributions to the war, <a href="#pagexxi">xxi</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">their experience in the campaign, <a href="#pagexlv">xlv</a></p> + <p>Clarence, George duke of, his retinue and their</p> + <p class="i2">pay, <a href="#pagexx">xx</a>, <a href="#pagexxiii">xxiii</a>, <a href="#pagexxxii">xxxii</a>, <a href="#pagexxxviii">xxxviii</a></p> + <p>Clarence, Thomas duke of, <a href="#page18">18</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">eulogy on, <a href="#page44">44</a></p> + <p>Clekyn, sir Barthilmew, <a href="#page15">15</a></p> + <p>Cleret, Pierre, <a href="#pagexxxiii">xxxiii</a></p> + <p>Clergy oppressed in Normandy, <a href="#pagexiii">xiii</a>, <a href="#page74">74</a>;</p> +<!-- Page 89 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page89"></a>{89}</span> + <p>Clothing, cost and pomp in, <a href="#page79">79</a></p> + <p>Commines, Philippe de, the historian, <a href="#pagexvii">xvii</a>, <a href="#pagexxv">xxv</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">employed by king Louis, <a href="#pagexxviii">xxviii</a>, <a href="#pagexxx">xxx</a>, <a href="#pagexxxvi">xxxvi</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">dressed like his master, <a href="#pagexxxvii">xxxvii</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">characteras an historian, <a href="#pagexli">xli</a></p> + <p>Commons, or people, termed "bestial", <a href="#page77">77</a>, <a href="#page78">78</a></p> + <p>Conquerors, duties of, <a href="#page21">21</a></p> + <p>Cornwall, language of, <a href="#page2">2</a></p> + <p>Countour, a commissioner of taxes, <a href="#pagexv">xv</a></p> + <p>Courtenay, sir Hugh, <a href="#page15">15</a></p> + <p>—— sir Philip, <i>ib.</i></p> + <p>Cravant, battle of, <a href="#page17">17</a>, <a href="#page18">18</a>, <a href="#page28">28</a>, <a href="#page44">44</a></p> + <p>Cressy, battle of, <a href="#page12">12</a>, <a href="#page36">36</a></p> + <p>Cyprus, king of, <a href="#page10">10</a></p> + <p>Cyrus, his gardens at Sardis, <a href="#page69">69</a></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Damascus, <a href="#page10">10</a></p> + <p>David king of Scots, <a href="#page13">13</a></p> + <p>Derby, earl of, <a href="#page13">13</a></p> + <p>Dieppe, <a href="#page5">5</a></p> + <p>Dorset, Edmond earl of, <a href="#page28">28</a></p> + <p>—— Thomas earl of, <a href="#page15">15</a></p> + <p>Douglas, earl of, <a href="#page18">18</a></p> + <p>Dove, the omen of the, <a href="#pagexxiv">xxiv</a>, <a href="#pagexlii">xlii</a></p> + <p>Dress; <i>see</i> Clothing</p> + <p>Dudley, Edmonde, his "Tree of Common Wealth", <a href="#pagevii">vii</a></p> + <p>Dudley, William, <a href="#pagexxxi">xxxi</a>, <a href="#pagexxxii">xxxii</a></p> + <p>Durham ("Deram upon the marchis of Scotland"), <a href="#page13">13</a></p> + <p>Dynham, John lord, <a href="#pagexxii">xxii</a></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Education, military, <a href="#page76">76</a></p> + <p>Edmond Ironside, <a href="#page10">10</a></p> + <p>Edward the First, <a href="#page11">11</a></p> + <p>Edward the Third, <a href="#page3">3</a>, <a href="#page12">12</a>, <a href="#page14">14</a>, <a href="#page33">33</a>, <a href="#page77">77</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">he made great alliances, <a href="#page40">40</a></p> + <p>Edward prince of Wales, <a href="#page4">4</a>, <a href="#page13">13</a>, <a href="#page14">14</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">received homage as duke of Guienne, <a href="#page37">37</a>, <a href="#page43">43</a></p> + <p>Edward the Fourth, his prosperous state in his second reign, <a href="#pagei">i</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">prepares to invade France <a href="#pagexvii">xvii</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">salutes the generous widow <a href="#pagexxi">xxi</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">lands at Calais <a href="#pagexxvi">xxvi</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">interviews with the duke of Burgundy <a href="#pagexxiv">xxiv</a>, <a href="#pagexxix">xxix</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">with king Louis <a href="#pagexxxvi">xxxvi</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">character of <a href="#pagexxv">xxv</a>, <a href="#pagexli">xli</a>, <a href="#pagexlv">xlv</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">his personal appearance <a href="#pagexxxviii">xxxviii</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">ruin of his political schemes and death <a href="#pagexlviii">xlviii</a></p> + <p>Elkyngton, John, <a href="#pagexxxii">xxxii</a></p> + <p>English, their character as soldiers <a href="#pagexxvi">xxvi</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">beat a double or treble number of Frenchmen, <a href="#page28">28</a></p> + <p>Ennius, <a href="#page61">61</a>, <a href="#page62">62</a></p> + <p>Eu, earl of, <a href="#page12">12</a></p> + <p>Exeter, Thomas duke of <a href="#page28">28</a>, <a href="#page68">68</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">captain of Paris, <a href="#pagexi">xi</a>, <a href="#pagexii">xii</a></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Fabius, <a href="#page59">59</a>, <a href="#page60">60</a>, <a href="#page62">62</a></p> + <p>Fabricius, <a href="#page55">55</a>, <a href="#page60">60</a></p> + <p>Faliste, <a href="#page53">53</a></p> + <p>Fastolfe, sir John, "myne autor", <a href="#pagei">i</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">anecdotes and sayings of, <a href="#pagev">v</a>, <a href="#pagex">x</a>, <a href="#pagexi">xi</a>, <a href="#pagexiv">xiv</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">his books of accompt, <a href="#pagexi">xi</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">captain of the bastille of St. Anthoine, <i>ib.</i>;</p> + <p class="i2">his connection with "The Boke of Noblesse", <a href="#pagel">l</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">his services in France, <a href="#pageli">li</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">mentioned, <a href="#page15">15</a>, <a href="#page16">16</a>, <a href="#page19">19</a>, <a href="#page28">28</a> <i>ter</i>, <a href="#page31">31</a>, <a href="#page64">64</a>, <a href="#page68">68</a></p> + <p>Fauconberg, lord, <a href="#page28">28</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">taken prisoner, <a href="#pageiii">iii</a>, <a href="#page5">5</a></p> + <p>Felton, sir Thomas, <a href="#page15">15</a></p> + <p>Ferranus king of Spain, <a href="#page10">10</a></p> + <p>Fizar, battle, <a href="#page46">46</a></p> + <p>Florence, <a href="#page53">53</a></p> + <p>Formigny, the battle of, <a href="#pageviii">viii</a>, <a href="#page42">42</a></p> + <p>Fougeres, the capture of, <a href="#pageiii">iii</a>, <a href="#page5">5</a></p> + <p>France, oppression of the English subjects in, <a href="#pagevii">vii</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">its sufferings from quartering soldiers, <a href="#pagexii">xii</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">narrative of the invasion of in 1475, <a href="#pagexvii">xvii</a>-xliv;</p> + <p class="i2">difficulties of an English invasion of, <a href="#pagexxvii">xxvii</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">costly dress put away in, <a href="#page80">80</a></p> + <p>Franklin, character of, <a href="#pagexv">xv</a></p> + <p>Frenchmen, if double or treble in number, beaten by Englishmen, <a href="#page28">28</a></p> + <p>Fulke earl of Anjou, <a href="#page10">10</a>, <a href="#page23">23</a></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Garnett, Richard, <a href="#pagexxi">xxi</a></p> + <p>Garter, the order of the, <a href="#page46">46</a>;</p> +<!-- Page 90 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page90"></a>{90}</span> + <p>Gascony, the title of, <a href="#page24">24</a></p> + <p>Geoffrey Plantagenet, <a href="#page2">2</a>, <a href="#page23">23</a>, <a href="#page52">52</a></p> + <p>Gloucester, Humphrey duke of, eulogy on, <a href="#page45">45</a></p> + <p>—— Richard duke of, his retinue and their pay, <a href="#pagexx">xx</a>, <a href="#pagexxiii">xxiii</a>, <a href="#pagexxxii">xxxii</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">affects to lead the English chivalry, <a href="#pagexli">xli</a></p> + <p>—— Robert Clare, earl of, <a href="#page10">10</a></p> + <p>Gourney, Mathew, <a href="#pagelix">lix</a>, <a href="#page15">15</a></p> + <p>Grey, Thomas, his retainer as the king's custrel, <a href="#pagexx">xx</a></p> + <p>Guienne, duchy of, treaties respecting, <a href="#page34">34</a></p> + <p>Guisnes, castle of, <a href="#pagexxiii">xxiii</a></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>the Hagge, <a href="#page12">12</a></p> + <p>Hannibal, <a href="#page50">50</a>, <a href="#page59">59</a>, <a href="#page67">67</a></p> + <p>Hardy man, definition of, <a href="#pagex">x</a></p> + <p>Harflete, siege of, <a href="#page15">15</a></p> + <p>Harington, sir Richard, <a href="#page28">28</a></p> + <p>Hastings, Hugh lord, <a href="#page15">15</a></p> + <p>—— sir Ralph, <a href="#page15">15</a></p> + <p>—— William lord, accepts pensions both from Burgundy and France, <a href="#pagexxxiii">xxxiii</a>, <a href="#pagexxxviii">xxxviii</a></p> + <p>Hay, sir Gilbert, <a href="#pageliv">liv</a></p> + <p>Hector, <a href="#page20">20</a></p> + <p>Henry the First, <a href="#page10">10</a></p> + <p>Henry the Second, <a href="#page24">24</a></p> + <p>Henry the Fifth, <a href="#page4">4</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">how he conquered Normandy and France, <a href="#page15">15</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">his marriage, <a href="#page17">17</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">wins the battle of Agincourt, <a href="#page28">28</a>, <a href="#page32">32</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">"that victorious prince", <a href="#page39">39</a>, <a href="#page41">41</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">praise of him and his brethren, <a href="#page43">43</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">his historians, <a href="#pageliii">liii</a></p> + <p>Henry VI. his coronation at Paris, <a href="#page19">19</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">"the innocent prince", <a href="#page39">39</a></p> + <p>Hercules, <a href="#page21">21</a></p> + <p>Homeldon hill, battle of, <a href="#page18">18</a></p> + <p>Howard, lord, <a href="#pagexxiii">xxiii</a>, <a href="#pagexxviii">xxviii</a>, <a href="#pagexxx">xxx</a>, <a href="#pagexxxvi">xxxvi</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">left as hostage with the French, <a href="#pagexxxii">xxxii</a>, <a href="#pagexli">xli</a>, <a href="#pagexliii">xliii</a>, <a href="#pagexlvi">xlvi</a></p> + <p>Hubert bishop of Salisbury, <a href="#page10">10</a></p> + <p>Huntingdon, John earl of, <a href="#page16">16</a></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Jerusalem, <a href="#page52">52</a></p> + <p>Joachym king of Juda, <a href="#page79">79</a></p> + <p>John, king, <a href="#page33">33</a></p> + <p>John king of France taken prisoner and</p> + <p class="i2">brought to England, <a href="#page13">13</a>, <a href="#page14">14</a>, <a href="#page36">36</a>, <a href="#page75">75</a></p> + <p>Judas Machabeus, <a href="#page42">42</a></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Kedecause, journey of, <a href="#page28">28</a></p> + <p>Kent, Edmond earl of, <a href="#page35">35</a>, <a href="#page36">36</a></p> + <p>Knollys, sir Robert, <a href="#page15">15</a></p> + <p>Knowt (Canute), <a href="#page2">2</a></p> + <p>Kyriell, sir Thomas <a href="#pageviii">viii</a>, <a href="#page42">42</a></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Lancaster, Henry duke of, <a href="#page43">43</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">"a chief auctour and foundour in law of armes," <a href="#page77">77</a></p> + <p>Law, the practice of, not worthy of those born to arms, <a href="#pagexv">xv</a>, <a href="#page77">77</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">choice of officers of, <a href="#page78">78</a></p> + <p>Lelius, <a href="#page61">61</a>, <a href="#page62">62</a></p> + <p>Lenius, <a href="#page84">84</a></p> + <p>Library of sir John Paston, <a href="#pagelix">lix</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">of Humphrey duke of Gloucester, <a href="#page45">45</a></p> + <p>Lion, the emblem of knightly valour, and particularly of the royal house of England, <a href="#pageii">ii</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">men of war should resemble, <a href="#page4">4</a>, <a href="#page22">22</a>, <a href="#page46">46</a>, <a href="#page47">47</a>, <a href="#page48">48</a></p> + <p>L'Isle Adam, Jean de Villiers seigneur de, biogr. note on, <a href="#pagexi">xi</a>; <a href="#page8">8</a>, <a href="#page68">68</a></p> + <p>Loans, <a href="#pagexvi">xvi</a>. <a href="#page80">80</a></p> + <p>Lombards, <a href="#page32">32</a></p> + <p>Louis, Saint, counsel to his son, <a href="#pagev">v</a>. <a href="#page8">8</a>, <a href="#page11">11</a>, <a href="#page42">42</a>, <a href="#page81">81</a></p> + <p>Louis XI. abetted the Earl of Warwick, <a href="#pagexvii">xvii</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">character, <a href="#pagexxv">xxv</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">his reception of King Edward's defiance, <a href="#pagexxvii">xxvii</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">kept no herald, <a href="#pagexxx">xxx</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">his "disguised apparel", <a href="#pagexxxvii">xxxvii</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">his timidity, <a href="#pagexliii">xliii</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">anecdotes of <a href="#pagexli">xli</a> <i>et seq.</i></p> + <p>Lucius Brutus, <a href="#page71">71</a></p> + <p>Lucius Paulus, <a href="#page60">60</a>, <a href="#page67">67</a></p> + <p>Lucius Valerius, <a href="#page52">52</a></p> + <p>Lumley, John lord, <a href="#pagelv">lv</a></p> + <p>Lysander, <a href="#page69">69</a></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Maine, county of, the conquest of, <a href="#page19">19</a>, <a href="#page45">45</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">the title of, <a href="#page23">23</a>, <a href="#page32">32</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">revenues of <a href="#page68">68</a></p> +<!-- Page 91 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page91"></a>{91}</span> + <p>Manly man, distinguished from the (fool-)hardy man, <a href="#page65">65</a></p> + <p>Mansel, an esquire, <a href="#pageiii">iii</a>, <a href="#page5">5</a></p> + <p>March, earl of, <a href="#page15">15</a>, <a href="#page28">28</a>, <a href="#page45">45</a></p> + <p>Marcus Actilius, <a href="#page65">65</a></p> + <p>Marcus Marcellus, <a href="#page67">67</a></p> + <p>Margaret of Austria, her matrimonial alliances, <a href="#pagexlviii">xlviii</a></p> + <p>Maude, the empress, <a href="#page23">23</a>, <a href="#page52">52</a></p> + <p>Montgomery, sir N., <a href="#page19">19</a></p> + <p>Morhier, sir Simon, <a href="#pageiii">iii</a>, <a href="#page5">5</a></p> + <p>Morton, doctor, <a href="#pagexxv">xxv</a>, <a href="#pagexxxi">xxxi</a>, <a href="#pagexxxii">xxxii</a></p> + <p>Montreuil (Motreaw), <a href="#page8">8</a></p> + <p>Mountgomery, sir Thomas, <a href="#pagexxiii">xxiii</a>, <a href="#pagexxv">xxv</a>, <a href="#pagexxxii">xxxii</a>, <a href="#pagexxxiii">xxxiii</a>, <a href="#pagexlvi">xlvi</a></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Narbonne, the vicomte de, <a href="#pagexlvi">xlvi</a></p> + <p>Nazar, battle of, <a href="#page14">14</a></p> + <p>Nestor, <a href="#page63">63</a>, <a href="#page64">64</a></p> + <p>Neuss, the siege of, <a href="#pagexxv">xxv</a></p> + <p>Neville, lord, <a href="#page15">15</a></p> + <p>Noblesse, identical with Chivalry, <a href="#pagexv">xv</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">and with Honour, <a href="#pageliv">liv</a>.;</p> + <p class="i2"><i>See</i> <span class="sc">Boke of Noblesse</span></p> + <p>Normandy, the title of, <a href="#page22">22</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">arms of, <a href="#page23">23</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">the wretched state of, <a href="#page72">72</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">the clergy oppressed, <a href="#page74">74</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">its re-conquest by the French, <a href="#pageii">ii</a>, <a href="#pageiii">iii</a>, <a href="#pageviii">viii</a></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Oldhall, sir William, <a href="#page19">19</a></p> + <p>Orleans; bastard of, <a href="#page28">28</a></p> + <p>—— duke of, <a href="#page7">7</a>, <a href="#page8">8</a></p> + <p>—— siege of, <a href="#page28">28</a></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Paris, <a href="#page7">7</a>, <a href="#page8">8</a>, <a href="#page19">19</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">siege of, <a href="#page47">47</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">rebellion in, <a href="#page68">68</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">bastille of St. Anthony, <a href="#pagexi">xi</a>, <a href="#pagelx">lx</a>, <a href="#page68">68</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">in the hands of the English, <a href="#pagexi">xi</a></p> + <p>Parliament, the English, as described by Commines, <a href="#pagexvii">xvii</a></p> + <p>Passy, dame Christine of, <a href="#pageiv">iv</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">biographical note upon, <a href="#page54">54</a></p> + <p>Paston, sir John, his library, <a href="#pagelix">lix</a></p> + <p>Peace, the treaty of, in 1475, <a href="#pagexxxviii">xxxviii</a></p> + <p>Philip, king of France, <a href="#page8">8</a></p> + <p>Philip Dieu-donné, <a href="#page10">10</a>, <a href="#page33">33</a>, <a href="#page34">34</a>, <a href="#page40">40</a></p> + <p>Philip of Valois, <a href="#page12">12</a></p> + <p>Picquigny, the royal interview at, <a href="#pagexxxvi">xxxvi</a></p> + <p>de Pisan, Christine, <a href="#pagevi">vi</a></p> + <p>Plantagenet, <a href="#page2">2</a>, <a href="#page23">23</a>, <a href="#page52">52</a></p> + <p>Poitiers, battle of, <a href="#page13">13</a>, <a href="#page75">75</a></p> + <p>Pompeus, <a href="#page75">75</a></p> + <p>Pont l'Arche, the capture of <a href="#pageiii">iii</a>, <a href="#page5">5</a></p> + <p>Popham, sir John, <a href="#page19">19</a></p> + <p>Poynings, lord, <a href="#page28">28</a></p> + <p>Prophecies, the English always provided with, <a href="#pagexxxix">xxxix</a>, <a href="#page50">50</a></p> + <p>Publius Decius, <a href="#page64">64</a></p> + <p>Pyrrhus, <a href="#page55">55</a>, <a href="#page60">60</a></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Radcliff, sir John, <a href="#page48">48</a></p> + <p>Rais, lord, <a href="#page15">15</a></p> + <p>Rempston, sir Thomas, <a href="#page28">28</a></p> + <p>Respublica, <a href="#page68">68</a></p> + <p>Richard emperor of Almaine, <a href="#page11">11</a></p> + <p>Richard the First, <a href="#page10">10</a></p> + <p>Riviers, Anthony earl of, his embassies to the duke of Burgundy, <a href="#pagexxv">xxv</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">his connections with royalty, <a href="#pagexxvi">xxvi</a>. <i>See</i> Scales</p> + <p>Robert, king of Jerusalem, <a href="#page10">10</a></p> + <p>Rochedaryon, <a href="#page13">13</a></p> + <p>Rollo, duke of Normandy, <a href="#page39">39</a></p> + <p>Romans, their wars with Carthage, <a href="#page26">26</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">the largess of, to make an army to Africa, <a href="#page83">83</a></p> + <p>Rome, <a href="#page52">52</a></p> + <p>Rotherham, archbishop, <a href="#pagexxxiii">xxxiii</a>, <a href="#pagexxxviii">xxxviii</a>, <a href="#pagexxxix">xxxix</a></p> + <p>Rouen, <a href="#page5">5</a></p> + <p>Roveraye, battle of, <a href="#page28">28</a>, <a href="#page44">44</a></p> + <p>Runcyvale, <a href="#page15">15</a></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>St. Cloud, battle of, <a href="#page8">8</a></p> + <p>St. Leger, sir Thomas, <a href="#pagexxxi">xxxi</a>, <a href="#pagexxxiii">xxxiii</a>, <a href="#pagexxxvi">xxxvi</a></p> + <p>St. Pol, Louis de Luxembourg comte de, brother-in-law to king Louis, and uncle to queen Elizabeth Wydville, <a href="#pagexxviii">xxviii</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">his temporising and treacherous conduct, <a href="#pagexxix">xxix</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">circumstances of his ruin, <a href="#pagexxxiv">xxxiv</a>, <a href="#pagexl">xl</a>, <a href="#pagexliv">xliv</a></p> + <p>Salisbury, Thomas earl of, <a href="#page17">17</a>, <a href="#page19">19</a>, <a href="#page28">28</a></p> +<!-- Page 92 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page92"></a>{92}</span> + <p>Scales, lord, <a href="#page19">19</a>;</p> + <p class="i2"><i>see</i> Riviers</p> + <p>Sciences, the, <a href="#pagevii">vii</a>, <a href="#page45">45</a></p> + <p>Scipio, <a href="#page61">61</a>, <a href="#page62">62</a></p> + <p>Scipio Africanus and Scipio Asianus, <a href="#page66">66</a></p> + <p>Scluse, battle of, <a href="#page12">12</a>, <a href="#page36">36</a></p> + <p>Senlys, <a href="#page47">47</a></p> + <p>Sensuality, evils of, <a href="#page22">22</a>, <a href="#page33">33</a>, <a href="#page52">52</a></p> + <p>Sessions, <a href="#page77">77</a>, <a href="#page78">78</a></p> + <p>Shire-days, holding of, <a href="#pagexv">xv</a>, <a href="#page77">77</a>, <a href="#page78">78</a></p> + <p>Shrewsbury, <a href="#page18">18</a></p> + <p>Shrewsbury, earl of, <a href="#page28">28</a> <i>bis</i></p> + <p>Sicily, <a href="#page83">83</a></p> + <p>Smert, John, Garter king of arms, <a href="#pagexxvii">xxvii</a></p> + <p>Soldiers, on the just payment of, <a href="#page71">71</a></p> + <p>Somerset, Edmond duke of, <a href="#page28">28</a></p> + <p>—— John duke of, <a href="#page28">28</a></p> + <p>Stanley, lord, <a href="#pagexxiii">xxiii</a>, <a href="#pagexxviii">xxviii</a>, <a href="#pagexxx">xxx</a>, <a href="#pagexxxi">xxxi</a></p> + <p>Suffolk, William earl of, <a href="#page17">17</a>, <a href="#page28">28</a>, <a href="#page45">45</a></p> + <p>Surie (Syria), <a href="#page10">10</a>, <a href="#page11">11</a></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Tancarville, earl of, <a href="#page12">12</a></p> + <p>Thames, the flood of, <a href="#page82">82</a></p> + <p>Tours, <a href="#page5">5</a>, <a href="#page25">25</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">truce of, <a href="#pageii">ii</a></p> + <p>"Tree of Batailes," a popular work, <a href="#pageiii">iii</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">its author, editions, and manuscripts, <a href="#pageiv">iv</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">quoted, <a href="#pagevii">vii</a></p> + <p>Troy, <a href="#page2">2</a>, <a href="#page20">20</a>, <a href="#page43">43</a>, <a href="#page64">64</a></p> + <p>Truces with France, the history of, <a href="#page34">34</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">truce of Tours, <a href="#pageii">ii</a></p> + <p>Tryvet, sir John, <a href="#page15">15</a></p> + <p>Tunis, <a href="#page11">11</a></p> + <p>Tunstall, sir Richard, <a href="#pagexx">xx</a>, <a href="#pagexxiii">xxiii</a>, <a href="#pagexxxii">xxxii</a></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Ulixes, <a href="#page21">21</a></p> + <p>d'Urfé, seigneur, <a href="#pagexxxiii">xxxiii</a></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Valerius Corvinus, <a href="#page70">70</a></p> + <p>Vernelle, battle of, <a href="#page18">18</a>, <a href="#page19">19</a>, <a href="#page28">28</a>, <a href="#page32">32</a> <i>bis</i>, <a href="#page44">44</a></p> + <p>Virtues, the iiij principalle cardinall, <a href="#page7">7</a></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Wales, language of, <a href="#page2">2</a></p> + <p>Warwick, Thomas earl of, <a href="#page37">37</a></p> + <p>William the Conqueror, <a href="#page2">2</a>, <a href="#page10">10</a>, <a href="#page22">22</a></p> + <p>Willoughby, Robert lord, <a href="#page17">17</a>, <a href="#page28">28</a></p> + <p>Winchester, bailiffs of, their letter (to sir John</p> + <p class="i2">Fastolfe), <a href="#pagelvii">lvii</a></p> + <p>Worcestre, William of, the secretary of sir John Fastolfe, <a href="#pagel">l</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">his supposed <i>Acta d'ni Joh. Fastolff</i>, <a href="#pagelii">lii</a></p> + <p>Wyer, Robert, <a href="#pageliv">liv</a></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>York, Richard duke of, <a href="#page41">41</a>.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + +<p><!-- Page 93 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page93"></a>{93}</span></p> + +<h2>G<span class="gsp"> </span>L<span class="gsp"> </span>O<span class="gsp"> </span>S<span class="gsp"> </span>S<span class="gsp"> </span>A<span class="gsp"> </span>R<span class="gsp"> </span>I<span class="gsp"> </span>A<span class="gsp"> </span>L I<span class="gsp"> </span>N<span class="gsp"> </span>D<span class="gsp"> </span>E<span class="gsp"> </span>X.</h2> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="short" /> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>admonestementis <a href="#page79">79</a></p> + <p>afferaunt <a href="#page43">43</a></p> + <p>aiel <a href="#page35">35</a></p> + <p>amercie <a href="#page78">78</a></p> + <p>approwementis <a href="#page65">65</a></p> + <p>assailours <a href="#page9">9</a></p> + <p>astonyed <a href="#page2">2</a></p> + <p>atwix (betwixt) <a href="#page48">48</a></p> + <p>avaunt <a href="#page75">75</a></p> + <p>aventure <a href="#page33">33</a></p> + <p>aveyn <a href="#page69">69</a></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>baleese <a href="#page54">54</a></p> + <p>barnage (baronage) <a href="#page55">55</a></p> + <p>batellous <a href="#page63">63</a></p> + <p>be (by) <a href="#page9">9</a></p> + <p>beforce (by force) <a href="#page31">31</a></p> + <p>beforne <a href="#page70">70</a></p> + <p>benecute <a href="#page70">70</a></p> + <p>benevolence <a href="#pagexvii">xvii</a>, <a href="#pagexxi">xxi</a>, <a href="#pagexxii">xxii</a></p> + <p>bestialle <a href="#page77">77</a>, <a href="#page78">78</a></p> + <p>bethout (without) <a href="#page7">7</a> <i>et passim</i></p> + <p>bethyn (within) <a href="#page3">3</a> <i>et passim</i></p> + <p>bobauncees <a href="#page80">80</a></p> + <p>bonchief <a href="#page21">21</a></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>chevalrie <a href="#page66">66</a>, <a href="#page76">76</a>, <a href="#page83">83</a></p> + <p>clepid <a href="#page27">27</a>, <a href="#page31">31</a>, <a href="#page40">40</a>, <a href="#page55">55</a></p> + <p>congie <a href="#page30">30</a></p> + <p>convenable <a href="#page74">74</a>, <a href="#page75">75</a></p> + <p>costius, costues (costly) <a href="#page80">80</a></p> + <p>cote-armer <a href="#page18">18</a></p> + <p>cotes of armes <a href="#page20">20</a></p> + <p>countour <a href="#pagexv">xv</a></p> + <p>covyn <a href="#page54">54</a></p> + <p>croiserie <a href="#page10">10</a>, <a href="#page11">11</a></p> + <p>custrell <a href="#pagexx">xx</a></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>defalke <a href="#page31">31</a>, <a href="#page72">72</a></p> + <p>defend (drive away) <a href="#page9">9</a></p> + <p>deliver (agile) <a href="#page76">76</a></p> + <p>deliver (to fulfil a challenge in arms) <a href="#page77">77</a></p> + <p>depart (part with) <a href="#page81">81</a>, <a href="#page83">83</a> side note</p> + <p>detrussed <a href="#page65">65</a>, <i>detroussé</i>, unbound</p> + <p>devoire <a href="#page9">9</a>, <a href="#page56">56</a></p> + <p>dissimiled (dissembled) <a href="#page30">30</a>,</p> + <p class="i2">dissimuled <a href="#page41">41</a></p> + <p>dissimulacion <a href="#page40">40</a></p> + <p>dulled <a href="#page2">2</a></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>egallie (equally) <a href="#page21">21</a></p> + <p>embrace (to take part, or patronise) <a href="#pagexv">xv</a>, <a href="#page77">77</a></p> + <p>empeshement <a href="#page35">35</a></p> + <p>enfamyned <a href="#page13">13</a></p> + <p>entendement <a href="#page20">20</a></p> + <p>entreprennour <a href="#page64">64</a></p> + <p>entreprinses <i>and</i> entreprises, <a href="#page6">6</a>, <a href="#page21">21</a>, <a href="#page29">29</a></p> + <p>ering <a href="#page70">70</a></p> + <p>at erst <a href="#page6">6</a></p> + <p>escarmisshes <a href="#page13">13</a></p> + <p>esy (little <i>or</i> scarcely) <a href="#page72">72</a>,</p> + <p class="i2">esilie (scarcely), <a href="#page73">73</a></p> + <p>ewred <a href="#page43">43</a></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>fauten <a href="#page60">60</a></p> + <p>feernesse (<i>for</i> feersnesse?) <a href="#page4">4</a>, <a href="#page20">20</a></p> + <p>fellir (more fell) <a href="#page64">64</a></p> + <p>fille (fell) <a href="#page21">21</a>, <a href="#page23">23</a>, <a href="#page27">27</a>, <a href="#page73">73</a>, <a href="#page83">83</a></p> + <p>finaunce <a href="#page9">9</a>, <a href="#page14">14</a>, <a href="#page19">19</a>, <a href="#page29">29</a>, <a href="#page33">33</a>, <a href="#page65">65</a></p> + <p>fole-hardiesse <a href="#page63">63</a>, <i>see</i> hardy</p> + <p>fraunchise <a href="#page81">81</a></p> +<!-- Page 94 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page94"></a>{94}</span> + <p>fructufulle <a href="#page56">56</a></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>grene age <a href="#page76">76</a></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>hardiesse <a href="#page29">29</a></p> + <p>hardy (or fool-hardy) man, <a href="#page65">65</a></p> + <p>haunting arms <a href="#page3">3</a>, <a href="#page6">6</a>, <a href="#page22">22</a>, <a href="#page77">77</a></p> + <p>havyour <a href="#page84">84</a></p> + <p>herbers (of soote smyllis of flowris and herbis of divers colours) <a href="#page70">70</a></p> + <p>hethynesse <a href="#page46">46</a></p> + <p>historier <a href="#page25">25</a>, <a href="#page43">43</a></p> + <p>hostied <a href="#page13">13</a></p> + <p>hubes <a href="#page68">68</a></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>infortune <a href="#page42">42</a>, <a href="#page50">50</a></p> + <p>inure <a href="#page62">62</a></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>joieuest (most joyful) <a href="#page70">70</a></p> + <p>jorney (military expedition) <a href="#page47">47</a></p> + <p>jupardie <a href="#page65">65</a>, <a href="#page70">70</a>, <a href="#page77">77</a></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>labourage <a href="#page65">65</a>, <a href="#page69">69</a>, <a href="#page70">70</a></p> + <p>lifelode <a href="#page32">32</a>, <a href="#page49">49</a>, <a href="#page32">32</a>, <a href="#page73">73</a>, <a href="#page80">80</a></p> + <p>lust (<i>verb</i>) <a href="#page82">82</a></p> + <p>lyes (leash) <a href="#page16">16</a></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>manassed <a href="#page73">73</a></p> + <p>manly man <a href="#page65">65</a></p> + <p>mantelle <a href="#page20">20</a></p> + <p>masty hound <a href="#page16">16</a></p> + <p>meintenaunce <a href="#page78">78</a></p> + <p>menage <a href="#page69">69</a></p> + <p>messangiers <a href="#page45">45</a></p> + <p>moien <a href="#page85">85</a></p> + <p>mondeyn <a href="#page70">70</a></p> + <p>mow (shall mow endure) <a href="#page69">69</a></p> + <p>muys <a href="#page50">50</a></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>namelie (especially) <a href="#page82">82</a>, <a href="#page83">83</a></p> + <p>noblesse <a href="#pagexv">xv</a>. <a href="#pageliv">liv</a></p> + <p>nompower <a href="#page30">30</a></p> + <p>nouches <a href="#page84">84</a></p> + <p>noy <a href="#page82">82</a></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>obeisaunce <i>and</i> obediaunce <a href="#page17">17</a>, <a href="#page30">30</a>, <a href="#page59">59</a></p> + <p>obeissauntes <a href="#page30">30</a>, <a href="#page47">47</a></p> + <p>onure, <a href="#page85">85</a></p> + <p>oost (host) <a href="#page27">27</a>, <a href="#page28">28</a>, <a href="#page31">31</a>, <a href="#page32">32</a>, <a href="#page64">64</a>, <a href="#page71">71</a></p> + <p>osteyng <a href="#page11">11</a></p> + <p>ovyr hand <a href="#page65">65</a></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>paast, <a href="#page6">6</a></p> + <p>paissauntes (peasants) <a href="#page72">72</a>, <a href="#page73">73</a></p> + <p>patised <a href="#page73">73</a></p> + <p>payneymys <a href="#page10">10</a></p> + <p>paynym <a href="#page75">75</a></p> + <p>peine hem (take pains) <a href="#page31">31</a></p> + <p>perveaunce <a href="#page40">40</a></p> + <p>piller (thief) <a href="#page31">31</a>, <a href="#page72">72</a></p> + <p>plenerlie <a href="#page37">37</a></p> + <p>practik (singler) <a href="#page77">77</a>, <a href="#page78">78</a></p> + <p>practique of law <a href="#page77">77</a></p> + <p>print money, <a href="#page84">84</a></p> + <p>puissaunt <a href="#page20">20</a>, <a href="#page23">23</a>, <a href="#page26">26</a>, <a href="#page41">41</a>, <a href="#page43">43</a>, <a href="#page46">46</a>, <a href="#page61">61</a></p> + <p>purveonds <a href="#page68">68</a></p> + <p>puttithe away (<i>plur.</i>) <a href="#page79">79</a></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>quaiers (of books) <a href="#pagelix">lix</a>, <a href="#page79">79</a></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>raise <a href="#page40">40</a>. Chaucer says of his Knight, In Lettowe had he <i>reysed</i> and in Russe.</p> + <p>ravyne <a href="#page72">72</a>, <a href="#page73">73</a></p> + <p>recordacion <a href="#page3">3</a></p> + <p>renomme <a href="#page32">32</a></p> + <p>revaled <a href="#page3">3</a>, <a href="#page9">9</a>, <a href="#page11">11</a>, <a href="#page74">74</a></p> + <p>rightwisnesse <a href="#page56">56</a></p> + <p>rothir or sterne <a href="#page58">58</a></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>servage <a href="#page71">71</a></p> + <p>sille (sell) <a href="#page84">84</a></p> + <p>sleuth (sloth) <a href="#page6">6</a></p> + <p>soude <a href="#page33">33</a>, <a href="#page72">72</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">soulde <a href="#page29">29</a>, <a href="#page40">40</a></p> + <p>soudeours <a href="#page16">16</a>, <a href="#page68">68</a>, <a href="#page71">71</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">sowdieris <a href="#page30">30</a></p> + <p>soudeyng <a href="#page29">29</a>;</p> + <p class="i2">souding, <a href="#page83">83</a></p> + <p>souneth (threaten) <a href="#page48">48</a></p> + <p>synguler (personal) <a href="#page7">7</a>, <a href="#page29">29</a>, <a href="#page55">55</a></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> +<!-- Page 95 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page95"></a>{95}</span> + <p>tailis <a href="#page73">73</a>, <a href="#page83">83</a>, <a href="#page84">84</a></p> + <p>take in gree <a href="#page79">79</a></p> + <p>tasques <a href="#page73">73</a>, <a href="#page83">83</a>, <a href="#page84">84</a></p> + <p>terrein <a href="#page69">69</a></p> + <p>tilieng (tilling) <a href="#page70">70</a></p> + <p>tofore (before) <a href="#page60">60</a></p> + <p>to morne (tomorrow) <a href="#page84">84</a></p> + <p>trespasseinte <a href="#page11">11</a></p> + <p>trespassement <a href="#page41">41</a>, <a href="#page43">43</a></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>umbre <a href="#page3">3</a>, <a href="#page4">4</a>, <a href="#page25">25</a>, <a href="#page33">33</a>, <a href="#page41">41</a></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>viellars <a href="#page64">64</a></p> + <p>vileyned <a href="#page74">74</a></p> + <p>voulenté <a href="#page84">84</a></p> + <p>vyfnes <a href="#page4">4</a></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>wanhope <a href="#page74">74</a></p> + <p>well (easy), "it is well to undrestonde" <a href="#page82">82</a></p> + <p>werreied (made war) <a href="#page10">10</a></p> + <p>wited (considered) <a href="#page55">55</a></p> + </div> + + <div class="stanza"> + <p>yen (eyen <i>or</i> eyes) <a href="#page66">66</a></p> + <p>yoven (given) <a href="#page81">81</a></p> + </div> + </div> + + <p><br style="clear:both" /></p> +<hr class="full" /> + +<h2>N<span class="gsp"> </span>O<span class="gsp"> </span>T<span class="gsp"> </span>E<span class="gsp"> </span>S</h2> + +<div class="note"> + <p><a name="Nt1" href="#NtA1">[1]</a> Giles brother to Francis I. duke of + Bretagne. Having differences with his brother respecting his apanage, he + was with the duke's consent arrested by king Charles VII.; and, perhaps + in consequence of the English taking his part, he was put to death in the + year 1450. His fate was commemorated in the "Histoire lamentable de + Gilles seigneur de Chateaubriand et de Chantocé, prince du sang de France + et de Bretagne, estranglé en prison par les ministres d'un favory." See + Daru's Histoire de Bretagne, 1826, vol. ii. pp. 287 et seq.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt2" href="#NtA2">[2]</a> Sir Simon Morhier is one of the + commissioners named for concluding a treaty with "our adversary of + France," dated 28 July 1438. (Rymer, x. 709.) Monstrelet relates that at + the battle of Rouvray, commonly called the battle of the Herrings, which + took place during the siege of Orleans in 1428, the only man of note + slain on the English side was one named Bresanteau, nephew to Simon + Morhier provost of Paris.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt3" href="#NtA3">[3]</a> I do not find the name of this + esquire in the memoirs of the Mansel family, privately printed in 1850, + by William W. Mansell, esq. There were Mansels in Bretagne as well as in + England.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt4" href="#NtA4">[4]</a> A description of the taking of Pont + de l'Arche will be found in the <i>Histoire du roy Charles VII.</i>, by + Alain Chartier. He states that from a hundred to six score Englishmen + were there either killed or taken prisoners: "Entre les autres y fut + prins le sire de Faucquembergue, qui d'aventure y estoit venu la nuict." + This was William Neville, lord Fauconberg, a younger son of the first + earl of Westmerland, and uncle to the King-making earl of Warwick. + Dugdale describes his imprisonment on the authority of letters patent (30 + Hen. VI. p. 1, m. 24) whereby he was granted some compensation: "Being + sent ambassador into Normandy, to treat of peace and truce betwixt both + realms, he was most perfidiously seized upon by the French, and kept + prisoner: in respect of which sufferings he had in 30 Hen. VI. an + assignation of 4108<i>l.</i> 18<i>s.</i> 10¼<i>d.</i> then in arrears to + him for his pay whilst he was governor of Roxburgh, to be received out of + the customs of wool, cloths, skins, lead, and other commodities, arising + in the ports of Boston, Kingston upon Hull, and Ipswich." In 32 Hen. VI. + (1453-4) he was still prisoner in France. (Baronage of England, i. 308, + 309.)</p> + + <p><a name="Nt5" href="#NtA5">[5]</a> Fougčres was a strongly fortified + town, and was considered one of the keys of Bretagne. It was taken by + surprise, in the night of the 23-24 of March 1448, by Franēois de + Surienne, on the part of the English: an event which was followed by very + important results, for Charles VII. made it an excuse for resuming + hostilities in order to protect the duke of Bretagne as his vassal and + ally: the Constable of France Artur de Richemont, who was the duke's + uncle, (but who had been opposed to the arrest of his nephew Giles,) + recovered the captured town; the duke invaded Lower Normandy, whilst the + king of France entered the upper province, and by a rapid series of + successes they within fifteen months drove the English out of the + country.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt6" href="#NtA6">[6]</a> Honoré Bonnet was prior of Salon in + Provence, as is shown by his own dedication of the book to Charles VI. + written during the sovereignty of Louis II. of Anjou in Provence, that + is, from 1384 to 1390. In some of the early editions of the book the + author's name was altered to Bonnor: its title is "Larbre des batailles. + Sensuyt larbre des batailles qui traicte de plusieurs choses comme de + leglise. Et aussi des faictz de la guerre. Et aussi cōment on se + doyt gouuerner. Paris, 1493." folio. Also Paris, 1505, 4to. Among the + Royal collection of Manuscripts in the British Museum (20 C. VIII.) is a + magnificent copy in large folio, and another, in quarto, has been + recently purchased (Addit. MS. 22,768.) Respecting others at Paris see + the work of M. Paulin Paris on "Les Manuscrits Franēais de la + Bibliothčque du Roi," vol. v. pp. 101, 307.</p> + + <p>On the fly-leaf of the Royal MS. is the following inscription in an + old hand, the writer of which avowedly followed the <a + href="#Nt151">note</a> at p. <a href="#page54">54</a> of the present + volume:</p> + +<p class="cenhead"><i>L'Arbre des Battailles compose par Honore Bonet Prieur de Sallon en Prouuence.</i></p> + + <p>Note y<sup>t</sup> in some Authors this Booke is termed Dame Christine + of y<sup>e</sup> tree of Battayles, not that she made yt; But bicause she + was a notable Benefactour to Learned men and perchaunce to y<sup>e</sup> + autor of this Booke. And therefore diuers of them sette furthe their + Bookes under her name. See y<sup>e</sup> Booke of Noblesse in englishe + and Chrystines Life amongste y<sup>e</sup> autors de claris mulieribus as + I remēber.</p> + + <p>On the title-page are the autograph inscriptions of two of the former + owners of the volume, <i>Sum Humfridi LLoyd</i> and <i>Lumley</i>: and at + the end is inscribed <i>Iste liber constat Joh'i Gamston' Generoso</i>. + It seems not improbable that the entry above extracted was written by + Lord Lumley.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt7" href="#NtA7">[7]</a> At the end of the life of Saint + Louis by Geoffroi de Beaulieu, in the <i>Historiens de la</i> + <i>France</i>, tome xx. p. 26, (1840, folio,) will be found the + Instructions of king Louis to his Son, in their vernacular language. A + copy of them, headed "Ce sont les enseignemens que mons<sup>r</sup> + sainct Loys fist a son filz Charles roy de France," occurs in the MS. at + the College of Arms which contains many things about sir John Fastolfe. + (MS. Arundel XXVI. fol. ii v.)</p> + + <p><a name="Nt8" href="#NtA8">[8]</a> Vegetius was a great authority with + the writers of the middle ages. Monstrelet commences the prologue to the + second volume of his chronicles by citing the book of "un trčsrenommé + philosophe nommé Végčce, qu'il feist de la vaillance et prudence de + chevalerie." The treatise of Vegetius de Re Militari had been translated + into French about the year 1284, by Jean de Meun, one of the authors of + the Roman de la Rose. In the fifteenth century it was one of the + principal sources of a book entitled "Lart de cheualerie selon Vegece; + lequel trait de la maniere que les princes doiuent tenir au fait de leurs + guerres et batailles." This was printed at Paris by Anthoine Verard in + 1488; and it was, at the command of king Henry VII. translated by Caxton, + and printed by him at Westminster in the following year, as "The Fayttes + of Armes and of Chyvallrye," which (he states in his colophon,) + "Christian of Pise made and drew out of the book named Vegecius de Re + Militari, and out of the Arbre of Battles." Now, Christina de Pisan was a + poetess: and it is not likely that she had more to do with this treatise + on the art of war than the "dame Christine" of our present author had + with the Arbre des Batailles. Indeed it is probable that the two + misappropriations are connected in their origin. On the actual + productions of Christine de Pisan, which furnished other works to our + first English printer, see the description by M. Paulin Paris of "Les + Manuscrits Franēais de la Bibliothčque du Roi," vol. iv. 184, vol. v. + 148-185, vi. 359, 399: and an "Essai sur les Ecrits Politiques de + Christine de Pisan, suivi d'une Notice Litteraire et de Pičces Inédites. + Par Raimond Thomassy, 1838." 8vo. pp. 200.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt9" href="#NtA9">[9]</a> Alain Chartier was a writer both in + prose and poetry. There are separate editions of several of his works: + and a collected volume of them was edited by Andrew du Chesne in 1617. An + English translation of his "Curial" was printed by Caxton without date. + See an account of various manuscripts of the works of Chartier given by + M. Paulin Paris in his vol. vi. pp. 385-387, vol. vii. pp. 251-254.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt10" href="#NtA10">[10]</a> The personages speaking in the + Quadrilogue are France, Le Peuple, Le Chevalier, and Le Clergie, to whose + conversation l'Acteur, or the Author, occasionally interposes some + remarks. Le Chevalier is also the Gendarmerie, and described as being + identical with the Estat de Noblesse—an identity which is thus + maintained at the beginning of the reign of Henry the Eighth:—"in + all the Chevalrie of this realme, wherein be intended all Dukes, Erles, + Barons, Knightes, Esquires, and other Gentlemen by office or + aucthoritie." I quote this from The Tree of Common Wealth, by Edmonde + Dudley, (written in 1509 or 1510,) printed for the Brotherhood of the + Rosy Cross, at Manchester, 1859, p. 18.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt11" href="#NtA11">[11]</a> "Magister Alanus de Auriga. Id + est compilam de libro suo." Sidenote in p. <a href="#page27">27</a>.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt12" href="#NtA12">[12]</a> This battle, from which the + final loss of Normandy ensued, was fought at Formigny, between Charenton + and Bayeux, on the 15th of April 1450. Sir Thomas Kyriell, who was there + taken prisoner, was a veteran warrior of Agincourt, and had for some + years been lieutenant of Calais. By a writ of privy seal dated the 12th + August 1451, Henry VI. granted the sum of 5000 crowns and lent another + 5000, out of the bonds due from the duke of Orleans, in order to provide + for the ransom of sir Thomas Kyriell. (Rymer, xi. 287.) Sir Thomas was + elected a Knight of the Garter at the close of the reign of Henry the + Sixth, Feb. 8, 1460-1, and beheaded by the victorious Yorkists on the + 18th of the same month.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt13" href="#NtA13">[13]</a> This passage was an abridgment + from one in <i>Le Quadrilogue Invectif</i> of Alain Chartier: which is as + follows: "Toutes anciennes escriptures sont plaines de mutations, + subversions, et changemens de Royaulmes et des Principaultez. Car comme + les enfans naissent et croissent en hommes parfaitz, et puis declinent ą + vieillesse et ą mort; ainsi ont les Seigneuries leur commencement, et + leur accroissement, et leur declin. Oł est Ninive la grant cité, qui + duroit trois journées de chemin? Qu'est devenue Babiloine, qui fut + edifiée de matiere artificieuse pour plus durer aux hommes, et maintenant + est habitée de serpens? Que dira l'en de Troye la riche et tres renommée? + Et de Ylion le chastel sans per, dont les portes furent d'ivoire, et les + colonnes d'argent; et maintenant ą peine en reste le pié des fondemens, + que les haulx buissons forcloent de la veue des hommes? Thebes qui fut + fondée de Cadmus le fils de Agenor, et la plus peuplée de dessus la terre + pour son temps: en laquelle part pourroit en trouver tant de reliques de + son nom, que gens se puissent monstrer nez de sa semence? Lacedemoine, + dont les loix vindrent ą diverse nations, desquelles encores nous usons, + ne peut oncques tant estroictement garder les loix de Licurgus le + doicturier, qui furent faictes pour sa perpetuation, que sa vertu ne soit + extaincte et aneantie. Athenes fontaine de sapience, et source des + haultes doctrines de philosophie, n'est elle pas en subversion, et les + ruisseaulx de son escole taris et asseichez? Carthage la batailleresse, + qui domptait les elephans ą batailler, et qui jadis fut tant redoubtée + aux Romains, oł a elle tourné sa grant glorie, sinon en la cendre du feu + oł elle fut arse et embrasée? Mais parlons de Romme, qui fut derreniere + en souveraine majesté, et excellente en vertu. Et notons bien la parolle + de Lucan, qui dit que de elle mesme par sa pesanteur elle decheut. Car + les trops pesans faiz font les plus griefues cheoistes. Par ceste maniere + chascune ą sa tour et en son ordre se changent, rebaissent, ou + soubvertissent les eureuses fortunes, et le bruit des Royaulmes. Ainsi + comme la Monarchie du monde et la dignité du Souverain Empire fut jadis + translatée des Assiriens aux Persans, des Persans aux Grecz, des Grecz + aux Rommains, et des Rommains es mains des Franēois et des Germains."</p> + + <p><a name="Nt14" href="#NtA14">[14]</a> It was in this sense that the + duke of Burgundy was called Charles le Hardi, which was equivalent to the + modern <i>le Temeraire</i>, that is, not only Bold, but Rash. We find + that the author of <i>L'Arbre des Batailles</i> discusses in his third + book, chapter viii., the various causes from which "est ung chevalier + bien hardy:" and he asserts them to be many: "Car premierement ung + chevalier sera hardy pour avoir et conquerir vaine gloire et l'honneur de + ce monde: pour ce seulement quil voit les hardis honnourez et le couhars + dishonnourez. Ung autre chevalier sera hardy pour avoir peur de perdre + honneur et proffit de son seigneur, et pour peur destre prins sil estoit + couhart. La tierce par usaige; car se ung chevalier a grant temps porté + le harnois il seulement qui scaurra bien l'usaige prandra ardement in ce + quon ne parle contre lun sil faisoit le contraire. Aultre chevalier y a + qui est hardy pour ce quil sent son harnois et armeures estre bons et de + bonne espreuve. Aultre chevalier y a qui est hardy pour son cappitaine + quil scet estre bien sage et bien fortuné. Aultre chevalier y a qui est + hardy par droicte fureur, et par droicte coulere hayreuse. Aultre + chevalier y a qui est hardy par ignorance: car il est si simple quil ne + scet que est vertu de force: mais faite ainsi comme il voit faire au plus + avance. Aultre chevalier y a qui est hardy par couvoitise de gaigner + richesses et non pour aultre chose. Or saiches maintenant comme en toutes + ces hardiesses na vertu si non en cellui qui est hardy de droicte + congnoissance et de droit scavoir, et ayt la voulente entendue a vertu et + a justice et ferme voulenté d'attendre et de soustenir toute chose deue + et possible par la vertu de force. Et te souffise de ceste vertu quant ą + present."</p> + + <p><a name="Nt15" href="#NtA15">[15]</a> Jean de Villiers, seigneur de + l'Isle Adam et de Villiers le Bel, having joined the party of the duke of + Burgundy, was by his influence made Maréchal of France in 1418. He was + arrested by the duke of Exeter at Paris in 1420, and released by the duke + of Bedford in 1422, at the request of Philip duke of Burgundy. By duke + Charles he was highly favoured, made one of the first knights of the + order of the Golden Fleece, and captain of Paris when the duke of Bedford + left that city in 1430. He was killed during a popular commotion at + Bruges in 1437. See his life in Anselme's Histoire Genealogique, 1723, + vii. 10.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt16" href="#NtA16">[16]</a> The account which Monstrelet + gives of this insurrection entirely corresponds with that of our author. + It is as follows:</p> + +<blockquote class="b1n"> + + <p>"En apres le duc d'Excestre, qui estoit capitaine de Paris, pour + certaines causes qui ą ce le meurent, feit prendre en icelle ville le + seigneur de l'Isle Adam par aucuns de ses Anglois: pour laquelle prinse + s'assemblerent jusques a mille hommes ou plus du commun de Paris, pour le + rescourre ą ceux qui le menoient en la bastille S. Anthoine. Mais tantost + ledit duc d'Excestre ą tout six vingts combattans, dont il y avoit la + plus grand partie archiers, alla frapper en eux et faire tirer les + dessusdits archiers au travers desdites communes: pourquoy tant par la + cremeur dudict traict, comme par le commandement qu'il leur feit de par + le Roy, se retrahirent assez brief en leurs maisons: et ledit seigneur de + l'Isle Adam fut (comme dit est) mis prisonnier, et y demoura durant la + vie du roy Henry d'Angleterre, lequel l'eust faict mourir, ce n'eust esté + la requeste du duc de Bourgongne." (Chroniques de Monstrelet, vol. i. + chap. ccxxxviii.)</p> + +</blockquote> + + <p><a name="Nt17" href="#NtA17">[17]</a> It is very remarkable how + entirely these statements correspond with some passages of Commines, + (book iv. chap. xviii.) in which he describes the conduct of tyrannical + princes, and the way in which France especially suffered from quartering + soldiers. "To the common people they leave little or nothing, though + their taxes be greater than they ought to be; nor do they take any care + to restrain the licentiousness of their soldiers, who are constantly + quartered throughout the country without paying anything, and commit all + manner of excesses and insolencies, as everybody knows; for, not + contented with the ordinary provisions with which they are supplied, they + beat and abuse the poor country people, and force them to bring bread, + wine, and other dainties, on purpose for their eating; and if the + goodman's wife or daughter happens to be good-looking, his wisest course + is to keep her out of their sight. And yet, where money is abundant, it + would be no difficult matter to prevent this disorder and confusion, by + paying them every two months at furthest, which would obviate the + pretence of want of pay, and leave them without excuse, and cause no + inconvenience to the prince, because his money is raised punctually every + year. I say this in compassion to this kingdom, which certainly is more + oppressed and harassed in quartering soldiers than any in all + Europe."</p> + + <p><a name="Nt18" href="#NtA18">[18]</a> This word, or "obeissauntis," + which was used in the same sense, may be taken as the original reading of + the erasure in p. <a href="#page73">73</a>, in the place of + "predecessours," which is an alteration for the worse.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt19" href="#NtA19">[19]</a> Chaucer says of his + Franklin—</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>At sessions there was he lord and sire,</p> + <p>Full often time he was Knight of the shire,</p> + <p>A Sheriff had he been, and a Countour.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>The countour—a term which has been involved in some doubt, was + probably a commissioner of taxes, who had to return his accompt to the + royal exchequer.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt20" href="#NtA20">[20]</a> <i>i.e.</i> take a factious or + unjust part.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt21" href="#NtA21">[21]</a> Sir Harris Nicolas, in his + memoir on the Scrope and Grosvenor Roll (ii. 347), has remarked "the + slighting manner in which the profession of the law is mentioned, in + comparison with that of arms," in the deposition of sir William Aton. + Speaking of sir Henry Scrope, that witness stated that he was come of + noble and gentle ancestry, and yet by the consent of his parents was put + to the law, and became the king's justice, but nevertheless used in his + halls, on his beds, in windows, and on plate the arms of <i>Azure, a bend + or</i>. At a much later date (1542) sir Edmund Knightley, though a + younger brother and a serjeant at law, is represented in a full suit of + armour at Fawsley, co. Northampton. His epitaph commemorates both his + gentilitial and his professional merits:</p> + + <div class="poem"> + <div class="stanza"> + <p>Natus erat claro de stemmate et ordine equestri,</p> + <p class="i2">Qui fuit et gentis gloria magna suę;</p> + <p>Legis erat patrię gnarus, compescere lites</p> + <p class="i2">Assuetus vulgi et jurgia seva lenis.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <p>But, whilst these passages are certainly indicative of the prevailing + chivalric sentiments, it is still to be remembered that very absurd + class-prejudices exist in all ages, and they must not always be taken in + proof of the general opinions of society. It is indisputable that, from + the Conquest downwards, the "younger brothers" of some of our greatest + families have been bred to the law, and the inns of court were always the + resort of young men of noble birth.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt22" href="#NtA22">[22]</a> The notices which the + chroniclers Fabyan and Hall give of the first Benevolence will be found + in a subsequent page.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt23" href="#NtA23">[23]</a> Commines gives the following + somewhat satirical account of an English parliament. "The king was not + able to undertake such an affair without calling his parliament, which is + in the nature of our Three Estates, and, consisting for the most part of + sage and religious men, is very serviceable and a great strengthening to + the king. At the meeting of this parliament the king declares his + intention, and desires aid of his subjects, for no money is raised in + England but upon some expedition into France or Scotland, and then they + supply him very liberally, especially against France. Yet the kings of + England have this artifice when they want money, and have a desire to + have any supplies granted,—to raise men, and pretend quarrels with + Scotland or France, and, having encamped with their army for about three + months, to disband it, return home, and keep the remainder of the money + for their own private use; and this trade king Edward understood very + well, and often practised it."</p> + + <p><a name="Nt24" href="#NtA24">[24]</a> At that time the parliament + first granted the number of 20,000 archers, which was afterwards reduced + to 13,000. Rot. Parl. v. 230, 231.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt25" href="#NtA25">[25]</a> Rotuli Parl. vi. 4.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt26" href="#NtA26">[26]</a> Ibid. p. 6.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt27" href="#NtA27">[27]</a> Ibid. p. 39.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt28" href="#NtA28">[28]</a> The parliament re-assembled + accordingly on the 9th of May 1474: and during that session, on the 18th + of July, the commons again granted to the king a quinsisme and a disme (a + fifteenth and a tenth), and the further sum of 51,147<i>l.</i> 4<i>s.</i> + 7¾<i>d.</i> in full payment of the wages of the 13,000 archers, who, + notwithstanding the condition of the former grants, were still maintained + in readiness for the proposed expedition. In making these votes, the + commons recited, as before, the king's intention to set outward a mighty + army, "as dyvers tymes by the mouth of your chancellors for the tyme + beyng hath to us been declared and shewed;" and it was now ordained + "that, if the said viage roiall hold not afore the feste of seynt John + Baptist the year of our Lord M cccclxvj. that then aswell the graunte of + the forsaid xiij M. men as of all the sommes severally graunted for the + wages of the same," should be utterly void and of none effect, (Rot. + Parl. vi. 111, 118.) On the re-assembling of parliament in January 1474-5 + a further act was passed to hasten the payment of the disme first voted + (Ibid. p. 120); and again, on the 14th of March, immediately before the + dissolution of the parliament, the commons granted another fifteenth and + tenth, and three parts of a fifteenth and tenth, to provide for the + before-mentioned sum of 51,147<i>l.</i> 4<i>s.</i> 7¾<i>d.</i> (Ibid. pp. + 149, 153.)</p> + + <p><a name="Nt29" href="#NtA29">[29]</a> They are printed in Rymer's + Fœdera, &c. vol. xi. pp. 804 et seq.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt30" href="#NtA30">[30]</a> An account of the payment of + these wages for the first quarter, is preserved on the pell records of + the Exchequer, and an abstract printed in Rymer's Fœdera, vol. xi. + p. 844. It includes the names of the dukes of Clarence, Norfolk, and + Suffolk, the earls of Ormonde and Northumberland, the lords Grey, Scrope, + Ferrers, Stanley, Fitzwarren, Hastynges, Lisle, and Cobham, and as + bannerets sir Ralph Hastings, sir Thomas Mountgomery, and sir John + Astley; besides the earl of Douglas and the lord Boyd, noblemen of + Scotland; with many knights, esquires, and officers of the king's + household.</p> + + <p>The item to the duke of Clarence will afford a specimen of these + payments: "Georgio duci Clarentię pro Cxx hominibus ad arma, seipso + computato ut Duce ad xiijs. iiij d. per diem, et pro viginti eorum + Militum quilibet ad ij s. per diem, et xcix aliis Hominibus ad Arma + quilibet ad xij d. per diem et vj d. ultra de regardo, et pro mille + Sagittariis [2275li.</p> + + <p>Summa totalis,] MMMCxciij l. vj s. x d.</p> + + <p>The payments to the Duke of Gloucester (omitted by Rymer, but + extracted in Devon's Issues of the Exchequer, 1837, p. 498,) were nearly + to the same amount, viz. For 116 Men at Arms, to himself as a Duke at 13 + s. 4 d. per day, 60 l. 13 s. 4 d.; for six Knights, to each of them 2 s. + per day, 54 l. 12 s.; to each of the remainder of the said 116 Men at + Arms 12 d. per day, and 6 d. per day as a reward,—743 l. 18 s. 6 + d.; and to 950 Archers, to each of them 6 d. per day, 2161 l. 6 + s.—Total 3020 l. 8 s. 10 d.</p> + + <p>Rymer has also (vol. xi. pp. 817-819) given at length three specimens + of the indentures made with several persons. The first (dated 20 August + 1474) is an indenture retaining sir Richard Tunstall to serve the king + for one whole year in his duchy of Normandy and realm of France, with ten + speres, himself accompted, and one hundred archers well and sufficiently + abiled, armed and arraied, taking wages for hymself of ij s. by the day, + for everiche of the said speres xij d. by the day, and rewardes of vj d. + by the day for everich of the said other speres, and for everich of the + said archers vj d. by the day. The next is an indenture made (on the 13th + November) with Thomas Grey esquire, "for one whole year, as a custrell to + attend about the king our soveraine lord's own persone, and with six + archers well and sufficiently abled, armed, and arraied," his pay being + xij d. by the day, an additional vj d. by the day by "meane of reward," + and vj d. a day for each of his archers. The third is the indenture made + with Richard Garnet esquire, serjeant of the king's tents, who was + retained for the like term to do service of war "as a man of armes at his + spere, with xxiiij yomen well and sufficiently habiled, armed and + arraied," taking wages himself iiij s. a day, for two of the yeomen each + xij d. a day, and for the remainder each vj d. a day.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt31" href="#NtA31">[31]</a> Ibid. pp. 837, 838.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt32" href="#NtA32">[32]</a> Ibid. pp. 839, 840, 843.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt33" href="#NtA33">[33]</a> Rymer, xi. 848.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt34" href="#NtA34">[34]</a> Fœdera, vol. xii. p. 1. + Lord Dynham had the principal command at sea by previous appointments in + the 12 and 15 Edw. IV. See Dugdale's Baronage, i. 515.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt35" href="#NtA35">[35]</a> Fabyan says that "upon the iiij + day of July (<i>an error for</i> June) he rode with a goodly company + thorugh the cytie towarde the see syde."</p> + + <p><a name="Nt36" href="#NtA36">[36]</a> Printed in the Excerpta + Historica, 1831, p. 366.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt37" href="#NtA37">[37]</a> They are printed in Rymer, vol. + xii. pp. 13, 14. This was merely a constitutional form, for the prince + was then only four years of age.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt38" href="#NtA38">[38]</a> Hall states that "he hymself + with his nobilitie warlikely accompaigned passed over betwene Dover and + Caleys the iiij daye of July," his army, horses, and ammunitions of war + having in their transport occupied twenty days.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt39" href="#NtA39">[39]</a> Monstrelet in his Chronicle + attempts to present a list of the principal English lords and knights + (the latter more than fifty in number), but every name is so disfigured + that they are almost past recognition: as the names he gives to the + nobility will show. He calls them, the dukes of Sufflocq and Noirflocq, + the earls of Crodale (Arundel?), Nortonbellan, Scersebry, (Shrewsbury, + and not as Buchon his editor suggests Salisbury, which title did not then + exist,) Willephis (Wiltshire?), and Rivičre; the lords Stanlay, + Grisrufis, Gray, Erdelay, Ondelay, Verton, Montu, Beguey, Strangle, + Havart, and Caubehem. The last name (Cobham) and that of lord Fitzwaren + are among the indentures printed by Rymer in his vol. xi. pp. 844-848, + already noticed in the <a href="#Nt30">note</a> in p. <a + href="#pagexx">xx</a>.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt40" href="#NtA40">[40]</a> These particulars are derived + from the diary kept by the <i>maistres d'hostel</i> of the Burgundian + court, which gives the following minute and curious account of the duke's + movements, including the positions, not elsewhere to be found, of the + English army during the months of July and August.</p> + + <p>"Le 6. Juillet la duchesse de Bourgoyne, qui avoit été presque + toujours a Gand, arriva a Calais vers le roy d'Angleterre son frere, qui + la deffraya.</p> + + <p>"Le 14. ce duc arriva ą Calais vers le roy d'Angleterre, qui le + deffraya, la duchesse etant pour lors ą Sainct Omer, avec les ducs de + Clarence et de Glocestre ses freres. Le 18. il alla au chasteau de Guines + avec ce roy, qui le fit deffraiyer. Il en partit le 19, et alla ą Sainct + Omer, oł il trouva la duchesse. Il en partit le 22., et alla ą + Fauquemberghe, prčs l'ost du roy d'Angleterre. Il y sejourna le 23., et + en partit le 24. aprčs déjeuner, et alla disner, soupper, et coucher en + la cité d'Arras; et ce jour il mangea du poisson, ą cause de la veille de + Sainct Jacques. Le 27. il partit d'Arras aprčs disner, et alla coucher ą + Dourlens. Il en partit le 29. aprčs disner, et alla voir l'ost du roy + d'Angleterre, et coucher en le cense de Hamencourt: la duchesse partit ce + jour de Sainct Omer, pour retourner ą Gand, oł mademoiselle de Bourgoyne + étoit restée.</p> + + <p>"Le mardy premier Aoūt, ce duc disna en la cense de Hamencourt, coucha + au village d'Aichen, prčs l'ost du roy d'Angleterre. Il en partit le 2. + aprčs disner, et coucha ą Ancre. Il en partit le 3. aprčs disner, et + coucha a Curleu sur Somme, prčs ledit ost. Il y disna le 6. passa par + l'ost du roy d'Angleterre, et coucha ą Peronne. Il y resta jusques au 12. + qu'il en partit aprčs disner, passa par l'ost du roy d'Angleterre, et + alla coucher ą Cambray. Il y disna le 13. et coucha ą Valenciennes, d'oł + il partit le 18. aprčs disner, souppa ą Cambray, et alla coucher ą + Peronne. Il y disna le 20. alla encore voir le roy d'Angleterre au mesme + camp, et alla coucher ą Cambray. Le 21. il disna ą Valenciennes, coucha ą + Mons. Le 22. il disna ą Nivelle, et coucha ą Namur, oł les ambassadeurs + de Naples, Arragon, Venise, et autres se rendirent. Le 29. Aoūt, + entreveue du roy avec le roy d'Angleterre, au lieu de Pequigny; ces + princes convinrent d'une treve entre eux, et que le Dauphin épouseroit la + fille de ce roy d'Angleterre." (Mémoires de P. de Cominines, edited by + Lenglet du Fresnoy, 1747, vol. ii. p. 216.)</p> + + <p><a name="Nt41" href="#NtA41">[41]</a> Another version of this omen of + the dove will be found in the extracts from Commines hereafter.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt42" href="#NtA42">[42]</a> The fact of earl Rivers having + repaired to the duke of Burgundy <i>once</i>, at the end of April, is + confirmed by the chronicle formed from the journals of the duke's + <i>maistres d'hoste</i>: "Le 29. de ce mois (Avril) le sire de Riviers, + ambassadeur du roy d'Angleterre, arriva vers ce duc, et en fut regalé." + (Appendix to the edition of Commines, by the Abbé Lenglet du Fresnoy, + 4to. 1747, ii. 216.) But in the previous January we read, "The King's + ambassadors, sir Thomas Mountgomery and the Master of the Rolls (doctor + Morton), be coming homeward from Nuys." (Paston Letters, vol. ii. p. + 175.)</p> + + <p><a name="Nt43" href="#NtA43">[43]</a> <i>i.e.</i> their horses + protected by armour.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt44" href="#NtA44">[44]</a> Hall, following this part of + Commines's narrative, on mentioning this English herald, adds, "whome + Argenton (meaning Commines,) untrewly calleth Garter borne in Normandy, + for the rome of Gartier was never geven to no estraunger." The office of + Garter was at this time occupied by John Smert, who was appointed in 28 + Hen. VI. and died in 18 Edw. IV. He was the son-in-law of Bruges his + predecessor in the office: and there are large materials for his + biography in Anstis's Collections on the heralds, at the College of Arms, + but containing no evidence either to prove Commines's assertion, or + Hall's denial, of his being a native of Normandy.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt45" href="#NtA45">[45]</a> The constable of France, Jacques + de Luxembourg, comte de St. Pol. After temporising between Burgundy and + France at this crisis, he paid the penalty for his vacillation, the duke + surrendering him to Louis, by whom he was decapitated before the end of + the year (Dec. 19, 1475).</p> + + <p><a name="Nt46" href="#NtA46">[46]</a> Jacqueline duchess of Bedford, + the mother of the queen of England, was one of the constable's sisters. + The constable was also connected by marriage with king Louis, who called + him "brother" from their having married two sisters. The relationship of + all the principal actors in the transactions described in the text is + shown in the following table:—</p> + +<pre> +<span class="scac"> +Pierre Comte de St. Pol. Louis Duke of Savoy. Charles VII. King of France. Richard Duke of York. + === === === === + | | | | + +------+-------------+ +--+-----------+ +--+----+ +--+-------+ + | | | | | | | | +Jacqueline===Richard Louis Comte===Mary of Charlotte===Louis Katharine===Charles Duke===Margaret | +Duchess of | Earl de St. Pol, Savoy. of Savoy. XI. of of Burgundy. of York. | +Bedford. | Rivers. the Constable. France. | + | | + +-+-------------------------------------+ +------------------------------+ + | | | + Anthony Lord Scales, and Earl Rivers. Elizabeth Wydville.===King Edward the Fourth. +</span> +</pre> + <p><a name="Nt47" href="#NtA47">[47]</a> Afterwards the first duke of + Norfolk and earl of Derby of their respective families.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt48" href="#NtA48">[48]</a> The narrative is continued on + the authority of Commines.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt49" href="#NtA49">[49]</a> See the extracts from the + register of the Burgundian <i>maistres d'hostel</i> already given in p. + xxiii. The English camp is described as near Fauquemberghe on the 22d of + July, and near Aichen on the 1st of August. Its position near Peronne is + believed to have been at St. Christ, on the river Somme, and it appears + to have remained there for a considerable time.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt50" href="#NtA50">[50]</a> The duke was at Peronne from the + 6th to 12th of August. See the <a href="#Nt40">note</a> on his movements + before, p. <a href="#pagexxiv">xxiv</a>.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt51" href="#NtA51">[51]</a> The last was afterwards the + husband of the king's daughter the lady Anne of York, and ancestor of the + earls and dukes of Rutland.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt52" href="#NtA52">[52]</a> The prudent and conciliatory + conduct of Louis XI. towards the English at this crisis seems to have had + a precedent in that of his ancestor Charles V. "Le sage roy de France + Charles quint du nom, quant on lui disait que grant honte estoit de + recouvrer des forteresses par pecune, que les Anglois ą tort tenoient, + comme il eust assez puissance pour les ravoir par force, Il me semble + (disoit-il,) que ce que on peut avoir par deniers ne doit point estre + acheté par sang d'homme." (From the end of the twelfth chapter of the + second book of the Faits d'armes de Guerre et de Chevalerie par Christine + de Pisan.)</p> + + <p><a name="Nt53" href="#NtA53">[53]</a> St. Christ.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt54" href="#NtA54">[54]</a> It is printed in Rymer's + Collection, vol. xii. p. 14.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt55" href="#NtA55">[55]</a> Lord Hastings was previously a + pensioner of the duke of Burgundy. Lenglet du Fresnoy has published a + letter of the duke granting to William lord Hastings a yearly pension of + 1000 crowns of Flanders, dated at the castle of Peronne, 4 May 1471; a + receipt of lord Hastings for that sum on the 12th July 1474; and another + receipt for 1200 livres of Flanders, dated 12th April 1475. (Mémoires de + P. de Commines, 1745, iii. 616, 619.) Commines, in his Sixth Book, + chapter ii. relates how he had himself been the agent who had secured + lord Hastings to the Burgundian interest, and how he subsequently + negociated with him on the part of king Louis. Hastings accepted the + French pension, being double the amount of the Burgundian, but on this + occasion, according to Commines, would give no written acknowledgment. In + an interview with the French emissary, Pierre Cleret, of which Commines + in his Book VI. chapter ii. gives the particulars at some length, he said + the money might be put in his sleeve. Cleret left it, without + acquittance; and his conduct was approved by his master.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt56" href="#NtA56">[56]</a> In the article of plate "his + bountie apperyd by a gyfte that he gave unto lorde Hastynges then lord + chamberlayne, as xxiiij. dosen of bollys, wherof halfe were gylt and + halfe white, which weyed xvij. nobles every cuppe or more." Fabyan's + Chronicle.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt57" href="#NtA57">[57]</a> This passionate interview must + have taken place on the 19th or 20th of August: see the <a + href="#Nt40">note</a> on the Duke's movements in p. <a + href="#pagexxiv">xxiv</a>.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt58" href="#NtA58">[58]</a> We are continuing to follow the + account of Commines. But the truce, which was not yet concluded, was made + for seven years only; and the dukes of Burgundy and Britany were not + mentioned in the articles. The duke of Burgundy, shortly after, himself + made a truce with France for nine years. It was dated on the 13th of + September, only fifteen days after that of the English.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt59" href="#NtA59">[59]</a> Molinet says, "de quatrevingts ą + cent chariots de vin."</p> + + <p><a name="Nt60" href="#NtA60">[60]</a> The real Childermas day was on + the 28th of December; but sir John Fenn, the editor of the Paston + Letters, has suggested that the 28th of every month was regarded as a + Childermas day; for the 28th of June, 1461, being Childermas, and + consequently a day of unlucky omen, was avoided for the coronation of + Edward the Fourth. From other authorities it appears that the day of the + week on which Childermas occurred was regarded as unfortunate throughout + the year.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt61" href="#NtA61">[61]</a> Molinet mentions three other + names, those of the admiral, the seigneur de Craon, and the mayor of + Amiens.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt62" href="#NtA62">[62]</a> According to our London + historian, Fabyan, Louis's attire was by no means becoming:</p> + + <p>"Of the nyse and wanton disguysed apparayll (he says) that the kynge + Lowys ware upon hym at the tyme of this metynge I myght make a longe + rehersayl: but for it shulde sownde more to dishonour of suche a noble + man, that was apparaylled more lyke a mynstrell than a prynce royall, + therfor I passe it over."</p> + + <p><a name="Nt63" href="#NtA63">[63]</a> Commines saw king Edward at the + Burgundian court in 1470. On that occasion he gives him this brief + character: "King Edward was not a man of any great management or + foresight, but of an invincible courage, and the most beautiful prince my + eyes ever beheld."</p> + + <p><a name="Nt64" href="#NtA64">[64]</a> The documents which bear date on + the day of the royal interview are these, as printed in the edition of + Commines by the Abbé Lenglet du Fresnoy, 1747, 4to. vol. iii:—</p> + + <p>1. The treaty of truce for seven years between Edward king of France + and England and lord of Ireland and his allies on the one part, and the + most illustrious prince Louis of France (not styled king) and his allies, + on the other. (In Latin.) Dated in a field near Amiens on the 29th August + 1475. The conservators of the truce on the part of the king of England + were the dukes of Clarence and Gloucester, the chancellor of England, the + keeper of the privy seal, the warden of the cinque ports, and the captain + or deputy of Calais for the time being; on the part of the prince of + France his brother Charles comte of Beaujeu and John bastard of Bourbon + admiral of France.</p> + + <p>2. Obligation of Louis king of the French to pay to Edward king of + England yearly, in London, during the life of either party, the sum of + 50,000 crowns. (In Latin.) Dated at Amiens on the 29th of August.</p> + + <p>3. A treaty of alliance between king Edward and Louis of France (in + Latin) stipulating, 1. that if either of them were driven from his + kingdom, he should be received in the states of the other, and assisted + to recover it. 2. to name commissioners of coinage, which should + circulate in their dominions respectively. 3. that prince Charles, son of + Louis, should marry Elizabeth daughter of the king of England, or, in + case of her decease, her sister Mary. Dated in the field near Amiens, on + the 29th of August.</p> + + <p>4. Another part of the treaty, bearing the same date, appointing for + the arbiters of all differences, on the part of the king of England his + uncle the cardinal Thomas archbishop of Canterbury and his brother George + duke of Clarence, and on the part of Louis of France, Charles archbishop + of Lyons and John comte de Dunois.</p> + + <p>In April 1478 the three years were prolonged by another like term to + the 29th August 1481; the letters patent relative to which are printed + ibid. p. 536.</p> + + <p>On the 13th Feb. 1478-9 the truce was renewed for the lives of both + princes, and for one hundred years after the decease of either, king + Louis obliging himself and his successors to continue the payment of the + 50,000 crowns during that term: the documents relating to this + negotiation are printed ibid. pp. 560—570.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt65" href="#NtA65">[65]</a> Molinet, in his account of the + conference, states that it lasted for an hour and a half, and that a + principal topic of discussion was the conduct of the constable, Louis + showing a letter, in which the constable had engaged to harass the + English army as soon as it was landed.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt66" href="#NtA66">[66]</a> This Gascon gentleman is a + person of some interest, from his name being mentioned by Caxton. He was + resident at the English court, as a servant of Anthony lord Scales (the + queen's brother) as early as the year 1466, when in a letter, dated at + London, on the 16th of June, he challenged sir Jehan de Chassa, a knight + in the retinue of the duke of Burgundy, to do battle with him in honour + of a noble lady of high estimation, immediately after the performance of + the intended combat in London between the lord Scales and the bastard of + Burgundy. His letter of challenge, in which he terms the king of England + his sovereign lord, is printed in the Excerpta Historica, 1831, p. 216; + and that of sir Jehan de Chassa accepting it at p. 219, addressed, <i>A + treshonnouré escueire Louys de Brutallis</i>. His own signature is + <i>Loys de Brutalljs</i>. The encounter is thus noticed in the Annals of + William of Wyrcestre: "Et iij<sup>o</sup> die congressi sunt pedestres in + campo, in pręsencia regis, Lodowicus Bretailles cum + Burgundię; deditque Rex honorem ambobus, attamen Bretailles + habuit se melius in campo:" and thus by Olivier de la Marche: "On the + morrow Messire Jehan de Cassa and a Gascon squire named Louis de + Brettailles, servant of Mons. d'Escalles, did arms on foot: and they + accomplished these arms without hurting one another much. And on the + morrow they did arms on horseback; wherein Messire Jean de Chassa had + great honour, and was held for a good runner at the lance." Lowys de + Bretaylles, as his name is printed by Caxton, was still attendant upon + the same nobleman, then earl Rivers, in 1473, when he went to the + pilgrimage of St. James in Galicia; and upon that occasion, soon after + sailing from Southampton, he lent to the earl the Book of <i>Les Dictes + Moraux des Philosophes</i>, written in French by Johan de Tronville, + which the earl translated, and caused it to be printed by Caxton, as + <i>The Dicts and Sayings of the Philosophers</i>, in 1477.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt67" href="#NtA67">[67]</a> Fabyan's Chronicle.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt68" href="#NtA68">[68]</a> The former importance and power + of the constable are thus described by Commines: "Some persons may + perhaps hereafter ask, Whether the king alone was not able to have ruined + him? I answer, No; for his territories lay just between those of the king + and the duke of Burgundy: he had St. Quintin always, and another strong + town in Vermandois: he had Ham and Bohain, and other considerable places + not far from St. Quintin, which he might always garrison with what troops + (and of what country) he pleased. He had four hundred of the king's men + at arms, well paid; was commissary himself, and made his own + musters,—by which means he feathered his nest very well, for he + never had his complement. He had likewise a salary of forty-five thousand + francs, and exacted a crown upon every pipe of wine that passed into + Hainault or Flanders through any of his dominions; and, besides all this, + he had great lordships and possessions of his own, a great interest in + France, and a greater in Burgundy, on account of his kinsmen."</p> + + <p><a name="Nt69" href="#NtA69">[69]</a> None had actually been made with + Burgundy by the treaty of the 29th of August. Commines certainly wrote + under a misapprehension in that respect, as well as upon the number of + years of the truce with England.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt70" href="#NtA70">[70]</a> Besides the lady Margaret there + were two sons: Maximilian, afterwards the emperor Maximilian, and Philip. + There was a contract of marriage in 1479 between the latter and the lady + Anne of England, one of the daughters of Edward the Fourth. (Rymer, xii. + 110.)</p> + + <p><a name="Nt71" href="#NtA71">[71]</a> Margaret herself was eventually + rejected by Charles VIII. who was nearly nine years her senior. When he + had the opportunity of marrying the heiress of Bretagne, and thereby + annexing that duchy to France, Margaret was sent back to her father in + 1493, and afterwards married in 1497 to John infante of Castile, and in + 1501 to Philibert duke of Savoy. She subsequently nearly yielded to the + suit of Charles Brandon lord Lisle, (afterwards the husband of Mary queen + dowager of France,) who was made duke of Suffolk by his royal master in + order to be more worthy of her acceptance; but at last she died childless + in 1530, after a widowhood of six and twenty years, and a long and + prosperous reign as regent of the Netherlands.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt72" href="#NtA72">[72]</a> Paston Letters, vol. i. p. + 172.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt73" href="#NtA73">[73]</a> "Whiche book was translated and + thystoryes openly declared by the ordinaunce and desyre of the noble + auncyent knyght Syr Johan Fastolf, of the countee of Norfolk banerette, + lyvyng' the age of four score yere, excercisyng' the warrys in the Royame + of Fraunce and other countrees for the diffence and universal welfare of + bothe royames of Englond' and' Fraunce, by fourty yeres enduryng', the + fayte of armes haunting, and in admynystryng Justice and polytique + governaunce under thre kynges, that is to wete, Henry the fourth, Henry + the fyfthe, Henry the syxthe, And was governour of the duchye of Angeou + and the countee of Mayne, Capytayn of many townys, castellys, and + fortressys in the said Royame of Fraunce, havyng' the charge and + saufgarde of them dyverse yeres, ocupyeng' and rewlynge thre honderd' + speres and' the bowes acustomed thenne, And yeldyng' good' acompt of the + foresaid townes, castellys, and fortresses to the seyd' kynges and to + theyr lyeutenauntes, Prynces of noble recomendacion, as Johan regent of + Fraunce Duc of Bedforde, Thomas duc of Excestre, Thomas duc of Clarence, + and other lyeutenauntes." This may be considered as a grateful tribute + from William of Worcestre, when himself advanced in years (he died in or + about 1484), to the memory of his ancient master, sir John Fastolfe, who + had died in 1460. The biography of William of Worcestre was written by + the Rev. James Dallaway in the Retrospective Review, vol. xvi. p. 451; + and reprinted in 4to. 1823, in his volume entitled "William Wyrcestre + redivivus: Notices of Ancient Church Architecture, particularly in + Bristol," &c.; but the latest and most agreeable sketch of + Worcestre's life is that given by Mr. G. Poulett Scrope in his History of + Castle Combe, 1852, 4to.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt74" href="#NtA74">[74]</a> He has recorded that in 1473 he + presented a copy of his translation to bishop Waynflete,—"but + received no reward!" His version was not made from the original, but from + the French of Laurentius de Primo Facto, or du Premier-Faict: an + industrious French translator, who flourished from 1380 to 1420.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt75" href="#NtA75">[75]</a> Bale, in his list of the works + of Worcestre, whom he notices under his <i>alias</i> of Botoner, mentions + <i>Acta Domini Joannis Fastolf</i>, lib. <span class="scac">I</span>, + (commencing) "Anno Christi 1421, et anno regni—"</p> + + <p>Oldys (in the Biographia Britannica, 1750, p. 1907) attributes to + Worcestre "a particular treatise, gratefully preserving the life and + deeds of his master, under the title of <i>Acta Domini Johannis + Fastolff</i>, which we hear is still in being, and has been promised the + publick;" but in the second edition of Oldys's life of Fastolfe + (Biographia Britannica, 1793, v. 706), we find merely this note + substituted: "This is mentioned in the Paston Letters, iv. p. 78." The + letter there printed is one addressed by John Davy to his master John + Paston esquire after sir John Fastolfe's death. It relates to inquiries + made of one "Bussard" for evidences relative to Fastolfe's estate; and it + thus concludes: "he seyth the last tyme that he wrot on to William + Wusseter it was beffor myssomyr, and thanne he wrote a Cronekyl of + Jerewsalem and the Jornes that my mayster dede whyl he was in Fraunce, + that God on his sowle have mercy, and he seyth that this drew more than + xx whazerys (quires) off paper, and this wrytyng delyvered onto + Wursseter, and non other, ne knowyth not off non other be is feyth." It + appears, I think, very clearly that this passage was misunderstood by + Oldys, or his informant, and that the historian of the "journeys" and + valiant acts of sir John Fastolfe was not Worcestre, but the person + called Bussard. It is not impossible that the person whom John Davy meant + by that name was Peter Basset, who is noticed in the next page.</p> + + <p>Mr. Benjamin Williams, in the Preface to "Henrici Quinti Gesta," + (printed for the English Historical Society, 1850,) says of Worcestre + that "he wrote the <i>Acts of Sir John Fastolfe</i>, contained in the + volume from which this chronicle is extracted," <i>i.e.</i> the Arundel + MS. <span class="scac">XLVIII</span>. in the College of Arms; but that + statement appears to have been carelessly made, without ascertaining that + the volume contained any such "Acts." "Also (Mr. Williams adds) the + <i>Acts of John Duke of Bedford</i> (MS. Lambeth);" but those "Acts" + again are not an historical or biographical memoir, but a collection of + state papers and documents relating to the English occupation of France, + which will be found described in Archdeacon Todd's Catalogue of the + Lambeth Manuscripts as No. 506. Its contents are nearly identical with + those of a volume in the library of the Society of Antiquaries, MSS. No. + 41, as will be found on comparison with Sir Henry Ellis's Catalogue of + that collection, p. 17. The latter is the volume which Oldys, in his life + of sir John Fastolfe, in the Biographia Britannica 1750, has described at + p. 1907 as a "quarto book some time in the custody of the late Brian + Fairfax esquire, one of the Commissioners of the Customs," and of which + Oldys attributes the collection to the son of William of Worcestre, + because a dedicatory letter from that person to king Edward the Fourth is + prefixed to the volume.</p> + + <p>Another very valuable assemblage of papers of the like character, and + which may also be regarded as part of the papers of sir John Fastolfe, is + preserved in the College of Arms, MS. Arundel <span + class="scac">XLVIII.</span>, and is fully described by Mr. W. H. Black in + his Catalogue of that collection, 8vo. 1829. This is the volume from + which Hearne derived the Annals of William of Worcestre, and Mr. Benjamin + Williams one of his chronicles of the reign of Henry the Fifth.</p> + + <p>It is probable that the Lambeth MS. was formerly in the Royal Library, + for abstracts of some of its more important documents, in the autograph + of King Edward the Sixth, are preserved in the MS. Cotton. Nero C. x. + These have been printed in the Literary Remains of King Edward the Sixth, + pp. 555-560.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt76" href="#NtA76">[76]</a> From the authority of Tanner and + Oldys, we gather that there was formerly a volume in the library of the + College of Arms, bearing the following title: "Liber de Actis Armorum et + Conquestus Regni Francię, ducatus Normannię, ducatus Alenconię, ducatus + Andegavię et Cenomannię, &c. Compilatus fuit ad nobilem virum + Johannem Fastolff, baronem de Cyllye guillem vel Cylly quotem, &c. + 1459, per Pet. Basset armig." (Tanner, Bibliotheca Britannica, 1748, p. + 79; Oldys, Biographia Britannica, 1750, iii. 1903, again, p. 1906; and + 2nd edit. 1793, v. 701.) Both Tanner and Oldys describe this book as + being in the Heralds' Office at London, but it is not now to be found + there; and is certainly not a part of the Arundel MS. <span + class="scac">XLVIII.</span> the contents of which curious and valuable + volume are minutely described in the Catalogue of the collection by Mr. + W. H. Black, F.S.A.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt77" href="#NtA77">[77]</a> Bale (Scriptores Brytannię, vii. + 80, Folio, 1557, p. 568,) describes Peter Basset as an esquire of noble + family, and an attendant upon Henry the Fifth in his bedchamber + throughout that monarch's career. Bale states that this faithful esquire + wrote the memoirs of his royal master, very fully, from his cradle to his + grave, in the English language; and we find that the work was known to + the chronicler Hall, who quotes Basset in regard to the disease of which + the king died. It is remarkable, however, that this work, like that + formerly in the College of Arms, mentioned in the preceding note (if it + were not the same), has now disappeared; and the name of Basset has been + unknown to Mr. Benjamin Williams and Mr. Charles Augustus Cole, the + editors of recent collections on the reign of Henry the Fifth for the + English Historical Society and the series of the present Master of the + Rolls, (1850 and 1858,) as also to Sir N. Harris Nicolas, the historian + of the Battle of Agincourt, and the Rev. J. Endell Tyler, the biographer + of King Henry of Monmouth (2 vols. 8vo. 1838).</p> + + <p><a name="Nt78" href="#NtA78">[78]</a> Its real author is supposed to + have been Ęgidius Romanus, or De Columna, who was bishop of Berri, and + died in 1316. See Les Manuscrits Francois de la Bibliothčque du Roi, par + M. Paulin Paris, 1836, i. 224. It was printed at Rome in 1482, and at + Venice in 1598: see Cave, Historia Literaria, vol. ii. p. 340. Thomas + Occleve, the contemporary of Chaucer, wrote a poem <i>De Regimine + Principum</i>, founded, to a certain extent, upon the work of Ęgidius, + but applied to the events of his own time, and specially directed to the + instruction of the prince of Wales, afterwards King Henry V. The + Roxburghe Club has recently committed the editorship of this work to Mr. + Thomas Wright, F.S.A.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt79" href="#NtA79">[79]</a> Preface to The Buke of the Order + of Knyghthede (Abbotsford Club, 1847,) p. xxiii.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt80" href="#NtA80">[80]</a> Ames's Typographical + Antiquities, by Dibdin, iii. 198. Moule (Bibliotheca Heraldica, 1822, p. + 12,) conjectures that this may have been the same with "A Treatise of + Nobility," by John Clerke, mentioned by Wood, in his Athenę Oxonienses, + as being also a translation from the French; this was printed in 12mo, + 1543. (Ath. Oxon. edit. Bliss, i. 205.) In that case the name of + <i>Larke</i> is an error of Ames.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt81" href="#NtA81">[81]</a> Wyer also printed "The Boke of + Knowledge," a work on prognostics in physic, and on astronomy (Dibdin's + Ames, iii. 199, 200), and "The Book of Wysdome, spekyng of vyces and + vertues, 1532." (ibid. p. 175.)</p> + + <p><a name="Nt82" href="#NtA82">[82]</a> Typographical Antiquities, first + edition, iii. 1527.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt83" href="#NtA83">[83]</a> Mr. B. B. Woodward, F.S.A. the + author of a History of Hampshire now in progress, kindly undertook for me + to search the records of the city of Winchester in order to discover, if + possible, any information in elucidation of this document; but he found + them in so great confusion, that at present it is impossible to pursue + such an inquiry with any hope of success.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt84" href="#NtA84">[84]</a> <i>Here is written above the + line, in a later hand</i>, yn yo<sup>r</sup> most noble persone and</p> + + <p><a name="Nt85" href="#NtA85">[85]</a> <i>In MS.</i> whiche whan</p> + + <p><a name="Nt86" href="#NtA86">[86]</a> <i>MS.</i> of</p> + + <p><a name="Nt87" href="#NtA87">[87]</a> <i>These words are inserted by a + second hand.</i></p> + + <p><a name="Nt88" href="#NtA88">[88]</a> <i>Inserted above the line by a + second hand.</i></p> + + <p><a name="Nt89" href="#NtA89">[89]</a> <i>sc.</i> weight</p> + + <p><a name="Nt90" href="#NtA90">[90]</a> <i>MS.</i> infinitee</p> + + <p><a name="Nt91" href="#NtA91">[91]</a> <i>MS.</i> to</p> + + <p><a name="Nt92" href="#NtA92">[92]</a> <i>MS.</i> if it</p> + + <p><a name="Nt93" href="#NtA93">[93]</a> <i>MS.</i> defoule</p> + + <p><a name="Nt94" href="#NtA94">[94]</a> <i>MS.</i> be that</p> + + <p><a name="Nt95" href="#NtA95">[95]</a> <i>MS.</i> they</p> + + <p><a name="Nt96" href="#NtA96">[96]</a> <i>MS.</i> it is</p> + + <p><a name="Nt97" href="#NtA97">[97]</a> <i>The words</i> thowsands and + <i>are inserted above the line.</i></p> + + <p><a name="Nt98" href="#NtA98">[98]</a> <i>Added by second hand.</i></p> + + <p><a name="Nt99" href="#NtA99">[99]</a> <i>Altered by second hand to</i> + youre</p> + + <p><a name="Nt100" href="#NtA100">[100]</a> <i>Inserted above the line by + a second hand.</i></p> + + <p><a name="Nt101" href="#NtA101">[101]</a> <i>qu.</i>? yet</p> + + <p><a name="Nt102" href="#NtA102">[102]</a> <i>Inserted by second + hand.</i></p> + + <p><a name="Nt103" href="#NtA103">[103]</a> <i>Added by second + hand.</i></p> + + <p><a name="Nt104" href="#NtA104">[104]</a> <i>This passage is inserted + by the second hand.</i></p> + + <p><a name="Nt105" href="#NtA105">[105]</a> <i>Added by second + hand.</i></p> + + <p><a name="Nt106" href="#NtA106">[106]</a> <i>The Hague.</i></p> + + <p><a name="Nt107" href="#NtA107">[107]</a> <i>So the MS.</i></p> + + <p><a name="Nt108" href="#NtA108">[108]</a> <i>Inserted by second + hand.</i></p> + + <p><a name="Nt109" href="#NtA109">[109]</a> <i>Inserted by second + hand.</i></p> + + <p><a name="Nt110" href="#NtA110">[110]</a> <i>MS.</i> cons.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt111" href="#NtA111">[111]</a> <i>Inserted by the second + hand.</i></p> + + <p><a name="Nt112" href="#NtA112">[112]</a> <i>The word</i> king <i>has + been erased, and altered to</i> prince.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt113" href="#NtA113">[113]</a> <i>The insertion occupying + the ensuing page is written by the second hand in the margin.</i></p> + + <p><a name="Nt114" href="#NtA114">[114]</a> <i>Inserted by the second + hand.</i></p> + + <p><a name="Nt115" href="#NtA115">[115]</a> overthrow <i>in MS.</i></p> + + <p><a name="Nt116" href="#NtA116">[116]</a> <i>Inserted by second + hand.</i></p> + + <p><a name="Nt117" href="#NtA117">[117]</a> <i>Inserted by second + hand.</i></p> + + <p><a name="Nt118" href="#NtA118">[118]</a> <i>Inserted by second + hand.</i></p> + + <p><a name="Nt119" href="#NtA119">[119]</a> <i>Added in the margin by + second hand.</i></p> + + <p><a name="Nt120" href="#NtA120">[120]</a> <i>Added by second hand in + the margin.</i></p> + + <p><a name="Nt121" href="#NtA121">[121]</a> <i>Inserted by second + hand.</i></p> + + <p><a name="Nt122" href="#NtA122">[122]</a> <i>Inserted by second + hand.</i></p> + + <p><a name="Nt123" href="#NtA123">[123]</a> <i>Inserted by second + hand.</i></p> + + <p><a name="Nt124" href="#NtA124">[124]</a> <i>So in MS.</i></p> + + <p><a name="Nt125" href="#NtA125">[125]</a> <i>Inserted by third + hand.</i></p> + + <p><a name="Nt126" href="#NtA126">[126]</a> <i>Inserted by second + hand.</i></p> + + <p><a name="Nt127" href="#NtA127">[127]</a> <i>Inserted by the second + hand.</i></p> + + <p><a name="Nt128" href="#NtA128">[128]</a> <i>Inserted by second + hand.</i></p> + + <p><a name="Nt129" href="#NtA129">[129]</a> ? all.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt130" href="#NtA130">[130]</a> <i>Inserted by second + hand.</i></p> + + <p><a name="Nt131" href="#NtA131">[131]</a> <i>Inserted by second + hand.</i></p> + + <p><a name="Nt132" href="#NtA132">[132]</a> <i>The word</i> innocent + <i>is written by some Lancastrian over an erasure</i>.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt133" href="#NtA133">[133]</a> <i>Inserted by second + hand.</i></p> + + <p><a name="Nt134" href="#NtA134">[134]</a> <i>Added by second + hand.</i></p> + + <p><a name="Nt135" href="#NtA135">[135]</a> <i>Inserted by second + hand.</i></p> + + <p><a name="Nt136" href="#NtA136">[136]</a> <i>So in the MS.</i></p> + + <p><a name="Nt137" href="#NtA137">[137]</a> <i>Inserted by second + hand.</i></p> + + <p><a name="Nt138" href="#NtA138">[138]</a> <i>So in MS.</i></p> + + <p><a name="Nt139" href="#NtA139">[139]</a> <i>Inserted by second + hand.</i></p> + + <p><a name="Nt140" href="#NtA140">[140]</a> <i>Inserted by second + hand.</i></p> + + <p><a name="Nt141" href="#NtA141">[141]</a> <i>Inserted by second + hand.</i></p> + + <p><a name="Nt142" href="#NtA142">[142]</a> <i>Inserted by second + hand.</i></p> + + <p><a name="Nt143" href="#NtA143">[143]</a> <i>So in the MS.</i></p> + + <p><a name="Nt144" href="#NtA144">[144]</a> <i>MS.</i> youre.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt145" href="#NtA145">[145]</a> <i>MS.</i> of.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt146" href="#NtA146">[146]</a> <i>MS.</i> they owre.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt147" href="#NtA147">[147]</a> of <i>in MS.</i></p> + + <p><a name="Nt148" href="#NtA148">[148]</a> <i>Added by second + hand.</i></p> + + <p><a name="Nt149" href="#NtA149">[149]</a> <i>Inserted by second + hand.</i></p> + + <p><a name="Nt150" href="#NtA150">[150]</a> <i>Inserted by second + hand.</i></p> + + <p><a name="Nt151" href="#NtA151">[151]</a> <i>In the margin is here + placed the following note respecting Dame Christina of Passy:—</i> + "Notandum est quod Cristina [fuit] domina pręclara natu et moribus, et + manebat in domo religiosarum dominarum apud Passye prope Parys; et ita + virtuosa fuit quod ipsa exhibuit plures clericos studentes in + universitate Parisiensi, et compilare fecit plures libros virtuosos, + utpote <i>Liber Arboris Bellorum</i>, et doctores racione eorum + exhibicionis attribuerunt nomen autoris Christinę, sed aliquando nomen + autoris clerici studentis imponitur in diversis libris; et vixit circa + annum Christi 1430, sed floruit ab anno Christi 1400."</p> + + <p><a name="Nt152" href="#NtA152">[152]</a> <i>Inserted by second hand in + the margin.</i></p> + + <p><a name="Nt153" href="#NtA153">[153]</a> <i>Inserted by second + hand.</i></p> + + <p><a name="Nt154" href="#NtA154">[154]</a> <i>MS.</i> goodis.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt155" href="#NtA155">[155]</a> <i>Inserted by second + hand.</i></p> + + <p><a name="Nt156" href="#NtA156">[156]</a> <i>MS.</i> startees.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt157" href="#NtA157">[157]</a> <i>So in MS.</i></p> + + <p><a name="Nt158" href="#NtA158">[158]</a> Sir John Fastolfe.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt159" href="#NtA159">[159]</a> <i>This word has been in the + MS. by error altered to</i> stode, <i>which belongs to the next + line</i>.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt160" href="#NtA160">[160]</a> <i>So. in MS.</i></p> + + <p><a name="Nt161" href="#NtA161">[161]</a> <i>MS.</i> wounding.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt162" href="#NtA162">[162]</a> <i>This word is written on an + erasure.</i></p> + + <p><a name="Nt163" href="#NtA163">[163]</a> <i>So in the MS.</i></p> + + <p><a name="Nt164" href="#NtA164">[164]</a> <i>Inserted by second + hand.</i></p> + + <p><a name="Nt165" href="#NtA165">[165]</a> <i>Inserted by second + hand.</i></p> + + <p><a name="Nt166" href="#NtA166">[166]</a> <i>Written over an + erasure.</i></p> + + <p><a name="Nt167" href="#NtA167">[167]</a> <i>MS.</i> nede or of.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt168" href="#NtA168">[168]</a> <i>Written on an + erasure.</i></p> + + <p><a name="Nt169" href="#NtA169">[169]</a> <i>Inserted by second + hand.</i></p> + + <p><a name="Nt170" href="#NtA170">[170]</a> <i>So in the MS.</i></p> + + <p><a name="Nt171" href="#NtA171">[171]</a> <i>Inserted by second + hand.</i></p> + + <p><a name="Nt172" href="#NtA172">[172]</a> <i>Inserted by second + hand.</i></p> + + <p><a name="Nt173" href="#NtA173">[173]</a> <i>MS.</i> youre.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt174" href="#NtA174">[174]</a> <i>Inserted by second + hand.</i></p> + + <p><a name="Nt175" href="#NtA175">[175]</a> <i>MS.</i> Gentiles.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt176" href="#NtA176">[176]</a> <i>Written on an + erasure.</i></p> + + <p><a name="Nt177" href="#NtA177">[177]</a> <i>Inserted by second + hand.</i></p> + + <p><a name="Nt178" href="#NtA178">[178]</a> <i>Written on an + erasure.</i></p> + + <p><a name="Nt179" href="#NtA179">[179]</a> <i>Inserted by second + hand.</i></p> + + <p><a name="Nt180" href="#NtA180">[180]</a> <i>MS.</i> excersing.</p> + + <p><a name="Nt181" href="#NtA181">[181]</a> <i>Inserted by second + hand.</i></p> + + <p><a name="Nt182" href="#NtA182">[182]</a> <i>Inserted by second + hand.</i></p> + + <p><a name="Nt183" href="#NtA183">[183]</a> <i>So in MS. sc.</i> + stir?</p> + + <p><a name="Nt184" href="#NtA184">[184]</a> <i>So in MS.</i></p> + + <p><a name="Nt185" href="#NtA185">[185]</a> <i>MS.</i> where.</p> + +</div> + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Boke of Noblesse, by Unknown + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BOKE OF NOBLESSE *** + +***** This file should be named 33953-h.htm or 33953-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/3/9/5/33953/ + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Keith 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