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+} +h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, .pseudoh1, .pseudoh2, .pseudoh3, .pseudoh4 +{ +color: #001FA4; +font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; +} +p.byline +{ +font-style: italic; +margin-bottom: 2em; +} +.figureHead, .noteref, .pseudonoteref, .marginnote, p.legend, .versenum, .stage +{ +color: #001FA4; +} +.rightnote, .pagenum, .linenum, .pagenum a +{ +color: #AAAAAA; +} +a.hidden:hover, a.noteref:hover +{ +color: red; +} +p.dropcap:first-letter +{ +color: #001FA4; +font-weight: bold; +} +sub, sup +{ +line-height: 0; +} +.pagenum, .linenum +{ +speak: none; +} +</style> + +<style type="text/css"> +.xd20e612 +{ +width:2em; +} +.xd20e614 +{ +text-align:right; +} +.xd20e82width +{ +width:450px; +} +.xd20e473width +{ +width:490px; +} +.xd20e617 +{ +margin-top:10px; margin-bottom:10px; text-align:center; +} +.xd20e622 +{ +padding-top:5px; padding-bottom:5px; font-weight:bold; +} +</style> +</head> +<body> + +<p style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Cacao Culture in the Philippines, by William S. Lyon</p> +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and +most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions +whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms +of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online +at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you +are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the +country where you are located before using this eBook. +</div> + +<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Cacao Culture in the Philippines</div> +<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: William S. Lyon</div> +<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: October 16, 2010 [eBook #33921]<br> +[Most recently updated: December 26, 2022]</p> +<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</p> + <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: + Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net/ for project + Gutenberg (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)</p> +<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CACAO CULTURE IN THE PHILIPPINES ***</div> + + +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd20e78" href="#xd20e78" name= +"xd20e78">1</a>]</span> +<div class="front"> +<div class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<p class="firstpar"></p> +<div class="figure xd20e82width"><img src="images/titlepage.png" alt= +"Original Title Page." width="450" height="720"></div> +</div> +<div class="titlePage"> +<div class="docImprint">Philippine Bureau of Agriculture.</div> +<div class="docTitle"> +<div class="seriesTitle">Farmer’s Bulletin No. 2.</div> +<div class="mainTitle">Cacao Culture in the Philippines</div> +</div> +<div class="byline">By<br> +<span class="docAuthor">William S. Lyon,</span><br> +In charge of seed and plant introduction.</div> +<div class="docImprint">Prepared under the direction of the Chief of +the Bureau.<br> +Manila:<br> +Bureau of Public Printing.<br> +<span class="docDate">1902.</span></div> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd20e113" href="#xd20e113" name= +"xd20e113">3</a>]</span></p> +<div id="toc" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<h2 class="main">Contents.</h2> +<ul> +<li> <span class="tocPagenum">Page.</span></li> +<li><a href="#transmittal">Letter of transmittal</a> + <span class="tocPagenum">4</span></li> +<li><a href="#intro">Introduction</a> +<span class="tocPagenum">5</span></li> +<li><a href="#climate">Climate</a> +<span class="tocPagenum">6</span></li> +<li><a href="#site">The plantation site</a> +<span class="tocPagenum">7</span></li> +<li><a href="#soil">The soil</a> <span class= +"tocPagenum">7</span></li> +<li><a href="#preparation">Preparation of the soil</a> + <span class="tocPagenum">8</span></li> +<li><a href="#drainage">Drainage</a> +<span class="tocPagenum">8</span></li> +<li><a href="#plantation">Forming the plantation</a> + <span class="tocPagenum">9</span></li> +<li><a href="#selection">Selection of varieties</a> + <span class="tocPagenum">10</span></li> +<li><a href="#planting">Planting</a> +<span class="tocPagenum">11</span></li> +<li><a href="#cultivation">Cultivation</a> +<span class="tocPagenum">13</span></li> +<li><a href="#pruning">Pruning</a> +<span class="tocPagenum">13</span></li> +<li><a href="#harvest">Harvest</a> +<span class="tocPagenum">16</span></li> +<li><a href="#diseases">Enemies and diseases</a> + <span class="tocPagenum">18</span></li> +<li><a href="#manuring">Manuring</a> +<span class="tocPagenum">19</span></li> +<li><a href="#supplemental">Supplemental notes</a> + <span class="tocPagenum">21</span></li> +<li><a href="#newvarieties">New varieties</a> +<span class="tocPagenum">21</span></li> +<li><a href="#residence">Residence</a> +<span class="tocPagenum">21</span></li> +<li><a href="#revenues">Cost of a cacao plantation</a> + <span class="tocPagenum">22</span></li> +</ul> +<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd20e237" href="#xd20e237" name= +"xd20e237">4</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div id="transmittal" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<h2 class="main">Letter of Transmittal.</h2> +<p class="firstpar"><span class="sc">Sir</span>: I submit herewith an +essay on the cultivation of cacao, for the use of planters in the +Philippines. This essay is prompted first, because much of the cacao +grown here is of such excellent quality as to induce keen rivalry among +buyers to procure it at an advance of quite 50 per cent over the common +export grades of the Java bean, notwithstanding the failure on the part +of the local grower to “process” or cure the product in any +way; second, because in parts of Mindanao and Negros, despite ill +treatment or no treatment, the plant exhibits a luxuriance of growth +and wealth of productiveness that demonstrates its entire fitness for +those regions and leads us to believe in the successful extension of +its propagation throughout these Islands; and lastly because of the +repeated calls upon the Chief of the Agricultural Bureau for literature +or information bearing upon this important horticultural industry.</p> +<p>The importance of cacao-growing in the Philippines can hardly be +overestimated. Recent statistics place the world’s demand for +cacao (exclusive of local consumption) at 200,000,000 pounds, valued at +more than $30,000,000 gold.</p> +<p>There is little danger of overproduction and consequent low prices +for very many years to come. So far as known, the areas where cacao +prospers in the great equatorial zone are small, and the opening and +development of suitable regions has altogether failed to keep pace with +the demand.</p> +<p>The bibliography of cacao is rather limited, and some of the best +publications,<a class="noteref" id="xd20e251src" href="#xd20e251" name= +"xd20e251src">1</a> being in French, are unavailable to many. The +leading English treatise, by Professor Hart,<a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e254src" href="#xd20e254" name="xd20e254src">2</a> admirable in +many respects, deals mainly with conditions in Trinidad, West Indies, +and is fatally defective, if not misleading, on the all-important +question of pruning.</p> +<p>The life history of the cacao, its botany, chemistry, and statistics +are replete with interest, and will, perhaps, be treated in a future +paper.</p> +<p class="salute">Respectfully,</p> +<p class="signed">Wm. S. Lyon,<br> +<i>In Charge of Seed and Plant Introduction</i>.</p> +<p class="signed">Hon. <span class="sc">F. Lamson-Scribner</span>,<br> +<i>Chief of the Insular Bureau of Agriculture</i>. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="xd20e278" href="#xd20e278" name= +"xd20e278">5</a>]</span></p> +<div class="footnotes"> +<hr class="fnsep"> +<p class="footnote" lang="fr"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" +id="xd20e251" href="#xd20e251src" name="xd20e251">1</a></span> Le +Cacaoyer, par Henri Jumelle. Culture de Cacaoyer dans Guadaloupe par Dr +Paul Guerin.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e254" href="#xd20e254src" name="xd20e254">2</a></span> Cacao, by +J. H. Hart, F. L. S. Trinidad.</p> +</div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="body"> +<div id="intro" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<h2 class="super">Cacao Culture in the Philippines.</h2> +<h2 class="main">Introduction.</h2> +<p class="firstpar">Cacao in cultivation exists nearly everywhere in +the Archipelago. I have observed it in several provinces of Luzon, in +Mindanao, Joló, Basilan, Panay, and Negros, and have +well-verified assurances of its presence in Cebú, Bohol, and +Masbate, and it is altogether reasonable to predicate its existence +upon all the larger islands anywhere under an elevation of 1,000 or +possibly 1,200 meters. Nevertheless, in many localities the condition +of the plants is such as not to justify the general extension of cacao +cultivation into all regions. The presence of cacao in a given locality +is an interesting fact, furnishing a useful guide for investigation and +agricultural experimentation, but, as the purpose of this paper is to +deal with cacao growing from a commercial standpoint, it is well to +state that wherever reference is made to the growth, requirements, +habits, or cultural treatment of the plant the commercial aspect is +alone considered. As an illustration, attention is called to the +statement made elsewhere, that “cacao exacts a minimum +temperature of 18°”; although, as is perfectly well known to +the writer, its fruit has sometimes matured where the recorded +temperatures have fallen as low as 10°. There is much to be learned +here by experimentation, for as yet the cultivation is primitive in the +extreme, pruning of any kind rudimentary or negative, and +“treatment” of the nut altogether unknown.</p> +<p>Elsewhere in cacao-producing countries its cultivation has long +passed the experimental stage, and the practices that govern the +management of a well-ordered cacao plantation are as clearly defined as +those of an orange grove in Florida or a vineyard in California.</p> +<p>In widely scattered localities the close observer will find many +young trees that in vigor, color, and general health leave nothing to +be desired, but before making final selection for a plantation he +should inspect trees of larger growth for evidences of “die +back” of the branches. If “die back” is present, +superficial examination will generally determine if it is caused by +neglect or by the attacks of insects. If not caused by neglect or +insect attacks, he may assume that some primary essential to the +continued and successful cultivation of the tree is wanting and that +the location is unsuited to profitable plantations.</p> +<p>With due regard to these preliminary precautions and a close +oversight of every subsequent operation, there is no reason why the +growing of cacao may not ultimately become one of the most profitable +horticultural enterprises that can engage the attention of planters in +this Archipelago. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd20e293" href= +"#xd20e293" name="xd20e293">6</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div id="climate" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<h2 class="main">Climate.</h2> +<p class="firstpar">It is customary, when writing of any crop culture, +to give precedence to site and soil, but in the case of cacao these +considerations are of secondary importance, and while none of the minor +operations of planting, pruning, cultivation, and fertilizing may be +overlooked, they are all outweighed by the single +essential—<i>climate</i>.</p> +<p>In general, a state of atmospheric saturation keeps pace with heavy +rainfall, and for that reason we may successfully look for the highest +relative humidity upon the eastern shores of the Archipelago, where the +rainfall is more uniformly distributed over the whole year, than upon +the west.</p> +<p>There are places where the conditions are so peculiar as to +challenge especial inquiry. We find on the peninsula of Zamboanga a +recorded annual mean rainfall of only 888 mm., and yet cacao +(unirrigated) exhibits exceptional thrift and vigor. It is true that +this rain is so evenly distributed throughout the year that every drop +becomes available, yet the total rainfall is insufficient to account +for the very evident and abundant atmospheric humidity indicated by the +prosperous conditions of the cacao plantations. The explanation of this +phenomenon, as made to me by the Rev. Father Algué, of the +Observatory of Manila, is to the effect that strong equatorial ocean +currents constantly prevail against southern Mindanao, and that their +influence extend north nearly to the tenth degree of latitude. These +currents, carrying their moisture-laden atmosphere, would naturally +affect the whole of this narrow neck of land and influence as well some +of the western coast of Mindanao, and probably place it upon the same +favored hygrometric plane as the eastern coast, where the rainfall in +some localities amounts to 4 meters a year.</p> +<p>While 2,000 mm. of mean annual rainfall equably distributed is ample +to achieve complete success, it seems almost impossible to injure cacao +by excessive precipitation. It has been known to successfully tide over +inundation of the whole stem up to the first branches for a period +covering nearly a month.</p> +<p>Irrigation must be resorted to in cases of deficient or unevenly +distributed rainfall, and irrigation is always advantageous whenever +there is suspension of rain for a period of more than fifteen days.</p> +<p>Concerning temperatures the best is that with an annual mean of +26° to 28°, with 20° as the mean minimum where any measure +of success may be expected. A mean temperature of over 30° is +prejudicial to cacao growing.</p> +<p>The last but not least important of the atmospheric phenomena for +our consideration are the winds. Cacao loves to “steam and +swelter in its own atmosphere” and high winds are inimical, and +even refreshing breezes are incompatible, with the greatest success. As +there are but few large areas in these Islands that are exempt from one +or other of our prevailing winds, the remedies that suggest themselves +are: The selection of small <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd20e314" +href="#xd20e314" name="xd20e314">7</a>]</span>sheltered valleys where +the prevailing winds are directly cut off by intervening hills or +mountains; the plantation of only small groves in the open, and their +frequent intersection by the plantation of rapid growing trees; and, +best of all, plantings made in forest clearings, where the remaining +forested lands will furnish the needed protection.</p> +</div> +<div id="site" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<h2 class="main">Location.</h2> +<p class="firstpar">It is always desirable to select a site that is +approximately level or with only enough fall to assure easy drainage. +Such sites may be planted symmetrically and are susceptible to the +easiest and most economical application of the many operations +connected with a plantation.</p> +<p>Provided the region is well forested and therefore protected from +sea breezes, the plantation may be carried very near to the coast, +provided the elevation is sufficient to assure the grove immunity from +incursions of tide water, which, however much diluted, will speedily +cause the death of the plants.</p> +<p>Excavations should be made during the dry season to determine that +water does not stand within 1½ meters of the surface, a more +essential condition, however, when planting is made “at +stake” than when nursery reared trees are planted.</p> +<p>Hillsides, when not too precipitous, frequently offer admirable +shelter and desirable soils, but their use entails a rather more +complicated system of drainage, to carry away storm water without land +washing, and for the ready conversion of the same into irrigating +ditches during the dry season. Further, every operation involved must +be performed by hand labor, and in the selection of such a site the +planter must be largely influenced by the quantity and cost of +available labor.</p> +<p>The unexceptionable shelter, the humidity that prevails, and the +inexhaustible supply of humus that is generally found in deep forest +ravines frequently lead to their planting to cacao where the slope is +even as great as 45°. Such plantations, if done upon a considerable +commercial scale, involve engineering problems and the careful +terracing of each tree, and, except for a dearth of more suitable +locations, is a practice that has little to commend it to the practical +grower.</p> +</div> +<div id="soil" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<h2 class="main">The Soil.</h2> +<p class="firstpar">Other things being equal, preference should be +given to a not too tenacious, clayey loam. Selection, in fact, may be +quite successfully made through the process of exclusion, and by +eliminating all soils of a very light and sandy nature, or clays so +tenacious that the surface bakes and cracks while still too wet within +3 or 4 inches of the surface to operate with farm tools. These +excluded, still leave a very wide range of silt, clay, and loam soils, +most of which are suitable to cacao culture.</p> +<p>Where properly protected from the wind a rocky soil, otherwise good, +is not objectionable; in fact, such lands have the advantage of +promoting good drainage. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd20e336" href= +"#xd20e336" name="xd20e336">8</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div id="preparation" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<h2 class="main">Preparation of the Soil.</h2> +<p class="firstpar">When the plantation is made upon forest lands, it +is necessary to cut and burn all underbrush, together with all timber +trees other than those designed for shade. If such shade trees are left +(and the advisability of leaving them will be discussed in the proper +place), only those of the pulse or bean family are to be recommended. +It should also be remembered that, owing in part to the close planting +of cacao and in part to the fragility of its wood and its great +susceptibility to damage resulting from wounds, subsequent removal of +large shade trees from the plantation is attended with difficulty and +expense, and the planter should leave few shade trees to the hectare. +Clearing the land should be done during the dry season, and refuse +burned in situ, thereby conserving to the soil the potash salts so +essential to the continued well-being of cacao.</p> +<p>The land should be deeply plowed, and, if possible, subsoiled as +well, and then, pending the time of planting the orchard, it may be +laid down to corn, cotton, beans, or some forage plant. Preference +should be given to “hoed crops,” as it is essential to keep +the surface in open tilth, as well as to destroy all weeds.</p> +<p>The common practice in most cacao-growing countries is to simply dig +deep holes where the trees are to stand, and to give a light working to +the rest of the surface just sufficient to produce the intermediate +crops. This custom is permissible only on slopes too steep for the +successful operation of a side hill plow, or where from lack of draft +animals all cultivation has to be done by hand.</p> +<p>Cacao roots deeply, and with relatively few superficial feeders, and +the deeper the soil is worked the better.</p> +</div> +<div id="drainage" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<h2 class="main">Drainage.</h2> +<p class="firstpar">The number and size of the drains will depend upon +the amount of rainfall, the contour of the land, and the natural +absorbent character of the soil. In no case should the ditches be less +than 1 meter wide and 60 cm. deep, and if loose stones are at hand the +sloping sides may be laid with them, which will materially protect them +from washing by torrential rains.</p> +<p>These main drains should all be completed prior to planting. +Connecting laterals may be opened subsequently, as the necessities of +further drainage or future irrigation may demand; shallow furrows will +generally answer for these laterals, and as their obliteration will +practically follow every time cultivation is given, their construction +may be of the cheapest and most temporary nature. Owing to the +necessity of main drainage canals and the needful interplanting of +shade plants between the rows of cacao, nothing is gained by laying off +the land for planting in what is called “two ways,” and all +subsequent working of the orchard will consequently be in one +direction. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd20e355" href="#xd20e355" +name="xd20e355">9</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div id="plantation" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<h2 class="main">The Plantation.</h2> +<p class="firstpar">Cacao, relatively to the size of the tree, may be +planted very closely. We have stated that it rejoices in a close, +moisture-laden atmosphere, and this permits of a closer planting than +would be admissible with any other orchard crop.</p> +<p>In very rich soil the strong-growing Forastero variety may be +planted 3.7 meters apart each way, or 745 trees to the hectare, and on +lighter lands this, or the more dwarf-growing forms of Criollo, may be +set as close as 3 meters or rather more than 1,000 trees to the +hectare.</p> +<p>The rows should be very carefully lined out in one direction and +staked where the young plants are to be set, and then (a year before +the final planting) between each row of cacao a line of temporary +shelter plants are to be planted. These should be planted in quincunx +order, i. e., at the intersecting point of two lines drawn between the +diagonal corners of the square made by four cacaos set equidistant each +way. This temporary shelter is indispensable for the protection of the +young plantation from wind and sun.</p> +<p>The almost universal custom is to plant, for temporary shelter, +suckers of fruiting bananas, but throughout the Visayas and in Southern +Luzon I think abacá could be advantageously substituted. It is +true that, as commonly grown, abacá does not make so rank a +growth as some of the plantains, but if given the perfect tillage which +the cacao plantation should receive, and moderately rich soils, +abacá ought to furnish all necessary shade. This temporary shade +may be maintained till the fourth or fifth year, when it is to be +grubbed out and the stalks and stumps, which are rich in nitrogen, may +be left to decay upon the ground. At present prices, the four or five +crops which may be secured from the temporary shelter plants ought to +meet the expenses of the entire plantation until it comes into +bearing.</p> +<p>In the next step, every fourth tree in the fourth or fifth row of +cacao may be omitted and its place filled by a permanent shade tree. +The planting of shade trees or “madre de cacao” among the +cacao has been observed from time immemorial in all countries where the +crop is grown, and the primary purpose of the planting has been for +shade alone. Observing that these trees were almost invariably of the +pulse or legume family, the writer, in the year 1892, raised the +question, in the Proceedings of the Southern California Horticultural +Society, that the probable benefits derived were directly attributable +to the abundant fertilizing microörganisms developed in the soil +by these leguminous plants, rather than the <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e369" title="Source: mechancial">mechanical</span> protection they +afforded from the sun’s rays.</p> +<p>To Mr. O. F. Cook, of the United States Department of Agriculture, +however, belongs the credit of publishing, in 1901,<a class="noteref" +id="xd20e374src" href="#xd20e374" name="xd20e374src">1</a> a +résumé of his inquiries into the subject of the shades +used for both the coffee and the <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"xd20e377" href="#xd20e377" name="xd20e377">10</a>]</span>cacao, and +which fully confirmed the previous opinions that the main benefit +derived from these trees was their influence in maintaining a constant +supply of available nitrogen in the soil.</p> +<p>That cacao and its wild congenors naturally seek the shelter of +well-shaded forests is well established; but having seen trees in these +Islands that were fully exposed at all times showing no evidences of +either scald, burn, or sun spot, and in every respect the embodiment of +vigor and health, we are fully justified in assuming that here the +climatic conditions are such as will permit of taking some reasonable +liberties with this time-honored practice and supply needed nitrogen to +the soil by the use of cheap and effective “catch crops,” +such us cowpeas or soy beans.</p> +<p>Here, as elsewhere, an Erythrina, known as “dap-dap,” is +a favorite shade tree among native planters; the rain tree +(<i>Pithecolobium saman</i>) is also occasionally used, and in one +instance only have I seen a departure from the use of the +Leguminosæ, and that in western Mindanao, there is a shade +plantation composed exclusively of <i>Cananga odorata</i>, locally +known as ilang-ilang.</p> +<p>While not yet prepared to advocate the total exclusion of all shade +trees, I am prepared to recommend a shade tree, if shade trees there +must be, whose utility and unquestioned value has singularly escaped +notice. The tree in question, the Royal <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e391" title="Source: Ponciana">Poinciana</span> (<i>Poinciana +regia</i>), embodies all of the virtues that are ascribed to the best +of the pulse family, is easily procured, grows freely and rapidly from +seed or cutting, furnishes a minimum of shade at all times, and, in +these Islands, becomes almost leafless, at the season of maturity of +the largest cacao crop when the greatest sun exposure is desired.</p> +<p>The remaining preparatory work consists in the planting of +intersecting wind breaks at intervals throughout the grove, and upon +sides exposed to winds, or where a natural forest growth does not +furnish such a shelter belt. Unless the plantation lies in a +particularly protected valley, no plantation, however large in the +aggregate, should cover more than 4 or 5 hectares unbroken by at least +one row of wind-break trees. Nothing that I know of can approach the +mango for this purpose. It will hold in check the fiercest gale and +give assurance to the grower that after any storm his cacao crop is +still on the trees and not on the ground, a prey to ants, mice, and +other vermin.</p> +<div class="footnotes"> +<hr class="fnsep"> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e374" href="#xd20e374src" name="xd20e374">1</a></span> +“Shade in Coffee Culture.” U. S. Dept. Ag., Washington, +1901.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div id="selection" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<h2 class="main">Selection of Varieties.</h2> +<p class="firstpar">All the varieties of cacao in general cultivation +may be referred to three general types, the Criollo, Forastero, and +Calabacillo; and of these, those that I have met in cultivation in the +Archipelago are the first and second only. The Criollo is incomparably +the finest variety in general use, and may perhaps be most readily +distinguished by the inexperienced through the ripe but unfermented +seed or almond, as it is often called. This, on breaking, is found to +be whitish or yellowish-white, while the seeds of <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="xd20e404" href="#xd20e404" name= +"xd20e404">11</a>]</span>those in which the Forastero or Calabacillo +blood predominates are reddish, or, in the case of Forastero, almost +violet in color. For flavor, freedom from bitterness, facility in +curing, and high commercial value, the Criollo is everywhere conceded +to be <i>facile princeps</i>.</p> +<p>On the other hand, in point of yield, vigor, freedom from disease, +and compatibility to environment it is not to be compared with the +others. Nevertheless, where such perfect conditions exist as are found +in parts of Mindanao, I do not hesitate to urge the planting of +Criollo. Elsewhere, or wherever the plantation is tentative or the +conditions not very well known to the planter, the Forastero is to be +recommended. The former is commercially known as +“<i>Caracas</i>” and “<i>old red Ceylon</i>,” +and may be obtained from Ceylon dealers; and the latter, the Forastero, +or forms of it which have originated in the island, can be procured +from Java.</p> +<p>It seems not unlikely that the true Forastero may have been brought +to these Islands from Acapulco, Mexico, two hundred and thirty-two +years ago,<a class="noteref" id="xd20e419src" href="#xd20e419" name= +"xd20e419src">1</a> as it was at that time the dominant kind grown in +southeastern Mexico, and, if so, the place where the pure type would +most likely be found in these Islands would be in the Camarines, +Southern Luzon. Aside from the seed characters already given, Forastero +is recognized by its larger, thicker, more abundant, and rather more +abruptly pointed fruit than Criollo, and its coarse leaves which are +from 22 to 50 cm. long by 7 to 13 cm. wide, dimensions nearly double +those reached by the Criollo or Calabacillo varieties.</p> +<div class="footnotes"> +<hr class="fnsep"> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e419" href="#xd20e419src" name="xd20e419">1</a></span> According +to “Historia de Filipinas,” by P. Fr. Gaspar de S. +Augustin, cacao plants were first brought here in the year 1670 by a +pilot named Pedro Brabo, of Laguna Province, who gave them to a priest +of the Camarines named Bartoleme Brabo.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div id="planting" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<h2 class="main">Planting.</h2> +<p class="firstpar">Planting may be done “at stake” or from +the nursery. For the unskilled or inexperienced planter, who has means +at hand to defray the greater cost, planting “at stake” is +perhaps to be recommended. This is no more than the dropping and +lightly covering, during the rainy season, of three or four seeds at +the stake where the plant is to stand, protecting the spot with a bit +of banana leaf, left till the seeds have sprouted, and subsequently +pulling out all but the one strongest and thriftiest plant.</p> +<p>The contingencies to be met by this system are many. The enemies of +the cacao seed are legion. Drought, birds, worms, ants, beetles, mice, +and rats will all contribute their quota to prevent a good +“stand” and entail the <span class="corr" id="xd20e429" +title="Source: necessitly">necessity</span> of repeated plantings. +Success by planting “at stake” is so doubtful that it is +rarely followed by experienced planters.</p> +<p>The consequent alternative lies in rearing seedlings in seed beds +that are under immediate control, and, when the plants are of +sufficient size, in transplanting them to their proper sites in the +orchard. In view of the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd20e434" href= +"#xd20e434" name="xd20e434">12</a>]</span>remarkable short-lived +vitality of the cacao seed, it is in every way advisable that the +untrained grower procure his plants from professional nurserymen, or, +if this resource is lacking, that he import the young plants in Wardian +cases from some of the many firms abroad who make a specialty of +preparing them for foreign markets.</p> +<p>Both of these expedients failing, then it is advised that the seeds +be sown one by one in small pots, or, if these are not procurable, in +small bamboo tubes, and, for the sake of uniform moisture, plunge them +to their rims in any free, light soil in a well-shaded easily protected +spot where they may be carefully watered. In three to six months +(according to growth) the tube with its included plant may be planted +in the open field, when the former will speedily decompose and the +growth of the cacao proceed without check or injury.</p> +<p>At best, all of the above suggested methods are but crude expedients +to replace the more workmanlike, expeditious, and satisfactory process +of planting the conventional nursery grown stock. There is nothing more +difficult in the rearing of cacao seedlings than in growing any other +evergreen fruit tree. Briefly stated, it is only the finding of a +well-prepared, well-shaded seed bed and sowing the seeds in rows or +drills, and, when the seedlings are of proper size, in lifting and +transferring them to the plantation. But in actual practice there are +many details calling for the exercise of trained judgment from the +preparation of the seed bed down to the final process of +“hardening off,” concerning which the reader is referred to +the many available text-books on general nursery management.</p> +<p>It may be said for the benefit of those unable to adopt more +scientific methods: Let the seed bed be selected in a well-shaded spot, +and, if possible, upon a rather stiff, plastic, but well-drained soil. +After this is well broken up and made smooth, broadcast over all 3 or 4 +inches of well-decomposed leaf mold mixed with sand, and in this sow +the seed in furrows about 1 inch deep. This sowing should be made +during the dry season, not only to avoid the beating and washing of +violent storms but to have the nursery plants of proper size for +planting at the opening of the rainy season. The seed bed should be +accessible to water, in order that it may be conveniently watered by +frequent sprinklings throughout the dry season.</p> +<p>The rich top dressing will stimulate the early growth of the +seedling, and when its roots enter the heavier soil below it will +encourage a stocky growth. Four or five months later the roots will be +so well established in the stiffer soil that if lifted carefully each +plant may be secured with a ball of earth about its roots, placed in a +tray or basket, and in this way carried intact to the field. Plants +thus reared give to the inexperienced an assurance of success not +always obtained by the trained or veteran planter of bare rooted +subjects. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd20e444" href="#xd20e444" +name="xd20e444">13</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div id="cultivation" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<h2 class="main">Cultivation.</h2> +<p class="firstpar">Planters are united in the opinion that pruning, +cutting, or in any way lacerating the roots is injurious to the cacao, +and in deference to this opinion all cultivation close to the tree +should be done with a harrow-tooth cultivator, or shallow scarifier. +All intermediate cultivation should be deep and thorough, whenever the +mechanical condition of the soil will permit it. A plant stunted in +youth will never make a prolific tree; early and continuous growth can +only be secured by deep and thorough cultivation.</p> +<p>Of even more consideration than an occasional root cutting is any +injury, however small, to the tree stem, and on this account every +precaution should be taken to protect the trees from accidental injury +when plowing or cultivating. The whiffletree of the plow or cultivator +used should be carefully fendered with rubber or a soft woolen packing +that will effectually guard against the carelessness of workmen. Wounds +in the bark or stem offer an inviting field for the entry of insects or +the spores of fungi, and are, furthermore, apt to be overlooked until +the injury becomes deep seated and sometimes beyond repair.</p> +<p>With the gradual extension of root development, cultivation will be +reduced to a narrow strip between the rows once occupied by the +plantain or the abacá, but, to the very last, the maintenance of +the proper soil conditions should be observed by at least one good +annual plowing and by as many superficial cultivations as the growth of +the trees and the mechanical state of the land will admit.</p> +</div> +<div id="pruning" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<h2 class="main">Pruning.</h2> +<p class="firstpar">When left to its own resources the cacao will fruit +for an almost indefinite time. When well and strenuously grown it will +bear much more abundant fruit from its fifth to its twenty-fifth year, +and by a simple process of renewal can be made productive for a much +longer time.</p> +<p>A necessary factor to this result is an annual pruning upon strictly +scientific lines. The underlying principle involved is, primarily, the +fact that the cacao bears its crop directly upon the main branches and +trunk, and not upon spurs or twigs; secondly, that wood under three +years is rarely fruitful, and that only upon stems or branches of five +years or upward does the maximum fruitfulness occur; that the seat of +inflorescence is directly over the axil of a fallen leaf, from whence +the flowers are born at irregular times throughout the year.</p> +<p>With this necessary, fundamental information as a basis of +operations, the rational system of pruning that suggests itself is the +maintenance of as large an extension at all times of straight, +well-grown mature wood and the perfecting of that by the early and +frequent removal of all limbs or branches that the form of the tree +does not admit of carrying without overcrowding. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="xd20e463" href="#xd20e463" name= +"xd20e463">14</a>]</span></p> +<p>It is desirable that this extension of the branch system should be +lateral rather than vertical, for the greater facility with which fruit +may be plucked and possible insect enemies fought; and on this account +the leading growths should be stopped when a convenient height has been +attained.</p> +<p>When well grown and without accident to its leader, the cacao will +naturally branch at from 1 to 1.4 meters from the ground. These primary +branches are mostly three to five in number, and all in excess of three +should be removed as soon as selection can be made of three strongest +that are as nearly equidistant from each other as may be. When these +branches are from 80 cm. to 1 meter long, and preferably the shorter +distance, they are to be stopped by pinching the extremities. This will +cause them and the main stem as well to “break,” i. e., to +branch in many places.</p> +<p>At this point the vigilance and judgment of the planter are called +into greater play. These secondary branches are, in turn, all to be +reduced as were the primary ones, and their selection can not be made +in a symmetrical whorl, for the habit of the tree does not admit of it, +and selection of the three should be made with reference to their +future extension, that the interior of the tree should not be +overcrowded and that such outer branches be retained as shall fairly +maintain the equilibrium of the crown.</p> +<p>This will complete the third year and the formative stage of the +plant. Subsequent prunings will be conducted on the same lines, with +the modification that when the secondary branches are again cut back, +the room in the head of the tree will rarely admit of more than one, at +most two, tertiary branches being allowed to remain. When these are +grown to an extent that brings the total height of the tree to 3 or 4 +meters, they should be cut back annually, at the close of the dry +season. Such minor operations as the removal of thin, wiry, or +hide-bound growths and all suckers suggest themselves to every +horticulturist, whether he be experienced in cacao growing or not. When +a tree is exhausted by overbearing, or has originally been so ill +formed that it is not productive, a strong sucker or +“gourmand” springing from near the ground may be encouraged +to grow. By distributing the pruning over two or three periods, in one +year the old tree can be entirely removed and its place substituted by +the “gourmand.” During the third year flowers will be +abundant and some fruit will set, but it is advisable to remove it +while small and permit all of the energy of the plant to be expended in +wood making.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e473width"><img src="images/plate.jpg" alt= +"Plate 1.—Shows the interesting, fruit bearing habit of the Cacao." +width="490" height="720"> +<p class="figureHead"><span class="sc">Plate 1.</span>—Shows the +interesting, fruit bearing habit of the Cacao.</p> +</div> +<p>From what we know of its flowering habit, it is obvious that every +operation connected with the handling or pruning of a cacao, should be +conducted with extreme care; to see that the bark is never injured +about the old leaf scars, for to just the extent it is so injured is +the fruit-bearing area curtailed. Further, no pruning cut should ever +be inflicted, except with the sharpest of knives and saws, and the use +of shears, that always <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd20e481" href= +"#xd20e481" name="xd20e481">15</a>]</span>bruise to <i>some</i> extent, +is to be avoided. All the rules that are laid down for the guidance of +the pruning of most orchard trees in regard to clean cuts, sloping +cuts, and the covering of large wounds with tar or resin apply with +fourfold force to the cacao. Its wood is remarkably spongy and an easy +prey to the enemies ever lying in wait to attack it, and the surest +remedies for disease are preventive ones, and by the maintenance +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd20e486" href="#xd20e486" name= +"xd20e486">16</a>]</span>of the bark of the tree at all times in the +sound condition, we are assured that it is best qualified to resist +invasion. Of the great number of worm-riddled trees to be seen in the +Archipelago, it is easy in every case to trace the cause to the neglect +and brutal treatment which left them in a condition to invite the +attacks of disease of every kind.</p> +</div> +<div id="harvest" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<h2 class="main">Harvest.</h2> +<p class="firstpar">The ripening period of cacao generally occurs at +two seasons of the year, but in these islands the most abundant crop is +obtained at about the commencement of the dry season, and the fruits +continue to ripen for two months or longer. The time of its approaching +maturity is easily recognized by the tyro by the unmistakable aroma of +chocolate that pervades the orchard at that period, and by some of the +pods turning reddish or yellow according to the variety.</p> +<p>The pods are attached by a very short stalk to the trunk of the +tree, and those within reach of the hand are carefully cut with shears. +Those higher up are most safely removed with an extension American tree +pruner. A West Indian hook knife with a cutting edge above and below +and mounted on a bamboo pole, if kept with the edges very sharp, does +excellently well, but should only be intrusted to the most careful +workmen. There is hardly a conceivable contingency to warrant the +climbing of a cacao tree. If it should occur, the person climbing +should go barefooted. As soon as the fruit, or so much of it as is well +ripened, has been gathered, it is thrown into heaps and should be +opened within twenty-four hours.</p> +<p>The opening is done in a variety of ways, but the practice followed +in Surinam would be an excellent one here if experienced labor was not +at command. There, with a heavy knife or cutlass (bolo), they cut off +the base or stem end of the fruit and thereby expose the column to +which the seeds are attached, and then women and children, who free +most of the seeds, are able to draw out the entire seed mass intact. It +is exceedingly important that the seeds are not wounded, and for that +reason it is inexpedient to intrust the more expeditious method of +halving the fruit with a sharp knife to any but experienced +workmen.</p> +<p>The process of curing that I have seen followed in these Islands is +simplicity itself. Two jars half filled with water are provided for the +cleaners, and as the seeds are detached from the pulp they are sorted +and graded on the spot. Only those of large, uniform size, well formed +and thoroughly ripe, being thrown into one; deformed, small, and +imperfectly matured seeds going to the other. In these jars the seeds +are allowed to stand in their own juice for a day, then they are taken +out, washed in fresh water, dried in the sun from two to four days, +according to the weather, and the process from the Filipino standpoint +is complete.</p> +<p>Much of the product thus obtained is singularly free from bitterness +and of such excellent quality; as to be saleable at unusually high +prices, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd20e502" href="#xd20e502" name= +"xd20e502">17</a>]</span>and at the same time in such good demand that +it is with some hesitancy that the process of fermentation is +recommended for general use.</p> +<p>But it is also equally certain that localities in these Islands will +be planted to cacao where all the conditions that help to turn out an +unrivaled natural product are by no means assured. For such places, +where the rank-growing, more coarse-flavored, and bitter-fruited +Forastero may produce exceptionally good crops, it will become +incumbent on the planter to adopt some of the many methods of +fermentation, whereby he can correct the crudeness of the untreated +bean and receive a remunerative price for the “processed” +or ameliorated product.</p> +<p>Undoubtedly the Strickland method, or some modification of it, is +the best, and is now in general use on all considerable estates where +the harvest is 200 piculs or upward per annum, and its use probably +assures a more uniform product than any of the ruder processes in +common use by small proprietors.</p> +<p>But it must not be forgotten that the present planters in the +Philippines are all small proprietors, and that until such time as the +maturing of large plantations calls for the more elaborate apparatus of +the Strickland pattern, some practice whereby the inferior crude bean +may be economically and quickly converted into a marketable product can +not be avoided. As simple and efficacious as any is that largely +pursued in some parts of Venezuela, where is produced the famous +Caracas cacao.</p> +<p>The beans and pulp are thrown into wooden vats that are pierced with +holes sufficient to permit of the escape of the juice, for which +twenty-four hours suffices. The vat is then exposed to the sun for five +or six hours, and the beans, while still hot, are taken out, thrown +into large heaps, and covered with blankets.</p> +<p>The next day they are returned to the box, subjected to a strong sun +heat and again returned to the heap. This operation is repeated for +<span class="corr" id="xd20e514" title="Source: sevral">several</span> +days, until the beans, by their bright chocolate color and suppleness, +indicate that they are cured. If, during the period of fermentation, +rain is threatened or occurs, the beans are shoveled, still hot, into +bags and retained there until they can once more be exposed to the sun. +Before the final bagging they are carefully hand rubbed in order to +remove the adherent gums and fibrous matters that did not pass off in +the primary fermentation.</p> +<p>In Ceylon, immediately after the beans have been fermented they are +washed, and the universally high prices obtained by the Ceylon planters +make it desirable to reproduce here a brief résumé of +their method. The fermentation is carried on under sheds, and the beans +are heaped up in beds of 60 cm. to 1 meter in thickness upon a platform +of parallel joists arranged to permit of the escape of the juices. This +platform is elevated from the ground and the whole heap is covered with +sacks or matting. The fermentation takes from five to seven days, +according to the heat of <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd20e520" href= +"#xd20e520" name="xd20e520">18</a>]</span>the atmosphere and the size +of the heap, and whenever the temperature rises above 40° the mass +is carefully turned over with wooden shovels.</p> +<p>Immediately after the fermentation is completed the Ceylon planter +passes the mass through repeated washings, and nothing remains but to +dry the seed. This in Ceylon is very extensively done, in dryers of +different kinds, some patterned after the American fruit dryer, some in +slowly rotating cylinders through the axis of which a powerful blast of +hot air is driven.</p> +<p>The process of washing unquestionably diminishes somewhat the weight +of the cured bean; for that reason the practice is not generally +followed in other countries, but in the case of the Ceylon product it +is one of the contributing factors to the high prices obtained.</p> +</div> +<div id="diseases" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<h2 class="main">Enemies and Diseases.</h2> +<p class="firstpar">Monkeys, rats, and parrots are here and in all +tropical countries the subject of much complaint, and if the plantation +is remote from towns or in the forest, their depredations can only be +held in check by the constant presence of well-armed hunter or +watchman. Of the more serious enemies with which we have to deal, +pernicious insects and in particular those that attack the wood of the +tree, everything has yet to be learned.</p> +<p>Mr. Charles N. Banks, an accomplished entomologist, now stationed at +Maao, Occidental Negros, is making a close study of the life history of +the insect enemies of cacao, and through his researches it is hoped +that much light will be thrown upon the whole subject and that ways +will be devised to overcome and prevent the depredations of these +insect pests. The most formidable insect that has so far been +encountered is a beetle, which pierces and deposits its eggs within the +bark. When the worm hatches, it enters the wood and traverses it +longitudinally until it is ready to assume the mature or beetle state, +when it comes to the surface and makes its escape. These worms will +frequently riddle an entire branch and even enter the trunk. The +apertures that the beetle makes for the laying of its eggs are so +small—more minute than the head of a pin—that discovery and +probing for the worm with a fine wire is not as fruitful of results as +has been claimed.</p> +<p>Of one thing, however, we are positively assured, i. e., that the +epoch of ripening of the cacao fruit is the time when its powerful +fragrance serves to attract the greatest number of these beetles and +many other noxious insects to the grove. This, too, is the time when +the most constant and abundant supply of labor is on the plantation and +when vast numbers of these insects can be caught and destroyed. The +building of small fires at night in the groves, as commonly practiced +here and in many tropical countries, is attended with some benefits. +Lately, in India, this remedy has been subject to an improvement that +gives promise of results which will in time minimize the ravages of +insect pests. It is in placing powerful acetylene lights over broad, +shallow vats of water overlaid with mineral <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="xd20e535" href="#xd20e535" name= +"xd20e535">19</a>]</span>oil or petroleum. Some of these lamps now made +under recent patents yield a light of dazzling brilliancy, and if well +distributed would doubtless lure millions of insects to their death. +The cheap cost of the fuel also makes the remedy available for trial by +every planter.</p> +<p>There is a small hemipterous insect which stings the fruit when +about two-thirds grown, and deposits its eggs within. For this class of +insects M. A. Tonduz, who has issued publications on the diseases of +cacao in Venezuela, recommends washing the fruit with salt water, and +against the attacks of beetles in general by painting the tree stem and +branches with Bordeaux mixture, or with the vassiliére +insecticide, of which the basis is a combination of whale-oil soap and +petroleum suspended in lime wash. There can be no possible virtue in +the former, except as a preventive against possible fungous diseases; +of the sanitive value of the latter we can also afford to be skeptical, +as the mechanical sealing of the borer’s holes, and thereby +cutting off the air supply, would only result in driving the worm +sooner to the surface. The odor of petroleum and particularly of +whale-oil soap is so <span class="corr" id="xd20e539" title= +"Source: repellant">repellent</span>, however, to most insects that its +prophylactic virtues would undoubtedly be great.</p> +<p>The Philippine Islands appear to be so far singularly exempt from +the very many cryptogamic or fungous diseases, blights, mildews, rusts, +and cankers that have played havoc with cacao-growing in many +countries. That we should enjoy continued immunity will depend greatly +upon securing seeds or young plants only from noninfested districts or +from reputable dealers, who will carefully disinfect any shipments, and +to supplement this by a close microscopical examination upon arrival +and the immediate burning of any suspected shipments.</p> +<p>Another general precaution that will be taken by every planter who +aims to maintain the best condition in his orchard is the gathering and +burning of all prunings or trimmings from the orchard, whether they are +diseased or not. Decaying wood of any kind is a field for special +activity for insect life and fungous growth, and the sooner it is +destroyed the better.</p> +<p>On this account it is customary in some countries to remove the +fruit pods from the field. But unless diseased, or unless they are to +be returned after the harvest, they should be buried upon the land for +their manurial value.</p> +</div> +<div id="manuring" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<h2 class="main">Manuring.</h2> +<p class="firstpar">There are few cultivated crops that make less drain +upon soil fertility than cacao, and few drafts upon the land are so +easily and inexpensively returned. From an examination made of detailed +analyses by many authors and covering many regions, it may be broadly +stated that an average crop of cacao in the most-favored districts is +about 9 piculs per hectare, and that of the three all-important +elements of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash, a total of slightly +more than 4.2 kilograms is removed in each <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="xd20e553" href="#xd20e553" name= +"xd20e553">20</a>]</span>picul of cured seeds harvested. These 37 kilos +of plant food that are annually taken from each hectare may be roughly +subdivided as follows:</p> +<ul> +<li>18 kilos of nitrogen,</li> +<li>10 kilos of potash,</li> +<li>9 kilos of phosphoric acid.</li> +</ul> +<p>On this basis, after the plantation is in full bearing, we would +have to make good with standard fertilizers each year for each hectare +about 220 kilos of nitrate of soda, or, if the plantation was shaded +with leguminous trees, only one-half that amount, or 110 kilos. Of +potash salts, say the sulphate, only one-half that amount, or 55 kilos, +if the plantation was unshaded. If, however, it was shaded, as the +leguminous trees are all heavy feeders of potash, we would have to +double the amount and use 110 kilos.</p> +<p>In any case, as fixed nitrogen always represents a cost quite double +that of potash, from an economical standpoint the planter is still the +gainer who supplies potash to the shade trees. There still remains +phosphoric acid, which, in the form of the best superphosphate of lime, +would require 55 kilos for unshaded orchards, and about 70 if dap-dap, +Pionciana, or any leguminous tree was grown in the orchard. These three +ingredients may be thoroughly incorporated and used as a top dressing +and lightly harrowed in about each tree.</p> +<p>If the commercial nitrates can not be readily obtained, then +recourse must be had to the sparing use of farm manures. Until the +bearing age these may be used freely, but after that with caution and +discrimination. Although I have seen trees here that have been bearing +continuously for twenty-two years, I have been unable to find so much +as one that to the knowledge of the oldest resident has ever been +fertilized in any way, yet, notwithstanding our lack of knowledge of +local conditions, it seems perfectly safe to predicate that liberal +manuring with stable manure or highly ammoniated fertilizers would +insure a rank, succulent growth that is always prejudicial to the best +and heaviest fruit production. In this I am opposed to Professor +Hart,<a class="noteref" id="xd20e569src" href="#xd20e569" name= +"xd20e569src">1</a> who seems to think that stable manures are those +only that may be used with a free hand.</p> +<p>We have many safe ways of applying nitrogen through the medium of +various catch crops of pulse or beans, with the certainty that we can +never overload the soil with more than the adjacent tree roots can take +up and thoroughly assimilate. When the time comes that the orchard so +shades the ground that crops can no longer be grown between the rows, +then, in preference to stable manures I would recommend cotton-seed +cake or “poonac,” the latter being always obtainable in +this Archipelago.</p> +<p>While the most desirable form in which potash can be applied is in +the form of the sulphate, excellent results have been had with the use +of Kainit or Stassfurth salts, and as a still more available +substitute, wood ashes is suggested. When forest lands are near, the +underbrush may be <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd20e576" href= +"#xd20e576" name="xd20e576">21</a>]</span>cut and burned in a clearing +or wherever it may be done without detriment to the standing timber, +and the ashes scattered in the orchard before they have been leached by +rains. The remaining essential of phosphoric acid in the form of +superphosphates will for some years to come necessarily be the subject +of direct importation. In the cheap form of phosphate slag it is +reported to have been used with great success in both Grenada and +British Guiana, and would be well worthy of trial here.</p> +<p>Lands very rich in humus, as some of our forest valleys are, +undoubtedly carry ample nitrogenous elements of fertility to maintain +the trees at a high standard of growth for many years, but provision is +indispensable for a regular supply of potash and phosphoric acid as +soon as the trees come into heavy bearing. It is to them and not to the +nitrogen that we look for the formation of strong, stocky, well-ripened +wood capable of fruit bearing and for fruit that shall be sound, highly +flavored, and well matured.</p> +<p>The bearing life of such a tree will surely be healthfully prolonged +for many years beyond one constantly driven with highly stimulating +foods, and in the end amply repay the grower for the vigilance, toil, +and original expenditure of money necessary to maintaining a well-grown +and well-appointed cacao plantation.</p> +<div class="footnotes"> +<hr class="fnsep"> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e569" href="#xd20e569src" name="xd20e569">1</a></span> +“Cacao,” p. 16.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div id="supplemental" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<h2 class="main">Supplemental Notes.</h2> +<p id="newvarieties" class="firstpar"><i>New Varieties.</i>—Cacao +is exclusively grown from seed, and it is only by careful selection of +the most valuable trees that the planter can hope to make the most +profitable renewals or additions to his plantations. It is by this +means that many excellent sorts are now in cultivation in different +regions that have continued to vary from the three original, common +forms of <i>Theobroma cacao</i>, until now it is a matter of some +difficulty to differentiate them.</p> +<p id="residence"><i>Residence.</i>—The conditions for living in +the Philippines offer peculiar, it may be said unexampled, advantages +to the planter of cacao. The climate as a whole is remarkably +salubrious, and sites are to be found nearly everywhere for the estate +buildings, sufficiently elevated to obviate the necessity of living +near stagnant waters.</p> +<p>Malarial fevers are relatively few, predacious animals unknown, and +insects and reptiles prejudicial to human life or health +extraordinarily few in number. In contrast to this we need only call +attention to the entire Caribbean coast of South America, where the +climate and soil conditions are such that the cacao comes to a +superlative degree of perfection, and yet the limits of its further +extension have probably been reached by the insuperable barrier of a +climate so insalubrious that the Caucasian’s life is one endless +conflict with disease, and when not engaged in active combat with some +form of malarial poisoning his energies are concentrated upon battle +with the various insect or animal pests that make life a burden in such +regions. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd20e598" href="#xd20e598" name= +"xd20e598">22</a>]</span></p> +<p>Nonresidence upon a cacao plantation is an equivalent term for +ultimate failure. Every operation demands the exercise of the +<span class="corr" id="xd20e601" title= +"Source: obervant">observant</span> eye and the directing hand of a +master, but there is no field of horticultural effort that offers more +assured reward, or that will more richly repay close study and the +application of methods wrought out as the sequence of those +studies.</p> +</div> +<div id="revenues" class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<h2 class="main">Estimated Cost and Revenues Derived from a Cacao +Plantation.</h2> +<p class="firstpar">Estimates of expenses in establishing a cacao farm +in the Visayas and profits after the fifth year. The size of the farm +selected is 16 hectares, the amount of land prescribed by Congress of a +single public land entry. The cost of procuring such a tract of land is +as yet undetermined and can not be reckoned in the following tables. +The prices of the crop are estimated at 48 cents per kilo, which is the +current price for the best grades of cacao in the world’s +markets. The yield per tree is given as 2 catties, or 1.25 kilos, a +fair and conservative estimate for a good tree, with little or no +cultivation. The prices for unskilled labor are 25 per cent in advance +of the farm hand in the Visayan islands. No provision is made for +management or supervision, as the owner will, it is assumed, act as +manager.</p> +<p>Charges to capital account are given for the second, third, and +fourth year, but no current expenses are given, for other crops are to +defray operating expenses until the cacao trees begin to bear. No +estimate of residence is given. All accounts are in United States +currency.</p> +<div class="table"> +<table> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" colspan="4" class="xd20e617 xd20e612"><i>Expendable +the first year.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" colspan="4" class="xd20e622 xd20e612">Capital +account:</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e612"></td> +<td valign="top">Clearing of <i>average</i> brush and timber land, at +$15 per hectare</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e614">$340.00</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e612"></td> +<td valign="top">Four carabaos, plows, harrows, cultivators, carts, +etc.</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e614">550.00</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e612"></td> +<td valign="top">Breaking and preparing land, at $5 per hectare</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e614">80.00</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e612"></td> +<td valign="top">Opening main drainage canals, at $6 per hectare</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e614">96.00</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e612"></td> +<td valign="top">Tool house and storeroom</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e614">200.00</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e612"></td> +<td valign="top">Purchase and planting 10,000 abacá stools, at 2 +cents each</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e614">200.00</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e612"></td> +<td valign="top">Seed purchase, rearing and planting 12,000 cacao, at 3 +cents each</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e614">360.00</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e612"></td> +<td valign="top">Contingent and incidental</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e614">174.00</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e612"></td> +<td valign="top">Total</td> +<td valign="top" class="sum xd20e614"></td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e614">$2,000.00</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" colspan="4" class="xd20e617 xd20e612"><i>Second +year.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e612"></td> +<td valign="top">Interest on investment</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e614">$200.00</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e612"></td> +<td valign="top">Depreciation on tools, buildings, and animals (20 per +cent of cost)</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e614">150.00</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e612"></td> +<td valign="top"></td> +<td valign="top" class="sum xd20e614"></td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e614">350.00</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" colspan="4" class="xd20e617 xd20e612"><i>Third +year.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e612"></td> +<td valign="top">Interest on investment</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e614">$200.00</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e612"></td> +<td valign="top">Depreciation as above</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e614">150.00</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e612"></td> +<td valign="top"></td> +<td valign="top" class="sum xd20e614"></td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e614">350.00 <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"xd20e748" href="#xd20e748" name="xd20e748">23</a>]</span></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" colspan="4" class="xd20e617 xd20e612"><i>Fourth +year.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e612"></td> +<td valign="top">Interest on investment</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e614">$200.00</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e612"></td> +<td valign="top">Depreciation as above</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e614">150.00</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e612"></td> +<td valign="top">Building of drying house and sweat boxes, capacity +20,000 kilos</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e614">450.00</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e612"></td> +<td valign="top"></td> +<td valign="top" class="sum xd20e614"></td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e614">$800.00</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e612"></td> +<td valign="top">Total capital investment</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e614"></td> +<td valign="top" class="sum xd20e614">3,500.00</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" colspan="4" class="xd20e617 xd20e612"><i>Fifth +year.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" colspan="4" class="xd20e622 xd20e612">Income +account:</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e612"></td> +<td valign="top">From 11,680 cacao trees, 300 grams cacao each, equals +3,500 kilos, at 48 cents</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e614"></td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e614">1,680.00</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" colspan="4" class="xd20e622 xd20e612">Expense +account:</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e612"></td> +<td valign="top">Fixed interest and depreciation charges on investment +of $3,500.00</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e614">$350.00</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e612"></td> +<td valign="top">Taxes 1½ per cent on a one-third valuation +basis of $250 per hectare</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e614">60.00</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e612"></td> +<td valign="top">Cultivating, pruning, etc., at $5.50 per hectare</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e614">88.00</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e612"></td> +<td valign="top">Fertilizing, at $6 per hectare</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e614">96.00</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e612"></td> +<td valign="top">Harvesting, curing, packing 3,500 kilos cacao, at 10 +cents per kilo</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e614">350.00</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e612"></td> +<td valign="top">Contingent</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e614">86.00</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e612"></td> +<td valign="top"></td> +<td valign="top" class="sum xd20e614"></td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e614">1,030.00</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e612"></td> +<td valign="top">Credit balance</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e614"></td> +<td valign="top" class="sum xd20e614">650.00</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" colspan="4" class="xd20e617 xd20e612"><i>Sixth +year.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" colspan="4" class="xd20e622 xd20e612">Income +account:</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e612"></td> +<td valign="top">From 11,680 cacao trees, at 500 grams cacao each, +equals 5,840 kilos, at 48 cents</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e614"></td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e614">2,803.20</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" colspan="4" class="xd20e622 xd20e612">Expense +account:</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e612"></td> +<td valign="top">Fixed interest and depreciation charges as above</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e614">$350.00</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e612"></td> +<td valign="top">Taxes as above</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e614">60.00</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e612"></td> +<td valign="top">Cultivating, etc., as above</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e614">88.00</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e612"></td> +<td valign="top">Fertilizing, at $8 per hectare</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e614">128.00</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e612"></td> +<td valign="top">Harvesting, etc., 5,840 kilos cacao, at 10 cents per +kilo</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e614">584.00</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e612"></td> +<td valign="top">Contingent</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e614">93.20</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e612"></td> +<td valign="top"></td> +<td valign="top" class="sum xd20e614"></td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e614">1,303.20</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e612"></td> +<td valign="top">Credit balance</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e614"></td> +<td valign="top" class="sum xd20e614">1,500.00</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" colspan="4" class="xd20e617 xd20e612"><i>Seventh +year.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" colspan="4" class="xd20e622 xd20e612">Income +account:</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e612"></td> +<td valign="top">From 11,680 cacao trees, at 750 grams cacao each, +equals 8,760 kilos, at 48 cents</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e614"></td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e614">4,204.80</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" colspan="4" class="xd20e622 xd20e612">Expense +account:</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e612"></td> +<td valign="top">Fixed interest charges as above</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e614">$350.00</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e612"></td> +<td valign="top">Taxes as above</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e614">60.00</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e612"></td> +<td valign="top">Cultivating, etc., as above</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e614">88.00</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e612"></td> +<td valign="top">Fertilizing, at $10 per hectare</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e614">160.00</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e612"></td> +<td valign="top">Harvest, etc., of 8,760 kilos of cacao, at 10 cents +per kilo</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e614">876.00</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e612"></td> +<td valign="top">Contingent</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e614">170.80</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e612"></td> +<td valign="top"></td> +<td valign="top" class="sum xd20e614"></td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e614">1,704.80</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e612"></td> +<td valign="top">Credit balance</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e614"></td> +<td valign="top" class="sum xd20e614">2,500.00 <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="xd20e1032" href="#xd20e1032" name= +"xd20e1032">24</a>]</span></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" colspan="4" class="xd20e617 xd20e612"><i>Eighth +year.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" colspan="4" class="xd20e622 xd20e612">Income +account:</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e612"></td> +<td valign="top">From 11,680 cacao trees, at 1 kilo cacao each, equals +11,680 kilos, at 48 cents</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e614"></td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e614">$5,606.40</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" colspan="4" class="xd20e622 xd20e612">Expense +account:</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e612"></td> +<td valign="top">Fixed interest charges as above</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e614">$350.00</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e612"></td> +<td valign="top">Taxes as above</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e614">60.00</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e612"></td> +<td valign="top">Cultivating, etc., as above</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e614">88.00</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e612"></td> +<td valign="top">Fertilizing, at $12.50 per hectare</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e614">200.00</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e612"></td> +<td valign="top">Harvest, etc., 11,680 kilos of cacao, at 10 cents per +kilo</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e614">1,168.00</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e612"></td> +<td valign="top">Contingent</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e614">240.40</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e612"></td> +<td valign="top"></td> +<td valign="top" class="sum xd20e614"></td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e614">2,106.40</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e612"></td> +<td valign="top">Credit balance</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e614"></td> +<td valign="top" class="sum xd20e614">3,500.00</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" colspan="4" class="xd20e617 xd20e612"><i>Ninth +year.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" colspan="4" class="xd20e622 xd20e612">Income +account:</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e612"></td> +<td valign="top">From 11,680 trees, at 2 “catties” or 1.25 +kilos cacao each, equals 14,600 kilos, at 48 cents</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e614"></td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e614">7,008.00</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" colspan="4" class="xd20e622 xd20e612">Expense +account:</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e612"></td> +<td valign="top">Fixed interest charges as above</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e614">$350.00</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e612"></td> +<td valign="top">Taxes at 1½ per cent on a one-third valuation +of $500 per hectare</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e614">120.00</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e612"></td> +<td valign="top">Cultivation and pruning as above</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e614">88.00</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e612"></td> +<td valign="top">Fertilizing, at $15 per hectare</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e614">240.00</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e612"></td> +<td valign="top">Harvesting, etc., of 14,600 kilos of cacao, at 10 +cents per kilo</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e614">1,460.00</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e612"></td> +<td valign="top">Contingent</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e614">250.00</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e612"></td> +<td valign="top"></td> +<td valign="top" class="sum xd20e614"></td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e614">2,508.00</td> +</tr> +<tr valign="top"> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e612"></td> +<td valign="top">Credit balance</td> +<td valign="top" class="xd20e614"></td> +<td valign="top" class="sum xd20e614">4,500.00</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<p>In the tenth year there should be no increase in taxes or +fertilizers, and a slight increase in yield, sufficient to bring the +net profits of the estate to the approximate amount of $5,000. This +would amount to a dividend of rather more than $312 per hectare, or its +equivalent of about $126 per acre.</p> +<p>These tables further show original capitalization cost of nearly $90 +per acre, and from the ninth year annual operating expenses of rather +more than $60 per acre.</p> +<p>It should be stated, however, that the operating expenses are based +upon a systematic and scientific management of the estate; while the +returns or income are based upon revenue from trees that are at the +disadvantage of being without culture of any kind, and, while I am of +the opinion that the original cost per acre of the plantation, nor its +current operating expenses may be much reduced below the figures given, +I feel that there is a reasonable certainty that the crop product may +be materially increased beyond the limit of two +“catties.”</p> +<p>In Camerouns, Dr. Preuss, a close and well-trained observer, gives +the mean annual yield of trees of full-bearing age at 4.4 pounds. +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd20e1205" href="#xd20e1205" name= +"xd20e1205">25</a>]</span></p> +<p>Mr. Rousselot places the yield on the French Congo at the same +figure<span class="corr" id="xd20e1208" title="Not in source">.</span> +In the Caroline Islands it reaches 5 pounds and in Surinam, according +to M. Nichols, the average at maturity is 6½ pounds. In +Mindanao, I have been told, but do not vouch for the report, of more +than ten “catties” taken in one year from a single tree; +and, as there are well-authenticated instances of record, of single +trees having yielded as much as 30 pounds, I am not prepared to +altogether discredit the Mindanao story.</p> +<p>The difference, however, between good returns and enormous profits +arising from cacao growing in the Philippines will be determined by the +amount of knowledge, experience, and energy that the planter is capable +of bringing to bear upon the culture in question.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="back"> +<div class="div1"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="transcribernote"> +<h2 class="main">Colophon</h2> +<h3 class="main">Availability</h3> +<p class="firstpar">This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no +cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give +it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License +included with this eBook or online at <a class="exlink" title= +"External link" href= +"http://www.gutenberg.org/">www.gutenberg.org</a>.</p> +<p>This eBook is produced by the Online Distributed Proofreading Team +at <a class="exlink" title="External link" href= +"http://www.pgdp.net/">www.pgdp.net</a>.</p> +<p>Transcribed from scans available at the <a class="exlink" title= +"External link" href= +"http://www.archive.org/details/cacaocultureinph00lyonrich">Internet +Archive</a>.</p> +<h3 class="main">Encoding</h3> +<p class="firstpar"></p> +<h3 class="main">Revision History</h3> +<ul> +<li>2010-10-14 Started.</li> +</ul> +<h3 class="main">External References</h3> +<p>This Project Gutenberg eBook contains external references. These +links may not work for you.</p> +<h3 class="main">Corrections</h3> +<p>The following corrections have been applied to the text:</p> +<table width="75%" summary= +"Overview of corrections applied to the text."> +<tr> +<th>Page</th> +<th>Source</th> +<th>Correction</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd20e369">9</a></td> +<td class="width40">mechancial</td> +<td class="width40">mechanical</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd20e391">10</a></td> +<td class="width40">Ponciana</td> +<td class="width40">Poinciana</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd20e429">11</a></td> +<td class="width40">necessitly</td> +<td class="width40">necessity</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd20e514">17</a></td> +<td class="width40">sevral</td> +<td class="width40">several</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd20e539">19</a></td> +<td class="width40">repellant</td> +<td class="width40">repellent</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd20e601">22</a></td> +<td class="width40">obervant</td> +<td class="width40">observant</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd20e1208">25</a></td> +<td class="width40">[<i>Not in source</i>]</td> +<td class="width40">.</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +</div> +</div> + + +<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CACAO CULTURE IN THE PHILIPPINES ***</div> +<div style='text-align:left'> + +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> +Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will +be renamed. +</div> + +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> +Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright +law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, +so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United +States without permission and without paying copyright +royalties. 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