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diff --git a/33921-0.txt b/33921-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1465b02 --- /dev/null +++ b/33921-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1650 @@ +The Project Gutenberg eBook of Cacao Culture in the Philippines, by +William S. Lyon + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and +most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions +whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms +of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at +www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you +will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before +using this eBook. + +Title: Cacao Culture in the Philippines + +Author: William S. Lyon + +Release Date: October 16, 2010 [eBook #33921] +[Most recently updated: December 26, 2022] + +Language: English + +Produced by: Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed Proofreading +Team at http://www.pgdp.net/ for project Gutenberg (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive) + +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CACAO CULTURE IN THE +PHILIPPINES *** + + + + + Philippine Bureau of Agriculture. + + + Farmer's Bulletin No. 2. + + CACAO CULTURE IN THE PHILIPPINES + + + + By + + WILLIAM S. LYON, + + In charge of seed and plant introduction. + + + + Prepared under the direction of the Chief of the Bureau. + + Manila: + + Bureau of Public Printing. + + 1902. + + + + + +CONTENTS. + + + Page. + + Letter of transmittal 4 + Introduction 5 + Climate 6 + The plantation site 7 + The soil 7 + Preparation of the soil 8 + Drainage 8 + Forming the plantation 9 + Selection of varieties 10 + Planting 11 + Cultivation 13 + Pruning 13 + Harvest 16 + Enemies and diseases 18 + Manuring 19 + Supplemental notes 21 + New varieties 21 + Residence 21 + Cost of a cacao plantation 22 + + + + + +LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. + + +Sir: I submit herewith an essay on the cultivation of cacao, for the +use of planters in the Philippines. This essay is prompted first, +because much of the cacao grown here is of such excellent quality as +to induce keen rivalry among buyers to procure it at an advance of +quite 50 per cent over the common export grades of the Java bean, +notwithstanding the failure on the part of the local grower to +"process" or cure the product in any way; second, because in parts +of Mindanao and Negros, despite ill treatment or no treatment, the +plant exhibits a luxuriance of growth and wealth of productiveness +that demonstrates its entire fitness for those regions and leads us +to believe in the successful extension of its propagation throughout +these Islands; and lastly because of the repeated calls upon the Chief +of the Agricultural Bureau for literature or information bearing upon +this important horticultural industry. + +The importance of cacao-growing in the Philippines can hardly be +overestimated. Recent statistics place the world's demand for cacao +(exclusive of local consumption) at 200,000,000 pounds, valued at +more than $30,000,000 gold. + +There is little danger of overproduction and consequent low prices +for very many years to come. So far as known, the areas where cacao +prospers in the great equatorial zone are small, and the opening and +development of suitable regions has altogether failed to keep pace +with the demand. + +The bibliography of cacao is rather limited, and some of the best +publications, [2] being in French, are unavailable to many. The leading +English treatise, by Professor Hart, [3] admirable in many respects, +deals mainly with conditions in Trinidad, West Indies, and is fatally +defective, if not misleading, on the all-important question of pruning. + +The life history of the cacao, its botany, chemistry, and statistics +are replete with interest, and will, perhaps, be treated in a future +paper. + + + Respectfully, + + Wm. S. Lyon, + In Charge of Seed and Plant Introduction. + + Hon. F. Lamson-Scribner, + Chief of the Insular Bureau of Agriculture. + + + + + +CACAO CULTURE IN THE PHILIPPINES. + +INTRODUCTION. + + +Cacao in cultivation exists nearly everywhere in the Archipelago. I +have observed it in several provinces of Luzon, in Mindanao, Joló, +Basilan, Panay, and Negros, and have well-verified assurances of its +presence in Cebú, Bohol, and Masbate, and it is altogether reasonable +to predicate its existence upon all the larger islands anywhere under +an elevation of 1,000 or possibly 1,200 meters. Nevertheless, in many +localities the condition of the plants is such as not to justify the +general extension of cacao cultivation into all regions. The presence +of cacao in a given locality is an interesting fact, furnishing a +useful guide for investigation and agricultural experimentation, but, +as the purpose of this paper is to deal with cacao growing from a +commercial standpoint, it is well to state that wherever reference is +made to the growth, requirements, habits, or cultural treatment of the +plant the commercial aspect is alone considered. As an illustration, +attention is called to the statement made elsewhere, that "cacao exacts +a minimum temperature of 18°"; although, as is perfectly well known +to the writer, its fruit has sometimes matured where the recorded +temperatures have fallen as low as 10°. There is much to be learned +here by experimentation, for as yet the cultivation is primitive +in the extreme, pruning of any kind rudimentary or negative, and +"treatment" of the nut altogether unknown. + +Elsewhere in cacao-producing countries its cultivation has long passed +the experimental stage, and the practices that govern the management +of a well-ordered cacao plantation are as clearly defined as those +of an orange grove in Florida or a vineyard in California. + +In widely scattered localities the close observer will find many +young trees that in vigor, color, and general health leave nothing +to be desired, but before making final selection for a plantation he +should inspect trees of larger growth for evidences of "die back" of +the branches. If "die back" is present, superficial examination will +generally determine if it is caused by neglect or by the attacks +of insects. If not caused by neglect or insect attacks, he may +assume that some primary essential to the continued and successful +cultivation of the tree is wanting and that the location is unsuited +to profitable plantations. + +With due regard to these preliminary precautions and a close +oversight of every subsequent operation, there is no reason why the +growing of cacao may not ultimately become one of the most profitable +horticultural enterprises that can engage the attention of planters +in this Archipelago. + + + + + +CLIMATE. + + +It is customary, when writing of any crop culture, to give precedence +to site and soil, but in the case of cacao these considerations are +of secondary importance, and while none of the minor operations of +planting, pruning, cultivation, and fertilizing may be overlooked, +they are all outweighed by the single essential--climate. + +In general, a state of atmospheric saturation keeps pace with heavy +rainfall, and for that reason we may successfully look for the highest +relative humidity upon the eastern shores of the Archipelago, where +the rainfall is more uniformly distributed over the whole year, +than upon the west. + +There are places where the conditions are so peculiar as to challenge +especial inquiry. We find on the peninsula of Zamboanga a recorded +annual mean rainfall of only 888 mm., and yet cacao (unirrigated) +exhibits exceptional thrift and vigor. It is true that this rain is +so evenly distributed throughout the year that every drop becomes +available, yet the total rainfall is insufficient to account for +the very evident and abundant atmospheric humidity indicated by +the prosperous conditions of the cacao plantations. The explanation +of this phenomenon, as made to me by the Rev. Father Algué, of the +Observatory of Manila, is to the effect that strong equatorial ocean +currents constantly prevail against southern Mindanao, and that their +influence extend north nearly to the tenth degree of latitude. These +currents, carrying their moisture-laden atmosphere, would naturally +affect the whole of this narrow neck of land and influence as well +some of the western coast of Mindanao, and probably place it upon +the same favored hygrometric plane as the eastern coast, where the +rainfall in some localities amounts to 4 meters a year. + +While 2,000 mm. of mean annual rainfall equably distributed is ample +to achieve complete success, it seems almost impossible to injure +cacao by excessive precipitation. It has been known to successfully +tide over inundation of the whole stem up to the first branches for +a period covering nearly a month. + +Irrigation must be resorted to in cases of deficient or unevenly +distributed rainfall, and irrigation is always advantageous whenever +there is suspension of rain for a period of more than fifteen days. + +Concerning temperatures the best is that with an annual mean of 26° +to 28°, with 20° as the mean minimum where any measure of success +may be expected. A mean temperature of over 30° is prejudicial to +cacao growing. + +The last but not least important of the atmospheric phenomena for +our consideration are the winds. Cacao loves to "steam and swelter in +its own atmosphere" and high winds are inimical, and even refreshing +breezes are incompatible, with the greatest success. As there are but +few large areas in these Islands that are exempt from one or other +of our prevailing winds, the remedies that suggest themselves are: +The selection of small sheltered valleys where the prevailing winds +are directly cut off by intervening hills or mountains; the plantation +of only small groves in the open, and their frequent intersection by +the plantation of rapid growing trees; and, best of all, plantings +made in forest clearings, where the remaining forested lands will +furnish the needed protection. + + + + + +LOCATION. + + +It is always desirable to select a site that is approximately level +or with only enough fall to assure easy drainage. Such sites may +be planted symmetrically and are susceptible to the easiest and +most economical application of the many operations connected with +a plantation. + +Provided the region is well forested and therefore protected from +sea breezes, the plantation may be carried very near to the coast, +provided the elevation is sufficient to assure the grove immunity from +incursions of tide water, which, however much diluted, will speedily +cause the death of the plants. + +Excavations should be made during the dry season to determine that +water does not stand within 1 1/2 meters of the surface, a more +essential condition, however, when planting is made "at stake" than +when nursery reared trees are planted. + +Hillsides, when not too precipitous, frequently offer admirable shelter +and desirable soils, but their use entails a rather more complicated +system of drainage, to carry away storm water without land washing, +and for the ready conversion of the same into irrigating ditches during +the dry season. Further, every operation involved must be performed +by hand labor, and in the selection of such a site the planter must +be largely influenced by the quantity and cost of available labor. + +The unexceptionable shelter, the humidity that prevails, and the +inexhaustible supply of humus that is generally found in deep +forest ravines frequently lead to their planting to cacao where +the slope is even as great as 45°. Such plantations, if done upon +a considerable commercial scale, involve engineering problems and +the careful terracing of each tree, and, except for a dearth of more +suitable locations, is a practice that has little to commend it to +the practical grower. + + + + + +THE SOIL. + + +Other things being equal, preference should be given to a not too +tenacious, clayey loam. Selection, in fact, may be quite successfully +made through the process of exclusion, and by eliminating all soils +of a very light and sandy nature, or clays so tenacious that the +surface bakes and cracks while still too wet within 3 or 4 inches of +the surface to operate with farm tools. These excluded, still leave +a very wide range of silt, clay, and loam soils, most of which are +suitable to cacao culture. + +Where properly protected from the wind a rocky soil, otherwise good, +is not objectionable; in fact, such lands have the advantage of +promoting good drainage. + + + + + +PREPARATION OF THE SOIL. + + +When the plantation is made upon forest lands, it is necessary to +cut and burn all underbrush, together with all timber trees other +than those designed for shade. If such shade trees are left (and the +advisability of leaving them will be discussed in the proper place), +only those of the pulse or bean family are to be recommended. It should +also be remembered that, owing in part to the close planting of cacao +and in part to the fragility of its wood and its great susceptibility +to damage resulting from wounds, subsequent removal of large shade +trees from the plantation is attended with difficulty and expense, +and the planter should leave few shade trees to the hectare. Clearing +the land should be done during the dry season, and refuse burned in +situ, thereby conserving to the soil the potash salts so essential +to the continued well-being of cacao. + +The land should be deeply plowed, and, if possible, subsoiled as well, +and then, pending the time of planting the orchard, it may be laid +down to corn, cotton, beans, or some forage plant. Preference should +be given to "hoed crops," as it is essential to keep the surface in +open tilth, as well as to destroy all weeds. + +The common practice in most cacao-growing countries is to simply dig +deep holes where the trees are to stand, and to give a light working +to the rest of the surface just sufficient to produce the intermediate +crops. This custom is permissible only on slopes too steep for the +successful operation of a side hill plow, or where from lack of draft +animals all cultivation has to be done by hand. + +Cacao roots deeply, and with relatively few superficial feeders, +and the deeper the soil is worked the better. + + + + + +DRAINAGE. + + +The number and size of the drains will depend upon the amount of +rainfall, the contour of the land, and the natural absorbent character +of the soil. In no case should the ditches be less than 1 meter wide +and 60 cm. deep, and if loose stones are at hand the sloping sides +may be laid with them, which will materially protect them from washing +by torrential rains. + +These main drains should all be completed prior to planting. Connecting +laterals may be opened subsequently, as the necessities of further +drainage or future irrigation may demand; shallow furrows will +generally answer for these laterals, and as their obliteration will +practically follow every time cultivation is given, their construction +may be of the cheapest and most temporary nature. Owing to the +necessity of main drainage canals and the needful interplanting of +shade plants between the rows of cacao, nothing is gained by laying off +the land for planting in what is called "two ways," and all subsequent +working of the orchard will consequently be in one direction. + + + + + +THE PLANTATION. + + +Cacao, relatively to the size of the tree, may be planted very +closely. We have stated that it rejoices in a close, moisture-laden +atmosphere, and this permits of a closer planting than would be +admissible with any other orchard crop. + +In very rich soil the strong-growing Forastero variety may be planted +3.7 meters apart each way, or 745 trees to the hectare, and on lighter +lands this, or the more dwarf-growing forms of Criollo, may be set +as close as 3 meters or rather more than 1,000 trees to the hectare. + +The rows should be very carefully lined out in one direction and +staked where the young plants are to be set, and then (a year before +the final planting) between each row of cacao a line of temporary +shelter plants are to be planted. These should be planted in quincunx +order, i. e., at the intersecting point of two lines drawn between +the diagonal corners of the square made by four cacaos set equidistant +each way. This temporary shelter is indispensable for the protection +of the young plantation from wind and sun. + +The almost universal custom is to plant, for temporary shelter, suckers +of fruiting bananas, but throughout the Visayas and in Southern Luzon +I think abacá could be advantageously substituted. It is true that, +as commonly grown, abacá does not make so rank a growth as some +of the plantains, but if given the perfect tillage which the cacao +plantation should receive, and moderately rich soils, abacá ought to +furnish all necessary shade. This temporary shade may be maintained +till the fourth or fifth year, when it is to be grubbed out and the +stalks and stumps, which are rich in nitrogen, may be left to decay +upon the ground. At present prices, the four or five crops which +may be secured from the temporary shelter plants ought to meet the +expenses of the entire plantation until it comes into bearing. + +In the next step, every fourth tree in the fourth or fifth row +of cacao may be omitted and its place filled by a permanent shade +tree. The planting of shade trees or "madre de cacao" among the cacao +has been observed from time immemorial in all countries where the crop +is grown, and the primary purpose of the planting has been for shade +alone. Observing that these trees were almost invariably of the pulse +or legume family, the writer, in the year 1892, raised the question, +in the Proceedings of the Southern California Horticultural Society, +that the probable benefits derived were directly attributable to the +abundant fertilizing microörganisms developed in the soil by these +leguminous plants, rather than the mechanical protection they afforded +from the sun's rays. + +To Mr. O. F. Cook, of the United States Department of Agriculture, +however, belongs the credit of publishing, in 1901, [4] a résumé of +his inquiries into the subject of the shades used for both the coffee +and the cacao, and which fully confirmed the previous opinions that +the main benefit derived from these trees was their influence in +maintaining a constant supply of available nitrogen in the soil. + +That cacao and its wild congenors naturally seek the shelter of +well-shaded forests is well established; but having seen trees in these +Islands that were fully exposed at all times showing no evidences of +either scald, burn, or sun spot, and in every respect the embodiment +of vigor and health, we are fully justified in assuming that here the +climatic conditions are such as will permit of taking some reasonable +liberties with this time-honored practice and supply needed nitrogen +to the soil by the use of cheap and effective "catch crops," such us +cowpeas or soy beans. + +Here, as elsewhere, an Erythrina, known as "dap-dap," is a favorite +shade tree among native planters; the rain tree (Pithecolobium saman) +is also occasionally used, and in one instance only have I seen a +departure from the use of the Leguminosæ, and that in western Mindanao, +there is a shade plantation composed exclusively of Cananga odorata, +locally known as ilang-ilang. + +While not yet prepared to advocate the total exclusion of all shade +trees, I am prepared to recommend a shade tree, if shade trees there +must be, whose utility and unquestioned value has singularly escaped +notice. The tree in question, the Royal Poinciana (Poinciana regia), +embodies all of the virtues that are ascribed to the best of the +pulse family, is easily procured, grows freely and rapidly from seed +or cutting, furnishes a minimum of shade at all times, and, in these +Islands, becomes almost leafless, at the season of maturity of the +largest cacao crop when the greatest sun exposure is desired. + +The remaining preparatory work consists in the planting of intersecting +wind breaks at intervals throughout the grove, and upon sides exposed +to winds, or where a natural forest growth does not furnish such a +shelter belt. Unless the plantation lies in a particularly protected +valley, no plantation, however large in the aggregate, should cover +more than 4 or 5 hectares unbroken by at least one row of wind-break +trees. Nothing that I know of can approach the mango for this +purpose. It will hold in check the fiercest gale and give assurance +to the grower that after any storm his cacao crop is still on the +trees and not on the ground, a prey to ants, mice, and other vermin. + + + + + +SELECTION OF VARIETIES. + + +All the varieties of cacao in general cultivation may be referred to +three general types, the Criollo, Forastero, and Calabacillo; and +of these, those that I have met in cultivation in the Archipelago +are the first and second only. The Criollo is incomparably the +finest variety in general use, and may perhaps be most readily +distinguished by the inexperienced through the ripe but unfermented +seed or almond, as it is often called. This, on breaking, is found +to be whitish or yellowish-white, while the seeds of those in which +the Forastero or Calabacillo blood predominates are reddish, or, in +the case of Forastero, almost violet in color. For flavor, freedom +from bitterness, facility in curing, and high commercial value, +the Criollo is everywhere conceded to be facile princeps. + +On the other hand, in point of yield, vigor, freedom from disease, +and compatibility to environment it is not to be compared with the +others. Nevertheless, where such perfect conditions exist as are +found in parts of Mindanao, I do not hesitate to urge the planting +of Criollo. Elsewhere, or wherever the plantation is tentative or the +conditions not very well known to the planter, the Forastero is to be +recommended. The former is commercially known as "Caracas" and "old +red Ceylon," and may be obtained from Ceylon dealers; and the latter, +the Forastero, or forms of it which have originated in the island, +can be procured from Java. + +It seems not unlikely that the true Forastero may have been brought +to these Islands from Acapulco, Mexico, two hundred and thirty-two +years ago, [5] as it was at that time the dominant kind grown in +southeastern Mexico, and, if so, the place where the pure type would +most likely be found in these Islands would be in the Camarines, +Southern Luzon. Aside from the seed characters already given, Forastero +is recognized by its larger, thicker, more abundant, and rather more +abruptly pointed fruit than Criollo, and its coarse leaves which are +from 22 to 50 cm. long by 7 to 13 cm. wide, dimensions nearly double +those reached by the Criollo or Calabacillo varieties. + + + + + +PLANTING. + +Planting may be done "at stake" or from the nursery. For the unskilled +or inexperienced planter, who has means at hand to defray the greater +cost, planting "at stake" is perhaps to be recommended. This is no +more than the dropping and lightly covering, during the rainy season, +of three or four seeds at the stake where the plant is to stand, +protecting the spot with a bit of banana leaf, left till the seeds +have sprouted, and subsequently pulling out all but the one strongest +and thriftiest plant. + +The contingencies to be met by this system are many. The enemies of +the cacao seed are legion. Drought, birds, worms, ants, beetles, mice, +and rats will all contribute their quota to prevent a good "stand" +and entail the necessity of repeated plantings. Success by planting +"at stake" is so doubtful that it is rarely followed by experienced +planters. + +The consequent alternative lies in rearing seedlings in seed beds that +are under immediate control, and, when the plants are of sufficient +size, in transplanting them to their proper sites in the orchard. In +view of the remarkable short-lived vitality of the cacao seed, it is +in every way advisable that the untrained grower procure his plants +from professional nurserymen, or, if this resource is lacking, that he +import the young plants in Wardian cases from some of the many firms +abroad who make a specialty of preparing them for foreign markets. + +Both of these expedients failing, then it is advised that the seeds +be sown one by one in small pots, or, if these are not procurable, +in small bamboo tubes, and, for the sake of uniform moisture, plunge +them to their rims in any free, light soil in a well-shaded easily +protected spot where they may be carefully watered. In three to six +months (according to growth) the tube with its included plant may be +planted in the open field, when the former will speedily decompose +and the growth of the cacao proceed without check or injury. + +At best, all of the above suggested methods are but crude expedients +to replace the more workmanlike, expeditious, and satisfactory process +of planting the conventional nursery grown stock. There is nothing +more difficult in the rearing of cacao seedlings than in growing any +other evergreen fruit tree. Briefly stated, it is only the finding +of a well-prepared, well-shaded seed bed and sowing the seeds in rows +or drills, and, when the seedlings are of proper size, in lifting and +transferring them to the plantation. But in actual practice there are +many details calling for the exercise of trained judgment from the +preparation of the seed bed down to the final process of "hardening +off," concerning which the reader is referred to the many available +text-books on general nursery management. + +It may be said for the benefit of those unable to adopt more scientific +methods: Let the seed bed be selected in a well-shaded spot, and, if +possible, upon a rather stiff, plastic, but well-drained soil. After +this is well broken up and made smooth, broadcast over all 3 or 4 +inches of well-decomposed leaf mold mixed with sand, and in this sow +the seed in furrows about 1 inch deep. This sowing should be made +during the dry season, not only to avoid the beating and washing +of violent storms but to have the nursery plants of proper size for +planting at the opening of the rainy season. The seed bed should be +accessible to water, in order that it may be conveniently watered by +frequent sprinklings throughout the dry season. + +The rich top dressing will stimulate the early growth of the seedling, +and when its roots enter the heavier soil below it will encourage a +stocky growth. Four or five months later the roots will be so well +established in the stiffer soil that if lifted carefully each plant +may be secured with a ball of earth about its roots, placed in a tray +or basket, and in this way carried intact to the field. Plants thus +reared give to the inexperienced an assurance of success not always +obtained by the trained or veteran planter of bare rooted subjects. + + + + + +CULTIVATION. + + +Planters are united in the opinion that pruning, cutting, or in any +way lacerating the roots is injurious to the cacao, and in deference +to this opinion all cultivation close to the tree should be done with +a harrow-tooth cultivator, or shallow scarifier. All intermediate +cultivation should be deep and thorough, whenever the mechanical +condition of the soil will permit it. A plant stunted in youth will +never make a prolific tree; early and continuous growth can only be +secured by deep and thorough cultivation. + +Of even more consideration than an occasional root cutting is any +injury, however small, to the tree stem, and on this account every +precaution should be taken to protect the trees from accidental injury +when plowing or cultivating. The whiffletree of the plow or cultivator +used should be carefully fendered with rubber or a soft woolen packing +that will effectually guard against the carelessness of workmen. Wounds +in the bark or stem offer an inviting field for the entry of insects +or the spores of fungi, and are, furthermore, apt to be overlooked +until the injury becomes deep seated and sometimes beyond repair. + +With the gradual extension of root development, cultivation will +be reduced to a narrow strip between the rows once occupied by the +plantain or the abacá, but, to the very last, the maintenance of the +proper soil conditions should be observed by at least one good annual +plowing and by as many superficial cultivations as the growth of the +trees and the mechanical state of the land will admit. + + + + + +PRUNING. + + +When left to its own resources the cacao will fruit for an almost +indefinite time. When well and strenuously grown it will bear much more +abundant fruit from its fifth to its twenty-fifth year, and by a simple +process of renewal can be made productive for a much longer time. + +A necessary factor to this result is an annual pruning upon strictly +scientific lines. The underlying principle involved is, primarily, +the fact that the cacao bears its crop directly upon the main branches +and trunk, and not upon spurs or twigs; secondly, that wood under +three years is rarely fruitful, and that only upon stems or branches +of five years or upward does the maximum fruitfulness occur; that the +seat of inflorescence is directly over the axil of a fallen leaf, from +whence the flowers are born at irregular times throughout the year. + +With this necessary, fundamental information as a basis of operations, +the rational system of pruning that suggests itself is the maintenance +of as large an extension at all times of straight, well-grown mature +wood and the perfecting of that by the early and frequent removal +of all limbs or branches that the form of the tree does not admit of +carrying without overcrowding. + +It is desirable that this extension of the branch system should be +lateral rather than vertical, for the greater facility with which +fruit may be plucked and possible insect enemies fought; and on this +account the leading growths should be stopped when a convenient height +has been attained. + +When well grown and without accident to its leader, the cacao will +naturally branch at from 1 to 1.4 meters from the ground. These +primary branches are mostly three to five in number, and all in +excess of three should be removed as soon as selection can be made +of three strongest that are as nearly equidistant from each other +as may be. When these branches are from 80 cm. to 1 meter long, and +preferably the shorter distance, they are to be stopped by pinching +the extremities. This will cause them and the main stem as well to +"break," i. e., to branch in many places. + +At this point the vigilance and judgment of the planter are called +into greater play. These secondary branches are, in turn, all to +be reduced as were the primary ones, and their selection can not be +made in a symmetrical whorl, for the habit of the tree does not admit +of it, and selection of the three should be made with reference to +their future extension, that the interior of the tree should not be +overcrowded and that such outer branches be retained as shall fairly +maintain the equilibrium of the crown. + +This will complete the third year and the formative stage of the +plant. Subsequent prunings will be conducted on the same lines, with +the modification that when the secondary branches are again cut back, +the room in the head of the tree will rarely admit of more than one, +at most two, tertiary branches being allowed to remain. When these +are grown to an extent that brings the total height of the tree +to 3 or 4 meters, they should be cut back annually, at the close +of the dry season. Such minor operations as the removal of thin, +wiry, or hide-bound growths and all suckers suggest themselves to +every horticulturist, whether he be experienced in cacao growing +or not. When a tree is exhausted by overbearing, or has originally +been so ill formed that it is not productive, a strong sucker or +"gourmand" springing from near the ground may be encouraged to grow. By +distributing the pruning over two or three periods, in one year the +old tree can be entirely removed and its place substituted by the +"gourmand." During the third year flowers will be abundant and some +fruit will set, but it is advisable to remove it while small and +permit all of the energy of the plant to be expended in wood making. + +From what we know of its flowering habit, it is obvious that every +operation connected with the handling or pruning of a cacao, should +be conducted with extreme care; to see that the bark is never injured +about the old leaf scars, for to just the extent it is so injured is +the fruit-bearing area curtailed. Further, no pruning cut should ever +be inflicted, except with the sharpest of knives and saws, and the use +of shears, that always bruise to some extent, is to be avoided. All +the rules that are laid down for the guidance of the pruning of most +orchard trees in regard to clean cuts, sloping cuts, and the covering +of large wounds with tar or resin apply with fourfold force to the +cacao. Its wood is remarkably spongy and an easy prey to the enemies +ever lying in wait to attack it, and the surest remedies for disease +are preventive ones, and by the maintenance of the bark of the tree +at all times in the sound condition, we are assured that it is best +qualified to resist invasion. Of the great number of worm-riddled +trees to be seen in the Archipelago, it is easy in every case to +trace the cause to the neglect and brutal treatment which left them +in a condition to invite the attacks of disease of every kind. + + + + + +HARVEST. + + +The ripening period of cacao generally occurs at two seasons of the +year, but in these islands the most abundant crop is obtained at about +the commencement of the dry season, and the fruits continue to ripen +for two months or longer. The time of its approaching maturity is +easily recognized by the tyro by the unmistakable aroma of chocolate +that pervades the orchard at that period, and by some of the pods +turning reddish or yellow according to the variety. + +The pods are attached by a very short stalk to the trunk of the tree, +and those within reach of the hand are carefully cut with shears. Those +higher up are most safely removed with an extension American tree +pruner. A West Indian hook knife with a cutting edge above and below +and mounted on a bamboo pole, if kept with the edges very sharp, does +excellently well, but should only be intrusted to the most careful +workmen. There is hardly a conceivable contingency to warrant the +climbing of a cacao tree. If it should occur, the person climbing +should go barefooted. As soon as the fruit, or so much of it as is +well ripened, has been gathered, it is thrown into heaps and should +be opened within twenty-four hours. + +The opening is done in a variety of ways, but the practice followed in +Surinam would be an excellent one here if experienced labor was not at +command. There, with a heavy knife or cutlass (bolo), they cut off the +base or stem end of the fruit and thereby expose the column to which +the seeds are attached, and then women and children, who free most of +the seeds, are able to draw out the entire seed mass intact. It is +exceedingly important that the seeds are not wounded, and for that +reason it is inexpedient to intrust the more expeditious method of +halving the fruit with a sharp knife to any but experienced workmen. + +The process of curing that I have seen followed in these Islands is +simplicity itself. Two jars half filled with water are provided for +the cleaners, and as the seeds are detached from the pulp they are +sorted and graded on the spot. Only those of large, uniform size, +well formed and thoroughly ripe, being thrown into one; deformed, +small, and imperfectly matured seeds going to the other. In these +jars the seeds are allowed to stand in their own juice for a day, +then they are taken out, washed in fresh water, dried in the sun from +two to four days, according to the weather, and the process from the +Filipino standpoint is complete. + +Much of the product thus obtained is singularly free from bitterness +and of such excellent quality; as to be saleable at unusually high +prices, and at the same time in such good demand that it is with +some hesitancy that the process of fermentation is recommended for +general use. + +But it is also equally certain that localities in these Islands +will be planted to cacao where all the conditions that help to +turn out an unrivaled natural product are by no means assured. For +such places, where the rank-growing, more coarse-flavored, and +bitter-fruited Forastero may produce exceptionally good crops, +it will become incumbent on the planter to adopt some of the many +methods of fermentation, whereby he can correct the crudeness of the +untreated bean and receive a remunerative price for the "processed" +or ameliorated product. + +Undoubtedly the Strickland method, or some modification of it, is +the best, and is now in general use on all considerable estates where +the harvest is 200 piculs or upward per annum, and its use probably +assures a more uniform product than any of the ruder processes in +common use by small proprietors. + +But it must not be forgotten that the present planters in the +Philippines are all small proprietors, and that until such time as the +maturing of large plantations calls for the more elaborate apparatus +of the Strickland pattern, some practice whereby the inferior crude +bean may be economically and quickly converted into a marketable +product can not be avoided. As simple and efficacious as any is that +largely pursued in some parts of Venezuela, where is produced the +famous Caracas cacao. + +The beans and pulp are thrown into wooden vats that are pierced with +holes sufficient to permit of the escape of the juice, for which +twenty-four hours suffices. The vat is then exposed to the sun for +five or six hours, and the beans, while still hot, are taken out, +thrown into large heaps, and covered with blankets. + +The next day they are returned to the box, subjected to a strong sun +heat and again returned to the heap. This operation is repeated for +several days, until the beans, by their bright chocolate color and +suppleness, indicate that they are cured. If, during the period of +fermentation, rain is threatened or occurs, the beans are shoveled, +still hot, into bags and retained there until they can once more be +exposed to the sun. Before the final bagging they are carefully hand +rubbed in order to remove the adherent gums and fibrous matters that +did not pass off in the primary fermentation. + +In Ceylon, immediately after the beans have been fermented they +are washed, and the universally high prices obtained by the Ceylon +planters make it desirable to reproduce here a brief résumé of their +method. The fermentation is carried on under sheds, and the beans are +heaped up in beds of 60 cm. to 1 meter in thickness upon a platform of +parallel joists arranged to permit of the escape of the juices. This +platform is elevated from the ground and the whole heap is covered +with sacks or matting. The fermentation takes from five to seven days, +according to the heat of the atmosphere and the size of the heap, +and whenever the temperature rises above 40° the mass is carefully +turned over with wooden shovels. + +Immediately after the fermentation is completed the Ceylon planter +passes the mass through repeated washings, and nothing remains but +to dry the seed. This in Ceylon is very extensively done, in dryers +of different kinds, some patterned after the American fruit dryer, +some in slowly rotating cylinders through the axis of which a powerful +blast of hot air is driven. + +The process of washing unquestionably diminishes somewhat the weight +of the cured bean; for that reason the practice is not generally +followed in other countries, but in the case of the Ceylon product +it is one of the contributing factors to the high prices obtained. + + + + + +ENEMIES AND DISEASES. + + +Monkeys, rats, and parrots are here and in all tropical countries +the subject of much complaint, and if the plantation is remote from +towns or in the forest, their depredations can only be held in check +by the constant presence of well-armed hunter or watchman. Of the +more serious enemies with which we have to deal, pernicious insects +and in particular those that attack the wood of the tree, everything +has yet to be learned. + +Mr. Charles N. Banks, an accomplished entomologist, now stationed +at Maao, Occidental Negros, is making a close study of the life +history of the insect enemies of cacao, and through his researches +it is hoped that much light will be thrown upon the whole subject and +that ways will be devised to overcome and prevent the depredations of +these insect pests. The most formidable insect that has so far been +encountered is a beetle, which pierces and deposits its eggs within +the bark. When the worm hatches, it enters the wood and traverses it +longitudinally until it is ready to assume the mature or beetle state, +when it comes to the surface and makes its escape. These worms will +frequently riddle an entire branch and even enter the trunk. The +apertures that the beetle makes for the laying of its eggs are so +small--more minute than the head of a pin--that discovery and probing +for the worm with a fine wire is not as fruitful of results as has +been claimed. + +Of one thing, however, we are positively assured, i. e., that the +epoch of ripening of the cacao fruit is the time when its powerful +fragrance serves to attract the greatest number of these beetles +and many other noxious insects to the grove. This, too, is the +time when the most constant and abundant supply of labor is on the +plantation and when vast numbers of these insects can be caught and +destroyed. The building of small fires at night in the groves, as +commonly practiced here and in many tropical countries, is attended +with some benefits. Lately, in India, this remedy has been subject +to an improvement that gives promise of results which will in time +minimize the ravages of insect pests. It is in placing powerful +acetylene lights over broad, shallow vats of water overlaid with +mineral oil or petroleum. Some of these lamps now made under recent +patents yield a light of dazzling brilliancy, and if well distributed +would doubtless lure millions of insects to their death. The cheap cost +of the fuel also makes the remedy available for trial by every planter. + +There is a small hemipterous insect which stings the fruit when about +two-thirds grown, and deposits its eggs within. For this class of +insects M. A. Tonduz, who has issued publications on the diseases of +cacao in Venezuela, recommends washing the fruit with salt water, and +against the attacks of beetles in general by painting the tree stem and +branches with Bordeaux mixture, or with the vassiliére insecticide, +of which the basis is a combination of whale-oil soap and petroleum +suspended in lime wash. There can be no possible virtue in the former, +except as a preventive against possible fungous diseases; of the +sanitive value of the latter we can also afford to be skeptical, as +the mechanical sealing of the borer's holes, and thereby cutting off +the air supply, would only result in driving the worm sooner to the +surface. The odor of petroleum and particularly of whale-oil soap is +so repellent, however, to most insects that its prophylactic virtues +would undoubtedly be great. + +The Philippine Islands appear to be so far singularly exempt from +the very many cryptogamic or fungous diseases, blights, mildews, +rusts, and cankers that have played havoc with cacao-growing in many +countries. That we should enjoy continued immunity will depend greatly +upon securing seeds or young plants only from noninfested districts or +from reputable dealers, who will carefully disinfect any shipments, +and to supplement this by a close microscopical examination upon +arrival and the immediate burning of any suspected shipments. + +Another general precaution that will be taken by every planter who +aims to maintain the best condition in his orchard is the gathering +and burning of all prunings or trimmings from the orchard, whether +they are diseased or not. Decaying wood of any kind is a field for +special activity for insect life and fungous growth, and the sooner +it is destroyed the better. + +On this account it is customary in some countries to remove the fruit +pods from the field. But unless diseased, or unless they are to be +returned after the harvest, they should be buried upon the land for +their manurial value. + + + + + +MANURING. + + +There are few cultivated crops that make less drain upon soil +fertility than cacao, and few drafts upon the land are so easily and +inexpensively returned. From an examination made of detailed analyses +by many authors and covering many regions, it may be broadly stated +that an average crop of cacao in the most-favored districts is about +9 piculs per hectare, and that of the three all-important elements of +nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash, a total of slightly more than +4.2 kilograms is removed in each picul of cured seeds harvested. These +37 kilos of plant food that are annually taken from each hectare may +be roughly subdivided as follows: + + + 18 kilos of nitrogen, + 10 kilos of potash, + 9 kilos of phosphoric acid. + + +On this basis, after the plantation is in full bearing, we would have +to make good with standard fertilizers each year for each hectare +about 220 kilos of nitrate of soda, or, if the plantation was shaded +with leguminous trees, only one-half that amount, or 110 kilos. Of +potash salts, say the sulphate, only one-half that amount, or 55 +kilos, if the plantation was unshaded. If, however, it was shaded, +as the leguminous trees are all heavy feeders of potash, we would +have to double the amount and use 110 kilos. + +In any case, as fixed nitrogen always represents a cost quite double +that of potash, from an economical standpoint the planter is still +the gainer who supplies potash to the shade trees. There still remains +phosphoric acid, which, in the form of the best superphosphate of lime, +would require 55 kilos for unshaded orchards, and about 70 if dap-dap, +Pionciana, or any leguminous tree was grown in the orchard. These +three ingredients may be thoroughly incorporated and used as a top +dressing and lightly harrowed in about each tree. + +If the commercial nitrates can not be readily obtained, then +recourse must be had to the sparing use of farm manures. Until the +bearing age these may be used freely, but after that with caution and +discrimination. Although I have seen trees here that have been bearing +continuously for twenty-two years, I have been unable to find so much +as one that to the knowledge of the oldest resident has ever been +fertilized in any way, yet, notwithstanding our lack of knowledge of +local conditions, it seems perfectly safe to predicate that liberal +manuring with stable manure or highly ammoniated fertilizers would +insure a rank, succulent growth that is always prejudicial to the best +and heaviest fruit production. In this I am opposed to Professor Hart, +[6] who seems to think that stable manures are those only that may +be used with a free hand. + +We have many safe ways of applying nitrogen through the medium of +various catch crops of pulse or beans, with the certainty that we +can never overload the soil with more than the adjacent tree roots +can take up and thoroughly assimilate. When the time comes that the +orchard so shades the ground that crops can no longer be grown between +the rows, then, in preference to stable manures I would recommend +cotton-seed cake or "poonac," the latter being always obtainable in +this Archipelago. + +While the most desirable form in which potash can be applied is in +the form of the sulphate, excellent results have been had with the +use of Kainit or Stassfurth salts, and as a still more available +substitute, wood ashes is suggested. When forest lands are near, +the underbrush may be cut and burned in a clearing or wherever it +may be done without detriment to the standing timber, and the ashes +scattered in the orchard before they have been leached by rains. The +remaining essential of phosphoric acid in the form of superphosphates +will for some years to come necessarily be the subject of direct +importation. In the cheap form of phosphate slag it is reported to +have been used with great success in both Grenada and British Guiana, +and would be well worthy of trial here. + +Lands very rich in humus, as some of our forest valleys are, +undoubtedly carry ample nitrogenous elements of fertility to maintain +the trees at a high standard of growth for many years, but provision +is indispensable for a regular supply of potash and phosphoric acid +as soon as the trees come into heavy bearing. It is to them and not +to the nitrogen that we look for the formation of strong, stocky, +well-ripened wood capable of fruit bearing and for fruit that shall +be sound, highly flavored, and well matured. + +The bearing life of such a tree will surely be healthfully prolonged +for many years beyond one constantly driven with highly stimulating +foods, and in the end amply repay the grower for the vigilance, +toil, and original expenditure of money necessary to maintaining a +well-grown and well-appointed cacao plantation. + + + + + +SUPPLEMENTAL NOTES. + + +New Varieties.--Cacao is exclusively grown from seed, and it is only +by careful selection of the most valuable trees that the planter +can hope to make the most profitable renewals or additions to his +plantations. It is by this means that many excellent sorts are now +in cultivation in different regions that have continued to vary from +the three original, common forms of Theobroma cacao, until now it is +a matter of some difficulty to differentiate them. + +Residence.--The conditions for living in the Philippines offer +peculiar, it may be said unexampled, advantages to the planter of +cacao. The climate as a whole is remarkably salubrious, and sites are +to be found nearly everywhere for the estate buildings, sufficiently +elevated to obviate the necessity of living near stagnant waters. + +Malarial fevers are relatively few, predacious animals unknown, +and insects and reptiles prejudicial to human life or health +extraordinarily few in number. In contrast to this we need only +call attention to the entire Caribbean coast of South America, where +the climate and soil conditions are such that the cacao comes to a +superlative degree of perfection, and yet the limits of its further +extension have probably been reached by the insuperable barrier of +a climate so insalubrious that the Caucasian's life is one endless +conflict with disease, and when not engaged in active combat with some +form of malarial poisoning his energies are concentrated upon battle +with the various insect or animal pests that make life a burden in +such regions. + +Nonresidence upon a cacao plantation is an equivalent term for ultimate +failure. Every operation demands the exercise of the observant +eye and the directing hand of a master, but there is no field of +horticultural effort that offers more assured reward, or that will +more richly repay close study and the application of methods wrought +out as the sequence of those studies. + + + + + +ESTIMATED COST AND REVENUES DERIVED FROM A CACAO PLANTATION. + + +Estimates of expenses in establishing a cacao farm in the Visayas +and profits after the fifth year. The size of the farm selected is +16 hectares, the amount of land prescribed by Congress of a single +public land entry. The cost of procuring such a tract of land +is as yet undetermined and can not be reckoned in the following +tables. The prices of the crop are estimated at 48 cents per kilo, +which is the current price for the best grades of cacao in the world's +markets. The yield per tree is given as 2 catties, or 1.25 kilos, +a fair and conservative estimate for a good tree, with little or +no cultivation. The prices for unskilled labor are 25 per cent in +advance of the farm hand in the Visayan islands. No provision is +made for management or supervision, as the owner will, it is assumed, +act as manager. + +Charges to capital account are given for the second, third, and fourth +year, but no current expenses are given, for other crops are to defray +operating expenses until the cacao trees begin to bear. No estimate +of residence is given. All accounts are in United States currency. + + + Expendable the first year. + +Capital account: + + Clearing of average brush and timber land, at + $15 per hectare $340.00 + Four carabaos, plows, harrows, cultivators, + carts, etc. 550.00 + Breaking and preparing land, at $5 per hectare 80.00 + Opening main drainage canals, at $6 per hectare 96.00 + Tool house and storeroom 200.00 + Purchase and planting 10,000 abacá stools, at + 2 cents each 200.00 + Seed purchase, rearing and planting 12,000 cacao, + at 3 cents each 360.00 + Contingent and incidental 174.00 + ------- + Total $2,000.00 + + + Second year. + + Interest on investment $200.00 + Depreciation on tools, buildings, and animals + (20 per cent of cost) 150.00 + ------- + 350.00 + + + Third year. + + Interest on investment $200.00 + Depreciation as above 150.00 + ------- + 350.00 + + + Fourth year. + + Interest on investment $200.00 + Depreciation as above 150.00 + Building of drying house and sweat boxes, + capacity 20,000 kilos 450.00 + ------- + 800.00 + -------- + Total capital investment 3,500.00 + + + Fifth year. + +Income account: + + From 11,680 cacao trees, 300 grams cacao each, + equals 3,500 kilos, at 48 cents 1,680.00 + +Expense account: + + Fixed interest and depreciation charges on + investment of $3,500.00 $350.00 + Taxes 1 1/2 per cent on a one-third valuation + basis of $250 per hectare 60.00 + Cultivating, pruning, etc., at $5.50 per + hectare 88.00 + Fertilizing, at $6 per hectare 96.00 + Harvesting, curing, packing 3,500 kilos cacao, + at 10 cents per kilo 350.00 + Contingent 86.00 + ------- + 1,030.00 + -------- + Credit balance 650.00 + + + Sixth year. + +Income account: + + From 11,680 cacao trees, at 500 grams cacao each, + equals 5,840 kilos, at 48 cents 2,803.20 + +Expense account: + + Fixed interest and depreciation charges + as above $350.00 + Taxes as above 60.00 + Cultivating, etc., as above 88.00 + Fertilizing, at $8 per hectare 128.00 + Harvesting, etc., 5,840 kilos cacao, at 10 + cents per kilo 584.00 + Contingent 93.20 + ------- + 1,303.20 + -------- + Credit balance 1,500.00 + + + Seventh year. + +Income account: + + From 11,680 cacao trees, at 750 grams cacao each, + equals 8,760 kilos, at 48 cents 4,204.80 + +Expense account: + + Fixed interest charges as above $350.00 + Taxes as above 60.00 + Cultivating, etc., as above 88.00 + Fertilizing, at $10 per hectare 160.00 + Harvest, etc., of 8,760 kilos of cacao, at + 10 cents per kilo 876.00 + Contingent 170.80 + ------- + 1,704.80 + -------- + Credit balance 2,500.00 + + + Eighth year. + +Income account: + + From 11,680 cacao trees, at 1 kilo cacao each, + equals 11,680 kilos, at 48 cents 5,606.40 + +Expense account: + + Fixed interest charges as above $350.00 + Taxes as above 60.00 + Cultivating, etc., as above 88.00 + Fertilizing, at $12.50 per hectare 200.00 + Harvest, etc., 11,680 kilos of cacao, at + 10 cents per kilo 1,168.00 + Contingent 240.40 + -------- + 2,106.40 + -------- + Credit balance 3,500.00 + + + Ninth year. + +Income account: + + From 11,680 trees, at 2 "catties" or 1.25 kilos + cacao each, equals 14,600 kilos, at 48 cents 7,008.00 + +Expense account: + + Fixed interest charges as above $350.00 + Taxes at 1 1/2 per cent on a one-third + valuation of $500 per hectare 120.00 + Cultivation and pruning as above 88.00 + Fertilizing, at $15 per hectare 240.00 + Harvesting, etc., of 14,600 kilos of cacao, at + 10 cents per kilo 1,460.00 + Contingent 250.00 + -------- + 2,508.00 + -------- + Credit balance 4,500.00 + + +In the tenth year there should be no increase in taxes or fertilizers, +and a slight increase in yield, sufficient to bring the net profits +of the estate to the approximate amount of $5,000. This would amount +to a dividend of rather more than $312 per hectare, or its equivalent +of about $126 per acre. + +These tables further show original capitalization cost of nearly $90 +per acre, and from the ninth year annual operating expenses of rather +more than $60 per acre. + +It should be stated, however, that the operating expenses are based +upon a systematic and scientific management of the estate; while the +returns or income are based upon revenue from trees that are at the +disadvantage of being without culture of any kind, and, while I am +of the opinion that the original cost per acre of the plantation, nor +its current operating expenses may be much reduced below the figures +given, I feel that there is a reasonable certainty that the crop +product may be materially increased beyond the limit of two "catties." + +In Camerouns, Dr. Preuss, a close and well-trained observer, gives +the mean annual yield of trees of full-bearing age at 4.4 pounds. + +Mr. Rousselot places the yield on the French Congo at the same +figure. In the Caroline Islands it reaches 5 pounds and in Surinam, +according to M. Nichols, the average at maturity is 6 1/2 pounds. In +Mindanao, I have been told, but do not vouch for the report, of +more than ten "catties" taken in one year from a single tree; and, +as there are well-authenticated instances of record, of single trees +having yielded as much as 30 pounds, I am not prepared to altogether +discredit the Mindanao story. + +The difference, however, between good returns and enormous profits +arising from cacao growing in the Philippines will be determined by +the amount of knowledge, experience, and energy that the planter is +capable of bringing to bear upon the culture in question. + + + + + +NOTES + + +[1] A short introduction to cacao and its cultivation in the +Philippines. + +[2] Le Cacaoyer, par Henri Jumelle. Culture de Cacaoyer dans Guadaloupe +par Dr Paul Guerin. + +[3] Cacao, by J. H. Hart, F. L. S. Trinidad. + +[4] "Shade in Coffee Culture." U. S. Dept. Ag., Washington, 1901. + +[5] According to "Historia de Filipinas," by P. Fr. Gaspar de +S. Augustin, cacao plants were first brought here in the year 1670 +by a pilot named Pedro Brabo, of Laguna Province, who gave them to +a priest of the Camarines named Bartoleme Brabo. + +[6] "Cacao," p. 16. + + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CACAO CULTURE IN THE PHILIPPINES *** + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will +be renamed. + +Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright +law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, +so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the +United States without permission and without paying copyright +royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part +of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm +concept and trademark. 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