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diff --git a/33826-8.txt b/33826-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6fa4c75 --- /dev/null +++ b/33826-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5619 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Lippincott's Horn-Ashbaugh Speller, by +Ernest Horn and Ernest J. Ashbaugh + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Lippincott's Horn-Ashbaugh Speller + For Grades One to Eight + +Author: Ernest Horn + Ernest J. Ashbaugh + +Release Date: October 1, 2010 [EBook #33826] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIPPINCOTT'S HORN-ASHBAUGH SPELLER *** + + + + +Produced by Larry B. Harrison and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + + LIPPINCOTT'S + HORN-ASHBAUGH + SPELLER + FOR GRADES ONE TO EIGHT + + BY + ERNEST HORN, PH.D. + + PROFESSOR OF EDUCATION AND DIRECTOR + OF THE UNIVERSITY ELEMENTARY SCHOOL + THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF IOWA + + AND + + ERNEST J. ASHBAUGH, PH.D. + + ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF EDUCATION AND CHIEF OF THE + BUREAU OF EDUCATIONAL TESTS AND MEASUREMENTS + THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF IOWA + + PHILADELPHIA, LONDON, CHICAGO + J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY + + + + + COPYRIGHT, 1920, BY J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY + + PRINTED BY J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY + AT THE WASHINGTON SQUARE PRESS + PHILADELPHIA, U. S. A. + + + + +PREFACE + + +It is the intention of the authors to include sufficient discussion +and directions to teachers so that this book may be taught with the +highest possible degree of efficiency. Under general directions to +teachers will be found a discussion of those points which concern all +teachers regardless of grade. In addition, preceding the word list for +each grade will be found supplementary directions to aid the teachers +in facing the problems peculiar to that grade. + +Special attention is called to the elaborate provision for making the +pupil intelligent and responsible in his attack on his own spelling +problems. This result is achieved by the testing plan which discovers +to the pupil his deficiencies; by the standard scores which enable him +to compare his accomplishment with that of other children; by the +efficient method of study which is provided; and by the unusually +rigorous follow-up work given in the review lessons. The authors +therefore present this book to the pupils and teachers of the United +States as a contribution to the solution of the problem of developing +a nation of good spellers. + + THE AUTHORS. + + DECEMBER, 1920. + + + + +CONTENTS + + + PAGE + + PREFACE iii + + GENERAL DIRECTIONS TO TEACHERS vii-xiv + + DIRECTIONS TO PUPILS xiv-xvi + + DIRECTIONS TO TEACHERS OF GRADE I 2 + WORD LIST, GRADE I 3-5 + + DIRECTIONS TO TEACHERS OF GRADE II 8 + WORD LIST, GRADE II 9-14 + + DIRECTIONS TO TEACHERS OF GRADE III 16-17 + WORD LIST, GRADE III 19-27 + + DIRECTIONS TO TEACHERS OF GRADE IV 30 + WORD LIST, GRADE IV 31-40 + + DIRECTIONS TO TEACHERS OF GRADE V 42 + WORD LIST, GRADE V 43-52 + + DIRECTIONS TO TEACHERS OF GRADE VI 54 + WORD LIST, GRADE VI 55-64 + + DIRECTIONS TO TEACHERS OF GRADE VII 66 + WORD LIST, GRADE VII 67-78 + + DIRECTIONS TO TEACHERS OF GRADE VIII 80 + WORD LIST, GRADE VIII 81-95 + + DICTATION EXERCISES 97-105 + + + + +LIPPINCOTT'S HORN-ASHBAUGH SPELLER + + + + +GENERAL DIRECTIONS TO TEACHERS. + + +=How the Teaching of Spelling May be Improved.=--The teaching of +spelling may be improved in three ways: first, by selecting a better +list of words for the pupil to study; second, by placing before the +pupils of each grade the words that are most appropriate for them; and +third, by introducing economical procedures in learning. The first is +the problem of the course of study; the second, the problem of +grading; and the third, the problem of method. + +=The Vocabulary.=--To solve the first problem one must insure that the +pupils will study all words they are likely to use in life outside the +school. One must also insure that the pupils' time will not be wasted +through their being required to learn words which they will never use. +This problem has been solved for you by the authors of the text. The +vocabulary of the lessons is taken from a compilation which Doctor +Horn has made of ten scientific investigations of the words used in +writing letters. These investigations, taken together, represent the +careful analysis of over three-quarters of a million running words of +correspondence. If you will analyze one letter, you will see what a +very great amount of work these investigations have required. It seems +very unlikely that any word commonly and frequently used should have +been overlooked in all of these investigations. + +These ten studies contain all of the information which is available at +the present time concerning what words are likely to be used in +writing letters. Accordingly, there is no word in this speller which +has not been reported in one or more of these investigations. In +addition, this vocabulary has been carefully compared with all of the +other types of reading and writing vocabularies. + +Among these are the studies of children's themes, such as those by +Jones, by the teachers of New Orleans, Kansas City, and Richmond, +Virginia; the various studies of adult reading vocabularies, such as +those by Eldridge and Knowles, aggregating over 140,000 running words; +the studies of the vocabulary of school readers, such as those by +Packer, Housh, and Miller, aggregating over one-half million running +words. No word has been taken from these studies which did not occur +in the investigations of the vocabulary of personal and business +letters. On the other hand, these studies showed quite clearly that +the words found as the result of the analysis of three-quarters of a +million running words of correspondence are really basic in any +writing vocabulary. + +If you will examine the book, you will see that most of the lessons are +numbered with arabic numerals. These lessons contain a minimum list of +3998 words found to be used most frequently. You will notice, also, that +beginning with grade three there are in each grade supplementary +lessons, marked S-1, S-2, etc. These lessons include 580 additional +words which are somewhat less frequently used. The supplementary lessons +are distributed by grades, so that pupils who finish the minimum work +for any grade will have additional lessons to study for the remainder of +the year. However, before undertaking these supplementary lessons, the +teacher should make sure that her pupils have learned thoroughly the +minimum list which contains the important words. + +=Plan of Review.=--The provision for the complete elimination of +spelling errors is particularly efficient and thoroughgoing. Not only +are those words which most commonly give difficulty arranged for, but +the method of testing insures that each pupil will eliminate his own +peculiar errors. No pains have been spared to obtain this thoroughness +without wasting the pupils' time in mere routine review. + +During the week in which each lesson is taught for the first time, +each pupil is tested three times on every word in the lesson. He +spends his time in concentrated attack on the words which have given +him difficulty. One month later this lesson is given as a test, and +the words missed by each pupil re-learned by him. At the end of the +week this lesson is again given as a test. + +In addition, at the beginning of each grade above the first, the words +which have been previously taught, but which according to Doctor +Ashbaugh's investigation still give difficulty, are thoroughly +reviewed. Finally, in the seventh grade, the words which are most +frequently missed by grammar grade pupils are given additional review. + +It must be kept in mind that these reviews are not haphazard, nor are +they a matter of guesswork. Each review list is made up on the basis +of the most careful scientific study of persistent errors. + +=Grading.=--The lessons in each grade are those which the pupils in +that grade may most profitably study. The words have been graded in +the following manner: On the basis of Doctor Horn's compilation of +correspondence vocabularies, all of the 4578 words were ranked +according to the frequency with which they are used in correspondence. +On the basis of Doctor Ashbaugh's study of the difficulty of these +words in the various grades, the words were arranged in order of ease +of spelling. With these two sources of data, the lessons are arranged +so that in general the easiest words and those most commonly and +frequently used are placed in the lower grades. In addition, on the +basis of scientific analysis of the vocabulary of first, second, and +third readers, the authors determined which words occurred most often +in these readers. The words included in the lessons for the first +three grades are not only easy and fairly common, but are found also +in popular readers of the grades in which they are placed. For +example, the word "and" was found 23,773 times in the letters analyzed +in the various investigations upon which the book is based; and it is +misspelled by but four second grade children out of a hundred. It also +occurs in every one of ten commonly used first readers. Since it is +one of the very commonest words, is easy to spell, and is found in all +first readers, it is placed in the first list in the book. In a +similar way every lesson in the first three grades has been a matter +of computation. The lessons in grades above the third have been made +in the same careful fashion, except that occurrences in readers were +not taken into consideration. It is clear that the lessons increase +gradually in difficulty in each successive grade, and that a pupil who +is forced to leave school at the end of grade six or seven will have +learned the words which he is most likely to need in writing. + +=Standard Scores.=--By means of standard errors at the close of each +lesson, the pupils and teachers may compare results with those of +other grades and with those obtained in the country at large. These +standards were taken from the Ashbaugh Scale and from a supplementary +study conducted by Doctor Ashbaugh and Doctor Horn to determine the +standards for words not included in the original scale. It must be +kept in mind that these standard errors are high, being the result of +the present unfavorable conditions of the teaching of spelling in the +country at large. They are used merely for the purpose of comparison. +The ideal to keep before your class is that they should learn their +lessons so that they will not misspell a single word, but this ideal +is intensified by the use of the standard errors. + +=How to Teach the Lesson.=--Four points must be kept in mind as more +important than any others: + +1. The teacher must test her pupils on each lesson before they begin +to study. + +2. Each pupil should study only the words which he misspelled on the +test. + +3. He must be taught an economical method of study. + +4. He must see clearly what progress he is making. + +Detailed suggestions for teaching the lessons are given in the +paragraphs which follow. These suggestions are based upon the +investigations reviewed by Doctor Horn in the Eighteenth Yearbook of +the National Society for the Study of Education. The method has been +tried out thoroughly in public school classrooms, and has proved +uniformly successful. Teachers are urged to follow it as closely as +possible. If, however, the teacher prefers another method of study, +she may use it. The book may be used with any method. + +=Getting Started Right.=--The first few lessons may well be spent in +systematizing class procedure and teaching pupils how to study a +spelling lesson. Begin by pointing out the importance of spelling. +Give cases, if possible, where people have been discredited because of +spelling errors in letters. Discuss with the class how the words in +this book were selected, how the standard errors at the close of each +lesson were secured, and how the method of study was determined. The +pupils may now be introduced to the procedure which will be used in +conducting the spelling class, and to the method of study. + +=Teaching Pupils How to Work.=--Many teachers have found the following +procedure very satisfactory. Have the pupils open their books at the +first lesson for their grade. Explain to them that a great many men +have spent much time and money in finding out the best way to learn to +spell, and that the method which is to be used is based on what these +men have recommended. Have the class read the directions to pupils +given on pages xiv-xvi. After the directions have been read, have +several pupils summarize them. When you have made sure that the class +has the main points clearly in mind, the actual work of habituating +the method may be begun. The first few lessons in each term should +consist of practice in the method of study. This practice should be +continued until you are satisfied that the pupils understand +thoroughly how to go about their work. Remember that even though +teachers in the preceding grades are using the method, there may be +pupils in your grade who are new to the system, as well as some who +have forgotten how to study. From the nature of the method, it is easy +to detect any child who is not using it. Insist that the correct +method be used from the outset. As soon as the pupils have learned the +method of study, the regular work of learning the lessons may begin. + +=How the Lessons Should be Taught.=--The lessons are planned to be +completed in a week. A week's work, therefore, consists of twenty new +words and twenty review words except in grade one, where the week's +work consists of ten new words and ten review words. The following +schedule is recommended. + +=Monday.=--The first step in teaching a lesson is an exercise in +pronunciation. Have the pupils open their books at the advanced +lesson. Pronounce each word, enunciating the syllables very +distinctly. Each word which in your judgment is not understood by the +class should be used in a sentence. All homonyms should be so used. +Have the pupils pronounce each word after you in concert, enunciating +the syllables very distinctly. Insist on careful pronunciation on the +part of every pupil. + +This exercise precedes the spelling test because of the importance of +pronunciation in the method of study, and because of the probability +that this initial attention to the correct form of the word is +desirable. Since the pupils undoubtedly learn something as a result of +this exercise, they may be expected to make somewhat better scores +than those given in the book. These scores are the results of tests +given without such a preliminary exercise in pronunciation. + +After all the words have been pronounced, have the pupils close their +texts and prepare papers for a written test. This test will include +the new lesson. It may be written on any sort of paper, the words +being written in columns of twenty to correspond to the arrangement of +the words in the book. Pronounce each word once only. Pupils should +write the words without hesitation. No alterations in the first +attempt at spelling the word should be allowed. + +After the words have all been dictated, have the pupils exchange +papers for the purpose of correcting. Be sure that each pupil +understands that he is marking his neighbor's paper, so that errors +which have been made may be corrected. Instruct the class to mark a +word wrong if it is misspelled, if it cannot be read, or if any change +in the first attempt at spelling has been made. Be sure that each +pupil understands that, until he is able to write a word correctly the +first time, he has not sufficiently learned it. + +The words may be corrected on the basis of the teacher's oral spelling +or by the book. Each word found to be misspelled should be marked +wrong by placing after it an =X=. + +When the papers have been returned to the owners, each pupil should +write the correct form of the words which he has misspelled. The words +missed on the test will constitute his task for the week. + +=Tuesday.=--On Tuesday the pupils study, each working on his own +errors and using the method recommended under directions to pupils. +Pupils who made no errors on the test may be excused from this study +period, but not from the succeeding test. It frequently happens that a +pupil will spell a word correctly on one test and misspell it on a +following test. + +The teacher should closely supervise the pupils' study in order to +insure that proper methods of learning are used. She may also help to +direct the work of those who, having made no errors on the preceding +test, have been allowed to undertake some other task. The class should +not be tested on this day. + +=Wednesday.=--Test on the new and on the review lesson. This review +lesson should consist of a lesson taught one month before. Since the +first four lessons in each grade are made up of words taught in the +preceding grade, these may well be used for the first month as review +lessons. The words may be corrected and the errors recorded as on +Monday. Compare the number of errors made on this test with those made +on the preceding test. This comparison will show the pupil what +progress he has made. The remainder of the period may be spent in +studying the words missed on this test. + +=Thursday.=--Study as on Tuesday. + +=Friday.=--Test on the new and on the review lesson, correct the +papers as on Monday, and spend the rest of the period studying the +errors made on this final test. Compare the number of errors made on +this test with the number made on the first and second tests. The +comparison gives the child a measure of accomplishment for the week. +The teacher should check this day's papers in order to have an +accurate record of the status of the pupils at the close of the week's +work. Many teachers have found it helpful to keep a chart of progress +on the blackboard. + +=Individual Instruction.=--It is clear from the preceding directions +that the method of learning and the class administration are intended to +insure that each pupil will learn those words which give him difficulty, +and that he will, at the same time, progress at his own rate. With the +possible exception of the fact that only the commonly used words are +taught, this is the most important provision in the book. + +=The Spelling Notebook.=--It has been found to be very helpful to have +each pupil keep a notebook in which to record words missed in the +various spelling tests or in papers written in connection with other +subjects. This notebook tends to make the pupil more conscientious +with regard to his spelling. It also gives him a record of his errors +so that when he has time for review work he can utilize it properly. + +=The Problem of Interest.=--Teachers who have used the method which is +here recommended have been unanimous in reporting not only that the +pupils learned more rapidly, but also that they worked with greater +enthusiasm. This increased interest is secured without any use of soft +pedagogy. It comes from several sources. First, the pupils know that +the words in the book are those most commonly needed in writing. +Second, the pupils quickly see the advantage of centering their +efforts on words which they have actually missed. Third, by means of +standard scores they are enabled to compare their spelling ability +with that of children in other parts of the country. Fourth, they can +see what they are accomplishing. Fifth, these provisions make possible +the joy which comes from doing vigorously and thoroughly a clean-cut +task that needs to be done. These are the interests which appeal to +sensible men and women in life outside the school, and they have +proved sufficient for children. Many attempts have been made to +substitute devices for these wholesome and fundamental interests. Such +attempts not only fail in their purpose, but actually distract the +child's mind from the work he has to do. Sugar-coating inevitably +destroys the child's appetite for healthy vigorous work. + + + + +DIRECTIONS TO PUPILS + + +=Why These Words Should be Studied.=--One of the ways by which people +judge the writer of a letter is by the presence or absence of spelling +errors. Often a young man or young woman has failed to obtain a +desirable position because of spelling errors in a letter of +application. Even in the ordinary friendly letter, spelling errors +make a bad impression. The words which you are to learn from this +spelling book are the words which people most frequently use in +writing letters. Thousands of letters were read, and each word found +was recorded. This book, therefore, contains the words most commonly +used in writing, and does not contain any word which has not been +found in letters. + +=How to Learn the Words.=--The first step in the study of each lesson +will be an exercise in pronunciation. Your teacher will pronounce each +word for you. Look at your book closely, noticing each syllable as she +pronounces it. When the teacher asks you to pronounce the word after +her, look at each syllable closely as _you_ pronounce it. + +The second step in learning the lesson is the test. Write each word as +plainly as you can and without hesitation. The purpose of this test +is to see whether or not there are any words in the lesson which you +cannot spell. The words which you cannot spell will be your work in +spelling for the week. + +If your teacher asks you to exchange papers for the purpose of +correcting them, be sure to do your work very carefully. If you fail to +mark a word wrong that has been misspelled, the pupil whose paper you +marked will not be able to know that the word should be studied, and so +will suffer an injury. On the other hand, it will be very confusing if +you mark a word wrong which is really correct. Mark any word wrong that +you cannot easily read; also any word if a letter has been written over +or a change made. Remember that the purpose of the test is to find out +which words need to be studied. The grades of the pupil whose papers you +correct are not affected in any way by your marking. + +=The Meaning of "The Standard Number of Errors."=--The words in this +book have been given to a great many children in each grade in a number +of cities. In that way it was possible to find out the number of errors +which children of each grade ordinarily make. If you will compare the +number of errors which you make on the test with the number of errors at +the bottom of your lesson, you will be able to see how your spelling +compares with that of pupils in other parts of the country. + +=How to Learn to Spell a Word.=--A great many men have spent much time +and money in finding out for you the best way to learn to spell. The +directions which follow are based on what these men have discovered. + +1. The first thing to do in learning to spell a word is to pronounce +it correctly. Pronounce the word, saying each syllable very +distinctly, and looking closely at each syllable as you say it. + +2. With closed eyes try to see the word in your book, syllable by +syllable, as you pronounce it in a whisper. In pronouncing the words, +be sure to say each syllable distinctly. After saying the word, keep +trying to recall how the word looked in your book, and at the same +time say the letters. Spell by syllables. + +3. Open your eyes, and look at the word to see whether or not you had +it right. + +4. Look at the word again, saying the syllables very distinctly. If +you did not have the word right on your first trial, say the letters +this time as you look sharply at the syllables. + +5. Try again with closed eyes to see the word as you spell the +syllables in a whisper. + +6. Look again at your book to see if you had the word right. Keep +trying until you can spell each syllable correctly with closed eyes. + +7. When you feel sure that you have learned the word, write it without +looking at your book, and then compare your attempt with the book to +see whether or not you wrote it correctly. + +8. Now write the word three times, covering each trial with your hand +before you write the word the next time, so that you cannot copy. If +all of these trials are right, you may say that you have learned the +word for the present. If you make a single mistake, begin with the +first direction and go through each step again. + +9. Study each word by this method. Take special pains to attend closely +to each step in the method. Hard and careful work is what counts. + +=Take Pains with Your Spelling in all Writing.=--Take pride in having +your compositions and letters free from spelling errors. When you are +in the slightest doubt as to how to spell a word, look it up in the +dictionary before you write it. When you have found the word in the +dictionary, learn it by the method by which you study your regular +spelling lessons. In a similar way, if you do make a mistake in +spelling in your compositions, learn the word which you misspelled by +this same method. + +=Reviews.=--Whenever you have a few minutes after having prepared some +lesson, turn back to the errors which you have made on previous +spelling tests and spend some time going over the words which you +missed on those tests. Occasionally when you are at home, you will +find it interesting to have your mother or father or some friend test +you over all the words you have missed during the year. You should not +be satisfied until you can spell every word correctly. + +=Notebook.=--Keep a spelling notebook. Whether your teacher requires +it or not, you will find it very much worth while to keep a spelling +notebook. In this you should record all words missed on any test or in +compositions which you write. If you find that you are frequently +missing a word, write it in a special list and review it frequently. + + + + +FIRST GRADE DIRECTIONS TO FIRST GRADE TEACHERS + + +The words in the lessons for first grade children are few in number and +relatively easy. You will notice that most of them are phonetic. Each +word has been found to be used in correspondence and in a majority of +first grade readers. This list is therefore particularly appropriate for +first grade children and may be easily learned by them. The authors +recommend that this work be begun in the second half year. + +=Directions for Teaching.=--Read again the general directions on pages +vii to xvi, inclusive. In general the method used in grade one is the +same as that used in later grades. There are, however, certain +important differences. You will notice, for example, that first grade +lessons contain ten instead of twenty words. You will need also to +give more attention for the first two or three weeks to initiating +correct habits of study. Remember that teachers above grade one will +build upon habits which you initiate. + +The words in the first grade list are very simple, so that there +should be no difficulty in learning to spell them. Neither should the +children have any difficulty in understanding any of the one hundred +fifty words. + +=Directions for Schools in Which the Pupils do Not Write in Grade +One.=--The pupils in such schools should be taught to study according to +the first six directions given under How to Learn to Spell a Word, page +xv. The tests in these cases will have to be oral tests. Otherwise, +the methods recommended in the general directions may be used. + + + 1 2 3 4 + + is be but that + + and can dear to-day + + are dog did up + + day good do was + + he my go an + + in see his as + + it she little big + + me you look come + + all book not for + + at boy out get + +Standard Number of Errors + + I. ( ) I. ( ) I. ( ) I. ( ) + + II. 1 II. 1 II. 2 II. 2 + + III. 0 III. 1 III. 1 III. 1 + + + 5 6 7 8 + + hand old way gold + + have on will hat + + if one your her + + into over away home + + land run by how + + last say cannot ice + + let tell doing looking + + like the down love + + man this eat of + + may tree give play + +Standard Number of Errors + + I. ( ) I. ( ) I. ( ) I. ( ) + + II. 2 II. 2 II. 3 II. 3 + + III. 1 III. 1 III. 1 III. 1 + + + 9 10 11 12 + + so us bee far + + ten when call fat + + thank wind cane five + + them with cat from + + then after coat gave + + thing am cold girl + + think apple corn going + + three baby cow green + + time bed each had + +Standard Number of Errors + + I. ( ) I. ( ) I. ( ) I. ( ) + + II. 3 II. 3 II. 4 II. 4 + + III. 1 III. 2 III. 2 III. 2 + + + 13 14 15 16 + + hard must school all + + has night send be + + hen no six see + + just or snow not + + live pig sun may + + made playing they for + + make put top in + + milk red what do + + mother ring wood so + + much sat ran no + +Standard Number of Errors + + I. ( ) I. ( ) I. ( ) I. ( ) + + II. 4 II. 4 II. 4 II. 1 + + III. 2 III. 2 III. 2 III. 1 + + + + +SECOND GRADE DIRECTIONS TO SECOND GRADE TEACHERS + + +The second grade list of words contains 340 new words in addition to +the review lessons, which include 80 of the most difficult first grade +words, and 60 of the homonyms which give the most trouble. The new +words are all words frequently used, are words which second grade +children can learn easily and, for the most part, are frequently found +in the second readers most commonly used. You will find that the +method outlined below will enable you to teach these words so that +your classes will make very nearly a perfect score on them. + +=Directions for Teaching.=--Read again the directions for teaching as +given on pages vii to xvi. You will find it advisable to take some +time at the beginning of the term to teach pupils how to study. You +will still find it necessary to correct the papers yourself. You may +follow the same schedule as that outlined in the general directions. +Watch particularly for improper methods of study. + +Second grade pupils should write their tests without hesitation and +with fair speed. Explain to the pupils with great care that letters +which are not made plainly will be counted wrong. + +Remember that the lessons are arranged by weeks rather than by days. +The work for each week consists of one advance column and one review +column. The review column in each case is the fourth column preceding +the advance work. That is, it is made up of a week's work one month +old. For example, column 5 contains 20 new words to be learned in one +week. During the same week, column 1 should be reviewed. The lesson +for the first week consists of column 1, which is the advance lesson, +and of column R 1, which is the review. + + + R-1 R-2 R-3 R-4 + + dear sat top make + + fat bee playing milk + + cow baby came her + + get has pig apple + + some home give with + + we looking had when + + way love from down + + run red far six + + gold like call send + + cat going ice school + + cold corn thank live + + or box put gave + + them am fast snow + + girl then by what + + this eat made mother + + three thing night after + + ring much one just + + cannot time bed hard + + wind over sun wood + + hat they must five + +Standard Number of Errors + + I. ( ) I. ( ) I. ( ) I. ( ) + + II. 5 II. 6 II. 7 II. 8 + + III. 3 III. 3 III. 3 III. 4 + + + 1 2 3 4 + + ask forget ear year + + back fun days ago + + best grass sing door + + bill happy doll got + + black hay hope May + + blow hill grow bad + + bring him boys ball + + butter hot fly bank + + cake inside hands bell + + cap its pink end + + child joy dry foot + + cup keep times free + + cut kind string king + + ever kiss bread letter + + face late needs most + + farm lay rise same + + feet left skin ship + + fill light cry till + + fish low story yet + + food meat tall about + +Standard Number of Errors + + I. ( ) I. ( ) I. ( ) I. ( ) + + II. 8 II. 8 II. 7 II. 6 + + III. 4 III. 4 III. 3 III. 3 + + + 5 6 7 8 + + more said very beside + + morning sand wall better + + Mr. sent want bird + + name side war blue + + never sister week brother + + nine small well calling + + now stand west mild + + off standing where care + + once state why city + + papa stay win cook + + part sweet wish cover + + pen take work cream + + place telling yes dark + + poor there afternoon deep + + rain to any dinner + + read told around drive + + rest took barn drop + + rich town bear dust + + ride two became east + + room under become even + +Standard Number of Errors + + I. ( ) I. ( ) I. ( ) I. ( ) + II. 8 II. 8 II. 9 II. 10 + III. 4 III. 4 III. 5 III. 5 + + + 9 10 11 12 + + eye large pick sold + + fall life pine son + + fell lived plan song + + felt lives river soon + + find long road spring + + fine longer rock step + + flat looked rose stop + + found mine sad store + + four Miss saw such + + gate mud saying summer + + glad myself seed supper + + gone near seen table + + gray now sell thin + + head nice set thinking + + hear noon sheep to-night + + help oh shop too + + here older show trust + + hold open sleep upon + + house our slow walk + + hunt outside soft water + +Standard Number of Errors + + I. ( ) I. ( ) I. ( ) I. ( ) + II. 10 II. 10 II. 10 II. 10 + III. 5 III. 5 III. 5 III. 5 + + + 13 14 15 16 + + went bright fellow market + + were bringing fire master + + while buy first meal + + who children flower meet + + wide clear frost met + + wife clock gather might + + window close given mind + + winter coming glass move + + without cool ground nap + + air could hang neck + + alive dance held next + + also die horse north + + asleep done June nothing + + ate pale know other + + been dress lady pass + + behind every leave goats + + bid fair leg right + + bit farmer lift round + + boat father loved rush + + both feed many seven + +Standard Number of Errors + + I. ( ) I. ( ) I. ( ) I. ( ) + II. 12 II. 12 II. 12 II. 12 + III. 6 III. 7 III. 7 III. 7 + + + 17 18 19 20 + + shall to seen oh + + short way him wood + + shut we hay blue + + sick dear rain hear + + sit some can't fair + + something ring here might + + sound ball there new + + south bee son buy + + start May too know + + stick bad bear meet + + still red two right + + stood one low road + + street by sell die + + taken made ate done + + taking sun very flower + + teach feet read air + + then Miss our be + + these do four bread + + true sent gray needs + + try week meat not + +Standard Number of Errors + + I. ( ) I. ( ) I. ( ) I. ( ) + II. 12 II. 6 II. 9 II. 12 + III. 7 III. 3 III. 5 III. 7 + + + + +THIRD GRADE DIRECTIONS TO THIRD GRADE TEACHERS + + +The advance lessons, numbered 1 to 28 inclusive, contain a minimum +list of 528 new words. The supplementary list contains 80 words, which +although easy to spell are not so frequently used in writing letters +as are the words of the minimum list. This supplementary list is meant +for those schools which because of the long school term or for other +reasons, finish the minimum list before the end of the term or year. +The lessons marked R-1, R-2, R-3, R-4, are made up of the eighty words +taught in preceding grades, but which still give considerable +difficulty to third grade children. They should be thoroughly mastered. + +=Directions for Teacher.=--For the first few lessons direct your +attention to systematizing class procedure and to teaching pupils how +to study effectively. Read carefully again the suggestions on pages +vii to xvi. + +Pupils in the third grade should be able to make their own corrections +so that time may now be saved by having the pupils exchange papers +during the first two tests. The teacher should continue to correct the +papers written on the final test. The following suggestions will be +helpful in getting the coöperation of pupils. After the papers have +been exchanged say, "In writing, it is important not only that you +know how to spell, but also that you make your letters so that the +person who reads your paper can tell easily what you have written. +This is the reason that I have asked you to exchange papers. Many +people write so that certain letters cannot be told from other +letters. This is true of z, g, and y; o and a; t and l; n and u; h and +k. When you correct papers and cannot tell which of two letters the +writer intended, mark the word wrong. Also mark it wrong if a letter +has been written over or a change made. Words should be learned so +that they will be written correctly without hesitation the first time. +Any word which has not been learned so that it may be written +correctly the first time should be studied again. + +"Remember that the purpose of this test is to find out which words need +further study. It does not affect your grades. You will do the pupil +whose paper you have a favor by marking his errors so that he may +correct them. Mark each error by placing after it a cross--so (x)." + +Pupils should keep a special list of words which they have missed in +their compositions. These words should be studied by the same method +used in studying the regular spelling lesson. Such words will not be +taken up, however, in the regular lessons. + +Remember that the lessons are arranged by weeks rather than by days. +The work for each week consists of one advance column and one review +column. The review column in each case is the fourth column preceding +the advance work. That is, it is made up of a week's work one month +old. For example, column 5 contains 20 new words to be learned in one +week. During the same week, column 1 should be reviewed. The lesson +for the first week consists of column 1, which is the advance lesson, +and of column R 1, which is the review. + + + R-1 R-2 R-3 R-4 + + dark meal also five + + fair market held shed + + feed leave nap leg + + June gather sound might + + sit air these frost + + nothing alive lift shall + + nor street hope white + + saying stick buy looked + + step something neck taken + + drop took next loved + + dress master short than + + road glass such hang + + ground both right pass + + given been move asleep + + other behind mind fellow + + bit bright met small + + beside lady done farmer + + became walk seven know + + gray try fire bringing + + water thinking rush taking + +Standard Number of Errors + + II. 6 II. 7 II. 7 II. 8 + III. 3 III. 3 III. 3 III. 4 + IV. 1 IV. 1 IV. 1 IV. 2 + + + 1 2 3 4 + + tone banks toy bay + + blush yours age cent + + cramp tan being grade + + goods bag lot Monday + + tub line pay pie + + blot dine seeing pin + + cards guns along stove + + cars map aside trip + + cave bind band bat + + chase girls belong blank + + darn save game car + + hook kinds hall card + + keg bath lake date + + lip lap lost hog + + yell lock mad kid + + pave weeks March landing + + peck fool nut mail + + plants salt oil mark + + sole near-by silk net + + split plans singing park + +Standard Number of Errors + + II. 4 II. 8 II. 8 II. 9 + III. 2 III. 4 III. 4 III. 5 + IV. 1 IV. 2 IV. 1 IV. 2 + + + 5 6 7 8 + + horn sport page rent + + looks Sunday paper spell + + dig tent plate post + + gives working price thanking + + pant able spent train + + mouse arm walking add + + shore art willing bean + + tall bake within bet + + bless born yard bunch + + fond faster added cane + + showing finding asking cash + + mat forgot below cattle + + pipe form blame clay + + books grand camp colder + + tender helping cast cooking + + steam hit Christmas cord + + roar ill class farming + + star kill clean list + + tool mill cost lunch + + bone note danger paying + +Standard Number of Errors + + II. 9 II. 10 II. 11 II. 11 + III. 5 III. 5 III. 6 III. 6 + IV. 2 IV. 2 IV. 3 IV. 3 + + + 9 10 11 12 + + ink drum lump rice + + inch egg mate rug + + print feeding mouth slip + + brand finger number smart + + tenth fit order spelling + + tip forgive ours stamp + + plow Friday pole test + + wake fur porch washing + + whenever glee race wishing + + wild goat rate belt + + fort grant reading grape + + peach heat real eve + + sin holding report glove + + wool hour saved job + + sum however seat lace + + rail hunting shot law + + sack July sink mend + + rank kindly sort ranch + + brick larger spot roll + + write luck stone self + +Standard Number of Errors + + II. 11 II. 12 II. 12 II. 12 + III. 7 III. 7 III. 7 III. 8 + IV. 3 IV. 3 IV. 3 IV. 4 + + + 13 14 15 16 + + wash rather teacher birthday + + wet full tie bite + + slide strong whatever block + + stock hug across body + + swell strange again dig + + trade draw ahead boxes + + wheel lines alone broke + + word candy always brought + + drew sail another called + + shows drink apart case + + blood goes April catch + + lots comes asked chair + + grapes pile aunt check + + forms dare badly church + + mix means basket cloth + + rub shake beat clothing + + sake swing because club + + maid hide beg coal + + sweep desk begin contest + + fry wants bench corner + +Standard Number of Errors + + II. 13 II. 13 II. 13 II. 13 + III. 8 III. 8 III. 8 III. 8 + IV. 4 IV. 4 IV. 4 IV. 4 + + + 17 18 19 20 + + count garden killed own + + cross gift later pack + + darling grandma least pain + + dead great less party + + deal soda lie passing + + dearly hair lovely past + + December half making picking + + deed happen matter please + + died harder mean plum + + early hardly miss pocket + + eighth having money point + + enter hearing nearly pound + + evening apples shame pure + + fear herself need queen + + fight high nobody rabbit + + file himself none reach + + floor hole nor riding + + flour hundred nose rolling + + forest indeed oats roof + + forth jump only row + +Standard Number of Errors + + II. 13 II. 13 II. 13 II. 13 + III. 8 III. 8 III. 8 III. 8 + IV. 4 IV. 4 IV. 4 IV. 4 + + + 21 22 23 24 + + safe alike those hour + + seem white thought mail + + sending pork thus write + + shade yellow tiny flour + + shape yourself twenty eight + + shoe shoot warm weak + + sight spite washed sole + + silver swim weak ours + + sir things which past + + sorry gay wonder their + + space grave erect beat + + spend golden worked pain + + spending sharp world flower + + spoke smell woven hall + + storm smile yesterday maid + + sunshine stir above sum + + talk boy act real + + talking drawn almost ate + + teeth blanket anything cent + + their feather before need + +Standard Number of Errors + + II. 13 II. 13 II. 14 II. 13 + III. 8 III. 9 III. 9 III. 8 + IV. 4 IV. 4 IV. 4 IV. 4 + + + 25 26 27 28 + + feast fix quilt sent + + men figs rag fur + + moon kept rid real + + mile lamp sauce sail + + plant pan speech roll + + bags soul spoon sour + + beans spoil steak stain + + dish truth straw boy + + lead wed vines died + + hogs roots worms forth + + crutch bare ants great + + prune fought bark mid + + smoke blight bend bus + + spray led bills dirt + + tea comb breath hair + + thanks farms fields choose + + sea eggs bud lie + + laugh lawn lend seem + + knee miles hills taste + + pears pail key skip + +Standard Number of Errors + + II. 12 II. 15 II. 15 II. 15 + III. 7 III. 10 III. 10 III. 10 + IV. 3 IV. 5 IV. 5 IV. 5 + + + S-1 S-2 S-3 S-4 + + cab pet asks trick + + cape heal bald mumps + + bug heel pails takes + + dull hens blind bedtime + + fold grin crack pants + + poem pour bush hilly + + gun pray bull flight + + kick hose cords houses + + scratch pond cuff postman + + mop twin dusty hoarse + + nail make dwell hopes + + pint rode drag knife + + ties loaf drown greet + + push loop desk lamps + + rope root plush makes + + split scar sadly gloves + + mob tuck scalp gentle + + nod moth roses glance + + pad oars glue manly + + rob weed grab shelf + +Standard Number of Errors + + II. 15 II. 15 II. 15 II. 15 + III. 10 III. 10 III. 10 III. 10 + IV. 5 IV. 5 IV. 5 IV. 5 + + + + +FOURTH GRADE DIRECTIONS TO FOURTH GRADE TEACHERS + + +The advanced lessons numbered 1 to 32 inclusive contain 620 new words. +The supplementary list containing 80 new words is meant for schools +which because of the long term or for other reasons, finish the +minimum list of words before the end of the year. The lessons marked +R-1, R-2, R-3, R-4, are made up of the 80 words in the third grade +list which are most commonly misspelled by fourth grade children. +These 80 words should be thoroughly mastered. There are also reviewed +20 homonyms which commonly are confused by children of this grade. + +=Directions for Teaching.=--Read the preface and study with particular +care the suggestions given on pages vii to xvi. It would be well also +to read the suggestions to first, second and third grade teachers. You +will need to supervise the correction of papers by pupils very closely. + +Remember that the lessons are arranged by weeks rather than by days. +The work for each week consists of one advance column and one review +column. The review column in each case is the fourth column preceding +the advance work. That is, it is made up of a week's work one month +old. For example, column 5 contains 20 new words to be learned in one +week. During the same week, column 1 should be reviewed. The lesson +for the first week consists of column 1, which is the advance lesson, +and of column R 1, which is the review. + + + R-1 R-2 R-3 R-4 + + ranch herself check pound + + movement rabbit file roof + + badly shame garden sending + + before those himself shade + + lie lovely lace silver + + nor need miss spoke + + past rolling only stock + + beg seem tiny trade + + corner beg which begin + + cast bench across darling + + least bite act deed + + slide drew beat feeding + + fear flour belt fit + + gift forth called goat + + indeed happen cloth soda + + roll killed club jump + + almost none hundred mend + + anything their list pack + + enter woven matter queen + + spend brick nearly rank + +Standard Number of Errors + + III. 12 III. 10 III. 10 III. 6 + IV. 6 IV. 5 IV. 5 IV. 3 + V. 2 V. 2 V. 2 V. 1 + + + 1 2 3 4 + + Jan. October brush kitten + + Nov. oven burn leader + + banker printed carpet lover + + delay soil cleaning liver + + Feb. remove counting lumber + + goldfish snowed dandy mailed + + overcoat snowing depend enroll + + Sat. stage dollar nation + + worker tank dresser office + + officers teaching fence outfit + + overlook Tuesday fifty paint + + backing yearly football banking + + covering dislike friend stated + + Dec. scratch garment proper + + fishing agree handed sixty + + grove Aug. heating rained + + handy belonging homesick recall + + longest board inches recover + + maker boss January remark + + Oct. bother kinder renter + +Standard Number of Errors + + III. 6 III. 7 III. 8 III. 8 + IV. 3 IV. 4 IV. 4 IV. 4 + V. 1 V. 1 V. 2 V. 2 + + + 5 6 7 8 + + reader sample fork know + + adding sickness ham speak + + size railroad rule blew + + rust post card Mrs. wheat + + likely some one pair third + + skate speaker use easy + + soap starting quick earth + + press staying wear twice + + tire unable sure music + + ten wanting trunk moved + + wire leaving turn wagon + + zone driver news visit + + neat marking fail wanted + + witch display grain thick + + best straight few watch + + cedar anyone lead sugar + + term rushed march does + + draft largely used worth + + per understanding wise would + + inclosed alley crop young + +Standard Number of Errors + + III. 8 III. 8 III. 10 III. 10 + IV. 4 IV. 4 IV. 5 IV. 5 + V. 2 V. 2 V. 2 V. 2 + + + 9 10 11 12 + + simple heard granted should + + carry patch seventh sirs + + learned chop raining export + + Sept. heap raised suffer + + shortly stunt rubber paid + + invited front sofa ends + + cared velvet dressed hoops + + lone dearest goose tear + + drill render death rates + + drug thread protest grandpa + + fruit brain cleaner tooth + + tile ocean trace clip + + dream rented chart beach + + leaves ford dozen giving + + pride lame packing charge + + renew tend month opens + + grown sixth wedding steamer + + partly temple cheer event + + pencil handle damp soup + + eighty folder removed couch + +Standard Number of Errors + + III. 10 III. 10 III. 10 III. 10 + IV. 5 IV. 5 IV. 5 IV. 5 + V. 2 V. 2 V. 2 V. 2 + + + 13 14 15 16 + + started battle gladly classes + + bought island team filling + + branch sooner content match + + thankful lesson pillow closed + + change mamma travel seventy + + country mighty booklet track + + printing moment center behalf + + feeling strongest newspaper calf + + harvest oldest prevent cotton + + somewhere unless treat grew + + finish trying former inspect + + welcome o'clock mostly postage + + ready opening range pump + + township walked awhile coast + + everyone people growing holder + + bathroom person keeping western + + weather picture bottle army + + together getting provide leather + + everything good-night bushel merry + + understand September quart noise + +Standard Number of Errors + + III. 10 III. 10 III. 10 III. 11 + IV. 5 IV. 5 IV. 5 IV. 5 + V. 2 V. 2 V. 2 V. 2 + + + 17 18 19 20 + + station member company income + + brown wrote return bankers + + funny agent answer bookcase + + twelve sometime pleased reports + + coffee between remain teapot + + filled follow enough undress + + noted uncle amount waken + + plain build doctor pancake + + mailing county meeting papers + + otherwise payment fact plaster + + somewhat whole chance defeat + + itself building learn inclose + + pull study November mess + + kindness vote present pulse + + bleed heavy pretty rake + + hate trusting since slice + + labor Thursday through toast + + reached chicken busy frozen + + largest selling guess bloom + + scout ticket waited climb + +Standard Number of Errors + + III. 11 III. 11 III. 11 III. 11 + IV. 5 IV. 5 IV. 6 IV. 6 + V. 2 V. 2 V. 3 V. 3 + + + 21 22 23 24 + + expert fade saving gallon + + poorly knock thousand stair + + tax whip value excuse + + turkey causes request iron + + understood storage afraid exchange + + zero sudden suit demand + + absent noisy hotel hurry + + moving enclosed idea sale + + named ugly program figure + + rack windy among inform + + retail impress fully returned + + sock orders August wonderful + + chapter prison cause nicely + + dread replied vacation auto + + household charges serve valued + + leaf cracker thirty wished + + cloudy cupboard intend kitchen + + dispose dishes anyway sheet + + farther distant everybody duty + + packed eleven hurt plenty + +Standard Number of Errors + + III. 11 III. 12 III. 12 III. 12 + IV. 7 IV. 7 IV. 7 IV. 7 + V. 3 V. 3 V. 3 V. 3 + + + 25 26 27 28 + + rip cheek respect fancy + + steel delight voter located + + chill awake single talked + + joined repair anywhere dealing + + kisses living fresh lower + + knowing power higher bonnet + + reported smaller officer spread + + retain nature raw running + + treated changed title branches + + French contain improve broken + + jar monthly deliver greater + + learning gain liberty provided + + seal court proud afterward + + lamb kindest failed anyhow + + snap offering chain elect + + strongly meantime cleaned gown + + froze wrong dated greeting + + junk grind produce honest + + ordering share bugs lung + + circus extent locate remind + +Standard Number of Errors + + III. 12 III. 12 III. 12 III. 12 + IV. 7 IV. 7 IV. 7 IV. 7 + V. 3 V. 3 V. 3 V. 3 + + + 29 30 31 32 + + owe male gem plain + + worm most tail per + + earn melt task board + + yoke mode tape size + + pearl mood lack haul + + offer rural thrown tax + + years pear through wrote + + heart peas toe build + + often mouse legal whole + + shirt pests tore cast + + hoped sales trim stair + + firms scold mental sale + + bail seek urged beet + + marry shell vest pair + + rainy sneeze booster wear + + silly path wipe knew + + fudge jelly yield blew + + broad staid manual would + + shine stoves boost lone + + equal stuck walnut grown + +Standard Number of Errors + + III. 12 III. 13 III. 15 III. 11 + IV. 7 IV. 8 IV. 9 IV. 5 + V. 3 V. 4 V. 5 V. 2 + + + S-1 S-2 S-3 S-4 + + shirts tempt ages jolly + + muddy boy's alarm layer + + skim charm amuse breast + + sky faith bitter mince + + slap yards blanks legging + + slick bead brine dean + + stack grate cabin oyster + + stands socks pages pantry + + steep dates Co. parade + + sting yarn drift player + + stool wring dies wave + + stoop limp empty polish + + strip states escape puzzle + + stump stretch floss rules + + tack bruise strap saucer + + tag wreck frank scream + + tease peep haul screen + + tune peak heaven stag + + ways sketch lard steal + + words tact lean eighth + +Standard Number of Errors + + III. 10 III. 13 III. 15 III. 15 + IV. 5 IV. 8 IV. 9 IV. 10 + V. 2 V. 4 V. 5 V. 5 + + + + +FIFTH GRADE DIRECTIONS TO FIFTH GRADE TEACHERS + + +The minimum lessons for this grade are numbered from 1 to 32, and +contain 620 new words of the minimum list. The lessons marked R-1, +R-2, R-3, R-4, are made up of words from the fourth grade lessons +which are most frequently misspelled by fifth grade children. In +addition to these eighty review words, there is one review lesson +containing homonyms. There are also two supplementary lessons made up +of words which are new but which are not so commonly used as those in +the minimum list. As in preceding grades, these supplementary lessons +are introduced in order to afford additional work for classes which +finish the regular lessons before the end of the year. There are also +two lessons containing names of the months, days of the week, and +certain abbreviations. + +=Directions for Teaching.=--Read carefully the suggestions on pages vii +to xvi. Read also the suggestions to teachers of the first four +grades. See to it that your pupils attack their lessons in an +aggressive manner. The pupils in grade five do considerable work in +written composition, so it will be well to watch very closely the +errors made in such work. Have the pupils learn all words misspelled +in their written work, using the same method as in their regular +spelling lessons. + +Remember that the lessons are arranged by weeks rather than by days. +The work for each week consists of one advance column and one review +column. The review column in each case is the fourth column preceding +the advance work. That is, it is made up of a week's work one month +old. For example, column 5 contains 20 new words to be learned in one +week. During the same week, column 1 should be reviewed. The lesson +for the first week consists of column 1, which is the advance lesson, +and of column R 1, which is the review. + + + R-1 R-2 R-3 R-4 + + running joined wrong broad + + legal tax anyway cleaned + + mental chapter greater eighty + + process dread hurt everybody + + booster farther junk froze + + rural fully o'clock fruit + + manual idea ordering granted + + straight inspect anyhow kindest + + enroll jar blew lamb + + mamma kitchen chain leaf + + rainy knowing enclosed liberty + + owe dealing circus living + + French expert gallon Mrs. + + largely frozen greeting neat + + cedar guess opening ocean + + together moment noisy officer + + term reached retail pencil + + busy remind worm pretty + + gain serve afterward program + + intend valued among provided + +Standard Number of Errors + + IV. 13 IV. 8 IV. 8 IV. 7 + V. 8 V. 4 V. 4 V. 3 + VI. 5 VI. 2 VI. 2 VI. 2 + + + 1 2 3 4 + + acting charming copy shed + + Bible chum wait birth + + closer clever edge speed + + crib colt won odd + + depending drilling brace mass + + glasses earning beef youth + + grandfather flesh enjoy fuel + + maple formed joke worse + + overlooked globe favor hare + + painted hardware until loud + + pending joyful peace jaw + + planted lighting reply main + + posted likewise frame wage + + printer loaded rough tread + + renting lucky family score + + stranger painter slipper scale + + tested reaching wishes cure + + trained respond united rye + + whereby red nerve graze + + candle sash caused creep + +Standard Number of Errors + + IV. 5 IV. 7 IV. 7 IV. 8 + V. 2 V. 3 V. 3 V. 4 + VI. 1 VI. 2 VI. 2 VI. 2 + + + 5 6 7 8 + + scare sore diner sewing + + fifth gas burst steady + + hers says listen dirty + + ease whom powder ivory + + scrap union pitcher turned + + dose women voice eager + + throw stuff linen bridge + + tried crazy built freeze + + checks tired fixed narrow + + hasten force penny refuse + + chore habit liked strike + + notes piano taught insist + + scrub cough rapid seemed + + seems nurse finest caught + + Ave. raise dairy valley + + finds ought loyal comply + + bulbs extra devil weary + + grit appear organ reduce + + dodge fourth await showed + + weekly button blessed angry + +Standard Number of Errors + + IV. 8 IV. 8 IV. 8 IV. 8 + V. 4 V. 4 V. 4 V. 4 + VI. 2 VI. 2 VI. 2 VI. 2 + + + 9 10 11 12 + + admire needed placing eighteen + + bundle bottom reaches northern + + runner figured somebody thirteen + + sentence comfort movement amounting + + shadow throat informed withdraw + + insure stating handsome including + + friendly surface inviting industry + + papered foolish contained breaking + + circle carried English post-office + + gaining message helpful homestead + + cooler central improved workmanship + + Easter helped changing housekeeping + + boiler active checking handled + + elbow shoulder intended inclosing + + enlarge closing visited returning + + formal opened dealings settlement + + regain played stamped nevertheless + + bracelet covered watching language + + amounts damage anybody hereafter + + charged quickly pavement production + +Standard Number of Errors + + IV. 8 IV. 8 IV. 8 IV. 8 + V. 4 V. 4 V. 4 V. 4 + VI. 2 VI. 2 VI. 2 VI. 2 + + + 13 14 15 16 + + picnic directed detail perfect + + taxes fitting action capital + + raising flavor ladies misplaced + + repeat products latter writing + + cheaper disposed manage subject + + decline recovered parlor furnish + + lowest discovered degree instead + + cutting checked useful advance + + stopped needle reason handling + + proven cheerful season daughter + + latest eleventh writer chairman + + setting deeply second requested + + conduct feeder record mountain + + dancing German notice potatoes + + devoted prevented direct answered + + studies suffering cousin contract + + hence crowded enjoyed treatment + + skating coasting explain delightful + + drafts divide married delivered + + clearly shower highest answering + +Standard Number of Errors + + IV. 8 IV. 8 IV. 8 IV. 8 + V. 4 V. 4 V. 4 V. 4 + VI. 2 VI. 2 VI. 2 VI. 2 + + + 17 18 19 20 + + sew ordered though import + + deer factory during changes + + join middle enclose builder + + daily lonesome address mistake + + prize placed perhaps baseball + + began breakfast providing suitable + + public postal ashamed relations + + color beaten cottage appoint + + field extend already department + + cheap awaiting express nearer + + prove package Saturday months + + chest history greatest expect + + waist obtain delighted preach + + kept square shipment proved + + known finished painting cheese + + judge fifteen pleasure sleepy + + settle waiting trouble frankly + + woman invite several prices + + dealer orange training poultry + + health require slippery writer's + +Standard Number of Errors + + IV. 8 IV. 8 IV. 8 IV. 10 + V. 4 V. 4 V. 4 V. 5 + VI. 2 VI. 2 VI. 2 VI. 3 + + + 21 22 23 24 + + buyer begun length ribbon + + proof buggy normal adjust + + spare sleet barrel notion + + apply topic begged quoted + + bluff chose submit unpaid + + waste admit borrow employ + + coach slept barley winner + + honor upper weight famous + + claim credit bigger gained + + ample attend collar recess + + lodge supply gotten served + + blaze result object namely + + level secure sleeve sorrow + + aware couple debate misses + + filing advice animal voting + + shock dainty cities agreed + + owned profit beauty offers + + actor regret lonely artist + + worst permit beyond factor + + acted buying loving recite + +Standard Number of Errors + + IV. 10 IV. 10 IV. 10 IV. 10 + V. 5 V. 5 V. 5 V. 5 + VI. 3 VI. 3 VI. 3 VI. 3 + + + 25 26 27 28 + + points truly bond lbs. + + roast account sign bulk + + soak feel fee Tues. + + thumb quite quit germ + + warn regard view solo + + bathe suppose aid local + + blouse advise loss skirt + + cloud to-morrow diet worry + + friends desire fund pupil + + gorge further text quiet + + plait enclosing aim break + + stew question base owner + + strain acre grip fever + + stroll balance duet owing + + wealth else film shown + + guard hoping gravy crowd + + juice except limb model + + kegs statement lazy touch + + lease minute bowl weigh + + stitch oblige knot clerk + +Standard Number of Errors + + IV. 9 IV. 10 IV. 10 IV. 10 + V. 5 V. 5 V. 5 V. 5 + VI. 3 VI. 3 VI. 3 VI. 3 + + + 29 30 31 32 + + saddle husband deserve Sunday + + fitted parties illness Monday + + insert putting neglect Tuesday + + backed invoice reduced Wednesday + + baking obliged sitting Thursday + + struck evident stories Friday + + forward product excited Saturday + + against matters letting January + + written climate breathe February + + machine primary needing March + + careful delayed offices April + + student fashion captain May + + greatly rapidly percent June + + quarter noticed blossom July + + correct plainly fullest August + + lecture elected renewed September + + holiday butcher serving October + + include example silence November + + pattern reserve uniform December + + measure soldier although Christmas + +Standard Number of Errors + + IV. 10 IV. 10 IV. 10 IV. 5 + V. 5 V. 5 V. 5 V. 2 + VI. 3 VI. 3 VI. 3 VI. 1 + + + 33 34 S-1 S-2 + + Sun. feet fireman acres + + Mon. needed solve argue + + Tues. main stable border + + Wed. weigh starve mason + + Thurs. weight stiff acid + + Fri. freeze stingy China + + Sat. grip switch civil + + Jan. birth tablet harm + + Feb. won undo false + + Aug. sewing unpack acute + + Sept. base verse deny + + Oct. break grocer shove + + Nov. prize whisper envy + + Dec. peace clothes feat + + Co. waste drawing tool + + Dr. shown happens attic + + Mr. waist pretend voted + + Mrs. fourth groom muddy + + St. capital olive shave + + Ave. wait launch veal + +Standard Number of Errors + + IV. 5 IV. 9 IV. 9 IV. 9 + V. 2 V. 6 V. 6 V. 6 + VI. 1 VI. 3 VI. 3 VI. 3 + + + + +SIXTH GRADE DIRECTIONS TO SIXTH GRADE TEACHERS + + +The advance lessons numbered 1 to 32 inclusive contain 640 new words. +The supplementary list containing 80 new words is meant for schools +which, because of the long term or for other reasons, finish the +minimum list of words before the end of the year. The lessons marked +R-l, R-2, R-3, R-4, are made up of 80 words in the fifth grade list +which are most commonly misspelled by sixth grade children. + +=Directions for Teaching.=--Read the preface and study with particular +care the suggestions given on pages vii to xvi. It would be well also +to read the suggestions given to teachers of the first five grades. +Give particular attention to the correction of all written work. + +Remember that the lessons are arranged by weeks rather than by days. +The work for each week consists of one advance column and one review +column. The review column in each case is the fourth column preceding +the advance work. That is, it is made up of a week's work one month +old. For example, column 5 contains 20 new words to be learned in one +week. During the same week, column 1 should be reviewed. The lesson +for the first week consists of column 1, which is the advance lesson, +and of column R 1, which is the review. + + + R-1 R-2 R-3 R-4 + + fund pattern buying advise + + habit caught fee collar + + owing writing invoice fever + + parties buyer oblige quarter + + proof couple opened to-morrow + + pupil forward rough its + + quiet gotten scrap hoping + + sigh voting aid measure + + until minute crazy owing + + barrel needed enclosing level + + clerk question greatly obliged + + color sew grip putting + + dealer throw loss regard + + handling although ought touch + + husband ample picnic truly + + model quite profit weigh + + parlor breakfast shown loving + + placing delayed break crowd + + though feel explain further + + account fourth shock waste + +Standard Number of Errors + + V. 5 V. 6 V. 7 V. 8 + VI. 3 VI. 4 VI. 4 VI. 5 + VII. 1 VII. 2 VII. 2 VII. 3 + + + 1 2 3 4 + + delivery entering improving accept + + election dreadful performed herewith + + continue dwelling crippled attack + + property boarding requesting barrels + + prospect following increasing cactus + + shipping gentleman investment destroy + + standard perfectly throughout pepper + + enjoying Wednesday explained errand + + properly directory addresses flowers + + visiting intention regulation grower + + relation happened containing nicer + + promised reduction furnishing fabric + + headache attending forwarding lemon + + required countries friendship olives + + gasoline obtained yourselves peaches + + nineteen enjoyment deportment places + + southern expressed Thanksgiving Day mitten + + frighten presented headquarter regards + + fourteen extending relationship sandy + + outlined traveling collections cooky + +Standard Number of Errors + + V. 5 V. 5 V. 5 V. 5 + VI. 3 VI. 3 VI. 3 VI. 3 + VII. 1 VII. 1 VII. 1 VII. 2 + + + 5 6 7 8 + + polite million problem wired + + foggy total included exact + + samples duties private humor + + secured payable expected issue + + sections cigar advising moral + + severe final furnished bury + + melons polls foundation royal + + twelfth carrier geography sunny + + escort worthy companion curly + + buttons pastor location appeal + + cabbage modern directly common + + canon watched progress assist + + consent feature refreshment entire + + insects collect extended notify + + jealous jury conversation period + + laundry refused promotion burner + + listed ideal adventure caller + + pickle burden expecting concert + + publish fortune protected carbon + + hinges female concluded memory + +Standard Number of Errors + + V. 5 V. 5 V. 5 V. 6 + VI. 3 VI. 3 VI. 3 VI. 4 + VII. 2 VII. 2 VII. 2 VII. 2 + + + 9 10 11 12 + + chilly personal encourage loam + + presume reliable factories dirt + + regular absolute inspector berth + + special approved neglected due + + advised attended ourselves piece + + arrived commerce president loan + + certain consider reception firm + + connect honestly situation lose + + justify increase instruction ache + + liberal interest collection whose + + musical moderate composition fault + + natural prepared connecting passed + + quality suffered connection taste + + baggage charging consideration loose + + bidding resulting construction lime + + educate appointed correction wrap + + happily corrected difference terms + + seasons correctly instructed ditch + + credits dangerous particular loans + + instruct direction departments pity + +Standard Number of Errors + + V. 6 V. 6 V. 6 V. 7 + VI. 4 VI. 4 VI. 4 VI. 4 + VII. 2 VII. 2 VII. 2 VII. 2 + + + 13 14 15 16 + + queer important debating entirely + + growth prepare gentlemen automobile + + tight inquire believe effort + + fare item attention section + + chief lately information maybe + + forced beautiful service arrange + + group according future prompt + + booth depot remember addressed + + ninth forty condition recently + + smooth hospital replying promptly + + guide offered interested carefully + + calm hello either allow + + scarce channel advantage district + + debts favorable different promise + + strict February general instant + + crew curtain therefore surprise + + fern mentioned regarding mention + + bass using arrive education + + billed stayed success complete + + braid fairly forenoon neighbor + +Standard Number of Errors + + V. 7 V. 7 V. 7 V. 7 + VI. 4 VI. 4 VI. 4 VI. 4 + VII. 2 VII. 2 VII. 2 VII. 2 + + + 17 18 19 20 + + alter chapel desired tanning + + reset closet domestic weighed + + gross seldom prepaid hurried + + trial parent furnace minister + + knows refund dentist supplied + + limit cement entitle division + + idle custom popular conclude + + towel poetry average preacher + + human apiece settled visitors + + amply hereby bedroom complain + + berry seller entered constant + + ankle utmost failure current + + ruin approve healthy rendered + + abroad boarder sixteen director + + manner brokers expects shopping + + retire harmony sweater produced + + tickle sleeper leading creamery + + govern justice ironing exciting + + potato observe wearing blooming + + garage outlook receive cherries + +Standard Number of Errors + + V. 7 V. 7 V. 7 V. 7 + VI. 4 VI. 4 VI. 4 VI. 4 + VII. 2 VII. 2 VII. 2 VII. 2 + + + 21 22 23 24 + + remained vacant cases assure + + mountains elope aloud easily + + neighbors insult simply recent + + wondering deem cellar effect + + publisher width method volume + + agreeable facts tongue system + + machinery hymn sleigh social + + oversight ideas height spirit + + directors remit select avenue + + preparing avoid toward author + + addressing rifle violin prayer + + durable drama camera excess + + convention adopt wander liquid + + pertaining bacon occurs search + + considering satin fasten hungry + + reputation motor enable others + + permission avail secret league + + blackberries arise relief surely + + explaining apron parcel highly + + remembering sweat likely compare + +Standard Number of Errors + + V. 7 V. 8 V. 8 V. 8 + VI. 4 VI. 5 VI. 5 VI. 5 + VII. 2 VII. 2 VII. 2 VII. 2 + + + 25 26 27 28 + + engine propose citizen adjusted + + safely efforts capable soreness + + poison thunder applied umbrella + + desert useless courage landlady + + decent possible grammar freshman + + corset cashier prevail position + + gloomy manager expired national + + tomato decided affairs circular + + relating absence portion purchase + + theater support squeeze relative + + earnest proceed reunion graduate + + biggest concern journey supplies + + consist neither disturb telegram + + closely limited fearful discounts + + grocery ability gallery commence + + adopted assured instance indicate + + colored attempt addition attached + + tickled favored advanced maintain + + shipper federal attain arranged + + cabinet funeral confined hesitate + +Standard Number of Errors + + V. 8 V. 8 V. 8 V. 8 + VI. 5 VI. 5 VI. 5 VI. 5 + VII. 2 VII. 2 VII. 2 VII. 2 + + + 29 30 31 32 + + calves attacked invest New York + + choice backward lettuce Chicago + + clothe commands shipments Philadelphia + + stalk carriage mileage Cleveland + + debt catarrh questions Detroit + + doubt combine muslin St. Louis + + ghost composed nearest Boston + + guest compared chickens Baltimore + + laid condemned occurred Pittsburg + + missed consult onions Los Angeles + + priced culture oppose Buffalo + + tract details eastern Milwaukee + + route dismiss pamphlets Minneapolis + + shipped materials partner Newark + + signed fiction persons New Orleans + + slight goodness persuade San Francisco + + style forever procure Seattle + + canned careless purple Washington + + course granite quarrel Cincinnati + + ere sprinkle scarcely Portland + +Standard Number of Errors + + V. 8 V. 9 V. 9 V. ( ) + VI. 5 VI. 6 VI. 6 VI. ( ) + VII. 2 VII. 3 VII. 3 VII. ( ) + + + S-1 S-2 S-3 S-4 + + accent quinine kodak affect + + members railway angel ashore + + counter remains burial lemonade + + affords sailor ceiling attempts + + bearing session offend basement + + Europe solely paragraph behave + + confine subjects proceeds blister + + garnet suburb quartet bloomers + + griddle tackle reasons camping + + hammer tartar diameter caved + + humble wherein sandwich copied + + induce homely suite driving + + judging combined surround dropped + + ignore relate suspect dizzy + + mixture ditches tour dollars + + outcome forage traveler darkness + + packers grapevines housekeeper daytime + + precious lying wholly fallen + + pronounce major vinegar farmers + + proposed injury carload finely + +Standard Number of Errors + + V. 9 V. 11 V. 11 V. 8 + VI. 6 VI. 8 VI. 8 VI. 5 + VII. 3 VII. 5 VII. 5 VII. 2 + + + + +SEVENTH GRADE DIRECTIONS TO SEVENTH GRADE TEACHERS + + +The minimum lessons for this grade are numbered from 1 to 30 inclusive +and contain 600 new words. The supplementary lessons contain 60 new +words which are not so commonly used as those in the minimum lessons. +As in preceding grades, these supplementary lessons are introduced in +order to afford additional work for classes which finish the regular +lessons before the end of the year. The lessons marked R-l, R-2, R-3, +R-4, are made up of words from the sixth grade lessons which are most +frequently misspelled by seventh grade children. + +=Directions for Teaching.=--Read carefully the suggestions on pages +vii to xvi. Read also the suggestions to teachers in the first six +grades. As in grades four, five and six, the spelling errors found in +pupils' compositions should be rigorously corrected. + +Remember that the lessons are arranged by weeks rather than by days. +The work for each week consists of one advance column and one review +column. The review column in each case is the fourth column preceding +the advance work. That is, it is made up of a week's work one month +old. For example, column 5 contains 20 new words to be learned in one +week. During the same week, column 1 should be reviewed. The lesson +for the first week consists of column 1, which is the advance lesson, +and of column R 1, which is the review. + + + R-1 R-2 R-3 R-4 + + decided easily interested lose + + either instant likely clothe + + extended neither delivery missed + + favored mention doubt Dr. + + hospital remit fern shipped + + relative replying item strict + + piece perfectly loose choice + + queer purchase mentioned maintain + + system surprise passed February + + telegram absence spirit maybe + + Wednesday circular supplies using + + ache graduate support ability + + believe instance toward nineteen + + consist manager accept choose + + favorable receive addressed moral + + growth particular attempt regarding + + indicate supplied assured stayed + + lately tight biggest course + + limited cashier cellar forenoon + + minister fabric concern hello + +Standard Number of Errors + + VI. 5 VI. 5 VI. 7 VI. 8 + VII. 3 VII. 3 VII. 4 VII. 5 + VIII. 2 VIII. 2 VIII. 2 VIII. 3 + + + 1 2 3 + + slightly forgotten extensive + + appeared represent quotation + + assembly complaint seventeen + + selected youngster effective + + struggle nightgown interests + + supposed certainly patent + + enrolled satisfied comfortable + + procured increased instructive + + followed selection improvement + + restless accomplish considered + + internal doubtless importance + + accounts entertain reasonable + + contents advertise interesting + + distance forwarded republican + + describe justified themselves + + overalls published represented + + presents treasurer circulation + + gathered connected subscriber + + availing difficult appointment + + gratitude described expression + +Standard Number of Errors + + VI. 5 VI. 5 VI. 5 + VII. 3 VII. 3 VII. 3 + VIII. 2 VIII. 2 VIII. 2 + + + 4 5 6 + + attraction bride whether + + adjustment awful anxious + + federation usual realize + + introduction Prof. patient + + remembered refer banquet + + introduced gland exactly + + graduation decide nervous + + manufacture error suggest + + connections madam expense + + educational salary society + + frightened broker article + + quotations copies library + + approached policy thereto + + entertainment really junior + + stockholders actual opinion + + considerable design inasmuch + + publication college arrival + + satisfaction affair deposit + + transportation pardon salesman + + international purpose securing + +Standard Number of Errors + + VI. 5 VI. 7 VI. 7 + VII. 3 VII. 4 VII. 4 + VIII. 2 VIII. 2 VIII. 2 + + + 7 8 9 + + favors exercise balances + + pudding material contemplate + + uneasy medicine handkerchief + + accuse knowledge neighborhood + + discuss splendid installed + + occur valuable surprised + + entry establish dependent + + cartoon purchased distribute + + studied argument apartment + + figuring lovingly services + + motion carrying depositors + + Bro. accident establishing + + therein bicycle conditions + + attach customer observation + + writers received passenger + + awaken situated requirements + + stylish arriving destroyed + + matron earliest possibly + + drawer happiness underwear + + porter continued conclusion + +Standard Number of Errors + + VI. 7 VI. 7 VI. 7 + VII. 4 VII. 4 VII. 4 + VIII. 2 VIII. 2 VIII. 2 + + + 10 11 12 + + fierce territory orchard + + freight character suggesting + + haste prefer acquaint + + hauled description approach + + heir operation biscuit + + niece commercial canoe + + strength democrat bungalow + + quote finally consumption + + source available cultivate + + brief accordance interview + + choir confidence review + + coarse develop ruffle + + meant etc. trolley + + mere fortunate engage + + sense satisfy ferry + + herein receiving thereafter + + type entitled prospects + + based generally Pres. + + urge expensive transactions + + grippe previous altitude + +Standard Number of Errors + + VI. 8 VI. 8 VI. 8 + VII. 5 VII. 5 VII. 5 + VIII. 3 VIII. 3 VIII. 3 + + + 13 14 15 + + evidently qualities signature + + instructor substitute ordinary + + literary compelled relieve + + applicant formerly influence + + impose honorable government + + thereof instrument investigation + + enrollment politics series + + genuine choosing afford + + believing electrical favorably + + constitution transit attorney + + disposal authorized journal + + extreme contemplated institute + + lining estimated candidate + + personality identify merchandise + + prosperous letters distribution + + tatting mercantile similar + + blizzard worrying exhibit + + cushion disgusted considerably + + equally realizing renewal + + gradually admission succeed + +Standard Number of Errors + + VI. 8 VI. 8 VI. 9 + VII. 5 VII. 5 VII. 6 + VIII. 3 VIII. 3 VIII. 4 + + + 16 17 18 + + strictly barely assistant + + studying engineering industrial + + elsewhere orchestra sirup + + lading crocheting arrangements + + impression illustrated inquiry + + announce succeeded auction + + development exclusively appreciated + + explanation supervisor principal + + sincere civics usually + + stationary criticize circumstances + + confer attitude variety + + jobber congratulate presence + + transact electricity practical + + decision existing assistance + + moisture prosperity equipment + + administration talent registration + + employee appearance duplicate + + excitement inquiries particularly + + acceptance planned absolutely + + organize athletics basis + +Standard Number of Errors + + VI. 9 VI. 10 VI. 10 + VII. 6 VII. 7 VII. 7 + VIII. 4 VIII. 4 VIII. 4 + + + 19 20 21 + + business practice safety + + pleasant beginning unusual + + appreciate experience surplus + + necessary acknowledge typhoid + + probably benefit coupon + + receipt subscription disagreeable + + sincerely awfully heretofore + + opportunity secretary welfare + + inst. successful assurance + + proposition premium auditor + + foreign magazine exceptional + + institution association assignment + + examination certificate confirm + + university commission possession + + imagine excellent attendance + + additional literature demonstration + + alfalfa annual assume + + terrible organization correspond + + separate remittance goodbye + + envelope arrangement consequently + +Standard Number of Errors + + VI. 10 VI. 10 VI. 10 + VII. 7 VII. 7 VII. 7 + VIII. 4 VIII. 4 VIII. 5 + + + 22 23 24 + + privilege readily recommend + + guarantee vicinity definite + + rheumatism corporation correspondence + + guaranteed crochet courtesy + + schedule assigned judgment + + data ninety courteous + + Latin sympathy thoroughly + + majority disease Chautauqua + + suggested planning efficiency + + control advisable approval + + established original senior + + Christian merely furniture + + operating practically regularly + + patron science contemplating + + religious advertisement difficulty + + altogether semester issued + + bargain quantity profession + + engineer response allowed + + responsible capacity examine + + situated catalogue glorious + +Standard Number of Errors + + VI. 11 VI. 11 VI. 12 + VII. 8 VII. 8 VII. 9 + VIII. 5 VIII. 5 VIII. 6 + + + 25 26 27 + + certified associated custard + + dismissal timothy double + + develops accomplished resign + + estimate tendency panel + + heavily confirming pamphlet + + horrible congratulation familiar + + obligate illustrating sermon + + traffic meter hustle + + trifle reliability janitor + + exceed resource occupy + + finance examiner warehouse + + overdo demonstrated envelop + + residence carnival preside + + camphor conservatory scholar + + discussion consultation museum + + galvanized enormous methods + + interrupt legislation patience + + intimate maturity fundamental + + luncheon nickel accredited + + mattress manufacturing continuous + +Standard Number of Errors + + VI. 11 VI. 11 VI. 12 + VII. 8 VII. 8 VII. 8 + VIII. 5 VIII. 5 VIII. 5 + + + 28 29 30 + + adapted buried rhubarb + + almonds marked initials + + analyze foliage confidential + + capitol heading irrigate + + faculty locally mutually + + formula luxury engaged + + mutual medium Vice Pres. + + nursery quietly circulars + + quoting rabbits exercised + + salad razor childhood + + scenery refers vegetable + + tobacco reverse packages + + towards shining terribly + + opera solid desirable + + urgent survey determine + + via turkeys shortage + + visitor visits rainfall + + widow vomit wherever + + accompany wasted fertilizers + + apricot confess adequate + +Standard Number of Errors + + VI. 10 VI. 9 VI. 10 + VII. 7 VII. 6 VII. 7 + VIII. 4 VIII. 3 VIII. 4 + + + S-1 S-2 S-3 + + items willow muscle + + honey gospel guilty + + stormy wisdom soldiers + + stupid naughty handles + + negro slowly hearty + + tailor expand helper + + sire arises somehow + + rally sewed raisin + + toilet murder jewels + + tower miner napkin + + unload holy dessert + + upset vigor lessons + + utter lawyer marble + + vice crown scatter + + vessel vague millers + + wages votes minded + + warmly yacht roomer + + repay cable earlier + + mercy create remarks + + whistle ladder kindle + +Standard Number of Errors + + VI. 7 VI. 7 VI. 7 + VII. 4 VII. 4 VII. 4 + VIII. 2 VIII. 2 VIII. 2 + + + + +EIGHTH GRADE DIRECTIONS TO EIGHTH GRADE TEACHERS + + +The minimum lessons for this grade are numbered from 1 to 25 +inclusive, and contain 500 new words. There are in addition 240 +supplementary words which are new, but which are not so frequently +used as those in the minimum list. The four lessons marked R-1, R-2, +R-3, R-4, are made up of those words in the preceding grades which are +most frequently missed by eighth grade students. The lesson marked +"Special Review," contains the hardest words, of the two thousand most +frequently used in correspondence. + +In addition, there are four letters which should be given as dictation +exercises. These letters contain a large number of words which are +very likely to be misspelled, as shown by their frequency of use in +correspondence and the percentage of error of eighth grade pupils who +attempt to spell them. + +Remember that the lessons are arranged by weeks rather than by days. +The work for each week consists of one advance column and one review +column. The review column in each case is the fourth column preceding +the advance work. That is, it is made up of a week's work one month +old. For example, column 5 contains 20 new words to be learned in one +week. During the same week, column 1 should be reviewed. The lesson +for the first week consists of column 1, which is the advance lesson, +and of column R 1, which is the review. + + + R-1 R-2 R-3 + + Chautauqua planning separate + + schedule remittance advisable + + guaranteed probably awfully + + rheumatism sincerely disease + + privilege arrangement sense + + efficiency considerably familiar + + inst. capacity merely + + judgment corporation presence + + recommend usually receiving + + thoroughly choir similar + + correspondence inquiry variety + + courteous renewal crochet + + semester alfalfa imagine + + practically basis organization + + opportunity benefit successful + + literature catalogue sympathy + + absolutely excellent appreciated + + receipt necessary assigned + + definite quantity assistant + + guarantee response pleasant + +Standard Number of Errors + + VI. 15 VI. 13 VI. 12 + VII. 12 VII. 9 VII. 8 + VIII. 9 VIII. 6 VIII. 5 + + + R-4 1 2 + + relieve convince reference + + surprised transfer companies + + appreciate independent discourage + + assistance investigate insurance + + candidate wholesale inclined + + certificate democratic organized + + distribution employer ambition + + magazine exception attractive + + principal confident credited + + readily advertised notified + + registration constantly operated + + commission manufacturer worried + + equipment sanitary automatic + + exhibit submitted accord + + nervous liable frequently + + practical evidence management + + regularly concerning generous + + succeed assuring involved + + uneasy positive misunderstanding + + duplicate superior representation + +Standard Number of Errors + + VI. 10 VI. 7 VI. 7 + VII. 7 VII. 4 VII. 4 + VIII. 4 VIII. 2 VIII. 2 + + + 3 4 5 + + invitation contrary abstract + + celebrate entertaining employed + + discontinued examined register + + respectfully profitable resident + + obligation registered vision + + occupied reservation favorite + + application universal nephew + + accordingly requirement regardless + + collecting deliveries satisfactory + + convinced desiring serious + + destination conference Hallowe'en + + agriculture strawberries pneumonia + + fashionable advancement appendicitis + + combination decrease ingredients + + resigned deserved phosphorus + + membership triumph telephone + + supervision graduating temperature + + clause hustling possibilities + + activity numerous temptation + + impossible raiser constructed + +Standard Number of Errors + + VI. 7 VI. 7 VI. 10 + VII. 4 VII. 4 VII. 7 + VIII. 2 VIII. 2 VIII. 4 + + + 6 7 8 + + Pullman librarian superintendent + + cistern agricultural occasion + + customers announcement representative + + sight-seeing completely possibility + + warrant ballot all right + + acknowledged coöperative especially + + electric cordial committee + + borrowers inferior immediately + + circumstance preliminary analysis + + opposite disappointed bulletin + + edition physical mortgage + + excursion exceptionally referred + + patronage annually referring + + professor exhausted convenience + + restaurant responsibility allotment + + commencement algebra installment + + chaperon executive advertising + + thesis permanent administrator + + possess soliciting straightened + + physician alumni epidemic + +Standard Number of Errors + + VI. 12 VI. 12 VI. 13 + VII. 8 VII. 9 VII. 10 + VIII. 5 VIII. 6 VIII. 7 + + + 9 10 11 + + vary specially ambitions + + duly extremely appreciation + + leisure calendar communication + + acquire originally commissioner + + agency official exhibition + + immense candidacy mechanical + + hastily extension specification + + various naturally consequence + + unlock cordially disappoint + + solicit customary remembrance + + medical campaign authority + + license financial appreciating + + client associate interfere + + Sabbath acquainted sufficient + + injure personally coöperating + + stomach immediate relieved + + notary esteemed coöperation + + surgery executed anticipate + + losing postscript preparation + + council convenient satisfactorily + +Standard Number of Errors + + VI. 15 VI. 13 VI. 13 + VII. 10 VII. 10 VII. 10 + VIII. 6 VIII. 7 VIII. 7 + + + 12 13 14 + + individual bonus patronize + + actually unusually probably + + merit disappointment reverend + + fertilize X-ray manufactured + + necessity canvass typewriter + + community enthusiasm enclosure + + bureau accompanying illustrate + + grateful tuberculosis preserve + + correspondent politician opportune + + quantities anticipating appetite + + thorough characteristic bronchitis + + compliment anniversary discussed + + geometry zephyr privileged + + regretting peculiarities courtesies + + equipped assortment desirous + + prior illustration promenade + + efficient inducement strenuous + + affectionately label kimono + + lieutenant practicing ultimo + + fraternally amendment aggravate + +Standard Number of Errors + + VI. 14 VI. 14 VI. 15 + VII. 10 VII. 11 VII. 12 + VIII. 7 VIII. 8 VIII. 8 + + + 15 16 17 + + principle articles decomposed + + professional bachelor developing + + circuit benefits embroidery + + acquaintance infected employment + + scientific minimum enjoyable + + inconvenience miserable immensely + + enthusiastic objection experiment + + recd. opinions facilities + + assessment sidewalk gardening + + materially stopping inventory + + recommendation tomatoes irrigation + + supplement treasure mentioning + + confirmation vineyard memorandum + + occasionally advantages measuring + + apparatus asparagus officials + + essential carpenter operations + + unnecessary casseroles previously + + accommodate catalogues proportion + + affidavit comfortably specimens + + definitely temporary spineless + +Standard Number of Errors + + VI. 15 VI. 12 VI. 12 + VII. 13 VII. 8 VII. 8 + VIII. 9 VIII. 5 VIII. 5 + + + 18 19 20 + + cafeteria accommodation nowadays + + squirrels accommodations steadily + + straighten acknowledging butter-fat + + substantial acknowledgment contented + + suggestion advantageous conveyance + + twenty-five anticipation scholarship + + undertake communications coöperate + + communicate financially cucumbers + + complement incidentally everywhere + + continually kindergarten impatient + + conveniently manufacturers inquiring + + unpleasant preliminaries missionary + + unfortunate solicitation organizing + + institutions undoubtedly positively + + progressive beautifully sometimes + + prospective presentation separately + + publications remittances sediments + + gymnasium unfortunately rosebushes + + memorandums unexpected rheumatic + + uncomfortable vice president correspondents + +Standard Number of Errors + + VI. 12 VI. 13 VI. 12 + VII. 8 VII. 10 VII. 9 + VIII. 5 VIII. 7 VIII. 6 + + + 21 22 + + Ala. (Alabama) Md. (Maryland) + + Alaska Mass. (Massachusetts) + + Ariz. (Arizona) Mich. (Michigan) + + Ark. (Arkansas) Minn. (Minnesota) + + Cal. (California) Miss. (Mississippi) + + Colo. (Colorado) Mo. (Missouri) + + Conn. (Connecticut) Mont. (Montana) + + Del. (Delaware) Nebr. (Nebraska) + + D. C. (District of Nev. (Nevada) + + Columbia) N. H. (New Hampshire) + + Fla. (Florida) N. J. (New Jersey) + + Ga. (Georgia) N. Mex. (New Mexico) + + Hawaii N. Y. (New York) + + Idaho N. C. (North Carolina) + + Ill. (Illinois) N. Dak. (North Dakota) + + Ind. (Indiana) Ohio + + Iowa Okla. (Oklahoma) + + Kans. (Kansas) Oregon + + Ky. (Kentucky) Pa. (Pennsylvania) + + La. (Louisiana) R. I. (Rhode Island) + + Me. (Maine) + +Standard Number of Errors + + VI. ( ) VI. ( ) + VII. ( ) VII. ( ) + VIII. ( ) VIII. ( ) + + + 23 24 + + S. C. (South Carolina) A. M. (Forenoon) + + S. Dak. (South Dakota) Agt. (Agent) + + Tenn. (Tennessee) Assn. (association) + + Tex. (Texas) A1. (First class) + + Utah + + Vt. (Vermont) bbl. (barrel) + + Va. (Virginia) bbls. (barrels) + + Wash. (Washington) bldg. (building) + + W. Va. (West Virginia) bu. (bushel) + + Wis. (Wisconsin) Capt. (Captain) + + Wyo. (Wyoming) C.O.D. (Collect on + + Cuba Delivery) + + Philippine Islands ¢; ct. (cent) + + Porto Rico cr. (credit) + + Co. (Company or cwt. (hundredweight) + + County) doz. (dozen) + + Messrs. (Gentlemen) gal. (gallon) + + R.F.D. (Rural Free ft. (foot or feet) + + Delivery) F.O.B. (Free on Board) + + Hon. (Honorable) + + acct. (account) i.e. (that is) + + Dr. (Doctor or debtor) N. B. (take notice) + + Treas. (Treasurer) + +Standard Number of Errors + + VI. ( ) VI. ( ) + VII. ( ) VII. ( ) + VIII. ( ) VIII. ( ) + + + 25 Special Review + + Jour. (Journal) Chautauqua + + in. (inch or inches) fraternally + + mdse. (merchandise) schedule + + ass't (assistant) guaranteed + + Jr. (Junior) privilege + + Mdlle. (Mademoiselle) affectionately + + mfg. (manufacturing) guarantee + + oz. (ounces) rheumatism + + sec'y (secretary) judgment + + pkg. (package) efficiency + + pr. (pair) recommend + + pd. (paid) referred + + P. M. (afternoon) disappoint + + mgr. (manager) immediately + + P. S. (postscript) referring + + pub. (publisher) equipped + + qt. (quart) grateful + + St. (Saint or street) bulletin + + Supt. (superintendent) all right + + viz. (namely) mortgage + +Standard Number of Errors + + VI. ( ) VI. (16) + VII. ( ) VII. (13) + VIII. ( ) VIII. (10) + + + S-1 S-2 S-3 + + descend postpone resources + + necktie political respectable + + swallow elaborate sentiment + + nonsense exporting seriously + + oatmeal kidney suddenly + + wireless locations tablespoon + + afloat memorial telegraph + + tiresome muscular preparatory + + horseback negotiate commencing + + housework peculiar warranted + + wealthy unlikely occupant + + scarlet purposes performance + + whiskers readiness physiology + + scissors recognize bacteria + + scramble remaining beginner + + scribble resemble beneficial + + sweetness military proportions + + heaviest blossoms intentions + + slippers coloring accustomed + + accepted chemical opposition + +Standard Number of Errors + + VI. 9 VI. 9 VI. 12 + VII. 6 VII. 6 VII. 8 + VIII. 3 VIII. 3 VIII. 5 + + + S-4 S-5 S-6 + + attempting expressing machines + + economize expressions honored + + carelessness suggestions endorsed + + stenographer likelihood occasional + + decoration manufactures epistle + + particulars maintained misspell + + grandmother maintaining innocent + + extravagance occasions inferred + + firecracker notwithstanding matured + + exposition remitting proffer + + partially sentiments invested + + pleasantly specialty logic + + congenial unsettled audited + + carnation beforehand academy + + gophers misunderstand formally + + whatsoever alteration importing + + demonstrate apologies masonic + + disposition appreciates mutilate + + embroider contribution shelving + + prescription developments socialist + +Standard Number of Errors + + VI. 12 VI. 12 VI. 12 + VII. 8 VII. 8 VII. 8 + VIII. 5 VIII. 5 VIII. 5 + + + S-7 S-8 S-9 + + tenement accorded comment + + thereabouts activities descriptive + + transacted adjustable declamation + + indigestion affectionate deducted + + interruption undershirt economical + + facilitate appropriate encouragement + + facility approximately endeavor + + fraternity cemetery endeavoring + + inaugurate commodities expectation + + mathematics comparatively faculties + + reciprocate critical feasible + + tabernacle introduce financing + + thermometer dreadfully hysterics + + vivisection dividend ignoramus + + affiliated purchases inability + + appreciative directories industrious + + indefinitely disaster pocketbook + + probability dictionary representatives + + informal depositing instructions + + dressmaker depository sufficiently + +Standard Number of Errors + + VI. 13 VI. 12 VI. 12 + VII. 10 VII. 8 VII. 9 + VIII. 7 VIII. 5 VIII. 6 + + + S-10 S-11 S-12 + + detain alcohol exceedingly + + deprive charity insignificant + + exhaust comedy wonderfully + + whoever imitate measurement + + expire invalid sacrifice + + faithful lovable sarcastic + + frequent operate satisfying + + happiest opium selecting + + disgust remodel temperance + + apology taxicab thoughtfulness + + homelike allowing marriage + + hopeful borrowing unanswered + + intrude chocolate undertaking + + lantern promises willingly + + liquor conductor population + + output congress advisability + + outrage decorate agreement + + physic deposits celebration + + becoming developed comparison + + discount discover emergency + +Standard Number of Errors + + VI. 9 VI. 10 VI. 12 + VII. 6 VII. 7 VII. 9 + VIII. 3 VIII. 4 VIII. 6 + + + + +USE OF THE CONTRACTION + + +One of the first things to learn in writing letters is that the form +and style of the letter must be suited to the message which the letter +contains, and to the relationship which exists between the person who +sends the letter and the one who is to receive it. The style of +business letters must be clear, direct, and dignified. With certain +exceptions, as in sales letters, such letters are usually made very +impersonal. On the other hand, personal letters are quite properly +regarded by many as a sort of conversation in writing. In writing to +friends or to relatives one usually desires to be informal. One of the +ways of achieving this informality is through the use of colloquial +English and contractions. In the past, many teachers of English have +cautioned students against the use of contractions in letters; but an +examination of the correspondence of writers whose letters are +regarded as models shows that most of these authors use contractions +very freely. If you will read the letters of Henry Adams, Stevenson, +Gray, Henry James, Lamb, Carroll, Walpole, Keats, Emily Dickinson, +Thackeray, Dickens, and others, you will see that in writing to +friends and members of their families they wrote much as they would +have chatted with those to whom the letters were addressed. + +In general, then, contractions are to be used only in informal or +friendly correspondence. In letters to strangers and in most business +correspondence they should be avoided. Perhaps the best guide to the +proper use of contractions is to be found in the models of writers who +are famous for their personal letters. + + can't "You can't be too careful." (Lamb) + + don't "... for, O, I don't know how long." (Stevenson) + + doesn't "He doesn't agree with them all ..." (Stevenson) + + won't "This sort of thing won't do." (H. James) + + it's "... It's a glorious afternoon ..." (E. Dickinson) + + I'm "I'm three parts through Burns; ..." (Stevenson) + + I'll "I'll try to improve it ..." (Stevenson) + + haven't "... I haven't yet had time to give ..." (H. James) + + you'll "You'll never guess; ..." (Carroll) + + isn't "It isn't like gold ..." (E. Dickinson) + + I've "So I've been idle." (Stevenson) + + we'll "We'll finish an education sometime ..." (E. Dickinson) + + wouldn't "... but Stephen wouldn't allow it ..." (Stevenson) + + didn't "... I didn't see him." (Fitzgerald) + + I'd "Another shot and I'd have gone to kingdom come." (Stevenson) + + you'd "... and I beg you'd believe me ..." (Gray) + + hadn't "... if you hadn't seen her ..." (H. James) + + hasn't "This ought to have made me gay, but it hasn't." (Stevenson) + + couldn't "If it were easy to write a play, I couldn't ... think + of it." (H. James) + + wasn't "Wasn't it curious?" (Carroll) + + + + +DICTATION EXERCISES + + +The following letters contain a large number of words which occur with +relatively high frequency in correspondence, and are quite likely to +be misspelled by persons of eighth grade education. They should be +dictated in short phrases of three to five words without repetition, +pausing after each dictated phrase for the children to write. The rate +should be such, however, that the dictation and writing will be +completed in the time designated in the note preceding each letter. On +the average this will be about one and one-half lines per minute. A +little practice will enable the teacher to dictate at this rate +without difficulty. + +Pupils should be able to write these letters at the given speed +without hesitation or error of spelling before they have completed the +work of this grade. + + +LETTER NO. 1 + +This letter should be dictated in three sections. The first exercise +extends to the end of the first paragraph, including the heading and +salutation, and should be written in 8 minutes. The second exercise +includes the second and third paragraphs and should be written in 9 +minutes. The third exercise completes the letter and should be written +in 6-1/2 minutes. + + Des Moines, Iowa, + June 2, 1920. + + DEAR MAMMA, + +I suppose you feel that I have been very slow about writing, but I +haven't had a minute for either letter writing or pleasure the past +few days. I took my last test this forenoon--the terrible and much +dreaded literature examination. It lasted from ten o'clock until noon, +and though it was different from what I had expected I think I got +along all right. I probably won't get an excellent grade, for I just +had to make a guess at one answer I didn't know, but you can't imagine +how happy I am to be all through. Tomorrow will be the last day of +school and our superintendent is going to let us celebrate with a +class party. + +Aunt Lucy wants me to stay with her another month, but I am coming +home Saturday, for I know I'll be eager to get back to the farm just +as soon as we have good weather again. Last Sunday I accepted Edith's +invitation to spend the day with her. She lives about thirty miles +from Des Moines, and I enjoyed the drive over the country roads. I'm +sure I'll never lose my love for the farm. + +I must tell you, too, about Edith's brother, a lieutenant, who got his +commission at the same time John did. He is personally acquainted with +John's captain and knew several other men in that company. I was very +much interested in his account of his army experiences. + +I appreciated the check you enclosed in your last letter, for I needed +some money for my new dress. I never realized before this year how much +it costs to clothe a girl. I wish you were here to advise me what kind +of material to get. I miss your judgment when I try to go shopping +alone. Aunt Lucy's voile dress has given her a great deal of service, +and so I think I'll decide on that material for my best summer dress. + +Remember me to the boys when you write, and give my love to +Grandmother. I do hope her rheumatism is better. + + Affectionately, + + HELEN. + + +LETTER NO. 2 + +This letter should be dictated in two sections. The first exercise +extends to the end of the first paragraph, including the heading and +salutation, and should be written in 12 minutes. The second exercise +completes the letter and should be written in 7 minutes. + + October 18, 1920. + + Iowa Land and Loan Company, + 706-712 Commerce Building, + Des Moines, Iowa. + + GENTLEMEN, + +We take this occasion to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the +17th inst., and sincerely appreciate the interest which you have shown +in our association. We must find a permanent location for our +Chautauqua, and believe that we have found lots which will be +satisfactory, especially since they are in a really pleasant locality, +convenient to the college. Since it will be necessary to investigate +this business opportunity immediately, we are referring the matter to +a committee and we feel the analysis of the situation will be +complete. The committee to which this matter is referred will probably +recommend giving a mortgage but quite certainly will receive advice on +this point from representative citizens. The money to carry on the +investigation is in the First National Bank, the certificate of +deposit being in the hands of the treasurer of the association. + +If possible the members of the association would like to issue the +bulletin which contains the course by the beginning of the season, +whether the matter of permanent grounds is thoroughly investigated, or +not. Experience has taught us, too, that the bulletins are received +with more enthusiasm at an early date. + +The truly awful accident of last year in which two people were killed +when the tent fell will have its influence on our present campaign for +a permanent building. + +Kindly give this matter your attention at your earliest convenience. + + Respectfully yours, + + HENRY JONES. + + +LETTER NO. 3 + +This letter should be dictated in two sections. The first exercise +extends to the end of the second paragraph and should be written in 7 +minutes. The second exercise completes the letter and should be +written in 9 minutes. + + Minneapolis, Minnesota, + March 26, 1920. + + DEAR FATHER, + +You can see from the article which I enclose that we did not +disappoint our principal, even though it has been impossible to +practice during the past week. Under the circumstances it doesn't seem +possible that we could have won, but maybe our success was due to +having no practice before the game. Some of the teams seemed rather +over-trained. + +The coach changed me to right forward, although, as you know, I +usually play at guard. I suppose there was a doubt in his mind as to +whether I could guard the tall forwards on some of the teams. + +Our team never played together better. We didn't have so great a +variety of plays as some of the other teams, but relied almost +entirely upon our short passing game. What I liked especially was that +there wasn't a single poor official. One of the officials was the man +who spoke last fall on our community health program. + +I suppose the team will reach home Saturday night. I am sure that we +ought not to stay here later than Saturday noon. The teams were +entertained at the various fraternity houses and the men have been +very much crowded to make room for us. We certainly appreciate the +good treatment we have received from these men and from everyone. + + Affectionately, your son, + + HARRY. + + +LETTER NO. 4 + +This letter should be dictated in three sections. The first exercise +extends to the end of the second paragraph, including the heading and +the salutation, and should be written in 9 minutes. The second +exercise includes the rest of the letter and should be written in 12 +minutes. Not more than one exercise should be given in one day. + + Newark, New Jersey, + December 3, 1920. + + Mr. Frank A. Hardy, Managing Editor, + National Insurance Journal, + Boston, Massachusetts. + + MY DEAR MR. HARDY, + +I am glad to make an immediate reply to your inquiry of December 1, +regarding Miss Henry's qualifications. + +It is now eight years since Miss Henry first took a position with us. +She began as mail clerk, working up rapidly through the ranks, until she +became private secretary to Mr. Baldwin, President of the Central +Insurance Company, in which capacity she has served for four years, +becoming an important part of the institution. We have found her always +courteous, thoroughly efficient in her work, and absolutely reliable. + +She is well equipped for a position on an insurance publication because +of her magazine writing, which she has been doing in connection with a +course in journalism at the university this year. She has been most +successful in this work and hopes to find time to do more of it during +the summer term if her schedule will permit. It was only because of her +great desire to continue her education that we were willing to accept +her resignation, and we knew that this year's work at the university +would mean a broader field for her in the future. + +I am enclosing a record of Miss Henry's work, on the usual form kept +for each employee, showing the approximate progress she made during +her eight years with us and her increased value to the company, and I +am also sending under separate cover Miss Henry's photograph, as you +suggested. + +Hoping I may hear from you further if there is any additional +information you require, I am + + Very sincerely yours, + + JOHN SMITH. + + + + +SUPPLEMENT WHICH CONTAINS CERTAIN RULES AND DEFINITIONS OFTEN TAUGHT +AS A PART OF THE COURSE OF STUDY IN SPELLING + + +As a part of the course of study in spelling, there is occasionally +found a provision for word study and for teaching certain rules and +definitions. The following supplement is added as a guide in schools +which make such a requirement. Ordinarily such topics as derivation of +words, root prefixes, suffixes, homonyms, antonyms, synonyms, and +hyphens are taught, either as a part of composition or as a part of +dictionary exercises. + +The value of teaching spelling rules is still somewhat a matter of +controversy, although the weight of experimental evidence seems to +indicate that children do not profit from a study of the rules in +spelling, as much as they profit from the same amount of time spent in +the direct study of the important words covered by these rules. +However, since some city and state courses of study require the +teaching of the rules, it seems advisable to put the more important +rules in this supplement. + +An effort has been made to state these rules in the simplest manner +possible, within the limits of accuracy. Great care has been taken, +also, to tabulate, for each rule, the words frequently used in +correspondence, which are exceptions. + +The teacher should understand clearly that it is not the intention of +the authors to have these rules take the place of the direct teaching +of any word. Rather they are to be regarded as supplementary +exercises. It is doubtful whether much attention should be given to +rules before grade seven. + + +DERIVATION OF WORDS + +Often one word is built up from several words or syllables. The most +important part of such a built-up word is called the root, or base. +This root or base had an original meaning which is usually clear, +especially in purely English words, as in-side, happi-ness, etc. Many +built-up or derivative words are from other languages. A few examples +may help to illustrate: + + 1. international--Latin inter (between) plus nation (nation) plus + al (pertaining to)--between nations, pertaining to intercourse + between nations. + + The root is "nation." + + 2. extraordinary--Latin extra (on the outside, out of) plus + ordinarius (ordinary)--out of the ordinary, unusual. + + The root is "ordinar." + + 3. provide--Latin pro (before) plus vid (to look or see)--to look + before or ahead, to look out for in advance. + + The root is "vid." + + 4. convention--Latin con (together) plus ven (to come) plus tion + (act of)--act of coming together--meeting. + + The root is "ven." + + Many roots or bases are taken directly from the English: + + 1. out-come--act of coming out--that which comes out of something + else--result. + + 2. in-side--inner side or surface. + + 3. cheer-ful--full of cheer. + + 4. happi-ness--state of being happy. + +In studying these words, you may have noticed that something besides +the root or base is needed to make the meaning clear. The other two +parts which help to make up words are called prefixes and suffixes. +These will be taken up separately. + + +PREFIXES + +A prefix is a word or syllable placed before another word, and so +completely joined to it that it changes the meaning of the basic word. + + NOTE TO TEACHER:--Have the pupils select in the lessons of your + grade, words which have similar prefixes. + +As you can see in the list below, the final consonant of a prefix has +often been changed to make the pronunciation easier, but does not +disappear when added to the stem. Thus, ad-cord became ac-cord, +ad-fect became af-fect, etc. + + =Prefix= | =Definition= | =Illustration= + | | + ab (abs, a) |from, away |abandon + | | + ad (ac, af, ag, al, an, ap, | | + ar, as, at) |to |accommodate + | | + ante |before |antecedent + | | + circum |about, around |circumstance + | | + com (co, col, con, cor) |with, together |compare, concert + | | + de |from, down, away |desert, debate + | | + dis (dif, de) |apart, not |disobey + | | + ex (e, ef) |out, out of, away from, | + | off, beyond |expect + | | + extra |out of |extraordinary + | | + in (ill, im, ir) |in, into, not, without |inside + | | + inter |among, between, mutually|interurban + | | + non |not |nonsense + | | + per |through, by, for |perhaps + | | + post |behind, after |postpone + | | + pre |before |prevent + | | + pro |forward, before, instead|provide + | | + re |back, again, against |return + | | + se |aside, apart, without |separate + | | + sub (suc, suf, sug, sup, | | + sur) |under, below, near |subject, succeed + | | + super |over, above, beyond |superintendent + | | + trans (tran, tra) |across, over, beyond, | + | through |transfer, travel + + +SUFFIXES + +A suffix is a syllable or word which is added to the end of another +word to change the meaning of the basic word. + + NOTE TO TEACHER:--As the suffix is often closely connected with + the root of the word, not much stress will be laid on learning + suffixes by themselves. A few of the more common ones will be + noted. + + =Suffix=| =Definition= | =Illustration= + | | + ful |with or full of |cheerful + | | + less |without |careless, doubtless + | | + ness |state of being |happiness + | | + ly |like or like in manner |happily + | | + ment |act, state, a thing that|development + | | + some |act of being |lonesome + + +HOMONYMS + +A homonym is a word pronounced exactly like another, but differing +from it in meaning. A few homonyms are spelled in the same way, as +"weed," a garment, and "weed," a plant. Only a small group of the more +common type will be given here. + + NOTE TO TEACHER:--It has been deemed advisable to omit giving an + extensive list of homonyms here. You may refer the pupils to the + lists of homonyms which occur in the regular spelling lessons of + the first five grades. For example, the following lists are among + those which contain homonyms:--16 in grade I; 18, 19, 20, in + grade II; 12 words in 28 of grade III; 32 in grade IV; etc. + + =Word= | =Definition= | =Sentence= + | | + 1. flour |a fine meal of ground wheat | + | or other grain |Mother uses flour in baking + | | bread. + | | + flower|a blossom |The rose is a beautiful + | | flower. + | | + 2. no |not, not any |I have no work to do. + | | + know |to understand |Do you know your lesson? + | | + 3. son |a male child; the male offspring| + | of a parent, father or mother |John is my son. + | | + sun |the heavenly body which produces|The sun rises in the east. + | the light of day | + + +SYNONYMS + +Synonyms are words that have almost the same meaning. If you were to +look up the simple words "cut" and "ask" you would find the following +synonyms: + +For "cut"--carve, lance, bite, dissect, snip, saw, slice, slit, slash, +etc. + +For "ask"--beg, crave, entreat, beseech, implore, move, plead, +solicit, etc. No two of these synonyms mean exactly the same thing, +but they express different shades of the same meaning. + +Practice Exercises: Find as many synonyms as you can for the following +words: + + best + decide + effort + deceive + imagine + dark + time + form + pleasure + public + +Any lesson in the book may be used for an exercise in discovering +synonyms. + + +ANTONYMS + +Words of opposite meaning are called antonyms. For example, +black--white; big--little; and open--closed, are so named. + +Practice Exercises: Try to think of antonyms for the following words: + + cold + come + dull + inside + fat + front + good + high + in + large + up + long + new + poor + slow + spring + sweet + tall + wet + winter + + +THE HYPHEN + +Authorities differ in regard to the use of the hyphen. However, there +are two rules which always hold good: (1). The hyphen is used to +separate compound adjectives; (2). The hyphen is used to show, at the +end of a line, that a word has been divided. (Such a word must be +divided between syllables.) In other cases, when you cannot decide +whether or not to use a hyphen, consult the dictionary used in your +school. It is much less frequently used than formerly. + + +RULES FOR SPELLING + +=I. Formation of Possessives= + +1. The following list is made up of words in the singular number. To +form the possessive, add an apostrophe and "s." + + horse's head + man's coat + girl's dress + boy's shoes + soldier's uniform + child's laugh + sheep's wool + sister's hat + +2. The following list is made up of plural nouns that do not end in +"s." To form the possessive, add an apostrophe and "s." + + children's clothes + men's shirts + women's praise + gentlemen's plans + +3. The following list is made up of plural nouns ending in "s." + +To form the possessive, add only an apostrophe. + + miles' walk + girls' clothing + years' word + pupils' attention + +=II. Treatment of the final consonant before a suffix= + +1. The following list contains words of one syllable. Notice that each +word ends in a consonant, and that in every word there is a single +short vowel preceding it. In all such words, the final consonant is +doubled before adding a suffix beginning with a vowel. + + big--bigg (er) (est) + drop--dropp(ed) (ing) + stop--stopp(ed) (ing) + plan--plann(ed) (ing) + begin--beginn(er) (ing) + +2. The following list contains verbs of more than one syllable. Each +verb is accented on the last syllable, and ends in a single consonant +preceded by a single short vowel. In such verbs, the final consonant +is doubled before a suffix beginning with a vowel. + + beginn(ing) + referr(ed) (ing) + occurr(ed) + forgott(en) + remitt(ance) + +=III. Adding suffixes to words ending in "e"= + +1. A word ending in silent "e" drops the "e" before a vowel, as: + + come--coming + hope--hoping + serve--serving + appreciate--appreciating + vote--voting + +2. When a suffix beginning with a consonant is added to a word ending +in "e," the "e" is kept. + + announce--announce-ment + hope--hope-ful + late--late-ly + care--care-less + lone--lone-some + +3. "E" is retained to keep the soft sound of "c" and "g" before "a" +and "o" as in notice--notice-able, and advantage--advantage-ous. + +=Exceptions:= + +Of the words commonly used in writing letters the following exceptions +are to be made: + +a. When a suffix beginning with a consonant is added to a word ending +in "e": + +(1) Only three words drop "e" before adding "ment": judgment, +acknowledgment, argument. + +(2) Only one word drops "e" before adding "ful": awful. + +(3) Only three words drop "e" before adding "ly": + + true--truly + due--duly + whole--wholly + +b. When the last syllable of a word ends in "le," "ly" does not make a +new syllable, as: probable---probably, possible--possibly, +simple--simply. + +(When "ly" is added to words ending in "l," both "l's" are retained, +as: practical--practically, careful--carefully.) + +=IV. Treatment of the final "y"= + +1. To form the plural of a noun ending in "y" preceded by a consonant, +change the "y" to "i" and add "es." + + lady--ladies + quantity--quantities + quality--qualities + +2. When a verb ends in "y" preceded by a consonant, change the "y" to +"i" and add "es" to form the third person singular of the verb. To +form the past tense of the verb, change the "y" to "i" and add "ed." + + fry--fries + cry--cries + bury--buried + carry--carried + +3. When a word ends in "y" preceded by a vowel, form the plural by +adding "s." + + turkey--turkeys + chimney--chimneys + valley--valleys + +4. When "y" is preceded by a consonant, change it to "i" before a +suffix which does not begin with "i," as in business, readily, +happiness, etc. + +Retain "y" in such words as: hurrying, crying, flying, etc. + +=V. Treatment and use of the apostrophe= + +1. Put the apostrophe in the place of the absent letter or letters: +aren't, don't, didn't, can't, I'll, etc. + +2. Possessives of personal pronouns have no apostrophe, as: its, hers, +ours, yours, etc. + +=VI. Irregular Plurals= + +Some words ending in "f" or "fe" form their plurals by changing the +"f" or "fe" to "v" and adding "es." + + half--halves + knife--knives + life--lives + leaf--leaves + calf--calves + wife--wives + +=VII. Confusion of "ei" and "ie"= + + NOTE TO TEACHER:--Experimental evidence does not seem to show + that this rule is very effective, but if it is taught, the + following presentation is recommended. + +Whenever "i" and "e" occur together in one syllable, and are +pronounced as "[=e]" or "[)e]," it is always "i" before "e" except +after "c" (see). When sounded like "[=a]" it is always "e" before "i." +Some have used the following jingle to help fix the rule: + + "i" before "e" + Except after "c" + Or when sounded like "a" + As in neighbor or weigh. + +Four of the words most commonly used in writing letters are exceptions +to these rules: neither, leisure, foreign, height. + + + + +Transcriber's Note: + + + * Text enclosed between equal signs was in bold face in the + original (=bold=). + + * Punctuation errors have been corrected. + + * All misprinted reference pages throughout the book have been + corrected (vii-xvi). + + * Pg 17 Added missing "opening quotation" before "Remember" in "Remember + that the purpose of this test ..." + + * Pg 97 Removed ")" after "I didn't see him.")" and added "(" + before "Fitzgerald". + + * Pg 97 Corrected spelling of "kindom" to "kingdom" in "... gone + to kindom come" + + * Pg 103 Corrected spelling of "expecially" to "especially" in + "... expecially since they are in ..." + + * Pg 109 Corrected spelling of "occassionally" to "occasionally" + in "... there is occassionally found ..." + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Lippincott's Horn-Ashbaugh Speller, by +Ernest Horn and Ernest J. Ashbaugh + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIPPINCOTT'S HORN-ASHBAUGH SPELLER *** + +***** This file should be named 33826-8.txt or 33826-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/3/8/2/33826/ + +Produced by Larry B. Harrison and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. 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