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+Project Gutenberg's Readings from Latin Verse, by Curtis C. Bushnell
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Readings from Latin Verse
+ With Notes
+
+Author: Curtis C. Bushnell
+
+Release Date: September 21, 2010 [EBook #33786]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK READINGS FROM LATIN VERSE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Michael Gray, alumnus, Santa Clara University
+Classics Department
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+READINGS FROM LATIN VERSE
+
+
+WITH NOTES
+
+
+
+BY
+
+CURTIS C. BUSHNELL, PH.D.
+
+PROFESSOR OF CLASSICS IN SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY
+
+
+
+Boston
+ALLYN AND BACON
+1908
+
+
+
+
+COPYRIGHT, 1908, BY
+CURTIS C. BUSHNELL.
+
+
+
+FRANCISCO • SMALLEY
+DECANO
+COMES • ET • AMICVS
+HVNC • LIBELLVM
+D • D
+
+
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTORY NOTE.
+
+THIS little book has been prepared to meet the needs of my own classes.
+The selections have been made primarily with reference to their literary
+merit, but also with the intention of introducing the student to a
+number of authors not usually read in the earlier portion of the college
+course.
+
+The notes are greatly indebted to the works named under the heading,
+'Reference.'
+
+I am under obligations to Professor E. C. Morris of Syracuse University
+for the correction of the manuscript of the notes, and to Mr. N. L.
+Willey, Syracuse University, 1908, for assistance in proof-reading.
+ C. C. B.
+SYRACUSE, N.Y.
+
+
+
+READINGS FROM LATIN VERSE.
+
+CLASSICAL LATIN POETRY.
+
+
+I. ENNIUS.
+
+
+FROM THE ANNALS.
+
+
+_1. The Lament for Romulus._
+
+ Pectora fida tenet desiderium: simul inter
+ sese sic memorant, 'o Romule, Romule die,
+ qualem te patriae custodem di genuerunt!
+ O pater, o genitor, o sanguen dis oriundum,
+ tu produxisti nos intra luminis oras.' 5
+
+_2. Pyrrhus dismissing the Prisoners without Ransom._
+
+ Nec mi aurum posco nec mi pretium dederitis:
+ nec cauponantes bellum sed belligerantes
+ ferro, non auro, vitam cernamus utrique.
+ Vosne velit an me regnare era quidve ferat Fors
+ virtute experiamur. Et hoc simul accipe dictum: 5
+ quorum virtuti belli fortuna pepercit
+ eorundem libertati me parcere certumst.
+ Dono ducite doque volentibus cum magnis dis.
+
+_3. M.' Curius._
+
+ Quem nemo ferro potuit superare nec auro.
+
+_4. Q. Fabius Maximus._
+
+ Unus homo nobis cunctando restituit rem;
+ noenum rumores ponebat ante salutem;
+ ergo plusque magisque viri nunc gloria claret.
+
+_5. The Strength of Rome._
+
+ Moribus antiquis res stat Romana virisque.
+
+
+FROM THE TRAGEDIES.
+
+
+_6. A Bereaved Father's Fortitude._
+
+ Égo cum genui, túm morituros scívi et ei re sústuli.
+ Praéterea ad Troiám cum misi ob défendendam Graéciam,
+ scíbam me in mortíferum bellum, nón in epulas míttere.
+
+_7. 'Gods Careless of Mankind.'_
+
+ Égo deum genus ésse semper díxi et dicam caélitum,
+ séd eos non curáre opinor, quíd agat humanúm genus;
+ nám si curent, béne bonis sit, mále malis; quod núnc abest.
+
+
+FROM THE EPIGRAMS.
+
+
+_8. Ennius' Epitaph._
+
+ Nemo me dacrumis decoret nec funera fletu
+ faxit. Cur? Volito vivus per ora virum.
+
+
+
+II. LUCRETIUS.
+
+
+_1. 'Things unattempted yet in Prose or Rhyme.'_
+
+ Nunc age quod superest cognosce et clarius audi.
+ Nec me animi fallit quam sint obscura; sed acri
+ percussit thyrso laudis spes magna meum cor
+ et simul incussit suavem mi pectus amorem
+ musarum, quo nunc instinctus mente vigenti 5
+ avia Pieridum peragro loca nullius ante
+ trita solo. Iuvat integros accedere fontes
+ atque haurire, iuvatque novos decerpere flores
+ insignemque meo capiti petere inde coronam
+ unde prius nulli velarint tempora musae; 10
+ primum quod magnis doceo de rebus et artis
+ religionum animum nodis exsolvere pergo,
+ deinde quod obscura de re tam lucida pango
+ carmina, musaeo contingens cuncta lepore.
+ _De Rerum Natura I. 931-934._
+
+_2. The Praise of Epicurus._
+
+ E tenebris tantis tam clarum extollere lumen
+ qui primus potuisti inlustrans commoda vitae,
+ te sequor, o Graiae gentis decus, inque tuis nunc
+ ficta pedum pono pressis vestigia signis,
+ non ita certandi cupidus quam propter amorem 5
+ quod te imitari aveo; quid enim contendat hirundo
+ cycnis, aut quidnam tremulis facere artubus haedi
+ consimile in cursu possint et fortis equi vis?
+ Tu, pater, es rerum inventor, tu patria nobis
+ suppeditas praecepta, tuisque ex, inclute, chartis, 10
+ floriferis ut apes in saltibus omnia libant,
+ omnia nos itidem depascimur aurea dicta,
+ aurea, perpetua semper dignissima vita.
+ Nam simul ac ratio tua coepit vociferari
+ naturam rerum, divina mente coorta, 15
+ diffugiunt animi terrores, moenia mundi
+ discedunt, totum video per inane geri res.
+ Apparet divum numen sedesque quietae
+ quas neque concutiunt venti nec nubila nimbis
+ aspergunt neque nix acri concreta pruina 20
+ cana cadens violat semperque innubilus aether
+ integit, et large diffuso lumine rident.
+ Omnia suppeditat porro natura neque ulla
+ res animi pacem delibat tempore in ullo.
+ At contra nusquam apparent Acherusia templa 25
+ nec tellus obstat quin omnia dispiciantur,
+ sub pedibus quaecumque infra per inane geruntur.
+ His ibi me rebus quaedam divina voluptas
+ percipit adque horror, quod sic natura tua vi
+ tam manifesta patens ex omni parte retecta est. 30
+ _Id. III. 1-30._
+
+_3. The Changing Seasons._
+
+ It ver et Venus, et veris praenuntius ante
+ pennatus graditur zephyrus, vestigia propter
+ Flora quibus mater praespargens ante viai
+ cuncta coloribus egregiis et odoribus opplet.
+ Inde loci sequitur calor aridus et comes una 5
+ pulverulenta Ceres _et_ etesia flabra aquilonum.
+ Inde autumnus adit, graditur simul Euhius Euan.
+ Inde aliae tempestates ventique secuntur,
+ altitonans Volturnus et auster fulmine pollens.
+ Tandem bruma nives adfert pigrumque rigorem, 10
+ prodit hiemps, sequitur crepitans hanc dentibus algor.
+ _Id. V. 736-746._
+
+_4. The Origin of Superstition._
+
+ Ergo perfugium sibi habebant omnia divis
+ tradere et illorum nutu facere omnia flecti.
+ In caeloque deum sedes et templa locarunt,
+ per caelum volvi quia nox et luna videtur,
+ luna dies et nox et noctis signa severa 5
+ noctivagaeque faces caeli flammaeque volantes,
+ nubila sol imbres nix venti fulmina grando
+ et rapidi fremitus et murmura magna minarum.
+ O genus infelix humanum, talia divis
+ cum tribuit facta atque iras adiunxit acerbas! 10
+ quantos tum gemitus ipsi sibi, quantaque nobis
+ volnera, quas lacrimas peperere minoribu' nostris!
+ Nec pietas ullast velatum saepe videri
+ vertier ad lapidem atque omnis accedere ad aras
+ nec procumbere humi prostratum et pandere palmas 15
+ ante deum delubra nec aras sanguine multo
+ spargere quadrupedum nec votis nectere vota,
+ sed mage pacata posse omnia mente tueri.
+ Nam cum suspicimus magni caelestia mundi
+ templa, super stellisque micantibus aethera fixum, 20
+ et venit in mentem solis lunaeque viarum,
+ tunc allis oppressa malis in pectora cura
+ illa quoque expergefactum caput erigere infit,
+ nequae forte deum nobis inmensa potestas
+ sit, vario motu quae candida sidera verset. 25
+ Temptat enim dubiam mentem rationis egestas,
+ ecquaenam fuerit mundi genitalis origo,
+ et simul ecquae sit finis, quoad moenia mundi
+ solliciti motus hunc possint ferre laborem,
+ an divinitus aeterna donata salute 30
+ perpetuo possint aevi labentia tractu
+ inmensi validas aevi contemnere viris.
+ Praeterea cui non animus formidine divum
+ contrahitur, cui non correpunt membra pavore,
+ fulminis horribili cum plaga torrida tellus 35
+ contremit et magnum percurrunt murmura caelum?
+ Non populi gentesque tremunt, regesque superbi
+ corripiunt divum percussi membra timore,
+ nequid ob admissum foede dictumve superbe
+ poenarum grave sit solvendi tempus adultum? 40
+ Denique sub pedibus tellus cum tota vacillat
+ concussaeque cadunt urbes dubiaeque minantur,
+ quid mirum si se temnunt mortalia saecla
+ atque potestatis magnas mirasque relinqunt
+ in rebus viris divum, quae cuncta gubernent? 45
+ _Id. V. 1186-1225, 1236-1240._
+
+
+
+III. CATULLUS.
+
+
+_1. Exposed to a Draft._
+
+ Furi, villula nostra non ad Austri
+ flatus oppositast neque ad Favoni
+ nec saevi Boreae aut Apeliotae,
+ verum ad milia quindecim et ducentos.
+ O ventum horribilem atque pestilentem! 5
+ _XXVI._
+
+_2. An Affected Pronunciation._
+
+ Chommoda dicebat, si quando commoda vellet
+ dicere, et insidias Arrius hinsidias,
+ et tum mirifice sperabat se esse locutum,
+ cum quantum poterat dixerat hinsidias.
+ Credo, sic mater, sic liber avonculus eius, 5
+ sic maternus avos dixerat atque avia.
+ Hoc misso in Syriam requierant omnibus aures:
+ audibant eadem haec leniter et leviter,
+ nec sibi postilla metuebant talia verba,
+ cum subito adfertur nuntius horribilis, 10
+ Ionios fluctus, postquam illuc Arrius isset,
+ iam non Ionios esse, sed Hionios.
+ _LXXXIV._
+
+_3. The Dead Pet._
+
+ Lugete, o Veneres Cupidinesque
+ et quantum est hominum venustiorum!
+ Passer mortuus est meae puellae,
+ passer, deliciae meae puellae,
+ quem plus illa oculis suis amabat; 5
+ nam mellitus erat, suamque norat
+ ipsam tam bene quam puella matrem,
+ nec sese a gremio illius movebat
+ sed circumsiliens modo huc modo illuc
+ ad solam dominam usque pipilabat. 10
+ Qui nunc it per iter tenebricosum
+ illuc unde negant redire quemquam.
+ At vobis male sit, malae tenebrae
+ Orci, quae omnia bella devoratis;
+ tam bellum mihi passerem abstulistis. 15
+ O factum male! io miselle passer!
+ Tua nunc opera meae puellae
+ flendo turgiduli rubent ocelli.
+ _III._
+
+_4. Veranius, Welcome!_
+
+ Verani, omnibus e meis amicis
+ antistans mihi milibus trecentis,
+ venistine domum ad tuos penates
+ fratresque unanimos anumque matrem?
+ Venisti! o mihi nuntii beati! 5
+ Visam te incolumem audiamque Hiberum
+ narrantem loca, facta, nationes,
+ ut mos est tuus, adplicansque collum
+ iucundum os oculosque saviabor.
+ O quantum est hominum beatiorum, 10
+ quid me laetius est beatiusve?
+ _IX._
+
+_5. Homeward Bound._
+
+ Iam ver egelidos refert tepores,
+ iam caeli furor aequinoctialis
+ iucundis Zephyri silescit auris.
+ Linquantur Phrygii, Catulle, campi
+ Nicaeaeque ager uber aestuosae: 5
+ ad claras Asiae volemus urbes.
+ Iam mens praetrepidans avet vagari,
+ iam laeti studio pedes vigescunt.
+ O dulces comitum valete coetus,
+ longe quos simul a domo profectos 10
+ diversae variae viae reportant.
+ _XLVI._
+
+_6. Home at Last._
+
+ Paene insularum, Sirmio, insularumque
+ ocelle, quascumque in liquentibus stagnis
+ marique vasto fert uterque Neptunus,
+ quam te libenter quamque laetus inviso,
+ vix mi ipse credens Thyniam atque Bithynos 5
+ liquisse campos et videre te in tuto!
+ O quid solutis est beatius curis,
+ cum mens onus reponit, ac peregrino
+ labore fessi venimus larem ad nostrum
+ desideratoque adquiescimus lecto? 10
+ Hoc est quod unum est pro laboribus tantis.
+ Salve, o venusta Sirmio, atque ero gaude:
+ gaudete vosque, o Lydiae lacus undae:
+ ridete, quidquid est domi cachinnorum.
+ _XXXI._
+
+_7. Sympathy in Sorrow._
+
+ Si quicquam mutis gratum acceptumve sepulcris
+ accidere a nostro, Calve, dolore potest,
+ quo desiderio veteres renovamus amores
+ atque olim missas flemus amicitias,
+ certe non tanto mors inmatura dolori est 5
+ Quintiliae, quantum gaudet amore tuo.
+ _XCVI._
+
+_8. 'Vita Frater Amabilior.'_
+
+ Etsi me adsiduo confectum cura dolore
+ sevocat a doctis, Ortale, virginibus,
+ nec potis est dulcis Musarum expromere fetus
+ mens animi: tantis fluctuat ipsa malis:
+ namque mei nuper Lethaeo gurgite fratris 5
+ pallidulum manans adluit unda pedem,
+ Troia Rhoeteo quem subter litore tellus
+ ereptum nostris obterit ex oculis.
+ . . . . . .
+ Nunquam ego te vita frater amabilior
+ adspiciam posthac: at certe semper amabo, 10
+ semper maesta tua carmina morte canam,
+ qualia sub densis ramorum concinit umbris
+ Daulias absumpti fata gemens Ityli:
+ sed tamen in tantis maeroribus, Ortale, mitto
+ haec expressa tibi carmina Battiadae, 15
+ ne tua dicta vagis nequiquam credita ventis
+ effluxisse meo forte putes animo.
+ _LXV. 1-8, 10-18._
+
+_9. 'Frater, Ave atque Vale.'_
+
+ Multas per gentes et multa per aequora vectus
+ advenio has miseras, frater, ad inferias,
+ ut te postremo donarem munere mortis
+ et mutam nequiquam adloquerer cinerem,
+ quandoquidem fortuna mihi tete abstulit ipsum, 5
+ heu miser indigne frater adempte mihi.
+ Nunc tamen interea haec, prisco quae more parentum
+ tradita sunt tristi munere ad inferias,
+ accipe fraterno multum manantia fletu
+ atque in perpetuum, frater, ave atque vale. 10
+ _CI._
+
+
+
+IV. VERGIL.
+
+
+_1. The Tale of Aristaeus._
+
+ Quis deus hanc, Musae, quis nobis extudit artem?
+ Unde nova ingressus hominum experientia cepit?
+ Pastor Aristaeus fugiens Peneia Tempe,
+ amissis, ut fama, apibus morboque fameque,
+ tristis ad extremi sacrum caput adstitit amnis, 5
+ multa querens, atque hac adfatus voce parentem:
+ mater, Cyrene mater, quae gurgitis huius
+ ima tenes, quid me praeclara stirpe deorum--
+ si modo, quem perhibes, pater est Thymbraeus Apollo--
+ invisum fatis genuisti? aut quo tibi nostri 10
+ pulsus amor? quid me caelum sperare iubebas?
+ En etiam hunc ipsum vitae mortalis honorem,
+ quem mihi vix frugum et pecudum custodia sollers
+ omnia temptanti extuderat, te matre, relinquo.
+ Quin age, et ipsa manu felicis erue silvas, 15
+ fer stabulis inimicum ignem atque interfice messis,
+ ure sata, et validam in vitis molire bipennem,
+ tanta meae si te ceperunt taedia laudis.
+ At mater sonitum thalamo sub fluminis alti
+ sensit. Eam circum Milesia vellera Nymphae 20
+ carpebant, hyali saturo fucata colore,
+ Drymoque, Xanthoque, Ligeaque, Phyllodoceque,
+ caesariem effusae nitidam per candida colla.
+ [Nesaee, Spioque, Thaliaque, Cymodoceque,]
+ Cydippeque et flava Lycorias, altera virgo, 25
+ altera tum primos Lucinae experta labores,
+ Clioque et Beroe soror, Oceanitides ambae,
+ ambae auro, pictis incinctae pellibus ambae,
+ atque Ephyre, atque Opis, et Asia Deiopea,
+ et tandem positis velox Arethusa sagittis. 30
+ Inter quas curam Clymene narrabat inanem
+ Volcani, Martisque dolos et dulcia furta,
+ aque Chao densos divom numerabat amores.
+ Carmine quo captae dum fusis mollia pensa
+ devolvunt, iterum maternas inpulit auris 35
+ luctus Aristaei, vitreisque sedilibus omnes
+ obstipuere; sed ante alias Arethusa sorores
+ prospiciens summa flavum caput extulit unda,
+ et procul: O gemitu non frustra exterrita tanto,
+ Cyrene soror, ipse tibi, tua maxuma cura, 40
+ tristis Aristaeus Penei genitoris ad undam
+ stat lacrimans, et te crudelem nomine dicit.
+ Huic percussa nova mentem formidine mater,
+ Duc, age, duc ad nos; fas illi limina divom
+ tangere, ait. Simul alta iubet discedere late 45
+ flumina, qua iuvenis gressus inferret. At illum
+ curvata in montis faciem circumstetit unda
+ accepitque sinu vasto misitque sub amnem.
+ Iamque domum mirans genetricis et humida regna
+ speluncisque lacus clausos lucosque sonantis 50
+ ibat, et ingenti motu stupefactus aquarum
+ omnia sub magna labentia flumina terra
+ spectabat diversa locis, Phasimque, Lycumque,
+ et caput, unde altus primum se erumpit Enipeus,
+ unde pater Tiberinus, et unde Aniena fluenta, 55
+ saxosusque sonans Hypanis, Mysusque Caicus,
+ et gemina auratus taurino cornua voltu
+ Eridanus, quo non alius per pinguia culta
+ in mare purpureum violentior effluit amnis.
+ Postquam est in thalami pendentia pumice tecta 60
+ perventum, et nati fletus cognovit inanis
+ Cyrene, manibus liquidos dant ordine fontis
+ germanae, tonsisque ferunt mantelia villis;
+ pars epulis onerant mensas, et plena reponunt
+ pocula; Panchaeis adolescunt ignibus arae; 65
+ et mater, Cape Maeonii carchesia Bacchi:
+ Oceano libemus, ait. Simul ipsa precatur
+ Oceanumque patrem rerum Nymphasque sorores,
+ centum quae silvas, centum quae flumina servant.
+ Ter liquido ardentem perfudit nectare Vestam, 70
+ ter flamma ad summum tecti subiecta reluxit.
+ Omine quo firmans animum sic incipit ipsa:
+ Est in Carpathio Neptuni gurgite vates
+ caeruleus Proteus, magnum qui piscibus aequor
+ et iuncto bipedum curru metitur equorum. 75
+ Hic nunc Emathiae portus patriamque revisit
+ Pallenen; hunc et Nymphae veneramur et ipse
+ grandaevus Nereus; novit namque omnia vates,
+ quae sint, quae fuerint, quae mox ventura trahantur.
+ Quippe ita Neptuno visum est, inmania cuius 80
+ armenta et turpis pascit sub gurgite phocas.
+ Hic tibi, nate, prius vinclis capiendus, ut omnem
+ expediat morbi caussam, eventusque secundet.
+ Nam sine vi non ulla dabit praecepta, neque illum
+ orando flectes: vim duram et vincula capto 85
+ tende; doli circum haec demum frangentur inanes.
+ Ipsa ego te, medios cum sol accenderit aestus,
+ cum sitiunt herbae, et pecori iam gratior umbra est,
+ in secreta senis ducam, quo fessus ab undis
+ se recipit, facile ut somno adgrediare iacentem. 90
+ Verum ubi correptum manibus vinclisque tenebis,
+ tum variae eludent species atque ora ferarum.
+ Fiet enim subito sus horridus, atraque tigris,
+ squamosusque draco, et fulva cervice leaena;
+ aut acrem flammae sonitum dabit, atque ita vinclis 95
+ excidet, aut in aquas tenuis dilapsus abibit.
+ Sed quanto ille magis formas se vertet in omnis,
+ tanto, nate, magis contende tenacia vincla,
+ donec talis erit mutato corpore, qualem
+ videris, incepto tegeret cum lumina somno. 100
+ Haec ait, et liquidum ambrosiae diffundit odorem,
+ quo totum nati corpus perduxit; at illi
+ dulcis conpositis spiravit crinibus aura,
+ atque habilis membris venit vigor. Est specus ingens
+ exesi latere in montis, quo plurima vento 105
+ cogitur inque sinus scindit sese unda reductos,
+ deprensis olim statio tutissima nautis;
+ intus se vasti Proteus tegit obiice saxi.
+ Hic iuvenem in latebris aversum a lumine Nympha
+ collocat; ipsa procul nebulis obscura resistit. 110
+ Iam rapidus torrens sitientis Sirius Indos
+ ardebat caelo, et medium sol igneus orbem
+ hauserat; arebant herbae, et cava flumina siccis
+ faucibus ad limum radii tepefacta coquebant:
+ cum Proteus consueta petens e fluctibus antra 115
+ ibat; eum vasti circum gens humida ponti
+ exsultans rorem late dispergit amarum.
+ Sternunt se somno diversae in litore phocae;
+ ipse, velut stabuli custos in montibus olim,
+ vesper ubi e pastu vitulos ad tecta reducit 120
+ auditisque lupos acuunt balatibus agni,
+ considit scopulo medius, numerumque recenset.
+ Cuius Aristaeo quoniam est oblata facultas,
+ vix defessa senem passus conponere membra,
+ cum clamore ruit magno, manicisque iacentem 125
+ occupat. Ille suae contra non inmemor artis
+ omnia transformat sese in miracula rerum,
+ ignemque, horribilemque feram, fluviumque liquentem.
+ Verum ubi nulla fugam reperit fallacia, victus
+ in sese redit, atque hominis tandem ore locutus: 130
+ Nam quis te, iuvenum confidentissime, nostras
+ iussit adire domos? quidve hinc petis? inquit. At ille:
+ Scis, Proteu, scis ipse; neque est te fallere quicquam;
+ sed tu desine velle. Deum praecepta secuti
+ venimus, hinc lassis quaesitum oracula rebus. 135
+ Tantum effatus. Ad haec vates vi denique multa
+ ardentis oculos intorsit lumine glauco,
+ et graviter frendens sic fatis ora resolvit:
+ Non te nullius exercent numinis irae.
+ Magna luis commissa: tibi has miserabilis Orpheus 140
+ haud quaquam ob meritum poenas, ni Fata resistant,
+ suscitat, et rapta graviter pro coniuge saevit.
+ Illa quidem, dum te fugeret per flumina praeceps,
+ inmanem ante pedes hydrum moritura puella
+ servantem ripas alta non vidit in herba. 145
+ At chorus aequalis Dryadum clamore supremos
+ inplerunt montis; flerunt Rhodopeiae arces,
+ altaque Pangaea, et Rhesi Mavortia tellus,
+ atque Getae, atque Hebrus, et Actias Orithyia.
+ Ipse, cava solans aegrum testudine amorem, 150
+ te, dulcis coniunx, te solo in litore secum,
+ te veniente die, te decedente canebat.
+ Taenarias etiam fauces, alta ostia Ditis,
+ et caligantem nigra formidine lucum
+ ingressus, Manisque adiit Regemque tremendum, 155
+ nesciaque humanis precibus mansuescere corda.
+ At cantu commotae Erebi de sedibus imis
+ umbrae ibant tenues simulacraque luce carentum,
+ quam multa in foliis avium se milia condunt,
+ vesper ubi aut hibernus agit de montibus imber, 160
+ matres atque viri, defunctaque corpora vita
+ magnanimum heroum, pueri innuptaeque puellae,
+ inpositique rogis iuvenes ante ora parentum;
+ quos circum limus niger et deformis arundo
+ Cocyti tardaque palus inamabilis unda 165
+ alligat, et noviens Styx interfusa coercet.
+ Quin ipsae stupuere domus atque intima Leti
+ Tartara caeruleosque inplexae crinibus anguis
+ Eumenides, tenuitque inhians tria Cerberus ora,
+ atque Ixionii vento rota constitit orbis. 170
+ Iamque pedem referens casus evaserat omnis,
+ redditaque Eurydice superas veniebat ad auras,
+ pone sequens,--namque hanc dederat Proserpina legem--
+ cum subita incautum dementia cepit amantem,
+ ignoscenda quidem, scirent si ignoscere Manes: 175
+ restitit, Eurydicenque suam, iam luce sub ipsa,
+ inmemor, heu! victusque animi respexit. Ibi omnis
+ effusus labor, atque inmitis rupta tyranni
+ foedera, terque fragor stagnis auditus Avernis.
+ Illa, Quis et me, inquit, miseram, et te perdidit, Orpheu, 180
+ quis tantus furor? En iterum crudelia retro
+ fata vocant, conditque natantia lumina somnus.
+ Iamque vale: feror ingenti circumdata nocte,
+ invalidasque tibi tendens, heu non tua, palmas!
+ Dixit, et ex oculis subito, ceu fumus in auras 185
+ commixtus tenuis, fugit diversa, neque illum,
+ prensantem nequiquam umbras et multa volentem
+ dicere, praeterea vidit; nec portitor Orci
+ amplius obiectam passus transire paludem.
+ Quid faceret? quo se rapta bis coniuge ferret? 190
+ Quo fletu Manis, qua Numina voce moveret?
+ Illa quidem Stygia nabat iam frigida cymba.
+ Septem illum totos perhibent ex ordine menses
+ rupe sub aeria deserti ad Strymonis undam
+ flevisse, et gelidis haec evolvisse sub antris, 195
+ mulcentem tigris et agentem carmine quercus;
+ qualis populea maerens philomela sub umbra
+ amissos queritur fetus, quos durus arator
+ observans nido inplumis detraxit; at illa
+ flet noctem, ramoque sedens miserabile carmen 200
+ integrat, et maestis late loca questibus inplet.
+ Nulla Venus, non ulli animum flexere hymenaei.
+ Solus Hyperboreas glacies Tanaimque nivalem
+ arvaque Rhipaeis numquam viduata pruinis
+ lustrabat, raptam Eurydicen atque inrita Ditis 205
+ dona querens; spretae Ciconum quo munere matres
+ inter sacra deum nocturnique orgia Bacchi
+ discerptum latos iuvenem sparsere per agros.
+ Tum quoque marmorea caput a cervice revolsum
+ gurgite cum medio portans Oeagrius Hebrus 210
+ volveret, Eurydicen vox ipsa et frigida lingua,
+ Ah miseram Eurydicen! anima fugiente vocabat;
+ Eurydicen toto referebant flumine ripae.
+ Haec Proteus, et se iactu dedit aequor in altum,
+ quaque dedit, spumantem undam sub vertice torsit. 215
+ At non Cyrene; namque ultro adfata timentem:
+ Nate, licet tristis animo deponere curas.
+ Haec omnis morbi caussa; hinc miserabile Nymphae,
+ cum quibus illa choros lucis agitabat in altis,
+ exitium misere apibus. Tu munera supplex 220
+ tende, petens pacem, et facilis venerare Napaeas;
+ namque dabunt veniam votis, irasque remittent.
+ Sed, modus orandi qui sit, prius ordine dicam.
+ Quattuor eximios praestanti corpore tauros,
+ qui tibi nunc viridis depascunt summa Lycaei, 225
+ delige, et intacta totidem cervice iuvencas.
+ Quattuor his aras alta ad delubra dearum
+ constitue, et sacrum iugulis demitte cruorem,
+ corporaque ipsa boum frondoso desere luco.
+ Post, ubi nona suos Aurora ostenderit ortus, 230
+ inferias Orphei Lethaea papavera mittes,
+ et nigram mactabis ovem, lucumque revises;
+ placatam Eurydicen vitula venerabere caesa.
+ Haud mora; continuo matris praecepta facessit;
+ ad delubra venit, monstratas excitat aras, 235
+ quattuor eximios praestanti corpore tauros
+ ducit, et intacta totidem cervice iuvencas.
+ Post ubi nona suos Aurora induxerat ortus,
+ inferias Orphei mittit, lucumque revisit.
+ Hic vero subitum ac dictu mirabile monstrum 240
+ aspiciunt, liquefacta boum per viscera toto
+ stridere apes utero et ruptis effervere costis,
+ inmensasque trahi nubes, iamque arbore summa
+ confluere et lentis uvam demittere ramis.
+ _Georgics IV. 315-558._
+
+
+
+V. PHAEDRUS.
+
+
+_1. Prologue._
+
+ Aesopus auctor quam materiam repperit,
+ hanc ego polivi versibus senariis.
+ Duplex libelli dos est: quod risum movet
+ et quod prudenti vitam consilio monet.
+ Calumniari siquis autem voluerit, 5
+ quod arbores loquantur, non tantum ferae,
+ fictis iocari nos meminerit fabulis.
+ _I. Prologus._
+
+_2. The Wolf and the Lamb._
+
+ Ad rivum eundem lupus et agnus venerant
+ siti compulsi; superior stabat lupus
+ longeque inferior agnus. Tunc fauce improba
+ latro incitatus iurgii causam intulit.
+ Cur, inquit, turbulentam fecisti mihi 5
+ aquam bibenti? Laniger contra timens:
+ Qui possum, quaeso, facere quod quereris, lupe?
+ A te decurrit ad meos haustus liquor.
+ Repulsus ille veritatis viribus:
+ Ante hos sex mensis male, ait, dixisti mihi. 10
+ Respondit agnus: Equidem natus non eram.
+ Pater hercle tuus, ille inquit, maledixit mihi.
+ Atque ita conreptum lacerat iniusta nece.
+ Haec propter illos scripta est homines fabula,
+ qui fictis causis innocentes opprimunt. 15
+ _I. 1._
+
+_3. The Dog, the Meat, and the River; or, Greed its own Punishment._
+
+ Amittit merito proprium qui alienum adpetit.
+ Canis per flumen carnem dum ferret natans,
+ lympharum in speculo vidit simulacrum suum,
+ aliamque praedam ab altero ferri putans
+ eripere voluit: verum decepta aviditas 5
+ et quem tenebat ore dimisit cibum,
+ nec quem petebat potuit adeo adtingere.
+ _I. 4._
+
+_4. Aesop and the Insolent Fellow._
+
+ Successus ad perniciem multos devocat.
+ Aesopo quidam petulans lapidem impegerat.
+ Tanto, inquit, melior! Assem deinde illi dedit,
+ sic prosecutus: Plus non habeo mehercule,
+ sed, unde accipere possis, monstrabo tibi. 5
+ Venit ecce dives et potens: huic similiter
+ impinge lapidem et dignum accipies praemium.
+ Persuasus ille fecit quod monitus fuit;
+ sed spes fefellit inpudentem audaciam:
+ conprensus namque poenas persolvit cruce. 10
+ _III. 5._
+
+_5. How Castor and Pollux rewarded Simonides._
+
+ Quantum valerent inter homines litterae,
+ dixi superius: quantus nunc illis honos
+ a superis sit tributus, tradam memoriae.
+ Simonides idem ille, de quo rettuli,
+ victori laudem cuidam pyctae ut scriberet, 5
+ certo conductus pretio secretum petit.
+ Exigua cum frenaret materia impetum,
+ usus poetae more est et licentia
+ atque interposuit gemina Ledae pignera,
+ auctoritatem similis referens gloriae. 10
+ Opus adprobavit; sed mercedis tertiam
+ accepit partem. Cum relicuam posceret:
+ illi, inquit, reddent, quorum sunt laudis duae.
+ Verum, ut ne irate te dimissum censeas,
+ ad cenam mihi promitte; cognatos volo 15
+ hodie invitare, quorum es in numero mihi.
+ Fraudatus quamvis et dolens iniuria,
+ ne male dissimulans gratiam corrumperet,
+ promisit. Rediit hora dicta, recubuit.
+ Splendebat hilare poculis convivium, 20
+ magno adparatu laeta resonabat domus:
+ repente duo cum iuvenes spavsi pulvere,
+ sudore multo diffluentes, corpora
+ humanam supra formam, cuidam servulo
+ mandant, ut ad se provocet Simonidem; 25
+ illius interesse, ne faciat moram.
+ Homo perturbatus excitat Simonidem.
+ Unum promorat vix pedem triclinio,
+ ruina camarae subito oppressit ceteros;
+ nec ulli iuvenes sunt reperti ad ianuam. 30
+ Ut est vulgatus ordo narratae rei,
+ omnes scierunt numinum praesentiam
+ vati dedisse vitam mercedis loco.
+ _IV. 25._
+
+_6. The Delphic Oracle._
+
+ Utilius nobis quid sit dic, Phoebe, obsecro,
+ qui Delphos et famosum Parnasum incolis.
+ Quid est? Sacratae vatis horrescunt comae,
+ tripodes moventur, mugit adytis Religio,
+ tremuntque lauri et ipse pallescit dies. 5
+ Voces resolvit icta Pytho numine:
+ Audite, gentes, Delii monitus dei:
+ Pietatem colite; vota superis reddite;
+ patriam, parentes, natos, castas coniuges
+ defendite armis, ferroque hostem pellite; 10
+ amicos sublevate; miseris parcite;
+ bonis favete, subdolis ite obviam;
+ delicta vindicate; castigate impios;
+ punite turpi thalamos qui violant stupro;
+ malos cavete; nulli nimium credite. 15
+ Haec elocuta concidit virgo furens:
+ furens profecto, nam quae dixit perdidit.
+ _Appendix 6._
+
+_7. The Wit, the Rustic, and the Pig; or, How Prejudice met its Deserved
+Humiliation._
+
+ Pravo favore labi mortales solent
+ et, pro iudicio dum stant erroris sui,
+ ad paenitendum rebus manifestis agi.
+ Facturus ludos quidam dives nobilis
+ proposito cunctos invitavit praemio, 5
+ quam quisque posset ut novitatem ostenderet.
+ Venere artifices laudis ad certamina;
+ quos inter scurra, notus urbano sale,
+ habere dixit se genus spectaculi,
+ quod in theatre numquam prolatum foret . 10
+ Dispersus rumor civitatem concitat.
+ Paulo ante vacua turbam deficiunt loca.
+ In scaena vero postquam solus constitit
+ sine adparatu, nullis adiutoribus,
+ silentium ipsa fecit expectatio. 15
+ Ille in sinum repente demisit caput
+ et sic porcelli vocem est imitatus sua,
+ verum ut subesse pallio contenderent
+ et excuti iuberent. Quo facto simul
+ nihil est repertum, multis onerant laudibus 20
+ hominemque plausu prosequuntur maximo.
+ Hoc vidit fieri rusticus. Non mehercule
+ me vincet, inquit: et statim professus est
+ idem facturum melius se postridie.
+ Fit turba maior. Iam favor mentes tenet 25
+ et derisuri, non spectaturi, sedent.
+ Uterque prodit. Scurra degrunnit prior
+ movetque plausus et clamores suscitat.
+ Tunc simulans sese vestimentis rusticus
+ porcellum obtegere, (quod faciebat scilicet, 30
+ sed, in priore quia nil compererant, latens)
+ pervellit aurem vero, quem celaverat,
+ et cum dolore vocem naturae exprimit.
+ Adclamat populus scurram multo similius
+ imitatum, et cogit rusticum trudi foras. 35
+ At ille profert ipsum porcellum e sinu,
+ turpemque aperto pignore errorem probans:
+ En hic declarat, quales sitis indices!
+ _V. 5._
+
+
+
+VI. SENECA.
+
+
+_1. The Rashness of the First Navigators Rebuked._
+
+ Audax nimium qui freta primus
+ rate tam fragili perfida rupit
+ terrasque suas post terga videns
+ animam levibus credidit auris,
+ dubioque secaus aequora cursu 5
+ potuit tenui fidere ligno,
+ inter vitae mortisque vias
+ nimium gracili limite ducto.
+ Candida nostri saecula patres
+ videre, procul fraude remota. 10
+ Sua quisque piger litora tangens
+ patrioque senex factus in arvo,
+ parvo dives, nisi quas tulerat
+ natale solum, non norat opes:
+ nondum quisquam sidera norat, 15
+ stellisque quibus pingitur aether
+ non erat usus, nondum pluvias
+ Hyadas poterat vitare ratis,
+ non Oleniae lumina caprae,
+ nec quae sequitur flectitque senex 20
+ Attica tardus plaustra Bootes,
+ nondum Boreas, nondum Zephyrus
+ nomen habebant.
+ Ausus Tiphys pandere vasto
+ carbasa ponto legesque novas 25
+ scribere ventis.
+ . . . . . .
+ Bene dissaepti foedera mundi
+ traxit in unum Thessala pinus
+ iussitque pati verbera pontum,
+ partemque metus fieri nostri 30
+ mare sepositum.
+ Dedit illa graves improba poenas
+ per tam longos ducta timores,
+ cum duo montes, claustra profundi,
+ hinc atque illinc subito impulsu 35
+ velut aetherio gemerent sonitu,
+ spargeret arces nubesque ipsas
+ mare deprensum.
+ Palluit audax Tiphys et omnes
+ labente manu misit habenas, 40
+ Orpheus tacuit torpente lyra
+ ipsaque vocem perdidit Argo.
+ Quid cum Siculi virgo Pelori,
+ rabidos utero succincta canes,
+ omnes pariter solvit hiatus? 45
+ Quis non totos horruit artus
+ totiens uno latrante malo?
+ Quid cum Ausonium dirae pestes
+ voce canora mare mulcerent,
+ cum Pieria resonans cithara 50
+ Thracius Orpheus solitam cantu
+ retinere rates paene coegit
+ Sirena sequi? Quod fuit huius
+ pretium cursus? Aurea pellis
+ maiusque mari Medea malum, 55
+ merces prima digna carina.
+
+_Man now Master of the Sea._
+
+ Nunc iam cessit pontus et omnes
+ patitur leges: non Palladia
+ compacta manu regumque ferens
+ inclita remos quaeritur Argo-- 60
+ quaelibet altum cumba pererrat;
+ terminus omnis motus et urbes
+ muros terra posuere nova,
+ nil qua fuerat sede reliquit
+ pervius orbis: 65
+ Indus gelidum potat Araxen,
+ Albin Persae Rhenumque bibunt--
+
+_'The Prophecy of Nero's Tutor-victim.'_
+
+ venient annis saecula seris,
+ quibus oceanus vincula rerum
+ laxet et ingens pateat tellus 70
+ Tethysque novos detegat orbes
+ nec sit terris ultima Thule.
+ _Medea 301-320, 329-379._
+
+_2. The Return of Agamemnon._
+
+ _Agamemnon._ Tandem revertor sospes ad patrios laris;
+ o cara salve terra. Tibi tot barbarae
+ dedere gentes spolia, tibi felix diu
+ potentes Asiae Troia submisit manus.
+ Quid ista vates corpus effusa ac tremens 5
+ dubia labat cervice? Famuli, adtollite,
+ refovete gelido latice. Iam recipit diem
+ marcente visu. Suscita sensus tuos:
+ optatus ille portus aerumnis adest.
+ Festus dies est.
+ _Cassandra._ Festus et Troiae fuit. 10
+ _Agam._ Veneremur aras.
+ _Cass._ Cecidit ante aras pater.
+ _Agam._ Iovem precemur.
+ _Cass _ Pariter Herceum Iovem?
+ _Agam._ Credis videre te Ilium?
+ _Cass._ Et Priamum simul.
+ _Agam._ Hic Troia non est.
+ _Cass._ Ubi Helena est Troiam puto.
+ _Agam._ Ne metue dominam famula.
+ _Cass._ Libertas adest. 15
+ _Agam._ Secura vive.
+ _Cass._ Mihi mori est securitas.
+ _Agam._ Nullum est periculum tibimet.
+ _Cass._ At magnum tibi.
+ _Agam._ Victor timere quid potest?
+ _Cass._ Quod non timet.
+ _Agam._ Hanc fida, famuli, turba, dum excutiat deum,
+ retinete ne quid impotens peccet furor. 20
+ At te, pater, qui saeva torques fulmina
+ pellisque nubis, sidera et terras regis,
+ ad quem triumphi spolia victores ferunt,
+ et te sororem cuncta pollentis viri,
+ Argolica Iuno, pecore votivo libens 25
+ Arabumque donis supplice et fibra colam.
+ _Agamemnon 782-807._
+
+
+
+VII. LUCAN.
+
+_1. The Energy of Caesar._
+
+ Caesar in omnia praeceps,
+ nil actum credens cum quid superesset agendum.
+ _Pharsalia II. 656, 657._
+
+_2. Equal Authorities and Opposite Verdicts._
+
+ Nec quemquam iam ferre potest Caesarve priorem
+ Pompeiusve parem. Quis iustius induit arma,
+ scire nefas: magno se iudice quisque tuetur:
+ victrix causa deis placuit, sed victa Catoni.
+ _Id. I. 125-128._
+
+_3. Cato refusing to consult the Oracle of Jupiter Ammon._
+
+ Ille deo plenus, tacita quem mente gerebat,
+ effudit dignas adytis e pectore voces:
+ 'Quid quaeri, Labiene, iubes? An liber in armis
+ occubuisse velim potius, quam regna videre?
+ an sit vita nihil, et longa? an differat aetas? 5
+ an noceat vis ulla bono? Fortunaque perdat
+ opposita virtute minas? laudandaque velle
+ sit satis, et numquam successu crescat honestum?
+ Scimus, et haec nobis non altius inseret Hammon.
+ Haeremus cuncti superis, temploque tacente, 10
+ nil agimus nisi sponte dei: nec vocibus ullis
+ numen eget: dixitque semel nascentibus auctor
+ quidquid scire licet: steriles nec legit harenas,
+ ut caneret paucis, mersitque hoc pulvere verum:
+ estque dei sedes, ubi terra, et pontus, et aer, 15
+ et caelum, et virtus. Superos quid quaerimus ultra?
+ Iuppiter est quodcumque vides, quodcumque moveris.
+ Sortilegis egeant dubii, semperque futuris
+ casibus ancipites: me non oracula certum,
+ sed mors certa facit: pavido fortique cadendum est. 20
+ Hoc satis est dixisse Iovem.' Sic ille profatur:
+ servataque fide templi discedit ab aris,
+ non exploratum populis Hammona relinquens.
+ _Id. IX. 564-586._
+
+_4. Cato in the Desert._
+
+ Ipse manu sua pila gerens praecedit anheli
+ militis ora pedes: monstrat tolerare labores,
+ non iubet: et nulla vehitur cervice supinus,
+ carpentoque sedens. Somni parcissimus ipse est,
+ ultimus haustor aquae. Cum tandem fonte reperto 5
+ indiga conatur laticis potare iuventus,
+ stat dum lixa bibat. Si veris magna paratur
+ fama bonis, et si successu nuda remoto
+ inspicitur virtus, quidquid laudamus in ullo
+ maiorum Fortuna fuit. Quis Marte secundo, 10
+ quis tantum meruit populorum sanguine nomen?
+ Hunc ego per Syrtes, Libyaeque extrema triumphum
+ ducere maluerim, quam ter Capitolia curru
+ scandere Pompeii, quam frangere colla Iugurthae.
+ Ecce parens verus patriae, dignissimus aris, 15
+ Roma, tuis!
+ _Id. IX. 587-602._
+
+_5. The Character of Cato._
+
+ Hi mores, haec duri inmota Catonis
+ secta fuit: servare modum, finemque tenere,
+ naturamque sequi, patriaeque inpendere vitam;
+ nec sibi, sed toti genitum se credere mundo.
+ Huic epulae, vicisse famem: magnique penates, 5
+ submovisse hiemem tecto: pretiosaque vestis,
+ hirtam membra super Romani more Quiritis
+ induxisse togam.
+ Urbi pater est, Urbique maritus:
+ iustitiae cultor, rigidi servator honesti: 10
+ in commune bonus: nullosque Catonis in actus
+ subrepsit partemque tulit sibi nata voluptas.
+ _Id. II. 380-391._
+
+
+
+VIII. STATIUS.
+
+_1. To Sleep._
+
+ Crimine quo merui, iuvenis placidissime divum,
+ quove errore miser donis ut solus egerem,
+ Somne, tuis? Tacet omne pecus volucresque feraeque
+ et simulant fessos curvata cacumina somnos,
+ nec trucibus fluviis idem sonus, occidit horror 5
+ aequoris et terris maria adclinata quiescunt.
+ Septima iam rediens Phoebe mihi respicit aegras
+ stare genas, totidem Oetaeae Paphiaeque revisunt
+ lampades et totiens nostros Tithonia questus
+ praeterit et gelido spargit miserata flagello. 10
+ Unde ego sufficiam? Non sunt mihi lumina mille,
+ quae sacer alterna tantum statione tenebat
+ Argus et haud unquam vigilabat corpore toto.
+ At nunc, heu, si aliquis ultro te, Somne, repellit,
+ inde veni! Nec te totas infundere pennas 15
+ luminibus compello meis (hoc turba precetur
+ laetior); extremo me tange cacumine virgae,
+ sufficit, aut leviter suspenso poplite transi.
+ _Silvae V. 4._
+
+
+
+IX. MARTIAL.
+
+_1. Misplaced Eloquence._
+
+ Non de vi neque caede nec veneno,
+ sed lis est mihi de tribus capellis:
+ vicini queror has abesse furto.
+ Hoc iudex sibi postulat probari:
+ tu Cannas Mithridaticumque bellum 5
+ et periuria Punici furoris
+ et Sullas Mariosque Muciosque
+ magna voce sonas manuque tota.
+ Iam dic, Postume, de tribus capellis.
+ _VI. 19._
+
+_2. A Wise Precaution._
+
+ Cur non mitto meos tibi, Pontiliane, libellos?
+ Ne mihi tu mittas, Pontiliane, tuos.
+ _VII. 3._
+
+_3. An Improbable Situation._
+
+ Saepe rogare soles, qualis sim, Prisce, futurus,
+ si fiam locuples simque repente potens.
+ Quemquam posse putas mores narrare futuros?
+ Dic mihi, si fias tu leo, qualis eris?
+ _XII. 92._
+
+_4. The Country Resident seeking City Markets._
+
+ Capena grandi porta qua pluit gutta
+ Phrygiumque Matris Almo qua lavat ferrum,
+ Horatiorum qua viret sacer campus
+ et qua pusilli fervet Herculis fanum,
+ Faustine, plena Bassus ibat in raeda, 5
+ omnes beati copias trahens ruris.
+ Illic videres frutice nobili caules
+ et utrumque porrum sessilesque lactucas
+ pigroque ventri non inutiles betas.
+ Illic coronam pinguibus gravem turdis 10
+ leporemque laesum Gallici canis dente
+ nondumque victa lacteum faba porcum.
+ Nec feriatus ibat ante carrucam,
+ sed tuta faeno cursor ova portabat.
+ Urbem petebat Bassus? Immo rus ibat. 15
+ _III. 47._
+
+_5. The Miniature Farm._
+
+ Donasti, Lupe, rus sub urbe nobis;
+ sed rus est mihi maius in fenestra.
+ Rus hoc dicere, rus potes vocare?
+ in quo ruta facit nemus Dianae,
+ argutae tegit ala quod cicadae, 5
+ quod formica die comedit uno,
+ clusae cui folium rosae corona est;
+ in quo nec cucumis iacere rectus,
+ nec serpens habitare tota possit,
+ erucam male pascit hortus unam, 10
+ consumpto moritur culex salicto,
+ et talpa est mihi fossor atque arator.
+ Non boletus hiare, non mariscae
+ ridere aut violae patere possunt.
+ Fines mus populatur et colono 15
+ tamquam sus Calydonius timetur.
+ Et sublata volantis ungue Prognes
+ in nido seges est hirundinino.
+ Vix implet cochleam peracta messis
+ et mustum nuce condimus picata. 20
+ Errasti, Lupe, littera sed una.
+ Nam quo tempore praedium dedisti,
+ mallem tu mihi prandium dedisses.
+ _XI. 18. 1-7, 10-20, 23-27._
+
+_6. 'Carpe Diem.'_
+
+ Cras te victurum, cras dicis, Postume, semper.
+ Dic mini, cras istud, Postume, quando venit?
+ Quam longe cras istud, ubi est? Aut unde petendum?
+ Numquid apud Parthos Armeniosque latet?
+ Iam cras istud habet Priami vel Nestoris annos. 5
+ Cras istud quanti, dic mihi, possit emi?
+ Cras vives? Hodie iam vivere, Postume, serum est:
+ ille sapit, quisquis, Postume, vixit heri.
+ _V. 58._
+
+_7. Secrets of Happiness._
+
+ Vitam quae faciant beatiorem,
+ iucundissime Martialis, haec sunt:
+ res non parta labore, sed relicta;
+ non ingratus ager, focus perennis;
+ lis numquam, toga rara, mens quieta; 5
+ vires ingenuae, salubre corpus;
+ prudens simplicitas, pares amici;
+ convictus facilis, sine arte mensa;
+ nox non ebria, sed soluta curis;
+ non tristis torus, et tamen pudicus; 10
+ somnus, qui faciat breves tenebras;
+ quod sis, esse velis nihilque malis;
+ summum nec metuas diem, nec optes.
+ _X. 47._
+
+_8. After the Great Eruption._
+
+ Hic est pampineis viridis modo Vesbius umbris,
+ presserat hic madidos nobilis uva lacus.
+ Haec iuga quam Nysae colles plus Bacchus amavit,
+ hoc nuper Satyri monte dedere choros.
+ Haec Veneris sedes, Lacedaemone gratior illi, 5
+ hic locus Herculeo numine clarus erat.
+ Cuncta iacent flammis et tristi mersa favilla:
+ nec superi vellent hoc licuisse sibi.
+ _IV. 44_
+
+_9. Porcia._
+
+ Coniugis audisset fatum cum Porcia Bruti
+ et subtracta sibi quaereret arma dolor,
+ 'Nondum scitis' ait 'mortem non posse negari?
+ Credideram, fatis hoc docuisse patrem.'
+ Dixit et ardentes avido bibit ore favillas: 5
+ i nunc et ferrum, turba molesta, nega.
+ _I. 42._
+
+_10. 'Paete, non dolet.'_
+
+ Casta suo gladium cum traderet Arria Paeto,
+ quem de visceribus strinxerat ipsa suis,
+ 'siqua fides, vulnus quod feci non dolet,' inquit;
+ 'sed quod tu facies, hoc mihi, Paete, dolet.'
+ _I. 13._
+
+_11. Paris' Epitaph._
+
+ Quisquis Flaminiam teris, viator,
+ noli nobile praeterire marmor.
+ Urbis deliciae salesque Nlli,
+ ars et gratia, lusus et voluptas,
+ Romani decus et dolor theatri 5
+ atque omnes Veneres Cupidinesque
+ hoc sunt condita, quo Paris, sepulcro.
+ _XI. 13.
+
+_12. Genuine and Counterfeit Grief._
+
+ Puella senibus dulcior mihi cygnis,
+ agna Galaesi mollior Phalantini,
+ concha Lucrini delicatior stagni,
+ cui nec lapillos praeferas Erythraeos,
+ nec modo politum pecudis Indicae dentem, 5
+ nivesque primas liliumque non tactum;
+ quae crine vicit Baetici gregis vellus
+ Rhenique nodos aureamque nitellam;
+ fragravit ore, quod rosarium Paesti,
+ quod Atticarum prima mella cerarum, 10
+ quod sucinorum rapta de manu gleba;
+ cui comparatus indecens erat pavo,
+ inamabilis sciurus et frequens phoenix:
+ adhuc recenti tepet Erotion busto,
+ quam pessimorum lex amara fatorum 15
+ sexta peregit hieme, nec tamen tota,
+ nostros amores gaudiumque lususque.
+ Et esse tristem me meus vetat Paetus,
+ pectusque pulsans pariter et comam vellens:
+ 'Deflere non te vernulae pudet mortem? 20
+ Ego coniugem' inquit 'extuli, et tamen vivo,
+ notam, superbam, nobilem, locupletem.'
+ Quid esse nostro fortius potest Paeto?
+ Ducenties accepit, et tamen vivit.
+ _V. 37._
+
+_13. Epitaph on Little Erotion._
+
+ Hanc tibi, Fronto pater, genetrix Flacilla, puellam
+ oscula commendo deliciasque meas,
+ parvula ne nigras horrescat Erotion umbras
+ oraque Tartarei prodigiosa canis.
+ Impletura fuit sextae modo frigora brumae, 5
+ vixisset totidem ni minus illa dies.
+ Inter tam veteres ludat lasciva patronos
+ et nomen blaeso garriat ore meum.
+ Mollia non rigidus caespes tegat ossa, nec illi,
+ terra, gravis fueris: non fuit illa tibi. 10
+ _V. 34._
+
+
+
+X. JUVENAL.
+
+_1. The Life of the Poor at Rome; its Dangers and Discomforts._
+
+1-33. _Houses are all the while collapsing or burning. No one assists
+the poor man, while the millionaire has his misfortune more than made
+good by aspirants to legacies._
+
+34-42. _The rent you pay for a dark garret would buy a comfortable
+dwelling elsewhere._
+
+43-49. _There is so much noise at night that the poor man cannot sleep,_
+
+50-78. _While he finds the streets dangerous both by day_
+
+79-88. _And by night._
+
+ Quis timet aut timuit gelida Praeneste ruinam,
+ aut positis nemorosa inter iuga Volsiniis, aut
+ simplicibus Gabiis, aut proni Tiburis arce?
+ Nos urbem colimus tenui tibicine fultam
+ magna parte sui; nam sic labentibus obstat 5
+ vilicus et veteris rimae cum texit hiatum
+ securos pendente iubet dormire ruina.
+ Vivendum est illic ubi nulla incendia, nulli
+ nocte metus. Iam poscit aquam, iam frivola transfert
+ Ucalegon, tabulata tibi iam tertia fumant: 10
+ tu nescis; nam si gradibus trepidatur ab imis,
+ ultimus ardebit quem tegula sola tuetur
+ a pluvia, molles ubi reddunt ova columbae.
+ Lectus erat Codro Procula minor, urceoli sex,
+ ornamentum abaci, nec non et parvulus infra 15
+ cantharus, et recubans sub eodem marmore Chiron.
+ Iamque vetus Graecos servabat cista libellos,
+ et divina opici rodebant carmina mures.
+ Nil habuit Codrus: quis enim negat? Et tamen illud
+ perdidit infelix totum nihil: ultimus autem 20
+ aerumnae est cumulus, quod nudum et frusta rogantem
+ nemo cibo, nemo hospitio tectoque iuvabit.
+ Si magna Asturici cecidit domus, horrida mater,
+ pullati proceres, differt vadimonia praetor;
+ tum gemimus casus urbis, tunc odimus ignem. 25
+ Ardet adhuc, et iam accurrit qui marmora donet,
+ conferat inpensas: hic nuda et candida signa,
+ hic aliquid praeclarum Euphranoris et Polycliti,
+ haec Asianorum vetera ornamenta deorum,
+ hic libros dabit et forulos mediamque Minervam, 30
+ hic modium argenti; meliora ac plura reponit
+ Persicus orborum lautissimus et merito iam
+ suspectus, tamquam ipse suas incenderit aedes.
+ Si potes avelli circensibus, optima Sorae
+ aut Fabrateriae domus aut Frusinone paratur, 35
+ quanti nunc tenebras unum conducis in annum.
+ Hortulus hic puteusque brevis nec reste movendus
+ in tenuis plantas facili diffunditur haustu.
+ Vive bidentis amans et culti vilicus horti,
+ unde epulum possis centum dare Pythagoreis. 40
+ Est aliquid, quocumque loco, quocumque recessu
+ unius sese dominum fecisse lacertae.
+ Plurimus hic aeger moritur vigilando; sed ipsum
+ languorem peperit cibus inperfectus et haerens
+ ardenti stomacho; nam quae meritoria somnum 45
+ admittunt? Magnis opibus dormitur in urbe.
+ Inde caput morbi. Raedarum transitus arto
+ vicorum inflexu et stantis convicia mandrae
+ eripient somnum Druso vitulisque marinis.
+ Si vocat officium, turba cedente vehetur 50
+ dives et ingenti curret super ora Liburna
+ atque obiter leget aut scribet vel dormiet intus;
+ namque facit somnum clausa lectica fenestra.
+ Ante tamen veniet: nobis properantibus obstat
+ unda prior, magno populus premit agmine lumbos 55
+ qui sequitur; ferit hic cubito, ferit assere duro
+ alter, at hic tignum capiti incutit, ille metretam.
+ Pinguia crura luto, planta mox undique magna
+ calcor, et in digito clavus mihi militis haeret.
+ Nonne vides quanto celebretur sportula fumo? 60
+ Centum convivae, sequitur sua quemque culina.
+ Corbulo vix ferret tot vasa ingentia, tot res
+ impositas capiti, quas recto vertice portat
+ servulus infelix et cursu ventilat ignem.
+ Scinduntur tunicae sartae modo; longa coruscat 65
+ serraco veniente abies, atque altera pinum
+ plaustra vehunt, nutant alte populoque minantur.
+ Nam si procubuit qui saxa Ligustica portat
+ axis et eversum fudit super agmina montem,
+ quid superest de corporibus? Quis membra, quis ossa 70
+ invenit? Obtritum vulgi perit omne cadaver
+ more animae; domus interea secura patellas
+ iam lavat et bucca foculum excitat et sonat unctis
+ striglibus et pleno componit lintea gutto.
+ Haec inter pueros varie properantur: at ille 75
+ iam sedet in ripa taetrumque novicius horret
+ porthmea, nec sperat caenosi gurgitis alnum
+ infelix nec habet quem porrigat ore trientem.
+ Respice nunc alia ac diversa pericula noctis:
+ quod spatium tectis sublimibus unde cerebrum 80
+ testa ferit, quotiens rimosa et curta fenestris
+ vasa cadant, quanto percussum pondere signent
+ et laedant silicem. Possis ignavus haberi
+ et subiti casus inprovidus, ad cenam si
+ intestatus eas: adeo tot fata, quot illa 85
+ nocte patent vigiles te praetereunte fenestrae.
+ Ergo optes votumque feras miserabile tecum,
+ ut sint contentae patulas defundere pelves.
+ _III. 190-277._
+
+_2. 'Mens Sana in Corpore Sano.'_
+
+ 'Nil ergo optabunt homines?' Si consilium vis,
+ permittes ipsis expendere numinibus quid
+ conveniat nobis rebusque sit utile nostris.
+ Nam pro iucundis aptissima quaeque dabunt di;
+ carior est illis homo quam sibi. Nos animorum 5
+ impulsu et caeca magnaque cupidine ducti
+ coniugium petimus partumque uxoris; at illis
+ notum qui pueri qualisque futura sit uxor.
+ Ut tamen et poscas aliquid voveasque sacellis
+ exta et candiduli divina tomacula porci, 10
+ orandum est ut sit mens sana in corpore sano.
+ Fortem posce animum mortis terrore carentem,
+ qui spatium vitae extremum inter munera ponat
+ naturae, qui ferre queat quoscumque labores,
+ nesciat irasci, cupiat nihil, et potiores 15
+ Herculis aerumnas credat saevosque labores
+ et venere et cenis et pluma Sardanapali.
+ Monstro quod ipse tibi possis dare: semita certe
+ tranquillae per virtutem patet unica vitae.
+ Nullum numen abest si sit prudentia; nos te, 20
+ nos facimus, Fortuna, deam caeloque locamus.
+ _X. 346-366._
+
+_3. Sympathy the Basis of Civilization._
+
+ Mollissima corda
+ humano generi dare se natura fatetur,
+ quae lacrimas dedit: haec nostri pars optima sensus.
+ Plorare ergo iubet causam dicentis amici
+ squaloremque rei, pupillum ad iura vocantem 5
+ circumscriptorem, cuius manantia fletu
+ ora puellares faciunt incerta capilli.
+ Naturae imperio gemimus, cum funus adultae
+ virginis occurrit, vel terra clauditur infans,
+ et minor igne rogi. Quis enim bonus et face dignus 10
+ arcana, qualem Cereris vult esse sacerdos,
+ ulla aliena sibi credat mala? Separat hoc nos
+ a grege mutorum, atque ideo venerabile soli
+ sortiti ingenium divinorumque capaces
+ atque exercendis capiendisque artibus apti 15
+ sensum a caelesti demissum traximus arce,
+ cuius egent prona et terram spectantia. Mundi
+ principio indulsit communis conditor illis
+ tantum animas, nobis animum quoque, mutuus ut nos
+ adfectus petere auxilium et praestare iuberet, 20
+ dispersos trahere in populum, migrare vetusto
+ de nemore et proavis habitatas linquere silvas,
+ aedificare domos, Laribus coniungere nostris
+ tectum aliud, tutos vicino limine somnos
+ ut collata daret fiducia, protegere armis 25
+ lapsum, aut ingenti nutantem vulnere civem,
+ communi dare signa tuba, defendier isdem
+ turribus, atque una portarum clave teneri.
+ _XV. 131-158._
+
+_4. Two Famous Proverbs._
+
+ Di, maiorum umbris tenuem et sine pondere terram
+ spirantisque crocos et in urna perpetuum ver,
+ qui _praeceptorem sancti voluere parentis
+ esse loco_.
+ _VII. 207-210._
+
+ Nil dictu foedum visuque haec limina tangat
+ intra quae pater est; procul, a procul inde puellae
+ lenonum et cantus pernoctantis parasiti.
+ _Maxima debetur puero reverentia_; siquid
+ turpe paras, nec tu pueri contempseris annos, 5
+ sed peccaturo obstet tibi films infans.
+ _XIV. 44-49._
+
+
+
+XI. HADRIAN.
+
+_1. The Dying Hadrian to his Soul._
+
+ Animula, vagula, blandula,
+ hospes comesque corporis,
+ quae nunc abibis in loca,
+ pallidula, rigida, nudula,
+ nec, ut soles, dabis iocos? 5
+ From Spartianus, _Vita Hadriani 25._
+
+
+
+XII. ANONYMOUS.
+
+_1. Sayings of the Seven Wise Men._
+
+ _Optimus est_, Cleobulus ait, _modus_, incola Lindi;
+ ex Ephyra, Periandre, _doces cuncta emeditanda_;
+ _tempus nosce_ inquit Mitylenis Pittacus ortus;
+ _plures esse malos_ Bias autumat ille Prieneus;
+ Milesiusque Thales _sponsori damna_ minatur; 5
+ _nosce_ inquit _tete_ Chilon Lacedaemone cretus;
+ Cecropiusque Solon _ne quid nimis_ induperabit.
+ From Hyginus, _Fabulurum Liber 221._
+
+
+
+SACRED LATIN POETRY.
+
+FOR CHRISTMAS DAY.
+
+ Puer natus in Bethlehem,
+ Unde gaudet Jerusalem.
+
+ Hic iacet in praesepio
+ Qui regnat sine termino.
+
+ Cognovit bos et asinus 5
+ Quod puer erat Dominus.
+
+ Reges de Saba veniunt,
+ Aurum, tus, myrrham offerunt.
+
+ Intrantes domum invicem
+ Novum salutant Principem. 10
+
+ Sine serpentis vulnere
+ De nostro venit sanguine;
+
+ In carne nobis similis,
+ Peccato sed dissimilis;
+
+ Ut redderet nos homines 15
+ Deo et sibi similes.
+
+ In hoc natali gaudio
+ Benedicamus Domino.
+
+ Laudetur sancta Trinitas,
+ Deo dicamus gratias. 20
+ _Anonymous._
+
+FOR EASTER DAY.
+
+ 1. Victimae paschali laudes immolent Christiani.
+ 2. Agnus redemit oves, Christus innocens patri reconciliavit
+peccatores.
+ 3. Mors et vita duello conflixere mirando: dux vitae mortuus regnat
+vivus.
+ 4. Dic nobis Maria: quid vidisti in via?
+ 5. Sepulcrum Christi viventis et gloriam vidi resurgentis.
+ 6. Dic nobis Maria: quid vidisti in via?
+ 7. Angelicos testes, sudarium et vestes.
+ 8. Dic nobis Maria: quid vidisti in via?
+ 9. Surrexit Christus, spes mea, praecedet vos in Galilaea.
+ 10. Credendum est magis soli Mariae veraci quam Iudaeorum turbae
+fallaci.
+ 11. Scimus Christum surrexisse ex mortuis vere: tu nobis victor rex
+miserere.
+ _Anonymous._
+
+PLAUDITE CAELI.
+
+ Plaudite caeli,
+ Rideat aether,
+ Summus et imus
+ Gaudeat orbis!
+ Transiit atrae 5
+ Turba procellae:
+ Subiit almae
+ Gloria palmae!
+
+ Surgite verni,
+ Surgite flores, 10
+ Germina pictis
+ Surgite campis,
+ Teneris mixtae
+ Violis rosae,
+ Candida sparsis 15
+ Lilia calthis!
+
+ Currite plenis,
+ Carmina, venis!
+ Fundite laetum,
+ Barbytha, metrum: 20
+ Namque revixit,
+ Sicuti dixit,
+ Pius illaesus
+ Funere Iesus!
+
+ Plaudite montes, 25
+ Ludite fontes;
+ Resonent valles,
+ Repetunt colles:
+ 'Io revixit,
+ Sicuti dixit, 30
+ Pius illaesus
+ Funere Iesus.'
+ _Anonymous._
+
+PONE LUCTUM, MAGDALENA.
+
+ Pone luctum, Magdalena!
+ Et serena lacrimas:
+ Non est iam Simonis cena,
+ Non, cur fletum exprimas:
+ Causae mille sunt laetandi, 5
+ Causae mille exultandi:
+ Halleluia!
+
+ Sume risum, Magdalena!
+ Frons nitescat lucida;
+ Demigravit omnis poena, 10
+ Lux coruscat fulgida:
+ Christus mundum liberavit,
+ Et de morte triumphavit!
+ Halleluia!
+
+ Gaude, plaude, Magdalena! 15
+ Tumba Christus exiit!
+ Tristis est peracta scena,
+ Victor mortis rediit;
+ Quem deflebas morientem,
+ Nunc arride resurgentem! 20
+ Halleluia!
+
+ Tolle vultum, Magdalena!
+ Redivivum aspice:
+ Vide, frons quam sit amoena,
+ Quinque plagas inspice: 25
+ Fulgent, sic ut margaritae,
+ Ornamenta novae vitae.
+ Halleluia!
+
+ Vive, vive, Magdalena!
+ Tua lux reversa est, 30
+ Gaudiis turgescat vena,
+ Mortis vis abstersa est;
+ Maesti procul sunt dolores,
+ Laeti redeant amores!
+ Halleluia! 35
+ _Anonymous._
+
+SALVE, CAPUT CRUENTATUM.
+
+ Salve, caput cruentatum,
+ Totum spinis coronatum,
+ Conquassatum, vulneratum,
+ Arundine sic verberatum,
+ Facie sputis illita. 5
+ Salve, cuius dulcis vultus,
+ Immutatus et incultus,
+ Immutavit suum florem,
+ Totus versus in pallorem,
+ Quem caeli tremit curia. 10
+
+ Omnis vigor atque viror
+ Hinc recessit, non admiror,
+ Mors apparet in aspectu,
+ Totus pendens in defectu,
+ Attritus aegva macie. 15
+ Sic affectus, sic despectus,
+ Propter me sic interfectus,
+ Peccatori tam indigno
+ Cum amoris intersigno
+ Appare clara facie. 20
+
+ In hac tua passione
+ Me agnosce, pastor bone,
+ Cuius sumpsi mel ex ore,
+ Haustum lactis ex dulcore
+ Prae omnibus deliciis. 25
+ Non me reum asperneris,
+ Non indignum dedigneris,
+ Morte tibi iam vicina
+ Tuum caput hic acclina,
+ In meis pausa brachiis. 30
+
+ Tuae sanctae passioni
+ Me gauderem interponi,
+ In hac cruce tecum mori
+ Praesta crucis amatori,
+ Sub cruce tua moriar. 35
+ Morti tuae tam amarae
+ Grates ago, Iesu care,
+ Qui es clemens, pie Deus,
+ Fac quod petit tuus reus,
+ Ut absque te non finiar. 40
+
+ Dum me mori est necesse,
+ Noli mihi tunc deesse;
+ In tremenda mortis hora
+ Veni, Iesu, absque mora,
+ Tuere me et libera. 45
+ Cum me iubes emigrare,
+ Iesu care, tunc appare;
+ O amator amplectende,
+ Temetipsum tunc ostende
+ In cruce salutifera. 50
+ _Bernard of Clairvaux._
+
+'JESUS, THE VERY THOUGHT OF THEE.'
+
+ Iesu, dulcis memoria,
+ Dans vera cordis gaudia,
+ Sed super mel et omnia
+ Eius dulcis praesentia.
+
+ Nil canitur suavius 5
+ Auditur nil iucundius,
+ Nil cogitatur dulcius,
+ Quam Iesus, Dei Filius.
+
+ Iesu, spes poenitentibus,
+ Quam pius es petentibus, 10
+ Quam bonus te quaerentibus,
+ Sed quid invenientibus?
+
+ Iesu, dulcedo cordium,
+ Fons vivus, lumen mentium,
+ Excedens omne gaudium, 15
+ Et omne desiderium.
+
+ Nec lingua valet dicere,
+ Nec littera exprimere,
+ Expertus potest credere
+ Quid sit Iesum deligere. 20
+
+ Iesu, decus angelicum,
+ In aure dulce canticum,
+ In ore mel mirificum,
+ In corde nectar caelicum:
+
+ Desidero te millies. 25
+ Mi Iesu, quando venies?
+ Me laetum quando facies
+ Ut vultu tuo saties?
+ _Bernard of Clairvaux._
+
+'COME, HOLY SPIRIT, FROM ABOVE.'
+
+ Veni, Sancte Spiritus,
+ Et emitte caelitus
+ Lucis tuae radium.
+
+ Veni, pater pauperum,
+ Veni, dator munerum, 5
+ Veni, lumen cordium.
+
+ Consolator optime,
+ Dulcis hospes animae,
+ Dulce refrigerium:
+
+ In labore requies, 10
+ In aestu temperies,
+ In fletu solatium.
+
+ O lux beatissima,
+ Reple cordis intima
+ Tuorum fidelium! 15
+
+ Sine tuo numine
+ Nihil est in homine,
+ Nihil est innoxium.
+
+ Lava quod est sordidum,
+ Riga quod est aridum, 20
+ Sana quod est saucium:
+
+ Flecte quod est rigidum,
+ Fove quod est languidum,
+ Rege quod est devium.
+
+ Da tuis fidelibus 25
+ In te confidentibus
+ Sacrum septenarium;
+
+ Da virtutis meritum,
+ Da salutis exitum,
+ Da perenne gaudium. 30
+ _Robert II, King of France._
+
+PHOENIX INTER FLAMMAS EXPIRANS.
+
+ Tandem audite me,
+ Sionis filiae!
+ Aegram respicite,
+ Dilecto dicite:
+ Amore vulneror, 5
+ Amore funeror.
+
+ Huc oderiferos,
+ Huc soporiferos
+ Ramos depromite,
+ Rogos componite; 10
+ Ut phoenix moriar!
+ In flammis oriar!
+
+ An amor dolor sit,
+ An dolor amor sit,
+ Utrumque nescio! 15
+ Hoc unum sentio:
+ Iucundus dolor est,
+ Si dolor amor est.
+
+ Quid, amor, crucias?
+ Aufer inducias! 20
+ Suavis tyrannus es:
+ Momentum, annus es:
+ Tam tarda funera
+ Tua sunt vulnera!
+
+ Iam vitae stamina 25
+ Rumpe, O anima!
+ Ignis ascendere
+ Gestit, et tendere
+ Ad caeli atria;
+ Haec mea patria! 30
+ _Anonymous._
+
+DIES IRAE.
+
+ Dies irae, dies illa
+ Solvet saeclum in favilla,
+ Teste David cum Sybilla.
+
+ Quantus tremor est futurus,
+ Quando iudex est venturus, 5
+ Cuncta stricte discussurus!
+
+ Tuba, mirum spargens sonum
+ Per sepulcra regionum,
+ Coget omnes ante thronum.
+
+ Mors stupebit, et natura, 10
+ Cum resurget creatura
+ Iudicanti responsura.
+
+ Liber scriptus proferetur,
+ In quo totum continetur,
+ Unde mundus iudicetur. 15
+
+ Iudex ergo cum sedebit,
+ Quidquid latet apparebit,
+ Nil inultum remanebit.
+
+ Quid sum miser tunc dicturus,
+ Quem patronum rogaturus, 20
+ Cum vix iustus sit securus?
+
+ Rex tremendae maiestatis,
+ Qui salvandos salvas gratis,
+ Salva me, fons pietatis!
+
+ Recordare, Iesu pie, 25
+ Quod sum causa tuae viae;
+ Ne me perdas illa die!
+
+ Quaerens me sedisti lassus,
+ Redemisti crucem passus:
+ Tantus labor non sit cassus! 30
+
+ Iuste iudex ultionis,
+ Donum fac remissionis
+ Ante diem rationis!
+
+ Ingemisco tanquam reus,
+ Culpa rubet vultus meus: 35
+ Supplicanti parce, Deus!
+
+ Qui Mariam absolvisti,
+ Et latronem exaudisti,
+ Mihi quoque spem dedisti.
+
+ Preces meae non sunt dignae, 40
+ Sed tu bonus fac benigne
+ Ne perenni cremer igni.
+
+ Inter oves locum praesta,
+ Et ab haedis me sequestra,
+ Statuens in parte dextra. 45
+
+ Confutatis maledictis,
+ Flammis acribus addictis,
+ Voca me cum benedictis!
+
+ Oro supplex et acclinis,
+ Cor contritum quasi cinis, 50
+ Gere curam mei finis!
+
+ ---
+
+ Lacrimosa dies illa
+ Qua resurget ex favilla
+ Iudicandus homo reus:
+ Huic ergo parce, Deus! 55
+ Pie Iesu domine,
+ Dona eos requie! Amen!
+ _Thomas of Celano._
+
+DE PATRIAE CAELESTIS LAUDE.
+
+'The World is very Evil.'
+
+ Hora novissima, tempora pessima sunt; vigilemus.
+ Ecce minaciter imminet arbiter ille supremus.
+ Imminet, imminet et mala terminet, aequa coronet,
+ Recta remuneret, anxia liberet, aethera donet,
+ Auferat aspera duraque pondera mentis onustae, 5
+ Sobria muniat, improba puniat, utraque iuste.
+ Ille piissimus, ille gravissimus, ecce! venit rex!
+ Surgat homo reus! Instat homo deus, a patre iudex.
+
+'Brief Life is here our Portion.'
+
+ Hic breve vivitur, hic breve plangitur, hic breve fletur;
+ Non breve vivere, non breve plangere retribuetur; 10
+ O retributio! stat brevis actio, vita perennis;
+ O retributio! caelica mansio stat lue plenis;
+ Quid datur et quibus? aether egentibus et cruce dignis,
+ Sidera vermibus, optima sontibus, astra malignis.
+ Sunt modo praelia, postmodo praemia; qualia? plena; 15
+ Plena refectio, nullaque passio, nullaque poena.
+ Spe modo vivitur, et Sion angitur a Babylone;
+ Nunc tribulatio; tunc recreatio, sceptra, coronae;
+
+'For thee, O Dear, Dear Country!'
+
+ O bona patria, lumina sobria te speculantur,
+ Ad tua nomina sobria lumina collacrimantur: 20
+ Est tua mentio pectoris unctio, cura doloris,
+ Concipientibus aethera mentibus ignis amoris.
+ Est ibi consita laurus et insita cedrus hysopo;
+ Sunt radiantia iaspide moenia clara pyropo;
+ Hinc tibi sardius, inde topazius, hinc amethystus; 25
+ Est tua fabrica contio caelica, gemmaque Christus.
+ Lux tua mors crucis, atque caro ducis est crucifixi.
+ Laus, benedictio, coniubilatio personat ipsi.
+ Tu sine litore, tu sine tempore, fons, modo rivus,
+ Dulce bonis sapis, estque tibi lapis undique vivus. 30
+ Est tibi laurea, dos datur aurea, Sponsa decora,
+ Primaque Principis oscula suscipis, inspicis ora.
+
+'Jerusalem the Golden!'
+
+ Urbs Sion aurea, patria lactea, cive decora,
+ Omne cor obruis, omnibus obstruis et cor et ora.
+ Nescio, nescio, quae iubilatio, lux tibi qualis, 35
+ Quam socialia gaudia, gloria quam specialis.
+ Sunt Sion atria coniubilantia, martyre plena,
+ Cive micantia, Principe stantia, luce serena.
+ Urbs Sion incluta, turris et edita litore tuto,
+ Te peto, te colo, te flagro, te volo, canto, saluto. 40
+ Me Pater optimus atque piissimus ille creavit;
+ In lue pertulit, ex lue sustulit, a lue lavit.
+ Diluit omnia caelica gratia, fons David undans
+ Omnia diluit, omnibus affluit, omnia mundans.
+ O mea, spes mea, tu Sion aurea, clarior auro, 45
+ Agmine splendida, stans duce, florida perpete lauro.
+ O bona patria, num tua gaudia teque videbo?
+ O bona patria, num tua praemia plena tenebo?
+ Plaude, cinis meus, est tua pars Deus; eius es, et sis.
+ Plaude, cinis meus, est tua pars Deus; eius es, et sis. 50
+ _Bernard of Cluny._
+
+THE HEAVENLY CITY.
+
+ Me receptet Sion illa,
+ Sion, David urbs tranquilla,
+ Cuius faber Auctor lucis,
+ Cuius portae lignum crucis,
+ Cuius muri lapis vivus, 5
+ Cuius custos Rex festivus.
+ In hac urbe lux solennis,
+ Ver aeternum, pax perennis:
+ In hac odor implens caelos,
+ In hac semper festum melos; 10
+ Non est ibi corruptela,
+ Non defectus, non querela;
+ Non minuti, non deformes,
+ Omnes Christo sunt conformes.
+ Urbs in portu satis tuto, 15
+ De longinquo te saluto,
+ Te saluto, te suspiro,
+ Te affecto, te requiro.
+ Quantum tui gratulantur,
+ Quam festive convivantur, 20
+ Quis affectus eos stringat
+ Aut quae gemma muros pingat,
+ Quis chalcedon, quis iacinthus,
+ Norunt illi qui sunt intus.
+ In plateis huius urbis 25
+ Sociatus piis turbis
+ Cum Moyse et Elia
+ Pium cantem Alleluia. Amen.
+ _Hildebert._
+
+
+
+ABBREVIATIONS.
+
+A. & G. = Allen and Greenough's New Latin Grammar.
+B. = Bennett's Latin Grammar.
+G. & L. = Gildersleeve and Lodge's Latin Grammar.
+Lex. = Harper's Latin-English Lexicon.
+cf. = _confer_, compare.
+e.g. = _exempli gratia_, for example.
+ff. = following.
+i.e. = _id est_, that is.
+l.,ll. = line, lines.
+lit. = literally.
+p., pp. = page, pages.
+sc. = _scilicet_, understand, supply.
+vol. = volume.
+
+
+
+NOTES.
+
+CLASSICAL LATIN POETRY.
+
+I. ENNIUS. 239-169 B.C.
+
+ Ennius ut noster cecinit, qui primus amoeno
+ Detulit ex Helicone perenni fronde coronam,
+ Per gentes Italas hominum quae clara clueret.
+ Lucretius, 1. 117-119.
+
+Let us venerate Ennius like the groves, sacred from their antiquity, in
+which the great and ancient oak trees are invested not so much with
+beauty as with sacred associations.--Quintilian, 10. 1. 88,--translated
+by Sellar.
+
+Q. Ennius, 'the Father of Latin Literature,' was born at Rudiae, a town
+of Calabria and a point of contact between the Italian and Greek
+civilizations. He served with the rank of centurion in the Roman army in
+Sardinia and attached himself to Cato the Censor. In 204 he came to
+Rome, where he lived modestly, supporting himself by teaching Greek and
+by his writings. There he became an intimate friend of the great Scipio.
+The most famous of his works are the tragedies, written on Greek models,
+and the _Annals_, a long epic poem in eighteen books, whose subject is
+the history of Rome from the earliest times to Ennius' own day. We have
+fragments of about twenty-five of the tragedies. Of the _Annals_ about
+six hundred lines are preserved.
+
+Ennius introduced the dactylic hexameter into Latin poetry.
+
+He was versatile, widely read in Greek literature, a man of practical
+interests and intellectual vigor. His intense patriotism was rewarded by
+an enduring popularity.
+
+For Reference: Sellar, _Roman Poets of the Republic_ (Oxford, 1889),
+chapter 4; the collections of the fragments by Vahlen (Leipzig, 1854)
+and by Muller (St. Petersburg, 1885).
+
+Metres: Dactylic Hexameter, B. 368; A. & G. 615: _Selections_ 1-5.
+Trochaic Septenarius, B. 366, 2; A. & G. 620: _Selections_ 6, 7. Elegiac
+Stanza, B. 368, 369; A. & G. 616: _Selection_ 8.
+
+_1._ 'Lines of tender regret and true hero-worship.'--Sellar. Cf. Livy,
+1. 16. 2, 3. Prose translation in Sellar, _Roman Poets of the Republic_,
+p. 110. 3. qualem...genuerunt: How great a guardian of our country did
+the gods create in thee!--Sellar. 4. O pater, o genitor: pater is a
+title of respect, genitor the actual parent. sanguen: an ante-classic
+neuter collateral form of sanguis. 5. intra luminis oras: within the
+realms of light (Sellar), a favorite expression with later poets.
+
+_2._ 'Sentiments truly regal and worthy of the race of the Aeacidae.'
+Cicero, _De Officiis,_ 1. 12.
+
+This is Pyrrhus' reply to Fabricius and other envoys sent to negotiate
+for the ransom of the Roman prisoners after the battle of Heraclea, 280
+B.C.
+
+Prose translation and fine comment in Sellar, Roman Poets of the
+Republic, p. 99.
+
+1. dederitis: perfect subjunctive in a prohibition. 2. nec cauponantes
+bellum: not making petty traffic of war. 3. vitam: accusative of
+specification. 5. accipe: to Fabricius, while ducite (1. 8) is to all
+the envoys. 7. eorundem: scanned as three syllables. 8.
+volentibus...dis: under favor of the great gods.--Sellar. Final s in
+volentibus as in vivus (_Selection_ 8. 2) is neglected in scanning.
+
+_4._ These lines were often quoted. They are imitated by Vergil,
+_Aeneid,_ 6. 845-846:
+
+ Tu Maximus ille es,
+ unus qui nobis cunctando restituis rem.
+
+Prose translation in Sellar, Roman Poets of the Republic, p. 106.
+
+1. cunctando: by biding his time.--Sellar. rem equals rem publicam. 2.
+noenum equals ne, not + oenum, old form of unum, one. This eventually
+contracts into non. rumores: what men said of him.--Sellar.
+
+_5._ One of the grandest lines in Latin poetry. Cicero says of it (_De
+Republica_, 5.1): 'For brevity and for truth it is like the utterance of
+some oracle.'
+
+1. Moribus...virisque: By olden custom and great men Rome stands.
+virisque: of. Sir William Jones, _An Ode in Imitation of Alcaeus_:
+
+ What constitutes a state?
+ Not high-raised battlement, nor labored mound,
+ Thick wall or moated gate:
+ Not cities fair with spires and turrets crowned:
+ No;--men, high-minded men,--...
+ Men, who their duties know,
+ But know their rights, and knowing dare maintain.
+
+_6._ From the _Telamo_, spoken by Telamon on receiving tidings of his
+son's death. Sellar describes the passage as 'this strong and scornful
+triumph over natural sorrow.'
+
+Prose translation in Sellar, _Roman Poets of the Republic_, p. 113.
+
+1. ei re sustuli: to that end (i.e. with full knowledge of the fact) I
+bred them. re: dative, B. 52, 3; A. & G. 98, d, NOTE.
+
+_7._ From the _Telamo_. This is Epicurean doctrine. Cf. Tennyson, _The
+Lotos-Eaters, Choric Song_ at end:
+
+ like Gods together, careless of mankind.
+ For they lie beside their nectar, and the bolts are hurl'd
+ Far below them in the valleys, and the clouds are lightly curl'd
+ Round their golden houses, girdled with the gleaming world:
+ Where they smile in secret, looking over wasted lands,
+ Blight and famine, plague and earthquake, roaring deeps and fiery
+sands,
+ Clanging fights, and flaming towns, and sinking ships, and praying
+hands.
+ But they smile, _etc_.
+
+Prose translation in Sellar, _Roman Poets of the Republic_, p. 78.
+
+1. deum: genitive with which caelitum agrees. 3. abeat: is not so.--
+Sellar.
+
+_8._ Prose translation in Sellar, _Roman Poets of the Republic_, p. 76.
+Note the alliterations in the passage. 1. dacrumis: older form of
+lacrimis and related to it as dingua to lingua. nec...faxit: and let
+none weep at my funeral, faxit is perfect subjunctive. 2.
+Volito...virum: I still live as I fly along the lips of men. _Cf_.
+Vergil, _Georgics_, 3. 9: victorque virum volitare per ora, and
+Shakspere, _Sonnet_ 82:
+
+ You still shall live--such virtue hath my pen--
+ Where breath most breathes, even in the mouths of men.
+
+
+
+II. LUCRETIUS.
+
+98-55 B.C.
+
+ Felix, qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas
+ atque metus omnis et inexorabile fatum
+ subiecit pedibus strepitumque Acherontis avari.
+ Vergil, _Georgics_, 2. 490-492.
+
+
+ He...died
+ Chief poet on the Tiber-side.
+ Mrs. Browning, _Vision of Poets_.
+
+This doctrine of Lucretius, though antagonistic to the popular religion,
+is not atheistic or pantheistic; it is not definite enough to be
+theistic. It is rather the twilight between an old and a new faith.--
+Sellar, _Roman Poets of the Republic_, p. 355.
+
+The joy and glory of his art come second in his mind to his passionate
+love of truth, and the deep moral purport of what he believes to be the
+one true message for mankind. The human race lies fettered by
+superstition and ignorance; his mission is to dispel their darkness by
+that light of truth which is 'clearer than the beams of the sun and the
+shining shafts of day.'--Mackail, _Latin Literature_, p. 43.
+
+The _De Rerum Natura_, Lucretius' only work, left at his death
+unfinished, is a didactic poem in six books which aims to give an
+explanation of the origin and nature of the universe. All things are
+declared to be composed of atoms--even the soul, which is therefore
+mortal--and have been developed by a process of 'evolution' and
+'survival of the fittest' under the uninterrupted control of natural
+law. Gods exist, but have little to do with the world. On the ethical
+side contentment, self-control, obedience, humility, are earnestly
+enjoined.
+
+The style abounds in archaism, alliteration, and assonance. The frequent
+use of new compounds is a noticeable peculiarity of the diction.
+
+Jerome states that the wife of Lucretius gave him a love-philtre which
+took away his reason so that, after composing in his lucid intervals
+several books, which were afterward corrected by Cicero, he died by his
+own hand.
+
+Sellar is inclined to accept this story as a 'meagre and distorted
+record of tragical events in the poet's life.' On the basis of this
+legend and an appreciative study of the _De Rerum Natura_, Tennyson
+composed his _Lucretius_.
+
+For Reference: Sellar, _Roman Poets of the Republic_, chapters 11-14;
+Munro, _Text of Lucretius, with Notes and Introduction_ (4th. edition,
+Cambridge, 1886); Mackail, _Latin Literature_ (New York, 1898), pp. 44-
+46 (Lucretius as anticipating theories of modern science).
+
+Metre: Dactylic Hexameter, B. 368; A. & G. 615.
+
+_1._ 2. animi: a locative form, B. 232, 3; A. & G. 358. 3. thyrso: see
+_Lex_. II. A and B. 5-10. Often imitated, as by Vergil, _Georgics_, 3.
+291-293. 5, 6. mente...loca: I traverse in blooming thought the pathless
+haunts of the Pierides.--Munro. 7. iuvat: I love.--Munro. 11,12. artis
+religionum nodis: Lucretius teaches that, since the gods do not govern
+the world, all rites of worship are needless, and, since the soul is
+mortal, punishment after death is not to be feared. Cf. Tennyson,
+_Lucretius_:
+
+ My golden (cf. aurea, _Selection_ 2. 12) work in which I told a truth
+ That stays the rolling Ixionian wheel,
+ And numbs the Fury's ringlet-snake and plucks
+ The mortal soul from out immortal hell.
+
+Religio is probably derived from the root lig, meaning to bind. The
+Roman felt his religion to be a fetter upon him. 14. contingens:
+o'erlaying, a compound of tango.--Munro.
+
+_2._ 2. commoda: the true interests.--Munro. 3. o...decus: Epicurus, who
+is praised in many passages. (See Sellar, _Roman Poets of the Republic_,
+p. 298 ff.) His bold and, comprehensive thinking is characterized as
+follows (1. 72-74):
+
+ Ergo vivida vis animi pervicit, et extra
+ processit longe flammantia moenia mundi
+ atque omne inmensum peragravit mente animoque.
+
+6, 7. quid...cycnis: for in what respect could the swallow vie with
+swans? 8. consimile...et: that could compare with. 16. terrores: of
+superstition. To remove these by demonstrating the uncontested supremacy
+in the universe of natural law is Lucretius' main purpose. moenia ff.:
+Lucretius thinks of the earth as at rest in the centre of our system,--
+or mundus,--surrounded by the air in which move the moon and the sun.
+The air is encompassed by the fiery aether,--or flammantia moenia mundi,
+'the flaming walls of the world,'--which, as it rotates, carries the
+stars with it. Beyond is the 'illimitable inane' (inmensum inane) in
+which are set an infinite number of other worlds, and in the midst of
+these the dwellings where the gods 'live the great life...center'd in
+eternal calm' (deos securum agere aevom, 6. 58). To the poet's
+instructed vision aether opens and earth becomes transparent. 18-24.
+Inspired by _Odyssey_, 6. 42-45. Cf. Tennyson, _Lucretius_:
+
+ The Gods, who haunt
+ The lucid interspace of world and world,
+ Where never creeps a cloud, or moves a wind,
+ Nor ever falls the least white star of snow,
+ Nor ever lowest roll of thunder moans,
+ Nor sound of human sorrow mounts to mar
+ Their sacred everlasting calm!
+
+and his description of the
+
+ island-valley of Avilion,
+ Where falls not hail, or rain, or any snow,
+ Nor ever wind blows loudly
+
+in the _Passing of Arthur_. Observe the melody of the Latin due to the
+skilful alliteration, and cf. Munro's translation of it for a like
+effect.
+
+25. nusquam apparent: Lucretius has proved that they do not exist. 26.
+nec...dispiciantur: though earth is no bar to all things being
+descried.--Munro. 28, 29. voluptas adque horror:
+delight mixed with shuddering awe.--Munro.
+
+_3._ 1-4. Zephyr and Flora precede Spring and Venus. viai: genitive of
+archaic form dependent on cuncta, translate as all the way. 5. loci:
+partitive genitive after inde; translate the two words by then. 8.
+aliae...ventique: other stormy winds, i.e. Volturnus and Auster. 10.
+bruma: midwinter.
+
+_4._ 1. Ergo: because of visions of the night and day and because of
+their observation of natural phenomena men at large came to the
+incorrect belief that the gods govern the world. (Lucretius denies the
+providence of the gods, not their existence.) 2. tradere, facere:
+infinitives used substantively in apposition to perfugium. 3. templa:
+realms. 5. severa: stern, austere. Properly the epithet of noctis, but
+poetically transferred to signa. 6. faces, flammae: meteors. 7. The
+heaping up of substantives without a copula is not uncommon in
+Lucretius. 8. fremitus: distant, rumbling thunder. murmura magna
+minarum: the near loud, threatful thunderclaps.--Munro. minarum is
+equivalent to a limiting adjective. 13. velatum: the Romans prayed with
+covered head. 14. vertier: middle. The reference is to a Roman custom by
+which the suppliant approached with the statue on his right; after
+praying, he turned to the right so as to face it and then prostrated
+himself. 17. vota: votive tablets. 18 ff. It is true piety, not to
+perform these rites, but to possess a tranquil mind, and this is
+difficult, for the grandeur and terror of nature are almost
+overwhelming. 20. super fixum: fast above.--Munro. 21. et...viarum: and
+direct our thoughts to the courses of the sun and moon.--Munro. viarum:
+B. 206, 3. 26. rationis egestas: lack of power to solve the question.--
+Munro. 27. genitalis origo: birthtime.--Munro. 28. quoad: how long. 34.
+contrahitur: shrink into itself.--Munro. 38. corripiunt: like
+contrahitur, but stronger. 40. poenarum: genitive depending on solvendi.
+45. viris quae ff.: powers sufficient to, etc.
+
+LUCRETIUS AS OBSERVER AND WORD-PAINTER.--The following groups of phrases
+and sentences are given as illustrative of the accuracy, variety, and
+splendor of Lucretius' descriptions:
+
+1. _Shells on the Shore._
+
+ Concharumque genus parili ratione videmus
+ pingere telluris gremium, qua mollibus undis
+ litoris incurvi bibulam pavit aequor arenam. 2. 374-376.
+
+2. _The Stars._
+
+ Candida sidera. 5. 1210.
+ micant aeterni sidera mundi. 5. 514.
+ Simul ac primum sub diu splendor aquai
+ ponitur, extemplo caelo stellante serena
+ sidera respondent in aqua radiantia mundp. 4. 211-213.
+ caeli labentia signa. 1. 2.
+ fervida signa. 5. 628.
+ Raraque per caelum cum venti nubila portant
+ tempore nocturno, tum splendida signa videntur
+ labier adversum nimbos atque ire superne. 4. 443-445.
+ totum circum tremere aethera signis. 1. 1089.
+
+3. _The Sky._
+
+ stellis fulgentibus apta
+ concutitur caeli domus. 6. 357-358.
+ signiferi super aetheris aestas. 6. 481.
+ caeli lucida templa. 1. 1014.
+ altaque caeli
+ densebant procul a terris fulgentia templa. 5. 490-491.
+
+4. _The Sun._
+
+ sol lumine conserit arva. 2. 210-211.
+ rosea sol alte lampade lucens. 5. 610.
+ aeternum lampada mundi. 5. 402.
+
+
+
+III. CATULLUS.
+
+84-54 B.C.
+
+Odi et amo. _Carmen_ 85. 1.
+
+ Si tamen e nobis aliquid nisi nomen et umbra
+ restat, in Elysia valle Tibullus erit:
+ obvius huic venias, hedera iuvenalia cinctus
+ tempora, cum Calvo, docte Catulle, tuo.
+ Ovid, _Amores_, 3. 9. 59-62.
+
+ Tenderest of Roman poets...
+ Sweet Catullus.
+ Tennyson, '_Frater, Aae atque Vale._'
+
+Catullus is the greatest lyric poet of Roman literature.
+
+With the exception of c. 61, it is in his shorter poems that Catullus
+achieves his greatest success. The poet does not handle dactylic
+measures quite easily; on the other hand, he is masterly in the lighter
+lyrical forms. The harmony of substance and form, the refinement and
+transparent clearness of the thoughts, are incomparable, as are the
+grace, strength, and warmth of feeling in the shorter pieces.
+
+Teuffel, Schwabe, and Warr, _History of Roman Literature_, vol. 1, p.
+391 ff.
+
+Catullus, born at Verona in Cisalpine Gaul, came early to Rome, where
+most of his short life was spent. He has left us about 116 poems, most
+of them brief, but a few of considerable length. The ultimate
+preservation of these depended upon the fortunate rediscovery at Verona
+of a single copy. Several of them imitate the learned and artificial
+style of the Alexandrine school of Greek poetry. It is on this account
+that Ovid applies to him the epithet doctus.
+
+For Reference: Sellar, _Roman Poets of the Republic_, chapter 15;
+Robinson Ellis, _A Commentary on Catullus_ (2d edition, Oxford, 1889);
+Merrill, _Catullus_ (Boston, 1893); Ellis, _Translation of Catullus_
+(London, 1871).
+
+Metres: Phalaecian, A. & G. 623, 624, 625. 11: _Selections_ 1, 3, 4, 5.
+Choliambic, A. & G. 618, a, b, c: _Selection_ 6. Elegiac, B. 369, 1, 2;
+A. &. G. 616: _Selections_ 2, 7-9.
+
+_1._ 2. oppositast: equals opposita est. The joke turns on the double
+meaning of opponere, to expose and to mortgage. We may render the
+passage as,--My little farm is not exposed to the drafts of the south
+wind...but to a draft for, etc. 3. Apeliotae: a Greek word for east
+wind, meaning from the sun, i.e. from the region where the sun rises.
+For declension see B. 22; A. & G. 44. 4. ducentos: sc. sestertios. The
+sestertius was worth from four to five cents. 5. O ventum...pestilentem:
+O unhealthy draft!
+
+_2._ Latin did not naturally use h at all with consonants nor favor its
+use before vowels. Greek, however, frequently employs the aspirated
+consonants ch, ph, and th as well as the rough breathing; and, though in
+earlier times the Romans were satisfied to take Greek words over into
+their language without aspirating, e.g. Corintus for [Greek: Korinthos],
+in later times aspirating became a fashion. Of this fashion Arrius is an
+unskilful follower, who, while believing himself to be achieving a fine
+reputation for good form, makes himself a target for the ridicule of
+Catullus.
+
+1. vellet: imperfect subjunctive in the protasis of a general condition,
+B. 302, 1, 3, a; A. & G. 518, c. 3. sperabat: he used to flatter
+himself. 4. quantum poterat: with might and main. Arrius makes all the
+display that he can of his elegant (?) accomplishment. 5. liber:
+implying that Arrius' uncle had been a slave and that the family is of
+humble origin. Catullus thus intimates that what Arrius thinks an
+accomplishment really stamps him as of low birth. 7. misso: sent to
+Syria on some public service, perhaps with Crassus in 55 B.C. 8.
+audibant: B. 116, 4, b; A. & G. 183, 1. leniter et leviter: the devotees
+of the aspirating fashion whom Arrius had left behind in Rome were not
+so obtrusive about it as he, did not speak out 'quantum poterant.' 9.
+postilla: equals postea. 11. Ionios: news of Arrius would come soon from
+the Ionian Sea, for, lying as it did to the west of Greece, it would
+soon be reached by him on his eastward journey. isset: B. 116, 1; A. &
+G. 181, b.
+
+The following is Martin's translation:
+
+ Whenever Arrius wished to name
+ 'Commodious,' out 'chommodious' came:
+ And when of his intrigues he blabbed,
+ With his 'hintrigues' our ears he stabbed;
+ And thought, moreover, he displayed
+ A rare refinement when he made
+ His h's thus at random fall
+ With emphasis most guttural.
+ When suddenly came news one day
+ Which smote the city with dismay,
+ That the Ionian seas a change
+ Had undergone, most sad and strange;
+ For, since by Arrius crossed, the wild
+ 'Hionian Hocean' they were styled.
+
+_3._ 1. Veneres: the plural is symmetrical with Cupidines, while
+suggesting 'the Graces.' 2. et...venustiorum: and all who have a soul
+for beauty. hominum: partitive genitive. venustiorum: B. 240, 1; A. & G.
+291, a. The expression describes those who possess qualities of grace
+and charm, and implies that they can appreciate such qualities. 3.
+puellae: probably Clodia, wife of Q. Caecilius Metellus Celer, to whom
+under the name of 'Lesbia' Catullus addressed a number of poems. His
+attachment for her was the 'one all-absorbing passion of the poet's
+life.' 6. mellitus: a honey. suamque: his lady. Catullus speaks of the
+sparrow in language appropriate to a lover. 11. iter tenebricosum: the
+shadowy journey to Hades. 12. Cf. _Hamlet_, 3. 1:
+
+ The undiscover'd country from whose bourn
+ No traveller returns.
+
+13. At...tenebrae: Evil be to you, evil shadows! 17. tua opera: for you,
+i.e. for the sparrow, ablative of cause. 18. turgiduli...ocelli: my
+girl's pretty eyes are so red and swollen.
+
+_4._ 2. antistans...trecentis: worth a million of the rest to me.
+milibus: depends on antistans, B. 187, III, 1; A. & G. 370. 4. Anum:
+aged, used as an adjective. 5. mini: B. 188, c; A. & G. 378, 1. nuntii:
+plural, though for a single message. 6. Hiberum: genitive plural. 7.
+facta: deeds. 8. adplicansque collum: i.e. with arm about your neck
+drawing you to me. 10. Cf. 1, 2 and note on venustiorum. Translate O! of
+happy, happy mortals. 11. quid: a 'neuter not very rare in Latin in
+similar sweeping appeals.'--Merrill.
+
+_5._ Date, 56 B.C. 1. egelidos: in which there is no chill. 4. Catullus
+is at the end of a year of absence in Bithynia on the staff of Memmius
+the governor, and is about to return to Italy. Phrygii campi: the plains
+about Nicaea. 6. claras Asiae urbes: the famous Greek cities on the
+western coast of Asia Minor, as Ephesus, Smyrna. 7. praetrepidans:
+tremulous with anticipation. 9. comitum: the other members of the
+governor's staff, or cohors. 11. diversae variae: separate and varied.
+
+_6._ Date, 56 B.C. Sirmione (Sirmio) is a peninsula--at high water an
+island--extending into the Lago di Garda (Lacus Benacus). An ancient
+ruin here of Constantine's time was long known as Catullus' villa. Cf.
+with this and the ninth selection Tennyson's '_Frater, Ave atque Vale_':
+
+ Row us out from Desenzano, to your Sirmione row!
+ So they row'd and there we landed--'O venusta Sirmio!'
+ There to me thro' all the groves of olive in the summer glow,
+ There beneath the Roman ruin where the purple flowers grow,
+ Came that 'Ave atque Vale' of the poet's hopeless woe,
+ Tenderest of Roman poets nineteen hundred years ago,
+ 'Prater, Ave atque Vale'--as we wander'd to and fro
+ Gazing at the Lydian laughter of the Garda Lake below
+ Sweet Catullus' all-but-island, olive-silvery Sirmio!
+
+1, 2. Paene insularum...ocelle: pearl of all peninsulas. Paene is used
+as an adjective by a Greek construction, A. & G. 321, c. Cf. Ovid,
+_Heroides_, 15.357, paene puer. ocelle: cf. Milton, _Paradise Regained_,
+4. 240, 'Athens, the eye of Greece.' 3. fert...Neptunus: twin-realmed
+(Cranstoun) Neptune upholds in lakes or sea. fert: Poseidon, according
+to Homer, is the earth-upholding. Cf. _Exodus_ 20.4 'the water under the
+earth.' uterque: i.e. as god of stagna (lakes) and of mare. 5. Thyniam:
+the part of Bithynia on the shore of the Thracian Bosporus. 6. liquisse:
+the poets are fond of using uncompounded forms of verbs. Cf. 5, 4,
+linquantur. 7. O...curis: 'The form of expression suggests that the
+cares now past are, as past, actual pleasures.'--Ellis. 8, 9. peregrine
+labore: the toil of travel. larem: the home, lit. the household god. 11.
+Hoc...tantis: This it is that of itself is a compensation for so great
+labors. 12. venusta: Ellis praises 'the beauty of Sirmio, with its high
+cliffs descending into the transparently blue water, and the exquisite
+color of the surrounding land and sky.' ero gaude: be glad for thy
+master, i.e. thy master bids thee 'Rejoice!' 13. Lydiae: the shores of
+the lake were once occupied by Etruscans, and they were said to have
+come originally from Lydia. The epithet is transferred from lacus to
+undae. 14. quidquid...cachinnorum: the clause is to be taken as a
+vocative.
+
+_7._ 2. Calve: Calvus was an accomplished orator and poet. Of his
+literary work almost nothing remains. He was Catullus' intimate friend
+and is often mentioned with him. 3. desiderio: yearning, in apposition
+to dolore, defining and specializing it. 4. olim missas: lost in by-gone
+days, missas equals amissas. Cf. _Selection_ 6, 6 and note. 6.
+Quintiliae: Calvus' young wife. Calvus himself wrote elegies in her
+memory.
+
+_8._ This poem was sent to Hortensius introducing a translation from the
+Greek poet Callimachus (which is possibly Carmen 66 and of the _Coma
+Berinices_). 2. Ortale: Q. Hortensius Ortalus, Cicero's chief rival as
+an orator. virginibus: the Muses. 3. fetus: fruitage. 4. mens animi: my
+thoughtful soul. Cicero, _De Republica_, 2.40.67, describes the mens as
+pars animi. 5, 6. Lethaeo gurgite manans unda: the wave slow-streaming
+from the gulf of oblivion. The 'river of death' which the brother of
+Catullus has just crossed (Catullus says forded) to return no more, is
+called Lethaean (Greek [Greek: lethe], 'forgetfuluess'), since the dead
+forget the living, and the living the dead. 6. pallidulum: poor, pallid
+foot. 7. Rhoeteo: Rhoeteum was a promontory of the Troad. 8. obterit:
+crushes. 13. Daulias: the nightingale, lit. the (transformed) woman of
+Daulis. Catullus has taken this name from the legend of Tereus (see
+_Harper's Classical Dictionary_, 'Tereus'), while he has followed the
+myth as it appears in Odyssey, 19. 518 ff., where the plaintive song of
+the nightingale is represented as the lamentation of Aedon for her child
+Itylus, whom before her transformation into the nightingale 'she slew
+unwittingly with the bronze.' 15. haec expressa carmina Battiadae: these
+verses translated from Callimachus. Callimachus of Cyrene, 'the son of
+Battus,' was a Greek poet of the Alexandrine school. His death occurred
+about 240 B.C. 16. nequiquam...ventis: i.e. ineffectual.
+
+_9._ 'An invocation accompanying offerings at the tomb of the poet's
+brother.'--Merrill. Catullus probably made this visit to the Troad on
+his Bithynian journey. Date, probably 57 B.C. 2. miseras ad inferias:
+for these sad offerings. The inferiae, or offerings to the dead,
+consisted of wine, milk, blood, honey, flowers, etc. 4. nequiquam: no
+answer would be returned. 6. indigne: wrongfully, because his death was
+premature. 7. Nunc tamen interea: But now while I thus am sorrowing,
+interea, as in 14. 21, 36. 18, and _Ciris_, 44 ff., marks the transition
+from reflection upon a situation to the act which that situation demands
+at the moment. 9. multum manantia: drenched. 10. ave atque vale: the
+formula of farewell to the dead, spoken at the conclusion of the funeral
+ceremonies. Cf. Vergil, _Aeneid_, 11. 97 ff.
+
+
+
+IV. VERGIL.
+
+70-19 B.C.
+
+ Roman Vergil, thou that singest
+ Ilion's lofty temples robed in fire,
+ Ilion falling, Rome arising,
+ Wars, and filial faith, and Dido's pyre;
+
+ Thou that singest wheat and woodland,
+ Tilth and vineyard, hive and horse and herd;
+ All the charm of all the Muses
+ Often flowering in a lonely word;
+
+ Poet of the happy Tityrus
+ Piping underneath his beechen bowers;
+ Poet of the poet-satyr
+ Whom the laughing shepherd bound with flowers;
+
+ I salute thee, Mantovano,
+ I that loved thee since my day began,
+ Wielder of the stateliest measure
+ Ever molded by the lips of man.
+
+ Tennyson, _To Vergil_.
+
+Vergil, as the author of the _Bucolics_ and the _Aeneid_, is already
+known to the student. The _Georgics_ were composed after the former and
+before the latter, since they were begun in 36 B.C. and finished in 29
+B.C. Hesiod's _Works and Days_ supplied a partial model, and the
+influence of Lucretius was powerful. The poet shows an intense
+enthusiasm for his subject, which Mr. Merivale asserts to be the
+Glorification of Labor. The First Book treats of the tillage of the
+ground, the Second of the culture of trees and of the vine, the Third of
+the care of the animals bred by the farmer, and the Fourth and last of
+bee-keeping. Elegant episodes diversify the poem, the longest of which
+we extract. The dedication of the _Georgics_ is to Maecenas. Their
+extent is about 2200 lines.
+
+For Reference: Conington's _Vergil_, Fifth Edition, revised by
+Haverfield, George Bell and Sons, London, 1898, Vol. I, pp. 135-165, and
+notes upon _Georgics_, 4. 315-558.
+
+Metre: Dactylic Hexameter, B. 368; A. & G. 615.
+
+_1._ Servius twice tells us (_Eclogues_ 10. 1 and _Georgics_ 4. 1) that
+the poet Cornelius Gallus was Vergil's friend, and that the latter half
+of the fourth _Georgic_ was originally written in his praise, but that
+this was suppressed at the command of Augustus and the tale of Aristaeus
+substituted. Gallus, we remember, appears in the sixth and tenth
+_Eclogues_. The story of his disgrace by the emperor and his suicide is
+a familiar one.
+
+Aristaeus, having lost his bees 'by disease and hunger,' is commanded by
+the nymph Cyrene, his mother, to obtain from the sea-god Proteus the
+reason for this manifestation of divine displeasure. He learns that it
+is because Eurydice, the wife of Orpheus, has perished as a result of
+his amorous pursuit; and the story of Orpheus' descent to the lower
+world to recover her is narrated to him. Then Cyrene instructs him how
+to secure a new swarm. 1. hanc...artem: this method of obtaining new
+swarms of bees by slaying cattle and allowing bees to form in their
+decaying bodies. 3. Peneia Tempo: Tempe is a beautiful valley in
+Thessaly through which the river Peneus flows. 5. extremi: i.e. the
+rising river. amnis: the Peneus. 7. gurgitis: flood. 9. Thymbraeus:
+Thymbra was a city near Troy where there was a temple of Apollo. 10.
+fatis: by the fates, B. 189, 2; A. & G. 375. nostri: objective genitive,
+11. caelum sperare: Aristaeus was deified after death. 12. honorem:
+honor from the possession of wealth. 14. relinquo: leave with
+reluctance, lose. 15. Quin age: _Why not go on?_ in ironical
+remonstrance. 17. molire: wield, imperative. 18. taedia: loathing of my
+praise, B. 55, 4, c. The plural expresses the aversion on each occasion.
+19. thalamo sub: in the deep river's chamber. Sub governs thalamo, but
+follows it. Cyrene, as daughter of the river-god Peneus, dwells in
+subterranean chambers at the source of that stream. She is at this time
+in the thalamo described in 60 ff. Aristaeus enters through the river,
+thought of as emerging from the earth a full-grown stream, the waters
+arching over his head to admit him. He passes beneath the earth where he
+sees groves and lakes, and rivers which are presently to issue as the
+various streams of the upper world. 20. Milesia: the wool of Miletus, a
+city on the west coast of Asia Minor, was famous. 21. carpebant: were
+plucking the fleeces, i.e. spinning. hyali...colore: dyed with the rich,
+glass-green color. 22. A similar catalogue of names is in _Iliad_, 18.
+39 ff. Drymoque: que is long according to Greek usage before the double
+consonant beginning the next word. 28. auro ff.: arrayed in skins
+embroidered with threads of gold. 31 ff. _Odyssey_, 8. 34. mollia pensa:
+their soft tasks. See _Lex_. pendo II, pensum, B, 1. 35. impulit: struck
+his mother's ears. 39. procul: sc. dixit. frustra: idly, without reason.
+42. nomine: ablative of specification. 43. nova: strange. 44. age:
+quick. 46. qua ff.: purpose clause, that the youth might enter there.
+48. misit: let him pass, lit. sent him. He enters the earth through the
+opening by which the Peneus finds exit. 52. sub...terra: so Plato in the
+myth of the _Phaedo_ conceives of rivers as penetrating the depths of
+the earth. 53 ff. For the rivers named see _Lex_. 57. cornua: accusative
+of specification. voltu: dative, B. 49, 2; A. & G. 89. 60. in thalami
+pendentia pumice tecta: tecta may be regarded either as participle or
+noun. In the former case thalami tecta, 'the covered things of the
+chamber,' equals thalamum teclum, 'the covered chamber,' as strata
+viarum equals stratae viae; pendentia pumice tecta, roofs or covered
+things hanging with pumice (ablative of instrument) equals pendente
+pumice tecta, roofs of hanging pumice (ablative of description).
+Translate: into the chamber roofed with arching pumice. 61. inanis:
+since so easily removed, accusative plural. 63. tonsis...villis: of
+shorn nap, smooth and soft. 64. onerant: B. 254, 4, a; A. & G. 317, d.
+65. Panchaeis ignibus: incense-burning flames. Panchaea was a fabulous
+island, east of Arabia, rich in incense. 66. et mater: sc. dixit.
+Maeonii: Lydian. Bacchi: the wine, as Vestam (1. 70) is the fire, the
+deities being named for that over which they preside. 69. centum: simply
+expressing a large number. 71. subiecta: shooting up. 73 ff. This part
+of the story has its original in _Odyssey_ 4. The Carpathian Sea is
+between Crete and Rhodes. 74. caeruleus: an epithet applied to Proteus
+as a god of the azure sea. 75. The yoked chariot of two-footed steeds
+equals the chariot yoked to two-footed steeds. 77. Pallenen: a peninsula
+of Emathia, or Macedonia. 79. quae...trahantur: what in the near future
+is drawn on in the chain of events. 83. eventusque secundet: and may
+make the issue favorable. 94. fulva cervice: ablative of description.
+101. ambrosiae: used as an ointment, as _Iliad_, 14. 170, Aeneid,
+12.419. 102. perduxit: anointed; _Lex_. perduco, I. C. 1. 105, 106.
+quo...reductos: whither many a billow marches before the wind and
+divides into files that fall back, cogo and reductos may be used in a
+military sense. The wind is the rear-guard of the marching files of
+billows formed as the main wave enters an indentation in the shore. As
+the wave divides, all the secondary waves pursue the original direction,
+but the outer ones are retarded, as compared with the middle ones, and
+seem to fall back. Statio, just below, is familiar as a military term.
+Or reductos sinus can mean the depths of the bay. 107. deprensis:
+weather-bound. 108. vasti...obiice saxi: by the barrier of a vast rock,
+i.e. behind a rock. 109. averaum a lumine: in the darkness. 114.
+faucibus: i.e. the deep-cut channels. Perhaps the author intends with a
+bold personification to speak of the almost dried-up rivers as
+dry-throated, siccis faucibus would then be well taken as ablative of
+description. 115. antra: plural in view of the many chambers. 117. rorem
+amarum: the bitter dew, beautifully used of the salt spray. 121. acuunt:
+whet the wolves, i. e. their hunger. 131. Nam quis equals quisnam, Who
+pray? Surprise is expressed. 133. neque est: nor is it possible, used
+with infinitive in Greek construction, _Lex_. 1 sum, I, B, 5, 6, e. 135.
+lassis rebus: shattered fortunes. 137. glauco: azure. 139.
+Non...nullius: double negative for greater emphasis. It is in very truth
+the wrath of a god that pursues thee. irae: B. 55,4, c; A. & G. 100, c.
+141. haud quaquam ob meritum poenas: penalties by no means on account of
+thy guilt, i.e. less than thy guilt. 147-149. Rhodope and Pangaeus are
+mountains, the Getae a tribe, Hebrus a river,--all in Thrace. Athenian
+Orithyia, daughter of Erechtheus, king of Athens, was carried by Boreas
+to Thrace, where she bore Calais and Zetes. As a nymph of the country
+she is interested in the fate of the Thracian Orpheus and Eurydice. 153.
+Taenarias: a cavern on the promontory of Taenarus in Laconia was fabled
+to be the entrance of the infernal regions. 157. Erebi: Greek [Greek:
+Erebos], a place of darkness, i.e. the lower world. 159 ff. Cf. _Aeneid_
+6. 309-312. 161 ff. Cf. _Aeneid_ 6. 306-308. 165 ff. Cf. _Aeneid_ 6.
+438-439. 167, 168. intima Leti Tartara: the inmost prison cells of
+death. crinibus: dative. anguis: accusative of specification. 169.
+Eumenides: the Furies, deities who punish crime; even they are moved by
+Orpheus' song. Cerberus: the three-headed dog at the entrance of Hades
+who kept the spirits from escaping. 171. Ixion, for an attempt upon the
+chastity of Juno, was bound to an ever-revolving wheel. vento: ablative
+of cause. The logic is loose; because of the wind's stopping. 173. pone:
+adverb. Cf. _Aeneid_, 2. 208. 177. animi: locative genitive, B. 232, 3;
+A. & G. 358. 179. stagnis: ablative of source. 182. natantia: swimming.
+188. praeterea vidit: saw him more, praeterea here equalling postea.
+192. nabat: was sailing. 194. Strymonis: a river on the borders of
+Thrace. 196. agentem: that trees followed the music of Orpheus became
+one of the commonplaces of poetry. 197-201. Notice the sweetness of
+sound due to the alliteration, especially of the liquids. 202. hymenaei:
+nuptials. 203. Hyperboreas: Hyperborean, i.e. northern, lit. beyond the
+north wind. Tanaim: now the Don, a river named here, as are the Rhipaei
+monies of the following line, because belonging to the cold, distant,
+desolate North. 204. numquam viduata: never bereaved, with a thought of
+the bereaved Orpheus. The setting corresponds to the situation. The grim
+landscape is forever wedded to its desolation as Orpheus to his
+bereavement. 206. Ciconum: a Thracian people. munere: tribute to the
+dead. The word is used technically of funeral honors. 206-213. Cf.
+_Lycidas_, 61-63:
+
+ By the rout that made the hideous roar
+ His gory visage down the stream was sent,
+ Down the swift Hebrus to the Lesbian shore.
+
+210. Oeagrius: Oeagrius was a king of Thrace and father of Orpheus. 213.
+referebant: echoed with. Cf. Pope, _Ode on St. Cecilia's Day_, 113-116:
+
+ Yet ev'n in death Eurydice he sung,
+ Eurydice still trembled on his tongue,
+ Eurydice the woods, Eurydice the floods,
+ Eurydice the rocks, and hollow mountains rung.
+
+214. iactudedit: i.e. iecit. 219. choros...agitabat: used to dance.
+Agito means to occupy oneself with, as Plautus, Asinaria, 5. 1. 7. 221.
+Napaeas: Dell-nymphs, Greek [Greek: napaiai], belonging to a wooded
+vale. 225. Lycaei: a mountain of Arcadia. 234. facessit: he despatches.
+235-239. The repetitions from 224-232 are in the Homeric manner. 241 ff.
+The bees are thought to form within the bodies and to force their way
+through the yielding sides. 244. uvam demittere: to let fall a cluster.
+The cluster formed by the bees when they alight in swarming resembles a
+bunch of grapes.
+
+
+
+V. PHAEDRUS.
+
+Flourished about 15 A.D.
+
+Phaedrus, born in Thrace, came to Rome as a slave, and was set free by
+Augustus. Under Tiberius he was the victim of political persecution on
+account of some verses offensive to Sejanus. He published five books of
+fables (with occasional anecdotes) largely imitated from Aesop.
+
+His style is fluent, his tone lively and sometimes coarse, his diction
+correct, his verse skilful.--Teuffel, Schwabe, and Warr, _History of
+Roman Literature_, vol. 2, p. 30.
+
+For Reference: Teuffel, Schwabe, and Warr, _History of Roman
+Literature_, vol. 2, p. 29 ff.
+
+Metre: Iambic Trimeter, B. 370, 1, 2; A. & G. 618, a, b.
+
+_1._ Aesopus: a famous writer of fables, born in Phrygia about 600 B.C.
+He is said to have been liberated from slavery, to have lived at Sardis
+and to have been Croesus' ambassador to Delphi, where he was murdered by
+the angry townspeople, who hurled him over a precipice. Babrius, a Greek
+who lived about 100 B.C., made a comprehensive collection of Aesopian
+fables which Phaedrus imitated with considerable closeness. 5-7. 'Let no
+one censure me for representing trees as speaking; it is merely the play
+of fancy and a fable.'
+
+_2._ 4. latro: the robber wolf. 7. Qui: how? Qui is the old
+ablative of the relative, interrogative, and indefinite pronouns.
+
+_4._ 1. devocat: allures. 3. Tanto...melior: 'That is good!' See _Lex_.
+under tantus, I, C, 3, a, b. 4. prosecutus: and went on to say. See
+_Lex_. underprosequor, II, B. 5. unde: equivalent to a quo. 7. dignum
+ff.: with a double meaning. 10. namque: for, a strengthened nam.
+
+_5._ This story is also told by Cicero, _De Oratore_, 2. 352 ff., and by
+others. 1, 2. Quantum...superius: an earlier fable (4. 23) relates how
+Simonides, shipwrecked and destitute, was received most hospitably by
+one of his admirers. 4. Simonides: the renowned Greek lyric poet of
+Ceos. His ode upon those who fell at Thermopylae was especially famous.
+Sterling translates:
+
+ Of those who at Thermopylae were slain,
+ Glorious the doom, and beautiful the lot;
+ Their tomb an altar: men from tears refrain
+ To honor them; and praise, but mourn them not.
+ Such sepulchre nor drear decay
+ Nor all-destroying time shall waste; this right have they.
+ Within their grave the home-bred glory
+ Of Greece was laid; this witness gives
+ Leonidas, the Spartan, in whose story
+ A wreath of famous virtue ever lives.
+
+5. pyctae: a word borrowed directly from the Greek. 8. poetae more:
+poets who wrote odes in honor of victories at the games usually inserted
+some legend containing an account of a similar victory won by a god or a
+hero. 9. gemma Ledae pignera: Castor and Pollux, the latter famous as a
+boxer. pignera: see _Lex_. II, B, 1. 10. auctoritatem...gloriae: citing
+the authority of a like glory. 11, 12. tertiam partem: only a third. 13.
+duae: sc. partes, two-thirds. 24. humanam supra formani: the gods and
+heroes were 'divinely tall.' The diminutive servulo is in strong
+contrast. 31. Ut...rei: When the incident was told just as it occurred.
+
+Another story of divine interposition on the part of Castor and Pollux
+is vividly told by Macaulay in _The Battle of Lake Regillus_.
+
+_6._ Compare with Vergil's account of the oracle given by the Sibyl to
+Aeneas, _Aeneid_, 6. 9 ff. Some of the more obvious resemblances in
+diction and thought are _Aeneid_, 6. 12, 29, 35, 44, 45, 46 ff., 50, 95,
+98, 99, 100.
+
+1. Utilius: equalling a superlative, of highest value. 2. qui ff.:
+Delphi was a city in north central Greece and Parnassus a mountain near
+it. 4. tripodes: this probably means the golden seat above the cleft in
+the ground in the adytum of Apollo's temple at Delphi. On this the
+priestess (vates, 1. 3; virgo, 1. 16) sat to breathe the rising vapors
+which induced the prophetic ecstasy. The tripus is named from being
+supported on three legs. adytis: from [Greek: aduton], 'not to be
+entered.' The adyta, or innermost parts of temples, were accessible only
+to priests. 5. lauri: the laurel was sacred to Apollo. 6. Pytho: the
+former name for Delphi. Pytho is poetically said to speak when the
+Pythian priestess speaks. 7. Delii: Delos, an island of the Aegean,
+nearly at the centre of the Cyclades, was sacred to Apollo, and was his
+birthplace. 12. ite obviam: oppose.
+
+_7._ Plutarch, _Symposiacon Problematon_, V. 1 (Moralia, 674 B, C),
+tells essentially this same story. Parmeno, he says, was famous for his
+imitation of the grunting of a pig. Even when one came upon the stage
+having a real pig concealed under his cloak, the audience cried, 'This
+is nothing to compare with the sow of Parmeno.' Then he who had the pig
+threw it in the midst of them, 'to show that they judged according to
+opinion and not truth.'
+
+1. Pravo favore: prejudice. labi: the metaphor is in evident contrast to
+that in stant of 1. 2. 2. pro iudicio...erroris: in defence of their
+mistaken judgment. 3. rebus manifestis: the disclosure of the truth. 4.
+Facturus ludos: who was about to give an entertainment. 8. scurra: a
+city wit. urbano sale: clever jesting, merry cleverness. The Romans
+sharply contrasted city manners with those of the country to the
+disadvantage of the latter. 12. loca: seats. 18. verum: sc. porcellum.
+pallio: mantle or toga. 19. simul: equals simul ac. 21. prosequuntur:
+honor. 27. degrunnit: grunts his best. 30. scilicet: to be sure. 32.
+vero: sc. porcello. 35. imitatum: sc. esse.
+
+
+
+VI. SENECA.
+
+3 B.C.-65 A.D.
+
+Seneca the Younger, or 'the Philosopher,' was born in Spain at Corduba;
+was educated at Rome; was banished in 41 A.D. to Corsica by Claudius;
+was recalled in 49; became Nero's tutor; largely deserves the credit for
+the good government of the early part of that emperor's reign; was
+consul in 57, but lost influence with Nero, and was compelled by him to
+commit suicide on a charge of participation in the conspiracy of Piso.
+
+His writings are chiefly philosophical and ethical. The frequent close
+resemblance of his views to those of Christianity occasioned the
+fabrication of a correspondence between himself and St. Paul. St. Jerome
+considered this genuine and therefore included him among the Christian
+saints.
+
+Nine tragedies of Seneca's composition are extant. These have powerfully
+influenced the development of the English and French drama.
+
+His style is forced and ornamental, moving, for the most part, in brief,
+disconnected, and often paradoxical sentences.
+
+For Reference: Teuffel, Schwabe, and Warr, _History of Roman
+Literature_, vol. 2, p. 38 ff.; Leo, _L. Annaei Senecae Tragoediae_
+(Berlin, 1878-1879); Sherburne's _Tragedies of Seneca Translated_
+(London, 1702); Kingery, _Three Tragedies of Seneca_ (New York, 1908);
+Harris, _The Tragedies of Seneca Translated_ (The Clarendon Press,
+1904).
+
+Metres: Anapaestic Dimeter Acatalectic with Anapaestic Dipody,
+G. & L. 777, 780, 782: _Selection_ 1. Dactylic Hexameter, B. 368; A. &
+G. 615: _Selection_ 2.
+
+_1._ Cf. Horace, _Carmen_, 1. 3. 9-40. 1. Audax: cf. ll. 24, 39. nimium:
+cf. l. 8. 7, 8. With too slight a partition dividing the ways of life
+and death, i.e. separating from himself by merely a thin plank the sea
+in which he would perish. Cf. Juvenal, 12. 57-59. Line 7 nearly equals
+inter vitam et mortem. 18. Hyadas: a group of seven stars in the head of
+Taurus, whose setting at both the morning and the evening twilight was
+attended with storms. 19. Oleniae...caprae: one of the horns of the goat
+Amalthea, which fed Jupiter with its milk, was placed among the stars.
+The goat was Olenian, i.e. Aetolian. 21. Attica plaustra: Charles' Wain
+(the Great Dipper), which Bootes was imagined to drive. The latter
+constellation is called tardus as being so placed in the sky that it
+requires a long time for its setting. 24. Tiphys: the pilot of the Argo.
+28. Thessala pinus: the Argo, the first ship, which, built under the
+direction of Pallas, with Jason as leader and heroes like Hercules,
+Castor, and Pollux as crew, sailed to Colchis in the Far East in quest
+of the Golden Fleece (which perhaps originally meant the fleecy, golden
+clouds of sunrise). The Sirens, Scylla, and the Symplegades were some of
+the dangers of the journey. Medea, daughter of the king of Colchis,
+aided Jason to secure the fleece and fled with him. See Smith,
+_Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology_, 'Argonautae.'
+32. illa: the Argo. 34. montes: the Symplegades, floating rocks at the
+entrance of the Euxine, which clashed together to crush whatever might
+come between them. 36. velut...sonitu: groaned as with ethereal sound,
+i.e. dashed together with a sound like thunder. 38. mare deprensum: the
+sea caught between and forced up by the closing rocks. 42. In the prow
+of the Argo was a piece of the speaking oak of Dodona. 43. virgo Pelori:
+Scylla. 45. omnes...hiatus: opened all her mouths together. 48. dirae
+pestes: the Sirens, maidens who by sweet songs lured sailors to their
+shore and devoured them. Orpheus saved his companions by drowning the
+Sirens' song with the music of his lyre.
+
+These stories are told in _Odyssey_, 12, in Apollonius Rhodius, 4. 889
+ff., and (in English) in Charles Kingsley's _Greek Heroes_.
+
+55. Medea, abandoned by Jason for Creusa, in the later action of this
+play slays her rival and her own children. 68-72. Thule: a distant
+island not identified,--possibly Iceland, more probably the largest of
+the Shetland Islands,--regarded by the ancients as the northern limit of
+the known world.
+
+Seneca, considering the progress of maritime discovery in the past, was
+led naturally to the thought that new lands would some day be discovered
+beyond the ocean. The conception was not new. Cicero, _Tusculanae
+Disputationes_, 1. 28, speaks of a south temperate zone, cultivated and
+inhabited, unknown to us. This, of course, is not necessarily beyond the
+sea, though Mela places it there. Cicero again in _De Republica_, 6. 20
+implies that there are other islands than the Roman world surrounded by
+other seas than the Atlantic. Plato, _Timaeus_, 24-25, says that beyond
+and surrounding the Atlantic there is a vast continent, between which
+and the western coast of Europe and of Libya are a number of islands, of
+which Atlantis before its submergence was the largest. Strabo, 1. 4. 6,
+says it is quite possible that in the temperate zone there may be not
+only the island that forms the world as known to his contemporaries, but
+two such or even more, especially near the circle of latitude which is
+drawn through Athens and the Atlantic Ocean. See Smith, _Dictionary of
+Greek and Roman Geography_, 'Atlanticum mare' and 'Atlantis.'
+
+Lowell, in his _Columbus_, represents the discoverer as naming this
+passage,--said also by tradition to have made a deep impression on his
+mind,--along with Canto XXVI of Dante's _Inferno_ and Plato's _Timaeus_
+and _Critias_, as inspiring him to his attempt:
+
+ Then did I entertain the poets' song,
+ My great Idea's guest, and, passing o'er
+ That iron bridge the Tuscan built to hell,
+ I heard Ulysses tell of mountain-chains
+ Whose adamantine links, his manacles,
+ The western main shook growling and still gnawed.
+ I brooded on the wise Athenian's tale
+ Of happy Atlantis, and heard Bjorne's keel
+ Crush the gray pebbles of the Vinland shore:
+ _I listened musing to the prophecy
+ Of Nero's tutor-victim_...
+ And I believed the poets.
+
+The son of the discoverer wrote in his copy of the tragedies opposite
+these lines,--'This prophecy was fulfilled by my father, the Admiral
+Christopher Columbus, in the year 1492.'
+
+_2._ Agamemnon returns to Argos after the capture of Troy, his wife
+Clytemnestra expressing deep joy at his return. He has brought with him
+as a captive Cassandra the seer who, suddenly swooning, sees in
+prophetic frenzy Agamemnon's death and her own at the hand of
+Clytemnestra and her paramour, Aegistheus. Agamemnon worships Jupiter
+and Juno at the altar and then enters the palace to his death.
+
+1, 2. Tandem...terra. Cf. Aeschylus, _Agamemnon_, 503 ff., 810 ff.
+laris: Roman coloring. 3. diu: taken with felix. 4. Asiae: objective
+genitive, after potentes, B. 204, 1; A. & G. 349, a.
+5. vates: Cassandra. corpus: accusative of specification. 7. recipit
+diem: i.e. revives. 9. optatus ff.: with a double meaning to the
+audience. 10. Festus ff.: Troy fell immediately after the festivities
+that celebrated the withdrawal of the Greek fleet. Cf. _Aeneid_, 2. 246
+ff. 11. Cecidit ff.: for the death of Priam cf. _Aeneid_, 2. 506 ff. 13.
+Priamum: King Agamemnon's fate is to be such as King Priam's. Priam was
+slain at the altar, and these altars (aras, 1. 11) awaken forebodings.
+14. Ubi ff.: where faithless wives are, is calamity. 15. Libertas: the
+freedom of death. 19. dum excutiat deum: until she casts off the
+influence of Apollo who has thrown her into the prophetic frenzy. 21.
+pater: Jupiter. 24. cuncta: accusative of specification. 25. Argolica
+Iuno: Hera had a famous shrine at Argos. For an account of excavations
+there see Waldstein, _The Argive Heraeum_. 26. Arabumque donis: incense.
+supplice fibra: the entrails of the sacrificed animals (pecore votivo),
+whose condition was supposed to indicate the will of the gods.
+
+
+
+VII. LUCAN.
+
+39-65 A.D.
+
+Lucan, full of warmth and vehemence, eminently quotable, but, to speak
+frankly, one whom, orators rather than poets should imitate.--
+Quintilian, 10. 1. 90.
+
+When I consider that Lucan died at twenty-six, I cannot help ranking him
+among the most extraordinary men that ever lived.--
+Macaulay.
+
+The whole production (the _Pharsalia_) is youthful and unripe, but
+indicative of genuine power.--Teuffel, Schwabe, and Warr, _History of
+Roman Literature_, vol. 2, p. 78.
+
+Lucan was born in Spain; was taken early to Rome; was carefully
+educated; wrote much; and was much admired; but was disliked by Nero,
+who forbade him to publish poems or recite them, and finally put him to
+death on the charge of complicity in the conspiracy of Piso.
+
+In philosophy Lucan was a Stoic, in style a rhetorician. The
+_Pharsalia_, his only extant work, is an epic poem of about eight
+thousand lines in ten books on the civil war between Pompey and Caesar.
+
+The Cato of _Selections_ 2-5 is Cato the Younger, or 'the Stoic,' who in
+46 B.C. was in Africa in command of a part of the Republican forces
+opposed to Julius Caesar. After the decisive defeat at Thapsus he
+refused to survive the Republic, taking his own life at Utica. His
+memory was revered throughout antiquity and the Middle Ages. Vergil
+makes him the lawgiver of Elysium (_Aeneid_, 8. 670), and Dante
+represents him as the warden of Purgatory, 'venerable,' his countenance
+adorned with the 'rays of the four consecrated stars,' his form destined
+to shine brightly on the last day.
+
+ For her [i.e. Liberty] to thee not bitter
+ Was death in Utica, where thou didst leave
+ The vesture, that will shine so, the great day.
+
+See Longfellow's translation of the _Purgatorio_, with notes, Canto I.
+
+Haskins, _Lucani Pharsalia_, Introduction, pp. 59-60, examines all
+allusions to Cato in the _Pharsalia_, and concludes that the picture is
+in its main outlines truthful, though the failure to depict 'the
+cross-grained perversity that moved the complaints of Cicero' makes it
+somewhat one-sided. 'Of course the portrait is colored by a loving hand:
+but it is none the worse for that.'
+
+For Reference: Teuffel, Schwabe, and Warr, _History of Roman
+Literature_, vol. 2, p. 78 ff. Haskins, _Lucani Pharsalia_ (London,
+1889).
+
+Metre: Dactylic Hexameter, B. 368; A. & G. 616.
+
+_2._ 4. deis placuit: that Caesar 'had the strongest battalions' proves
+that 'Heaven' was 'on his side.'
+
+_3._ Cato, proceeding by land from the neighborhood of Cyrene toward
+Numidia, and coming to the temple of Jupiter Ammon,--geographically
+misplaced by Lucan,--is advised by Labienus to consult the god
+concerning the outcome of the war and the nature of virtue. The
+selection gives his reply. 1. mente gerebat: of. Seneca, _Epistula_ 4.
+12 (41). 1, 2. 'God is near you, is with you, is within you. I have this
+to say, Lucilius: a sacred spirit has his abode within us.' 3. Labiene:
+Caesar's former second-in-command, who went over to Pompey's side at the
+beginning of the Civil War and was finally slain at Munda. 5. et: even.
+6, 7. Fortuna perdat minas: whether Fortune threatens vainly. 8.
+et...honestum: and whether the right never grows more, right by success.
+10. Haeremus ff.: We are in constant intercourse with heaven.--Haskins.
+11. Sponte dei: by the inspiration of God.--Haskins. 12, 13.
+dixit...licet: the inner light of conscience. auctor: the Creator.
+15-17. These lines suggested the passage in Wordsworth's Tintern Abbey:
+
+ I have felt...a sense sublime
+ Of something far more deeply interfused,
+ Whose dwelling is the light of setting suns,
+ And the round ocean, and the living air,
+ And the blue sky, and in the mind of man;
+ A motion and a spirit that impels
+ All thinking things, all objects of all thought,
+ And rolls through all things.
+
+virtus: Grotius quotes Hierocles: 'God hath not upon earth a place more
+truly his than the pure heart,' and the Pythian oracle: 'I joy in
+reverent mortals even as in Olympus.' Superos...ultra: Why further do we
+seek the gods? Iuppiter...moveris: All that you see, and all your
+feelings, that is Jupiter.--Haskins. Cf. Seneca, _De Beneftciis_, 4. 8:
+Quocumque te flexeris, ibi ilium videbis occurrentem tibi: nihil ab illo
+vacat, opus suum ipse implet. 22. Servata fide: true to his word. 23.
+populis: dative, to the multitude, i.e. of Orientals waiting to consult
+the oracle.
+
+_4._ 10. Fortuna fuit: i.e. was due to fortune rather than to virtue.
+Fortuna is predicate nominative. 14. quam...Iugurthae: i.e. than to win
+the victories of Marius.
+
+_5._ This noble portrait is that of an ideal Stoic. Roman life had been
+deeply imbued with this philosophy, which had passed beyond the limits
+of the schools to become at once a religious creed and a practical code
+of morals for everyday use. See Mackail, _Latin Literature_, p. 171. 2.
+servare...tenere: to hold fast the mean, to observe the due limit. These
+and the following phrases are Stoic formulae. 4. Cf. Seneca, _Epistula_
+95 (15.3). 52-53, where he says 'we are members of a great body.' 'Let
+this line be both in our hearts and on our lips:
+
+ "Human I am,
+ And every human interest is mine."'
+
+See the entire passage. 12. sibi nata: selfish.
+
+
+
+VIII. STATIUS.
+
+40-95 A.D.
+
+Statius, whose father before him was a poet, was born at Naples. His
+works consist of the _Thebais_, an epic in imitation of the _Aeneid_ and
+having for its subject the story of the Seven against Thebes; the
+_Achilleis_, intended to celebrate the deeds of Achilles, but never
+completed; and the _Silvae_, a collection of thirty-one miscellaneous
+poems, of which our selection is one.
+
+For Reference: Fr. Vollmer, _Silvae_, Leipzig, 1898.
+
+Metre: Dactylic Hexameter, B. 368; A. & G. 615.
+
+_1._ 1. placidissime divum: cf. Statius, _Thebais_, 10. 126, 127:
+mitissime divum, Somne; Ovid, 11. 623-625-.
+
+ Somne, quies rerum, placidissime Somne deorum,
+ pax animi, quem cura fugit, qui corda diurnis
+ fessa ministeriis mulces reparasque labori;
+
+and Shakspere, _Macbeth_, II. 2. 37 ff.:
+
+ Sleep that knits up the ravelled sleave of care,
+ The death of each day's life, sore labour's bath,...
+ Chief nourisher in life's feast.
+
+4. simulant...somnos: rounded tree-tops take the semblance of tired
+sleep. cacumina might mean mountain tops, but the parallelism of the
+passage with _Aeneid_, 4. 522-528 favors the interpretation as tree-tops.
+The trees, their rounded outline no longer broken by the winds,
+seem to sleep as if exhausted by their tossing. 6. terris...adclinata:
+we are reminded of those Elgin marbles which represent Thalassa, the
+personified sea, as resting in the lap of Gaea, the personified land.
+Cf. with lines 3-7 Goethe, _Wanderer's Nachtlied_, 1-6: 'Ãœber allen
+Gipfeln Ist Ruh, In allen Wipfeln Spürest du Kaum einen Hauch; Die
+Vögelein schweigen im Walde.' 7. Septima...Phoebe: the seventh moon-lit
+night. 8, 9. totidem...lampades: a second expression of the thought that
+it is the seventh night since he has slept. Oetaeae Paphiaeque: the
+planet Venus is called Oetaean since poetical tradition pictures it as
+shining from above Oeta, a mountain of Thessaly; and Paphian because the
+goddess Venus, whose star it is, was worshipped with especial devotion
+at Paphos in Cyprus. lampades: each nightly appearance of the star is
+poetically thought of as the kindling of a new torch. Tithonia: Aurora,
+the dawn, wife of Tithonus, to whom she had been able to give
+immortality, but not eternal youth. She is thought of as sprinkling the
+dew from the lash with which she drives her chariot team. 13. Argus:
+Io's thousand-eyed custodian, who was sacer, devoted to death, since he
+was doomed to be slain by Hermes, her liberator. 18. leviter...transi:
+pass lightly hovering above me.
+
+Wordsworth's three sonnets _To Sleep_ should all be compared. The best
+is as follows:
+
+ A flock of sheep that leisurely pass by,
+ One after one; the sound of rain and bees
+ Murmuring; the fall of rivers, winds, and seas,
+ Smooth fields, white sheets of water and pure sky;
+ I have thought of all by turns and still do lie
+ Sleepless! and soon the small birds' melodies
+ Must hear, first uttered from my orchard trees;
+ And the first cuckoo's melancholy cry.
+ Even thus last night and two nights more I lay,
+ And could not win thee, Sleep, by any stealth;
+ So do not let me wear to-night away:
+ Without thee what is all the morning's wealth?
+ Come, blessed barrier between day and day,
+ Dear mother of fresh thoughts and joyous health!
+
+
+
+IX. MARTIAL.
+
+43-104 A.D.
+
+He was a man of genius, of quick intelligence and vivacity, with a great
+deal of wit and pungency in his writings, and at the same time great
+candour.--Pliny, _Epistula_ 3. 21 (Sellar's translation).
+
+Martial was born at Bilbilis in Spain. At twenty-three years of age he
+came to Rome, where he resided for thirty-five years in limited
+circumstances, returning to his birthplace three years before his death.
+He composed fourteen books of Epigrams.
+
+As a man he was social and popular. As a writer he was eminently sincere
+(except when playing the courtier), natural, and witty. He had no equal
+among the poets of his time as a lifelike painter of the actual world of
+his day.
+
+For Reference: Sellar and Ramsay, _Extracts from Martial_ (Edinburgh,
+1884), Introduction; Teuffel, Schwabe, and Warr, _History of Roman
+Literature_, vol. 2, p. 121 ff.; Friedländer, _Martialis Epigrammaton
+Libri_ (Leipzig, 1886); Paley and Stone, _Select Epigrams from Martial_
+(London, 1881).
+
+Metres: Choliambic, A. & G. 618, a, b, c. _Selections_ 4, 12.
+Phalaecian, A. & G. 623, 624,625. 11: _Selections_ 1, 5, 7, 11. Elegiac,
+B. 369, 1, 2; A. & G. 616: _Selections_ 2, 3, 8, 9, 10, 13.
+
+_1._ 5. tu: the attorney who is conducting Martial's case. 6. periuria
+ff.: to a Roman the name of Carthaginian (_Punicus_) was a synonym for
+treachery. 7. Muciosque: Mucius, when captured in an attempt to
+assassinate King Porsena, showed his insensibility to threats by
+voluntarily holding his hand in the flame of an altar. Livy, 2. 12. The
+plurals in this line may be rendered by _Sullas, Mariuses_, etc.
+
+_4._ Bassus is met at various points on the Appian Way farther and
+farther out from Rome. 1. pluit: because of the leaky aqueduct above. 2.
+Phrygium...ferrum: the priests of Cybele washed their knives in the
+Almo, a branch of the Tiber near Kome. 3. Horatiorum...campus: the
+traditional scene of the combat between the Horatii and Curiatii. 4.
+pusilli: the statue is small. fervet: is alive with worshippers. 10.
+coronam: hoop. 12. nondum victa faba: too young yet to crunch the bean.
+15. Immo: No indeed!
+
+_5._ 2. sed...fenestra: window-gardens were common in Rome.
+4. nemus Dianae: i.e. a forest of 'big timber.' 7. corona: not
+understood. 16. sus Calydonius: the type of a huge and ferocious wild
+animal. 17. ungue Prognes: the talon of Progne, i.e. of the swallow. For
+myth see _Harper's Classical Dictionary_, 'Tereus.' 20. et...picata: a
+nut will take the place of the pitch-bedaubed dolium. 22, 23.
+praedium...prandium: lands...a lunch.
+
+_6._ To a friend who has long been saying that to-morrow he will change
+it all and really live. 4. In the Orient, the region of the sunrise, is
+where that happy to-morrow is hiding, if anywhere. 5. These two are
+types of longevity.
+
+_7._ 4. focus perennis: a kitchen fire never idle. 5. toga rara:
+a dress suit seldom. The toga was connected with burdensome duties, as
+with the service of client to patron. 6. vires ingenuae: a gentleman's
+measure of strength. 10. torus: wife. 12. quod...malis: Martial's
+principle in life, 'to be yourself and not strive to be somebody else.'
+
+_8._ The eruption is that of 79 A.D., which destroyed Herculaneum and
+Pompeii. Epistles 6. 16 and 6. 20 of the younger Pliny, and the final
+chapters of Bulwer-Lytton's _Last Days of Pompeii_ may be read in this
+connection. 1. modo: but now. 2. presserat lacus: had filled the vats.
+3. Nysae: a mountain in India where, according to the myth, Bacchus was
+born. 5. Veneris sedes: Venus was the protecting deity of Pompeii. 6.
+Herculaneum was named from and protected by Hercules. 7. mersa favilla:
+Pliny, writing of the eruption, says, Epistula 6. 20. 18, 'Everything
+was covered with deep ashes as with snow.' 8. nec...sibi: and the gods
+could wish they had not been permitted this.
+
+_9._ When Brutus, the slayer of Caesar, committed suicide after the
+defeat at Philippi, his wife Porcia also took her own life. The common
+story was that her friends, suspecting her design, removed all weapons
+out of her way, and that she thereupon destroyed herself by swallowing
+live coals. The real fact may have been that she suffocated herself by
+the vapor of a charcoal stove,--a common method of suicide with the
+Romans. 4. fatis: by his death. patrem: Cato the Younger, who slew
+himself at Utica after the disastrous battle at Thapsus. 6. ferrum:
+emphatic.
+
+_10._ 1. Arria: the wife of Caecina Paetus. In 42 A.D., on the
+charge of conspiracy against the government, Paetus was ordered by the
+Emperor Claudius to put an end to his own life. When he hesitated, Arria
+stabbed herself and handed him the dagger, saying, _Paete, non dolet_.
+
+Pliny, _Epistula_ 3. 16. 6, says of her conduct on another occasion
+when, fearing the effect of the news on her husband, then dangerously
+ill, she concealed from him the death of their son:
+
+Glorious indeed that act of hers, to bare the steel, to thrust her bosom
+through, to draw the dagger forth, to hand it to her husband, to add
+words immortal and almost divine, 'Paetus, I feel no pain!' But, doing
+this and saying this, glory and eternal fame were in her thought. How
+much greater is it, without the prize of fame, without the prize of
+glory, to hide the tears, conceal the grief, and, bereaved of a son,
+still to act the mother! 4. sed...dolet: i.e. it is your wound that will
+give me pain.
+
+_11._ 1. Flaminiam: sc. viam. 2. noli...marmor: the roads leading out
+from Rome were lined with tombs. 3. salesque Nili: Paris appears to have
+been an Egyptian. 6. omnea Veneres Cupidinesque: imitation of Catullus,
+3. 1 (_Selection_ 3. 1). 7. Paris: a popular Roman actor, put to death
+by Domitian.
+
+_12._ This and the following selection are in memory of a child whose
+parents were slaves on Martial's estate. 1. senibus cygnis: 'swans sing
+sweetest when they die.' Notice that all the objects with which Erotion
+is compared in lines 1-6 are white. Martial is thinking of the whiteness
+of her complexion, a quality admired by the Romans. 2. The Tarentine
+wool was highly prized. 4. lapillos: pearls. 5. dentem: tusk. 7. Baetici
+gregis: the flocks on the Guadalquivir whose wool was naturally of a
+yellowish color. 8. Rhenique nodos: the hair of the Germans gathered
+into a club. Erotion's hair was the light flaxen of the Teutonic type.
+9. Paesti: a city in Lucania, celebrated for its twice-blowing roses,--
+Vergil, _Georgics_, 4. 119, biferi rosaria Paesti. 10. Atticarum
+cerarum: Attica--and particularly Mt. Hymettus--was famous for its
+honey. 11. Martial several times refers to the agreeable odor of amber
+when warmed by holding or rubbing with the hand. 13. sciurus: derived
+from Greek [Greek: skia] and [Greek: oura], lit. 'the shadow-tail.' Our
+word 'squirrel' comes through the Late Latin diminutive forms,
+scuriolus, squirolus, squirelus. 19. pariter: in like manner with
+myself. 20. vernulae: contrasted with nobilem of line 22. 23. Quid esse
+fortius potest: Can any one display more fortitude? 24. Ducenties: lit.
+20,000,000 sesterces, here of indefinite value.
+
+_13._ Martial at the tomb which has just received Erotion's ashes
+appeals to his dead parents to keep the child from fear at sight of the
+'black spectres' and monstrous Cerberus. 2. oscula: in apposition to
+puellam. 5. modo:, just. In six days she would have been six years old.
+7. patronos: protectors, i.e. Fronto and Flacilla. 9, 10. nec...fueris:
+sit tibi terra levis, of ten found as S. T. T. L., is a phrase common
+upon Roman tombstones.
+
+In another epigram (10. 61), a translation of which by Leigh Hunt
+follows, the poet, about to depart finally from the estate where Erotion
+is buried, thus beautifully commends to his successors the care of her
+tomb:
+
+ Underneath this greedy stone
+ Lies little sweet Erotion;
+ Whom the Fates, with hearts as cold,
+ Nipped away at six years old.
+ Thou, whoever thou mayest be,
+ That hast this small field after me,
+ Let the yearly rites be paid
+ To her little slender shade;
+ So shall no disease or jar
+ Hurt thy house or chill thy Lar;
+ But this tomb be here alone
+ The only melancholy stone.
+
+
+
+X. JUVENAL.
+
+About 55-138 A.D.
+
+Facunde Iuvenalis.--Martial, 7. 91. 1.
+
+Irati histrionis exsul.--Sidouius Apollinaris, _Carmen_ 9. 273.
+
+Quidquid agunt homines, votum, timor, ira, voluptas, gaudia, discursus,
+nostri est farrago libelli.--_Satira_ 1. 85-86.
+
+Facit indignatio versum.--_Satira_ 1. 79.
+
+Satire appears to have originated in impromptu dramatic performances. It
+was looked upon by the Romans as a purely native product. Quintilian
+says of it (10. 1. 93) satura quidem tota nostra eat. The word seems to
+be connected with the adjective satur, the distinctive mark of the
+earlier satire being fulness and variety. As lanx satura is a dish
+filled with various kinds of fruit, so satire in this earlier sense is a
+poem which may deal with any subject and employ several measures and
+languages. With Lucilius, satire, while retaining its dramatic and
+discursive character, became didactic as well, and thus the word assumed
+its modern signification.
+
+The principal names in the history of Roman satire are Ennius (239-160
+B.C.), Lucilius (148-103 B.C.), Varro (116-27 B.C.), Horace (65-8 B.C.),
+Persius (34-62 A.D.), Seneca the Younger (3 B.C.-65 A.D.), Petronius
+(flourished about 60 A.D.), and Juvenal.
+
+Juvenal was born at Aquinum in Latium and was the son or foster son of a
+wealthy freedman. He practised declamation till middle life, was tribune
+of the first Dalmatian cohort, was for some reason banished (the story
+says for verses offensive to an actor who had influence at court), and
+died while in exile. He was a friend of the poet Martial.
+
+We possess sixteen of his satires divided into five books. 'Those which
+are most characteristic portray the vices of Roman society with
+passionate, unsparing ferocity' and in an extremely highly colored
+style. In some passages the most prominent quality is wit, which
+consists chiefly in the exaggerated and strongly contrasted situations.
+Other passages reach a lofty height of moral earnestness and dignity.
+
+For Reference: Wright, _Juvenal_ (Boston, 1901); Mayor, _Juvenal_
+(London, 1886).
+
+Metre: Dactylic Hexameter, B. 368; A. & G. 615.
+
+_1._ 1 ff. Praeneste, Volsiniis, Gabiis, Tiburis: country towns at a
+moderate distance from Rome. ruinam: 'The spontaneous collapse of the
+tenement houses was such a common occurrence that nobody paid attention
+to it, though it is an event that would fill our newspapers with a
+thrilling subject for days....There were companies formed for the
+purpose of propping...houses.'--Lanciani, _Ruins and Excavations of
+Ancient Rome_, Conclusion, p. 563. The entire chapter should be read in
+connection with this selection. 3. proni: i.e. on a hillside. 4. urbem:
+i.e. Rome. tibicine: prop. 5. labentibus: the falling walls. 6. vilicus:
+the owner's agent. 8. incendia: fires were common at Rome. Especially
+memorable were the great conflagrations in the reigns of Nero, Titus,
+and Commodus. The Temple of Vesta was almost or entirely destroyed five
+times by fire. 10. Ucalegon: your neighbor on the next floor below;
+called Ucalegon because iam proximits ardet, Vergil, _Aeneid_, 2. 311.
+tabulata tertia: the third or attic story where you live. 11.
+trepidatur: the cry of 'Fire!' is raised. 13. ultimus ardebit: and
+likewise will get the alarm last. 14. Codro: any poor man in this
+situation. Procula minor: too short for Tom Thumb. Procula was probably
+a dwarf. urceoli: displayed on the sideboard, or abacus, beneath which
+was a reclining statuette of the Centaur Chiron. 17. Iam: modifies
+vetus. 18. divina carmina: the Greek books just mentioned. opici: a name
+given by the Greek colonists of southern Italy to the native races.
+Since these were of inferior refinement, the word came to mean
+barbarian. It is applied to the mice since they destroy the manuscripts.
+20, 21. ultimus cumulus: the last straw. 21. frusta: a mouthful of
+food. 23. Asturici: type of a rich man. 24. differt vadimonia: puts off
+the time at which the defendant had given security (vadimonium) to
+appear. 26. Ardet: impersonal. 28. Euphranoris: a Greek sculptor of the
+fourth century B.C. Polycliti: a Greek sculptor of the fifth century
+B.C. He made a famous gold and ivory statue of Hera. 29. ornamenta
+deorum: stolen from some temple. Roman conquerors and governors (like
+Napoleon in modern times) freely robbed subject countries of works of
+art. 30. forulos mediamque Minervam: bookcases and a Minerva among them.
+A 'bust of Pallas,' the goddess of wisdom, is appropriate to a library.
+32. Persicus: the same person as Asturicus. The name is given because of
+the reputed wealth of the Orient. So our expression 'nabob' originally
+meant a viceroy in India. Cf. Milton, _Paradise Lost_, 2. 3-4:
+
+ where the gorgeous East, with richest hand,
+ Showers on her kings barbaric pearl and gold.
+
+orborum lautissimus: richest of childless men. It is on this account
+that all assist him, hoping eventually to receive a legacy. Asturicus
+understands their motive; hence Juvenal's humorous suspicion.
+
+34 ff. avelli: middle. circensibus: the games consisted of many kinds of
+entertainment, especially chariot racing. As with the opera to-day for
+lovers of music, these games formed one of the chief attractions of life
+in a great city. Sorae, Fabrateriae, Frusinone: these are country towns
+of Latium. 36. tenebras: a dark hole. 37. brevis: shallow. 40.
+Pythagoreis: Pythagoras, believing that the human soul might pass into
+one of the lower animals after death, forbade animal food to his
+disciples. 42. unius dominum lacertae: i.e. of the small area which
+would be necessary to furnish food to one lizard.
+
+43. Plurimus aeger: many sick men. aeger, though singular, is used for a
+plural with the adjective of plural signification. vigilando: the final
+o is short. 44. inperfeptus: undigested. 45. ardenti: inflamed.
+meritoria: lodgings. 46. Magnis opibus: ablative of price. Martial says,
+12. 57. 4, 'There is no place in Rome for a poor man to sleep.' Wagons
+were not allowed under ordinary circumstances to pass through the
+streets till the late afternoon, so that the heavy teaming was at night.
+47. arto: the medium width of the principal living streets of Rome was
+only from 16 to 20 feet. 48. stantis oonvicia mandrae: the mingled
+noises of the penned-up herd, i.e. the abuse of the drivers and the
+lowing of the animals. 49. Druso: probably the Emperor Claudius, who was
+lethargic. vitulis marinis: Pliny says, _Natural History_, 9. 42, that
+no animal sleeps more soundly than the seal. 50. officium: e.g. the duty
+of attendance on his patron. 53. clausa fenestra: effected in some
+instances by drawing the curtains, in others by closing the windows of
+mica. 55. unda prior: the human tide, or surging crowd in front. 56.
+assere: the chances were that this would be the pole of a litter, as
+that of the rich man just mentioned. 59. clavus militis: the soldier's
+boot was studded with hobnails. 60. quanto celebretur sportula fumo: in
+the midst of how great a smoke they throng after the sportula. The
+sportula is in this instance the food given by the patron to the client
+in return for his attendance. 61. convivae: the clients. culina: a
+portable kitchen to keep the food warm. 62. Corbulo: type of a
+strongman; as we might say 'a Samson.' Tacitus, _Annales_, 13. 8,
+describes a Roman general of this name as ingens corpore. 65. longa ff.:
+a long fir tree sways to and fro as its trucks come on. A similar
+picture of the crowded city streets is found in Horace, _Epistulae_, 2.
+2. 70. 68. procubuit: once falls over. saxa Ligustica: the marble from
+Luna on the border between Etruria and Liguria. The Romans knew hundreds
+of varieties of marble and used them in vast quantities. 'As Tibullus
+says, the streets of the city were always obstructed by carts laden with
+transmarine columns and blocks,--columns measuring sometimes 1.97 metres
+in diameter and 17.66 metres in length, like those of Trajan's temple;
+or blocks weighing sometimes 27 tons.'--Lanciani, _Ruins and Excavations
+of Ancient Rome_, p. 524. 71. Obtritum perit more animae: ground to
+powder, is gone like a breath. 72. domus: the slaves, pueri, of the
+client just killed. Even a poor man might have several. 74. striglibus:
+to remove perspiration or oil from the body. gutto: oil cruet. 76. ripa:
+of the Styx. Cf. for the scene Vergil, _Aeneid_, 6. 298 ff. novicius: a
+complete stranger, i.e. never having died before,--a grim joke.
+Juvenal's wit has been called 'the earliest known instance of American
+humor.'--Peck and Arrowsmith, _Roman Life_, etc. 77. nec sperat: he
+cannot cross the Styx since he has not received the rites of burial. 78.
+porrigat ore: offer with his mouth. A coin was often put in the mouth of
+the dead to pay Charon's fee. 80. Spatium: i.e. how high the roofs are.
+Cicero describes Rome as 'suspended in the air.' Some of the houses were
+100 feet in height. 83. silicem: even the volcanic stone which forms the
+pavement of the street is broken. 85 ff. quot patent vigiles fenestrae:
+this may be punningly rendered,--as many as there are windows up.--Peck
+and Arrowsmith, _Roman Life_, etc.
+
+_2._ 9. sacellis: the shrines of the Lares found in every house. The
+common offering at them was a pig. 10. tomacula: minced meat. 17.
+Sardanapali: effeminate and luxurious, the last king of Assyria. When a
+conspiracy against him was about to succeed, he burned himself with his
+treasures. Byron has a drama _Sardanapalus_. 19. virtutem: Virtueland.
+20. Nullum numen abest: the gods are all on the side of the provident.
+Fortune is no deity and only we mistaken men think her such.
+
+_3._ 3. quae lacrimas dedit: i.e. in that she gave us tears. haec: i.e.
+sympathy. 4. ergo: i.e. this gift of tears implies that, etc. 5.
+squaloremque rei: persons on trial often appeared in court with unshorn
+beard, unwashed toga, and other signs of mourning. 6. circumscriptorem:
+his dishonest guardian. 7. puellares capilli: boys wore long hair till
+they put on the toga virilis. 10, 11. minor igni rogi: minor with the
+ablative here means too small for. It was unusual to burn the bodies of
+very young children. face dignus arcana: i.e. worthy of initiation into
+the Eleusinian mysteries. On the fifth day of the festival the initiated
+marched in a torch-light procession from Athens to Eleusis. They must be
+holy in thought and deed. 13. mutorum: dumb animals. venerabile:
+reverential. 14. divinorumque capaces: with a capacity to know God. 16.
+sensum ff.: a feeling from above, i.e. sympathy. Man with his religious
+nature, with his power to practice the arts, and his erect posture, is
+given this also as a crowning mark of distinction from the lower
+creation. 18. indulsit: in his goodness gave. 19, 20. tantum animas:
+merely life. animum: a soul. mutuus adfectus: a feeling of brotherhood.
+24. tutos: protected by. 25. collata fiducia: confidence due to union.
+27. defendier: archaic form of defendi.
+
+_4._ 1. Di: sc. date or dent. sine pondere terram: cf. Martial,
+_Selection_ 13. 9, 10 and note. 2. spirantis: fragrant. perpetuum ver:
+because the urn is always supplied with flowers.
+
+2. procul, a procul inde: a part of the formula used to warn away the
+unhallowed from sacred rites. Cf. Vergil, _Aeneid_, 6. 258, procul, o
+procul este profani. The phrase, accordingly, has attached to it a
+religious earnestness and solemnity, like In the name of God, away! 3.
+pernoctantis parasiti: the contemptible guest who, for a dinner, stays
+all night, entertaining his host with low songs. 5. nec contempseris
+annos: do not think your child too young to observe and imitate.
+
+
+
+XI. HADRIAN.
+
+76-138 A.D.
+
+Hadrian was of Spanish descent and related to Trajan, whom he succeeded
+as emperor in 117. His reign, except its closing years, was noteworthy
+for good legislation, for the construction of magnificent buildings, and
+for his journeys to every part of the Empire.
+
+Metre: Iambic Dimeter Acatalectic, G. & L. 757, 765.
+
+_1._ The emperor is said by Spartianus to have composed this poem upon
+his death-bed.
+
+The diminutives express affection and compassion.
+
+4. pallidula and rigida refer to animula, the soul being conceived as
+presenting the appearance of the dead body. nudula also refers to
+animula, as disembodied, or, metaphorically speaking, 'unclothed'; cf. 2
+Corinthians 5. 3, 4 and Plato, _Cratylus_, 403 B,' the soul denuded of
+the body.' Line 5 is equivalent to a fourth adjective, sad.
+
+The passage contains an unusual number of words which occur but once
+(vagula, blandula, nudula), or very rarely (pallidula).
+
+Pope translates:
+
+ Ah, fleeting Spirit! wand'ring fire,
+ That long hast warm'd my tender breast,
+ Must thou no more this frame inspire?
+ No more a pleasing, cheerful guest?
+ Whither, ah whither art thou flying?
+ To what dark, undiscover'd shore?
+ Thou seem'st all trembling, shiv'ring, dying,
+ And Wit and Humor are no more.
+
+At Steele's request that he should write an ode in imitation of
+Hadrian's poem, but of a 'cheerful dying spirit' Pope composed the hymn:
+
+ Vital spark of heav'nly flame!
+ Quit, oh quit this mortal frame:
+ Trembling, hoping, ling'ring, flying,
+ Oh the pain, the bliss of dying! etc.
+
+
+
+XII. ANONYMOUS.
+
+Metre: Dactylic Hexameter, B. 368; A. & G. 615.
+
+_1._ 1. Lindi: a city of Rhodes. 2. Ephyra: another name for Corinth. 7.
+Cecropius: Attic. Cecrops was the first king of Athens. induperabit:
+indu is an old form of in.
+
+
+
+SACRED LATIN POETRY.
+
+The Latin hymns differ from classical poetry in that accent and rhyme
+prevail instead of syllabic quantity. This is in accordance with the
+genius of a language which never disregarded accent and in which rhyme
+occurs even in its earliest extant literature, as in Ennius'
+_Andromacha_:
+
+ Haec omnia vidi inflammari,
+ Priamo vi vitam evitari, etc.
+
+Among the famous authors of Latin hymns are Adam of St. Victor; St.
+Ambrose; Fortunatus; Robert the Second, King of France; Bernard of
+Clairvaux; Bernard of Cluny; and Abelard. Among the greatest of the
+hymns are the Te Deum, the Veni, Creator Spiritus, the Stabat Mater, the
+Veni, Sancte Spiritus, the Dies Irae, the Ut Iucundas, the Iesu, Dulcis
+Memoria, and the Hora Novissima.
+
+For Reference: Trench, _Sacred Latin Poetry_ (London, 1874); March,
+_Latin Hymns_ (New York, 1874); Daniel, _Thesaurus Hymnologicus_
+(Leipzig, 1841-1856, 5 vols.); Merrill, _Latin Hymns_ (Boston, 1904);
+Julian, _Dictionary of Hymnology_ (London, 1907). In all see indices of
+first lines.
+
+
+
+ANONYMOUS. FOR CHRISTMAS DAY.
+
+This was till recently a favorite in the Lutheran churches of Germany.
+Like most of the other hymns in this collection, it has often been
+translated; as by Schaff in his _Christ in Song_. The oldest text known
+is as early as the fourteenth century.
+
+The subject is the birth of Christ. Cf. Matthew 2. 1. Bethlehem:
+indeclinable, like most proper names of Hebrew origin. 5, 6. The ox and
+ass were believed to have occupied the stable with Christ on the
+combined authority of the Septuagint reading of Hahakkuk 3. 2: 'Between
+two animals shalt thou be known'; and of Isaiah 1. 3: 'The ox knoweth
+his owner, and the ass his master's crib.' quod: that. 7. Reges: Isaiah
+60. 3; Psalms 72. 10, 15. Saba: Psalms 72. 10, 15. 11. Sine serpentis
+vulnere: without 'original sin.' Cf. Genesis 3. 14, 15; 1 John 3. 5.
+
+
+
+FOR EASTER DAY.
+
+This fine sequence was highly esteemed by Luther and became a favorite
+in many countries. Its composition was as early as the eleventh century.
+At first sight it appears to be prose, but proves on closer examination
+to be rhymed throughout. The dialogue form made possible its dramatic
+use in the Easter Mystery Plays and the church service. For this and for
+translations see Julian, p. 1223 ff.
+
+The subject is the Resurrection. Cf. Matthew 28. 1-15; John 20. 1-18.
+
+2. Agnus: John 1. 29. oves: John 10. 11. 3. regnat: Matthew 25. 34. 4-9.
+Dic ff.: the conversation supposed to have taken place between Mary
+Magdalene and the disciples after her return from the sepulchre.
+Surrexit: Luke 24. 34.
+
+
+
+PLAUDITE CAELI.
+
+This hymn was composed by a member of the Jesuit Order. Its date is of
+the fourteenth to the sixteenth century; its subject the Resurrection.
+
+1. Plaudite: cf. Flumina plaudent manu, Psalms 97. 8; 'All the trees of
+the field shall clap their hands.'--Isaiah 55. 12. 2. aether: the upper
+air. 3, 4. Let the heights and the depths of the world rejoice. 5, 6.
+The black storm-rack has passed by. 7. almae: bountiful. 11, 12.
+pictis...campis: cf. 'daisies...do paint the meadows.'--_Love's Labour's
+Lost_, V. 2. 905. 17, 18. Full veins are metaphorical for the full
+strong flow of song. 20. Barbytha: bad spelling for barbita, lutes. 26.
+Ludite: flow merrily.
+
+The hymn has been translated into English by Mrs. Charles, _Christian
+Life in Song_, p. 184, and by Duffield, _Latin Hymns_, p. 398. The
+latter thus renders ll. 9-24:
+
+ Spring breezes are blowing,
+ Spring flowers are at hand,
+ Spring grasses are growing
+ Abroad in the land,
+
+ And violets brighten
+ The roses in bloom,
+ And marigolds heighten
+ The lilies' perfume.
+
+ Rise then, O my praises,
+ Fresh life in your veins,
+ As the viol upraises
+ The gladdest of strains,
+ For once more he sees us,
+ Alive, as he said;
+ Our holy Lord Jesus
+ Escaped from the dead.
+
+
+
+PONE LUCTUM, MAGDALENA.
+
+The subject is the appearance of the risen Christ to Mary Magdalene at
+the tomb, John 20. 11-18.
+
+1. Pone: dismiss thy grief. 3. Simonis: Mary Magdalene, as in _Dies
+Irae_, 37, is identified with 'the woman which was a sinner' of Luke 7.
+37-50, who, while Jesus sat at meal in the house of Simon, the Pharisee,
+'weeping, began to wet his feet with her tears,' 1. 4. 22, 23. Lift thy
+face, O Magdalen! Behold the risen Christ. 25. Quinque plagas: the five
+strokes are the nail prints in Jesus' hands and feet and the spear wound
+in his side, Luke 24. 40; John 20. 24-29. inspice: as Thomas and the
+other disciples beheld.
+
+Translation by Mrs. Charles, _Christian Life in Song_, p. 182.
+
+
+
+BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX.
+
+1091-1153 A.D.
+
+
+SALVE, CAPUT CRUENTATUM.
+
+This selection is taken from a hymn in seven parts, each addressing some
+member of Christ's body on the cross, the feet, the knees, etc. The
+composition is more probably by some German poet than by Bernard, but
+its supposed origin with the latter has become a subject of religious
+legend. One ancient copy describes the hymn as 'a divine and most devout
+prayer of the Abbot St. Bernard, which he made when an image of the
+Saviour with outstretched arms embraced him from the cross.' Again we
+read, 'The image on the cross bowed itself and embraced him with its
+wounded arms as a sure token that to it this prayer was most pleasing.'
+
+Julian refers to eight English metrical versions. One of the finest
+forms in which it has come into the language (through P. Gerhardt's free
+German version 'O Haupt voll Blut und Wunden') is _O sacred Head! now
+wounded_.
+
+3. Conquassatum: mangled. 7. Immutatus: 'His visage was so marred more
+than any man.'--Isaiah 52. 14. 10. All heaven shudders. The curia is the
+centre of government. 11. viror: Late Latin for viriditas, vigor; we
+might freely render brightness. 14. Expressing the extremity of
+weakness, hanging all in faintness. 19. intersigno: proof, Late Latin.
+23-25. From whose mouth I have taken honey with the sweetness of milk,
+beyond all delights. A figurative use of the story of Samson, who found
+a honeycomb in the mouth of the carcass of the lion which he had slain,
+Judges 14. 8, 9. Milk is religiously associated with honey because of
+the description of Canaan in Deuteronomy 31. 20, terram lacte et melle
+manantem. 28-30. Now that death is near Thee, lay here Thine head, rest
+in my arms. 32. gauderem: I would rejoice, were I associated with Thy
+holy passion; present contrary to fact condition. 40. absque: without,
+ante- and post-classic preposition. 46. emigrare: depart from life. Cf.
+qui e vita emigravit, Cicero, _De Legibus_, 2. 48. 49. Temetipsum: Thine
+own self. An emphatic -met is suffixed to Te.
+
+
+'JESUS, THE VERY THOUGHT OF THEE.'
+
+The author is probably St. Bernard, the abbot of Clairvaux and the great
+preacher of the Second Crusade. Few men in Christendom have ever
+exercised a personal influence equal to his.
+
+These quartrains are selected from a hymn composed of fifty such, and
+familiar to English-speaking Christians from Caswall's translation,
+_Jesus, the very Thought of Thee_, and Ray Palmer's _Jesus, Thou Joy of
+Loving Hearts_. It was a favorite of Livingstone who quotes from it in
+his _African Diary_. 'No other poem in any language,' says Julian, 'has
+furnished to English and American hymn-books so many hymns of sterling
+worth and well-deserved popularity.'
+
+Subject, Jesus.
+
+1-4. Iesu: vocative. We would expect das instead of dans and tui instead
+of eius. Supply est with praesentia.
+
+13-16.
+
+ Thou bliss of souls in bitter need,
+ Water to lip and light to eye,
+ All joy thou dost how far exceed,
+ All yearning more than satisfy.
+
+
+
+ROBERT II, KING OF FRANCE.
+
+971-1031 A.D.
+
+'COME, HOLY SPIRIT, FROM ABOVE.'
+
+Robert, the son of Hugh Capet, to whom this hymn is commonly, but
+probably incorrectly, ascribed, became king of France in 988 A.D. He
+'was a kindly, easy man, endowed with all the charming and dangerous
+virtues which commend themselves in the man and often prove fatal to the
+king. His reign was a constant struggle, first with the church for his
+wife, afterwards with his barons for his existence.'--_Encyclopaedia
+Britannica_, vol. ix, p. 536.
+
+This hymn was in the Middle Ages often called the _Golden Sequence_.
+Clichtovaeus (_Elucidatorium_, Paris, 1516, f. 171) declares it 'above
+all praise whether by reason of its wonderful sweetness...or of its
+brevity along with wealth of ideas or...of the elegant grace of its
+structure.' Trench, _Sacred Latin Poetry_, says it 'could only have been
+composed by one who had been acquainted with many sorrows and also with
+many consolations.'
+
+Julian refers to thirty-eight renderings into English. One of the best
+of these is A. P. Stanley's version, _Come, Holy Spirit, from Above_.
+
+The subject is an entreaty to the Spirit to come and to bestow His
+gifts. To the former thought belong the earlier stanzas, to the second
+thought the latter stanzas. At the beginning of the poem veni,
+emphasizing the former thought, is in its position and repetition like
+da at the close, emphasizing the latter.
+
+3. lucis: cf. lumen cordium, 1. 6, lux beatissima, 1.13. The Spirit, as
+the 'guide into all truth,' is naturally addressed as light and the
+giver of light. 7. Consolator: John 14. 16. 9. refrigerium: refreshment.
+'May God refresh thy spirit' is a phrase not uncommon in Christian
+epitaphs of the Catacombs. 7-12. Stanley renders:
+
+ O Thou, of comforters the best,
+ O Thou, the soul's most welcome guest,
+ O Thou, our sweet repose,
+ Our resting-place from life's long care,
+ Our shadow from the world's fierce glare,
+ Our solace in all woes.
+
+19, 20. Lava, Riga: John 3. 5; Isaiah 44. 3. 27. septenarium: the
+seven-fold gift. The spirit is septiformis munere, the seven gifts being
+'the spirit of wisdom,' 'of understanding,' 'of council,' 'of might,' 'of
+knowledge,' 'of piety,' and 'of the fear of the Lord,' Isaiah 11. 2, 3.
+
+
+
+ANONYMOUS.
+
+PHOENIX INTER FLAMMAS EXPIRANS.
+
+The suggestion of this beautiful poem is from _Canticles_. The date of
+composition is the seventeenth century.
+
+The subject is the soul's 'desire to depart and to be with Christ.' The
+second to the fifth stanzas take their form from the legend of the
+phoenix, a fabulous bird which was said to build its funeral pyre, to
+burn itself, singing a death-song, and to rise from its ashes in renewed
+youth. The soul, passing from this life to immortality, conceives itself
+as a phoenix consuming in the flames and singing a death-song (the
+third, fourth, and fifth stanzas).
+
+3. aegram: Canticles 2. 5. 4. Dilecto: Christ in heaven. Cf. Canticles
+2. 3. 27-30. The flame leaping toward the sky is a type of the soul in
+its eagerness to ascend to heaven. Cf.:
+
+ Rivers to the ocean run
+ Nor stay in all their course:
+ Fire ascending seeks the sun:
+ Both speed them to their source.
+ So the soul that's born of God
+ Pants to view his glorious face,
+ Upward tends to his abode
+ To rest in his embrace.
+ --Seagrave.
+
+
+
+THOMAS A CELANO.
+
+DIES IRAE.
+
+Thomas, called _a Celano_ from a small town in central Italy, was a
+Franciscan monk who lived in the thirteenth century and was custos of
+certain convents of his order on the Rhine. His authorship of this hymn
+is probable, not certain.
+
+For the literature see Julian, p. 294.
+
+In the ritual the _Dies Irae_ is used for All Souls' Day and for requiem
+masses. The most famous musical setting is by Mozart.
+
+Daniel says of this hymn, 'Each word is a peal of thunder.' Trench says,
+'The triple rhyme has been likened to blow following blow of the hammer
+on the anvil.'
+
+Goethe introduces the _Dies Irae_ into a scene of the first part of
+Faust; the remorse of Gretchen becomes overwhelming as she hears the
+hymn pealing through the cathedral, the culmination corning with the
+repetition of the words Quid sum miser tunc, dicturus?
+
+Sir Walter Scott thus quotes and summarizes at the end of _The Lay of
+the Last Minstrel_:
+
+ Far the echoing aisles prolong
+ The awful burthen of the song,--
+ DIES IRAE, DIES ILLA,
+ SOLVET SAECLUM IN FAVILLA;...
+ Thus the holy fathers sung.
+
+HYMN FOR THE DEAD.
+
+ That day of wrath, that dreadful day,
+ When heaven and earth shall pass away,
+ What power shall be the sinner's stay?
+ How shall he meet that dreadful day?
+
+ When, shrivelling like a parched scroll,
+ The naming heavens together roll;
+ When louder yet, and yet more dread,
+ Swells the high trump that wakes the dead.
+
+ Oh! on that day, that wrathful day,
+ When man to judgment wakes from clay,
+ Be THOU the trembling sinner's stay,
+ Though heaven and earth shall pass away.
+
+The same poet was heard to quote portions of the hymn on his deathbed,
+and the last words of the Earl of Roscommon, author of one of the
+well-known versions, were a rendering of line 51:
+
+ My God, my Father, and my Friend,
+ Do not forsake me in my end!
+
+Hundreds of metrical translations of this hymn exist. A good selection
+will be found in Nott, _Seven Great Hymns).
+
+1. Dies irae, dies illa, dies tribulationis et angustiae, dies
+calamitatis et miseriae, etc.--Zephaniah 1. 16. Cf. dies magnus irae,
+Revelation 6. 17. 2. Shall lay the world in glowing ashes. Cf. 2 Peter
+3. 10-12, especially 'The elements shall melt with fervent heat.' 3.
+Teste David cum Sibylla: Jew and Gentile both testify that the Day of
+Judgment shall come. As Vergil in his fourth _Eclogue_ was believed to
+have foretold Christ, so the Sibyl was thought to have prophesied the
+Day of Judgment. This was due to the still extant 'Sibylline Oracles,' a
+collection of twelve books in Greek hexameters supposed to have emanated
+from the Sibyl, but really pretended prophesies composed in the interest
+of their respective religions partly by Alexandrian Jews, partly by
+Christians. For the witness of David see Psalms 11. 5, 6; 96. 13; 97. 2,
+3. Cf. Trench, pp. 303, 304. Teste David is ablative absolute. 6.
+Discussurus: investigate, a meaning not classic in the literary
+language. 7. Tuba: 'the trumpet shall sound and the dead shall be
+raised.'--1 Corinthians 15. 52. Cf. 1 Thessalonians 4. 16. 11. creatura:
+every creature. 13. Liber scriptus: Daniel 1. 10; Revelation 20. 12. 16.
+Matthew 25. 31. 17. Luke 12. 2. 20. patronum: advocate, 1 John 2. 1. 21.
+vix iustus: 'if the righteous is scarcely saved.'--1 Peter 4. 18. 22-24.
+
+ King of awful majesty,
+ Saving sinners graciously,
+ Fount of mercy, save Thou me!
+
+23. gratis: freely, Revelation 21. 6. 28-30. Dr. Johnson frequently
+quoted this stanza with tears. 28. 'Jesus, being wearied with his
+journey, sat thus by the well.'--John 4. 6. 33. 'After a long time the
+Lord of those servants cometh and maketh a reckoning with them.'--
+Matthew 25. 19. 37. The writer identifies Mary Magdalene with 'the woman
+which was a sinner' to whom Jesus said, 'Thy sins are forgiven thee.'
+38. latronem: the penitent thief, Luke 23. 39 ff. 43-48. Matthew 25. 31
+ff. 49. acclinis: bowing before Thee. 50. A heart bruised even as ashes.
+The literal meaning of contritum, 'separated into small pieces,' is
+strongly in mind. Cf. cor contritum; Psalms 51. 17. Cor is in apposition
+with the subject of oro. 52-57. These lines adapt the hymn to the
+service. 56, 57. Note the wonderful sweetness of these lines, like calm
+after storm.
+
+BERNARD OF CLUNY.
+
+DE PATRIAE CAELESTIS LAUDE.
+
+This writer, born in Brittany of English parents and a contemporary of
+St. Bernard, was a monk in the monastery of Cluny under Peter the
+Venerable. The verses here given form the opening of his _De Contemptu
+Mundi_, a bitter satire about three thousand lines long upon the
+corruptions of the time. The passage is described by Neale as 'the most
+lovely of mediaeval poems.'
+
+The metre is dactylic hexameter with the leonine and tailed rhyme, each
+line being broken up into three parts. This measure is so difficult that
+the composer was enabled to master it only, as he believed, by a special
+inspiration; but two translators into English, Moultrie and Duffield,
+have attempted to reproduce it, as:
+
+ Here we have many fears; this is the vale of tears, the land of
+sorrow.
+ Tears are there none at all, in that celestial hall, on life's bright
+morrow.
+
+The great English rendering is by Neale in his _Rhythm of Bernard de
+Morlaix on the Celestial Country_. From this many favorite hymns have
+been drawn.
+
+The subject is the speedy coming of Christ to judge the world and the
+joys and glories of the New Jerusalem. Cf. Revelation 21 and 22.
+
+3. terminet: subjunctive of wish. 8. homo deus: the God-man; i.e.
+Christ. 10. non breve vivere: subject of retribuetur. 17. Sion: the
+church. Babylone: the world. Cf. such passages as Revelation 16. 19. 19.
+sobria: sober and impliedly watchful. Cf. 1 Thessalonians 5. 6. 24-29.
+
+ With jasper glow thy bulwarks,
+ Thy streets with emerald blaze;
+ The sardius and the topaz
+ Unite in thee their rays;
+
+ Thine ageless walls are bonded
+ With amethyst unpriced;
+ Thy saints build up its fabric,
+ And the corner-stone is Christ.
+
+ The cross is all thy splendor,
+ The crucified thy praise;
+ His laud and benediction
+ Thy ransomed people raise.
+
+ Thou hast no shore, fair ocean;
+ Thou hast no time, bright day
+ Dear fountain of refreshment
+ To pilgrims far away.
+ --Neale.
+
+26. The heavenly throng compose thy fabric and Christ is thy precious
+stone; i.e. each believer is a stone built into the structure of the
+heavenly city of which Christ, the 'living stone, elect and precious,'
+is the foundation. Cf. 1 Peter 2. 3-6. 29. Thou without shore (i.e.
+unbounded in extent), thou without time (i.e. never ceasing to flow),
+fountain that art soon a stream. 34.
+
+ Beneath thy contemplation
+ Sink heart and voice oppressed.
+ --Neale.
+
+49. Plaude...Deus:
+
+ Exult, O dust and ashes!
+ The Lord shall be thy part.
+ --Neale.
+
+
+
+HILDEBERT.
+
+1057-1184 A.D.
+
+THE HEAVENLY CITY.
+
+Hildebert, a contemporary and fellow-countryman of the Bernards, became
+Archbishop of Tours in 1125. His verses number more than ten thousand.
+
+The selection is taken from his _Address to the Three Persons of the
+Holy Trinity_.
+
+Cf. Revelation 21 and 22.
+
+3. Auctor lucis: Genesis 1. 3. 5. lapis vivua: 1 Peter 2. 4, 6. 6. Rex
+festivus: Matthew 22. 2. 12-14. Revelation 21. 4; 1 John 3. 2. 15-18.
+Cf. O civitas sancta, civitas speciosa, de longinquo te saluto, ad te
+clamo, te require.--Augustine, _De Spiritu et Anima_. 26. Revelation 21.
+24.
+
+The following is a portion of Neale's translation (_Mediaeval Hymns_,
+pp. 35-36):
+
+ Mine be Sion's habitation,
+ Sion, David's calm foundation:
+ Built by him, light's source immortal,--
+ To whose streets the cross is portal:
+ In this city, uninvaded
+ Peace,--spring endless, light unfaded:
+ Endless breath of flowerets vernal,
+ Festal melody eternal.
+ Home, no change nor loss that fearest,
+ From afar my soul thou cheerest:
+ Thee it seeketh, thee requireth,
+ Thee affecteth, thee desireth.
+
+
+---
+
+LATIN
+
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+
+Edited by Professor CHARLES E. BENNETT, of Cornell University 12mo,
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+a line or two all necessary information regarding the subject, date, and
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+
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+
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+
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+
+By Professor S. B. PLATNER, Western Reserve University. 8vo, cloth, 528
+pages. Nine Maps and Plans and 95 Illustrations. Price, $3.00.
+
+THIS book is intended to serve as an introduction to the study of the
+topography of ancient Rome for students of Roman antiquities and
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+of the topography of each region, and the position of its buildings so
+far as this is known, and a detailed description of the more important
+structures.
+
+To facilitate further study, references of two classes have been added:
+first, to the sources of information in ancient literature and
+inscriptions, and second, to the most important material in current
+periodicals and the standard works on topography.
+
+The volume contains five double-page and four single-page maps, nearly
+all of which are colored. There are ninety-five illustrations, many
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+
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+
+Chapters are also devoted to Building Materials and Methods, and the
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+
+_Handbook of Latin Inscriptions_
+
+By W. M. LINDSAY, M.A., Fellow of Jesus College, Oxford. 16mo, cloth,
+134 pages. Price, $1.25.
+
+THE author states very clearly some of the principles of form changes in
+Latin, and gives a collection of inscriptions by way of illustration.
+These are fifty-eight in number and extend from the earliest period down
+to Imperial and Late Latin.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Readings from Latin Verse, by Curtis C. Bushnell
+
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+Project Gutenberg's Readings from Latin Verse, by Curtis C. Bushnell
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Readings from Latin Verse
+ With Notes
+
+Author: Curtis C. Bushnell
+
+Release Date: September 21, 2010 [EBook #33786]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK READINGS FROM LATIN VERSE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Michael Gray, alumnus, Santa Clara University
+Classics Department
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+READINGS FROM LATIN VERSE
+
+
+WITH NOTES
+
+
+
+BY
+
+CURTIS C. BUSHNELL, PH.D.
+
+PROFESSOR OF CLASSICS IN SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY
+
+
+
+Boston
+ALLYN AND BACON
+1908
+
+
+
+
+COPYRIGHT, 1908, BY
+CURTIS C. BUSHNELL.
+
+
+
+FRANCISCO - SMALLEY
+DECANO
+COMES - ET - AMICVS
+HVNC - LIBELLVM
+D - D
+
+
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTORY NOTE.
+
+THIS little book has been prepared to meet the needs of my own classes.
+The selections have been made primarily with reference to their literary
+merit, but also with the intention of introducing the student to a
+number of authors not usually read in the earlier portion of the college
+course.
+
+The notes are greatly indebted to the works named under the heading,
+'Reference.'
+
+I am under obligations to Professor E. C. Morris of Syracuse University
+for the correction of the manuscript of the notes, and to Mr. N. L.
+Willey, Syracuse University, 1908, for assistance in proof-reading.
+ C. C. B.
+SYRACUSE, N.Y.
+
+
+
+READINGS FROM LATIN VERSE.
+
+CLASSICAL LATIN POETRY.
+
+
+I. ENNIUS.
+
+
+FROM THE ANNALS.
+
+
+_1. The Lament for Romulus._
+
+ Pectora fida tenet desiderium: simul inter
+ sese sic memorant, 'o Romule, Romule die,
+ qualem te patriae custodem di genuerunt!
+ O pater, o genitor, o sanguen dis oriundum,
+ tu produxisti nos intra luminis oras.' 5
+
+_2. Pyrrhus dismissing the Prisoners without Ransom._
+
+ Nec mi aurum posco nec mi pretium dederitis:
+ nec cauponantes bellum sed belligerantes
+ ferro, non auro, vitam cernamus utrique.
+ Vosne velit an me regnare era quidve ferat Fors
+ virtute experiamur. Et hoc simul accipe dictum: 5
+ quorum virtuti belli fortuna pepercit
+ eorundem libertati me parcere certumst.
+ Dono ducite doque volentibus cum magnis dis.
+
+_3. M.' Curius._
+
+ Quem nemo ferro potuit superare nec auro.
+
+_4. Q. Fabius Maximus._
+
+ Unus homo nobis cunctando restituit rem;
+ noenum rumores ponebat ante salutem;
+ ergo plusque magisque viri nunc gloria claret.
+
+_5. The Strength of Rome._
+
+ Moribus antiquis res stat Romana virisque.
+
+
+FROM THE TRAGEDIES.
+
+
+_6. A Bereaved Father's Fortitude._
+
+ Égo cum genui, túm morituros scívi et ei re sústuli.
+ Praéterea ad Troiám cum misi ob défendendam Graéciam,
+ scíbam me in mortíferum bellum, nón in epulas míttere.
+
+_7. 'Gods Careless of Mankind.'_
+
+ Égo deum genus ésse semper díxi et dicam caélitum,
+ séd eos non curáre opinor, quíd agat humanúm genus;
+ nám si curent, béne bonis sit, mále malis; quod núnc abest.
+
+
+FROM THE EPIGRAMS.
+
+
+_8. Ennius' Epitaph._
+
+ Nemo me dacrumis decoret nec funera fletu
+ faxit. Cur? Volito vivus per ora virum.
+
+
+
+II. LUCRETIUS.
+
+
+_1. 'Things unattempted yet in Prose or Rhyme.'_
+
+ Nunc age quod superest cognosce et clarius audi.
+ Nec me animi fallit quam sint obscura; sed acri
+ percussit thyrso laudis spes magna meum cor
+ et simul incussit suavem mi pectus amorem
+ musarum, quo nunc instinctus mente vigenti 5
+ avia Pieridum peragro loca nullius ante
+ trita solo. Iuvat integros accedere fontes
+ atque haurire, iuvatque novos decerpere flores
+ insignemque meo capiti petere inde coronam
+ unde prius nulli velarint tempora musae; 10
+ primum quod magnis doceo de rebus et artis
+ religionum animum nodis exsolvere pergo,
+ deinde quod obscura de re tam lucida pango
+ carmina, musaeo contingens cuncta lepore.
+ _De Rerum Natura I. 931-934._
+
+_2. The Praise of Epicurus._
+
+ E tenebris tantis tam clarum extollere lumen
+ qui primus potuisti inlustrans commoda vitae,
+ te sequor, o Graiae gentis decus, inque tuis nunc
+ ficta pedum pono pressis vestigia signis,
+ non ita certandi cupidus quam propter amorem 5
+ quod te imitari aveo; quid enim contendat hirundo
+ cycnis, aut quidnam tremulis facere artubus haedi
+ consimile in cursu possint et fortis equi vis?
+ Tu, pater, es rerum inventor, tu patria nobis
+ suppeditas praecepta, tuisque ex, inclute, chartis, 10
+ floriferis ut apes in saltibus omnia libant,
+ omnia nos itidem depascimur aurea dicta,
+ aurea, perpetua semper dignissima vita.
+ Nam simul ac ratio tua coepit vociferari
+ naturam rerum, divina mente coorta, 15
+ diffugiunt animi terrores, moenia mundi
+ discedunt, totum video per inane geri res.
+ Apparet divum numen sedesque quietae
+ quas neque concutiunt venti nec nubila nimbis
+ aspergunt neque nix acri concreta pruina 20
+ cana cadens violat semperque innubilus aether
+ integit, et large diffuso lumine rident.
+ Omnia suppeditat porro natura neque ulla
+ res animi pacem delibat tempore in ullo.
+ At contra nusquam apparent Acherusia templa 25
+ nec tellus obstat quin omnia dispiciantur,
+ sub pedibus quaecumque infra per inane geruntur.
+ His ibi me rebus quaedam divina voluptas
+ percipit adque horror, quod sic natura tua vi
+ tam manifesta patens ex omni parte retecta est. 30
+ _Id. III. 1-30._
+
+_3. The Changing Seasons._
+
+ It ver et Venus, et veris praenuntius ante
+ pennatus graditur zephyrus, vestigia propter
+ Flora quibus mater praespargens ante viai
+ cuncta coloribus egregiis et odoribus opplet.
+ Inde loci sequitur calor aridus et comes una 5
+ pulverulenta Ceres _et_ etesia flabra aquilonum.
+ Inde autumnus adit, graditur simul Euhius Euan.
+ Inde aliae tempestates ventique secuntur,
+ altitonans Volturnus et auster fulmine pollens.
+ Tandem bruma nives adfert pigrumque rigorem, 10
+ prodit hiemps, sequitur crepitans hanc dentibus algor.
+ _Id. V. 736-746._
+
+_4. The Origin of Superstition._
+
+ Ergo perfugium sibi habebant omnia divis
+ tradere et illorum nutu facere omnia flecti.
+ In caeloque deum sedes et templa locarunt,
+ per caelum volvi quia nox et luna videtur,
+ luna dies et nox et noctis signa severa 5
+ noctivagaeque faces caeli flammaeque volantes,
+ nubila sol imbres nix venti fulmina grando
+ et rapidi fremitus et murmura magna minarum.
+ O genus infelix humanum, talia divis
+ cum tribuit facta atque iras adiunxit acerbas! 10
+ quantos tum gemitus ipsi sibi, quantaque nobis
+ volnera, quas lacrimas peperere minoribu' nostris!
+ Nec pietas ullast velatum saepe videri
+ vertier ad lapidem atque omnis accedere ad aras
+ nec procumbere humi prostratum et pandere palmas 15
+ ante deum delubra nec aras sanguine multo
+ spargere quadrupedum nec votis nectere vota,
+ sed mage pacata posse omnia mente tueri.
+ Nam cum suspicimus magni caelestia mundi
+ templa, super stellisque micantibus aethera fixum, 20
+ et venit in mentem solis lunaeque viarum,
+ tunc allis oppressa malis in pectora cura
+ illa quoque expergefactum caput erigere infit,
+ nequae forte deum nobis inmensa potestas
+ sit, vario motu quae candida sidera verset. 25
+ Temptat enim dubiam mentem rationis egestas,
+ ecquaenam fuerit mundi genitalis origo,
+ et simul ecquae sit finis, quoad moenia mundi
+ solliciti motus hunc possint ferre laborem,
+ an divinitus aeterna donata salute 30
+ perpetuo possint aevi labentia tractu
+ inmensi validas aevi contemnere viris.
+ Praeterea cui non animus formidine divum
+ contrahitur, cui non correpunt membra pavore,
+ fulminis horribili cum plaga torrida tellus 35
+ contremit et magnum percurrunt murmura caelum?
+ Non populi gentesque tremunt, regesque superbi
+ corripiunt divum percussi membra timore,
+ nequid ob admissum foede dictumve superbe
+ poenarum grave sit solvendi tempus adultum? 40
+ Denique sub pedibus tellus cum tota vacillat
+ concussaeque cadunt urbes dubiaeque minantur,
+ quid mirum si se temnunt mortalia saecla
+ atque potestatis magnas mirasque relinqunt
+ in rebus viris divum, quae cuncta gubernent? 45
+ _Id. V. 1186-1225, 1236-1240._
+
+
+
+III. CATULLUS.
+
+
+_1. Exposed to a Draft._
+
+ Furi, villula nostra non ad Austri
+ flatus oppositast neque ad Favoni
+ nec saevi Boreae aut Apeliotae,
+ verum ad milia quindecim et ducentos.
+ O ventum horribilem atque pestilentem! 5
+ _XXVI._
+
+_2. An Affected Pronunciation._
+
+ Chommoda dicebat, si quando commoda vellet
+ dicere, et insidias Arrius hinsidias,
+ et tum mirifice sperabat se esse locutum,
+ cum quantum poterat dixerat hinsidias.
+ Credo, sic mater, sic liber avonculus eius, 5
+ sic maternus avos dixerat atque avia.
+ Hoc misso in Syriam requierant omnibus aures:
+ audibant eadem haec leniter et leviter,
+ nec sibi postilla metuebant talia verba,
+ cum subito adfertur nuntius horribilis, 10
+ Ionios fluctus, postquam illuc Arrius isset,
+ iam non Ionios esse, sed Hionios.
+ _LXXXIV._
+
+_3. The Dead Pet._
+
+ Lugete, o Veneres Cupidinesque
+ et quantum est hominum venustiorum!
+ Passer mortuus est meae puellae,
+ passer, deliciae meae puellae,
+ quem plus illa oculis suis amabat; 5
+ nam mellitus erat, suamque norat
+ ipsam tam bene quam puella matrem,
+ nec sese a gremio illius movebat
+ sed circumsiliens modo huc modo illuc
+ ad solam dominam usque pipilabat. 10
+ Qui nunc it per iter tenebricosum
+ illuc unde negant redire quemquam.
+ At vobis male sit, malae tenebrae
+ Orci, quae omnia bella devoratis;
+ tam bellum mihi passerem abstulistis. 15
+ O factum male! io miselle passer!
+ Tua nunc opera meae puellae
+ flendo turgiduli rubent ocelli.
+ _III._
+
+_4. Veranius, Welcome!_
+
+ Verani, omnibus e meis amicis
+ antistans mihi milibus trecentis,
+ venistine domum ad tuos penates
+ fratresque unanimos anumque matrem?
+ Venisti! o mihi nuntii beati! 5
+ Visam te incolumem audiamque Hiberum
+ narrantem loca, facta, nationes,
+ ut mos est tuus, adplicansque collum
+ iucundum os oculosque saviabor.
+ O quantum est hominum beatiorum, 10
+ quid me laetius est beatiusve?
+ _IX._
+
+_5. Homeward Bound._
+
+ Iam ver egelidos refert tepores,
+ iam caeli furor aequinoctialis
+ iucundis Zephyri silescit auris.
+ Linquantur Phrygii, Catulle, campi
+ Nicaeaeque ager uber aestuosae: 5
+ ad claras Asiae volemus urbes.
+ Iam mens praetrepidans avet vagari,
+ iam laeti studio pedes vigescunt.
+ O dulces comitum valete coetus,
+ longe quos simul a domo profectos 10
+ diversae variae viae reportant.
+ _XLVI._
+
+_6. Home at Last._
+
+ Paene insularum, Sirmio, insularumque
+ ocelle, quascumque in liquentibus stagnis
+ marique vasto fert uterque Neptunus,
+ quam te libenter quamque laetus inviso,
+ vix mi ipse credens Thyniam atque Bithynos 5
+ liquisse campos et videre te in tuto!
+ O quid solutis est beatius curis,
+ cum mens onus reponit, ac peregrino
+ labore fessi venimus larem ad nostrum
+ desideratoque adquiescimus lecto? 10
+ Hoc est quod unum est pro laboribus tantis.
+ Salve, o venusta Sirmio, atque ero gaude:
+ gaudete vosque, o Lydiae lacus undae:
+ ridete, quidquid est domi cachinnorum.
+ _XXXI._
+
+_7. Sympathy in Sorrow._
+
+ Si quicquam mutis gratum acceptumve sepulcris
+ accidere a nostro, Calve, dolore potest,
+ quo desiderio veteres renovamus amores
+ atque olim missas flemus amicitias,
+ certe non tanto mors inmatura dolori est 5
+ Quintiliae, quantum gaudet amore tuo.
+ _XCVI._
+
+_8. 'Vita Frater Amabilior.'_
+
+ Etsi me adsiduo confectum cura dolore
+ sevocat a doctis, Ortale, virginibus,
+ nec potis est dulcis Musarum expromere fetus
+ mens animi: tantis fluctuat ipsa malis:
+ namque mei nuper Lethaeo gurgite fratris 5
+ pallidulum manans adluit unda pedem,
+ Troia Rhoeteo quem subter litore tellus
+ ereptum nostris obterit ex oculis.
+ . . . . . .
+ Nunquam ego te vita frater amabilior
+ adspiciam posthac: at certe semper amabo, 10
+ semper maesta tua carmina morte canam,
+ qualia sub densis ramorum concinit umbris
+ Daulias absumpti fata gemens Ityli:
+ sed tamen in tantis maeroribus, Ortale, mitto
+ haec expressa tibi carmina Battiadae, 15
+ ne tua dicta vagis nequiquam credita ventis
+ effluxisse meo forte putes animo.
+ _LXV. 1-8, 10-18._
+
+_9. 'Frater, Ave atque Vale.'_
+
+ Multas per gentes et multa per aequora vectus
+ advenio has miseras, frater, ad inferias,
+ ut te postremo donarem munere mortis
+ et mutam nequiquam adloquerer cinerem,
+ quandoquidem fortuna mihi tete abstulit ipsum, 5
+ heu miser indigne frater adempte mihi.
+ Nunc tamen interea haec, prisco quae more parentum
+ tradita sunt tristi munere ad inferias,
+ accipe fraterno multum manantia fletu
+ atque in perpetuum, frater, ave atque vale. 10
+ _CI._
+
+
+
+IV. VERGIL.
+
+
+_1. The Tale of Aristaeus._
+
+ Quis deus hanc, Musae, quis nobis extudit artem?
+ Unde nova ingressus hominum experientia cepit?
+ Pastor Aristaeus fugiens Peneia Tempe,
+ amissis, ut fama, apibus morboque fameque,
+ tristis ad extremi sacrum caput adstitit amnis, 5
+ multa querens, atque hac adfatus voce parentem:
+ mater, Cyrene mater, quae gurgitis huius
+ ima tenes, quid me praeclara stirpe deorum--
+ si modo, quem perhibes, pater est Thymbraeus Apollo--
+ invisum fatis genuisti? aut quo tibi nostri 10
+ pulsus amor? quid me caelum sperare iubebas?
+ En etiam hunc ipsum vitae mortalis honorem,
+ quem mihi vix frugum et pecudum custodia sollers
+ omnia temptanti extuderat, te matre, relinquo.
+ Quin age, et ipsa manu felicis erue silvas, 15
+ fer stabulis inimicum ignem atque interfice messis,
+ ure sata, et validam in vitis molire bipennem,
+ tanta meae si te ceperunt taedia laudis.
+ At mater sonitum thalamo sub fluminis alti
+ sensit. Eam circum Milesia vellera Nymphae 20
+ carpebant, hyali saturo fucata colore,
+ Drymoque, Xanthoque, Ligeaque, Phyllodoceque,
+ caesariem effusae nitidam per candida colla.
+ [Nesaee, Spioque, Thaliaque, Cymodoceque,]
+ Cydippeque et flava Lycorias, altera virgo, 25
+ altera tum primos Lucinae experta labores,
+ Clioque et Beroe soror, Oceanitides ambae,
+ ambae auro, pictis incinctae pellibus ambae,
+ atque Ephyre, atque Opis, et Asia Deiopea,
+ et tandem positis velox Arethusa sagittis. 30
+ Inter quas curam Clymene narrabat inanem
+ Volcani, Martisque dolos et dulcia furta,
+ aque Chao densos divom numerabat amores.
+ Carmine quo captae dum fusis mollia pensa
+ devolvunt, iterum maternas inpulit auris 35
+ luctus Aristaei, vitreisque sedilibus omnes
+ obstipuere; sed ante alias Arethusa sorores
+ prospiciens summa flavum caput extulit unda,
+ et procul: O gemitu non frustra exterrita tanto,
+ Cyrene soror, ipse tibi, tua maxuma cura, 40
+ tristis Aristaeus Penei genitoris ad undam
+ stat lacrimans, et te crudelem nomine dicit.
+ Huic percussa nova mentem formidine mater,
+ Duc, age, duc ad nos; fas illi limina divom
+ tangere, ait. Simul alta iubet discedere late 45
+ flumina, qua iuvenis gressus inferret. At illum
+ curvata in montis faciem circumstetit unda
+ accepitque sinu vasto misitque sub amnem.
+ Iamque domum mirans genetricis et humida regna
+ speluncisque lacus clausos lucosque sonantis 50
+ ibat, et ingenti motu stupefactus aquarum
+ omnia sub magna labentia flumina terra
+ spectabat diversa locis, Phasimque, Lycumque,
+ et caput, unde altus primum se erumpit Enipeus,
+ unde pater Tiberinus, et unde Aniena fluenta, 55
+ saxosusque sonans Hypanis, Mysusque Caicus,
+ et gemina auratus taurino cornua voltu
+ Eridanus, quo non alius per pinguia culta
+ in mare purpureum violentior effluit amnis.
+ Postquam est in thalami pendentia pumice tecta 60
+ perventum, et nati fletus cognovit inanis
+ Cyrene, manibus liquidos dant ordine fontis
+ germanae, tonsisque ferunt mantelia villis;
+ pars epulis onerant mensas, et plena reponunt
+ pocula; Panchaeis adolescunt ignibus arae; 65
+ et mater, Cape Maeonii carchesia Bacchi:
+ Oceano libemus, ait. Simul ipsa precatur
+ Oceanumque patrem rerum Nymphasque sorores,
+ centum quae silvas, centum quae flumina servant.
+ Ter liquido ardentem perfudit nectare Vestam, 70
+ ter flamma ad summum tecti subiecta reluxit.
+ Omine quo firmans animum sic incipit ipsa:
+ Est in Carpathio Neptuni gurgite vates
+ caeruleus Proteus, magnum qui piscibus aequor
+ et iuncto bipedum curru metitur equorum. 75
+ Hic nunc Emathiae portus patriamque revisit
+ Pallenen; hunc et Nymphae veneramur et ipse
+ grandaevus Nereus; novit namque omnia vates,
+ quae sint, quae fuerint, quae mox ventura trahantur.
+ Quippe ita Neptuno visum est, inmania cuius 80
+ armenta et turpis pascit sub gurgite phocas.
+ Hic tibi, nate, prius vinclis capiendus, ut omnem
+ expediat morbi caussam, eventusque secundet.
+ Nam sine vi non ulla dabit praecepta, neque illum
+ orando flectes: vim duram et vincula capto 85
+ tende; doli circum haec demum frangentur inanes.
+ Ipsa ego te, medios cum sol accenderit aestus,
+ cum sitiunt herbae, et pecori iam gratior umbra est,
+ in secreta senis ducam, quo fessus ab undis
+ se recipit, facile ut somno adgrediare iacentem. 90
+ Verum ubi correptum manibus vinclisque tenebis,
+ tum variae eludent species atque ora ferarum.
+ Fiet enim subito sus horridus, atraque tigris,
+ squamosusque draco, et fulva cervice leaena;
+ aut acrem flammae sonitum dabit, atque ita vinclis 95
+ excidet, aut in aquas tenuis dilapsus abibit.
+ Sed quanto ille magis formas se vertet in omnis,
+ tanto, nate, magis contende tenacia vincla,
+ donec talis erit mutato corpore, qualem
+ videris, incepto tegeret cum lumina somno. 100
+ Haec ait, et liquidum ambrosiae diffundit odorem,
+ quo totum nati corpus perduxit; at illi
+ dulcis conpositis spiravit crinibus aura,
+ atque habilis membris venit vigor. Est specus ingens
+ exesi latere in montis, quo plurima vento 105
+ cogitur inque sinus scindit sese unda reductos,
+ deprensis olim statio tutissima nautis;
+ intus se vasti Proteus tegit obiice saxi.
+ Hic iuvenem in latebris aversum a lumine Nympha
+ collocat; ipsa procul nebulis obscura resistit. 110
+ Iam rapidus torrens sitientis Sirius Indos
+ ardebat caelo, et medium sol igneus orbem
+ hauserat; arebant herbae, et cava flumina siccis
+ faucibus ad limum radii tepefacta coquebant:
+ cum Proteus consueta petens e fluctibus antra 115
+ ibat; eum vasti circum gens humida ponti
+ exsultans rorem late dispergit amarum.
+ Sternunt se somno diversae in litore phocae;
+ ipse, velut stabuli custos in montibus olim,
+ vesper ubi e pastu vitulos ad tecta reducit 120
+ auditisque lupos acuunt balatibus agni,
+ considit scopulo medius, numerumque recenset.
+ Cuius Aristaeo quoniam est oblata facultas,
+ vix defessa senem passus conponere membra,
+ cum clamore ruit magno, manicisque iacentem 125
+ occupat. Ille suae contra non inmemor artis
+ omnia transformat sese in miracula rerum,
+ ignemque, horribilemque feram, fluviumque liquentem.
+ Verum ubi nulla fugam reperit fallacia, victus
+ in sese redit, atque hominis tandem ore locutus: 130
+ Nam quis te, iuvenum confidentissime, nostras
+ iussit adire domos? quidve hinc petis? inquit. At ille:
+ Scis, Proteu, scis ipse; neque est te fallere quicquam;
+ sed tu desine velle. Deum praecepta secuti
+ venimus, hinc lassis quaesitum oracula rebus. 135
+ Tantum effatus. Ad haec vates vi denique multa
+ ardentis oculos intorsit lumine glauco,
+ et graviter frendens sic fatis ora resolvit:
+ Non te nullius exercent numinis irae.
+ Magna luis commissa: tibi has miserabilis Orpheus 140
+ haud quaquam ob meritum poenas, ni Fata resistant,
+ suscitat, et rapta graviter pro coniuge saevit.
+ Illa quidem, dum te fugeret per flumina praeceps,
+ inmanem ante pedes hydrum moritura puella
+ servantem ripas alta non vidit in herba. 145
+ At chorus aequalis Dryadum clamore supremos
+ inplerunt montis; flerunt Rhodopeiae arces,
+ altaque Pangaea, et Rhesi Mavortia tellus,
+ atque Getae, atque Hebrus, et Actias Orithyia.
+ Ipse, cava solans aegrum testudine amorem, 150
+ te, dulcis coniunx, te solo in litore secum,
+ te veniente die, te decedente canebat.
+ Taenarias etiam fauces, alta ostia Ditis,
+ et caligantem nigra formidine lucum
+ ingressus, Manisque adiit Regemque tremendum, 155
+ nesciaque humanis precibus mansuescere corda.
+ At cantu commotae Erebi de sedibus imis
+ umbrae ibant tenues simulacraque luce carentum,
+ quam multa in foliis avium se milia condunt,
+ vesper ubi aut hibernus agit de montibus imber, 160
+ matres atque viri, defunctaque corpora vita
+ magnanimum heroum, pueri innuptaeque puellae,
+ inpositique rogis iuvenes ante ora parentum;
+ quos circum limus niger et deformis arundo
+ Cocyti tardaque palus inamabilis unda 165
+ alligat, et noviens Styx interfusa coercet.
+ Quin ipsae stupuere domus atque intima Leti
+ Tartara caeruleosque inplexae crinibus anguis
+ Eumenides, tenuitque inhians tria Cerberus ora,
+ atque Ixionii vento rota constitit orbis. 170
+ Iamque pedem referens casus evaserat omnis,
+ redditaque Eurydice superas veniebat ad auras,
+ pone sequens,--namque hanc dederat Proserpina legem--
+ cum subita incautum dementia cepit amantem,
+ ignoscenda quidem, scirent si ignoscere Manes: 175
+ restitit, Eurydicenque suam, iam luce sub ipsa,
+ inmemor, heu! victusque animi respexit. Ibi omnis
+ effusus labor, atque inmitis rupta tyranni
+ foedera, terque fragor stagnis auditus Avernis.
+ Illa, Quis et me, inquit, miseram, et te perdidit, Orpheu, 180
+ quis tantus furor? En iterum crudelia retro
+ fata vocant, conditque natantia lumina somnus.
+ Iamque vale: feror ingenti circumdata nocte,
+ invalidasque tibi tendens, heu non tua, palmas!
+ Dixit, et ex oculis subito, ceu fumus in auras 185
+ commixtus tenuis, fugit diversa, neque illum,
+ prensantem nequiquam umbras et multa volentem
+ dicere, praeterea vidit; nec portitor Orci
+ amplius obiectam passus transire paludem.
+ Quid faceret? quo se rapta bis coniuge ferret? 190
+ Quo fletu Manis, qua Numina voce moveret?
+ Illa quidem Stygia nabat iam frigida cymba.
+ Septem illum totos perhibent ex ordine menses
+ rupe sub aeria deserti ad Strymonis undam
+ flevisse, et gelidis haec evolvisse sub antris, 195
+ mulcentem tigris et agentem carmine quercus;
+ qualis populea maerens philomela sub umbra
+ amissos queritur fetus, quos durus arator
+ observans nido inplumis detraxit; at illa
+ flet noctem, ramoque sedens miserabile carmen 200
+ integrat, et maestis late loca questibus inplet.
+ Nulla Venus, non ulli animum flexere hymenaei.
+ Solus Hyperboreas glacies Tanaimque nivalem
+ arvaque Rhipaeis numquam viduata pruinis
+ lustrabat, raptam Eurydicen atque inrita Ditis 205
+ dona querens; spretae Ciconum quo munere matres
+ inter sacra deum nocturnique orgia Bacchi
+ discerptum latos iuvenem sparsere per agros.
+ Tum quoque marmorea caput a cervice revolsum
+ gurgite cum medio portans Oeagrius Hebrus 210
+ volveret, Eurydicen vox ipsa et frigida lingua,
+ Ah miseram Eurydicen! anima fugiente vocabat;
+ Eurydicen toto referebant flumine ripae.
+ Haec Proteus, et se iactu dedit aequor in altum,
+ quaque dedit, spumantem undam sub vertice torsit. 215
+ At non Cyrene; namque ultro adfata timentem:
+ Nate, licet tristis animo deponere curas.
+ Haec omnis morbi caussa; hinc miserabile Nymphae,
+ cum quibus illa choros lucis agitabat in altis,
+ exitium misere apibus. Tu munera supplex 220
+ tende, petens pacem, et facilis venerare Napaeas;
+ namque dabunt veniam votis, irasque remittent.
+ Sed, modus orandi qui sit, prius ordine dicam.
+ Quattuor eximios praestanti corpore tauros,
+ qui tibi nunc viridis depascunt summa Lycaei, 225
+ delige, et intacta totidem cervice iuvencas.
+ Quattuor his aras alta ad delubra dearum
+ constitue, et sacrum iugulis demitte cruorem,
+ corporaque ipsa boum frondoso desere luco.
+ Post, ubi nona suos Aurora ostenderit ortus, 230
+ inferias Orphei Lethaea papavera mittes,
+ et nigram mactabis ovem, lucumque revises;
+ placatam Eurydicen vitula venerabere caesa.
+ Haud mora; continuo matris praecepta facessit;
+ ad delubra venit, monstratas excitat aras, 235
+ quattuor eximios praestanti corpore tauros
+ ducit, et intacta totidem cervice iuvencas.
+ Post ubi nona suos Aurora induxerat ortus,
+ inferias Orphei mittit, lucumque revisit.
+ Hic vero subitum ac dictu mirabile monstrum 240
+ aspiciunt, liquefacta boum per viscera toto
+ stridere apes utero et ruptis effervere costis,
+ inmensasque trahi nubes, iamque arbore summa
+ confluere et lentis uvam demittere ramis.
+ _Georgics IV. 315-558._
+
+
+
+V. PHAEDRUS.
+
+
+_1. Prologue._
+
+ Aesopus auctor quam materiam repperit,
+ hanc ego polivi versibus senariis.
+ Duplex libelli dos est: quod risum movet
+ et quod prudenti vitam consilio monet.
+ Calumniari siquis autem voluerit, 5
+ quod arbores loquantur, non tantum ferae,
+ fictis iocari nos meminerit fabulis.
+ _I. Prologus._
+
+_2. The Wolf and the Lamb._
+
+ Ad rivum eundem lupus et agnus venerant
+ siti compulsi; superior stabat lupus
+ longeque inferior agnus. Tunc fauce improba
+ latro incitatus iurgii causam intulit.
+ Cur, inquit, turbulentam fecisti mihi 5
+ aquam bibenti? Laniger contra timens:
+ Qui possum, quaeso, facere quod quereris, lupe?
+ A te decurrit ad meos haustus liquor.
+ Repulsus ille veritatis viribus:
+ Ante hos sex mensis male, ait, dixisti mihi. 10
+ Respondit agnus: Equidem natus non eram.
+ Pater hercle tuus, ille inquit, maledixit mihi.
+ Atque ita conreptum lacerat iniusta nece.
+ Haec propter illos scripta est homines fabula,
+ qui fictis causis innocentes opprimunt. 15
+ _I. 1._
+
+_3. The Dog, the Meat, and the River; or, Greed its own Punishment._
+
+ Amittit merito proprium qui alienum adpetit.
+ Canis per flumen carnem dum ferret natans,
+ lympharum in speculo vidit simulacrum suum,
+ aliamque praedam ab altero ferri putans
+ eripere voluit: verum decepta aviditas 5
+ et quem tenebat ore dimisit cibum,
+ nec quem petebat potuit adeo adtingere.
+ _I. 4._
+
+_4. Aesop and the Insolent Fellow._
+
+ Successus ad perniciem multos devocat.
+ Aesopo quidam petulans lapidem impegerat.
+ Tanto, inquit, melior! Assem deinde illi dedit,
+ sic prosecutus: Plus non habeo mehercule,
+ sed, unde accipere possis, monstrabo tibi. 5
+ Venit ecce dives et potens: huic similiter
+ impinge lapidem et dignum accipies praemium.
+ Persuasus ille fecit quod monitus fuit;
+ sed spes fefellit inpudentem audaciam:
+ conprensus namque poenas persolvit cruce. 10
+ _III. 5._
+
+_5. How Castor and Pollux rewarded Simonides._
+
+ Quantum valerent inter homines litterae,
+ dixi superius: quantus nunc illis honos
+ a superis sit tributus, tradam memoriae.
+ Simonides idem ille, de quo rettuli,
+ victori laudem cuidam pyctae ut scriberet, 5
+ certo conductus pretio secretum petit.
+ Exigua cum frenaret materia impetum,
+ usus poetae more est et licentia
+ atque interposuit gemina Ledae pignera,
+ auctoritatem similis referens gloriae. 10
+ Opus adprobavit; sed mercedis tertiam
+ accepit partem. Cum relicuam posceret:
+ illi, inquit, reddent, quorum sunt laudis duae.
+ Verum, ut ne irate te dimissum censeas,
+ ad cenam mihi promitte; cognatos volo 15
+ hodie invitare, quorum es in numero mihi.
+ Fraudatus quamvis et dolens iniuria,
+ ne male dissimulans gratiam corrumperet,
+ promisit. Rediit hora dicta, recubuit.
+ Splendebat hilare poculis convivium, 20
+ magno adparatu laeta resonabat domus:
+ repente duo cum iuvenes spavsi pulvere,
+ sudore multo diffluentes, corpora
+ humanam supra formam, cuidam servulo
+ mandant, ut ad se provocet Simonidem; 25
+ illius interesse, ne faciat moram.
+ Homo perturbatus excitat Simonidem.
+ Unum promorat vix pedem triclinio,
+ ruina camarae subito oppressit ceteros;
+ nec ulli iuvenes sunt reperti ad ianuam. 30
+ Ut est vulgatus ordo narratae rei,
+ omnes scierunt numinum praesentiam
+ vati dedisse vitam mercedis loco.
+ _IV. 25._
+
+_6. The Delphic Oracle._
+
+ Utilius nobis quid sit dic, Phoebe, obsecro,
+ qui Delphos et famosum Parnasum incolis.
+ Quid est? Sacratae vatis horrescunt comae,
+ tripodes moventur, mugit adytis Religio,
+ tremuntque lauri et ipse pallescit dies. 5
+ Voces resolvit icta Pytho numine:
+ Audite, gentes, Delii monitus dei:
+ Pietatem colite; vota superis reddite;
+ patriam, parentes, natos, castas coniuges
+ defendite armis, ferroque hostem pellite; 10
+ amicos sublevate; miseris parcite;
+ bonis favete, subdolis ite obviam;
+ delicta vindicate; castigate impios;
+ punite turpi thalamos qui violant stupro;
+ malos cavete; nulli nimium credite. 15
+ Haec elocuta concidit virgo furens:
+ furens profecto, nam quae dixit perdidit.
+ _Appendix 6._
+
+_7. The Wit, the Rustic, and the Pig; or, How Prejudice met its Deserved
+Humiliation._
+
+ Pravo favore labi mortales solent
+ et, pro iudicio dum stant erroris sui,
+ ad paenitendum rebus manifestis agi.
+ Facturus ludos quidam dives nobilis
+ proposito cunctos invitavit praemio, 5
+ quam quisque posset ut novitatem ostenderet.
+ Venere artifices laudis ad certamina;
+ quos inter scurra, notus urbano sale,
+ habere dixit se genus spectaculi,
+ quod in theatre numquam prolatum foret . 10
+ Dispersus rumor civitatem concitat.
+ Paulo ante vacua turbam deficiunt loca.
+ In scaena vero postquam solus constitit
+ sine adparatu, nullis adiutoribus,
+ silentium ipsa fecit expectatio. 15
+ Ille in sinum repente demisit caput
+ et sic porcelli vocem est imitatus sua,
+ verum ut subesse pallio contenderent
+ et excuti iuberent. Quo facto simul
+ nihil est repertum, multis onerant laudibus 20
+ hominemque plausu prosequuntur maximo.
+ Hoc vidit fieri rusticus. Non mehercule
+ me vincet, inquit: et statim professus est
+ idem facturum melius se postridie.
+ Fit turba maior. Iam favor mentes tenet 25
+ et derisuri, non spectaturi, sedent.
+ Uterque prodit. Scurra degrunnit prior
+ movetque plausus et clamores suscitat.
+ Tunc simulans sese vestimentis rusticus
+ porcellum obtegere, (quod faciebat scilicet, 30
+ sed, in priore quia nil compererant, latens)
+ pervellit aurem vero, quem celaverat,
+ et cum dolore vocem naturae exprimit.
+ Adclamat populus scurram multo similius
+ imitatum, et cogit rusticum trudi foras. 35
+ At ille profert ipsum porcellum e sinu,
+ turpemque aperto pignore errorem probans:
+ En hic declarat, quales sitis indices!
+ _V. 5._
+
+
+
+VI. SENECA.
+
+
+_1. The Rashness of the First Navigators Rebuked._
+
+ Audax nimium qui freta primus
+ rate tam fragili perfida rupit
+ terrasque suas post terga videns
+ animam levibus credidit auris,
+ dubioque secaus aequora cursu 5
+ potuit tenui fidere ligno,
+ inter vitae mortisque vias
+ nimium gracili limite ducto.
+ Candida nostri saecula patres
+ videre, procul fraude remota. 10
+ Sua quisque piger litora tangens
+ patrioque senex factus in arvo,
+ parvo dives, nisi quas tulerat
+ natale solum, non norat opes:
+ nondum quisquam sidera norat, 15
+ stellisque quibus pingitur aether
+ non erat usus, nondum pluvias
+ Hyadas poterat vitare ratis,
+ non Oleniae lumina caprae,
+ nec quae sequitur flectitque senex 20
+ Attica tardus plaustra Bootes,
+ nondum Boreas, nondum Zephyrus
+ nomen habebant.
+ Ausus Tiphys pandere vasto
+ carbasa ponto legesque novas 25
+ scribere ventis.
+ . . . . . .
+ Bene dissaepti foedera mundi
+ traxit in unum Thessala pinus
+ iussitque pati verbera pontum,
+ partemque metus fieri nostri 30
+ mare sepositum.
+ Dedit illa graves improba poenas
+ per tam longos ducta timores,
+ cum duo montes, claustra profundi,
+ hinc atque illinc subito impulsu 35
+ velut aetherio gemerent sonitu,
+ spargeret arces nubesque ipsas
+ mare deprensum.
+ Palluit audax Tiphys et omnes
+ labente manu misit habenas, 40
+ Orpheus tacuit torpente lyra
+ ipsaque vocem perdidit Argo.
+ Quid cum Siculi virgo Pelori,
+ rabidos utero succincta canes,
+ omnes pariter solvit hiatus? 45
+ Quis non totos horruit artus
+ totiens uno latrante malo?
+ Quid cum Ausonium dirae pestes
+ voce canora mare mulcerent,
+ cum Pieria resonans cithara 50
+ Thracius Orpheus solitam cantu
+ retinere rates paene coegit
+ Sirena sequi? Quod fuit huius
+ pretium cursus? Aurea pellis
+ maiusque mari Medea malum, 55
+ merces prima digna carina.
+
+_Man now Master of the Sea._
+
+ Nunc iam cessit pontus et omnes
+ patitur leges: non Palladia
+ compacta manu regumque ferens
+ inclita remos quaeritur Argo-- 60
+ quaelibet altum cumba pererrat;
+ terminus omnis motus et urbes
+ muros terra posuere nova,
+ nil qua fuerat sede reliquit
+ pervius orbis: 65
+ Indus gelidum potat Araxen,
+ Albin Persae Rhenumque bibunt--
+
+_'The Prophecy of Nero's Tutor-victim.'_
+
+ venient annis saecula seris,
+ quibus oceanus vincula rerum
+ laxet et ingens pateat tellus 70
+ Tethysque novos detegat orbes
+ nec sit terris ultima Thule.
+ _Medea 301-320, 329-379._
+
+_2. The Return of Agamemnon._
+
+ _Agamemnon._ Tandem revertor sospes ad patrios laris;
+ o cara salve terra. Tibi tot barbarae
+ dedere gentes spolia, tibi felix diu
+ potentes Asiae Troia submisit manus.
+ Quid ista vates corpus effusa ac tremens 5
+ dubia labat cervice? Famuli, adtollite,
+ refovete gelido latice. Iam recipit diem
+ marcente visu. Suscita sensus tuos:
+ optatus ille portus aerumnis adest.
+ Festus dies est.
+ _Cassandra._ Festus et Troiae fuit. 10
+ _Agam._ Veneremur aras.
+ _Cass._ Cecidit ante aras pater.
+ _Agam._ Iovem precemur.
+ _Cass _ Pariter Herceum Iovem?
+ _Agam._ Credis videre te Ilium?
+ _Cass._ Et Priamum simul.
+ _Agam._ Hic Troia non est.
+ _Cass._ Ubi Helena est Troiam puto.
+ _Agam._ Ne metue dominam famula.
+ _Cass._ Libertas adest. 15
+ _Agam._ Secura vive.
+ _Cass._ Mihi mori est securitas.
+ _Agam._ Nullum est periculum tibimet.
+ _Cass._ At magnum tibi.
+ _Agam._ Victor timere quid potest?
+ _Cass._ Quod non timet.
+ _Agam._ Hanc fida, famuli, turba, dum excutiat deum,
+ retinete ne quid impotens peccet furor. 20
+ At te, pater, qui saeva torques fulmina
+ pellisque nubis, sidera et terras regis,
+ ad quem triumphi spolia victores ferunt,
+ et te sororem cuncta pollentis viri,
+ Argolica Iuno, pecore votivo libens 25
+ Arabumque donis supplice et fibra colam.
+ _Agamemnon 782-807._
+
+
+
+VII. LUCAN.
+
+_1. The Energy of Caesar._
+
+ Caesar in omnia praeceps,
+ nil actum credens cum quid superesset agendum.
+ _Pharsalia II. 656, 657._
+
+_2. Equal Authorities and Opposite Verdicts._
+
+ Nec quemquam iam ferre potest Caesarve priorem
+ Pompeiusve parem. Quis iustius induit arma,
+ scire nefas: magno se iudice quisque tuetur:
+ victrix causa deis placuit, sed victa Catoni.
+ _Id. I. 125-128._
+
+_3. Cato refusing to consult the Oracle of Jupiter Ammon._
+
+ Ille deo plenus, tacita quem mente gerebat,
+ effudit dignas adytis e pectore voces:
+ 'Quid quaeri, Labiene, iubes? An liber in armis
+ occubuisse velim potius, quam regna videre?
+ an sit vita nihil, et longa? an differat aetas? 5
+ an noceat vis ulla bono? Fortunaque perdat
+ opposita virtute minas? laudandaque velle
+ sit satis, et numquam successu crescat honestum?
+ Scimus, et haec nobis non altius inseret Hammon.
+ Haeremus cuncti superis, temploque tacente, 10
+ nil agimus nisi sponte dei: nec vocibus ullis
+ numen eget: dixitque semel nascentibus auctor
+ quidquid scire licet: steriles nec legit harenas,
+ ut caneret paucis, mersitque hoc pulvere verum:
+ estque dei sedes, ubi terra, et pontus, et aer, 15
+ et caelum, et virtus. Superos quid quaerimus ultra?
+ Iuppiter est quodcumque vides, quodcumque moveris.
+ Sortilegis egeant dubii, semperque futuris
+ casibus ancipites: me non oracula certum,
+ sed mors certa facit: pavido fortique cadendum est. 20
+ Hoc satis est dixisse Iovem.' Sic ille profatur:
+ servataque fide templi discedit ab aris,
+ non exploratum populis Hammona relinquens.
+ _Id. IX. 564-586._
+
+_4. Cato in the Desert._
+
+ Ipse manu sua pila gerens praecedit anheli
+ militis ora pedes: monstrat tolerare labores,
+ non iubet: et nulla vehitur cervice supinus,
+ carpentoque sedens. Somni parcissimus ipse est,
+ ultimus haustor aquae. Cum tandem fonte reperto 5
+ indiga conatur laticis potare iuventus,
+ stat dum lixa bibat. Si veris magna paratur
+ fama bonis, et si successu nuda remoto
+ inspicitur virtus, quidquid laudamus in ullo
+ maiorum Fortuna fuit. Quis Marte secundo, 10
+ quis tantum meruit populorum sanguine nomen?
+ Hunc ego per Syrtes, Libyaeque extrema triumphum
+ ducere maluerim, quam ter Capitolia curru
+ scandere Pompeii, quam frangere colla Iugurthae.
+ Ecce parens verus patriae, dignissimus aris, 15
+ Roma, tuis!
+ _Id. IX. 587-602._
+
+_5. The Character of Cato._
+
+ Hi mores, haec duri inmota Catonis
+ secta fuit: servare modum, finemque tenere,
+ naturamque sequi, patriaeque inpendere vitam;
+ nec sibi, sed toti genitum se credere mundo.
+ Huic epulae, vicisse famem: magnique penates, 5
+ submovisse hiemem tecto: pretiosaque vestis,
+ hirtam membra super Romani more Quiritis
+ induxisse togam.
+ Urbi pater est, Urbique maritus:
+ iustitiae cultor, rigidi servator honesti: 10
+ in commune bonus: nullosque Catonis in actus
+ subrepsit partemque tulit sibi nata voluptas.
+ _Id. II. 380-391._
+
+
+
+VIII. STATIUS.
+
+_1. To Sleep._
+
+ Crimine quo merui, iuvenis placidissime divum,
+ quove errore miser donis ut solus egerem,
+ Somne, tuis? Tacet omne pecus volucresque feraeque
+ et simulant fessos curvata cacumina somnos,
+ nec trucibus fluviis idem sonus, occidit horror 5
+ aequoris et terris maria adclinata quiescunt.
+ Septima iam rediens Phoebe mihi respicit aegras
+ stare genas, totidem Oetaeae Paphiaeque revisunt
+ lampades et totiens nostros Tithonia questus
+ praeterit et gelido spargit miserata flagello. 10
+ Unde ego sufficiam? Non sunt mihi lumina mille,
+ quae sacer alterna tantum statione tenebat
+ Argus et haud unquam vigilabat corpore toto.
+ At nunc, heu, si aliquis ultro te, Somne, repellit,
+ inde veni! Nec te totas infundere pennas 15
+ luminibus compello meis (hoc turba precetur
+ laetior); extremo me tange cacumine virgae,
+ sufficit, aut leviter suspenso poplite transi.
+ _Silvae V. 4._
+
+
+
+IX. MARTIAL.
+
+_1. Misplaced Eloquence._
+
+ Non de vi neque caede nec veneno,
+ sed lis est mihi de tribus capellis:
+ vicini queror has abesse furto.
+ Hoc iudex sibi postulat probari:
+ tu Cannas Mithridaticumque bellum 5
+ et periuria Punici furoris
+ et Sullas Mariosque Muciosque
+ magna voce sonas manuque tota.
+ Iam dic, Postume, de tribus capellis.
+ _VI. 19._
+
+_2. A Wise Precaution._
+
+ Cur non mitto meos tibi, Pontiliane, libellos?
+ Ne mihi tu mittas, Pontiliane, tuos.
+ _VII. 3._
+
+_3. An Improbable Situation._
+
+ Saepe rogare soles, qualis sim, Prisce, futurus,
+ si fiam locuples simque repente potens.
+ Quemquam posse putas mores narrare futuros?
+ Dic mihi, si fias tu leo, qualis eris?
+ _XII. 92._
+
+_4. The Country Resident seeking City Markets._
+
+ Capena grandi porta qua pluit gutta
+ Phrygiumque Matris Almo qua lavat ferrum,
+ Horatiorum qua viret sacer campus
+ et qua pusilli fervet Herculis fanum,
+ Faustine, plena Bassus ibat in raeda, 5
+ omnes beati copias trahens ruris.
+ Illic videres frutice nobili caules
+ et utrumque porrum sessilesque lactucas
+ pigroque ventri non inutiles betas.
+ Illic coronam pinguibus gravem turdis 10
+ leporemque laesum Gallici canis dente
+ nondumque victa lacteum faba porcum.
+ Nec feriatus ibat ante carrucam,
+ sed tuta faeno cursor ova portabat.
+ Urbem petebat Bassus? Immo rus ibat. 15
+ _III. 47._
+
+_5. The Miniature Farm._
+
+ Donasti, Lupe, rus sub urbe nobis;
+ sed rus est mihi maius in fenestra.
+ Rus hoc dicere, rus potes vocare?
+ in quo ruta facit nemus Dianae,
+ argutae tegit ala quod cicadae, 5
+ quod formica die comedit uno,
+ clusae cui folium rosae corona est;
+ in quo nec cucumis iacere rectus,
+ nec serpens habitare tota possit,
+ erucam male pascit hortus unam, 10
+ consumpto moritur culex salicto,
+ et talpa est mihi fossor atque arator.
+ Non boletus hiare, non mariscae
+ ridere aut violae patere possunt.
+ Fines mus populatur et colono 15
+ tamquam sus Calydonius timetur.
+ Et sublata volantis ungue Prognes
+ in nido seges est hirundinino.
+ Vix implet cochleam peracta messis
+ et mustum nuce condimus picata. 20
+ Errasti, Lupe, littera sed una.
+ Nam quo tempore praedium dedisti,
+ mallem tu mihi prandium dedisses.
+ _XI. 18. 1-7, 10-20, 23-27._
+
+_6. 'Carpe Diem.'_
+
+ Cras te victurum, cras dicis, Postume, semper.
+ Dic mini, cras istud, Postume, quando venit?
+ Quam longe cras istud, ubi est? Aut unde petendum?
+ Numquid apud Parthos Armeniosque latet?
+ Iam cras istud habet Priami vel Nestoris annos. 5
+ Cras istud quanti, dic mihi, possit emi?
+ Cras vives? Hodie iam vivere, Postume, serum est:
+ ille sapit, quisquis, Postume, vixit heri.
+ _V. 58._
+
+_7. Secrets of Happiness._
+
+ Vitam quae faciant beatiorem,
+ iucundissime Martialis, haec sunt:
+ res non parta labore, sed relicta;
+ non ingratus ager, focus perennis;
+ lis numquam, toga rara, mens quieta; 5
+ vires ingenuae, salubre corpus;
+ prudens simplicitas, pares amici;
+ convictus facilis, sine arte mensa;
+ nox non ebria, sed soluta curis;
+ non tristis torus, et tamen pudicus; 10
+ somnus, qui faciat breves tenebras;
+ quod sis, esse velis nihilque malis;
+ summum nec metuas diem, nec optes.
+ _X. 47._
+
+_8. After the Great Eruption._
+
+ Hic est pampineis viridis modo Vesbius umbris,
+ presserat hic madidos nobilis uva lacus.
+ Haec iuga quam Nysae colles plus Bacchus amavit,
+ hoc nuper Satyri monte dedere choros.
+ Haec Veneris sedes, Lacedaemone gratior illi, 5
+ hic locus Herculeo numine clarus erat.
+ Cuncta iacent flammis et tristi mersa favilla:
+ nec superi vellent hoc licuisse sibi.
+ _IV. 44_
+
+_9. Porcia._
+
+ Coniugis audisset fatum cum Porcia Bruti
+ et subtracta sibi quaereret arma dolor,
+ 'Nondum scitis' ait 'mortem non posse negari?
+ Credideram, fatis hoc docuisse patrem.'
+ Dixit et ardentes avido bibit ore favillas: 5
+ i nunc et ferrum, turba molesta, nega.
+ _I. 42._
+
+_10. 'Paete, non dolet.'_
+
+ Casta suo gladium cum traderet Arria Paeto,
+ quem de visceribus strinxerat ipsa suis,
+ 'siqua fides, vulnus quod feci non dolet,' inquit;
+ 'sed quod tu facies, hoc mihi, Paete, dolet.'
+ _I. 13._
+
+_11. Paris' Epitaph._
+
+ Quisquis Flaminiam teris, viator,
+ noli nobile praeterire marmor.
+ Urbis deliciae salesque Nlli,
+ ars et gratia, lusus et voluptas,
+ Romani decus et dolor theatri 5
+ atque omnes Veneres Cupidinesque
+ hoc sunt condita, quo Paris, sepulcro.
+ _XI. 13.
+
+_12. Genuine and Counterfeit Grief._
+
+ Puella senibus dulcior mihi cygnis,
+ agna Galaesi mollior Phalantini,
+ concha Lucrini delicatior stagni,
+ cui nec lapillos praeferas Erythraeos,
+ nec modo politum pecudis Indicae dentem, 5
+ nivesque primas liliumque non tactum;
+ quae crine vicit Baetici gregis vellus
+ Rhenique nodos aureamque nitellam;
+ fragravit ore, quod rosarium Paesti,
+ quod Atticarum prima mella cerarum, 10
+ quod sucinorum rapta de manu gleba;
+ cui comparatus indecens erat pavo,
+ inamabilis sciurus et frequens phoenix:
+ adhuc recenti tepet Erotion busto,
+ quam pessimorum lex amara fatorum 15
+ sexta peregit hieme, nec tamen tota,
+ nostros amores gaudiumque lususque.
+ Et esse tristem me meus vetat Paetus,
+ pectusque pulsans pariter et comam vellens:
+ 'Deflere non te vernulae pudet mortem? 20
+ Ego coniugem' inquit 'extuli, et tamen vivo,
+ notam, superbam, nobilem, locupletem.'
+ Quid esse nostro fortius potest Paeto?
+ Ducenties accepit, et tamen vivit.
+ _V. 37._
+
+_13. Epitaph on Little Erotion._
+
+ Hanc tibi, Fronto pater, genetrix Flacilla, puellam
+ oscula commendo deliciasque meas,
+ parvula ne nigras horrescat Erotion umbras
+ oraque Tartarei prodigiosa canis.
+ Impletura fuit sextae modo frigora brumae, 5
+ vixisset totidem ni minus illa dies.
+ Inter tam veteres ludat lasciva patronos
+ et nomen blaeso garriat ore meum.
+ Mollia non rigidus caespes tegat ossa, nec illi,
+ terra, gravis fueris: non fuit illa tibi. 10
+ _V. 34._
+
+
+
+X. JUVENAL.
+
+_1. The Life of the Poor at Rome; its Dangers and Discomforts._
+
+1-33. _Houses are all the while collapsing or burning. No one assists
+the poor man, while the millionaire has his misfortune more than made
+good by aspirants to legacies._
+
+34-42. _The rent you pay for a dark garret would buy a comfortable
+dwelling elsewhere._
+
+43-49. _There is so much noise at night that the poor man cannot sleep,_
+
+50-78. _While he finds the streets dangerous both by day_
+
+79-88. _And by night._
+
+ Quis timet aut timuit gelida Praeneste ruinam,
+ aut positis nemorosa inter iuga Volsiniis, aut
+ simplicibus Gabiis, aut proni Tiburis arce?
+ Nos urbem colimus tenui tibicine fultam
+ magna parte sui; nam sic labentibus obstat 5
+ vilicus et veteris rimae cum texit hiatum
+ securos pendente iubet dormire ruina.
+ Vivendum est illic ubi nulla incendia, nulli
+ nocte metus. Iam poscit aquam, iam frivola transfert
+ Ucalegon, tabulata tibi iam tertia fumant: 10
+ tu nescis; nam si gradibus trepidatur ab imis,
+ ultimus ardebit quem tegula sola tuetur
+ a pluvia, molles ubi reddunt ova columbae.
+ Lectus erat Codro Procula minor, urceoli sex,
+ ornamentum abaci, nec non et parvulus infra 15
+ cantharus, et recubans sub eodem marmore Chiron.
+ Iamque vetus Graecos servabat cista libellos,
+ et divina opici rodebant carmina mures.
+ Nil habuit Codrus: quis enim negat? Et tamen illud
+ perdidit infelix totum nihil: ultimus autem 20
+ aerumnae est cumulus, quod nudum et frusta rogantem
+ nemo cibo, nemo hospitio tectoque iuvabit.
+ Si magna Asturici cecidit domus, horrida mater,
+ pullati proceres, differt vadimonia praetor;
+ tum gemimus casus urbis, tunc odimus ignem. 25
+ Ardet adhuc, et iam accurrit qui marmora donet,
+ conferat inpensas: hic nuda et candida signa,
+ hic aliquid praeclarum Euphranoris et Polycliti,
+ haec Asianorum vetera ornamenta deorum,
+ hic libros dabit et forulos mediamque Minervam, 30
+ hic modium argenti; meliora ac plura reponit
+ Persicus orborum lautissimus et merito iam
+ suspectus, tamquam ipse suas incenderit aedes.
+ Si potes avelli circensibus, optima Sorae
+ aut Fabrateriae domus aut Frusinone paratur, 35
+ quanti nunc tenebras unum conducis in annum.
+ Hortulus hic puteusque brevis nec reste movendus
+ in tenuis plantas facili diffunditur haustu.
+ Vive bidentis amans et culti vilicus horti,
+ unde epulum possis centum dare Pythagoreis. 40
+ Est aliquid, quocumque loco, quocumque recessu
+ unius sese dominum fecisse lacertae.
+ Plurimus hic aeger moritur vigilando; sed ipsum
+ languorem peperit cibus inperfectus et haerens
+ ardenti stomacho; nam quae meritoria somnum 45
+ admittunt? Magnis opibus dormitur in urbe.
+ Inde caput morbi. Raedarum transitus arto
+ vicorum inflexu et stantis convicia mandrae
+ eripient somnum Druso vitulisque marinis.
+ Si vocat officium, turba cedente vehetur 50
+ dives et ingenti curret super ora Liburna
+ atque obiter leget aut scribet vel dormiet intus;
+ namque facit somnum clausa lectica fenestra.
+ Ante tamen veniet: nobis properantibus obstat
+ unda prior, magno populus premit agmine lumbos 55
+ qui sequitur; ferit hic cubito, ferit assere duro
+ alter, at hic tignum capiti incutit, ille metretam.
+ Pinguia crura luto, planta mox undique magna
+ calcor, et in digito clavus mihi militis haeret.
+ Nonne vides quanto celebretur sportula fumo? 60
+ Centum convivae, sequitur sua quemque culina.
+ Corbulo vix ferret tot vasa ingentia, tot res
+ impositas capiti, quas recto vertice portat
+ servulus infelix et cursu ventilat ignem.
+ Scinduntur tunicae sartae modo; longa coruscat 65
+ serraco veniente abies, atque altera pinum
+ plaustra vehunt, nutant alte populoque minantur.
+ Nam si procubuit qui saxa Ligustica portat
+ axis et eversum fudit super agmina montem,
+ quid superest de corporibus? Quis membra, quis ossa 70
+ invenit? Obtritum vulgi perit omne cadaver
+ more animae; domus interea secura patellas
+ iam lavat et bucca foculum excitat et sonat unctis
+ striglibus et pleno componit lintea gutto.
+ Haec inter pueros varie properantur: at ille 75
+ iam sedet in ripa taetrumque novicius horret
+ porthmea, nec sperat caenosi gurgitis alnum
+ infelix nec habet quem porrigat ore trientem.
+ Respice nunc alia ac diversa pericula noctis:
+ quod spatium tectis sublimibus unde cerebrum 80
+ testa ferit, quotiens rimosa et curta fenestris
+ vasa cadant, quanto percussum pondere signent
+ et laedant silicem. Possis ignavus haberi
+ et subiti casus inprovidus, ad cenam si
+ intestatus eas: adeo tot fata, quot illa 85
+ nocte patent vigiles te praetereunte fenestrae.
+ Ergo optes votumque feras miserabile tecum,
+ ut sint contentae patulas defundere pelves.
+ _III. 190-277._
+
+_2. 'Mens Sana in Corpore Sano.'_
+
+ 'Nil ergo optabunt homines?' Si consilium vis,
+ permittes ipsis expendere numinibus quid
+ conveniat nobis rebusque sit utile nostris.
+ Nam pro iucundis aptissima quaeque dabunt di;
+ carior est illis homo quam sibi. Nos animorum 5
+ impulsu et caeca magnaque cupidine ducti
+ coniugium petimus partumque uxoris; at illis
+ notum qui pueri qualisque futura sit uxor.
+ Ut tamen et poscas aliquid voveasque sacellis
+ exta et candiduli divina tomacula porci, 10
+ orandum est ut sit mens sana in corpore sano.
+ Fortem posce animum mortis terrore carentem,
+ qui spatium vitae extremum inter munera ponat
+ naturae, qui ferre queat quoscumque labores,
+ nesciat irasci, cupiat nihil, et potiores 15
+ Herculis aerumnas credat saevosque labores
+ et venere et cenis et pluma Sardanapali.
+ Monstro quod ipse tibi possis dare: semita certe
+ tranquillae per virtutem patet unica vitae.
+ Nullum numen abest si sit prudentia; nos te, 20
+ nos facimus, Fortuna, deam caeloque locamus.
+ _X. 346-366._
+
+_3. Sympathy the Basis of Civilization._
+
+ Mollissima corda
+ humano generi dare se natura fatetur,
+ quae lacrimas dedit: haec nostri pars optima sensus.
+ Plorare ergo iubet causam dicentis amici
+ squaloremque rei, pupillum ad iura vocantem 5
+ circumscriptorem, cuius manantia fletu
+ ora puellares faciunt incerta capilli.
+ Naturae imperio gemimus, cum funus adultae
+ virginis occurrit, vel terra clauditur infans,
+ et minor igne rogi. Quis enim bonus et face dignus 10
+ arcana, qualem Cereris vult esse sacerdos,
+ ulla aliena sibi credat mala? Separat hoc nos
+ a grege mutorum, atque ideo venerabile soli
+ sortiti ingenium divinorumque capaces
+ atque exercendis capiendisque artibus apti 15
+ sensum a caelesti demissum traximus arce,
+ cuius egent prona et terram spectantia. Mundi
+ principio indulsit communis conditor illis
+ tantum animas, nobis animum quoque, mutuus ut nos
+ adfectus petere auxilium et praestare iuberet, 20
+ dispersos trahere in populum, migrare vetusto
+ de nemore et proavis habitatas linquere silvas,
+ aedificare domos, Laribus coniungere nostris
+ tectum aliud, tutos vicino limine somnos
+ ut collata daret fiducia, protegere armis 25
+ lapsum, aut ingenti nutantem vulnere civem,
+ communi dare signa tuba, defendier isdem
+ turribus, atque una portarum clave teneri.
+ _XV. 131-158._
+
+_4. Two Famous Proverbs._
+
+ Di, maiorum umbris tenuem et sine pondere terram
+ spirantisque crocos et in urna perpetuum ver,
+ qui _praeceptorem sancti voluere parentis
+ esse loco_.
+ _VII. 207-210._
+
+ Nil dictu foedum visuque haec limina tangat
+ intra quae pater est; procul, a procul inde puellae
+ lenonum et cantus pernoctantis parasiti.
+ _Maxima debetur puero reverentia_; siquid
+ turpe paras, nec tu pueri contempseris annos, 5
+ sed peccaturo obstet tibi films infans.
+ _XIV. 44-49._
+
+
+
+XI. HADRIAN.
+
+_1. The Dying Hadrian to his Soul._
+
+ Animula, vagula, blandula,
+ hospes comesque corporis,
+ quae nunc abibis in loca,
+ pallidula, rigida, nudula,
+ nec, ut soles, dabis iocos? 5
+ From Spartianus, _Vita Hadriani 25._
+
+
+
+XII. ANONYMOUS.
+
+_1. Sayings of the Seven Wise Men._
+
+ _Optimus est_, Cleobulus ait, _modus_, incola Lindi;
+ ex Ephyra, Periandre, _doces cuncta emeditanda_;
+ _tempus nosce_ inquit Mitylenis Pittacus ortus;
+ _plures esse malos_ Bias autumat ille Prieneus;
+ Milesiusque Thales _sponsori damna_ minatur; 5
+ _nosce_ inquit _tete_ Chilon Lacedaemone cretus;
+ Cecropiusque Solon _ne quid nimis_ induperabit.
+ From Hyginus, _Fabulurum Liber 221._
+
+
+
+SACRED LATIN POETRY.
+
+FOR CHRISTMAS DAY.
+
+ Puer natus in Bethlehem,
+ Unde gaudet Jerusalem.
+
+ Hic iacet in praesepio
+ Qui regnat sine termino.
+
+ Cognovit bos et asinus 5
+ Quod puer erat Dominus.
+
+ Reges de Saba veniunt,
+ Aurum, tus, myrrham offerunt.
+
+ Intrantes domum invicem
+ Novum salutant Principem. 10
+
+ Sine serpentis vulnere
+ De nostro venit sanguine;
+
+ In carne nobis similis,
+ Peccato sed dissimilis;
+
+ Ut redderet nos homines 15
+ Deo et sibi similes.
+
+ In hoc natali gaudio
+ Benedicamus Domino.
+
+ Laudetur sancta Trinitas,
+ Deo dicamus gratias. 20
+ _Anonymous._
+
+FOR EASTER DAY.
+
+ 1. Victimae paschali laudes immolent Christiani.
+ 2. Agnus redemit oves, Christus innocens patri reconciliavit
+peccatores.
+ 3. Mors et vita duello conflixere mirando: dux vitae mortuus regnat
+vivus.
+ 4. Dic nobis Maria: quid vidisti in via?
+ 5. Sepulcrum Christi viventis et gloriam vidi resurgentis.
+ 6. Dic nobis Maria: quid vidisti in via?
+ 7. Angelicos testes, sudarium et vestes.
+ 8. Dic nobis Maria: quid vidisti in via?
+ 9. Surrexit Christus, spes mea, praecedet vos in Galilaea.
+ 10. Credendum est magis soli Mariae veraci quam Iudaeorum turbae
+fallaci.
+ 11. Scimus Christum surrexisse ex mortuis vere: tu nobis victor rex
+miserere.
+ _Anonymous._
+
+PLAUDITE CAELI.
+
+ Plaudite caeli,
+ Rideat aether,
+ Summus et imus
+ Gaudeat orbis!
+ Transiit atrae 5
+ Turba procellae:
+ Subiit almae
+ Gloria palmae!
+
+ Surgite verni,
+ Surgite flores, 10
+ Germina pictis
+ Surgite campis,
+ Teneris mixtae
+ Violis rosae,
+ Candida sparsis 15
+ Lilia calthis!
+
+ Currite plenis,
+ Carmina, venis!
+ Fundite laetum,
+ Barbytha, metrum: 20
+ Namque revixit,
+ Sicuti dixit,
+ Pius illaesus
+ Funere Iesus!
+
+ Plaudite montes, 25
+ Ludite fontes;
+ Resonent valles,
+ Repetunt colles:
+ 'Io revixit,
+ Sicuti dixit, 30
+ Pius illaesus
+ Funere Iesus.'
+ _Anonymous._
+
+PONE LUCTUM, MAGDALENA.
+
+ Pone luctum, Magdalena!
+ Et serena lacrimas:
+ Non est iam Simonis cena,
+ Non, cur fletum exprimas:
+ Causae mille sunt laetandi, 5
+ Causae mille exultandi:
+ Halleluia!
+
+ Sume risum, Magdalena!
+ Frons nitescat lucida;
+ Demigravit omnis poena, 10
+ Lux coruscat fulgida:
+ Christus mundum liberavit,
+ Et de morte triumphavit!
+ Halleluia!
+
+ Gaude, plaude, Magdalena! 15
+ Tumba Christus exiit!
+ Tristis est peracta scena,
+ Victor mortis rediit;
+ Quem deflebas morientem,
+ Nunc arride resurgentem! 20
+ Halleluia!
+
+ Tolle vultum, Magdalena!
+ Redivivum aspice:
+ Vide, frons quam sit amoena,
+ Quinque plagas inspice: 25
+ Fulgent, sic ut margaritae,
+ Ornamenta novae vitae.
+ Halleluia!
+
+ Vive, vive, Magdalena!
+ Tua lux reversa est, 30
+ Gaudiis turgescat vena,
+ Mortis vis abstersa est;
+ Maesti procul sunt dolores,
+ Laeti redeant amores!
+ Halleluia! 35
+ _Anonymous._
+
+SALVE, CAPUT CRUENTATUM.
+
+ Salve, caput cruentatum,
+ Totum spinis coronatum,
+ Conquassatum, vulneratum,
+ Arundine sic verberatum,
+ Facie sputis illita. 5
+ Salve, cuius dulcis vultus,
+ Immutatus et incultus,
+ Immutavit suum florem,
+ Totus versus in pallorem,
+ Quem caeli tremit curia. 10
+
+ Omnis vigor atque viror
+ Hinc recessit, non admiror,
+ Mors apparet in aspectu,
+ Totus pendens in defectu,
+ Attritus aegva macie. 15
+ Sic affectus, sic despectus,
+ Propter me sic interfectus,
+ Peccatori tam indigno
+ Cum amoris intersigno
+ Appare clara facie. 20
+
+ In hac tua passione
+ Me agnosce, pastor bone,
+ Cuius sumpsi mel ex ore,
+ Haustum lactis ex dulcore
+ Prae omnibus deliciis. 25
+ Non me reum asperneris,
+ Non indignum dedigneris,
+ Morte tibi iam vicina
+ Tuum caput hic acclina,
+ In meis pausa brachiis. 30
+
+ Tuae sanctae passioni
+ Me gauderem interponi,
+ In hac cruce tecum mori
+ Praesta crucis amatori,
+ Sub cruce tua moriar. 35
+ Morti tuae tam amarae
+ Grates ago, Iesu care,
+ Qui es clemens, pie Deus,
+ Fac quod petit tuus reus,
+ Ut absque te non finiar. 40
+
+ Dum me mori est necesse,
+ Noli mihi tunc deesse;
+ In tremenda mortis hora
+ Veni, Iesu, absque mora,
+ Tuere me et libera. 45
+ Cum me iubes emigrare,
+ Iesu care, tunc appare;
+ O amator amplectende,
+ Temetipsum tunc ostende
+ In cruce salutifera. 50
+ _Bernard of Clairvaux._
+
+'JESUS, THE VERY THOUGHT OF THEE.'
+
+ Iesu, dulcis memoria,
+ Dans vera cordis gaudia,
+ Sed super mel et omnia
+ Eius dulcis praesentia.
+
+ Nil canitur suavius 5
+ Auditur nil iucundius,
+ Nil cogitatur dulcius,
+ Quam Iesus, Dei Filius.
+
+ Iesu, spes poenitentibus,
+ Quam pius es petentibus, 10
+ Quam bonus te quaerentibus,
+ Sed quid invenientibus?
+
+ Iesu, dulcedo cordium,
+ Fons vivus, lumen mentium,
+ Excedens omne gaudium, 15
+ Et omne desiderium.
+
+ Nec lingua valet dicere,
+ Nec littera exprimere,
+ Expertus potest credere
+ Quid sit Iesum deligere. 20
+
+ Iesu, decus angelicum,
+ In aure dulce canticum,
+ In ore mel mirificum,
+ In corde nectar caelicum:
+
+ Desidero te millies. 25
+ Mi Iesu, quando venies?
+ Me laetum quando facies
+ Ut vultu tuo saties?
+ _Bernard of Clairvaux._
+
+'COME, HOLY SPIRIT, FROM ABOVE.'
+
+ Veni, Sancte Spiritus,
+ Et emitte caelitus
+ Lucis tuae radium.
+
+ Veni, pater pauperum,
+ Veni, dator munerum, 5
+ Veni, lumen cordium.
+
+ Consolator optime,
+ Dulcis hospes animae,
+ Dulce refrigerium:
+
+ In labore requies, 10
+ In aestu temperies,
+ In fletu solatium.
+
+ O lux beatissima,
+ Reple cordis intima
+ Tuorum fidelium! 15
+
+ Sine tuo numine
+ Nihil est in homine,
+ Nihil est innoxium.
+
+ Lava quod est sordidum,
+ Riga quod est aridum, 20
+ Sana quod est saucium:
+
+ Flecte quod est rigidum,
+ Fove quod est languidum,
+ Rege quod est devium.
+
+ Da tuis fidelibus 25
+ In te confidentibus
+ Sacrum septenarium;
+
+ Da virtutis meritum,
+ Da salutis exitum,
+ Da perenne gaudium. 30
+ _Robert II, King of France._
+
+PHOENIX INTER FLAMMAS EXPIRANS.
+
+ Tandem audite me,
+ Sionis filiae!
+ Aegram respicite,
+ Dilecto dicite:
+ Amore vulneror, 5
+ Amore funeror.
+
+ Huc oderiferos,
+ Huc soporiferos
+ Ramos depromite,
+ Rogos componite; 10
+ Ut phoenix moriar!
+ In flammis oriar!
+
+ An amor dolor sit,
+ An dolor amor sit,
+ Utrumque nescio! 15
+ Hoc unum sentio:
+ Iucundus dolor est,
+ Si dolor amor est.
+
+ Quid, amor, crucias?
+ Aufer inducias! 20
+ Suavis tyrannus es:
+ Momentum, annus es:
+ Tam tarda funera
+ Tua sunt vulnera!
+
+ Iam vitae stamina 25
+ Rumpe, O anima!
+ Ignis ascendere
+ Gestit, et tendere
+ Ad caeli atria;
+ Haec mea patria! 30
+ _Anonymous._
+
+DIES IRAE.
+
+ Dies irae, dies illa
+ Solvet saeclum in favilla,
+ Teste David cum Sybilla.
+
+ Quantus tremor est futurus,
+ Quando iudex est venturus, 5
+ Cuncta stricte discussurus!
+
+ Tuba, mirum spargens sonum
+ Per sepulcra regionum,
+ Coget omnes ante thronum.
+
+ Mors stupebit, et natura, 10
+ Cum resurget creatura
+ Iudicanti responsura.
+
+ Liber scriptus proferetur,
+ In quo totum continetur,
+ Unde mundus iudicetur. 15
+
+ Iudex ergo cum sedebit,
+ Quidquid latet apparebit,
+ Nil inultum remanebit.
+
+ Quid sum miser tunc dicturus,
+ Quem patronum rogaturus, 20
+ Cum vix iustus sit securus?
+
+ Rex tremendae maiestatis,
+ Qui salvandos salvas gratis,
+ Salva me, fons pietatis!
+
+ Recordare, Iesu pie, 25
+ Quod sum causa tuae viae;
+ Ne me perdas illa die!
+
+ Quaerens me sedisti lassus,
+ Redemisti crucem passus:
+ Tantus labor non sit cassus! 30
+
+ Iuste iudex ultionis,
+ Donum fac remissionis
+ Ante diem rationis!
+
+ Ingemisco tanquam reus,
+ Culpa rubet vultus meus: 35
+ Supplicanti parce, Deus!
+
+ Qui Mariam absolvisti,
+ Et latronem exaudisti,
+ Mihi quoque spem dedisti.
+
+ Preces meae non sunt dignae, 40
+ Sed tu bonus fac benigne
+ Ne perenni cremer igni.
+
+ Inter oves locum praesta,
+ Et ab haedis me sequestra,
+ Statuens in parte dextra. 45
+
+ Confutatis maledictis,
+ Flammis acribus addictis,
+ Voca me cum benedictis!
+
+ Oro supplex et acclinis,
+ Cor contritum quasi cinis, 50
+ Gere curam mei finis!
+
+ ---
+
+ Lacrimosa dies illa
+ Qua resurget ex favilla
+ Iudicandus homo reus:
+ Huic ergo parce, Deus! 55
+ Pie Iesu domine,
+ Dona eos requie! Amen!
+ _Thomas of Celano._
+
+DE PATRIAE CAELESTIS LAUDE.
+
+'The World is very Evil.'
+
+ Hora novissima, tempora pessima sunt; vigilemus.
+ Ecce minaciter imminet arbiter ille supremus.
+ Imminet, imminet et mala terminet, aequa coronet,
+ Recta remuneret, anxia liberet, aethera donet,
+ Auferat aspera duraque pondera mentis onustae, 5
+ Sobria muniat, improba puniat, utraque iuste.
+ Ille piissimus, ille gravissimus, ecce! venit rex!
+ Surgat homo reus! Instat homo deus, a patre iudex.
+
+'Brief Life is here our Portion.'
+
+ Hic breve vivitur, hic breve plangitur, hic breve fletur;
+ Non breve vivere, non breve plangere retribuetur; 10
+ O retributio! stat brevis actio, vita perennis;
+ O retributio! caelica mansio stat lue plenis;
+ Quid datur et quibus? aether egentibus et cruce dignis,
+ Sidera vermibus, optima sontibus, astra malignis.
+ Sunt modo praelia, postmodo praemia; qualia? plena; 15
+ Plena refectio, nullaque passio, nullaque poena.
+ Spe modo vivitur, et Sion angitur a Babylone;
+ Nunc tribulatio; tunc recreatio, sceptra, coronae;
+
+'For thee, O Dear, Dear Country!'
+
+ O bona patria, lumina sobria te speculantur,
+ Ad tua nomina sobria lumina collacrimantur: 20
+ Est tua mentio pectoris unctio, cura doloris,
+ Concipientibus aethera mentibus ignis amoris.
+ Est ibi consita laurus et insita cedrus hysopo;
+ Sunt radiantia iaspide moenia clara pyropo;
+ Hinc tibi sardius, inde topazius, hinc amethystus; 25
+ Est tua fabrica contio caelica, gemmaque Christus.
+ Lux tua mors crucis, atque caro ducis est crucifixi.
+ Laus, benedictio, coniubilatio personat ipsi.
+ Tu sine litore, tu sine tempore, fons, modo rivus,
+ Dulce bonis sapis, estque tibi lapis undique vivus. 30
+ Est tibi laurea, dos datur aurea, Sponsa decora,
+ Primaque Principis oscula suscipis, inspicis ora.
+
+'Jerusalem the Golden!'
+
+ Urbs Sion aurea, patria lactea, cive decora,
+ Omne cor obruis, omnibus obstruis et cor et ora.
+ Nescio, nescio, quae iubilatio, lux tibi qualis, 35
+ Quam socialia gaudia, gloria quam specialis.
+ Sunt Sion atria coniubilantia, martyre plena,
+ Cive micantia, Principe stantia, luce serena.
+ Urbs Sion incluta, turris et edita litore tuto,
+ Te peto, te colo, te flagro, te volo, canto, saluto. 40
+ Me Pater optimus atque piissimus ille creavit;
+ In lue pertulit, ex lue sustulit, a lue lavit.
+ Diluit omnia caelica gratia, fons David undans
+ Omnia diluit, omnibus affluit, omnia mundans.
+ O mea, spes mea, tu Sion aurea, clarior auro, 45
+ Agmine splendida, stans duce, florida perpete lauro.
+ O bona patria, num tua gaudia teque videbo?
+ O bona patria, num tua praemia plena tenebo?
+ Plaude, cinis meus, est tua pars Deus; eius es, et sis.
+ Plaude, cinis meus, est tua pars Deus; eius es, et sis. 50
+ _Bernard of Cluny._
+
+THE HEAVENLY CITY.
+
+ Me receptet Sion illa,
+ Sion, David urbs tranquilla,
+ Cuius faber Auctor lucis,
+ Cuius portae lignum crucis,
+ Cuius muri lapis vivus, 5
+ Cuius custos Rex festivus.
+ In hac urbe lux solennis,
+ Ver aeternum, pax perennis:
+ In hac odor implens caelos,
+ In hac semper festum melos; 10
+ Non est ibi corruptela,
+ Non defectus, non querela;
+ Non minuti, non deformes,
+ Omnes Christo sunt conformes.
+ Urbs in portu satis tuto, 15
+ De longinquo te saluto,
+ Te saluto, te suspiro,
+ Te affecto, te requiro.
+ Quantum tui gratulantur,
+ Quam festive convivantur, 20
+ Quis affectus eos stringat
+ Aut quae gemma muros pingat,
+ Quis chalcedon, quis iacinthus,
+ Norunt illi qui sunt intus.
+ In plateis huius urbis 25
+ Sociatus piis turbis
+ Cum Moyse et Elia
+ Pium cantem Alleluia. Amen.
+ _Hildebert._
+
+
+
+ABBREVIATIONS.
+
+A. & G. = Allen and Greenough's New Latin Grammar.
+B. = Bennett's Latin Grammar.
+G. & L. = Gildersleeve and Lodge's Latin Grammar.
+Lex. = Harper's Latin-English Lexicon.
+cf. = _confer_, compare.
+e.g. = _exempli gratia_, for example.
+ff. = following.
+i.e. = _id est_, that is.
+l.,ll. = line, lines.
+lit. = literally.
+p., pp. = page, pages.
+sc. = _scilicet_, understand, supply.
+vol. = volume.
+
+
+
+NOTES.
+
+CLASSICAL LATIN POETRY.
+
+I. ENNIUS. 239-169 B.C.
+
+ Ennius ut noster cecinit, qui primus amoeno
+ Detulit ex Helicone perenni fronde coronam,
+ Per gentes Italas hominum quae clara clueret.
+ Lucretius, 1. 117-119.
+
+Let us venerate Ennius like the groves, sacred from their antiquity, in
+which the great and ancient oak trees are invested not so much with
+beauty as with sacred associations.--Quintilian, 10. 1. 88,--translated
+by Sellar.
+
+Q. Ennius, 'the Father of Latin Literature,' was born at Rudiae, a town
+of Calabria and a point of contact between the Italian and Greek
+civilizations. He served with the rank of centurion in the Roman army in
+Sardinia and attached himself to Cato the Censor. In 204 he came to
+Rome, where he lived modestly, supporting himself by teaching Greek and
+by his writings. There he became an intimate friend of the great Scipio.
+The most famous of his works are the tragedies, written on Greek models,
+and the _Annals_, a long epic poem in eighteen books, whose subject is
+the history of Rome from the earliest times to Ennius' own day. We have
+fragments of about twenty-five of the tragedies. Of the _Annals_ about
+six hundred lines are preserved.
+
+Ennius introduced the dactylic hexameter into Latin poetry.
+
+He was versatile, widely read in Greek literature, a man of practical
+interests and intellectual vigor. His intense patriotism was rewarded by
+an enduring popularity.
+
+For Reference: Sellar, _Roman Poets of the Republic_ (Oxford, 1889),
+chapter 4; the collections of the fragments by Vahlen (Leipzig, 1854)
+and by Muller (St. Petersburg, 1885).
+
+Metres: Dactylic Hexameter, B. 368; A. & G. 615: _Selections_ 1-5.
+Trochaic Septenarius, B. 366, 2; A. & G. 620: _Selections_ 6, 7. Elegiac
+Stanza, B. 368, 369; A. & G. 616: _Selection_ 8.
+
+_1._ 'Lines of tender regret and true hero-worship.'--Sellar. Cf. Livy,
+1. 16. 2, 3. Prose translation in Sellar, _Roman Poets of the Republic_,
+p. 110. 3. qualem...genuerunt: How great a guardian of our country did
+the gods create in thee!--Sellar. 4. O pater, o genitor: pater is a
+title of respect, genitor the actual parent. sanguen: an ante-classic
+neuter collateral form of sanguis. 5. intra luminis oras: within the
+realms of light (Sellar), a favorite expression with later poets.
+
+_2._ 'Sentiments truly regal and worthy of the race of the Aeacidae.'
+Cicero, _De Officiis,_ 1. 12.
+
+This is Pyrrhus' reply to Fabricius and other envoys sent to negotiate
+for the ransom of the Roman prisoners after the battle of Heraclea, 280
+B.C.
+
+Prose translation and fine comment in Sellar, Roman Poets of the
+Republic, p. 99.
+
+1. dederitis: perfect subjunctive in a prohibition. 2. nec cauponantes
+bellum: not making petty traffic of war. 3. vitam: accusative of
+specification. 5. accipe: to Fabricius, while ducite (1. 8) is to all
+the envoys. 7. eorundem: scanned as three syllables. 8.
+volentibus...dis: under favor of the great gods.--Sellar. Final s in
+volentibus as in vivus (_Selection_ 8. 2) is neglected in scanning.
+
+_4._ These lines were often quoted. They are imitated by Vergil,
+_Aeneid,_ 6. 845-846:
+
+ Tu Maximus ille es,
+ unus qui nobis cunctando restituis rem.
+
+Prose translation in Sellar, Roman Poets of the Republic, p. 106.
+
+1. cunctando: by biding his time.--Sellar. rem equals rem publicam. 2.
+noenum equals ne, not + oenum, old form of unum, one. This eventually
+contracts into non. rumores: what men said of him.--Sellar.
+
+_5._ One of the grandest lines in Latin poetry. Cicero says of it (_De
+Republica_, 5.1): 'For brevity and for truth it is like the utterance of
+some oracle.'
+
+1. Moribus...virisque: By olden custom and great men Rome stands.
+virisque: of. Sir William Jones, _An Ode in Imitation of Alcaeus_:
+
+ What constitutes a state?
+ Not high-raised battlement, nor labored mound,
+ Thick wall or moated gate:
+ Not cities fair with spires and turrets crowned:
+ No;--men, high-minded men,--...
+ Men, who their duties know,
+ But know their rights, and knowing dare maintain.
+
+_6._ From the _Telamo_, spoken by Telamon on receiving tidings of his
+son's death. Sellar describes the passage as 'this strong and scornful
+triumph over natural sorrow.'
+
+Prose translation in Sellar, _Roman Poets of the Republic_, p. 113.
+
+1. ei re sustuli: to that end (i.e. with full knowledge of the fact) I
+bred them. re: dative, B. 52, 3; A. & G. 98, d, NOTE.
+
+_7._ From the _Telamo_. This is Epicurean doctrine. Cf. Tennyson, _The
+Lotos-Eaters, Choric Song_ at end:
+
+ like Gods together, careless of mankind.
+ For they lie beside their nectar, and the bolts are hurl'd
+ Far below them in the valleys, and the clouds are lightly curl'd
+ Round their golden houses, girdled with the gleaming world:
+ Where they smile in secret, looking over wasted lands,
+ Blight and famine, plague and earthquake, roaring deeps and fiery
+sands,
+ Clanging fights, and flaming towns, and sinking ships, and praying
+hands.
+ But they smile, _etc_.
+
+Prose translation in Sellar, _Roman Poets of the Republic_, p. 78.
+
+1. deum: genitive with which caelitum agrees. 3. abeat: is not so.--
+Sellar.
+
+_8._ Prose translation in Sellar, _Roman Poets of the Republic_, p. 76.
+Note the alliterations in the passage. 1. dacrumis: older form of
+lacrimis and related to it as dingua to lingua. nec...faxit: and let
+none weep at my funeral, faxit is perfect subjunctive. 2.
+Volito...virum: I still live as I fly along the lips of men. _Cf_.
+Vergil, _Georgics_, 3. 9: victorque virum volitare per ora, and
+Shakspere, _Sonnet_ 82:
+
+ You still shall live--such virtue hath my pen--
+ Where breath most breathes, even in the mouths of men.
+
+
+
+II. LUCRETIUS.
+
+98-55 B.C.
+
+ Felix, qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas
+ atque metus omnis et inexorabile fatum
+ subiecit pedibus strepitumque Acherontis avari.
+ Vergil, _Georgics_, 2. 490-492.
+
+
+ He...died
+ Chief poet on the Tiber-side.
+ Mrs. Browning, _Vision of Poets_.
+
+This doctrine of Lucretius, though antagonistic to the popular religion,
+is not atheistic or pantheistic; it is not definite enough to be
+theistic. It is rather the twilight between an old and a new faith.--
+Sellar, _Roman Poets of the Republic_, p. 355.
+
+The joy and glory of his art come second in his mind to his passionate
+love of truth, and the deep moral purport of what he believes to be the
+one true message for mankind. The human race lies fettered by
+superstition and ignorance; his mission is to dispel their darkness by
+that light of truth which is 'clearer than the beams of the sun and the
+shining shafts of day.'--Mackail, _Latin Literature_, p. 43.
+
+The _De Rerum Natura_, Lucretius' only work, left at his death
+unfinished, is a didactic poem in six books which aims to give an
+explanation of the origin and nature of the universe. All things are
+declared to be composed of atoms--even the soul, which is therefore
+mortal--and have been developed by a process of 'evolution' and
+'survival of the fittest' under the uninterrupted control of natural
+law. Gods exist, but have little to do with the world. On the ethical
+side contentment, self-control, obedience, humility, are earnestly
+enjoined.
+
+The style abounds in archaism, alliteration, and assonance. The frequent
+use of new compounds is a noticeable peculiarity of the diction.
+
+Jerome states that the wife of Lucretius gave him a love-philtre which
+took away his reason so that, after composing in his lucid intervals
+several books, which were afterward corrected by Cicero, he died by his
+own hand.
+
+Sellar is inclined to accept this story as a 'meagre and distorted
+record of tragical events in the poet's life.' On the basis of this
+legend and an appreciative study of the _De Rerum Natura_, Tennyson
+composed his _Lucretius_.
+
+For Reference: Sellar, _Roman Poets of the Republic_, chapters 11-14;
+Munro, _Text of Lucretius, with Notes and Introduction_ (4th. edition,
+Cambridge, 1886); Mackail, _Latin Literature_ (New York, 1898), pp. 44-
+46 (Lucretius as anticipating theories of modern science).
+
+Metre: Dactylic Hexameter, B. 368; A. & G. 615.
+
+_1._ 2. animi: a locative form, B. 232, 3; A. & G. 358. 3. thyrso: see
+_Lex_. II. A and B. 5-10. Often imitated, as by Vergil, _Georgics_, 3.
+291-293. 5, 6. mente...loca: I traverse in blooming thought the pathless
+haunts of the Pierides.--Munro. 7. iuvat: I love.--Munro. 11,12. artis
+religionum nodis: Lucretius teaches that, since the gods do not govern
+the world, all rites of worship are needless, and, since the soul is
+mortal, punishment after death is not to be feared. Cf. Tennyson,
+_Lucretius_:
+
+ My golden (cf. aurea, _Selection_ 2. 12) work in which I told a truth
+ That stays the rolling Ixionian wheel,
+ And numbs the Fury's ringlet-snake and plucks
+ The mortal soul from out immortal hell.
+
+Religio is probably derived from the root lig, meaning to bind. The
+Roman felt his religion to be a fetter upon him. 14. contingens:
+o'erlaying, a compound of tango.--Munro.
+
+_2._ 2. commoda: the true interests.--Munro. 3. o...decus: Epicurus, who
+is praised in many passages. (See Sellar, _Roman Poets of the Republic_,
+p. 298 ff.) His bold and, comprehensive thinking is characterized as
+follows (1. 72-74):
+
+ Ergo vivida vis animi pervicit, et extra
+ processit longe flammantia moenia mundi
+ atque omne inmensum peragravit mente animoque.
+
+6, 7. quid...cycnis: for in what respect could the swallow vie with
+swans? 8. consimile...et: that could compare with. 16. terrores: of
+superstition. To remove these by demonstrating the uncontested supremacy
+in the universe of natural law is Lucretius' main purpose. moenia ff.:
+Lucretius thinks of the earth as at rest in the centre of our system,--
+or mundus,--surrounded by the air in which move the moon and the sun.
+The air is encompassed by the fiery aether,--or flammantia moenia mundi,
+'the flaming walls of the world,'--which, as it rotates, carries the
+stars with it. Beyond is the 'illimitable inane' (inmensum inane) in
+which are set an infinite number of other worlds, and in the midst of
+these the dwellings where the gods 'live the great life...center'd in
+eternal calm' (deos securum agere aevom, 6. 58). To the poet's
+instructed vision aether opens and earth becomes transparent. 18-24.
+Inspired by _Odyssey_, 6. 42-45. Cf. Tennyson, _Lucretius_:
+
+ The Gods, who haunt
+ The lucid interspace of world and world,
+ Where never creeps a cloud, or moves a wind,
+ Nor ever falls the least white star of snow,
+ Nor ever lowest roll of thunder moans,
+ Nor sound of human sorrow mounts to mar
+ Their sacred everlasting calm!
+
+and his description of the
+
+ island-valley of Avilion,
+ Where falls not hail, or rain, or any snow,
+ Nor ever wind blows loudly
+
+in the _Passing of Arthur_. Observe the melody of the Latin due to the
+skilful alliteration, and cf. Munro's translation of it for a like
+effect.
+
+25. nusquam apparent: Lucretius has proved that they do not exist. 26.
+nec...dispiciantur: though earth is no bar to all things being
+descried.--Munro. 28, 29. voluptas adque horror:
+delight mixed with shuddering awe.--Munro.
+
+_3._ 1-4. Zephyr and Flora precede Spring and Venus. viai: genitive of
+archaic form dependent on cuncta, translate as all the way. 5. loci:
+partitive genitive after inde; translate the two words by then. 8.
+aliae...ventique: other stormy winds, i.e. Volturnus and Auster. 10.
+bruma: midwinter.
+
+_4._ 1. Ergo: because of visions of the night and day and because of
+their observation of natural phenomena men at large came to the
+incorrect belief that the gods govern the world. (Lucretius denies the
+providence of the gods, not their existence.) 2. tradere, facere:
+infinitives used substantively in apposition to perfugium. 3. templa:
+realms. 5. severa: stern, austere. Properly the epithet of noctis, but
+poetically transferred to signa. 6. faces, flammae: meteors. 7. The
+heaping up of substantives without a copula is not uncommon in
+Lucretius. 8. fremitus: distant, rumbling thunder. murmura magna
+minarum: the near loud, threatful thunderclaps.--Munro. minarum is
+equivalent to a limiting adjective. 13. velatum: the Romans prayed with
+covered head. 14. vertier: middle. The reference is to a Roman custom by
+which the suppliant approached with the statue on his right; after
+praying, he turned to the right so as to face it and then prostrated
+himself. 17. vota: votive tablets. 18 ff. It is true piety, not to
+perform these rites, but to possess a tranquil mind, and this is
+difficult, for the grandeur and terror of nature are almost
+overwhelming. 20. super fixum: fast above.--Munro. 21. et...viarum: and
+direct our thoughts to the courses of the sun and moon.--Munro. viarum:
+B. 206, 3. 26. rationis egestas: lack of power to solve the question.--
+Munro. 27. genitalis origo: birthtime.--Munro. 28. quoad: how long. 34.
+contrahitur: shrink into itself.--Munro. 38. corripiunt: like
+contrahitur, but stronger. 40. poenarum: genitive depending on solvendi.
+45. viris quae ff.: powers sufficient to, etc.
+
+LUCRETIUS AS OBSERVER AND WORD-PAINTER.--The following groups of phrases
+and sentences are given as illustrative of the accuracy, variety, and
+splendor of Lucretius' descriptions:
+
+1. _Shells on the Shore._
+
+ Concharumque genus parili ratione videmus
+ pingere telluris gremium, qua mollibus undis
+ litoris incurvi bibulam pavit aequor arenam. 2. 374-376.
+
+2. _The Stars._
+
+ Candida sidera. 5. 1210.
+ micant aeterni sidera mundi. 5. 514.
+ Simul ac primum sub diu splendor aquai
+ ponitur, extemplo caelo stellante serena
+ sidera respondent in aqua radiantia mundp. 4. 211-213.
+ caeli labentia signa. 1. 2.
+ fervida signa. 5. 628.
+ Raraque per caelum cum venti nubila portant
+ tempore nocturno, tum splendida signa videntur
+ labier adversum nimbos atque ire superne. 4. 443-445.
+ totum circum tremere aethera signis. 1. 1089.
+
+3. _The Sky._
+
+ stellis fulgentibus apta
+ concutitur caeli domus. 6. 357-358.
+ signiferi super aetheris aestas. 6. 481.
+ caeli lucida templa. 1. 1014.
+ altaque caeli
+ densebant procul a terris fulgentia templa. 5. 490-491.
+
+4. _The Sun._
+
+ sol lumine conserit arva. 2. 210-211.
+ rosea sol alte lampade lucens. 5. 610.
+ aeternum lampada mundi. 5. 402.
+
+
+
+III. CATULLUS.
+
+84-54 B.C.
+
+Odi et amo. _Carmen_ 85. 1.
+
+ Si tamen e nobis aliquid nisi nomen et umbra
+ restat, in Elysia valle Tibullus erit:
+ obvius huic venias, hedera iuvenalia cinctus
+ tempora, cum Calvo, docte Catulle, tuo.
+ Ovid, _Amores_, 3. 9. 59-62.
+
+ Tenderest of Roman poets...
+ Sweet Catullus.
+ Tennyson, '_Frater, Aae atque Vale._'
+
+Catullus is the greatest lyric poet of Roman literature.
+
+With the exception of c. 61, it is in his shorter poems that Catullus
+achieves his greatest success. The poet does not handle dactylic
+measures quite easily; on the other hand, he is masterly in the lighter
+lyrical forms. The harmony of substance and form, the refinement and
+transparent clearness of the thoughts, are incomparable, as are the
+grace, strength, and warmth of feeling in the shorter pieces.
+
+Teuffel, Schwabe, and Warr, _History of Roman Literature_, vol. 1, p.
+391 ff.
+
+Catullus, born at Verona in Cisalpine Gaul, came early to Rome, where
+most of his short life was spent. He has left us about 116 poems, most
+of them brief, but a few of considerable length. The ultimate
+preservation of these depended upon the fortunate rediscovery at Verona
+of a single copy. Several of them imitate the learned and artificial
+style of the Alexandrine school of Greek poetry. It is on this account
+that Ovid applies to him the epithet doctus.
+
+For Reference: Sellar, _Roman Poets of the Republic_, chapter 15;
+Robinson Ellis, _A Commentary on Catullus_ (2d edition, Oxford, 1889);
+Merrill, _Catullus_ (Boston, 1893); Ellis, _Translation of Catullus_
+(London, 1871).
+
+Metres: Phalaecian, A. & G. 623, 624, 625. 11: _Selections_ 1, 3, 4, 5.
+Choliambic, A. & G. 618, a, b, c: _Selection_ 6. Elegiac, B. 369, 1, 2;
+A. &. G. 616: _Selections_ 2, 7-9.
+
+_1._ 2. oppositast: equals opposita est. The joke turns on the double
+meaning of opponere, to expose and to mortgage. We may render the
+passage as,--My little farm is not exposed to the drafts of the south
+wind...but to a draft for, etc. 3. Apeliotae: a Greek word for east
+wind, meaning from the sun, i.e. from the region where the sun rises.
+For declension see B. 22; A. & G. 44. 4. ducentos: sc. sestertios. The
+sestertius was worth from four to five cents. 5. O ventum...pestilentem:
+O unhealthy draft!
+
+_2._ Latin did not naturally use h at all with consonants nor favor its
+use before vowels. Greek, however, frequently employs the aspirated
+consonants ch, ph, and th as well as the rough breathing; and, though in
+earlier times the Romans were satisfied to take Greek words over into
+their language without aspirating, e.g. Corintus for [Greek: Korinthos],
+in later times aspirating became a fashion. Of this fashion Arrius is an
+unskilful follower, who, while believing himself to be achieving a fine
+reputation for good form, makes himself a target for the ridicule of
+Catullus.
+
+1. vellet: imperfect subjunctive in the protasis of a general condition,
+B. 302, 1, 3, a; A. & G. 518, c. 3. sperabat: he used to flatter
+himself. 4. quantum poterat: with might and main. Arrius makes all the
+display that he can of his elegant (?) accomplishment. 5. liber:
+implying that Arrius' uncle had been a slave and that the family is of
+humble origin. Catullus thus intimates that what Arrius thinks an
+accomplishment really stamps him as of low birth. 7. misso: sent to
+Syria on some public service, perhaps with Crassus in 55 B.C. 8.
+audibant: B. 116, 4, b; A. & G. 183, 1. leniter et leviter: the devotees
+of the aspirating fashion whom Arrius had left behind in Rome were not
+so obtrusive about it as he, did not speak out 'quantum poterant.' 9.
+postilla: equals postea. 11. Ionios: news of Arrius would come soon from
+the Ionian Sea, for, lying as it did to the west of Greece, it would
+soon be reached by him on his eastward journey. isset: B. 116, 1; A. &
+G. 181, b.
+
+The following is Martin's translation:
+
+ Whenever Arrius wished to name
+ 'Commodious,' out 'chommodious' came:
+ And when of his intrigues he blabbed,
+ With his 'hintrigues' our ears he stabbed;
+ And thought, moreover, he displayed
+ A rare refinement when he made
+ His h's thus at random fall
+ With emphasis most guttural.
+ When suddenly came news one day
+ Which smote the city with dismay,
+ That the Ionian seas a change
+ Had undergone, most sad and strange;
+ For, since by Arrius crossed, the wild
+ 'Hionian Hocean' they were styled.
+
+_3._ 1. Veneres: the plural is symmetrical with Cupidines, while
+suggesting 'the Graces.' 2. et...venustiorum: and all who have a soul
+for beauty. hominum: partitive genitive. venustiorum: B. 240, 1; A. & G.
+291, a. The expression describes those who possess qualities of grace
+and charm, and implies that they can appreciate such qualities. 3.
+puellae: probably Clodia, wife of Q. Caecilius Metellus Celer, to whom
+under the name of 'Lesbia' Catullus addressed a number of poems. His
+attachment for her was the 'one all-absorbing passion of the poet's
+life.' 6. mellitus: a honey. suamque: his lady. Catullus speaks of the
+sparrow in language appropriate to a lover. 11. iter tenebricosum: the
+shadowy journey to Hades. 12. Cf. _Hamlet_, 3. 1:
+
+ The undiscover'd country from whose bourn
+ No traveller returns.
+
+13. At...tenebrae: Evil be to you, evil shadows! 17. tua opera: for you,
+i.e. for the sparrow, ablative of cause. 18. turgiduli...ocelli: my
+girl's pretty eyes are so red and swollen.
+
+_4._ 2. antistans...trecentis: worth a million of the rest to me.
+milibus: depends on antistans, B. 187, III, 1; A. & G. 370. 4. Anum:
+aged, used as an adjective. 5. mini: B. 188, c; A. & G. 378, 1. nuntii:
+plural, though for a single message. 6. Hiberum: genitive plural. 7.
+facta: deeds. 8. adplicansque collum: i.e. with arm about your neck
+drawing you to me. 10. Cf. 1, 2 and note on venustiorum. Translate O! of
+happy, happy mortals. 11. quid: a 'neuter not very rare in Latin in
+similar sweeping appeals.'--Merrill.
+
+_5._ Date, 56 B.C. 1. egelidos: in which there is no chill. 4. Catullus
+is at the end of a year of absence in Bithynia on the staff of Memmius
+the governor, and is about to return to Italy. Phrygii campi: the plains
+about Nicaea. 6. claras Asiae urbes: the famous Greek cities on the
+western coast of Asia Minor, as Ephesus, Smyrna. 7. praetrepidans:
+tremulous with anticipation. 9. comitum: the other members of the
+governor's staff, or cohors. 11. diversae variae: separate and varied.
+
+_6._ Date, 56 B.C. Sirmione (Sirmio) is a peninsula--at high water an
+island--extending into the Lago di Garda (Lacus Benacus). An ancient
+ruin here of Constantine's time was long known as Catullus' villa. Cf.
+with this and the ninth selection Tennyson's '_Frater, Ave atque Vale_':
+
+ Row us out from Desenzano, to your Sirmione row!
+ So they row'd and there we landed--'O venusta Sirmio!'
+ There to me thro' all the groves of olive in the summer glow,
+ There beneath the Roman ruin where the purple flowers grow,
+ Came that 'Ave atque Vale' of the poet's hopeless woe,
+ Tenderest of Roman poets nineteen hundred years ago,
+ 'Prater, Ave atque Vale'--as we wander'd to and fro
+ Gazing at the Lydian laughter of the Garda Lake below
+ Sweet Catullus' all-but-island, olive-silvery Sirmio!
+
+1, 2. Paene insularum...ocelle: pearl of all peninsulas. Paene is used
+as an adjective by a Greek construction, A. & G. 321, c. Cf. Ovid,
+_Heroides_, 15.357, paene puer. ocelle: cf. Milton, _Paradise Regained_,
+4. 240, 'Athens, the eye of Greece.' 3. fert...Neptunus: twin-realmed
+(Cranstoun) Neptune upholds in lakes or sea. fert: Poseidon, according
+to Homer, is the earth-upholding. Cf. _Exodus_ 20.4 'the water under the
+earth.' uterque: i.e. as god of stagna (lakes) and of mare. 5. Thyniam:
+the part of Bithynia on the shore of the Thracian Bosporus. 6. liquisse:
+the poets are fond of using uncompounded forms of verbs. Cf. 5, 4,
+linquantur. 7. O...curis: 'The form of expression suggests that the
+cares now past are, as past, actual pleasures.'--Ellis. 8, 9. peregrine
+labore: the toil of travel. larem: the home, lit. the household god. 11.
+Hoc...tantis: This it is that of itself is a compensation for so great
+labors. 12. venusta: Ellis praises 'the beauty of Sirmio, with its high
+cliffs descending into the transparently blue water, and the exquisite
+color of the surrounding land and sky.' ero gaude: be glad for thy
+master, i.e. thy master bids thee 'Rejoice!' 13. Lydiae: the shores of
+the lake were once occupied by Etruscans, and they were said to have
+come originally from Lydia. The epithet is transferred from lacus to
+undae. 14. quidquid...cachinnorum: the clause is to be taken as a
+vocative.
+
+_7._ 2. Calve: Calvus was an accomplished orator and poet. Of his
+literary work almost nothing remains. He was Catullus' intimate friend
+and is often mentioned with him. 3. desiderio: yearning, in apposition
+to dolore, defining and specializing it. 4. olim missas: lost in by-gone
+days, missas equals amissas. Cf. _Selection_ 6, 6 and note. 6.
+Quintiliae: Calvus' young wife. Calvus himself wrote elegies in her
+memory.
+
+_8._ This poem was sent to Hortensius introducing a translation from the
+Greek poet Callimachus (which is possibly Carmen 66 and of the _Coma
+Berinices_). 2. Ortale: Q. Hortensius Ortalus, Cicero's chief rival as
+an orator. virginibus: the Muses. 3. fetus: fruitage. 4. mens animi: my
+thoughtful soul. Cicero, _De Republica_, 2.40.67, describes the mens as
+pars animi. 5, 6. Lethaeo gurgite manans unda: the wave slow-streaming
+from the gulf of oblivion. The 'river of death' which the brother of
+Catullus has just crossed (Catullus says forded) to return no more, is
+called Lethaean (Greek [Greek: lethe], 'forgetfuluess'), since the dead
+forget the living, and the living the dead. 6. pallidulum: poor, pallid
+foot. 7. Rhoeteo: Rhoeteum was a promontory of the Troad. 8. obterit:
+crushes. 13. Daulias: the nightingale, lit. the (transformed) woman of
+Daulis. Catullus has taken this name from the legend of Tereus (see
+_Harper's Classical Dictionary_, 'Tereus'), while he has followed the
+myth as it appears in Odyssey, 19. 518 ff., where the plaintive song of
+the nightingale is represented as the lamentation of Aedon for her child
+Itylus, whom before her transformation into the nightingale 'she slew
+unwittingly with the bronze.' 15. haec expressa carmina Battiadae: these
+verses translated from Callimachus. Callimachus of Cyrene, 'the son of
+Battus,' was a Greek poet of the Alexandrine school. His death occurred
+about 240 B.C. 16. nequiquam...ventis: i.e. ineffectual.
+
+_9._ 'An invocation accompanying offerings at the tomb of the poet's
+brother.'--Merrill. Catullus probably made this visit to the Troad on
+his Bithynian journey. Date, probably 57 B.C. 2. miseras ad inferias:
+for these sad offerings. The inferiae, or offerings to the dead,
+consisted of wine, milk, blood, honey, flowers, etc. 4. nequiquam: no
+answer would be returned. 6. indigne: wrongfully, because his death was
+premature. 7. Nunc tamen interea: But now while I thus am sorrowing,
+interea, as in 14. 21, 36. 18, and _Ciris_, 44 ff., marks the transition
+from reflection upon a situation to the act which that situation demands
+at the moment. 9. multum manantia: drenched. 10. ave atque vale: the
+formula of farewell to the dead, spoken at the conclusion of the funeral
+ceremonies. Cf. Vergil, _Aeneid_, 11. 97 ff.
+
+
+
+IV. VERGIL.
+
+70-19 B.C.
+
+ Roman Vergil, thou that singest
+ Ilion's lofty temples robed in fire,
+ Ilion falling, Rome arising,
+ Wars, and filial faith, and Dido's pyre;
+
+ Thou that singest wheat and woodland,
+ Tilth and vineyard, hive and horse and herd;
+ All the charm of all the Muses
+ Often flowering in a lonely word;
+
+ Poet of the happy Tityrus
+ Piping underneath his beechen bowers;
+ Poet of the poet-satyr
+ Whom the laughing shepherd bound with flowers;
+
+ I salute thee, Mantovano,
+ I that loved thee since my day began,
+ Wielder of the stateliest measure
+ Ever molded by the lips of man.
+
+ Tennyson, _To Vergil_.
+
+Vergil, as the author of the _Bucolics_ and the _Aeneid_, is already
+known to the student. The _Georgics_ were composed after the former and
+before the latter, since they were begun in 36 B.C. and finished in 29
+B.C. Hesiod's _Works and Days_ supplied a partial model, and the
+influence of Lucretius was powerful. The poet shows an intense
+enthusiasm for his subject, which Mr. Merivale asserts to be the
+Glorification of Labor. The First Book treats of the tillage of the
+ground, the Second of the culture of trees and of the vine, the Third of
+the care of the animals bred by the farmer, and the Fourth and last of
+bee-keeping. Elegant episodes diversify the poem, the longest of which
+we extract. The dedication of the _Georgics_ is to Maecenas. Their
+extent is about 2200 lines.
+
+For Reference: Conington's _Vergil_, Fifth Edition, revised by
+Haverfield, George Bell and Sons, London, 1898, Vol. I, pp. 135-165, and
+notes upon _Georgics_, 4. 315-558.
+
+Metre: Dactylic Hexameter, B. 368; A. & G. 615.
+
+_1._ Servius twice tells us (_Eclogues_ 10. 1 and _Georgics_ 4. 1) that
+the poet Cornelius Gallus was Vergil's friend, and that the latter half
+of the fourth _Georgic_ was originally written in his praise, but that
+this was suppressed at the command of Augustus and the tale of Aristaeus
+substituted. Gallus, we remember, appears in the sixth and tenth
+_Eclogues_. The story of his disgrace by the emperor and his suicide is
+a familiar one.
+
+Aristaeus, having lost his bees 'by disease and hunger,' is commanded by
+the nymph Cyrene, his mother, to obtain from the sea-god Proteus the
+reason for this manifestation of divine displeasure. He learns that it
+is because Eurydice, the wife of Orpheus, has perished as a result of
+his amorous pursuit; and the story of Orpheus' descent to the lower
+world to recover her is narrated to him. Then Cyrene instructs him how
+to secure a new swarm. 1. hanc...artem: this method of obtaining new
+swarms of bees by slaying cattle and allowing bees to form in their
+decaying bodies. 3. Peneia Tempo: Tempe is a beautiful valley in
+Thessaly through which the river Peneus flows. 5. extremi: i.e. the
+rising river. amnis: the Peneus. 7. gurgitis: flood. 9. Thymbraeus:
+Thymbra was a city near Troy where there was a temple of Apollo. 10.
+fatis: by the fates, B. 189, 2; A. & G. 375. nostri: objective genitive,
+11. caelum sperare: Aristaeus was deified after death. 12. honorem:
+honor from the possession of wealth. 14. relinquo: leave with
+reluctance, lose. 15. Quin age: _Why not go on?_ in ironical
+remonstrance. 17. molire: wield, imperative. 18. taedia: loathing of my
+praise, B. 55, 4, c. The plural expresses the aversion on each occasion.
+19. thalamo sub: in the deep river's chamber. Sub governs thalamo, but
+follows it. Cyrene, as daughter of the river-god Peneus, dwells in
+subterranean chambers at the source of that stream. She is at this time
+in the thalamo described in 60 ff. Aristaeus enters through the river,
+thought of as emerging from the earth a full-grown stream, the waters
+arching over his head to admit him. He passes beneath the earth where he
+sees groves and lakes, and rivers which are presently to issue as the
+various streams of the upper world. 20. Milesia: the wool of Miletus, a
+city on the west coast of Asia Minor, was famous. 21. carpebant: were
+plucking the fleeces, i.e. spinning. hyali...colore: dyed with the rich,
+glass-green color. 22. A similar catalogue of names is in _Iliad_, 18.
+39 ff. Drymoque: que is long according to Greek usage before the double
+consonant beginning the next word. 28. auro ff.: arrayed in skins
+embroidered with threads of gold. 31 ff. _Odyssey_, 8. 34. mollia pensa:
+their soft tasks. See _Lex_. pendo II, pensum, B, 1. 35. impulit: struck
+his mother's ears. 39. procul: sc. dixit. frustra: idly, without reason.
+42. nomine: ablative of specification. 43. nova: strange. 44. age:
+quick. 46. qua ff.: purpose clause, that the youth might enter there.
+48. misit: let him pass, lit. sent him. He enters the earth through the
+opening by which the Peneus finds exit. 52. sub...terra: so Plato in the
+myth of the _Phaedo_ conceives of rivers as penetrating the depths of
+the earth. 53 ff. For the rivers named see _Lex_. 57. cornua: accusative
+of specification. voltu: dative, B. 49, 2; A. & G. 89. 60. in thalami
+pendentia pumice tecta: tecta may be regarded either as participle or
+noun. In the former case thalami tecta, 'the covered things of the
+chamber,' equals thalamum teclum, 'the covered chamber,' as strata
+viarum equals stratae viae; pendentia pumice tecta, roofs or covered
+things hanging with pumice (ablative of instrument) equals pendente
+pumice tecta, roofs of hanging pumice (ablative of description).
+Translate: into the chamber roofed with arching pumice. 61. inanis:
+since so easily removed, accusative plural. 63. tonsis...villis: of
+shorn nap, smooth and soft. 64. onerant: B. 254, 4, a; A. & G. 317, d.
+65. Panchaeis ignibus: incense-burning flames. Panchaea was a fabulous
+island, east of Arabia, rich in incense. 66. et mater: sc. dixit.
+Maeonii: Lydian. Bacchi: the wine, as Vestam (1. 70) is the fire, the
+deities being named for that over which they preside. 69. centum: simply
+expressing a large number. 71. subiecta: shooting up. 73 ff. This part
+of the story has its original in _Odyssey_ 4. The Carpathian Sea is
+between Crete and Rhodes. 74. caeruleus: an epithet applied to Proteus
+as a god of the azure sea. 75. The yoked chariot of two-footed steeds
+equals the chariot yoked to two-footed steeds. 77. Pallenen: a peninsula
+of Emathia, or Macedonia. 79. quae...trahantur: what in the near future
+is drawn on in the chain of events. 83. eventusque secundet: and may
+make the issue favorable. 94. fulva cervice: ablative of description.
+101. ambrosiae: used as an ointment, as _Iliad_, 14. 170, Aeneid,
+12.419. 102. perduxit: anointed; _Lex_. perduco, I. C. 1. 105, 106.
+quo...reductos: whither many a billow marches before the wind and
+divides into files that fall back, cogo and reductos may be used in a
+military sense. The wind is the rear-guard of the marching files of
+billows formed as the main wave enters an indentation in the shore. As
+the wave divides, all the secondary waves pursue the original direction,
+but the outer ones are retarded, as compared with the middle ones, and
+seem to fall back. Statio, just below, is familiar as a military term.
+Or reductos sinus can mean the depths of the bay. 107. deprensis:
+weather-bound. 108. vasti...obiice saxi: by the barrier of a vast rock,
+i.e. behind a rock. 109. averaum a lumine: in the darkness. 114.
+faucibus: i.e. the deep-cut channels. Perhaps the author intends with a
+bold personification to speak of the almost dried-up rivers as
+dry-throated, siccis faucibus would then be well taken as ablative of
+description. 115. antra: plural in view of the many chambers. 117. rorem
+amarum: the bitter dew, beautifully used of the salt spray. 121. acuunt:
+whet the wolves, i. e. their hunger. 131. Nam quis equals quisnam, Who
+pray? Surprise is expressed. 133. neque est: nor is it possible, used
+with infinitive in Greek construction, _Lex_. 1 sum, I, B, 5, 6, e. 135.
+lassis rebus: shattered fortunes. 137. glauco: azure. 139.
+Non...nullius: double negative for greater emphasis. It is in very truth
+the wrath of a god that pursues thee. irae: B. 55,4, c; A. & G. 100, c.
+141. haud quaquam ob meritum poenas: penalties by no means on account of
+thy guilt, i.e. less than thy guilt. 147-149. Rhodope and Pangaeus are
+mountains, the Getae a tribe, Hebrus a river,--all in Thrace. Athenian
+Orithyia, daughter of Erechtheus, king of Athens, was carried by Boreas
+to Thrace, where she bore Calais and Zetes. As a nymph of the country
+she is interested in the fate of the Thracian Orpheus and Eurydice. 153.
+Taenarias: a cavern on the promontory of Taenarus in Laconia was fabled
+to be the entrance of the infernal regions. 157. Erebi: Greek [Greek:
+Erebos], a place of darkness, i.e. the lower world. 159 ff. Cf. _Aeneid_
+6. 309-312. 161 ff. Cf. _Aeneid_ 6. 306-308. 165 ff. Cf. _Aeneid_ 6.
+438-439. 167, 168. intima Leti Tartara: the inmost prison cells of
+death. crinibus: dative. anguis: accusative of specification. 169.
+Eumenides: the Furies, deities who punish crime; even they are moved by
+Orpheus' song. Cerberus: the three-headed dog at the entrance of Hades
+who kept the spirits from escaping. 171. Ixion, for an attempt upon the
+chastity of Juno, was bound to an ever-revolving wheel. vento: ablative
+of cause. The logic is loose; because of the wind's stopping. 173. pone:
+adverb. Cf. _Aeneid_, 2. 208. 177. animi: locative genitive, B. 232, 3;
+A. & G. 358. 179. stagnis: ablative of source. 182. natantia: swimming.
+188. praeterea vidit: saw him more, praeterea here equalling postea.
+192. nabat: was sailing. 194. Strymonis: a river on the borders of
+Thrace. 196. agentem: that trees followed the music of Orpheus became
+one of the commonplaces of poetry. 197-201. Notice the sweetness of
+sound due to the alliteration, especially of the liquids. 202. hymenaei:
+nuptials. 203. Hyperboreas: Hyperborean, i.e. northern, lit. beyond the
+north wind. Tanaim: now the Don, a river named here, as are the Rhipaei
+monies of the following line, because belonging to the cold, distant,
+desolate North. 204. numquam viduata: never bereaved, with a thought of
+the bereaved Orpheus. The setting corresponds to the situation. The grim
+landscape is forever wedded to its desolation as Orpheus to his
+bereavement. 206. Ciconum: a Thracian people. munere: tribute to the
+dead. The word is used technically of funeral honors. 206-213. Cf.
+_Lycidas_, 61-63:
+
+ By the rout that made the hideous roar
+ His gory visage down the stream was sent,
+ Down the swift Hebrus to the Lesbian shore.
+
+210. Oeagrius: Oeagrius was a king of Thrace and father of Orpheus. 213.
+referebant: echoed with. Cf. Pope, _Ode on St. Cecilia's Day_, 113-116:
+
+ Yet ev'n in death Eurydice he sung,
+ Eurydice still trembled on his tongue,
+ Eurydice the woods, Eurydice the floods,
+ Eurydice the rocks, and hollow mountains rung.
+
+214. iactudedit: i.e. iecit. 219. choros...agitabat: used to dance.
+Agito means to occupy oneself with, as Plautus, Asinaria, 5. 1. 7. 221.
+Napaeas: Dell-nymphs, Greek [Greek: napaiai], belonging to a wooded
+vale. 225. Lycaei: a mountain of Arcadia. 234. facessit: he despatches.
+235-239. The repetitions from 224-232 are in the Homeric manner. 241 ff.
+The bees are thought to form within the bodies and to force their way
+through the yielding sides. 244. uvam demittere: to let fall a cluster.
+The cluster formed by the bees when they alight in swarming resembles a
+bunch of grapes.
+
+
+
+V. PHAEDRUS.
+
+Flourished about 15 A.D.
+
+Phaedrus, born in Thrace, came to Rome as a slave, and was set free by
+Augustus. Under Tiberius he was the victim of political persecution on
+account of some verses offensive to Sejanus. He published five books of
+fables (with occasional anecdotes) largely imitated from Aesop.
+
+His style is fluent, his tone lively and sometimes coarse, his diction
+correct, his verse skilful.--Teuffel, Schwabe, and Warr, _History of
+Roman Literature_, vol. 2, p. 30.
+
+For Reference: Teuffel, Schwabe, and Warr, _History of Roman
+Literature_, vol. 2, p. 29 ff.
+
+Metre: Iambic Trimeter, B. 370, 1, 2; A. & G. 618, a, b.
+
+_1._ Aesopus: a famous writer of fables, born in Phrygia about 600 B.C.
+He is said to have been liberated from slavery, to have lived at Sardis
+and to have been Croesus' ambassador to Delphi, where he was murdered by
+the angry townspeople, who hurled him over a precipice. Babrius, a Greek
+who lived about 100 B.C., made a comprehensive collection of Aesopian
+fables which Phaedrus imitated with considerable closeness. 5-7. 'Let no
+one censure me for representing trees as speaking; it is merely the play
+of fancy and a fable.'
+
+_2._ 4. latro: the robber wolf. 7. Qui: how? Qui is the old
+ablative of the relative, interrogative, and indefinite pronouns.
+
+_4._ 1. devocat: allures. 3. Tanto...melior: 'That is good!' See _Lex_.
+under tantus, I, C, 3, a, b. 4. prosecutus: and went on to say. See
+_Lex_. underprosequor, II, B. 5. unde: equivalent to a quo. 7. dignum
+ff.: with a double meaning. 10. namque: for, a strengthened nam.
+
+_5._ This story is also told by Cicero, _De Oratore_, 2. 352 ff., and by
+others. 1, 2. Quantum...superius: an earlier fable (4. 23) relates how
+Simonides, shipwrecked and destitute, was received most hospitably by
+one of his admirers. 4. Simonides: the renowned Greek lyric poet of
+Ceos. His ode upon those who fell at Thermopylae was especially famous.
+Sterling translates:
+
+ Of those who at Thermopylae were slain,
+ Glorious the doom, and beautiful the lot;
+ Their tomb an altar: men from tears refrain
+ To honor them; and praise, but mourn them not.
+ Such sepulchre nor drear decay
+ Nor all-destroying time shall waste; this right have they.
+ Within their grave the home-bred glory
+ Of Greece was laid; this witness gives
+ Leonidas, the Spartan, in whose story
+ A wreath of famous virtue ever lives.
+
+5. pyctae: a word borrowed directly from the Greek. 8. poetae more:
+poets who wrote odes in honor of victories at the games usually inserted
+some legend containing an account of a similar victory won by a god or a
+hero. 9. gemma Ledae pignera: Castor and Pollux, the latter famous as a
+boxer. pignera: see _Lex_. II, B, 1. 10. auctoritatem...gloriae: citing
+the authority of a like glory. 11, 12. tertiam partem: only a third. 13.
+duae: sc. partes, two-thirds. 24. humanam supra formani: the gods and
+heroes were 'divinely tall.' The diminutive servulo is in strong
+contrast. 31. Ut...rei: When the incident was told just as it occurred.
+
+Another story of divine interposition on the part of Castor and Pollux
+is vividly told by Macaulay in _The Battle of Lake Regillus_.
+
+_6._ Compare with Vergil's account of the oracle given by the Sibyl to
+Aeneas, _Aeneid_, 6. 9 ff. Some of the more obvious resemblances in
+diction and thought are _Aeneid_, 6. 12, 29, 35, 44, 45, 46 ff., 50, 95,
+98, 99, 100.
+
+1. Utilius: equalling a superlative, of highest value. 2. qui ff.:
+Delphi was a city in north central Greece and Parnassus a mountain near
+it. 4. tripodes: this probably means the golden seat above the cleft in
+the ground in the adytum of Apollo's temple at Delphi. On this the
+priestess (vates, 1. 3; virgo, 1. 16) sat to breathe the rising vapors
+which induced the prophetic ecstasy. The tripus is named from being
+supported on three legs. adytis: from [Greek: aduton], 'not to be
+entered.' The adyta, or innermost parts of temples, were accessible only
+to priests. 5. lauri: the laurel was sacred to Apollo. 6. Pytho: the
+former name for Delphi. Pytho is poetically said to speak when the
+Pythian priestess speaks. 7. Delii: Delos, an island of the Aegean,
+nearly at the centre of the Cyclades, was sacred to Apollo, and was his
+birthplace. 12. ite obviam: oppose.
+
+_7._ Plutarch, _Symposiacon Problematon_, V. 1 (Moralia, 674 B, C),
+tells essentially this same story. Parmeno, he says, was famous for his
+imitation of the grunting of a pig. Even when one came upon the stage
+having a real pig concealed under his cloak, the audience cried, 'This
+is nothing to compare with the sow of Parmeno.' Then he who had the pig
+threw it in the midst of them, 'to show that they judged according to
+opinion and not truth.'
+
+1. Pravo favore: prejudice. labi: the metaphor is in evident contrast to
+that in stant of 1. 2. 2. pro iudicio...erroris: in defence of their
+mistaken judgment. 3. rebus manifestis: the disclosure of the truth. 4.
+Facturus ludos: who was about to give an entertainment. 8. scurra: a
+city wit. urbano sale: clever jesting, merry cleverness. The Romans
+sharply contrasted city manners with those of the country to the
+disadvantage of the latter. 12. loca: seats. 18. verum: sc. porcellum.
+pallio: mantle or toga. 19. simul: equals simul ac. 21. prosequuntur:
+honor. 27. degrunnit: grunts his best. 30. scilicet: to be sure. 32.
+vero: sc. porcello. 35. imitatum: sc. esse.
+
+
+
+VI. SENECA.
+
+3 B.C.-65 A.D.
+
+Seneca the Younger, or 'the Philosopher,' was born in Spain at Corduba;
+was educated at Rome; was banished in 41 A.D. to Corsica by Claudius;
+was recalled in 49; became Nero's tutor; largely deserves the credit for
+the good government of the early part of that emperor's reign; was
+consul in 57, but lost influence with Nero, and was compelled by him to
+commit suicide on a charge of participation in the conspiracy of Piso.
+
+His writings are chiefly philosophical and ethical. The frequent close
+resemblance of his views to those of Christianity occasioned the
+fabrication of a correspondence between himself and St. Paul. St. Jerome
+considered this genuine and therefore included him among the Christian
+saints.
+
+Nine tragedies of Seneca's composition are extant. These have powerfully
+influenced the development of the English and French drama.
+
+His style is forced and ornamental, moving, for the most part, in brief,
+disconnected, and often paradoxical sentences.
+
+For Reference: Teuffel, Schwabe, and Warr, _History of Roman
+Literature_, vol. 2, p. 38 ff.; Leo, _L. Annaei Senecae Tragoediae_
+(Berlin, 1878-1879); Sherburne's _Tragedies of Seneca Translated_
+(London, 1702); Kingery, _Three Tragedies of Seneca_ (New York, 1908);
+Harris, _The Tragedies of Seneca Translated_ (The Clarendon Press,
+1904).
+
+Metres: Anapaestic Dimeter Acatalectic with Anapaestic Dipody,
+G. & L. 777, 780, 782: _Selection_ 1. Dactylic Hexameter, B. 368; A. &
+G. 615: _Selection_ 2.
+
+_1._ Cf. Horace, _Carmen_, 1. 3. 9-40. 1. Audax: cf. ll. 24, 39. nimium:
+cf. l. 8. 7, 8. With too slight a partition dividing the ways of life
+and death, i.e. separating from himself by merely a thin plank the sea
+in which he would perish. Cf. Juvenal, 12. 57-59. Line 7 nearly equals
+inter vitam et mortem. 18. Hyadas: a group of seven stars in the head of
+Taurus, whose setting at both the morning and the evening twilight was
+attended with storms. 19. Oleniae...caprae: one of the horns of the goat
+Amalthea, which fed Jupiter with its milk, was placed among the stars.
+The goat was Olenian, i.e. Aetolian. 21. Attica plaustra: Charles' Wain
+(the Great Dipper), which Bootes was imagined to drive. The latter
+constellation is called tardus as being so placed in the sky that it
+requires a long time for its setting. 24. Tiphys: the pilot of the Argo.
+28. Thessala pinus: the Argo, the first ship, which, built under the
+direction of Pallas, with Jason as leader and heroes like Hercules,
+Castor, and Pollux as crew, sailed to Colchis in the Far East in quest
+of the Golden Fleece (which perhaps originally meant the fleecy, golden
+clouds of sunrise). The Sirens, Scylla, and the Symplegades were some of
+the dangers of the journey. Medea, daughter of the king of Colchis,
+aided Jason to secure the fleece and fled with him. See Smith,
+_Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology_, 'Argonautae.'
+32. illa: the Argo. 34. montes: the Symplegades, floating rocks at the
+entrance of the Euxine, which clashed together to crush whatever might
+come between them. 36. velut...sonitu: groaned as with ethereal sound,
+i.e. dashed together with a sound like thunder. 38. mare deprensum: the
+sea caught between and forced up by the closing rocks. 42. In the prow
+of the Argo was a piece of the speaking oak of Dodona. 43. virgo Pelori:
+Scylla. 45. omnes...hiatus: opened all her mouths together. 48. dirae
+pestes: the Sirens, maidens who by sweet songs lured sailors to their
+shore and devoured them. Orpheus saved his companions by drowning the
+Sirens' song with the music of his lyre.
+
+These stories are told in _Odyssey_, 12, in Apollonius Rhodius, 4. 889
+ff., and (in English) in Charles Kingsley's _Greek Heroes_.
+
+55. Medea, abandoned by Jason for Creusa, in the later action of this
+play slays her rival and her own children. 68-72. Thule: a distant
+island not identified,--possibly Iceland, more probably the largest of
+the Shetland Islands,--regarded by the ancients as the northern limit of
+the known world.
+
+Seneca, considering the progress of maritime discovery in the past, was
+led naturally to the thought that new lands would some day be discovered
+beyond the ocean. The conception was not new. Cicero, _Tusculanae
+Disputationes_, 1. 28, speaks of a south temperate zone, cultivated and
+inhabited, unknown to us. This, of course, is not necessarily beyond the
+sea, though Mela places it there. Cicero again in _De Republica_, 6. 20
+implies that there are other islands than the Roman world surrounded by
+other seas than the Atlantic. Plato, _Timaeus_, 24-25, says that beyond
+and surrounding the Atlantic there is a vast continent, between which
+and the western coast of Europe and of Libya are a number of islands, of
+which Atlantis before its submergence was the largest. Strabo, 1. 4. 6,
+says it is quite possible that in the temperate zone there may be not
+only the island that forms the world as known to his contemporaries, but
+two such or even more, especially near the circle of latitude which is
+drawn through Athens and the Atlantic Ocean. See Smith, _Dictionary of
+Greek and Roman Geography_, 'Atlanticum mare' and 'Atlantis.'
+
+Lowell, in his _Columbus_, represents the discoverer as naming this
+passage,--said also by tradition to have made a deep impression on his
+mind,--along with Canto XXVI of Dante's _Inferno_ and Plato's _Timaeus_
+and _Critias_, as inspiring him to his attempt:
+
+ Then did I entertain the poets' song,
+ My great Idea's guest, and, passing o'er
+ That iron bridge the Tuscan built to hell,
+ I heard Ulysses tell of mountain-chains
+ Whose adamantine links, his manacles,
+ The western main shook growling and still gnawed.
+ I brooded on the wise Athenian's tale
+ Of happy Atlantis, and heard Bjorne's keel
+ Crush the gray pebbles of the Vinland shore:
+ _I listened musing to the prophecy
+ Of Nero's tutor-victim_...
+ And I believed the poets.
+
+The son of the discoverer wrote in his copy of the tragedies opposite
+these lines,--'This prophecy was fulfilled by my father, the Admiral
+Christopher Columbus, in the year 1492.'
+
+_2._ Agamemnon returns to Argos after the capture of Troy, his wife
+Clytemnestra expressing deep joy at his return. He has brought with him
+as a captive Cassandra the seer who, suddenly swooning, sees in
+prophetic frenzy Agamemnon's death and her own at the hand of
+Clytemnestra and her paramour, Aegistheus. Agamemnon worships Jupiter
+and Juno at the altar and then enters the palace to his death.
+
+1, 2. Tandem...terra. Cf. Aeschylus, _Agamemnon_, 503 ff., 810 ff.
+laris: Roman coloring. 3. diu: taken with felix. 4. Asiae: objective
+genitive, after potentes, B. 204, 1; A. & G. 349, a.
+5. vates: Cassandra. corpus: accusative of specification. 7. recipit
+diem: i.e. revives. 9. optatus ff.: with a double meaning to the
+audience. 10. Festus ff.: Troy fell immediately after the festivities
+that celebrated the withdrawal of the Greek fleet. Cf. _Aeneid_, 2. 246
+ff. 11. Cecidit ff.: for the death of Priam cf. _Aeneid_, 2. 506 ff. 13.
+Priamum: King Agamemnon's fate is to be such as King Priam's. Priam was
+slain at the altar, and these altars (aras, 1. 11) awaken forebodings.
+14. Ubi ff.: where faithless wives are, is calamity. 15. Libertas: the
+freedom of death. 19. dum excutiat deum: until she casts off the
+influence of Apollo who has thrown her into the prophetic frenzy. 21.
+pater: Jupiter. 24. cuncta: accusative of specification. 25. Argolica
+Iuno: Hera had a famous shrine at Argos. For an account of excavations
+there see Waldstein, _The Argive Heraeum_. 26. Arabumque donis: incense.
+supplice fibra: the entrails of the sacrificed animals (pecore votivo),
+whose condition was supposed to indicate the will of the gods.
+
+
+
+VII. LUCAN.
+
+39-65 A.D.
+
+Lucan, full of warmth and vehemence, eminently quotable, but, to speak
+frankly, one whom, orators rather than poets should imitate.--
+Quintilian, 10. 1. 90.
+
+When I consider that Lucan died at twenty-six, I cannot help ranking him
+among the most extraordinary men that ever lived.--
+Macaulay.
+
+The whole production (the _Pharsalia_) is youthful and unripe, but
+indicative of genuine power.--Teuffel, Schwabe, and Warr, _History of
+Roman Literature_, vol. 2, p. 78.
+
+Lucan was born in Spain; was taken early to Rome; was carefully
+educated; wrote much; and was much admired; but was disliked by Nero,
+who forbade him to publish poems or recite them, and finally put him to
+death on the charge of complicity in the conspiracy of Piso.
+
+In philosophy Lucan was a Stoic, in style a rhetorician. The
+_Pharsalia_, his only extant work, is an epic poem of about eight
+thousand lines in ten books on the civil war between Pompey and Caesar.
+
+The Cato of _Selections_ 2-5 is Cato the Younger, or 'the Stoic,' who in
+46 B.C. was in Africa in command of a part of the Republican forces
+opposed to Julius Caesar. After the decisive defeat at Thapsus he
+refused to survive the Republic, taking his own life at Utica. His
+memory was revered throughout antiquity and the Middle Ages. Vergil
+makes him the lawgiver of Elysium (_Aeneid_, 8. 670), and Dante
+represents him as the warden of Purgatory, 'venerable,' his countenance
+adorned with the 'rays of the four consecrated stars,' his form destined
+to shine brightly on the last day.
+
+ For her [i.e. Liberty] to thee not bitter
+ Was death in Utica, where thou didst leave
+ The vesture, that will shine so, the great day.
+
+See Longfellow's translation of the _Purgatorio_, with notes, Canto I.
+
+Haskins, _Lucani Pharsalia_, Introduction, pp. 59-60, examines all
+allusions to Cato in the _Pharsalia_, and concludes that the picture is
+in its main outlines truthful, though the failure to depict 'the
+cross-grained perversity that moved the complaints of Cicero' makes it
+somewhat one-sided. 'Of course the portrait is colored by a loving hand:
+but it is none the worse for that.'
+
+For Reference: Teuffel, Schwabe, and Warr, _History of Roman
+Literature_, vol. 2, p. 78 ff. Haskins, _Lucani Pharsalia_ (London,
+1889).
+
+Metre: Dactylic Hexameter, B. 368; A. & G. 616.
+
+_2._ 4. deis placuit: that Caesar 'had the strongest battalions' proves
+that 'Heaven' was 'on his side.'
+
+_3._ Cato, proceeding by land from the neighborhood of Cyrene toward
+Numidia, and coming to the temple of Jupiter Ammon,--geographically
+misplaced by Lucan,--is advised by Labienus to consult the god
+concerning the outcome of the war and the nature of virtue. The
+selection gives his reply. 1. mente gerebat: of. Seneca, _Epistula_ 4.
+12 (41). 1, 2. 'God is near you, is with you, is within you. I have this
+to say, Lucilius: a sacred spirit has his abode within us.' 3. Labiene:
+Caesar's former second-in-command, who went over to Pompey's side at the
+beginning of the Civil War and was finally slain at Munda. 5. et: even.
+6, 7. Fortuna perdat minas: whether Fortune threatens vainly. 8.
+et...honestum: and whether the right never grows more, right by success.
+10. Haeremus ff.: We are in constant intercourse with heaven.--Haskins.
+11. Sponte dei: by the inspiration of God.--Haskins. 12, 13.
+dixit...licet: the inner light of conscience. auctor: the Creator.
+15-17. These lines suggested the passage in Wordsworth's Tintern Abbey:
+
+ I have felt...a sense sublime
+ Of something far more deeply interfused,
+ Whose dwelling is the light of setting suns,
+ And the round ocean, and the living air,
+ And the blue sky, and in the mind of man;
+ A motion and a spirit that impels
+ All thinking things, all objects of all thought,
+ And rolls through all things.
+
+virtus: Grotius quotes Hierocles: 'God hath not upon earth a place more
+truly his than the pure heart,' and the Pythian oracle: 'I joy in
+reverent mortals even as in Olympus.' Superos...ultra: Why further do we
+seek the gods? Iuppiter...moveris: All that you see, and all your
+feelings, that is Jupiter.--Haskins. Cf. Seneca, _De Beneftciis_, 4. 8:
+Quocumque te flexeris, ibi ilium videbis occurrentem tibi: nihil ab illo
+vacat, opus suum ipse implet. 22. Servata fide: true to his word. 23.
+populis: dative, to the multitude, i.e. of Orientals waiting to consult
+the oracle.
+
+_4._ 10. Fortuna fuit: i.e. was due to fortune rather than to virtue.
+Fortuna is predicate nominative. 14. quam...Iugurthae: i.e. than to win
+the victories of Marius.
+
+_5._ This noble portrait is that of an ideal Stoic. Roman life had been
+deeply imbued with this philosophy, which had passed beyond the limits
+of the schools to become at once a religious creed and a practical code
+of morals for everyday use. See Mackail, _Latin Literature_, p. 171. 2.
+servare...tenere: to hold fast the mean, to observe the due limit. These
+and the following phrases are Stoic formulae. 4. Cf. Seneca, _Epistula_
+95 (15.3). 52-53, where he says 'we are members of a great body.' 'Let
+this line be both in our hearts and on our lips:
+
+ "Human I am,
+ And every human interest is mine."'
+
+See the entire passage. 12. sibi nata: selfish.
+
+
+
+VIII. STATIUS.
+
+40-95 A.D.
+
+Statius, whose father before him was a poet, was born at Naples. His
+works consist of the _Thebais_, an epic in imitation of the _Aeneid_ and
+having for its subject the story of the Seven against Thebes; the
+_Achilleis_, intended to celebrate the deeds of Achilles, but never
+completed; and the _Silvae_, a collection of thirty-one miscellaneous
+poems, of which our selection is one.
+
+For Reference: Fr. Vollmer, _Silvae_, Leipzig, 1898.
+
+Metre: Dactylic Hexameter, B. 368; A. & G. 615.
+
+_1._ 1. placidissime divum: cf. Statius, _Thebais_, 10. 126, 127:
+mitissime divum, Somne; Ovid, 11. 623-625-.
+
+ Somne, quies rerum, placidissime Somne deorum,
+ pax animi, quem cura fugit, qui corda diurnis
+ fessa ministeriis mulces reparasque labori;
+
+and Shakspere, _Macbeth_, II. 2. 37 ff.:
+
+ Sleep that knits up the ravelled sleave of care,
+ The death of each day's life, sore labour's bath,...
+ Chief nourisher in life's feast.
+
+4. simulant...somnos: rounded tree-tops take the semblance of tired
+sleep. cacumina might mean mountain tops, but the parallelism of the
+passage with _Aeneid_, 4. 522-528 favors the interpretation as tree-tops.
+The trees, their rounded outline no longer broken by the winds,
+seem to sleep as if exhausted by their tossing. 6. terris...adclinata:
+we are reminded of those Elgin marbles which represent Thalassa, the
+personified sea, as resting in the lap of Gaea, the personified land.
+Cf. with lines 3-7 Goethe, _Wanderer's Nachtlied_, 1-6: 'Über allen
+Gipfeln Ist Ruh, In allen Wipfeln Spürest du Kaum einen Hauch; Die
+Vögelein schweigen im Walde.' 7. Septima...Phoebe: the seventh moon-lit
+night. 8, 9. totidem...lampades: a second expression of the thought that
+it is the seventh night since he has slept. Oetaeae Paphiaeque: the
+planet Venus is called Oetaean since poetical tradition pictures it as
+shining from above Oeta, a mountain of Thessaly; and Paphian because the
+goddess Venus, whose star it is, was worshipped with especial devotion
+at Paphos in Cyprus. lampades: each nightly appearance of the star is
+poetically thought of as the kindling of a new torch. Tithonia: Aurora,
+the dawn, wife of Tithonus, to whom she had been able to give
+immortality, but not eternal youth. She is thought of as sprinkling the
+dew from the lash with which she drives her chariot team. 13. Argus:
+Io's thousand-eyed custodian, who was sacer, devoted to death, since he
+was doomed to be slain by Hermes, her liberator. 18. leviter...transi:
+pass lightly hovering above me.
+
+Wordsworth's three sonnets _To Sleep_ should all be compared. The best
+is as follows:
+
+ A flock of sheep that leisurely pass by,
+ One after one; the sound of rain and bees
+ Murmuring; the fall of rivers, winds, and seas,
+ Smooth fields, white sheets of water and pure sky;
+ I have thought of all by turns and still do lie
+ Sleepless! and soon the small birds' melodies
+ Must hear, first uttered from my orchard trees;
+ And the first cuckoo's melancholy cry.
+ Even thus last night and two nights more I lay,
+ And could not win thee, Sleep, by any stealth;
+ So do not let me wear to-night away:
+ Without thee what is all the morning's wealth?
+ Come, blessed barrier between day and day,
+ Dear mother of fresh thoughts and joyous health!
+
+
+
+IX. MARTIAL.
+
+43-104 A.D.
+
+He was a man of genius, of quick intelligence and vivacity, with a great
+deal of wit and pungency in his writings, and at the same time great
+candour.--Pliny, _Epistula_ 3. 21 (Sellar's translation).
+
+Martial was born at Bilbilis in Spain. At twenty-three years of age he
+came to Rome, where he resided for thirty-five years in limited
+circumstances, returning to his birthplace three years before his death.
+He composed fourteen books of Epigrams.
+
+As a man he was social and popular. As a writer he was eminently sincere
+(except when playing the courtier), natural, and witty. He had no equal
+among the poets of his time as a lifelike painter of the actual world of
+his day.
+
+For Reference: Sellar and Ramsay, _Extracts from Martial_ (Edinburgh,
+1884), Introduction; Teuffel, Schwabe, and Warr, _History of Roman
+Literature_, vol. 2, p. 121 ff.; Friedländer, _Martialis Epigrammaton
+Libri_ (Leipzig, 1886); Paley and Stone, _Select Epigrams from Martial_
+(London, 1881).
+
+Metres: Choliambic, A. & G. 618, a, b, c. _Selections_ 4, 12.
+Phalaecian, A. & G. 623, 624,625. 11: _Selections_ 1, 5, 7, 11. Elegiac,
+B. 369, 1, 2; A. & G. 616: _Selections_ 2, 3, 8, 9, 10, 13.
+
+_1._ 5. tu: the attorney who is conducting Martial's case. 6. periuria
+ff.: to a Roman the name of Carthaginian (_Punicus_) was a synonym for
+treachery. 7. Muciosque: Mucius, when captured in an attempt to
+assassinate King Porsena, showed his insensibility to threats by
+voluntarily holding his hand in the flame of an altar. Livy, 2. 12. The
+plurals in this line may be rendered by _Sullas, Mariuses_, etc.
+
+_4._ Bassus is met at various points on the Appian Way farther and
+farther out from Rome. 1. pluit: because of the leaky aqueduct above. 2.
+Phrygium...ferrum: the priests of Cybele washed their knives in the
+Almo, a branch of the Tiber near Kome. 3. Horatiorum...campus: the
+traditional scene of the combat between the Horatii and Curiatii. 4.
+pusilli: the statue is small. fervet: is alive with worshippers. 10.
+coronam: hoop. 12. nondum victa faba: too young yet to crunch the bean.
+15. Immo: No indeed!
+
+_5._ 2. sed...fenestra: window-gardens were common in Rome.
+4. nemus Dianae: i.e. a forest of 'big timber.' 7. corona: not
+understood. 16. sus Calydonius: the type of a huge and ferocious wild
+animal. 17. ungue Prognes: the talon of Progne, i.e. of the swallow. For
+myth see _Harper's Classical Dictionary_, 'Tereus.' 20. et...picata: a
+nut will take the place of the pitch-bedaubed dolium. 22, 23.
+praedium...prandium: lands...a lunch.
+
+_6._ To a friend who has long been saying that to-morrow he will change
+it all and really live. 4. In the Orient, the region of the sunrise, is
+where that happy to-morrow is hiding, if anywhere. 5. These two are
+types of longevity.
+
+_7._ 4. focus perennis: a kitchen fire never idle. 5. toga rara:
+a dress suit seldom. The toga was connected with burdensome duties, as
+with the service of client to patron. 6. vires ingenuae: a gentleman's
+measure of strength. 10. torus: wife. 12. quod...malis: Martial's
+principle in life, 'to be yourself and not strive to be somebody else.'
+
+_8._ The eruption is that of 79 A.D., which destroyed Herculaneum and
+Pompeii. Epistles 6. 16 and 6. 20 of the younger Pliny, and the final
+chapters of Bulwer-Lytton's _Last Days of Pompeii_ may be read in this
+connection. 1. modo: but now. 2. presserat lacus: had filled the vats.
+3. Nysae: a mountain in India where, according to the myth, Bacchus was
+born. 5. Veneris sedes: Venus was the protecting deity of Pompeii. 6.
+Herculaneum was named from and protected by Hercules. 7. mersa favilla:
+Pliny, writing of the eruption, says, Epistula 6. 20. 18, 'Everything
+was covered with deep ashes as with snow.' 8. nec...sibi: and the gods
+could wish they had not been permitted this.
+
+_9._ When Brutus, the slayer of Caesar, committed suicide after the
+defeat at Philippi, his wife Porcia also took her own life. The common
+story was that her friends, suspecting her design, removed all weapons
+out of her way, and that she thereupon destroyed herself by swallowing
+live coals. The real fact may have been that she suffocated herself by
+the vapor of a charcoal stove,--a common method of suicide with the
+Romans. 4. fatis: by his death. patrem: Cato the Younger, who slew
+himself at Utica after the disastrous battle at Thapsus. 6. ferrum:
+emphatic.
+
+_10._ 1. Arria: the wife of Caecina Paetus. In 42 A.D., on the
+charge of conspiracy against the government, Paetus was ordered by the
+Emperor Claudius to put an end to his own life. When he hesitated, Arria
+stabbed herself and handed him the dagger, saying, _Paete, non dolet_.
+
+Pliny, _Epistula_ 3. 16. 6, says of her conduct on another occasion
+when, fearing the effect of the news on her husband, then dangerously
+ill, she concealed from him the death of their son:
+
+Glorious indeed that act of hers, to bare the steel, to thrust her bosom
+through, to draw the dagger forth, to hand it to her husband, to add
+words immortal and almost divine, 'Paetus, I feel no pain!' But, doing
+this and saying this, glory and eternal fame were in her thought. How
+much greater is it, without the prize of fame, without the prize of
+glory, to hide the tears, conceal the grief, and, bereaved of a son,
+still to act the mother! 4. sed...dolet: i.e. it is your wound that will
+give me pain.
+
+_11._ 1. Flaminiam: sc. viam. 2. noli...marmor: the roads leading out
+from Rome were lined with tombs. 3. salesque Nili: Paris appears to have
+been an Egyptian. 6. omnea Veneres Cupidinesque: imitation of Catullus,
+3. 1 (_Selection_ 3. 1). 7. Paris: a popular Roman actor, put to death
+by Domitian.
+
+_12._ This and the following selection are in memory of a child whose
+parents were slaves on Martial's estate. 1. senibus cygnis: 'swans sing
+sweetest when they die.' Notice that all the objects with which Erotion
+is compared in lines 1-6 are white. Martial is thinking of the whiteness
+of her complexion, a quality admired by the Romans. 2. The Tarentine
+wool was highly prized. 4. lapillos: pearls. 5. dentem: tusk. 7. Baetici
+gregis: the flocks on the Guadalquivir whose wool was naturally of a
+yellowish color. 8. Rhenique nodos: the hair of the Germans gathered
+into a club. Erotion's hair was the light flaxen of the Teutonic type.
+9. Paesti: a city in Lucania, celebrated for its twice-blowing roses,--
+Vergil, _Georgics_, 4. 119, biferi rosaria Paesti. 10. Atticarum
+cerarum: Attica--and particularly Mt. Hymettus--was famous for its
+honey. 11. Martial several times refers to the agreeable odor of amber
+when warmed by holding or rubbing with the hand. 13. sciurus: derived
+from Greek [Greek: skia] and [Greek: oura], lit. 'the shadow-tail.' Our
+word 'squirrel' comes through the Late Latin diminutive forms,
+scuriolus, squirolus, squirelus. 19. pariter: in like manner with
+myself. 20. vernulae: contrasted with nobilem of line 22. 23. Quid esse
+fortius potest: Can any one display more fortitude? 24. Ducenties: lit.
+20,000,000 sesterces, here of indefinite value.
+
+_13._ Martial at the tomb which has just received Erotion's ashes
+appeals to his dead parents to keep the child from fear at sight of the
+'black spectres' and monstrous Cerberus. 2. oscula: in apposition to
+puellam. 5. modo:, just. In six days she would have been six years old.
+7. patronos: protectors, i.e. Fronto and Flacilla. 9, 10. nec...fueris:
+sit tibi terra levis, of ten found as S. T. T. L., is a phrase common
+upon Roman tombstones.
+
+In another epigram (10. 61), a translation of which by Leigh Hunt
+follows, the poet, about to depart finally from the estate where Erotion
+is buried, thus beautifully commends to his successors the care of her
+tomb:
+
+ Underneath this greedy stone
+ Lies little sweet Erotion;
+ Whom the Fates, with hearts as cold,
+ Nipped away at six years old.
+ Thou, whoever thou mayest be,
+ That hast this small field after me,
+ Let the yearly rites be paid
+ To her little slender shade;
+ So shall no disease or jar
+ Hurt thy house or chill thy Lar;
+ But this tomb be here alone
+ The only melancholy stone.
+
+
+
+X. JUVENAL.
+
+About 55-138 A.D.
+
+Facunde Iuvenalis.--Martial, 7. 91. 1.
+
+Irati histrionis exsul.--Sidouius Apollinaris, _Carmen_ 9. 273.
+
+Quidquid agunt homines, votum, timor, ira, voluptas, gaudia, discursus,
+nostri est farrago libelli.--_Satira_ 1. 85-86.
+
+Facit indignatio versum.--_Satira_ 1. 79.
+
+Satire appears to have originated in impromptu dramatic performances. It
+was looked upon by the Romans as a purely native product. Quintilian
+says of it (10. 1. 93) satura quidem tota nostra eat. The word seems to
+be connected with the adjective satur, the distinctive mark of the
+earlier satire being fulness and variety. As lanx satura is a dish
+filled with various kinds of fruit, so satire in this earlier sense is a
+poem which may deal with any subject and employ several measures and
+languages. With Lucilius, satire, while retaining its dramatic and
+discursive character, became didactic as well, and thus the word assumed
+its modern signification.
+
+The principal names in the history of Roman satire are Ennius (239-160
+B.C.), Lucilius (148-103 B.C.), Varro (116-27 B.C.), Horace (65-8 B.C.),
+Persius (34-62 A.D.), Seneca the Younger (3 B.C.-65 A.D.), Petronius
+(flourished about 60 A.D.), and Juvenal.
+
+Juvenal was born at Aquinum in Latium and was the son or foster son of a
+wealthy freedman. He practised declamation till middle life, was tribune
+of the first Dalmatian cohort, was for some reason banished (the story
+says for verses offensive to an actor who had influence at court), and
+died while in exile. He was a friend of the poet Martial.
+
+We possess sixteen of his satires divided into five books. 'Those which
+are most characteristic portray the vices of Roman society with
+passionate, unsparing ferocity' and in an extremely highly colored
+style. In some passages the most prominent quality is wit, which
+consists chiefly in the exaggerated and strongly contrasted situations.
+Other passages reach a lofty height of moral earnestness and dignity.
+
+For Reference: Wright, _Juvenal_ (Boston, 1901); Mayor, _Juvenal_
+(London, 1886).
+
+Metre: Dactylic Hexameter, B. 368; A. & G. 615.
+
+_1._ 1 ff. Praeneste, Volsiniis, Gabiis, Tiburis: country towns at a
+moderate distance from Rome. ruinam: 'The spontaneous collapse of the
+tenement houses was such a common occurrence that nobody paid attention
+to it, though it is an event that would fill our newspapers with a
+thrilling subject for days....There were companies formed for the
+purpose of propping...houses.'--Lanciani, _Ruins and Excavations of
+Ancient Rome_, Conclusion, p. 563. The entire chapter should be read in
+connection with this selection. 3. proni: i.e. on a hillside. 4. urbem:
+i.e. Rome. tibicine: prop. 5. labentibus: the falling walls. 6. vilicus:
+the owner's agent. 8. incendia: fires were common at Rome. Especially
+memorable were the great conflagrations in the reigns of Nero, Titus,
+and Commodus. The Temple of Vesta was almost or entirely destroyed five
+times by fire. 10. Ucalegon: your neighbor on the next floor below;
+called Ucalegon because iam proximits ardet, Vergil, _Aeneid_, 2. 311.
+tabulata tertia: the third or attic story where you live. 11.
+trepidatur: the cry of 'Fire!' is raised. 13. ultimus ardebit: and
+likewise will get the alarm last. 14. Codro: any poor man in this
+situation. Procula minor: too short for Tom Thumb. Procula was probably
+a dwarf. urceoli: displayed on the sideboard, or abacus, beneath which
+was a reclining statuette of the Centaur Chiron. 17. Iam: modifies
+vetus. 18. divina carmina: the Greek books just mentioned. opici: a name
+given by the Greek colonists of southern Italy to the native races.
+Since these were of inferior refinement, the word came to mean
+barbarian. It is applied to the mice since they destroy the manuscripts.
+20, 21. ultimus cumulus: the last straw. 21. frusta: a mouthful of
+food. 23. Asturici: type of a rich man. 24. differt vadimonia: puts off
+the time at which the defendant had given security (vadimonium) to
+appear. 26. Ardet: impersonal. 28. Euphranoris: a Greek sculptor of the
+fourth century B.C. Polycliti: a Greek sculptor of the fifth century
+B.C. He made a famous gold and ivory statue of Hera. 29. ornamenta
+deorum: stolen from some temple. Roman conquerors and governors (like
+Napoleon in modern times) freely robbed subject countries of works of
+art. 30. forulos mediamque Minervam: bookcases and a Minerva among them.
+A 'bust of Pallas,' the goddess of wisdom, is appropriate to a library.
+32. Persicus: the same person as Asturicus. The name is given because of
+the reputed wealth of the Orient. So our expression 'nabob' originally
+meant a viceroy in India. Cf. Milton, _Paradise Lost_, 2. 3-4:
+
+ where the gorgeous East, with richest hand,
+ Showers on her kings barbaric pearl and gold.
+
+orborum lautissimus: richest of childless men. It is on this account
+that all assist him, hoping eventually to receive a legacy. Asturicus
+understands their motive; hence Juvenal's humorous suspicion.
+
+34 ff. avelli: middle. circensibus: the games consisted of many kinds of
+entertainment, especially chariot racing. As with the opera to-day for
+lovers of music, these games formed one of the chief attractions of life
+in a great city. Sorae, Fabrateriae, Frusinone: these are country towns
+of Latium. 36. tenebras: a dark hole. 37. brevis: shallow. 40.
+Pythagoreis: Pythagoras, believing that the human soul might pass into
+one of the lower animals after death, forbade animal food to his
+disciples. 42. unius dominum lacertae: i.e. of the small area which
+would be necessary to furnish food to one lizard.
+
+43. Plurimus aeger: many sick men. aeger, though singular, is used for a
+plural with the adjective of plural signification. vigilando: the final
+o is short. 44. inperfeptus: undigested. 45. ardenti: inflamed.
+meritoria: lodgings. 46. Magnis opibus: ablative of price. Martial says,
+12. 57. 4, 'There is no place in Rome for a poor man to sleep.' Wagons
+were not allowed under ordinary circumstances to pass through the
+streets till the late afternoon, so that the heavy teaming was at night.
+47. arto: the medium width of the principal living streets of Rome was
+only from 16 to 20 feet. 48. stantis oonvicia mandrae: the mingled
+noises of the penned-up herd, i.e. the abuse of the drivers and the
+lowing of the animals. 49. Druso: probably the Emperor Claudius, who was
+lethargic. vitulis marinis: Pliny says, _Natural History_, 9. 42, that
+no animal sleeps more soundly than the seal. 50. officium: e.g. the duty
+of attendance on his patron. 53. clausa fenestra: effected in some
+instances by drawing the curtains, in others by closing the windows of
+mica. 55. unda prior: the human tide, or surging crowd in front. 56.
+assere: the chances were that this would be the pole of a litter, as
+that of the rich man just mentioned. 59. clavus militis: the soldier's
+boot was studded with hobnails. 60. quanto celebretur sportula fumo: in
+the midst of how great a smoke they throng after the sportula. The
+sportula is in this instance the food given by the patron to the client
+in return for his attendance. 61. convivae: the clients. culina: a
+portable kitchen to keep the food warm. 62. Corbulo: type of a
+strongman; as we might say 'a Samson.' Tacitus, _Annales_, 13. 8,
+describes a Roman general of this name as ingens corpore. 65. longa ff.:
+a long fir tree sways to and fro as its trucks come on. A similar
+picture of the crowded city streets is found in Horace, _Epistulae_, 2.
+2. 70. 68. procubuit: once falls over. saxa Ligustica: the marble from
+Luna on the border between Etruria and Liguria. The Romans knew hundreds
+of varieties of marble and used them in vast quantities. 'As Tibullus
+says, the streets of the city were always obstructed by carts laden with
+transmarine columns and blocks,--columns measuring sometimes 1.97 metres
+in diameter and 17.66 metres in length, like those of Trajan's temple;
+or blocks weighing sometimes 27 tons.'--Lanciani, _Ruins and Excavations
+of Ancient Rome_, p. 524. 71. Obtritum perit more animae: ground to
+powder, is gone like a breath. 72. domus: the slaves, pueri, of the
+client just killed. Even a poor man might have several. 74. striglibus:
+to remove perspiration or oil from the body. gutto: oil cruet. 76. ripa:
+of the Styx. Cf. for the scene Vergil, _Aeneid_, 6. 298 ff. novicius: a
+complete stranger, i.e. never having died before,--a grim joke.
+Juvenal's wit has been called 'the earliest known instance of American
+humor.'--Peck and Arrowsmith, _Roman Life_, etc. 77. nec sperat: he
+cannot cross the Styx since he has not received the rites of burial. 78.
+porrigat ore: offer with his mouth. A coin was often put in the mouth of
+the dead to pay Charon's fee. 80. Spatium: i.e. how high the roofs are.
+Cicero describes Rome as 'suspended in the air.' Some of the houses were
+100 feet in height. 83. silicem: even the volcanic stone which forms the
+pavement of the street is broken. 85 ff. quot patent vigiles fenestrae:
+this may be punningly rendered,--as many as there are windows up.--Peck
+and Arrowsmith, _Roman Life_, etc.
+
+_2._ 9. sacellis: the shrines of the Lares found in every house. The
+common offering at them was a pig. 10. tomacula: minced meat. 17.
+Sardanapali: effeminate and luxurious, the last king of Assyria. When a
+conspiracy against him was about to succeed, he burned himself with his
+treasures. Byron has a drama _Sardanapalus_. 19. virtutem: Virtueland.
+20. Nullum numen abest: the gods are all on the side of the provident.
+Fortune is no deity and only we mistaken men think her such.
+
+_3._ 3. quae lacrimas dedit: i.e. in that she gave us tears. haec: i.e.
+sympathy. 4. ergo: i.e. this gift of tears implies that, etc. 5.
+squaloremque rei: persons on trial often appeared in court with unshorn
+beard, unwashed toga, and other signs of mourning. 6. circumscriptorem:
+his dishonest guardian. 7. puellares capilli: boys wore long hair till
+they put on the toga virilis. 10, 11. minor igni rogi: minor with the
+ablative here means too small for. It was unusual to burn the bodies of
+very young children. face dignus arcana: i.e. worthy of initiation into
+the Eleusinian mysteries. On the fifth day of the festival the initiated
+marched in a torch-light procession from Athens to Eleusis. They must be
+holy in thought and deed. 13. mutorum: dumb animals. venerabile:
+reverential. 14. divinorumque capaces: with a capacity to know God. 16.
+sensum ff.: a feeling from above, i.e. sympathy. Man with his religious
+nature, with his power to practice the arts, and his erect posture, is
+given this also as a crowning mark of distinction from the lower
+creation. 18. indulsit: in his goodness gave. 19, 20. tantum animas:
+merely life. animum: a soul. mutuus adfectus: a feeling of brotherhood.
+24. tutos: protected by. 25. collata fiducia: confidence due to union.
+27. defendier: archaic form of defendi.
+
+_4._ 1. Di: sc. date or dent. sine pondere terram: cf. Martial,
+_Selection_ 13. 9, 10 and note. 2. spirantis: fragrant. perpetuum ver:
+because the urn is always supplied with flowers.
+
+2. procul, a procul inde: a part of the formula used to warn away the
+unhallowed from sacred rites. Cf. Vergil, _Aeneid_, 6. 258, procul, o
+procul este profani. The phrase, accordingly, has attached to it a
+religious earnestness and solemnity, like In the name of God, away! 3.
+pernoctantis parasiti: the contemptible guest who, for a dinner, stays
+all night, entertaining his host with low songs. 5. nec contempseris
+annos: do not think your child too young to observe and imitate.
+
+
+
+XI. HADRIAN.
+
+76-138 A.D.
+
+Hadrian was of Spanish descent and related to Trajan, whom he succeeded
+as emperor in 117. His reign, except its closing years, was noteworthy
+for good legislation, for the construction of magnificent buildings, and
+for his journeys to every part of the Empire.
+
+Metre: Iambic Dimeter Acatalectic, G. & L. 757, 765.
+
+_1._ The emperor is said by Spartianus to have composed this poem upon
+his death-bed.
+
+The diminutives express affection and compassion.
+
+4. pallidula and rigida refer to animula, the soul being conceived as
+presenting the appearance of the dead body. nudula also refers to
+animula, as disembodied, or, metaphorically speaking, 'unclothed'; cf. 2
+Corinthians 5. 3, 4 and Plato, _Cratylus_, 403 B,' the soul denuded of
+the body.' Line 5 is equivalent to a fourth adjective, sad.
+
+The passage contains an unusual number of words which occur but once
+(vagula, blandula, nudula), or very rarely (pallidula).
+
+Pope translates:
+
+ Ah, fleeting Spirit! wand'ring fire,
+ That long hast warm'd my tender breast,
+ Must thou no more this frame inspire?
+ No more a pleasing, cheerful guest?
+ Whither, ah whither art thou flying?
+ To what dark, undiscover'd shore?
+ Thou seem'st all trembling, shiv'ring, dying,
+ And Wit and Humor are no more.
+
+At Steele's request that he should write an ode in imitation of
+Hadrian's poem, but of a 'cheerful dying spirit' Pope composed the hymn:
+
+ Vital spark of heav'nly flame!
+ Quit, oh quit this mortal frame:
+ Trembling, hoping, ling'ring, flying,
+ Oh the pain, the bliss of dying! etc.
+
+
+
+XII. ANONYMOUS.
+
+Metre: Dactylic Hexameter, B. 368; A. & G. 615.
+
+_1._ 1. Lindi: a city of Rhodes. 2. Ephyra: another name for Corinth. 7.
+Cecropius: Attic. Cecrops was the first king of Athens. induperabit:
+indu is an old form of in.
+
+
+
+SACRED LATIN POETRY.
+
+The Latin hymns differ from classical poetry in that accent and rhyme
+prevail instead of syllabic quantity. This is in accordance with the
+genius of a language which never disregarded accent and in which rhyme
+occurs even in its earliest extant literature, as in Ennius'
+_Andromacha_:
+
+ Haec omnia vidi inflammari,
+ Priamo vi vitam evitari, etc.
+
+Among the famous authors of Latin hymns are Adam of St. Victor; St.
+Ambrose; Fortunatus; Robert the Second, King of France; Bernard of
+Clairvaux; Bernard of Cluny; and Abelard. Among the greatest of the
+hymns are the Te Deum, the Veni, Creator Spiritus, the Stabat Mater, the
+Veni, Sancte Spiritus, the Dies Irae, the Ut Iucundas, the Iesu, Dulcis
+Memoria, and the Hora Novissima.
+
+For Reference: Trench, _Sacred Latin Poetry_ (London, 1874); March,
+_Latin Hymns_ (New York, 1874); Daniel, _Thesaurus Hymnologicus_
+(Leipzig, 1841-1856, 5 vols.); Merrill, _Latin Hymns_ (Boston, 1904);
+Julian, _Dictionary of Hymnology_ (London, 1907). In all see indices of
+first lines.
+
+
+
+ANONYMOUS. FOR CHRISTMAS DAY.
+
+This was till recently a favorite in the Lutheran churches of Germany.
+Like most of the other hymns in this collection, it has often been
+translated; as by Schaff in his _Christ in Song_. The oldest text known
+is as early as the fourteenth century.
+
+The subject is the birth of Christ. Cf. Matthew 2. 1. Bethlehem:
+indeclinable, like most proper names of Hebrew origin. 5, 6. The ox and
+ass were believed to have occupied the stable with Christ on the
+combined authority of the Septuagint reading of Hahakkuk 3. 2: 'Between
+two animals shalt thou be known'; and of Isaiah 1. 3: 'The ox knoweth
+his owner, and the ass his master's crib.' quod: that. 7. Reges: Isaiah
+60. 3; Psalms 72. 10, 15. Saba: Psalms 72. 10, 15. 11. Sine serpentis
+vulnere: without 'original sin.' Cf. Genesis 3. 14, 15; 1 John 3. 5.
+
+
+
+FOR EASTER DAY.
+
+This fine sequence was highly esteemed by Luther and became a favorite
+in many countries. Its composition was as early as the eleventh century.
+At first sight it appears to be prose, but proves on closer examination
+to be rhymed throughout. The dialogue form made possible its dramatic
+use in the Easter Mystery Plays and the church service. For this and for
+translations see Julian, p. 1223 ff.
+
+The subject is the Resurrection. Cf. Matthew 28. 1-15; John 20. 1-18.
+
+2. Agnus: John 1. 29. oves: John 10. 11. 3. regnat: Matthew 25. 34. 4-9.
+Dic ff.: the conversation supposed to have taken place between Mary
+Magdalene and the disciples after her return from the sepulchre.
+Surrexit: Luke 24. 34.
+
+
+
+PLAUDITE CAELI.
+
+This hymn was composed by a member of the Jesuit Order. Its date is of
+the fourteenth to the sixteenth century; its subject the Resurrection.
+
+1. Plaudite: cf. Flumina plaudent manu, Psalms 97. 8; 'All the trees of
+the field shall clap their hands.'--Isaiah 55. 12. 2. aether: the upper
+air. 3, 4. Let the heights and the depths of the world rejoice. 5, 6.
+The black storm-rack has passed by. 7. almae: bountiful. 11, 12.
+pictis...campis: cf. 'daisies...do paint the meadows.'--_Love's Labour's
+Lost_, V. 2. 905. 17, 18. Full veins are metaphorical for the full
+strong flow of song. 20. Barbytha: bad spelling for barbita, lutes. 26.
+Ludite: flow merrily.
+
+The hymn has been translated into English by Mrs. Charles, _Christian
+Life in Song_, p. 184, and by Duffield, _Latin Hymns_, p. 398. The
+latter thus renders ll. 9-24:
+
+ Spring breezes are blowing,
+ Spring flowers are at hand,
+ Spring grasses are growing
+ Abroad in the land,
+
+ And violets brighten
+ The roses in bloom,
+ And marigolds heighten
+ The lilies' perfume.
+
+ Rise then, O my praises,
+ Fresh life in your veins,
+ As the viol upraises
+ The gladdest of strains,
+ For once more he sees us,
+ Alive, as he said;
+ Our holy Lord Jesus
+ Escaped from the dead.
+
+
+
+PONE LUCTUM, MAGDALENA.
+
+The subject is the appearance of the risen Christ to Mary Magdalene at
+the tomb, John 20. 11-18.
+
+1. Pone: dismiss thy grief. 3. Simonis: Mary Magdalene, as in _Dies
+Irae_, 37, is identified with 'the woman which was a sinner' of Luke 7.
+37-50, who, while Jesus sat at meal in the house of Simon, the Pharisee,
+'weeping, began to wet his feet with her tears,' 1. 4. 22, 23. Lift thy
+face, O Magdalen! Behold the risen Christ. 25. Quinque plagas: the five
+strokes are the nail prints in Jesus' hands and feet and the spear wound
+in his side, Luke 24. 40; John 20. 24-29. inspice: as Thomas and the
+other disciples beheld.
+
+Translation by Mrs. Charles, _Christian Life in Song_, p. 182.
+
+
+
+BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX.
+
+1091-1153 A.D.
+
+
+SALVE, CAPUT CRUENTATUM.
+
+This selection is taken from a hymn in seven parts, each addressing some
+member of Christ's body on the cross, the feet, the knees, etc. The
+composition is more probably by some German poet than by Bernard, but
+its supposed origin with the latter has become a subject of religious
+legend. One ancient copy describes the hymn as 'a divine and most devout
+prayer of the Abbot St. Bernard, which he made when an image of the
+Saviour with outstretched arms embraced him from the cross.' Again we
+read, 'The image on the cross bowed itself and embraced him with its
+wounded arms as a sure token that to it this prayer was most pleasing.'
+
+Julian refers to eight English metrical versions. One of the finest
+forms in which it has come into the language (through P. Gerhardt's free
+German version 'O Haupt voll Blut und Wunden') is _O sacred Head! now
+wounded_.
+
+3. Conquassatum: mangled. 7. Immutatus: 'His visage was so marred more
+than any man.'--Isaiah 52. 14. 10. All heaven shudders. The curia is the
+centre of government. 11. viror: Late Latin for viriditas, vigor; we
+might freely render brightness. 14. Expressing the extremity of
+weakness, hanging all in faintness. 19. intersigno: proof, Late Latin.
+23-25. From whose mouth I have taken honey with the sweetness of milk,
+beyond all delights. A figurative use of the story of Samson, who found
+a honeycomb in the mouth of the carcass of the lion which he had slain,
+Judges 14. 8, 9. Milk is religiously associated with honey because of
+the description of Canaan in Deuteronomy 31. 20, terram lacte et melle
+manantem. 28-30. Now that death is near Thee, lay here Thine head, rest
+in my arms. 32. gauderem: I would rejoice, were I associated with Thy
+holy passion; present contrary to fact condition. 40. absque: without,
+ante- and post-classic preposition. 46. emigrare: depart from life. Cf.
+qui e vita emigravit, Cicero, _De Legibus_, 2. 48. 49. Temetipsum: Thine
+own self. An emphatic -met is suffixed to Te.
+
+
+'JESUS, THE VERY THOUGHT OF THEE.'
+
+The author is probably St. Bernard, the abbot of Clairvaux and the great
+preacher of the Second Crusade. Few men in Christendom have ever
+exercised a personal influence equal to his.
+
+These quartrains are selected from a hymn composed of fifty such, and
+familiar to English-speaking Christians from Caswall's translation,
+_Jesus, the very Thought of Thee_, and Ray Palmer's _Jesus, Thou Joy of
+Loving Hearts_. It was a favorite of Livingstone who quotes from it in
+his _African Diary_. 'No other poem in any language,' says Julian, 'has
+furnished to English and American hymn-books so many hymns of sterling
+worth and well-deserved popularity.'
+
+Subject, Jesus.
+
+1-4. Iesu: vocative. We would expect das instead of dans and tui instead
+of eius. Supply est with praesentia.
+
+13-16.
+
+ Thou bliss of souls in bitter need,
+ Water to lip and light to eye,
+ All joy thou dost how far exceed,
+ All yearning more than satisfy.
+
+
+
+ROBERT II, KING OF FRANCE.
+
+971-1031 A.D.
+
+'COME, HOLY SPIRIT, FROM ABOVE.'
+
+Robert, the son of Hugh Capet, to whom this hymn is commonly, but
+probably incorrectly, ascribed, became king of France in 988 A.D. He
+'was a kindly, easy man, endowed with all the charming and dangerous
+virtues which commend themselves in the man and often prove fatal to the
+king. His reign was a constant struggle, first with the church for his
+wife, afterwards with his barons for his existence.'--_Encyclopaedia
+Britannica_, vol. ix, p. 536.
+
+This hymn was in the Middle Ages often called the _Golden Sequence_.
+Clichtovaeus (_Elucidatorium_, Paris, 1516, f. 171) declares it 'above
+all praise whether by reason of its wonderful sweetness...or of its
+brevity along with wealth of ideas or...of the elegant grace of its
+structure.' Trench, _Sacred Latin Poetry_, says it 'could only have been
+composed by one who had been acquainted with many sorrows and also with
+many consolations.'
+
+Julian refers to thirty-eight renderings into English. One of the best
+of these is A. P. Stanley's version, _Come, Holy Spirit, from Above_.
+
+The subject is an entreaty to the Spirit to come and to bestow His
+gifts. To the former thought belong the earlier stanzas, to the second
+thought the latter stanzas. At the beginning of the poem veni,
+emphasizing the former thought, is in its position and repetition like
+da at the close, emphasizing the latter.
+
+3. lucis: cf. lumen cordium, 1. 6, lux beatissima, 1.13. The Spirit, as
+the 'guide into all truth,' is naturally addressed as light and the
+giver of light. 7. Consolator: John 14. 16. 9. refrigerium: refreshment.
+'May God refresh thy spirit' is a phrase not uncommon in Christian
+epitaphs of the Catacombs. 7-12. Stanley renders:
+
+ O Thou, of comforters the best,
+ O Thou, the soul's most welcome guest,
+ O Thou, our sweet repose,
+ Our resting-place from life's long care,
+ Our shadow from the world's fierce glare,
+ Our solace in all woes.
+
+19, 20. Lava, Riga: John 3. 5; Isaiah 44. 3. 27. septenarium: the
+seven-fold gift. The spirit is septiformis munere, the seven gifts being
+'the spirit of wisdom,' 'of understanding,' 'of council,' 'of might,' 'of
+knowledge,' 'of piety,' and 'of the fear of the Lord,' Isaiah 11. 2, 3.
+
+
+
+ANONYMOUS.
+
+PHOENIX INTER FLAMMAS EXPIRANS.
+
+The suggestion of this beautiful poem is from _Canticles_. The date of
+composition is the seventeenth century.
+
+The subject is the soul's 'desire to depart and to be with Christ.' The
+second to the fifth stanzas take their form from the legend of the
+phoenix, a fabulous bird which was said to build its funeral pyre, to
+burn itself, singing a death-song, and to rise from its ashes in renewed
+youth. The soul, passing from this life to immortality, conceives itself
+as a phoenix consuming in the flames and singing a death-song (the
+third, fourth, and fifth stanzas).
+
+3. aegram: Canticles 2. 5. 4. Dilecto: Christ in heaven. Cf. Canticles
+2. 3. 27-30. The flame leaping toward the sky is a type of the soul in
+its eagerness to ascend to heaven. Cf.:
+
+ Rivers to the ocean run
+ Nor stay in all their course:
+ Fire ascending seeks the sun:
+ Both speed them to their source.
+ So the soul that's born of God
+ Pants to view his glorious face,
+ Upward tends to his abode
+ To rest in his embrace.
+ --Seagrave.
+
+
+
+THOMAS A CELANO.
+
+DIES IRAE.
+
+Thomas, called _a Celano_ from a small town in central Italy, was a
+Franciscan monk who lived in the thirteenth century and was custos of
+certain convents of his order on the Rhine. His authorship of this hymn
+is probable, not certain.
+
+For the literature see Julian, p. 294.
+
+In the ritual the _Dies Irae_ is used for All Souls' Day and for requiem
+masses. The most famous musical setting is by Mozart.
+
+Daniel says of this hymn, 'Each word is a peal of thunder.' Trench says,
+'The triple rhyme has been likened to blow following blow of the hammer
+on the anvil.'
+
+Goethe introduces the _Dies Irae_ into a scene of the first part of
+Faust; the remorse of Gretchen becomes overwhelming as she hears the
+hymn pealing through the cathedral, the culmination corning with the
+repetition of the words Quid sum miser tunc, dicturus?
+
+Sir Walter Scott thus quotes and summarizes at the end of _The Lay of
+the Last Minstrel_:
+
+ Far the echoing aisles prolong
+ The awful burthen of the song,--
+ DIES IRAE, DIES ILLA,
+ SOLVET SAECLUM IN FAVILLA;...
+ Thus the holy fathers sung.
+
+HYMN FOR THE DEAD.
+
+ That day of wrath, that dreadful day,
+ When heaven and earth shall pass away,
+ What power shall be the sinner's stay?
+ How shall he meet that dreadful day?
+
+ When, shrivelling like a parched scroll,
+ The naming heavens together roll;
+ When louder yet, and yet more dread,
+ Swells the high trump that wakes the dead.
+
+ Oh! on that day, that wrathful day,
+ When man to judgment wakes from clay,
+ Be THOU the trembling sinner's stay,
+ Though heaven and earth shall pass away.
+
+The same poet was heard to quote portions of the hymn on his deathbed,
+and the last words of the Earl of Roscommon, author of one of the
+well-known versions, were a rendering of line 51:
+
+ My God, my Father, and my Friend,
+ Do not forsake me in my end!
+
+Hundreds of metrical translations of this hymn exist. A good selection
+will be found in Nott, _Seven Great Hymns).
+
+1. Dies irae, dies illa, dies tribulationis et angustiae, dies
+calamitatis et miseriae, etc.--Zephaniah 1. 16. Cf. dies magnus irae,
+Revelation 6. 17. 2. Shall lay the world in glowing ashes. Cf. 2 Peter
+3. 10-12, especially 'The elements shall melt with fervent heat.' 3.
+Teste David cum Sibylla: Jew and Gentile both testify that the Day of
+Judgment shall come. As Vergil in his fourth _Eclogue_ was believed to
+have foretold Christ, so the Sibyl was thought to have prophesied the
+Day of Judgment. This was due to the still extant 'Sibylline Oracles,' a
+collection of twelve books in Greek hexameters supposed to have emanated
+from the Sibyl, but really pretended prophesies composed in the interest
+of their respective religions partly by Alexandrian Jews, partly by
+Christians. For the witness of David see Psalms 11. 5, 6; 96. 13; 97. 2,
+3. Cf. Trench, pp. 303, 304. Teste David is ablative absolute. 6.
+Discussurus: investigate, a meaning not classic in the literary
+language. 7. Tuba: 'the trumpet shall sound and the dead shall be
+raised.'--1 Corinthians 15. 52. Cf. 1 Thessalonians 4. 16. 11. creatura:
+every creature. 13. Liber scriptus: Daniel 1. 10; Revelation 20. 12. 16.
+Matthew 25. 31. 17. Luke 12. 2. 20. patronum: advocate, 1 John 2. 1. 21.
+vix iustus: 'if the righteous is scarcely saved.'--1 Peter 4. 18. 22-24.
+
+ King of awful majesty,
+ Saving sinners graciously,
+ Fount of mercy, save Thou me!
+
+23. gratis: freely, Revelation 21. 6. 28-30. Dr. Johnson frequently
+quoted this stanza with tears. 28. 'Jesus, being wearied with his
+journey, sat thus by the well.'--John 4. 6. 33. 'After a long time the
+Lord of those servants cometh and maketh a reckoning with them.'--
+Matthew 25. 19. 37. The writer identifies Mary Magdalene with 'the woman
+which was a sinner' to whom Jesus said, 'Thy sins are forgiven thee.'
+38. latronem: the penitent thief, Luke 23. 39 ff. 43-48. Matthew 25. 31
+ff. 49. acclinis: bowing before Thee. 50. A heart bruised even as ashes.
+The literal meaning of contritum, 'separated into small pieces,' is
+strongly in mind. Cf. cor contritum; Psalms 51. 17. Cor is in apposition
+with the subject of oro. 52-57. These lines adapt the hymn to the
+service. 56, 57. Note the wonderful sweetness of these lines, like calm
+after storm.
+
+BERNARD OF CLUNY.
+
+DE PATRIAE CAELESTIS LAUDE.
+
+This writer, born in Brittany of English parents and a contemporary of
+St. Bernard, was a monk in the monastery of Cluny under Peter the
+Venerable. The verses here given form the opening of his _De Contemptu
+Mundi_, a bitter satire about three thousand lines long upon the
+corruptions of the time. The passage is described by Neale as 'the most
+lovely of mediaeval poems.'
+
+The metre is dactylic hexameter with the leonine and tailed rhyme, each
+line being broken up into three parts. This measure is so difficult that
+the composer was enabled to master it only, as he believed, by a special
+inspiration; but two translators into English, Moultrie and Duffield,
+have attempted to reproduce it, as:
+
+ Here we have many fears; this is the vale of tears, the land of
+sorrow.
+ Tears are there none at all, in that celestial hall, on life's bright
+morrow.
+
+The great English rendering is by Neale in his _Rhythm of Bernard de
+Morlaix on the Celestial Country_. From this many favorite hymns have
+been drawn.
+
+The subject is the speedy coming of Christ to judge the world and the
+joys and glories of the New Jerusalem. Cf. Revelation 21 and 22.
+
+3. terminet: subjunctive of wish. 8. homo deus: the God-man; i.e.
+Christ. 10. non breve vivere: subject of retribuetur. 17. Sion: the
+church. Babylone: the world. Cf. such passages as Revelation 16. 19. 19.
+sobria: sober and impliedly watchful. Cf. 1 Thessalonians 5. 6. 24-29.
+
+ With jasper glow thy bulwarks,
+ Thy streets with emerald blaze;
+ The sardius and the topaz
+ Unite in thee their rays;
+
+ Thine ageless walls are bonded
+ With amethyst unpriced;
+ Thy saints build up its fabric,
+ And the corner-stone is Christ.
+
+ The cross is all thy splendor,
+ The crucified thy praise;
+ His laud and benediction
+ Thy ransomed people raise.
+
+ Thou hast no shore, fair ocean;
+ Thou hast no time, bright day
+ Dear fountain of refreshment
+ To pilgrims far away.
+ --Neale.
+
+26. The heavenly throng compose thy fabric and Christ is thy precious
+stone; i.e. each believer is a stone built into the structure of the
+heavenly city of which Christ, the 'living stone, elect and precious,'
+is the foundation. Cf. 1 Peter 2. 3-6. 29. Thou without shore (i.e.
+unbounded in extent), thou without time (i.e. never ceasing to flow),
+fountain that art soon a stream. 34.
+
+ Beneath thy contemplation
+ Sink heart and voice oppressed.
+ --Neale.
+
+49. Plaude...Deus:
+
+ Exult, O dust and ashes!
+ The Lord shall be thy part.
+ --Neale.
+
+
+
+HILDEBERT.
+
+1057-1184 A.D.
+
+THE HEAVENLY CITY.
+
+Hildebert, a contemporary and fellow-countryman of the Bernards, became
+Archbishop of Tours in 1125. His verses number more than ten thousand.
+
+The selection is taken from his _Address to the Three Persons of the
+Holy Trinity_.
+
+Cf. Revelation 21 and 22.
+
+3. Auctor lucis: Genesis 1. 3. 5. lapis vivua: 1 Peter 2. 4, 6. 6. Rex
+festivus: Matthew 22. 2. 12-14. Revelation 21. 4; 1 John 3. 2. 15-18.
+Cf. O civitas sancta, civitas speciosa, de longinquo te saluto, ad te
+clamo, te require.--Augustine, _De Spiritu et Anima_. 26. Revelation 21.
+24.
+
+The following is a portion of Neale's translation (_Mediaeval Hymns_,
+pp. 35-36):
+
+ Mine be Sion's habitation,
+ Sion, David's calm foundation:
+ Built by him, light's source immortal,--
+ To whose streets the cross is portal:
+ In this city, uninvaded
+ Peace,--spring endless, light unfaded:
+ Endless breath of flowerets vernal,
+ Festal melody eternal.
+ Home, no change nor loss that fearest,
+ From afar my soul thou cheerest:
+ Thee it seeketh, thee requireth,
+ Thee affecteth, thee desireth.
+
+
+---
+
+LATIN
+
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+of the topography of each region, and the position of its buildings so
+far as this is known, and a detailed description of the more important
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+first, to the sources of information in ancient literature and
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+
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+End of Project Gutenberg's Readings from Latin Verse, by Curtis C. Bushnell
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+Project Gutenberg's Readings from Latin Verse, by Curtis C. Bushnell
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Readings from Latin Verse
+ With Notes
+
+Author: Curtis C. Bushnell
+
+Release Date: September 21, 2010 [EBook #33786]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK READINGS FROM LATIN VERSE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Michael Gray, alumnus, Santa Clara University
+Classics Department
+
+
+
+
+
+READINGS FROM LATIN VERSE
+
+
+WITH NOTES
+
+
+
+BY
+
+CURTIS C. BUSHNELL, PH.D.
+
+PROFESSOR OF CLASSICS IN SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY
+
+
+
+Boston
+ALLYN AND BACON
+1908
+
+
+
+
+COPYRIGHT, 1908, BY
+CURTIS C. BUSHNELL.
+
+
+
+FRANCISCO - SMALLEY
+DECANO
+COMES - ET - AMICVS
+HVNC - LIBELLVM
+D - D
+
+
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTORY NOTE.
+
+THIS little book has been prepared to meet the needs of my own classes.
+The selections have been made primarily with reference to their literary
+merit, but also with the intention of introducing the student to a
+number of authors not usually read in the earlier portion of the college
+course.
+
+The notes are greatly indebted to the works named under the heading,
+'Reference.'
+
+I am under obligations to Professor E. C. Morris of Syracuse University
+for the correction of the manuscript of the notes, and to Mr. N. L.
+Willey, Syracuse University, 1908, for assistance in proof-reading.
+ C. C. B.
+SYRACUSE, N.Y.
+
+
+
+READINGS FROM LATIN VERSE.
+
+CLASSICAL LATIN POETRY.
+
+
+I. ENNIUS.
+
+
+FROM THE ANNALS.
+
+
+_1. The Lament for Romulus._
+
+ Pectora fida tenet desiderium: simul inter
+ sese sic memorant, 'o Romule, Romule die,
+ qualem te patriae custodem di genuerunt!
+ O pater, o genitor, o sanguen dis oriundum,
+ tu produxisti nos intra luminis oras.' 5
+
+_2. Pyrrhus dismissing the Prisoners without Ransom._
+
+ Nec mi aurum posco nec mi pretium dederitis:
+ nec cauponantes bellum sed belligerantes
+ ferro, non auro, vitam cernamus utrique.
+ Vosne velit an me regnare era quidve ferat Fors
+ virtute experiamur. Et hoc simul accipe dictum: 5
+ quorum virtuti belli fortuna pepercit
+ eorundem libertati me parcere certumst.
+ Dono ducite doque volentibus cum magnis dis.
+
+_3. M.' Curius._
+
+ Quem nemo ferro potuit superare nec auro.
+
+_4. Q. Fabius Maximus._
+
+ Unus homo nobis cunctando restituit rem;
+ noenum rumores ponebat ante salutem;
+ ergo plusque magisque viri nunc gloria claret.
+
+_5. The Strength of Rome._
+
+ Moribus antiquis res stat Romana virisque.
+
+
+FROM THE TRAGEDIES.
+
+
+_6. A Bereaved Father's Fortitude._
+
+ Ego cum genui, tum morituros scivi et ei re sustuli.
+ Praeterea ad Troiam cum misi ob defendendam Graeciam,
+ scibam me in mortiferum bellum, non in epulas mittere.
+
+_7. 'Gods Careless of Mankind.'_
+
+ Ego deum genus esse semper dixi et dicam caelitum,
+ sed eos non curare opinor, quid agat humanum genus;
+ nam si curent, bene bonis sit, male malis; quod nunc abest.
+
+
+FROM THE EPIGRAMS.
+
+
+_8. Ennius' Epitaph._
+
+ Nemo me dacrumis decoret nec funera fletu
+ faxit. Cur? Volito vivus per ora virum.
+
+
+
+II. LUCRETIUS.
+
+
+_1. 'Things unattempted yet in Prose or Rhyme.'_
+
+ Nunc age quod superest cognosce et clarius audi.
+ Nec me animi fallit quam sint obscura; sed acri
+ percussit thyrso laudis spes magna meum cor
+ et simul incussit suavem mi pectus amorem
+ musarum, quo nunc instinctus mente vigenti 5
+ avia Pieridum peragro loca nullius ante
+ trita solo. Iuvat integros accedere fontes
+ atque haurire, iuvatque novos decerpere flores
+ insignemque meo capiti petere inde coronam
+ unde prius nulli velarint tempora musae; 10
+ primum quod magnis doceo de rebus et artis
+ religionum animum nodis exsolvere pergo,
+ deinde quod obscura de re tam lucida pango
+ carmina, musaeo contingens cuncta lepore.
+ _De Rerum Natura I. 931-934._
+
+_2. The Praise of Epicurus._
+
+ E tenebris tantis tam clarum extollere lumen
+ qui primus potuisti inlustrans commoda vitae,
+ te sequor, o Graiae gentis decus, inque tuis nunc
+ ficta pedum pono pressis vestigia signis,
+ non ita certandi cupidus quam propter amorem 5
+ quod te imitari aveo; quid enim contendat hirundo
+ cycnis, aut quidnam tremulis facere artubus haedi
+ consimile in cursu possint et fortis equi vis?
+ Tu, pater, es rerum inventor, tu patria nobis
+ suppeditas praecepta, tuisque ex, inclute, chartis, 10
+ floriferis ut apes in saltibus omnia libant,
+ omnia nos itidem depascimur aurea dicta,
+ aurea, perpetua semper dignissima vita.
+ Nam simul ac ratio tua coepit vociferari
+ naturam rerum, divina mente coorta, 15
+ diffugiunt animi terrores, moenia mundi
+ discedunt, totum video per inane geri res.
+ Apparet divum numen sedesque quietae
+ quas neque concutiunt venti nec nubila nimbis
+ aspergunt neque nix acri concreta pruina 20
+ cana cadens violat semperque innubilus aether
+ integit, et large diffuso lumine rident.
+ Omnia suppeditat porro natura neque ulla
+ res animi pacem delibat tempore in ullo.
+ At contra nusquam apparent Acherusia templa 25
+ nec tellus obstat quin omnia dispiciantur,
+ sub pedibus quaecumque infra per inane geruntur.
+ His ibi me rebus quaedam divina voluptas
+ percipit adque horror, quod sic natura tua vi
+ tam manifesta patens ex omni parte retecta est. 30
+ _Id. III. 1-30._
+
+_3. The Changing Seasons._
+
+ It ver et Venus, et veris praenuntius ante
+ pennatus graditur zephyrus, vestigia propter
+ Flora quibus mater praespargens ante viai
+ cuncta coloribus egregiis et odoribus opplet.
+ Inde loci sequitur calor aridus et comes una 5
+ pulverulenta Ceres _et_ etesia flabra aquilonum.
+ Inde autumnus adit, graditur simul Euhius Euan.
+ Inde aliae tempestates ventique secuntur,
+ altitonans Volturnus et auster fulmine pollens.
+ Tandem bruma nives adfert pigrumque rigorem, 10
+ prodit hiemps, sequitur crepitans hanc dentibus algor.
+ _Id. V. 736-746._
+
+_4. The Origin of Superstition._
+
+ Ergo perfugium sibi habebant omnia divis
+ tradere et illorum nutu facere omnia flecti.
+ In caeloque deum sedes et templa locarunt,
+ per caelum volvi quia nox et luna videtur,
+ luna dies et nox et noctis signa severa 5
+ noctivagaeque faces caeli flammaeque volantes,
+ nubila sol imbres nix venti fulmina grando
+ et rapidi fremitus et murmura magna minarum.
+ O genus infelix humanum, talia divis
+ cum tribuit facta atque iras adiunxit acerbas! 10
+ quantos tum gemitus ipsi sibi, quantaque nobis
+ volnera, quas lacrimas peperere minoribu' nostris!
+ Nec pietas ullast velatum saepe videri
+ vertier ad lapidem atque omnis accedere ad aras
+ nec procumbere humi prostratum et pandere palmas 15
+ ante deum delubra nec aras sanguine multo
+ spargere quadrupedum nec votis nectere vota,
+ sed mage pacata posse omnia mente tueri.
+ Nam cum suspicimus magni caelestia mundi
+ templa, super stellisque micantibus aethera fixum, 20
+ et venit in mentem solis lunaeque viarum,
+ tunc allis oppressa malis in pectora cura
+ illa quoque expergefactum caput erigere infit,
+ nequae forte deum nobis inmensa potestas
+ sit, vario motu quae candida sidera verset. 25
+ Temptat enim dubiam mentem rationis egestas,
+ ecquaenam fuerit mundi genitalis origo,
+ et simul ecquae sit finis, quoad moenia mundi
+ solliciti motus hunc possint ferre laborem,
+ an divinitus aeterna donata salute 30
+ perpetuo possint aevi labentia tractu
+ inmensi validas aevi contemnere viris.
+ Praeterea cui non animus formidine divum
+ contrahitur, cui non correpunt membra pavore,
+ fulminis horribili cum plaga torrida tellus 35
+ contremit et magnum percurrunt murmura caelum?
+ Non populi gentesque tremunt, regesque superbi
+ corripiunt divum percussi membra timore,
+ nequid ob admissum foede dictumve superbe
+ poenarum grave sit solvendi tempus adultum? 40
+ Denique sub pedibus tellus cum tota vacillat
+ concussaeque cadunt urbes dubiaeque minantur,
+ quid mirum si se temnunt mortalia saecla
+ atque potestatis magnas mirasque relinqunt
+ in rebus viris divum, quae cuncta gubernent? 45
+ _Id. V. 1186-1225, 1236-1240._
+
+
+
+III. CATULLUS.
+
+
+_1. Exposed to a Draft._
+
+ Furi, villula nostra non ad Austri
+ flatus oppositast neque ad Favoni
+ nec saevi Boreae aut Apeliotae,
+ verum ad milia quindecim et ducentos.
+ O ventum horribilem atque pestilentem! 5
+ _XXVI._
+
+_2. An Affected Pronunciation._
+
+ Chommoda dicebat, si quando commoda vellet
+ dicere, et insidias Arrius hinsidias,
+ et tum mirifice sperabat se esse locutum,
+ cum quantum poterat dixerat hinsidias.
+ Credo, sic mater, sic liber avonculus eius, 5
+ sic maternus avos dixerat atque avia.
+ Hoc misso in Syriam requierant omnibus aures:
+ audibant eadem haec leniter et leviter,
+ nec sibi postilla metuebant talia verba,
+ cum subito adfertur nuntius horribilis, 10
+ Ionios fluctus, postquam illuc Arrius isset,
+ iam non Ionios esse, sed Hionios.
+ _LXXXIV._
+
+_3. The Dead Pet._
+
+ Lugete, o Veneres Cupidinesque
+ et quantum est hominum venustiorum!
+ Passer mortuus est meae puellae,
+ passer, deliciae meae puellae,
+ quem plus illa oculis suis amabat; 5
+ nam mellitus erat, suamque norat
+ ipsam tam bene quam puella matrem,
+ nec sese a gremio illius movebat
+ sed circumsiliens modo huc modo illuc
+ ad solam dominam usque pipilabat. 10
+ Qui nunc it per iter tenebricosum
+ illuc unde negant redire quemquam.
+ At vobis male sit, malae tenebrae
+ Orci, quae omnia bella devoratis;
+ tam bellum mihi passerem abstulistis. 15
+ O factum male! io miselle passer!
+ Tua nunc opera meae puellae
+ flendo turgiduli rubent ocelli.
+ _III._
+
+_4. Veranius, Welcome!_
+
+ Verani, omnibus e meis amicis
+ antistans mihi milibus trecentis,
+ venistine domum ad tuos penates
+ fratresque unanimos anumque matrem?
+ Venisti! o mihi nuntii beati! 5
+ Visam te incolumem audiamque Hiberum
+ narrantem loca, facta, nationes,
+ ut mos est tuus, adplicansque collum
+ iucundum os oculosque saviabor.
+ O quantum est hominum beatiorum, 10
+ quid me laetius est beatiusve?
+ _IX._
+
+_5. Homeward Bound._
+
+ Iam ver egelidos refert tepores,
+ iam caeli furor aequinoctialis
+ iucundis Zephyri silescit auris.
+ Linquantur Phrygii, Catulle, campi
+ Nicaeaeque ager uber aestuosae: 5
+ ad claras Asiae volemus urbes.
+ Iam mens praetrepidans avet vagari,
+ iam laeti studio pedes vigescunt.
+ O dulces comitum valete coetus,
+ longe quos simul a domo profectos 10
+ diversae variae viae reportant.
+ _XLVI._
+
+_6. Home at Last._
+
+ Paene insularum, Sirmio, insularumque
+ ocelle, quascumque in liquentibus stagnis
+ marique vasto fert uterque Neptunus,
+ quam te libenter quamque laetus inviso,
+ vix mi ipse credens Thyniam atque Bithynos 5
+ liquisse campos et videre te in tuto!
+ O quid solutis est beatius curis,
+ cum mens onus reponit, ac peregrino
+ labore fessi venimus larem ad nostrum
+ desideratoque adquiescimus lecto? 10
+ Hoc est quod unum est pro laboribus tantis.
+ Salve, o venusta Sirmio, atque ero gaude:
+ gaudete vosque, o Lydiae lacus undae:
+ ridete, quidquid est domi cachinnorum.
+ _XXXI._
+
+_7. Sympathy in Sorrow._
+
+ Si quicquam mutis gratum acceptumve sepulcris
+ accidere a nostro, Calve, dolore potest,
+ quo desiderio veteres renovamus amores
+ atque olim missas flemus amicitias,
+ certe non tanto mors inmatura dolori est 5
+ Quintiliae, quantum gaudet amore tuo.
+ _XCVI._
+
+_8. 'Vita Frater Amabilior.'_
+
+ Etsi me adsiduo confectum cura dolore
+ sevocat a doctis, Ortale, virginibus,
+ nec potis est dulcis Musarum expromere fetus
+ mens animi: tantis fluctuat ipsa malis:
+ namque mei nuper Lethaeo gurgite fratris 5
+ pallidulum manans adluit unda pedem,
+ Troia Rhoeteo quem subter litore tellus
+ ereptum nostris obterit ex oculis.
+ . . . . . .
+ Nunquam ego te vita frater amabilior
+ adspiciam posthac: at certe semper amabo, 10
+ semper maesta tua carmina morte canam,
+ qualia sub densis ramorum concinit umbris
+ Daulias absumpti fata gemens Ityli:
+ sed tamen in tantis maeroribus, Ortale, mitto
+ haec expressa tibi carmina Battiadae, 15
+ ne tua dicta vagis nequiquam credita ventis
+ effluxisse meo forte putes animo.
+ _LXV. 1-8, 10-18._
+
+_9. 'Frater, Ave atque Vale.'_
+
+ Multas per gentes et multa per aequora vectus
+ advenio has miseras, frater, ad inferias,
+ ut te postremo donarem munere mortis
+ et mutam nequiquam adloquerer cinerem,
+ quandoquidem fortuna mihi tete abstulit ipsum, 5
+ heu miser indigne frater adempte mihi.
+ Nunc tamen interea haec, prisco quae more parentum
+ tradita sunt tristi munere ad inferias,
+ accipe fraterno multum manantia fletu
+ atque in perpetuum, frater, ave atque vale. 10
+ _CI._
+
+
+
+IV. VERGIL.
+
+
+_1. The Tale of Aristaeus._
+
+ Quis deus hanc, Musae, quis nobis extudit artem?
+ Unde nova ingressus hominum experientia cepit?
+ Pastor Aristaeus fugiens Peneia Tempe,
+ amissis, ut fama, apibus morboque fameque,
+ tristis ad extremi sacrum caput adstitit amnis, 5
+ multa querens, atque hac adfatus voce parentem:
+ mater, Cyrene mater, quae gurgitis huius
+ ima tenes, quid me praeclara stirpe deorum--
+ si modo, quem perhibes, pater est Thymbraeus Apollo--
+ invisum fatis genuisti? aut quo tibi nostri 10
+ pulsus amor? quid me caelum sperare iubebas?
+ En etiam hunc ipsum vitae mortalis honorem,
+ quem mihi vix frugum et pecudum custodia sollers
+ omnia temptanti extuderat, te matre, relinquo.
+ Quin age, et ipsa manu felicis erue silvas, 15
+ fer stabulis inimicum ignem atque interfice messis,
+ ure sata, et validam in vitis molire bipennem,
+ tanta meae si te ceperunt taedia laudis.
+ At mater sonitum thalamo sub fluminis alti
+ sensit. Eam circum Milesia vellera Nymphae 20
+ carpebant, hyali saturo fucata colore,
+ Drymoque, Xanthoque, Ligeaque, Phyllodoceque,
+ caesariem effusae nitidam per candida colla.
+ [Nesaee, Spioque, Thaliaque, Cymodoceque,]
+ Cydippeque et flava Lycorias, altera virgo, 25
+ altera tum primos Lucinae experta labores,
+ Clioque et Beroe soror, Oceanitides ambae,
+ ambae auro, pictis incinctae pellibus ambae,
+ atque Ephyre, atque Opis, et Asia Deiopea,
+ et tandem positis velox Arethusa sagittis. 30
+ Inter quas curam Clymene narrabat inanem
+ Volcani, Martisque dolos et dulcia furta,
+ aque Chao densos divom numerabat amores.
+ Carmine quo captae dum fusis mollia pensa
+ devolvunt, iterum maternas inpulit auris 35
+ luctus Aristaei, vitreisque sedilibus omnes
+ obstipuere; sed ante alias Arethusa sorores
+ prospiciens summa flavum caput extulit unda,
+ et procul: O gemitu non frustra exterrita tanto,
+ Cyrene soror, ipse tibi, tua maxuma cura, 40
+ tristis Aristaeus Penei genitoris ad undam
+ stat lacrimans, et te crudelem nomine dicit.
+ Huic percussa nova mentem formidine mater,
+ Duc, age, duc ad nos; fas illi limina divom
+ tangere, ait. Simul alta iubet discedere late 45
+ flumina, qua iuvenis gressus inferret. At illum
+ curvata in montis faciem circumstetit unda
+ accepitque sinu vasto misitque sub amnem.
+ Iamque domum mirans genetricis et humida regna
+ speluncisque lacus clausos lucosque sonantis 50
+ ibat, et ingenti motu stupefactus aquarum
+ omnia sub magna labentia flumina terra
+ spectabat diversa locis, Phasimque, Lycumque,
+ et caput, unde altus primum se erumpit Enipeus,
+ unde pater Tiberinus, et unde Aniena fluenta, 55
+ saxosusque sonans Hypanis, Mysusque Caicus,
+ et gemina auratus taurino cornua voltu
+ Eridanus, quo non alius per pinguia culta
+ in mare purpureum violentior effluit amnis.
+ Postquam est in thalami pendentia pumice tecta 60
+ perventum, et nati fletus cognovit inanis
+ Cyrene, manibus liquidos dant ordine fontis
+ germanae, tonsisque ferunt mantelia villis;
+ pars epulis onerant mensas, et plena reponunt
+ pocula; Panchaeis adolescunt ignibus arae; 65
+ et mater, Cape Maeonii carchesia Bacchi:
+ Oceano libemus, ait. Simul ipsa precatur
+ Oceanumque patrem rerum Nymphasque sorores,
+ centum quae silvas, centum quae flumina servant.
+ Ter liquido ardentem perfudit nectare Vestam, 70
+ ter flamma ad summum tecti subiecta reluxit.
+ Omine quo firmans animum sic incipit ipsa:
+ Est in Carpathio Neptuni gurgite vates
+ caeruleus Proteus, magnum qui piscibus aequor
+ et iuncto bipedum curru metitur equorum. 75
+ Hic nunc Emathiae portus patriamque revisit
+ Pallenen; hunc et Nymphae veneramur et ipse
+ grandaevus Nereus; novit namque omnia vates,
+ quae sint, quae fuerint, quae mox ventura trahantur.
+ Quippe ita Neptuno visum est, inmania cuius 80
+ armenta et turpis pascit sub gurgite phocas.
+ Hic tibi, nate, prius vinclis capiendus, ut omnem
+ expediat morbi caussam, eventusque secundet.
+ Nam sine vi non ulla dabit praecepta, neque illum
+ orando flectes: vim duram et vincula capto 85
+ tende; doli circum haec demum frangentur inanes.
+ Ipsa ego te, medios cum sol accenderit aestus,
+ cum sitiunt herbae, et pecori iam gratior umbra est,
+ in secreta senis ducam, quo fessus ab undis
+ se recipit, facile ut somno adgrediare iacentem. 90
+ Verum ubi correptum manibus vinclisque tenebis,
+ tum variae eludent species atque ora ferarum.
+ Fiet enim subito sus horridus, atraque tigris,
+ squamosusque draco, et fulva cervice leaena;
+ aut acrem flammae sonitum dabit, atque ita vinclis 95
+ excidet, aut in aquas tenuis dilapsus abibit.
+ Sed quanto ille magis formas se vertet in omnis,
+ tanto, nate, magis contende tenacia vincla,
+ donec talis erit mutato corpore, qualem
+ videris, incepto tegeret cum lumina somno. 100
+ Haec ait, et liquidum ambrosiae diffundit odorem,
+ quo totum nati corpus perduxit; at illi
+ dulcis conpositis spiravit crinibus aura,
+ atque habilis membris venit vigor. Est specus ingens
+ exesi latere in montis, quo plurima vento 105
+ cogitur inque sinus scindit sese unda reductos,
+ deprensis olim statio tutissima nautis;
+ intus se vasti Proteus tegit obiice saxi.
+ Hic iuvenem in latebris aversum a lumine Nympha
+ collocat; ipsa procul nebulis obscura resistit. 110
+ Iam rapidus torrens sitientis Sirius Indos
+ ardebat caelo, et medium sol igneus orbem
+ hauserat; arebant herbae, et cava flumina siccis
+ faucibus ad limum radii tepefacta coquebant:
+ cum Proteus consueta petens e fluctibus antra 115
+ ibat; eum vasti circum gens humida ponti
+ exsultans rorem late dispergit amarum.
+ Sternunt se somno diversae in litore phocae;
+ ipse, velut stabuli custos in montibus olim,
+ vesper ubi e pastu vitulos ad tecta reducit 120
+ auditisque lupos acuunt balatibus agni,
+ considit scopulo medius, numerumque recenset.
+ Cuius Aristaeo quoniam est oblata facultas,
+ vix defessa senem passus conponere membra,
+ cum clamore ruit magno, manicisque iacentem 125
+ occupat. Ille suae contra non inmemor artis
+ omnia transformat sese in miracula rerum,
+ ignemque, horribilemque feram, fluviumque liquentem.
+ Verum ubi nulla fugam reperit fallacia, victus
+ in sese redit, atque hominis tandem ore locutus: 130
+ Nam quis te, iuvenum confidentissime, nostras
+ iussit adire domos? quidve hinc petis? inquit. At ille:
+ Scis, Proteu, scis ipse; neque est te fallere quicquam;
+ sed tu desine velle. Deum praecepta secuti
+ venimus, hinc lassis quaesitum oracula rebus. 135
+ Tantum effatus. Ad haec vates vi denique multa
+ ardentis oculos intorsit lumine glauco,
+ et graviter frendens sic fatis ora resolvit:
+ Non te nullius exercent numinis irae.
+ Magna luis commissa: tibi has miserabilis Orpheus 140
+ haud quaquam ob meritum poenas, ni Fata resistant,
+ suscitat, et rapta graviter pro coniuge saevit.
+ Illa quidem, dum te fugeret per flumina praeceps,
+ inmanem ante pedes hydrum moritura puella
+ servantem ripas alta non vidit in herba. 145
+ At chorus aequalis Dryadum clamore supremos
+ inplerunt montis; flerunt Rhodopeiae arces,
+ altaque Pangaea, et Rhesi Mavortia tellus,
+ atque Getae, atque Hebrus, et Actias Orithyia.
+ Ipse, cava solans aegrum testudine amorem, 150
+ te, dulcis coniunx, te solo in litore secum,
+ te veniente die, te decedente canebat.
+ Taenarias etiam fauces, alta ostia Ditis,
+ et caligantem nigra formidine lucum
+ ingressus, Manisque adiit Regemque tremendum, 155
+ nesciaque humanis precibus mansuescere corda.
+ At cantu commotae Erebi de sedibus imis
+ umbrae ibant tenues simulacraque luce carentum,
+ quam multa in foliis avium se milia condunt,
+ vesper ubi aut hibernus agit de montibus imber, 160
+ matres atque viri, defunctaque corpora vita
+ magnanimum heroum, pueri innuptaeque puellae,
+ inpositique rogis iuvenes ante ora parentum;
+ quos circum limus niger et deformis arundo
+ Cocyti tardaque palus inamabilis unda 165
+ alligat, et noviens Styx interfusa coercet.
+ Quin ipsae stupuere domus atque intima Leti
+ Tartara caeruleosque inplexae crinibus anguis
+ Eumenides, tenuitque inhians tria Cerberus ora,
+ atque Ixionii vento rota constitit orbis. 170
+ Iamque pedem referens casus evaserat omnis,
+ redditaque Eurydice superas veniebat ad auras,
+ pone sequens,--namque hanc dederat Proserpina legem--
+ cum subita incautum dementia cepit amantem,
+ ignoscenda quidem, scirent si ignoscere Manes: 175
+ restitit, Eurydicenque suam, iam luce sub ipsa,
+ inmemor, heu! victusque animi respexit. Ibi omnis
+ effusus labor, atque inmitis rupta tyranni
+ foedera, terque fragor stagnis auditus Avernis.
+ Illa, Quis et me, inquit, miseram, et te perdidit, Orpheu, 180
+ quis tantus furor? En iterum crudelia retro
+ fata vocant, conditque natantia lumina somnus.
+ Iamque vale: feror ingenti circumdata nocte,
+ invalidasque tibi tendens, heu non tua, palmas!
+ Dixit, et ex oculis subito, ceu fumus in auras 185
+ commixtus tenuis, fugit diversa, neque illum,
+ prensantem nequiquam umbras et multa volentem
+ dicere, praeterea vidit; nec portitor Orci
+ amplius obiectam passus transire paludem.
+ Quid faceret? quo se rapta bis coniuge ferret? 190
+ Quo fletu Manis, qua Numina voce moveret?
+ Illa quidem Stygia nabat iam frigida cymba.
+ Septem illum totos perhibent ex ordine menses
+ rupe sub aeria deserti ad Strymonis undam
+ flevisse, et gelidis haec evolvisse sub antris, 195
+ mulcentem tigris et agentem carmine quercus;
+ qualis populea maerens philomela sub umbra
+ amissos queritur fetus, quos durus arator
+ observans nido inplumis detraxit; at illa
+ flet noctem, ramoque sedens miserabile carmen 200
+ integrat, et maestis late loca questibus inplet.
+ Nulla Venus, non ulli animum flexere hymenaei.
+ Solus Hyperboreas glacies Tanaimque nivalem
+ arvaque Rhipaeis numquam viduata pruinis
+ lustrabat, raptam Eurydicen atque inrita Ditis 205
+ dona querens; spretae Ciconum quo munere matres
+ inter sacra deum nocturnique orgia Bacchi
+ discerptum latos iuvenem sparsere per agros.
+ Tum quoque marmorea caput a cervice revolsum
+ gurgite cum medio portans Oeagrius Hebrus 210
+ volveret, Eurydicen vox ipsa et frigida lingua,
+ Ah miseram Eurydicen! anima fugiente vocabat;
+ Eurydicen toto referebant flumine ripae.
+ Haec Proteus, et se iactu dedit aequor in altum,
+ quaque dedit, spumantem undam sub vertice torsit. 215
+ At non Cyrene; namque ultro adfata timentem:
+ Nate, licet tristis animo deponere curas.
+ Haec omnis morbi caussa; hinc miserabile Nymphae,
+ cum quibus illa choros lucis agitabat in altis,
+ exitium misere apibus. Tu munera supplex 220
+ tende, petens pacem, et facilis venerare Napaeas;
+ namque dabunt veniam votis, irasque remittent.
+ Sed, modus orandi qui sit, prius ordine dicam.
+ Quattuor eximios praestanti corpore tauros,
+ qui tibi nunc viridis depascunt summa Lycaei, 225
+ delige, et intacta totidem cervice iuvencas.
+ Quattuor his aras alta ad delubra dearum
+ constitue, et sacrum iugulis demitte cruorem,
+ corporaque ipsa boum frondoso desere luco.
+ Post, ubi nona suos Aurora ostenderit ortus, 230
+ inferias Orphei Lethaea papavera mittes,
+ et nigram mactabis ovem, lucumque revises;
+ placatam Eurydicen vitula venerabere caesa.
+ Haud mora; continuo matris praecepta facessit;
+ ad delubra venit, monstratas excitat aras, 235
+ quattuor eximios praestanti corpore tauros
+ ducit, et intacta totidem cervice iuvencas.
+ Post ubi nona suos Aurora induxerat ortus,
+ inferias Orphei mittit, lucumque revisit.
+ Hic vero subitum ac dictu mirabile monstrum 240
+ aspiciunt, liquefacta boum per viscera toto
+ stridere apes utero et ruptis effervere costis,
+ inmensasque trahi nubes, iamque arbore summa
+ confluere et lentis uvam demittere ramis.
+ _Georgics IV. 315-558._
+
+
+
+V. PHAEDRUS.
+
+
+_1. Prologue._
+
+ Aesopus auctor quam materiam repperit,
+ hanc ego polivi versibus senariis.
+ Duplex libelli dos est: quod risum movet
+ et quod prudenti vitam consilio monet.
+ Calumniari siquis autem voluerit, 5
+ quod arbores loquantur, non tantum ferae,
+ fictis iocari nos meminerit fabulis.
+ _I. Prologus._
+
+_2. The Wolf and the Lamb._
+
+ Ad rivum eundem lupus et agnus venerant
+ siti compulsi; superior stabat lupus
+ longeque inferior agnus. Tunc fauce improba
+ latro incitatus iurgii causam intulit.
+ Cur, inquit, turbulentam fecisti mihi 5
+ aquam bibenti? Laniger contra timens:
+ Qui possum, quaeso, facere quod quereris, lupe?
+ A te decurrit ad meos haustus liquor.
+ Repulsus ille veritatis viribus:
+ Ante hos sex mensis male, ait, dixisti mihi. 10
+ Respondit agnus: Equidem natus non eram.
+ Pater hercle tuus, ille inquit, maledixit mihi.
+ Atque ita conreptum lacerat iniusta nece.
+ Haec propter illos scripta est homines fabula,
+ qui fictis causis innocentes opprimunt. 15
+ _I. 1._
+
+_3. The Dog, the Meat, and the River; or, Greed its own Punishment._
+
+ Amittit merito proprium qui alienum adpetit.
+ Canis per flumen carnem dum ferret natans,
+ lympharum in speculo vidit simulacrum suum,
+ aliamque praedam ab altero ferri putans
+ eripere voluit: verum decepta aviditas 5
+ et quem tenebat ore dimisit cibum,
+ nec quem petebat potuit adeo adtingere.
+ _I. 4._
+
+_4. Aesop and the Insolent Fellow._
+
+ Successus ad perniciem multos devocat.
+ Aesopo quidam petulans lapidem impegerat.
+ Tanto, inquit, melior! Assem deinde illi dedit,
+ sic prosecutus: Plus non habeo mehercule,
+ sed, unde accipere possis, monstrabo tibi. 5
+ Venit ecce dives et potens: huic similiter
+ impinge lapidem et dignum accipies praemium.
+ Persuasus ille fecit quod monitus fuit;
+ sed spes fefellit inpudentem audaciam:
+ conprensus namque poenas persolvit cruce. 10
+ _III. 5._
+
+_5. How Castor and Pollux rewarded Simonides._
+
+ Quantum valerent inter homines litterae,
+ dixi superius: quantus nunc illis honos
+ a superis sit tributus, tradam memoriae.
+ Simonides idem ille, de quo rettuli,
+ victori laudem cuidam pyctae ut scriberet, 5
+ certo conductus pretio secretum petit.
+ Exigua cum frenaret materia impetum,
+ usus poetae more est et licentia
+ atque interposuit gemina Ledae pignera,
+ auctoritatem similis referens gloriae. 10
+ Opus adprobavit; sed mercedis tertiam
+ accepit partem. Cum relicuam posceret:
+ illi, inquit, reddent, quorum sunt laudis duae.
+ Verum, ut ne irate te dimissum censeas,
+ ad cenam mihi promitte; cognatos volo 15
+ hodie invitare, quorum es in numero mihi.
+ Fraudatus quamvis et dolens iniuria,
+ ne male dissimulans gratiam corrumperet,
+ promisit. Rediit hora dicta, recubuit.
+ Splendebat hilare poculis convivium, 20
+ magno adparatu laeta resonabat domus:
+ repente duo cum iuvenes spavsi pulvere,
+ sudore multo diffluentes, corpora
+ humanam supra formam, cuidam servulo
+ mandant, ut ad se provocet Simonidem; 25
+ illius interesse, ne faciat moram.
+ Homo perturbatus excitat Simonidem.
+ Unum promorat vix pedem triclinio,
+ ruina camarae subito oppressit ceteros;
+ nec ulli iuvenes sunt reperti ad ianuam. 30
+ Ut est vulgatus ordo narratae rei,
+ omnes scierunt numinum praesentiam
+ vati dedisse vitam mercedis loco.
+ _IV. 25._
+
+_6. The Delphic Oracle._
+
+ Utilius nobis quid sit dic, Phoebe, obsecro,
+ qui Delphos et famosum Parnasum incolis.
+ Quid est? Sacratae vatis horrescunt comae,
+ tripodes moventur, mugit adytis Religio,
+ tremuntque lauri et ipse pallescit dies. 5
+ Voces resolvit icta Pytho numine:
+ Audite, gentes, Delii monitus dei:
+ Pietatem colite; vota superis reddite;
+ patriam, parentes, natos, castas coniuges
+ defendite armis, ferroque hostem pellite; 10
+ amicos sublevate; miseris parcite;
+ bonis favete, subdolis ite obviam;
+ delicta vindicate; castigate impios;
+ punite turpi thalamos qui violant stupro;
+ malos cavete; nulli nimium credite. 15
+ Haec elocuta concidit virgo furens:
+ furens profecto, nam quae dixit perdidit.
+ _Appendix 6._
+
+_7. The Wit, the Rustic, and the Pig; or, How Prejudice met its Deserved
+Humiliation._
+
+ Pravo favore labi mortales solent
+ et, pro iudicio dum stant erroris sui,
+ ad paenitendum rebus manifestis agi.
+ Facturus ludos quidam dives nobilis
+ proposito cunctos invitavit praemio, 5
+ quam quisque posset ut novitatem ostenderet.
+ Venere artifices laudis ad certamina;
+ quos inter scurra, notus urbano sale,
+ habere dixit se genus spectaculi,
+ quod in theatre numquam prolatum foret . 10
+ Dispersus rumor civitatem concitat.
+ Paulo ante vacua turbam deficiunt loca.
+ In scaena vero postquam solus constitit
+ sine adparatu, nullis adiutoribus,
+ silentium ipsa fecit expectatio. 15
+ Ille in sinum repente demisit caput
+ et sic porcelli vocem est imitatus sua,
+ verum ut subesse pallio contenderent
+ et excuti iuberent. Quo facto simul
+ nihil est repertum, multis onerant laudibus 20
+ hominemque plausu prosequuntur maximo.
+ Hoc vidit fieri rusticus. Non mehercule
+ me vincet, inquit: et statim professus est
+ idem facturum melius se postridie.
+ Fit turba maior. Iam favor mentes tenet 25
+ et derisuri, non spectaturi, sedent.
+ Uterque prodit. Scurra degrunnit prior
+ movetque plausus et clamores suscitat.
+ Tunc simulans sese vestimentis rusticus
+ porcellum obtegere, (quod faciebat scilicet, 30
+ sed, in priore quia nil compererant, latens)
+ pervellit aurem vero, quem celaverat,
+ et cum dolore vocem naturae exprimit.
+ Adclamat populus scurram multo similius
+ imitatum, et cogit rusticum trudi foras. 35
+ At ille profert ipsum porcellum e sinu,
+ turpemque aperto pignore errorem probans:
+ En hic declarat, quales sitis indices!
+ _V. 5._
+
+
+
+VI. SENECA.
+
+
+_1. The Rashness of the First Navigators Rebuked._
+
+ Audax nimium qui freta primus
+ rate tam fragili perfida rupit
+ terrasque suas post terga videns
+ animam levibus credidit auris,
+ dubioque secaus aequora cursu 5
+ potuit tenui fidere ligno,
+ inter vitae mortisque vias
+ nimium gracili limite ducto.
+ Candida nostri saecula patres
+ videre, procul fraude remota. 10
+ Sua quisque piger litora tangens
+ patrioque senex factus in arvo,
+ parvo dives, nisi quas tulerat
+ natale solum, non norat opes:
+ nondum quisquam sidera norat, 15
+ stellisque quibus pingitur aether
+ non erat usus, nondum pluvias
+ Hyadas poterat vitare ratis,
+ non Oleniae lumina caprae,
+ nec quae sequitur flectitque senex 20
+ Attica tardus plaustra Bootes,
+ nondum Boreas, nondum Zephyrus
+ nomen habebant.
+ Ausus Tiphys pandere vasto
+ carbasa ponto legesque novas 25
+ scribere ventis.
+ . . . . . .
+ Bene dissaepti foedera mundi
+ traxit in unum Thessala pinus
+ iussitque pati verbera pontum,
+ partemque metus fieri nostri 30
+ mare sepositum.
+ Dedit illa graves improba poenas
+ per tam longos ducta timores,
+ cum duo montes, claustra profundi,
+ hinc atque illinc subito impulsu 35
+ velut aetherio gemerent sonitu,
+ spargeret arces nubesque ipsas
+ mare deprensum.
+ Palluit audax Tiphys et omnes
+ labente manu misit habenas, 40
+ Orpheus tacuit torpente lyra
+ ipsaque vocem perdidit Argo.
+ Quid cum Siculi virgo Pelori,
+ rabidos utero succincta canes,
+ omnes pariter solvit hiatus? 45
+ Quis non totos horruit artus
+ totiens uno latrante malo?
+ Quid cum Ausonium dirae pestes
+ voce canora mare mulcerent,
+ cum Pieria resonans cithara 50
+ Thracius Orpheus solitam cantu
+ retinere rates paene coegit
+ Sirena sequi? Quod fuit huius
+ pretium cursus? Aurea pellis
+ maiusque mari Medea malum, 55
+ merces prima digna carina.
+
+_Man now Master of the Sea._
+
+ Nunc iam cessit pontus et omnes
+ patitur leges: non Palladia
+ compacta manu regumque ferens
+ inclita remos quaeritur Argo-- 60
+ quaelibet altum cumba pererrat;
+ terminus omnis motus et urbes
+ muros terra posuere nova,
+ nil qua fuerat sede reliquit
+ pervius orbis: 65
+ Indus gelidum potat Araxen,
+ Albin Persae Rhenumque bibunt--
+
+_'The Prophecy of Nero's Tutor-victim.'_
+
+ venient annis saecula seris,
+ quibus oceanus vincula rerum
+ laxet et ingens pateat tellus 70
+ Tethysque novos detegat orbes
+ nec sit terris ultima Thule.
+ _Medea 301-320, 329-379._
+
+_2. The Return of Agamemnon._
+
+ _Agamemnon._ Tandem revertor sospes ad patrios laris;
+ o cara salve terra. Tibi tot barbarae
+ dedere gentes spolia, tibi felix diu
+ potentes Asiae Troia submisit manus.
+ Quid ista vates corpus effusa ac tremens 5
+ dubia labat cervice? Famuli, adtollite,
+ refovete gelido latice. Iam recipit diem
+ marcente visu. Suscita sensus tuos:
+ optatus ille portus aerumnis adest.
+ Festus dies est.
+ _Cassandra._ Festus et Troiae fuit. 10
+ _Agam._ Veneremur aras.
+ _Cass._ Cecidit ante aras pater.
+ _Agam._ Iovem precemur.
+ _Cass _ Pariter Herceum Iovem?
+ _Agam._ Credis videre te Ilium?
+ _Cass._ Et Priamum simul.
+ _Agam._ Hic Troia non est.
+ _Cass._ Ubi Helena est Troiam puto.
+ _Agam._ Ne metue dominam famula.
+ _Cass._ Libertas adest. 15
+ _Agam._ Secura vive.
+ _Cass._ Mihi mori est securitas.
+ _Agam._ Nullum est periculum tibimet.
+ _Cass._ At magnum tibi.
+ _Agam._ Victor timere quid potest?
+ _Cass._ Quod non timet.
+ _Agam._ Hanc fida, famuli, turba, dum excutiat deum,
+ retinete ne quid impotens peccet furor. 20
+ At te, pater, qui saeva torques fulmina
+ pellisque nubis, sidera et terras regis,
+ ad quem triumphi spolia victores ferunt,
+ et te sororem cuncta pollentis viri,
+ Argolica Iuno, pecore votivo libens 25
+ Arabumque donis supplice et fibra colam.
+ _Agamemnon 782-807._
+
+
+
+VII. LUCAN.
+
+_1. The Energy of Caesar._
+
+ Caesar in omnia praeceps,
+ nil actum credens cum quid superesset agendum.
+ _Pharsalia II. 656, 657._
+
+_2. Equal Authorities and Opposite Verdicts._
+
+ Nec quemquam iam ferre potest Caesarve priorem
+ Pompeiusve parem. Quis iustius induit arma,
+ scire nefas: magno se iudice quisque tuetur:
+ victrix causa deis placuit, sed victa Catoni.
+ _Id. I. 125-128._
+
+_3. Cato refusing to consult the Oracle of Jupiter Ammon._
+
+ Ille deo plenus, tacita quem mente gerebat,
+ effudit dignas adytis e pectore voces:
+ 'Quid quaeri, Labiene, iubes? An liber in armis
+ occubuisse velim potius, quam regna videre?
+ an sit vita nihil, et longa? an differat aetas? 5
+ an noceat vis ulla bono? Fortunaque perdat
+ opposita virtute minas? laudandaque velle
+ sit satis, et numquam successu crescat honestum?
+ Scimus, et haec nobis non altius inseret Hammon.
+ Haeremus cuncti superis, temploque tacente, 10
+ nil agimus nisi sponte dei: nec vocibus ullis
+ numen eget: dixitque semel nascentibus auctor
+ quidquid scire licet: steriles nec legit harenas,
+ ut caneret paucis, mersitque hoc pulvere verum:
+ estque dei sedes, ubi terra, et pontus, et aer, 15
+ et caelum, et virtus. Superos quid quaerimus ultra?
+ Iuppiter est quodcumque vides, quodcumque moveris.
+ Sortilegis egeant dubii, semperque futuris
+ casibus ancipites: me non oracula certum,
+ sed mors certa facit: pavido fortique cadendum est. 20
+ Hoc satis est dixisse Iovem.' Sic ille profatur:
+ servataque fide templi discedit ab aris,
+ non exploratum populis Hammona relinquens.
+ _Id. IX. 564-586._
+
+_4. Cato in the Desert._
+
+ Ipse manu sua pila gerens praecedit anheli
+ militis ora pedes: monstrat tolerare labores,
+ non iubet: et nulla vehitur cervice supinus,
+ carpentoque sedens. Somni parcissimus ipse est,
+ ultimus haustor aquae. Cum tandem fonte reperto 5
+ indiga conatur laticis potare iuventus,
+ stat dum lixa bibat. Si veris magna paratur
+ fama bonis, et si successu nuda remoto
+ inspicitur virtus, quidquid laudamus in ullo
+ maiorum Fortuna fuit. Quis Marte secundo, 10
+ quis tantum meruit populorum sanguine nomen?
+ Hunc ego per Syrtes, Libyaeque extrema triumphum
+ ducere maluerim, quam ter Capitolia curru
+ scandere Pompeii, quam frangere colla Iugurthae.
+ Ecce parens verus patriae, dignissimus aris, 15
+ Roma, tuis!
+ _Id. IX. 587-602._
+
+_5. The Character of Cato._
+
+ Hi mores, haec duri inmota Catonis
+ secta fuit: servare modum, finemque tenere,
+ naturamque sequi, patriaeque inpendere vitam;
+ nec sibi, sed toti genitum se credere mundo.
+ Huic epulae, vicisse famem: magnique penates, 5
+ submovisse hiemem tecto: pretiosaque vestis,
+ hirtam membra super Romani more Quiritis
+ induxisse togam.
+ Urbi pater est, Urbique maritus:
+ iustitiae cultor, rigidi servator honesti: 10
+ in commune bonus: nullosque Catonis in actus
+ subrepsit partemque tulit sibi nata voluptas.
+ _Id. II. 380-391._
+
+
+
+VIII. STATIUS.
+
+_1. To Sleep._
+
+ Crimine quo merui, iuvenis placidissime divum,
+ quove errore miser donis ut solus egerem,
+ Somne, tuis? Tacet omne pecus volucresque feraeque
+ et simulant fessos curvata cacumina somnos,
+ nec trucibus fluviis idem sonus, occidit horror 5
+ aequoris et terris maria adclinata quiescunt.
+ Septima iam rediens Phoebe mihi respicit aegras
+ stare genas, totidem Oetaeae Paphiaeque revisunt
+ lampades et totiens nostros Tithonia questus
+ praeterit et gelido spargit miserata flagello. 10
+ Unde ego sufficiam? Non sunt mihi lumina mille,
+ quae sacer alterna tantum statione tenebat
+ Argus et haud unquam vigilabat corpore toto.
+ At nunc, heu, si aliquis ultro te, Somne, repellit,
+ inde veni! Nec te totas infundere pennas 15
+ luminibus compello meis (hoc turba precetur
+ laetior); extremo me tange cacumine virgae,
+ sufficit, aut leviter suspenso poplite transi.
+ _Silvae V. 4._
+
+
+
+IX. MARTIAL.
+
+_1. Misplaced Eloquence._
+
+ Non de vi neque caede nec veneno,
+ sed lis est mihi de tribus capellis:
+ vicini queror has abesse furto.
+ Hoc iudex sibi postulat probari:
+ tu Cannas Mithridaticumque bellum 5
+ et periuria Punici furoris
+ et Sullas Mariosque Muciosque
+ magna voce sonas manuque tota.
+ Iam dic, Postume, de tribus capellis.
+ _VI. 19._
+
+_2. A Wise Precaution._
+
+ Cur non mitto meos tibi, Pontiliane, libellos?
+ Ne mihi tu mittas, Pontiliane, tuos.
+ _VII. 3._
+
+_3. An Improbable Situation._
+
+ Saepe rogare soles, qualis sim, Prisce, futurus,
+ si fiam locuples simque repente potens.
+ Quemquam posse putas mores narrare futuros?
+ Dic mihi, si fias tu leo, qualis eris?
+ _XII. 92._
+
+_4. The Country Resident seeking City Markets._
+
+ Capena grandi porta qua pluit gutta
+ Phrygiumque Matris Almo qua lavat ferrum,
+ Horatiorum qua viret sacer campus
+ et qua pusilli fervet Herculis fanum,
+ Faustine, plena Bassus ibat in raeda, 5
+ omnes beati copias trahens ruris.
+ Illic videres frutice nobili caules
+ et utrumque porrum sessilesque lactucas
+ pigroque ventri non inutiles betas.
+ Illic coronam pinguibus gravem turdis 10
+ leporemque laesum Gallici canis dente
+ nondumque victa lacteum faba porcum.
+ Nec feriatus ibat ante carrucam,
+ sed tuta faeno cursor ova portabat.
+ Urbem petebat Bassus? Immo rus ibat. 15
+ _III. 47._
+
+_5. The Miniature Farm._
+
+ Donasti, Lupe, rus sub urbe nobis;
+ sed rus est mihi maius in fenestra.
+ Rus hoc dicere, rus potes vocare?
+ in quo ruta facit nemus Dianae,
+ argutae tegit ala quod cicadae, 5
+ quod formica die comedit uno,
+ clusae cui folium rosae corona est;
+ in quo nec cucumis iacere rectus,
+ nec serpens habitare tota possit,
+ erucam male pascit hortus unam, 10
+ consumpto moritur culex salicto,
+ et talpa est mihi fossor atque arator.
+ Non boletus hiare, non mariscae
+ ridere aut violae patere possunt.
+ Fines mus populatur et colono 15
+ tamquam sus Calydonius timetur.
+ Et sublata volantis ungue Prognes
+ in nido seges est hirundinino.
+ Vix implet cochleam peracta messis
+ et mustum nuce condimus picata. 20
+ Errasti, Lupe, littera sed una.
+ Nam quo tempore praedium dedisti,
+ mallem tu mihi prandium dedisses.
+ _XI. 18. 1-7, 10-20, 23-27._
+
+_6. 'Carpe Diem.'_
+
+ Cras te victurum, cras dicis, Postume, semper.
+ Dic mini, cras istud, Postume, quando venit?
+ Quam longe cras istud, ubi est? Aut unde petendum?
+ Numquid apud Parthos Armeniosque latet?
+ Iam cras istud habet Priami vel Nestoris annos. 5
+ Cras istud quanti, dic mihi, possit emi?
+ Cras vives? Hodie iam vivere, Postume, serum est:
+ ille sapit, quisquis, Postume, vixit heri.
+ _V. 58._
+
+_7. Secrets of Happiness._
+
+ Vitam quae faciant beatiorem,
+ iucundissime Martialis, haec sunt:
+ res non parta labore, sed relicta;
+ non ingratus ager, focus perennis;
+ lis numquam, toga rara, mens quieta; 5
+ vires ingenuae, salubre corpus;
+ prudens simplicitas, pares amici;
+ convictus facilis, sine arte mensa;
+ nox non ebria, sed soluta curis;
+ non tristis torus, et tamen pudicus; 10
+ somnus, qui faciat breves tenebras;
+ quod sis, esse velis nihilque malis;
+ summum nec metuas diem, nec optes.
+ _X. 47._
+
+_8. After the Great Eruption._
+
+ Hic est pampineis viridis modo Vesbius umbris,
+ presserat hic madidos nobilis uva lacus.
+ Haec iuga quam Nysae colles plus Bacchus amavit,
+ hoc nuper Satyri monte dedere choros.
+ Haec Veneris sedes, Lacedaemone gratior illi, 5
+ hic locus Herculeo numine clarus erat.
+ Cuncta iacent flammis et tristi mersa favilla:
+ nec superi vellent hoc licuisse sibi.
+ _IV. 44_
+
+_9. Porcia._
+
+ Coniugis audisset fatum cum Porcia Bruti
+ et subtracta sibi quaereret arma dolor,
+ 'Nondum scitis' ait 'mortem non posse negari?
+ Credideram, fatis hoc docuisse patrem.'
+ Dixit et ardentes avido bibit ore favillas: 5
+ i nunc et ferrum, turba molesta, nega.
+ _I. 42._
+
+_10. 'Paete, non dolet.'_
+
+ Casta suo gladium cum traderet Arria Paeto,
+ quem de visceribus strinxerat ipsa suis,
+ 'siqua fides, vulnus quod feci non dolet,' inquit;
+ 'sed quod tu facies, hoc mihi, Paete, dolet.'
+ _I. 13._
+
+_11. Paris' Epitaph._
+
+ Quisquis Flaminiam teris, viator,
+ noli nobile praeterire marmor.
+ Urbis deliciae salesque Nlli,
+ ars et gratia, lusus et voluptas,
+ Romani decus et dolor theatri 5
+ atque omnes Veneres Cupidinesque
+ hoc sunt condita, quo Paris, sepulcro.
+ _XI. 13.
+
+_12. Genuine and Counterfeit Grief._
+
+ Puella senibus dulcior mihi cygnis,
+ agna Galaesi mollior Phalantini,
+ concha Lucrini delicatior stagni,
+ cui nec lapillos praeferas Erythraeos,
+ nec modo politum pecudis Indicae dentem, 5
+ nivesque primas liliumque non tactum;
+ quae crine vicit Baetici gregis vellus
+ Rhenique nodos aureamque nitellam;
+ fragravit ore, quod rosarium Paesti,
+ quod Atticarum prima mella cerarum, 10
+ quod sucinorum rapta de manu gleba;
+ cui comparatus indecens erat pavo,
+ inamabilis sciurus et frequens phoenix:
+ adhuc recenti tepet Erotion busto,
+ quam pessimorum lex amara fatorum 15
+ sexta peregit hieme, nec tamen tota,
+ nostros amores gaudiumque lususque.
+ Et esse tristem me meus vetat Paetus,
+ pectusque pulsans pariter et comam vellens:
+ 'Deflere non te vernulae pudet mortem? 20
+ Ego coniugem' inquit 'extuli, et tamen vivo,
+ notam, superbam, nobilem, locupletem.'
+ Quid esse nostro fortius potest Paeto?
+ Ducenties accepit, et tamen vivit.
+ _V. 37._
+
+_13. Epitaph on Little Erotion._
+
+ Hanc tibi, Fronto pater, genetrix Flacilla, puellam
+ oscula commendo deliciasque meas,
+ parvula ne nigras horrescat Erotion umbras
+ oraque Tartarei prodigiosa canis.
+ Impletura fuit sextae modo frigora brumae, 5
+ vixisset totidem ni minus illa dies.
+ Inter tam veteres ludat lasciva patronos
+ et nomen blaeso garriat ore meum.
+ Mollia non rigidus caespes tegat ossa, nec illi,
+ terra, gravis fueris: non fuit illa tibi. 10
+ _V. 34._
+
+
+
+X. JUVENAL.
+
+_1. The Life of the Poor at Rome; its Dangers and Discomforts._
+
+1-33. _Houses are all the while collapsing or burning. No one assists
+the poor man, while the millionaire has his misfortune more than made
+good by aspirants to legacies._
+
+34-42. _The rent you pay for a dark garret would buy a comfortable
+dwelling elsewhere._
+
+43-49. _There is so much noise at night that the poor man cannot sleep,_
+
+50-78. _While he finds the streets dangerous both by day_
+
+79-88. _And by night._
+
+ Quis timet aut timuit gelida Praeneste ruinam,
+ aut positis nemorosa inter iuga Volsiniis, aut
+ simplicibus Gabiis, aut proni Tiburis arce?
+ Nos urbem colimus tenui tibicine fultam
+ magna parte sui; nam sic labentibus obstat 5
+ vilicus et veteris rimae cum texit hiatum
+ securos pendente iubet dormire ruina.
+ Vivendum est illic ubi nulla incendia, nulli
+ nocte metus. Iam poscit aquam, iam frivola transfert
+ Ucalegon, tabulata tibi iam tertia fumant: 10
+ tu nescis; nam si gradibus trepidatur ab imis,
+ ultimus ardebit quem tegula sola tuetur
+ a pluvia, molles ubi reddunt ova columbae.
+ Lectus erat Codro Procula minor, urceoli sex,
+ ornamentum abaci, nec non et parvulus infra 15
+ cantharus, et recubans sub eodem marmore Chiron.
+ Iamque vetus Graecos servabat cista libellos,
+ et divina opici rodebant carmina mures.
+ Nil habuit Codrus: quis enim negat? Et tamen illud
+ perdidit infelix totum nihil: ultimus autem 20
+ aerumnae est cumulus, quod nudum et frusta rogantem
+ nemo cibo, nemo hospitio tectoque iuvabit.
+ Si magna Asturici cecidit domus, horrida mater,
+ pullati proceres, differt vadimonia praetor;
+ tum gemimus casus urbis, tunc odimus ignem. 25
+ Ardet adhuc, et iam accurrit qui marmora donet,
+ conferat inpensas: hic nuda et candida signa,
+ hic aliquid praeclarum Euphranoris et Polycliti,
+ haec Asianorum vetera ornamenta deorum,
+ hic libros dabit et forulos mediamque Minervam, 30
+ hic modium argenti; meliora ac plura reponit
+ Persicus orborum lautissimus et merito iam
+ suspectus, tamquam ipse suas incenderit aedes.
+ Si potes avelli circensibus, optima Sorae
+ aut Fabrateriae domus aut Frusinone paratur, 35
+ quanti nunc tenebras unum conducis in annum.
+ Hortulus hic puteusque brevis nec reste movendus
+ in tenuis plantas facili diffunditur haustu.
+ Vive bidentis amans et culti vilicus horti,
+ unde epulum possis centum dare Pythagoreis. 40
+ Est aliquid, quocumque loco, quocumque recessu
+ unius sese dominum fecisse lacertae.
+ Plurimus hic aeger moritur vigilando; sed ipsum
+ languorem peperit cibus inperfectus et haerens
+ ardenti stomacho; nam quae meritoria somnum 45
+ admittunt? Magnis opibus dormitur in urbe.
+ Inde caput morbi. Raedarum transitus arto
+ vicorum inflexu et stantis convicia mandrae
+ eripient somnum Druso vitulisque marinis.
+ Si vocat officium, turba cedente vehetur 50
+ dives et ingenti curret super ora Liburna
+ atque obiter leget aut scribet vel dormiet intus;
+ namque facit somnum clausa lectica fenestra.
+ Ante tamen veniet: nobis properantibus obstat
+ unda prior, magno populus premit agmine lumbos 55
+ qui sequitur; ferit hic cubito, ferit assere duro
+ alter, at hic tignum capiti incutit, ille metretam.
+ Pinguia crura luto, planta mox undique magna
+ calcor, et in digito clavus mihi militis haeret.
+ Nonne vides quanto celebretur sportula fumo? 60
+ Centum convivae, sequitur sua quemque culina.
+ Corbulo vix ferret tot vasa ingentia, tot res
+ impositas capiti, quas recto vertice portat
+ servulus infelix et cursu ventilat ignem.
+ Scinduntur tunicae sartae modo; longa coruscat 65
+ serraco veniente abies, atque altera pinum
+ plaustra vehunt, nutant alte populoque minantur.
+ Nam si procubuit qui saxa Ligustica portat
+ axis et eversum fudit super agmina montem,
+ quid superest de corporibus? Quis membra, quis ossa 70
+ invenit? Obtritum vulgi perit omne cadaver
+ more animae; domus interea secura patellas
+ iam lavat et bucca foculum excitat et sonat unctis
+ striglibus et pleno componit lintea gutto.
+ Haec inter pueros varie properantur: at ille 75
+ iam sedet in ripa taetrumque novicius horret
+ porthmea, nec sperat caenosi gurgitis alnum
+ infelix nec habet quem porrigat ore trientem.
+ Respice nunc alia ac diversa pericula noctis:
+ quod spatium tectis sublimibus unde cerebrum 80
+ testa ferit, quotiens rimosa et curta fenestris
+ vasa cadant, quanto percussum pondere signent
+ et laedant silicem. Possis ignavus haberi
+ et subiti casus inprovidus, ad cenam si
+ intestatus eas: adeo tot fata, quot illa 85
+ nocte patent vigiles te praetereunte fenestrae.
+ Ergo optes votumque feras miserabile tecum,
+ ut sint contentae patulas defundere pelves.
+ _III. 190-277._
+
+_2. 'Mens Sana in Corpore Sano.'_
+
+ 'Nil ergo optabunt homines?' Si consilium vis,
+ permittes ipsis expendere numinibus quid
+ conveniat nobis rebusque sit utile nostris.
+ Nam pro iucundis aptissima quaeque dabunt di;
+ carior est illis homo quam sibi. Nos animorum 5
+ impulsu et caeca magnaque cupidine ducti
+ coniugium petimus partumque uxoris; at illis
+ notum qui pueri qualisque futura sit uxor.
+ Ut tamen et poscas aliquid voveasque sacellis
+ exta et candiduli divina tomacula porci, 10
+ orandum est ut sit mens sana in corpore sano.
+ Fortem posce animum mortis terrore carentem,
+ qui spatium vitae extremum inter munera ponat
+ naturae, qui ferre queat quoscumque labores,
+ nesciat irasci, cupiat nihil, et potiores 15
+ Herculis aerumnas credat saevosque labores
+ et venere et cenis et pluma Sardanapali.
+ Monstro quod ipse tibi possis dare: semita certe
+ tranquillae per virtutem patet unica vitae.
+ Nullum numen abest si sit prudentia; nos te, 20
+ nos facimus, Fortuna, deam caeloque locamus.
+ _X. 346-366._
+
+_3. Sympathy the Basis of Civilization._
+
+ Mollissima corda
+ humano generi dare se natura fatetur,
+ quae lacrimas dedit: haec nostri pars optima sensus.
+ Plorare ergo iubet causam dicentis amici
+ squaloremque rei, pupillum ad iura vocantem 5
+ circumscriptorem, cuius manantia fletu
+ ora puellares faciunt incerta capilli.
+ Naturae imperio gemimus, cum funus adultae
+ virginis occurrit, vel terra clauditur infans,
+ et minor igne rogi. Quis enim bonus et face dignus 10
+ arcana, qualem Cereris vult esse sacerdos,
+ ulla aliena sibi credat mala? Separat hoc nos
+ a grege mutorum, atque ideo venerabile soli
+ sortiti ingenium divinorumque capaces
+ atque exercendis capiendisque artibus apti 15
+ sensum a caelesti demissum traximus arce,
+ cuius egent prona et terram spectantia. Mundi
+ principio indulsit communis conditor illis
+ tantum animas, nobis animum quoque, mutuus ut nos
+ adfectus petere auxilium et praestare iuberet, 20
+ dispersos trahere in populum, migrare vetusto
+ de nemore et proavis habitatas linquere silvas,
+ aedificare domos, Laribus coniungere nostris
+ tectum aliud, tutos vicino limine somnos
+ ut collata daret fiducia, protegere armis 25
+ lapsum, aut ingenti nutantem vulnere civem,
+ communi dare signa tuba, defendier isdem
+ turribus, atque una portarum clave teneri.
+ _XV. 131-158._
+
+_4. Two Famous Proverbs._
+
+ Di, maiorum umbris tenuem et sine pondere terram
+ spirantisque crocos et in urna perpetuum ver,
+ qui _praeceptorem sancti voluere parentis
+ esse loco_.
+ _VII. 207-210._
+
+ Nil dictu foedum visuque haec limina tangat
+ intra quae pater est; procul, a procul inde puellae
+ lenonum et cantus pernoctantis parasiti.
+ _Maxima debetur puero reverentia_; siquid
+ turpe paras, nec tu pueri contempseris annos, 5
+ sed peccaturo obstet tibi films infans.
+ _XIV. 44-49._
+
+
+
+XI. HADRIAN.
+
+_1. The Dying Hadrian to his Soul._
+
+ Animula, vagula, blandula,
+ hospes comesque corporis,
+ quae nunc abibis in loca,
+ pallidula, rigida, nudula,
+ nec, ut soles, dabis iocos? 5
+ From Spartianus, _Vita Hadriani 25._
+
+
+
+XII. ANONYMOUS.
+
+_1. Sayings of the Seven Wise Men._
+
+ _Optimus est_, Cleobulus ait, _modus_, incola Lindi;
+ ex Ephyra, Periandre, _doces cuncta emeditanda_;
+ _tempus nosce_ inquit Mitylenis Pittacus ortus;
+ _plures esse malos_ Bias autumat ille Prieneus;
+ Milesiusque Thales _sponsori damna_ minatur; 5
+ _nosce_ inquit _tete_ Chilon Lacedaemone cretus;
+ Cecropiusque Solon _ne quid nimis_ induperabit.
+ From Hyginus, _Fabulurum Liber 221._
+
+
+
+SACRED LATIN POETRY.
+
+FOR CHRISTMAS DAY.
+
+ Puer natus in Bethlehem,
+ Unde gaudet Jerusalem.
+
+ Hic iacet in praesepio
+ Qui regnat sine termino.
+
+ Cognovit bos et asinus 5
+ Quod puer erat Dominus.
+
+ Reges de Saba veniunt,
+ Aurum, tus, myrrham offerunt.
+
+ Intrantes domum invicem
+ Novum salutant Principem. 10
+
+ Sine serpentis vulnere
+ De nostro venit sanguine;
+
+ In carne nobis similis,
+ Peccato sed dissimilis;
+
+ Ut redderet nos homines 15
+ Deo et sibi similes.
+
+ In hoc natali gaudio
+ Benedicamus Domino.
+
+ Laudetur sancta Trinitas,
+ Deo dicamus gratias. 20
+ _Anonymous._
+
+FOR EASTER DAY.
+
+ 1. Victimae paschali laudes immolent Christiani.
+ 2. Agnus redemit oves, Christus innocens patri reconciliavit
+peccatores.
+ 3. Mors et vita duello conflixere mirando: dux vitae mortuus regnat
+vivus.
+ 4. Dic nobis Maria: quid vidisti in via?
+ 5. Sepulcrum Christi viventis et gloriam vidi resurgentis.
+ 6. Dic nobis Maria: quid vidisti in via?
+ 7. Angelicos testes, sudarium et vestes.
+ 8. Dic nobis Maria: quid vidisti in via?
+ 9. Surrexit Christus, spes mea, praecedet vos in Galilaea.
+ 10. Credendum est magis soli Mariae veraci quam Iudaeorum turbae
+fallaci.
+ 11. Scimus Christum surrexisse ex mortuis vere: tu nobis victor rex
+miserere.
+ _Anonymous._
+
+PLAUDITE CAELI.
+
+ Plaudite caeli,
+ Rideat aether,
+ Summus et imus
+ Gaudeat orbis!
+ Transiit atrae 5
+ Turba procellae:
+ Subiit almae
+ Gloria palmae!
+
+ Surgite verni,
+ Surgite flores, 10
+ Germina pictis
+ Surgite campis,
+ Teneris mixtae
+ Violis rosae,
+ Candida sparsis 15
+ Lilia calthis!
+
+ Currite plenis,
+ Carmina, venis!
+ Fundite laetum,
+ Barbytha, metrum: 20
+ Namque revixit,
+ Sicuti dixit,
+ Pius illaesus
+ Funere Iesus!
+
+ Plaudite montes, 25
+ Ludite fontes;
+ Resonent valles,
+ Repetunt colles:
+ 'Io revixit,
+ Sicuti dixit, 30
+ Pius illaesus
+ Funere Iesus.'
+ _Anonymous._
+
+PONE LUCTUM, MAGDALENA.
+
+ Pone luctum, Magdalena!
+ Et serena lacrimas:
+ Non est iam Simonis cena,
+ Non, cur fletum exprimas:
+ Causae mille sunt laetandi, 5
+ Causae mille exultandi:
+ Halleluia!
+
+ Sume risum, Magdalena!
+ Frons nitescat lucida;
+ Demigravit omnis poena, 10
+ Lux coruscat fulgida:
+ Christus mundum liberavit,
+ Et de morte triumphavit!
+ Halleluia!
+
+ Gaude, plaude, Magdalena! 15
+ Tumba Christus exiit!
+ Tristis est peracta scena,
+ Victor mortis rediit;
+ Quem deflebas morientem,
+ Nunc arride resurgentem! 20
+ Halleluia!
+
+ Tolle vultum, Magdalena!
+ Redivivum aspice:
+ Vide, frons quam sit amoena,
+ Quinque plagas inspice: 25
+ Fulgent, sic ut margaritae,
+ Ornamenta novae vitae.
+ Halleluia!
+
+ Vive, vive, Magdalena!
+ Tua lux reversa est, 30
+ Gaudiis turgescat vena,
+ Mortis vis abstersa est;
+ Maesti procul sunt dolores,
+ Laeti redeant amores!
+ Halleluia! 35
+ _Anonymous._
+
+SALVE, CAPUT CRUENTATUM.
+
+ Salve, caput cruentatum,
+ Totum spinis coronatum,
+ Conquassatum, vulneratum,
+ Arundine sic verberatum,
+ Facie sputis illita. 5
+ Salve, cuius dulcis vultus,
+ Immutatus et incultus,
+ Immutavit suum florem,
+ Totus versus in pallorem,
+ Quem caeli tremit curia. 10
+
+ Omnis vigor atque viror
+ Hinc recessit, non admiror,
+ Mors apparet in aspectu,
+ Totus pendens in defectu,
+ Attritus aegva macie. 15
+ Sic affectus, sic despectus,
+ Propter me sic interfectus,
+ Peccatori tam indigno
+ Cum amoris intersigno
+ Appare clara facie. 20
+
+ In hac tua passione
+ Me agnosce, pastor bone,
+ Cuius sumpsi mel ex ore,
+ Haustum lactis ex dulcore
+ Prae omnibus deliciis. 25
+ Non me reum asperneris,
+ Non indignum dedigneris,
+ Morte tibi iam vicina
+ Tuum caput hic acclina,
+ In meis pausa brachiis. 30
+
+ Tuae sanctae passioni
+ Me gauderem interponi,
+ In hac cruce tecum mori
+ Praesta crucis amatori,
+ Sub cruce tua moriar. 35
+ Morti tuae tam amarae
+ Grates ago, Iesu care,
+ Qui es clemens, pie Deus,
+ Fac quod petit tuus reus,
+ Ut absque te non finiar. 40
+
+ Dum me mori est necesse,
+ Noli mihi tunc deesse;
+ In tremenda mortis hora
+ Veni, Iesu, absque mora,
+ Tuere me et libera. 45
+ Cum me iubes emigrare,
+ Iesu care, tunc appare;
+ O amator amplectende,
+ Temetipsum tunc ostende
+ In cruce salutifera. 50
+ _Bernard of Clairvaux._
+
+'JESUS, THE VERY THOUGHT OF THEE.'
+
+ Iesu, dulcis memoria,
+ Dans vera cordis gaudia,
+ Sed super mel et omnia
+ Eius dulcis praesentia.
+
+ Nil canitur suavius 5
+ Auditur nil iucundius,
+ Nil cogitatur dulcius,
+ Quam Iesus, Dei Filius.
+
+ Iesu, spes poenitentibus,
+ Quam pius es petentibus, 10
+ Quam bonus te quaerentibus,
+ Sed quid invenientibus?
+
+ Iesu, dulcedo cordium,
+ Fons vivus, lumen mentium,
+ Excedens omne gaudium, 15
+ Et omne desiderium.
+
+ Nec lingua valet dicere,
+ Nec littera exprimere,
+ Expertus potest credere
+ Quid sit Iesum deligere. 20
+
+ Iesu, decus angelicum,
+ In aure dulce canticum,
+ In ore mel mirificum,
+ In corde nectar caelicum:
+
+ Desidero te millies. 25
+ Mi Iesu, quando venies?
+ Me laetum quando facies
+ Ut vultu tuo saties?
+ _Bernard of Clairvaux._
+
+'COME, HOLY SPIRIT, FROM ABOVE.'
+
+ Veni, Sancte Spiritus,
+ Et emitte caelitus
+ Lucis tuae radium.
+
+ Veni, pater pauperum,
+ Veni, dator munerum, 5
+ Veni, lumen cordium.
+
+ Consolator optime,
+ Dulcis hospes animae,
+ Dulce refrigerium:
+
+ In labore requies, 10
+ In aestu temperies,
+ In fletu solatium.
+
+ O lux beatissima,
+ Reple cordis intima
+ Tuorum fidelium! 15
+
+ Sine tuo numine
+ Nihil est in homine,
+ Nihil est innoxium.
+
+ Lava quod est sordidum,
+ Riga quod est aridum, 20
+ Sana quod est saucium:
+
+ Flecte quod est rigidum,
+ Fove quod est languidum,
+ Rege quod est devium.
+
+ Da tuis fidelibus 25
+ In te confidentibus
+ Sacrum septenarium;
+
+ Da virtutis meritum,
+ Da salutis exitum,
+ Da perenne gaudium. 30
+ _Robert II, King of France._
+
+PHOENIX INTER FLAMMAS EXPIRANS.
+
+ Tandem audite me,
+ Sionis filiae!
+ Aegram respicite,
+ Dilecto dicite:
+ Amore vulneror, 5
+ Amore funeror.
+
+ Huc oderiferos,
+ Huc soporiferos
+ Ramos depromite,
+ Rogos componite; 10
+ Ut phoenix moriar!
+ In flammis oriar!
+
+ An amor dolor sit,
+ An dolor amor sit,
+ Utrumque nescio! 15
+ Hoc unum sentio:
+ Iucundus dolor est,
+ Si dolor amor est.
+
+ Quid, amor, crucias?
+ Aufer inducias! 20
+ Suavis tyrannus es:
+ Momentum, annus es:
+ Tam tarda funera
+ Tua sunt vulnera!
+
+ Iam vitae stamina 25
+ Rumpe, O anima!
+ Ignis ascendere
+ Gestit, et tendere
+ Ad caeli atria;
+ Haec mea patria! 30
+ _Anonymous._
+
+DIES IRAE.
+
+ Dies irae, dies illa
+ Solvet saeclum in favilla,
+ Teste David cum Sybilla.
+
+ Quantus tremor est futurus,
+ Quando iudex est venturus, 5
+ Cuncta stricte discussurus!
+
+ Tuba, mirum spargens sonum
+ Per sepulcra regionum,
+ Coget omnes ante thronum.
+
+ Mors stupebit, et natura, 10
+ Cum resurget creatura
+ Iudicanti responsura.
+
+ Liber scriptus proferetur,
+ In quo totum continetur,
+ Unde mundus iudicetur. 15
+
+ Iudex ergo cum sedebit,
+ Quidquid latet apparebit,
+ Nil inultum remanebit.
+
+ Quid sum miser tunc dicturus,
+ Quem patronum rogaturus, 20
+ Cum vix iustus sit securus?
+
+ Rex tremendae maiestatis,
+ Qui salvandos salvas gratis,
+ Salva me, fons pietatis!
+
+ Recordare, Iesu pie, 25
+ Quod sum causa tuae viae;
+ Ne me perdas illa die!
+
+ Quaerens me sedisti lassus,
+ Redemisti crucem passus:
+ Tantus labor non sit cassus! 30
+
+ Iuste iudex ultionis,
+ Donum fac remissionis
+ Ante diem rationis!
+
+ Ingemisco tanquam reus,
+ Culpa rubet vultus meus: 35
+ Supplicanti parce, Deus!
+
+ Qui Mariam absolvisti,
+ Et latronem exaudisti,
+ Mihi quoque spem dedisti.
+
+ Preces meae non sunt dignae, 40
+ Sed tu bonus fac benigne
+ Ne perenni cremer igni.
+
+ Inter oves locum praesta,
+ Et ab haedis me sequestra,
+ Statuens in parte dextra. 45
+
+ Confutatis maledictis,
+ Flammis acribus addictis,
+ Voca me cum benedictis!
+
+ Oro supplex et acclinis,
+ Cor contritum quasi cinis, 50
+ Gere curam mei finis!
+
+ ---
+
+ Lacrimosa dies illa
+ Qua resurget ex favilla
+ Iudicandus homo reus:
+ Huic ergo parce, Deus! 55
+ Pie Iesu domine,
+ Dona eos requie! Amen!
+ _Thomas of Celano._
+
+DE PATRIAE CAELESTIS LAUDE.
+
+'The World is very Evil.'
+
+ Hora novissima, tempora pessima sunt; vigilemus.
+ Ecce minaciter imminet arbiter ille supremus.
+ Imminet, imminet et mala terminet, aequa coronet,
+ Recta remuneret, anxia liberet, aethera donet,
+ Auferat aspera duraque pondera mentis onustae, 5
+ Sobria muniat, improba puniat, utraque iuste.
+ Ille piissimus, ille gravissimus, ecce! venit rex!
+ Surgat homo reus! Instat homo deus, a patre iudex.
+
+'Brief Life is here our Portion.'
+
+ Hic breve vivitur, hic breve plangitur, hic breve fletur;
+ Non breve vivere, non breve plangere retribuetur; 10
+ O retributio! stat brevis actio, vita perennis;
+ O retributio! caelica mansio stat lue plenis;
+ Quid datur et quibus? aether egentibus et cruce dignis,
+ Sidera vermibus, optima sontibus, astra malignis.
+ Sunt modo praelia, postmodo praemia; qualia? plena; 15
+ Plena refectio, nullaque passio, nullaque poena.
+ Spe modo vivitur, et Sion angitur a Babylone;
+ Nunc tribulatio; tunc recreatio, sceptra, coronae;
+
+'For thee, O Dear, Dear Country!'
+
+ O bona patria, lumina sobria te speculantur,
+ Ad tua nomina sobria lumina collacrimantur: 20
+ Est tua mentio pectoris unctio, cura doloris,
+ Concipientibus aethera mentibus ignis amoris.
+ Est ibi consita laurus et insita cedrus hysopo;
+ Sunt radiantia iaspide moenia clara pyropo;
+ Hinc tibi sardius, inde topazius, hinc amethystus; 25
+ Est tua fabrica contio caelica, gemmaque Christus.
+ Lux tua mors crucis, atque caro ducis est crucifixi.
+ Laus, benedictio, coniubilatio personat ipsi.
+ Tu sine litore, tu sine tempore, fons, modo rivus,
+ Dulce bonis sapis, estque tibi lapis undique vivus. 30
+ Est tibi laurea, dos datur aurea, Sponsa decora,
+ Primaque Principis oscula suscipis, inspicis ora.
+
+'Jerusalem the Golden!'
+
+ Urbs Sion aurea, patria lactea, cive decora,
+ Omne cor obruis, omnibus obstruis et cor et ora.
+ Nescio, nescio, quae iubilatio, lux tibi qualis, 35
+ Quam socialia gaudia, gloria quam specialis.
+ Sunt Sion atria coniubilantia, martyre plena,
+ Cive micantia, Principe stantia, luce serena.
+ Urbs Sion incluta, turris et edita litore tuto,
+ Te peto, te colo, te flagro, te volo, canto, saluto. 40
+ Me Pater optimus atque piissimus ille creavit;
+ In lue pertulit, ex lue sustulit, a lue lavit.
+ Diluit omnia caelica gratia, fons David undans
+ Omnia diluit, omnibus affluit, omnia mundans.
+ O mea, spes mea, tu Sion aurea, clarior auro, 45
+ Agmine splendida, stans duce, florida perpete lauro.
+ O bona patria, num tua gaudia teque videbo?
+ O bona patria, num tua praemia plena tenebo?
+ Plaude, cinis meus, est tua pars Deus; eius es, et sis.
+ Plaude, cinis meus, est tua pars Deus; eius es, et sis. 50
+ _Bernard of Cluny._
+
+THE HEAVENLY CITY.
+
+ Me receptet Sion illa,
+ Sion, David urbs tranquilla,
+ Cuius faber Auctor lucis,
+ Cuius portae lignum crucis,
+ Cuius muri lapis vivus, 5
+ Cuius custos Rex festivus.
+ In hac urbe lux solennis,
+ Ver aeternum, pax perennis:
+ In hac odor implens caelos,
+ In hac semper festum melos; 10
+ Non est ibi corruptela,
+ Non defectus, non querela;
+ Non minuti, non deformes,
+ Omnes Christo sunt conformes.
+ Urbs in portu satis tuto, 15
+ De longinquo te saluto,
+ Te saluto, te suspiro,
+ Te affecto, te requiro.
+ Quantum tui gratulantur,
+ Quam festive convivantur, 20
+ Quis affectus eos stringat
+ Aut quae gemma muros pingat,
+ Quis chalcedon, quis iacinthus,
+ Norunt illi qui sunt intus.
+ In plateis huius urbis 25
+ Sociatus piis turbis
+ Cum Moyse et Elia
+ Pium cantem Alleluia. Amen.
+ _Hildebert._
+
+
+
+ABBREVIATIONS.
+
+A. & G. = Allen and Greenough's New Latin Grammar.
+B. = Bennett's Latin Grammar.
+G. & L. = Gildersleeve and Lodge's Latin Grammar.
+Lex. = Harper's Latin-English Lexicon.
+cf. = _confer_, compare.
+e.g. = _exempli gratia_, for example.
+ff. = following.
+i.e. = _id est_, that is.
+l.,ll. = line, lines.
+lit. = literally.
+p., pp. = page, pages.
+sc. = _scilicet_, understand, supply.
+vol. = volume.
+
+
+
+NOTES.
+
+CLASSICAL LATIN POETRY.
+
+I. ENNIUS. 239-169 B.C.
+
+ Ennius ut noster cecinit, qui primus amoeno
+ Detulit ex Helicone perenni fronde coronam,
+ Per gentes Italas hominum quae clara clueret.
+ Lucretius, 1. 117-119.
+
+Let us venerate Ennius like the groves, sacred from their antiquity, in
+which the great and ancient oak trees are invested not so much with
+beauty as with sacred associations.--Quintilian, 10. 1. 88,--translated
+by Sellar.
+
+Q. Ennius, 'the Father of Latin Literature,' was born at Rudiae, a town
+of Calabria and a point of contact between the Italian and Greek
+civilizations. He served with the rank of centurion in the Roman army in
+Sardinia and attached himself to Cato the Censor. In 204 he came to
+Rome, where he lived modestly, supporting himself by teaching Greek and
+by his writings. There he became an intimate friend of the great Scipio.
+The most famous of his works are the tragedies, written on Greek models,
+and the _Annals_, a long epic poem in eighteen books, whose subject is
+the history of Rome from the earliest times to Ennius' own day. We have
+fragments of about twenty-five of the tragedies. Of the _Annals_ about
+six hundred lines are preserved.
+
+Ennius introduced the dactylic hexameter into Latin poetry.
+
+He was versatile, widely read in Greek literature, a man of practical
+interests and intellectual vigor. His intense patriotism was rewarded by
+an enduring popularity.
+
+For Reference: Sellar, _Roman Poets of the Republic_ (Oxford, 1889),
+chapter 4; the collections of the fragments by Vahlen (Leipzig, 1854)
+and by Muller (St. Petersburg, 1885).
+
+Metres: Dactylic Hexameter, B. 368; A. & G. 615: _Selections_ 1-5.
+Trochaic Septenarius, B. 366, 2; A. & G. 620: _Selections_ 6, 7. Elegiac
+Stanza, B. 368, 369; A. & G. 616: _Selection_ 8.
+
+_1._ 'Lines of tender regret and true hero-worship.'--Sellar. Cf. Livy,
+1. 16. 2, 3. Prose translation in Sellar, _Roman Poets of the Republic_,
+p. 110. 3. qualem...genuerunt: How great a guardian of our country did
+the gods create in thee!--Sellar. 4. O pater, o genitor: pater is a
+title of respect, genitor the actual parent. sanguen: an ante-classic
+neuter collateral form of sanguis. 5. intra luminis oras: within the
+realms of light (Sellar), a favorite expression with later poets.
+
+_2._ 'Sentiments truly regal and worthy of the race of the Aeacidae.'
+Cicero, _De Officiis,_ 1. 12.
+
+This is Pyrrhus' reply to Fabricius and other envoys sent to negotiate
+for the ransom of the Roman prisoners after the battle of Heraclea, 280
+B.C.
+
+Prose translation and fine comment in Sellar, Roman Poets of the
+Republic, p. 99.
+
+1. dederitis: perfect subjunctive in a prohibition. 2. nec cauponantes
+bellum: not making petty traffic of war. 3. vitam: accusative of
+specification. 5. accipe: to Fabricius, while ducite (1. 8) is to all
+the envoys. 7. eorundem: scanned as three syllables. 8.
+volentibus...dis: under favor of the great gods.--Sellar. Final s in
+volentibus as in vivus (_Selection_ 8. 2) is neglected in scanning.
+
+_4._ These lines were often quoted. They are imitated by Vergil,
+_Aeneid,_ 6. 845-846:
+
+ Tu Maximus ille es,
+ unus qui nobis cunctando restituis rem.
+
+Prose translation in Sellar, Roman Poets of the Republic, p. 106.
+
+1. cunctando: by biding his time.--Sellar. rem equals rem publicam. 2.
+noenum equals ne, not + oenum, old form of unum, one. This eventually
+contracts into non. rumores: what men said of him.--Sellar.
+
+_5._ One of the grandest lines in Latin poetry. Cicero says of it (_De
+Republica_, 5.1): 'For brevity and for truth it is like the utterance of
+some oracle.'
+
+1. Moribus...virisque: By olden custom and great men Rome stands.
+virisque: of. Sir William Jones, _An Ode in Imitation of Alcaeus_:
+
+ What constitutes a state?
+ Not high-raised battlement, nor labored mound,
+ Thick wall or moated gate:
+ Not cities fair with spires and turrets crowned:
+ No;--men, high-minded men,--...
+ Men, who their duties know,
+ But know their rights, and knowing dare maintain.
+
+_6._ From the _Telamo_, spoken by Telamon on receiving tidings of his
+son's death. Sellar describes the passage as 'this strong and scornful
+triumph over natural sorrow.'
+
+Prose translation in Sellar, _Roman Poets of the Republic_, p. 113.
+
+1. ei re sustuli: to that end (i.e. with full knowledge of the fact) I
+bred them. re: dative, B. 52, 3; A. & G. 98, d, NOTE.
+
+_7._ From the _Telamo_. This is Epicurean doctrine. Cf. Tennyson, _The
+Lotos-Eaters, Choric Song_ at end:
+
+ like Gods together, careless of mankind.
+ For they lie beside their nectar, and the bolts are hurl'd
+ Far below them in the valleys, and the clouds are lightly curl'd
+ Round their golden houses, girdled with the gleaming world:
+ Where they smile in secret, looking over wasted lands,
+ Blight and famine, plague and earthquake, roaring deeps and fiery
+sands,
+ Clanging fights, and flaming towns, and sinking ships, and praying
+hands.
+ But they smile, _etc_.
+
+Prose translation in Sellar, _Roman Poets of the Republic_, p. 78.
+
+1. deum: genitive with which caelitum agrees. 3. abeat: is not so.--
+Sellar.
+
+_8._ Prose translation in Sellar, _Roman Poets of the Republic_, p. 76.
+Note the alliterations in the passage. 1. dacrumis: older form of
+lacrimis and related to it as dingua to lingua. nec...faxit: and let
+none weep at my funeral, faxit is perfect subjunctive. 2.
+Volito...virum: I still live as I fly along the lips of men. _Cf_.
+Vergil, _Georgics_, 3. 9: victorque virum volitare per ora, and
+Shakspere, _Sonnet_ 82:
+
+ You still shall live--such virtue hath my pen--
+ Where breath most breathes, even in the mouths of men.
+
+
+
+II. LUCRETIUS.
+
+98-55 B.C.
+
+ Felix, qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas
+ atque metus omnis et inexorabile fatum
+ subiecit pedibus strepitumque Acherontis avari.
+ Vergil, _Georgics_, 2. 490-492.
+
+
+ He...died
+ Chief poet on the Tiber-side.
+ Mrs. Browning, _Vision of Poets_.
+
+This doctrine of Lucretius, though antagonistic to the popular religion,
+is not atheistic or pantheistic; it is not definite enough to be
+theistic. It is rather the twilight between an old and a new faith.--
+Sellar, _Roman Poets of the Republic_, p. 355.
+
+The joy and glory of his art come second in his mind to his passionate
+love of truth, and the deep moral purport of what he believes to be the
+one true message for mankind. The human race lies fettered by
+superstition and ignorance; his mission is to dispel their darkness by
+that light of truth which is 'clearer than the beams of the sun and the
+shining shafts of day.'--Mackail, _Latin Literature_, p. 43.
+
+The _De Rerum Natura_, Lucretius' only work, left at his death
+unfinished, is a didactic poem in six books which aims to give an
+explanation of the origin and nature of the universe. All things are
+declared to be composed of atoms--even the soul, which is therefore
+mortal--and have been developed by a process of 'evolution' and
+'survival of the fittest' under the uninterrupted control of natural
+law. Gods exist, but have little to do with the world. On the ethical
+side contentment, self-control, obedience, humility, are earnestly
+enjoined.
+
+The style abounds in archaism, alliteration, and assonance. The frequent
+use of new compounds is a noticeable peculiarity of the diction.
+
+Jerome states that the wife of Lucretius gave him a love-philtre which
+took away his reason so that, after composing in his lucid intervals
+several books, which were afterward corrected by Cicero, he died by his
+own hand.
+
+Sellar is inclined to accept this story as a 'meagre and distorted
+record of tragical events in the poet's life.' On the basis of this
+legend and an appreciative study of the _De Rerum Natura_, Tennyson
+composed his _Lucretius_.
+
+For Reference: Sellar, _Roman Poets of the Republic_, chapters 11-14;
+Munro, _Text of Lucretius, with Notes and Introduction_ (4th. edition,
+Cambridge, 1886); Mackail, _Latin Literature_ (New York, 1898), pp. 44-
+46 (Lucretius as anticipating theories of modern science).
+
+Metre: Dactylic Hexameter, B. 368; A. & G. 615.
+
+_1._ 2. animi: a locative form, B. 232, 3; A. & G. 358. 3. thyrso: see
+_Lex_. II. A and B. 5-10. Often imitated, as by Vergil, _Georgics_, 3.
+291-293. 5, 6. mente...loca: I traverse in blooming thought the pathless
+haunts of the Pierides.--Munro. 7. iuvat: I love.--Munro. 11,12. artis
+religionum nodis: Lucretius teaches that, since the gods do not govern
+the world, all rites of worship are needless, and, since the soul is
+mortal, punishment after death is not to be feared. Cf. Tennyson,
+_Lucretius_:
+
+ My golden (cf. aurea, _Selection_ 2. 12) work in which I told a truth
+ That stays the rolling Ixionian wheel,
+ And numbs the Fury's ringlet-snake and plucks
+ The mortal soul from out immortal hell.
+
+Religio is probably derived from the root lig, meaning to bind. The
+Roman felt his religion to be a fetter upon him. 14. contingens:
+o'erlaying, a compound of tango.--Munro.
+
+_2._ 2. commoda: the true interests.--Munro. 3. o...decus: Epicurus, who
+is praised in many passages. (See Sellar, _Roman Poets of the Republic_,
+p. 298 ff.) His bold and, comprehensive thinking is characterized as
+follows (1. 72-74):
+
+ Ergo vivida vis animi pervicit, et extra
+ processit longe flammantia moenia mundi
+ atque omne inmensum peragravit mente animoque.
+
+6, 7. quid...cycnis: for in what respect could the swallow vie with
+swans? 8. consimile...et: that could compare with. 16. terrores: of
+superstition. To remove these by demonstrating the uncontested supremacy
+in the universe of natural law is Lucretius' main purpose. moenia ff.:
+Lucretius thinks of the earth as at rest in the centre of our system,--
+or mundus,--surrounded by the air in which move the moon and the sun.
+The air is encompassed by the fiery aether,--or flammantia moenia mundi,
+'the flaming walls of the world,'--which, as it rotates, carries the
+stars with it. Beyond is the 'illimitable inane' (inmensum inane) in
+which are set an infinite number of other worlds, and in the midst of
+these the dwellings where the gods 'live the great life...center'd in
+eternal calm' (deos securum agere aevom, 6. 58). To the poet's
+instructed vision aether opens and earth becomes transparent. 18-24.
+Inspired by _Odyssey_, 6. 42-45. Cf. Tennyson, _Lucretius_:
+
+ The Gods, who haunt
+ The lucid interspace of world and world,
+ Where never creeps a cloud, or moves a wind,
+ Nor ever falls the least white star of snow,
+ Nor ever lowest roll of thunder moans,
+ Nor sound of human sorrow mounts to mar
+ Their sacred everlasting calm!
+
+and his description of the
+
+ island-valley of Avilion,
+ Where falls not hail, or rain, or any snow,
+ Nor ever wind blows loudly
+
+in the _Passing of Arthur_. Observe the melody of the Latin due to the
+skilful alliteration, and cf. Munro's translation of it for a like
+effect.
+
+25. nusquam apparent: Lucretius has proved that they do not exist. 26.
+nec...dispiciantur: though earth is no bar to all things being
+descried.--Munro. 28, 29. voluptas adque horror:
+delight mixed with shuddering awe.--Munro.
+
+_3._ 1-4. Zephyr and Flora precede Spring and Venus. viai: genitive of
+archaic form dependent on cuncta, translate as all the way. 5. loci:
+partitive genitive after inde; translate the two words by then. 8.
+aliae...ventique: other stormy winds, i.e. Volturnus and Auster. 10.
+bruma: midwinter.
+
+_4._ 1. Ergo: because of visions of the night and day and because of
+their observation of natural phenomena men at large came to the
+incorrect belief that the gods govern the world. (Lucretius denies the
+providence of the gods, not their existence.) 2. tradere, facere:
+infinitives used substantively in apposition to perfugium. 3. templa:
+realms. 5. severa: stern, austere. Properly the epithet of noctis, but
+poetically transferred to signa. 6. faces, flammae: meteors. 7. The
+heaping up of substantives without a copula is not uncommon in
+Lucretius. 8. fremitus: distant, rumbling thunder. murmura magna
+minarum: the near loud, threatful thunderclaps.--Munro. minarum is
+equivalent to a limiting adjective. 13. velatum: the Romans prayed with
+covered head. 14. vertier: middle. The reference is to a Roman custom by
+which the suppliant approached with the statue on his right; after
+praying, he turned to the right so as to face it and then prostrated
+himself. 17. vota: votive tablets. 18 ff. It is true piety, not to
+perform these rites, but to possess a tranquil mind, and this is
+difficult, for the grandeur and terror of nature are almost
+overwhelming. 20. super fixum: fast above.--Munro. 21. et...viarum: and
+direct our thoughts to the courses of the sun and moon.--Munro. viarum:
+B. 206, 3. 26. rationis egestas: lack of power to solve the question.--
+Munro. 27. genitalis origo: birthtime.--Munro. 28. quoad: how long. 34.
+contrahitur: shrink into itself.--Munro. 38. corripiunt: like
+contrahitur, but stronger. 40. poenarum: genitive depending on solvendi.
+45. viris quae ff.: powers sufficient to, etc.
+
+LUCRETIUS AS OBSERVER AND WORD-PAINTER.--The following groups of phrases
+and sentences are given as illustrative of the accuracy, variety, and
+splendor of Lucretius' descriptions:
+
+1. _Shells on the Shore._
+
+ Concharumque genus parili ratione videmus
+ pingere telluris gremium, qua mollibus undis
+ litoris incurvi bibulam pavit aequor arenam. 2. 374-376.
+
+2. _The Stars._
+
+ Candida sidera. 5. 1210.
+ micant aeterni sidera mundi. 5. 514.
+ Simul ac primum sub diu splendor aquai
+ ponitur, extemplo caelo stellante serena
+ sidera respondent in aqua radiantia mundp. 4. 211-213.
+ caeli labentia signa. 1. 2.
+ fervida signa. 5. 628.
+ Raraque per caelum cum venti nubila portant
+ tempore nocturno, tum splendida signa videntur
+ labier adversum nimbos atque ire superne. 4. 443-445.
+ totum circum tremere aethera signis. 1. 1089.
+
+3. _The Sky._
+
+ stellis fulgentibus apta
+ concutitur caeli domus. 6. 357-358.
+ signiferi super aetheris aestas. 6. 481.
+ caeli lucida templa. 1. 1014.
+ altaque caeli
+ densebant procul a terris fulgentia templa. 5. 490-491.
+
+4. _The Sun._
+
+ sol lumine conserit arva. 2. 210-211.
+ rosea sol alte lampade lucens. 5. 610.
+ aeternum lampada mundi. 5. 402.
+
+
+
+III. CATULLUS.
+
+84-54 B.C.
+
+Odi et amo. _Carmen_ 85. 1.
+
+ Si tamen e nobis aliquid nisi nomen et umbra
+ restat, in Elysia valle Tibullus erit:
+ obvius huic venias, hedera iuvenalia cinctus
+ tempora, cum Calvo, docte Catulle, tuo.
+ Ovid, _Amores_, 3. 9. 59-62.
+
+ Tenderest of Roman poets...
+ Sweet Catullus.
+ Tennyson, '_Frater, Aae atque Vale._'
+
+Catullus is the greatest lyric poet of Roman literature.
+
+With the exception of c. 61, it is in his shorter poems that Catullus
+achieves his greatest success. The poet does not handle dactylic
+measures quite easily; on the other hand, he is masterly in the lighter
+lyrical forms. The harmony of substance and form, the refinement and
+transparent clearness of the thoughts, are incomparable, as are the
+grace, strength, and warmth of feeling in the shorter pieces.
+
+Teuffel, Schwabe, and Warr, _History of Roman Literature_, vol. 1, p.
+391 ff.
+
+Catullus, born at Verona in Cisalpine Gaul, came early to Rome, where
+most of his short life was spent. He has left us about 116 poems, most
+of them brief, but a few of considerable length. The ultimate
+preservation of these depended upon the fortunate rediscovery at Verona
+of a single copy. Several of them imitate the learned and artificial
+style of the Alexandrine school of Greek poetry. It is on this account
+that Ovid applies to him the epithet doctus.
+
+For Reference: Sellar, _Roman Poets of the Republic_, chapter 15;
+Robinson Ellis, _A Commentary on Catullus_ (2d edition, Oxford, 1889);
+Merrill, _Catullus_ (Boston, 1893); Ellis, _Translation of Catullus_
+(London, 1871).
+
+Metres: Phalaecian, A. & G. 623, 624, 625. 11: _Selections_ 1, 3, 4, 5.
+Choliambic, A. & G. 618, a, b, c: _Selection_ 6. Elegiac, B. 369, 1, 2;
+A. &. G. 616: _Selections_ 2, 7-9.
+
+_1._ 2. oppositast: equals opposita est. The joke turns on the double
+meaning of opponere, to expose and to mortgage. We may render the
+passage as,--My little farm is not exposed to the drafts of the south
+wind...but to a draft for, etc. 3. Apeliotae: a Greek word for east
+wind, meaning from the sun, i.e. from the region where the sun rises.
+For declension see B. 22; A. & G. 44. 4. ducentos: sc. sestertios. The
+sestertius was worth from four to five cents. 5. O ventum...pestilentem:
+O unhealthy draft!
+
+_2._ Latin did not naturally use h at all with consonants nor favor its
+use before vowels. Greek, however, frequently employs the aspirated
+consonants ch, ph, and th as well as the rough breathing; and, though in
+earlier times the Romans were satisfied to take Greek words over into
+their language without aspirating, e.g. Corintus for [Greek: Korinthos],
+in later times aspirating became a fashion. Of this fashion Arrius is an
+unskilful follower, who, while believing himself to be achieving a fine
+reputation for good form, makes himself a target for the ridicule of
+Catullus.
+
+1. vellet: imperfect subjunctive in the protasis of a general condition,
+B. 302, 1, 3, a; A. & G. 518, c. 3. sperabat: he used to flatter
+himself. 4. quantum poterat: with might and main. Arrius makes all the
+display that he can of his elegant (?) accomplishment. 5. liber:
+implying that Arrius' uncle had been a slave and that the family is of
+humble origin. Catullus thus intimates that what Arrius thinks an
+accomplishment really stamps him as of low birth. 7. misso: sent to
+Syria on some public service, perhaps with Crassus in 55 B.C. 8.
+audibant: B. 116, 4, b; A. & G. 183, 1. leniter et leviter: the devotees
+of the aspirating fashion whom Arrius had left behind in Rome were not
+so obtrusive about it as he, did not speak out 'quantum poterant.' 9.
+postilla: equals postea. 11. Ionios: news of Arrius would come soon from
+the Ionian Sea, for, lying as it did to the west of Greece, it would
+soon be reached by him on his eastward journey. isset: B. 116, 1; A. &
+G. 181, b.
+
+The following is Martin's translation:
+
+ Whenever Arrius wished to name
+ 'Commodious,' out 'chommodious' came:
+ And when of his intrigues he blabbed,
+ With his 'hintrigues' our ears he stabbed;
+ And thought, moreover, he displayed
+ A rare refinement when he made
+ His h's thus at random fall
+ With emphasis most guttural.
+ When suddenly came news one day
+ Which smote the city with dismay,
+ That the Ionian seas a change
+ Had undergone, most sad and strange;
+ For, since by Arrius crossed, the wild
+ 'Hionian Hocean' they were styled.
+
+_3._ 1. Veneres: the plural is symmetrical with Cupidines, while
+suggesting 'the Graces.' 2. et...venustiorum: and all who have a soul
+for beauty. hominum: partitive genitive. venustiorum: B. 240, 1; A. & G.
+291, a. The expression describes those who possess qualities of grace
+and charm, and implies that they can appreciate such qualities. 3.
+puellae: probably Clodia, wife of Q. Caecilius Metellus Celer, to whom
+under the name of 'Lesbia' Catullus addressed a number of poems. His
+attachment for her was the 'one all-absorbing passion of the poet's
+life.' 6. mellitus: a honey. suamque: his lady. Catullus speaks of the
+sparrow in language appropriate to a lover. 11. iter tenebricosum: the
+shadowy journey to Hades. 12. Cf. _Hamlet_, 3. 1:
+
+ The undiscover'd country from whose bourn
+ No traveller returns.
+
+13. At...tenebrae: Evil be to you, evil shadows! 17. tua opera: for you,
+i.e. for the sparrow, ablative of cause. 18. turgiduli...ocelli: my
+girl's pretty eyes are so red and swollen.
+
+_4._ 2. antistans...trecentis: worth a million of the rest to me.
+milibus: depends on antistans, B. 187, III, 1; A. & G. 370. 4. Anum:
+aged, used as an adjective. 5. mini: B. 188, c; A. & G. 378, 1. nuntii:
+plural, though for a single message. 6. Hiberum: genitive plural. 7.
+facta: deeds. 8. adplicansque collum: i.e. with arm about your neck
+drawing you to me. 10. Cf. 1, 2 and note on venustiorum. Translate O! of
+happy, happy mortals. 11. quid: a 'neuter not very rare in Latin in
+similar sweeping appeals.'--Merrill.
+
+_5._ Date, 56 B.C. 1. egelidos: in which there is no chill. 4. Catullus
+is at the end of a year of absence in Bithynia on the staff of Memmius
+the governor, and is about to return to Italy. Phrygii campi: the plains
+about Nicaea. 6. claras Asiae urbes: the famous Greek cities on the
+western coast of Asia Minor, as Ephesus, Smyrna. 7. praetrepidans:
+tremulous with anticipation. 9. comitum: the other members of the
+governor's staff, or cohors. 11. diversae variae: separate and varied.
+
+_6._ Date, 56 B.C. Sirmione (Sirmio) is a peninsula--at high water an
+island--extending into the Lago di Garda (Lacus Benacus). An ancient
+ruin here of Constantine's time was long known as Catullus' villa. Cf.
+with this and the ninth selection Tennyson's '_Frater, Ave atque Vale_':
+
+ Row us out from Desenzano, to your Sirmione row!
+ So they row'd and there we landed--'O venusta Sirmio!'
+ There to me thro' all the groves of olive in the summer glow,
+ There beneath the Roman ruin where the purple flowers grow,
+ Came that 'Ave atque Vale' of the poet's hopeless woe,
+ Tenderest of Roman poets nineteen hundred years ago,
+ 'Prater, Ave atque Vale'--as we wander'd to and fro
+ Gazing at the Lydian laughter of the Garda Lake below
+ Sweet Catullus' all-but-island, olive-silvery Sirmio!
+
+1, 2. Paene insularum...ocelle: pearl of all peninsulas. Paene is used
+as an adjective by a Greek construction, A. & G. 321, c. Cf. Ovid,
+_Heroides_, 15.357, paene puer. ocelle: cf. Milton, _Paradise Regained_,
+4. 240, 'Athens, the eye of Greece.' 3. fert...Neptunus: twin-realmed
+(Cranstoun) Neptune upholds in lakes or sea. fert: Poseidon, according
+to Homer, is the earth-upholding. Cf. _Exodus_ 20.4 'the water under the
+earth.' uterque: i.e. as god of stagna (lakes) and of mare. 5. Thyniam:
+the part of Bithynia on the shore of the Thracian Bosporus. 6. liquisse:
+the poets are fond of using uncompounded forms of verbs. Cf. 5, 4,
+linquantur. 7. O...curis: 'The form of expression suggests that the
+cares now past are, as past, actual pleasures.'--Ellis. 8, 9. peregrine
+labore: the toil of travel. larem: the home, lit. the household god. 11.
+Hoc...tantis: This it is that of itself is a compensation for so great
+labors. 12. venusta: Ellis praises 'the beauty of Sirmio, with its high
+cliffs descending into the transparently blue water, and the exquisite
+color of the surrounding land and sky.' ero gaude: be glad for thy
+master, i.e. thy master bids thee 'Rejoice!' 13. Lydiae: the shores of
+the lake were once occupied by Etruscans, and they were said to have
+come originally from Lydia. The epithet is transferred from lacus to
+undae. 14. quidquid...cachinnorum: the clause is to be taken as a
+vocative.
+
+_7._ 2. Calve: Calvus was an accomplished orator and poet. Of his
+literary work almost nothing remains. He was Catullus' intimate friend
+and is often mentioned with him. 3. desiderio: yearning, in apposition
+to dolore, defining and specializing it. 4. olim missas: lost in by-gone
+days, missas equals amissas. Cf. _Selection_ 6, 6 and note. 6.
+Quintiliae: Calvus' young wife. Calvus himself wrote elegies in her
+memory.
+
+_8._ This poem was sent to Hortensius introducing a translation from the
+Greek poet Callimachus (which is possibly Carmen 66 and of the _Coma
+Berinices_). 2. Ortale: Q. Hortensius Ortalus, Cicero's chief rival as
+an orator. virginibus: the Muses. 3. fetus: fruitage. 4. mens animi: my
+thoughtful soul. Cicero, _De Republica_, 2.40.67, describes the mens as
+pars animi. 5, 6. Lethaeo gurgite manans unda: the wave slow-streaming
+from the gulf of oblivion. The 'river of death' which the brother of
+Catullus has just crossed (Catullus says forded) to return no more, is
+called Lethaean (Greek [Greek: lethe], 'forgetfuluess'), since the dead
+forget the living, and the living the dead. 6. pallidulum: poor, pallid
+foot. 7. Rhoeteo: Rhoeteum was a promontory of the Troad. 8. obterit:
+crushes. 13. Daulias: the nightingale, lit. the (transformed) woman of
+Daulis. Catullus has taken this name from the legend of Tereus (see
+_Harper's Classical Dictionary_, 'Tereus'), while he has followed the
+myth as it appears in Odyssey, 19. 518 ff., where the plaintive song of
+the nightingale is represented as the lamentation of Aedon for her child
+Itylus, whom before her transformation into the nightingale 'she slew
+unwittingly with the bronze.' 15. haec expressa carmina Battiadae: these
+verses translated from Callimachus. Callimachus of Cyrene, 'the son of
+Battus,' was a Greek poet of the Alexandrine school. His death occurred
+about 240 B.C. 16. nequiquam...ventis: i.e. ineffectual.
+
+_9._ 'An invocation accompanying offerings at the tomb of the poet's
+brother.'--Merrill. Catullus probably made this visit to the Troad on
+his Bithynian journey. Date, probably 57 B.C. 2. miseras ad inferias:
+for these sad offerings. The inferiae, or offerings to the dead,
+consisted of wine, milk, blood, honey, flowers, etc. 4. nequiquam: no
+answer would be returned. 6. indigne: wrongfully, because his death was
+premature. 7. Nunc tamen interea: But now while I thus am sorrowing,
+interea, as in 14. 21, 36. 18, and _Ciris_, 44 ff., marks the transition
+from reflection upon a situation to the act which that situation demands
+at the moment. 9. multum manantia: drenched. 10. ave atque vale: the
+formula of farewell to the dead, spoken at the conclusion of the funeral
+ceremonies. Cf. Vergil, _Aeneid_, 11. 97 ff.
+
+
+
+IV. VERGIL.
+
+70-19 B.C.
+
+ Roman Vergil, thou that singest
+ Ilion's lofty temples robed in fire,
+ Ilion falling, Rome arising,
+ Wars, and filial faith, and Dido's pyre;
+
+ Thou that singest wheat and woodland,
+ Tilth and vineyard, hive and horse and herd;
+ All the charm of all the Muses
+ Often flowering in a lonely word;
+
+ Poet of the happy Tityrus
+ Piping underneath his beechen bowers;
+ Poet of the poet-satyr
+ Whom the laughing shepherd bound with flowers;
+
+ I salute thee, Mantovano,
+ I that loved thee since my day began,
+ Wielder of the stateliest measure
+ Ever molded by the lips of man.
+
+ Tennyson, _To Vergil_.
+
+Vergil, as the author of the _Bucolics_ and the _Aeneid_, is already
+known to the student. The _Georgics_ were composed after the former and
+before the latter, since they were begun in 36 B.C. and finished in 29
+B.C. Hesiod's _Works and Days_ supplied a partial model, and the
+influence of Lucretius was powerful. The poet shows an intense
+enthusiasm for his subject, which Mr. Merivale asserts to be the
+Glorification of Labor. The First Book treats of the tillage of the
+ground, the Second of the culture of trees and of the vine, the Third of
+the care of the animals bred by the farmer, and the Fourth and last of
+bee-keeping. Elegant episodes diversify the poem, the longest of which
+we extract. The dedication of the _Georgics_ is to Maecenas. Their
+extent is about 2200 lines.
+
+For Reference: Conington's _Vergil_, Fifth Edition, revised by
+Haverfield, George Bell and Sons, London, 1898, Vol. I, pp. 135-165, and
+notes upon _Georgics_, 4. 315-558.
+
+Metre: Dactylic Hexameter, B. 368; A. & G. 615.
+
+_1._ Servius twice tells us (_Eclogues_ 10. 1 and _Georgics_ 4. 1) that
+the poet Cornelius Gallus was Vergil's friend, and that the latter half
+of the fourth _Georgic_ was originally written in his praise, but that
+this was suppressed at the command of Augustus and the tale of Aristaeus
+substituted. Gallus, we remember, appears in the sixth and tenth
+_Eclogues_. The story of his disgrace by the emperor and his suicide is
+a familiar one.
+
+Aristaeus, having lost his bees 'by disease and hunger,' is commanded by
+the nymph Cyrene, his mother, to obtain from the sea-god Proteus the
+reason for this manifestation of divine displeasure. He learns that it
+is because Eurydice, the wife of Orpheus, has perished as a result of
+his amorous pursuit; and the story of Orpheus' descent to the lower
+world to recover her is narrated to him. Then Cyrene instructs him how
+to secure a new swarm. 1. hanc...artem: this method of obtaining new
+swarms of bees by slaying cattle and allowing bees to form in their
+decaying bodies. 3. Peneia Tempo: Tempe is a beautiful valley in
+Thessaly through which the river Peneus flows. 5. extremi: i.e. the
+rising river. amnis: the Peneus. 7. gurgitis: flood. 9. Thymbraeus:
+Thymbra was a city near Troy where there was a temple of Apollo. 10.
+fatis: by the fates, B. 189, 2; A. & G. 375. nostri: objective genitive,
+11. caelum sperare: Aristaeus was deified after death. 12. honorem:
+honor from the possession of wealth. 14. relinquo: leave with
+reluctance, lose. 15. Quin age: _Why not go on?_ in ironical
+remonstrance. 17. molire: wield, imperative. 18. taedia: loathing of my
+praise, B. 55, 4, c. The plural expresses the aversion on each occasion.
+19. thalamo sub: in the deep river's chamber. Sub governs thalamo, but
+follows it. Cyrene, as daughter of the river-god Peneus, dwells in
+subterranean chambers at the source of that stream. She is at this time
+in the thalamo described in 60 ff. Aristaeus enters through the river,
+thought of as emerging from the earth a full-grown stream, the waters
+arching over his head to admit him. He passes beneath the earth where he
+sees groves and lakes, and rivers which are presently to issue as the
+various streams of the upper world. 20. Milesia: the wool of Miletus, a
+city on the west coast of Asia Minor, was famous. 21. carpebant: were
+plucking the fleeces, i.e. spinning. hyali...colore: dyed with the rich,
+glass-green color. 22. A similar catalogue of names is in _Iliad_, 18.
+39 ff. Drymoque: que is long according to Greek usage before the double
+consonant beginning the next word. 28. auro ff.: arrayed in skins
+embroidered with threads of gold. 31 ff. _Odyssey_, 8. 34. mollia pensa:
+their soft tasks. See _Lex_. pendo II, pensum, B, 1. 35. impulit: struck
+his mother's ears. 39. procul: sc. dixit. frustra: idly, without reason.
+42. nomine: ablative of specification. 43. nova: strange. 44. age:
+quick. 46. qua ff.: purpose clause, that the youth might enter there.
+48. misit: let him pass, lit. sent him. He enters the earth through the
+opening by which the Peneus finds exit. 52. sub...terra: so Plato in the
+myth of the _Phaedo_ conceives of rivers as penetrating the depths of
+the earth. 53 ff. For the rivers named see _Lex_. 57. cornua: accusative
+of specification. voltu: dative, B. 49, 2; A. & G. 89. 60. in thalami
+pendentia pumice tecta: tecta may be regarded either as participle or
+noun. In the former case thalami tecta, 'the covered things of the
+chamber,' equals thalamum teclum, 'the covered chamber,' as strata
+viarum equals stratae viae; pendentia pumice tecta, roofs or covered
+things hanging with pumice (ablative of instrument) equals pendente
+pumice tecta, roofs of hanging pumice (ablative of description).
+Translate: into the chamber roofed with arching pumice. 61. inanis:
+since so easily removed, accusative plural. 63. tonsis...villis: of
+shorn nap, smooth and soft. 64. onerant: B. 254, 4, a; A. & G. 317, d.
+65. Panchaeis ignibus: incense-burning flames. Panchaea was a fabulous
+island, east of Arabia, rich in incense. 66. et mater: sc. dixit.
+Maeonii: Lydian. Bacchi: the wine, as Vestam (1. 70) is the fire, the
+deities being named for that over which they preside. 69. centum: simply
+expressing a large number. 71. subiecta: shooting up. 73 ff. This part
+of the story has its original in _Odyssey_ 4. The Carpathian Sea is
+between Crete and Rhodes. 74. caeruleus: an epithet applied to Proteus
+as a god of the azure sea. 75. The yoked chariot of two-footed steeds
+equals the chariot yoked to two-footed steeds. 77. Pallenen: a peninsula
+of Emathia, or Macedonia. 79. quae...trahantur: what in the near future
+is drawn on in the chain of events. 83. eventusque secundet: and may
+make the issue favorable. 94. fulva cervice: ablative of description.
+101. ambrosiae: used as an ointment, as _Iliad_, 14. 170, Aeneid,
+12.419. 102. perduxit: anointed; _Lex_. perduco, I. C. 1. 105, 106.
+quo...reductos: whither many a billow marches before the wind and
+divides into files that fall back, cogo and reductos may be used in a
+military sense. The wind is the rear-guard of the marching files of
+billows formed as the main wave enters an indentation in the shore. As
+the wave divides, all the secondary waves pursue the original direction,
+but the outer ones are retarded, as compared with the middle ones, and
+seem to fall back. Statio, just below, is familiar as a military term.
+Or reductos sinus can mean the depths of the bay. 107. deprensis:
+weather-bound. 108. vasti...obiice saxi: by the barrier of a vast rock,
+i.e. behind a rock. 109. averaum a lumine: in the darkness. 114.
+faucibus: i.e. the deep-cut channels. Perhaps the author intends with a
+bold personification to speak of the almost dried-up rivers as
+dry-throated, siccis faucibus would then be well taken as ablative of
+description. 115. antra: plural in view of the many chambers. 117. rorem
+amarum: the bitter dew, beautifully used of the salt spray. 121. acuunt:
+whet the wolves, i. e. their hunger. 131. Nam quis equals quisnam, Who
+pray? Surprise is expressed. 133. neque est: nor is it possible, used
+with infinitive in Greek construction, _Lex_. 1 sum, I, B, 5, 6, e. 135.
+lassis rebus: shattered fortunes. 137. glauco: azure. 139.
+Non...nullius: double negative for greater emphasis. It is in very truth
+the wrath of a god that pursues thee. irae: B. 55,4, c; A. & G. 100, c.
+141. haud quaquam ob meritum poenas: penalties by no means on account of
+thy guilt, i.e. less than thy guilt. 147-149. Rhodope and Pangaeus are
+mountains, the Getae a tribe, Hebrus a river,--all in Thrace. Athenian
+Orithyia, daughter of Erechtheus, king of Athens, was carried by Boreas
+to Thrace, where she bore Calais and Zetes. As a nymph of the country
+she is interested in the fate of the Thracian Orpheus and Eurydice. 153.
+Taenarias: a cavern on the promontory of Taenarus in Laconia was fabled
+to be the entrance of the infernal regions. 157. Erebi: Greek [Greek:
+Erebos], a place of darkness, i.e. the lower world. 159 ff. Cf. _Aeneid_
+6. 309-312. 161 ff. Cf. _Aeneid_ 6. 306-308. 165 ff. Cf. _Aeneid_ 6.
+438-439. 167, 168. intima Leti Tartara: the inmost prison cells of
+death. crinibus: dative. anguis: accusative of specification. 169.
+Eumenides: the Furies, deities who punish crime; even they are moved by
+Orpheus' song. Cerberus: the three-headed dog at the entrance of Hades
+who kept the spirits from escaping. 171. Ixion, for an attempt upon the
+chastity of Juno, was bound to an ever-revolving wheel. vento: ablative
+of cause. The logic is loose; because of the wind's stopping. 173. pone:
+adverb. Cf. _Aeneid_, 2. 208. 177. animi: locative genitive, B. 232, 3;
+A. & G. 358. 179. stagnis: ablative of source. 182. natantia: swimming.
+188. praeterea vidit: saw him more, praeterea here equalling postea.
+192. nabat: was sailing. 194. Strymonis: a river on the borders of
+Thrace. 196. agentem: that trees followed the music of Orpheus became
+one of the commonplaces of poetry. 197-201. Notice the sweetness of
+sound due to the alliteration, especially of the liquids. 202. hymenaei:
+nuptials. 203. Hyperboreas: Hyperborean, i.e. northern, lit. beyond the
+north wind. Tanaim: now the Don, a river named here, as are the Rhipaei
+monies of the following line, because belonging to the cold, distant,
+desolate North. 204. numquam viduata: never bereaved, with a thought of
+the bereaved Orpheus. The setting corresponds to the situation. The grim
+landscape is forever wedded to its desolation as Orpheus to his
+bereavement. 206. Ciconum: a Thracian people. munere: tribute to the
+dead. The word is used technically of funeral honors. 206-213. Cf.
+_Lycidas_, 61-63:
+
+ By the rout that made the hideous roar
+ His gory visage down the stream was sent,
+ Down the swift Hebrus to the Lesbian shore.
+
+210. Oeagrius: Oeagrius was a king of Thrace and father of Orpheus. 213.
+referebant: echoed with. Cf. Pope, _Ode on St. Cecilia's Day_, 113-116:
+
+ Yet ev'n in death Eurydice he sung,
+ Eurydice still trembled on his tongue,
+ Eurydice the woods, Eurydice the floods,
+ Eurydice the rocks, and hollow mountains rung.
+
+214. iactudedit: i.e. iecit. 219. choros...agitabat: used to dance.
+Agito means to occupy oneself with, as Plautus, Asinaria, 5. 1. 7. 221.
+Napaeas: Dell-nymphs, Greek [Greek: napaiai], belonging to a wooded
+vale. 225. Lycaei: a mountain of Arcadia. 234. facessit: he despatches.
+235-239. The repetitions from 224-232 are in the Homeric manner. 241 ff.
+The bees are thought to form within the bodies and to force their way
+through the yielding sides. 244. uvam demittere: to let fall a cluster.
+The cluster formed by the bees when they alight in swarming resembles a
+bunch of grapes.
+
+
+
+V. PHAEDRUS.
+
+Flourished about 15 A.D.
+
+Phaedrus, born in Thrace, came to Rome as a slave, and was set free by
+Augustus. Under Tiberius he was the victim of political persecution on
+account of some verses offensive to Sejanus. He published five books of
+fables (with occasional anecdotes) largely imitated from Aesop.
+
+His style is fluent, his tone lively and sometimes coarse, his diction
+correct, his verse skilful.--Teuffel, Schwabe, and Warr, _History of
+Roman Literature_, vol. 2, p. 30.
+
+For Reference: Teuffel, Schwabe, and Warr, _History of Roman
+Literature_, vol. 2, p. 29 ff.
+
+Metre: Iambic Trimeter, B. 370, 1, 2; A. & G. 618, a, b.
+
+_1._ Aesopus: a famous writer of fables, born in Phrygia about 600 B.C.
+He is said to have been liberated from slavery, to have lived at Sardis
+and to have been Croesus' ambassador to Delphi, where he was murdered by
+the angry townspeople, who hurled him over a precipice. Babrius, a Greek
+who lived about 100 B.C., made a comprehensive collection of Aesopian
+fables which Phaedrus imitated with considerable closeness. 5-7. 'Let no
+one censure me for representing trees as speaking; it is merely the play
+of fancy and a fable.'
+
+_2._ 4. latro: the robber wolf. 7. Qui: how? Qui is the old
+ablative of the relative, interrogative, and indefinite pronouns.
+
+_4._ 1. devocat: allures. 3. Tanto...melior: 'That is good!' See _Lex_.
+under tantus, I, C, 3, a, b. 4. prosecutus: and went on to say. See
+_Lex_. underprosequor, II, B. 5. unde: equivalent to a quo. 7. dignum
+ff.: with a double meaning. 10. namque: for, a strengthened nam.
+
+_5._ This story is also told by Cicero, _De Oratore_, 2. 352 ff., and by
+others. 1, 2. Quantum...superius: an earlier fable (4. 23) relates how
+Simonides, shipwrecked and destitute, was received most hospitably by
+one of his admirers. 4. Simonides: the renowned Greek lyric poet of
+Ceos. His ode upon those who fell at Thermopylae was especially famous.
+Sterling translates:
+
+ Of those who at Thermopylae were slain,
+ Glorious the doom, and beautiful the lot;
+ Their tomb an altar: men from tears refrain
+ To honor them; and praise, but mourn them not.
+ Such sepulchre nor drear decay
+ Nor all-destroying time shall waste; this right have they.
+ Within their grave the home-bred glory
+ Of Greece was laid; this witness gives
+ Leonidas, the Spartan, in whose story
+ A wreath of famous virtue ever lives.
+
+5. pyctae: a word borrowed directly from the Greek. 8. poetae more:
+poets who wrote odes in honor of victories at the games usually inserted
+some legend containing an account of a similar victory won by a god or a
+hero. 9. gemma Ledae pignera: Castor and Pollux, the latter famous as a
+boxer. pignera: see _Lex_. II, B, 1. 10. auctoritatem...gloriae: citing
+the authority of a like glory. 11, 12. tertiam partem: only a third. 13.
+duae: sc. partes, two-thirds. 24. humanam supra formani: the gods and
+heroes were 'divinely tall.' The diminutive servulo is in strong
+contrast. 31. Ut...rei: When the incident was told just as it occurred.
+
+Another story of divine interposition on the part of Castor and Pollux
+is vividly told by Macaulay in _The Battle of Lake Regillus_.
+
+_6._ Compare with Vergil's account of the oracle given by the Sibyl to
+Aeneas, _Aeneid_, 6. 9 ff. Some of the more obvious resemblances in
+diction and thought are _Aeneid_, 6. 12, 29, 35, 44, 45, 46 ff., 50, 95,
+98, 99, 100.
+
+1. Utilius: equalling a superlative, of highest value. 2. qui ff.:
+Delphi was a city in north central Greece and Parnassus a mountain near
+it. 4. tripodes: this probably means the golden seat above the cleft in
+the ground in the adytum of Apollo's temple at Delphi. On this the
+priestess (vates, 1. 3; virgo, 1. 16) sat to breathe the rising vapors
+which induced the prophetic ecstasy. The tripus is named from being
+supported on three legs. adytis: from [Greek: aduton], 'not to be
+entered.' The adyta, or innermost parts of temples, were accessible only
+to priests. 5. lauri: the laurel was sacred to Apollo. 6. Pytho: the
+former name for Delphi. Pytho is poetically said to speak when the
+Pythian priestess speaks. 7. Delii: Delos, an island of the Aegean,
+nearly at the centre of the Cyclades, was sacred to Apollo, and was his
+birthplace. 12. ite obviam: oppose.
+
+_7._ Plutarch, _Symposiacon Problematon_, V. 1 (Moralia, 674 B, C),
+tells essentially this same story. Parmeno, he says, was famous for his
+imitation of the grunting of a pig. Even when one came upon the stage
+having a real pig concealed under his cloak, the audience cried, 'This
+is nothing to compare with the sow of Parmeno.' Then he who had the pig
+threw it in the midst of them, 'to show that they judged according to
+opinion and not truth.'
+
+1. Pravo favore: prejudice. labi: the metaphor is in evident contrast to
+that in stant of 1. 2. 2. pro iudicio...erroris: in defence of their
+mistaken judgment. 3. rebus manifestis: the disclosure of the truth. 4.
+Facturus ludos: who was about to give an entertainment. 8. scurra: a
+city wit. urbano sale: clever jesting, merry cleverness. The Romans
+sharply contrasted city manners with those of the country to the
+disadvantage of the latter. 12. loca: seats. 18. verum: sc. porcellum.
+pallio: mantle or toga. 19. simul: equals simul ac. 21. prosequuntur:
+honor. 27. degrunnit: grunts his best. 30. scilicet: to be sure. 32.
+vero: sc. porcello. 35. imitatum: sc. esse.
+
+
+
+VI. SENECA.
+
+3 B.C.-65 A.D.
+
+Seneca the Younger, or 'the Philosopher,' was born in Spain at Corduba;
+was educated at Rome; was banished in 41 A.D. to Corsica by Claudius;
+was recalled in 49; became Nero's tutor; largely deserves the credit for
+the good government of the early part of that emperor's reign; was
+consul in 57, but lost influence with Nero, and was compelled by him to
+commit suicide on a charge of participation in the conspiracy of Piso.
+
+His writings are chiefly philosophical and ethical. The frequent close
+resemblance of his views to those of Christianity occasioned the
+fabrication of a correspondence between himself and St. Paul. St. Jerome
+considered this genuine and therefore included him among the Christian
+saints.
+
+Nine tragedies of Seneca's composition are extant. These have powerfully
+influenced the development of the English and French drama.
+
+His style is forced and ornamental, moving, for the most part, in brief,
+disconnected, and often paradoxical sentences.
+
+For Reference: Teuffel, Schwabe, and Warr, _History of Roman
+Literature_, vol. 2, p. 38 ff.; Leo, _L. Annaei Senecae Tragoediae_
+(Berlin, 1878-1879); Sherburne's _Tragedies of Seneca Translated_
+(London, 1702); Kingery, _Three Tragedies of Seneca_ (New York, 1908);
+Harris, _The Tragedies of Seneca Translated_ (The Clarendon Press,
+1904).
+
+Metres: Anapaestic Dimeter Acatalectic with Anapaestic Dipody,
+G. & L. 777, 780, 782: _Selection_ 1. Dactylic Hexameter, B. 368; A. &
+G. 615: _Selection_ 2.
+
+_1._ Cf. Horace, _Carmen_, 1. 3. 9-40. 1. Audax: cf. ll. 24, 39. nimium:
+cf. l. 8. 7, 8. With too slight a partition dividing the ways of life
+and death, i.e. separating from himself by merely a thin plank the sea
+in which he would perish. Cf. Juvenal, 12. 57-59. Line 7 nearly equals
+inter vitam et mortem. 18. Hyadas: a group of seven stars in the head of
+Taurus, whose setting at both the morning and the evening twilight was
+attended with storms. 19. Oleniae...caprae: one of the horns of the goat
+Amalthea, which fed Jupiter with its milk, was placed among the stars.
+The goat was Olenian, i.e. Aetolian. 21. Attica plaustra: Charles' Wain
+(the Great Dipper), which Bootes was imagined to drive. The latter
+constellation is called tardus as being so placed in the sky that it
+requires a long time for its setting. 24. Tiphys: the pilot of the Argo.
+28. Thessala pinus: the Argo, the first ship, which, built under the
+direction of Pallas, with Jason as leader and heroes like Hercules,
+Castor, and Pollux as crew, sailed to Colchis in the Far East in quest
+of the Golden Fleece (which perhaps originally meant the fleecy, golden
+clouds of sunrise). The Sirens, Scylla, and the Symplegades were some of
+the dangers of the journey. Medea, daughter of the king of Colchis,
+aided Jason to secure the fleece and fled with him. See Smith,
+_Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology_, 'Argonautae.'
+32. illa: the Argo. 34. montes: the Symplegades, floating rocks at the
+entrance of the Euxine, which clashed together to crush whatever might
+come between them. 36. velut...sonitu: groaned as with ethereal sound,
+i.e. dashed together with a sound like thunder. 38. mare deprensum: the
+sea caught between and forced up by the closing rocks. 42. In the prow
+of the Argo was a piece of the speaking oak of Dodona. 43. virgo Pelori:
+Scylla. 45. omnes...hiatus: opened all her mouths together. 48. dirae
+pestes: the Sirens, maidens who by sweet songs lured sailors to their
+shore and devoured them. Orpheus saved his companions by drowning the
+Sirens' song with the music of his lyre.
+
+These stories are told in _Odyssey_, 12, in Apollonius Rhodius, 4. 889
+ff., and (in English) in Charles Kingsley's _Greek Heroes_.
+
+55. Medea, abandoned by Jason for Creusa, in the later action of this
+play slays her rival and her own children. 68-72. Thule: a distant
+island not identified,--possibly Iceland, more probably the largest of
+the Shetland Islands,--regarded by the ancients as the northern limit of
+the known world.
+
+Seneca, considering the progress of maritime discovery in the past, was
+led naturally to the thought that new lands would some day be discovered
+beyond the ocean. The conception was not new. Cicero, _Tusculanae
+Disputationes_, 1. 28, speaks of a south temperate zone, cultivated and
+inhabited, unknown to us. This, of course, is not necessarily beyond the
+sea, though Mela places it there. Cicero again in _De Republica_, 6. 20
+implies that there are other islands than the Roman world surrounded by
+other seas than the Atlantic. Plato, _Timaeus_, 24-25, says that beyond
+and surrounding the Atlantic there is a vast continent, between which
+and the western coast of Europe and of Libya are a number of islands, of
+which Atlantis before its submergence was the largest. Strabo, 1. 4. 6,
+says it is quite possible that in the temperate zone there may be not
+only the island that forms the world as known to his contemporaries, but
+two such or even more, especially near the circle of latitude which is
+drawn through Athens and the Atlantic Ocean. See Smith, _Dictionary of
+Greek and Roman Geography_, 'Atlanticum mare' and 'Atlantis.'
+
+Lowell, in his _Columbus_, represents the discoverer as naming this
+passage,--said also by tradition to have made a deep impression on his
+mind,--along with Canto XXVI of Dante's _Inferno_ and Plato's _Timaeus_
+and _Critias_, as inspiring him to his attempt:
+
+ Then did I entertain the poets' song,
+ My great Idea's guest, and, passing o'er
+ That iron bridge the Tuscan built to hell,
+ I heard Ulysses tell of mountain-chains
+ Whose adamantine links, his manacles,
+ The western main shook growling and still gnawed.
+ I brooded on the wise Athenian's tale
+ Of happy Atlantis, and heard Bjorne's keel
+ Crush the gray pebbles of the Vinland shore:
+ _I listened musing to the prophecy
+ Of Nero's tutor-victim_...
+ And I believed the poets.
+
+The son of the discoverer wrote in his copy of the tragedies opposite
+these lines,--'This prophecy was fulfilled by my father, the Admiral
+Christopher Columbus, in the year 1492.'
+
+_2._ Agamemnon returns to Argos after the capture of Troy, his wife
+Clytemnestra expressing deep joy at his return. He has brought with him
+as a captive Cassandra the seer who, suddenly swooning, sees in
+prophetic frenzy Agamemnon's death and her own at the hand of
+Clytemnestra and her paramour, Aegistheus. Agamemnon worships Jupiter
+and Juno at the altar and then enters the palace to his death.
+
+1, 2. Tandem...terra. Cf. Aeschylus, _Agamemnon_, 503 ff., 810 ff.
+laris: Roman coloring. 3. diu: taken with felix. 4. Asiae: objective
+genitive, after potentes, B. 204, 1; A. & G. 349, a.
+5. vates: Cassandra. corpus: accusative of specification. 7. recipit
+diem: i.e. revives. 9. optatus ff.: with a double meaning to the
+audience. 10. Festus ff.: Troy fell immediately after the festivities
+that celebrated the withdrawal of the Greek fleet. Cf. _Aeneid_, 2. 246
+ff. 11. Cecidit ff.: for the death of Priam cf. _Aeneid_, 2. 506 ff. 13.
+Priamum: King Agamemnon's fate is to be such as King Priam's. Priam was
+slain at the altar, and these altars (aras, 1. 11) awaken forebodings.
+14. Ubi ff.: where faithless wives are, is calamity. 15. Libertas: the
+freedom of death. 19. dum excutiat deum: until she casts off the
+influence of Apollo who has thrown her into the prophetic frenzy. 21.
+pater: Jupiter. 24. cuncta: accusative of specification. 25. Argolica
+Iuno: Hera had a famous shrine at Argos. For an account of excavations
+there see Waldstein, _The Argive Heraeum_. 26. Arabumque donis: incense.
+supplice fibra: the entrails of the sacrificed animals (pecore votivo),
+whose condition was supposed to indicate the will of the gods.
+
+
+
+VII. LUCAN.
+
+39-65 A.D.
+
+Lucan, full of warmth and vehemence, eminently quotable, but, to speak
+frankly, one whom, orators rather than poets should imitate.--
+Quintilian, 10. 1. 90.
+
+When I consider that Lucan died at twenty-six, I cannot help ranking him
+among the most extraordinary men that ever lived.--
+Macaulay.
+
+The whole production (the _Pharsalia_) is youthful and unripe, but
+indicative of genuine power.--Teuffel, Schwabe, and Warr, _History of
+Roman Literature_, vol. 2, p. 78.
+
+Lucan was born in Spain; was taken early to Rome; was carefully
+educated; wrote much; and was much admired; but was disliked by Nero,
+who forbade him to publish poems or recite them, and finally put him to
+death on the charge of complicity in the conspiracy of Piso.
+
+In philosophy Lucan was a Stoic, in style a rhetorician. The
+_Pharsalia_, his only extant work, is an epic poem of about eight
+thousand lines in ten books on the civil war between Pompey and Caesar.
+
+The Cato of _Selections_ 2-5 is Cato the Younger, or 'the Stoic,' who in
+46 B.C. was in Africa in command of a part of the Republican forces
+opposed to Julius Caesar. After the decisive defeat at Thapsus he
+refused to survive the Republic, taking his own life at Utica. His
+memory was revered throughout antiquity and the Middle Ages. Vergil
+makes him the lawgiver of Elysium (_Aeneid_, 8. 670), and Dante
+represents him as the warden of Purgatory, 'venerable,' his countenance
+adorned with the 'rays of the four consecrated stars,' his form destined
+to shine brightly on the last day.
+
+ For her [i.e. Liberty] to thee not bitter
+ Was death in Utica, where thou didst leave
+ The vesture, that will shine so, the great day.
+
+See Longfellow's translation of the _Purgatorio_, with notes, Canto I.
+
+Haskins, _Lucani Pharsalia_, Introduction, pp. 59-60, examines all
+allusions to Cato in the _Pharsalia_, and concludes that the picture is
+in its main outlines truthful, though the failure to depict 'the
+cross-grained perversity that moved the complaints of Cicero' makes it
+somewhat one-sided. 'Of course the portrait is colored by a loving hand:
+but it is none the worse for that.'
+
+For Reference: Teuffel, Schwabe, and Warr, _History of Roman
+Literature_, vol. 2, p. 78 ff. Haskins, _Lucani Pharsalia_ (London,
+1889).
+
+Metre: Dactylic Hexameter, B. 368; A. & G. 616.
+
+_2._ 4. deis placuit: that Caesar 'had the strongest battalions' proves
+that 'Heaven' was 'on his side.'
+
+_3._ Cato, proceeding by land from the neighborhood of Cyrene toward
+Numidia, and coming to the temple of Jupiter Ammon,--geographically
+misplaced by Lucan,--is advised by Labienus to consult the god
+concerning the outcome of the war and the nature of virtue. The
+selection gives his reply. 1. mente gerebat: of. Seneca, _Epistula_ 4.
+12 (41). 1, 2. 'God is near you, is with you, is within you. I have this
+to say, Lucilius: a sacred spirit has his abode within us.' 3. Labiene:
+Caesar's former second-in-command, who went over to Pompey's side at the
+beginning of the Civil War and was finally slain at Munda. 5. et: even.
+6, 7. Fortuna perdat minas: whether Fortune threatens vainly. 8.
+et...honestum: and whether the right never grows more, right by success.
+10. Haeremus ff.: We are in constant intercourse with heaven.--Haskins.
+11. Sponte dei: by the inspiration of God.--Haskins. 12, 13.
+dixit...licet: the inner light of conscience. auctor: the Creator.
+15-17. These lines suggested the passage in Wordsworth's Tintern Abbey:
+
+ I have felt...a sense sublime
+ Of something far more deeply interfused,
+ Whose dwelling is the light of setting suns,
+ And the round ocean, and the living air,
+ And the blue sky, and in the mind of man;
+ A motion and a spirit that impels
+ All thinking things, all objects of all thought,
+ And rolls through all things.
+
+virtus: Grotius quotes Hierocles: 'God hath not upon earth a place more
+truly his than the pure heart,' and the Pythian oracle: 'I joy in
+reverent mortals even as in Olympus.' Superos...ultra: Why further do we
+seek the gods? Iuppiter...moveris: All that you see, and all your
+feelings, that is Jupiter.--Haskins. Cf. Seneca, _De Beneftciis_, 4. 8:
+Quocumque te flexeris, ibi ilium videbis occurrentem tibi: nihil ab illo
+vacat, opus suum ipse implet. 22. Servata fide: true to his word. 23.
+populis: dative, to the multitude, i.e. of Orientals waiting to consult
+the oracle.
+
+_4._ 10. Fortuna fuit: i.e. was due to fortune rather than to virtue.
+Fortuna is predicate nominative. 14. quam...Iugurthae: i.e. than to win
+the victories of Marius.
+
+_5._ This noble portrait is that of an ideal Stoic. Roman life had been
+deeply imbued with this philosophy, which had passed beyond the limits
+of the schools to become at once a religious creed and a practical code
+of morals for everyday use. See Mackail, _Latin Literature_, p. 171. 2.
+servare...tenere: to hold fast the mean, to observe the due limit. These
+and the following phrases are Stoic formulae. 4. Cf. Seneca, _Epistula_
+95 (15.3). 52-53, where he says 'we are members of a great body.' 'Let
+this line be both in our hearts and on our lips:
+
+ "Human I am,
+ And every human interest is mine."'
+
+See the entire passage. 12. sibi nata: selfish.
+
+
+
+VIII. STATIUS.
+
+40-95 A.D.
+
+Statius, whose father before him was a poet, was born at Naples. His
+works consist of the _Thebais_, an epic in imitation of the _Aeneid_ and
+having for its subject the story of the Seven against Thebes; the
+_Achilleis_, intended to celebrate the deeds of Achilles, but never
+completed; and the _Silvae_, a collection of thirty-one miscellaneous
+poems, of which our selection is one.
+
+For Reference: Fr. Vollmer, _Silvae_, Leipzig, 1898.
+
+Metre: Dactylic Hexameter, B. 368; A. & G. 615.
+
+_1._ 1. placidissime divum: cf. Statius, _Thebais_, 10. 126, 127:
+mitissime divum, Somne; Ovid, 11. 623-625-.
+
+ Somne, quies rerum, placidissime Somne deorum,
+ pax animi, quem cura fugit, qui corda diurnis
+ fessa ministeriis mulces reparasque labori;
+
+and Shakspere, _Macbeth_, II. 2. 37 ff.:
+
+ Sleep that knits up the ravelled sleave of care,
+ The death of each day's life, sore labour's bath,...
+ Chief nourisher in life's feast.
+
+4. simulant...somnos: rounded tree-tops take the semblance of tired
+sleep. cacumina might mean mountain tops, but the parallelism of the
+passage with _Aeneid_, 4. 522-528 favors the interpretation as tree-tops.
+The trees, their rounded outline no longer broken by the winds,
+seem to sleep as if exhausted by their tossing. 6. terris...adclinata:
+we are reminded of those Elgin marbles which represent Thalassa, the
+personified sea, as resting in the lap of Gaea, the personified land.
+Cf. with lines 3-7 Goethe, _Wanderer's Nachtlied_, 1-6: 'Uber allen
+Gipfeln Ist Ruh, In allen Wipfeln Spurest du Kaum einen Hauch; Die
+Vogelein schweigen im Walde.' 7. Septima...Phoebe: the seventh moon-lit
+night. 8, 9. totidem...lampades: a second expression of the thought that
+it is the seventh night since he has slept. Oetaeae Paphiaeque: the
+planet Venus is called Oetaean since poetical tradition pictures it as
+shining from above Oeta, a mountain of Thessaly; and Paphian because the
+goddess Venus, whose star it is, was worshipped with especial devotion
+at Paphos in Cyprus. lampades: each nightly appearance of the star is
+poetically thought of as the kindling of a new torch. Tithonia: Aurora,
+the dawn, wife of Tithonus, to whom she had been able to give
+immortality, but not eternal youth. She is thought of as sprinkling the
+dew from the lash with which she drives her chariot team. 13. Argus:
+Io's thousand-eyed custodian, who was sacer, devoted to death, since he
+was doomed to be slain by Hermes, her liberator. 18. leviter...transi:
+pass lightly hovering above me.
+
+Wordsworth's three sonnets _To Sleep_ should all be compared. The best
+is as follows:
+
+ A flock of sheep that leisurely pass by,
+ One after one; the sound of rain and bees
+ Murmuring; the fall of rivers, winds, and seas,
+ Smooth fields, white sheets of water and pure sky;
+ I have thought of all by turns and still do lie
+ Sleepless! and soon the small birds' melodies
+ Must hear, first uttered from my orchard trees;
+ And the first cuckoo's melancholy cry.
+ Even thus last night and two nights more I lay,
+ And could not win thee, Sleep, by any stealth;
+ So do not let me wear to-night away:
+ Without thee what is all the morning's wealth?
+ Come, blessed barrier between day and day,
+ Dear mother of fresh thoughts and joyous health!
+
+
+
+IX. MARTIAL.
+
+43-104 A.D.
+
+He was a man of genius, of quick intelligence and vivacity, with a great
+deal of wit and pungency in his writings, and at the same time great
+candour.--Pliny, _Epistula_ 3. 21 (Sellar's translation).
+
+Martial was born at Bilbilis in Spain. At twenty-three years of age he
+came to Rome, where he resided for thirty-five years in limited
+circumstances, returning to his birthplace three years before his death.
+He composed fourteen books of Epigrams.
+
+As a man he was social and popular. As a writer he was eminently sincere
+(except when playing the courtier), natural, and witty. He had no equal
+among the poets of his time as a lifelike painter of the actual world of
+his day.
+
+For Reference: Sellar and Ramsay, _Extracts from Martial_ (Edinburgh,
+1884), Introduction; Teuffel, Schwabe, and Warr, _History of Roman
+Literature_, vol. 2, p. 121 ff.; Friedlander, _Martialis Epigrammaton
+Libri_ (Leipzig, 1886); Paley and Stone, _Select Epigrams from Martial_
+(London, 1881).
+
+Metres: Choliambic, A. & G. 618, a, b, c. _Selections_ 4, 12.
+Phalaecian, A. & G. 623, 624,625. 11: _Selections_ 1, 5, 7, 11. Elegiac,
+B. 369, 1, 2; A. & G. 616: _Selections_ 2, 3, 8, 9, 10, 13.
+
+_1._ 5. tu: the attorney who is conducting Martial's case. 6. periuria
+ff.: to a Roman the name of Carthaginian (_Punicus_) was a synonym for
+treachery. 7. Muciosque: Mucius, when captured in an attempt to
+assassinate King Porsena, showed his insensibility to threats by
+voluntarily holding his hand in the flame of an altar. Livy, 2. 12. The
+plurals in this line may be rendered by _Sullas, Mariuses_, etc.
+
+_4._ Bassus is met at various points on the Appian Way farther and
+farther out from Rome. 1. pluit: because of the leaky aqueduct above. 2.
+Phrygium...ferrum: the priests of Cybele washed their knives in the
+Almo, a branch of the Tiber near Kome. 3. Horatiorum...campus: the
+traditional scene of the combat between the Horatii and Curiatii. 4.
+pusilli: the statue is small. fervet: is alive with worshippers. 10.
+coronam: hoop. 12. nondum victa faba: too young yet to crunch the bean.
+15. Immo: No indeed!
+
+_5._ 2. sed...fenestra: window-gardens were common in Rome.
+4. nemus Dianae: i.e. a forest of 'big timber.' 7. corona: not
+understood. 16. sus Calydonius: the type of a huge and ferocious wild
+animal. 17. ungue Prognes: the talon of Progne, i.e. of the swallow. For
+myth see _Harper's Classical Dictionary_, 'Tereus.' 20. et...picata: a
+nut will take the place of the pitch-bedaubed dolium. 22, 23.
+praedium...prandium: lands...a lunch.
+
+_6._ To a friend who has long been saying that to-morrow he will change
+it all and really live. 4. In the Orient, the region of the sunrise, is
+where that happy to-morrow is hiding, if anywhere. 5. These two are
+types of longevity.
+
+_7._ 4. focus perennis: a kitchen fire never idle. 5. toga rara:
+a dress suit seldom. The toga was connected with burdensome duties, as
+with the service of client to patron. 6. vires ingenuae: a gentleman's
+measure of strength. 10. torus: wife. 12. quod...malis: Martial's
+principle in life, 'to be yourself and not strive to be somebody else.'
+
+_8._ The eruption is that of 79 A.D., which destroyed Herculaneum and
+Pompeii. Epistles 6. 16 and 6. 20 of the younger Pliny, and the final
+chapters of Bulwer-Lytton's _Last Days of Pompeii_ may be read in this
+connection. 1. modo: but now. 2. presserat lacus: had filled the vats.
+3. Nysae: a mountain in India where, according to the myth, Bacchus was
+born. 5. Veneris sedes: Venus was the protecting deity of Pompeii. 6.
+Herculaneum was named from and protected by Hercules. 7. mersa favilla:
+Pliny, writing of the eruption, says, Epistula 6. 20. 18, 'Everything
+was covered with deep ashes as with snow.' 8. nec...sibi: and the gods
+could wish they had not been permitted this.
+
+_9._ When Brutus, the slayer of Caesar, committed suicide after the
+defeat at Philippi, his wife Porcia also took her own life. The common
+story was that her friends, suspecting her design, removed all weapons
+out of her way, and that she thereupon destroyed herself by swallowing
+live coals. The real fact may have been that she suffocated herself by
+the vapor of a charcoal stove,--a common method of suicide with the
+Romans. 4. fatis: by his death. patrem: Cato the Younger, who slew
+himself at Utica after the disastrous battle at Thapsus. 6. ferrum:
+emphatic.
+
+_10._ 1. Arria: the wife of Caecina Paetus. In 42 A.D., on the
+charge of conspiracy against the government, Paetus was ordered by the
+Emperor Claudius to put an end to his own life. When he hesitated, Arria
+stabbed herself and handed him the dagger, saying, _Paete, non dolet_.
+
+Pliny, _Epistula_ 3. 16. 6, says of her conduct on another occasion
+when, fearing the effect of the news on her husband, then dangerously
+ill, she concealed from him the death of their son:
+
+Glorious indeed that act of hers, to bare the steel, to thrust her bosom
+through, to draw the dagger forth, to hand it to her husband, to add
+words immortal and almost divine, 'Paetus, I feel no pain!' But, doing
+this and saying this, glory and eternal fame were in her thought. How
+much greater is it, without the prize of fame, without the prize of
+glory, to hide the tears, conceal the grief, and, bereaved of a son,
+still to act the mother! 4. sed...dolet: i.e. it is your wound that will
+give me pain.
+
+_11._ 1. Flaminiam: sc. viam. 2. noli...marmor: the roads leading out
+from Rome were lined with tombs. 3. salesque Nili: Paris appears to have
+been an Egyptian. 6. omnea Veneres Cupidinesque: imitation of Catullus,
+3. 1 (_Selection_ 3. 1). 7. Paris: a popular Roman actor, put to death
+by Domitian.
+
+_12._ This and the following selection are in memory of a child whose
+parents were slaves on Martial's estate. 1. senibus cygnis: 'swans sing
+sweetest when they die.' Notice that all the objects with which Erotion
+is compared in lines 1-6 are white. Martial is thinking of the whiteness
+of her complexion, a quality admired by the Romans. 2. The Tarentine
+wool was highly prized. 4. lapillos: pearls. 5. dentem: tusk. 7. Baetici
+gregis: the flocks on the Guadalquivir whose wool was naturally of a
+yellowish color. 8. Rhenique nodos: the hair of the Germans gathered
+into a club. Erotion's hair was the light flaxen of the Teutonic type.
+9. Paesti: a city in Lucania, celebrated for its twice-blowing roses,--
+Vergil, _Georgics_, 4. 119, biferi rosaria Paesti. 10. Atticarum
+cerarum: Attica--and particularly Mt. Hymettus--was famous for its
+honey. 11. Martial several times refers to the agreeable odor of amber
+when warmed by holding or rubbing with the hand. 13. sciurus: derived
+from Greek [Greek: skia] and [Greek: oura], lit. 'the shadow-tail.' Our
+word 'squirrel' comes through the Late Latin diminutive forms,
+scuriolus, squirolus, squirelus. 19. pariter: in like manner with
+myself. 20. vernulae: contrasted with nobilem of line 22. 23. Quid esse
+fortius potest: Can any one display more fortitude? 24. Ducenties: lit.
+20,000,000 sesterces, here of indefinite value.
+
+_13._ Martial at the tomb which has just received Erotion's ashes
+appeals to his dead parents to keep the child from fear at sight of the
+'black spectres' and monstrous Cerberus. 2. oscula: in apposition to
+puellam. 5. modo:, just. In six days she would have been six years old.
+7. patronos: protectors, i.e. Fronto and Flacilla. 9, 10. nec...fueris:
+sit tibi terra levis, of ten found as S. T. T. L., is a phrase common
+upon Roman tombstones.
+
+In another epigram (10. 61), a translation of which by Leigh Hunt
+follows, the poet, about to depart finally from the estate where Erotion
+is buried, thus beautifully commends to his successors the care of her
+tomb:
+
+ Underneath this greedy stone
+ Lies little sweet Erotion;
+ Whom the Fates, with hearts as cold,
+ Nipped away at six years old.
+ Thou, whoever thou mayest be,
+ That hast this small field after me,
+ Let the yearly rites be paid
+ To her little slender shade;
+ So shall no disease or jar
+ Hurt thy house or chill thy Lar;
+ But this tomb be here alone
+ The only melancholy stone.
+
+
+
+X. JUVENAL.
+
+About 55-138 A.D.
+
+Facunde Iuvenalis.--Martial, 7. 91. 1.
+
+Irati histrionis exsul.--Sidouius Apollinaris, _Carmen_ 9. 273.
+
+Quidquid agunt homines, votum, timor, ira, voluptas, gaudia, discursus,
+nostri est farrago libelli.--_Satira_ 1. 85-86.
+
+Facit indignatio versum.--_Satira_ 1. 79.
+
+Satire appears to have originated in impromptu dramatic performances. It
+was looked upon by the Romans as a purely native product. Quintilian
+says of it (10. 1. 93) satura quidem tota nostra eat. The word seems to
+be connected with the adjective satur, the distinctive mark of the
+earlier satire being fulness and variety. As lanx satura is a dish
+filled with various kinds of fruit, so satire in this earlier sense is a
+poem which may deal with any subject and employ several measures and
+languages. With Lucilius, satire, while retaining its dramatic and
+discursive character, became didactic as well, and thus the word assumed
+its modern signification.
+
+The principal names in the history of Roman satire are Ennius (239-160
+B.C.), Lucilius (148-103 B.C.), Varro (116-27 B.C.), Horace (65-8 B.C.),
+Persius (34-62 A.D.), Seneca the Younger (3 B.C.-65 A.D.), Petronius
+(flourished about 60 A.D.), and Juvenal.
+
+Juvenal was born at Aquinum in Latium and was the son or foster son of a
+wealthy freedman. He practised declamation till middle life, was tribune
+of the first Dalmatian cohort, was for some reason banished (the story
+says for verses offensive to an actor who had influence at court), and
+died while in exile. He was a friend of the poet Martial.
+
+We possess sixteen of his satires divided into five books. 'Those which
+are most characteristic portray the vices of Roman society with
+passionate, unsparing ferocity' and in an extremely highly colored
+style. In some passages the most prominent quality is wit, which
+consists chiefly in the exaggerated and strongly contrasted situations.
+Other passages reach a lofty height of moral earnestness and dignity.
+
+For Reference: Wright, _Juvenal_ (Boston, 1901); Mayor, _Juvenal_
+(London, 1886).
+
+Metre: Dactylic Hexameter, B. 368; A. & G. 615.
+
+_1._ 1 ff. Praeneste, Volsiniis, Gabiis, Tiburis: country towns at a
+moderate distance from Rome. ruinam: 'The spontaneous collapse of the
+tenement houses was such a common occurrence that nobody paid attention
+to it, though it is an event that would fill our newspapers with a
+thrilling subject for days....There were companies formed for the
+purpose of propping...houses.'--Lanciani, _Ruins and Excavations of
+Ancient Rome_, Conclusion, p. 563. The entire chapter should be read in
+connection with this selection. 3. proni: i.e. on a hillside. 4. urbem:
+i.e. Rome. tibicine: prop. 5. labentibus: the falling walls. 6. vilicus:
+the owner's agent. 8. incendia: fires were common at Rome. Especially
+memorable were the great conflagrations in the reigns of Nero, Titus,
+and Commodus. The Temple of Vesta was almost or entirely destroyed five
+times by fire. 10. Ucalegon: your neighbor on the next floor below;
+called Ucalegon because iam proximits ardet, Vergil, _Aeneid_, 2. 311.
+tabulata tertia: the third or attic story where you live. 11.
+trepidatur: the cry of 'Fire!' is raised. 13. ultimus ardebit: and
+likewise will get the alarm last. 14. Codro: any poor man in this
+situation. Procula minor: too short for Tom Thumb. Procula was probably
+a dwarf. urceoli: displayed on the sideboard, or abacus, beneath which
+was a reclining statuette of the Centaur Chiron. 17. Iam: modifies
+vetus. 18. divina carmina: the Greek books just mentioned. opici: a name
+given by the Greek colonists of southern Italy to the native races.
+Since these were of inferior refinement, the word came to mean
+barbarian. It is applied to the mice since they destroy the manuscripts.
+20, 21. ultimus cumulus: the last straw. 21. frusta: a mouthful of
+food. 23. Asturici: type of a rich man. 24. differt vadimonia: puts off
+the time at which the defendant had given security (vadimonium) to
+appear. 26. Ardet: impersonal. 28. Euphranoris: a Greek sculptor of the
+fourth century B.C. Polycliti: a Greek sculptor of the fifth century
+B.C. He made a famous gold and ivory statue of Hera. 29. ornamenta
+deorum: stolen from some temple. Roman conquerors and governors (like
+Napoleon in modern times) freely robbed subject countries of works of
+art. 30. forulos mediamque Minervam: bookcases and a Minerva among them.
+A 'bust of Pallas,' the goddess of wisdom, is appropriate to a library.
+32. Persicus: the same person as Asturicus. The name is given because of
+the reputed wealth of the Orient. So our expression 'nabob' originally
+meant a viceroy in India. Cf. Milton, _Paradise Lost_, 2. 3-4:
+
+ where the gorgeous East, with richest hand,
+ Showers on her kings barbaric pearl and gold.
+
+orborum lautissimus: richest of childless men. It is on this account
+that all assist him, hoping eventually to receive a legacy. Asturicus
+understands their motive; hence Juvenal's humorous suspicion.
+
+34 ff. avelli: middle. circensibus: the games consisted of many kinds of
+entertainment, especially chariot racing. As with the opera to-day for
+lovers of music, these games formed one of the chief attractions of life
+in a great city. Sorae, Fabrateriae, Frusinone: these are country towns
+of Latium. 36. tenebras: a dark hole. 37. brevis: shallow. 40.
+Pythagoreis: Pythagoras, believing that the human soul might pass into
+one of the lower animals after death, forbade animal food to his
+disciples. 42. unius dominum lacertae: i.e. of the small area which
+would be necessary to furnish food to one lizard.
+
+43. Plurimus aeger: many sick men. aeger, though singular, is used for a
+plural with the adjective of plural signification. vigilando: the final
+o is short. 44. inperfeptus: undigested. 45. ardenti: inflamed.
+meritoria: lodgings. 46. Magnis opibus: ablative of price. Martial says,
+12. 57. 4, 'There is no place in Rome for a poor man to sleep.' Wagons
+were not allowed under ordinary circumstances to pass through the
+streets till the late afternoon, so that the heavy teaming was at night.
+47. arto: the medium width of the principal living streets of Rome was
+only from 16 to 20 feet. 48. stantis oonvicia mandrae: the mingled
+noises of the penned-up herd, i.e. the abuse of the drivers and the
+lowing of the animals. 49. Druso: probably the Emperor Claudius, who was
+lethargic. vitulis marinis: Pliny says, _Natural History_, 9. 42, that
+no animal sleeps more soundly than the seal. 50. officium: e.g. the duty
+of attendance on his patron. 53. clausa fenestra: effected in some
+instances by drawing the curtains, in others by closing the windows of
+mica. 55. unda prior: the human tide, or surging crowd in front. 56.
+assere: the chances were that this would be the pole of a litter, as
+that of the rich man just mentioned. 59. clavus militis: the soldier's
+boot was studded with hobnails. 60. quanto celebretur sportula fumo: in
+the midst of how great a smoke they throng after the sportula. The
+sportula is in this instance the food given by the patron to the client
+in return for his attendance. 61. convivae: the clients. culina: a
+portable kitchen to keep the food warm. 62. Corbulo: type of a
+strongman; as we might say 'a Samson.' Tacitus, _Annales_, 13. 8,
+describes a Roman general of this name as ingens corpore. 65. longa ff.:
+a long fir tree sways to and fro as its trucks come on. A similar
+picture of the crowded city streets is found in Horace, _Epistulae_, 2.
+2. 70. 68. procubuit: once falls over. saxa Ligustica: the marble from
+Luna on the border between Etruria and Liguria. The Romans knew hundreds
+of varieties of marble and used them in vast quantities. 'As Tibullus
+says, the streets of the city were always obstructed by carts laden with
+transmarine columns and blocks,--columns measuring sometimes 1.97 metres
+in diameter and 17.66 metres in length, like those of Trajan's temple;
+or blocks weighing sometimes 27 tons.'--Lanciani, _Ruins and Excavations
+of Ancient Rome_, p. 524. 71. Obtritum perit more animae: ground to
+powder, is gone like a breath. 72. domus: the slaves, pueri, of the
+client just killed. Even a poor man might have several. 74. striglibus:
+to remove perspiration or oil from the body. gutto: oil cruet. 76. ripa:
+of the Styx. Cf. for the scene Vergil, _Aeneid_, 6. 298 ff. novicius: a
+complete stranger, i.e. never having died before,--a grim joke.
+Juvenal's wit has been called 'the earliest known instance of American
+humor.'--Peck and Arrowsmith, _Roman Life_, etc. 77. nec sperat: he
+cannot cross the Styx since he has not received the rites of burial. 78.
+porrigat ore: offer with his mouth. A coin was often put in the mouth of
+the dead to pay Charon's fee. 80. Spatium: i.e. how high the roofs are.
+Cicero describes Rome as 'suspended in the air.' Some of the houses were
+100 feet in height. 83. silicem: even the volcanic stone which forms the
+pavement of the street is broken. 85 ff. quot patent vigiles fenestrae:
+this may be punningly rendered,--as many as there are windows up.--Peck
+and Arrowsmith, _Roman Life_, etc.
+
+_2._ 9. sacellis: the shrines of the Lares found in every house. The
+common offering at them was a pig. 10. tomacula: minced meat. 17.
+Sardanapali: effeminate and luxurious, the last king of Assyria. When a
+conspiracy against him was about to succeed, he burned himself with his
+treasures. Byron has a drama _Sardanapalus_. 19. virtutem: Virtueland.
+20. Nullum numen abest: the gods are all on the side of the provident.
+Fortune is no deity and only we mistaken men think her such.
+
+_3._ 3. quae lacrimas dedit: i.e. in that she gave us tears. haec: i.e.
+sympathy. 4. ergo: i.e. this gift of tears implies that, etc. 5.
+squaloremque rei: persons on trial often appeared in court with unshorn
+beard, unwashed toga, and other signs of mourning. 6. circumscriptorem:
+his dishonest guardian. 7. puellares capilli: boys wore long hair till
+they put on the toga virilis. 10, 11. minor igni rogi: minor with the
+ablative here means too small for. It was unusual to burn the bodies of
+very young children. face dignus arcana: i.e. worthy of initiation into
+the Eleusinian mysteries. On the fifth day of the festival the initiated
+marched in a torch-light procession from Athens to Eleusis. They must be
+holy in thought and deed. 13. mutorum: dumb animals. venerabile:
+reverential. 14. divinorumque capaces: with a capacity to know God. 16.
+sensum ff.: a feeling from above, i.e. sympathy. Man with his religious
+nature, with his power to practice the arts, and his erect posture, is
+given this also as a crowning mark of distinction from the lower
+creation. 18. indulsit: in his goodness gave. 19, 20. tantum animas:
+merely life. animum: a soul. mutuus adfectus: a feeling of brotherhood.
+24. tutos: protected by. 25. collata fiducia: confidence due to union.
+27. defendier: archaic form of defendi.
+
+_4._ 1. Di: sc. date or dent. sine pondere terram: cf. Martial,
+_Selection_ 13. 9, 10 and note. 2. spirantis: fragrant. perpetuum ver:
+because the urn is always supplied with flowers.
+
+2. procul, a procul inde: a part of the formula used to warn away the
+unhallowed from sacred rites. Cf. Vergil, _Aeneid_, 6. 258, procul, o
+procul este profani. The phrase, accordingly, has attached to it a
+religious earnestness and solemnity, like In the name of God, away! 3.
+pernoctantis parasiti: the contemptible guest who, for a dinner, stays
+all night, entertaining his host with low songs. 5. nec contempseris
+annos: do not think your child too young to observe and imitate.
+
+
+
+XI. HADRIAN.
+
+76-138 A.D.
+
+Hadrian was of Spanish descent and related to Trajan, whom he succeeded
+as emperor in 117. His reign, except its closing years, was noteworthy
+for good legislation, for the construction of magnificent buildings, and
+for his journeys to every part of the Empire.
+
+Metre: Iambic Dimeter Acatalectic, G. & L. 757, 765.
+
+_1._ The emperor is said by Spartianus to have composed this poem upon
+his death-bed.
+
+The diminutives express affection and compassion.
+
+4. pallidula and rigida refer to animula, the soul being conceived as
+presenting the appearance of the dead body. nudula also refers to
+animula, as disembodied, or, metaphorically speaking, 'unclothed'; cf. 2
+Corinthians 5. 3, 4 and Plato, _Cratylus_, 403 B,' the soul denuded of
+the body.' Line 5 is equivalent to a fourth adjective, sad.
+
+The passage contains an unusual number of words which occur but once
+(vagula, blandula, nudula), or very rarely (pallidula).
+
+Pope translates:
+
+ Ah, fleeting Spirit! wand'ring fire,
+ That long hast warm'd my tender breast,
+ Must thou no more this frame inspire?
+ No more a pleasing, cheerful guest?
+ Whither, ah whither art thou flying?
+ To what dark, undiscover'd shore?
+ Thou seem'st all trembling, shiv'ring, dying,
+ And Wit and Humor are no more.
+
+At Steele's request that he should write an ode in imitation of
+Hadrian's poem, but of a 'cheerful dying spirit' Pope composed the hymn:
+
+ Vital spark of heav'nly flame!
+ Quit, oh quit this mortal frame:
+ Trembling, hoping, ling'ring, flying,
+ Oh the pain, the bliss of dying! etc.
+
+
+
+XII. ANONYMOUS.
+
+Metre: Dactylic Hexameter, B. 368; A. & G. 615.
+
+_1._ 1. Lindi: a city of Rhodes. 2. Ephyra: another name for Corinth. 7.
+Cecropius: Attic. Cecrops was the first king of Athens. induperabit:
+indu is an old form of in.
+
+
+
+SACRED LATIN POETRY.
+
+The Latin hymns differ from classical poetry in that accent and rhyme
+prevail instead of syllabic quantity. This is in accordance with the
+genius of a language which never disregarded accent and in which rhyme
+occurs even in its earliest extant literature, as in Ennius'
+_Andromacha_:
+
+ Haec omnia vidi inflammari,
+ Priamo vi vitam evitari, etc.
+
+Among the famous authors of Latin hymns are Adam of St. Victor; St.
+Ambrose; Fortunatus; Robert the Second, King of France; Bernard of
+Clairvaux; Bernard of Cluny; and Abelard. Among the greatest of the
+hymns are the Te Deum, the Veni, Creator Spiritus, the Stabat Mater, the
+Veni, Sancte Spiritus, the Dies Irae, the Ut Iucundas, the Iesu, Dulcis
+Memoria, and the Hora Novissima.
+
+For Reference: Trench, _Sacred Latin Poetry_ (London, 1874); March,
+_Latin Hymns_ (New York, 1874); Daniel, _Thesaurus Hymnologicus_
+(Leipzig, 1841-1856, 5 vols.); Merrill, _Latin Hymns_ (Boston, 1904);
+Julian, _Dictionary of Hymnology_ (London, 1907). In all see indices of
+first lines.
+
+
+
+ANONYMOUS. FOR CHRISTMAS DAY.
+
+This was till recently a favorite in the Lutheran churches of Germany.
+Like most of the other hymns in this collection, it has often been
+translated; as by Schaff in his _Christ in Song_. The oldest text known
+is as early as the fourteenth century.
+
+The subject is the birth of Christ. Cf. Matthew 2. 1. Bethlehem:
+indeclinable, like most proper names of Hebrew origin. 5, 6. The ox and
+ass were believed to have occupied the stable with Christ on the
+combined authority of the Septuagint reading of Hahakkuk 3. 2: 'Between
+two animals shalt thou be known'; and of Isaiah 1. 3: 'The ox knoweth
+his owner, and the ass his master's crib.' quod: that. 7. Reges: Isaiah
+60. 3; Psalms 72. 10, 15. Saba: Psalms 72. 10, 15. 11. Sine serpentis
+vulnere: without 'original sin.' Cf. Genesis 3. 14, 15; 1 John 3. 5.
+
+
+
+FOR EASTER DAY.
+
+This fine sequence was highly esteemed by Luther and became a favorite
+in many countries. Its composition was as early as the eleventh century.
+At first sight it appears to be prose, but proves on closer examination
+to be rhymed throughout. The dialogue form made possible its dramatic
+use in the Easter Mystery Plays and the church service. For this and for
+translations see Julian, p. 1223 ff.
+
+The subject is the Resurrection. Cf. Matthew 28. 1-15; John 20. 1-18.
+
+2. Agnus: John 1. 29. oves: John 10. 11. 3. regnat: Matthew 25. 34. 4-9.
+Dic ff.: the conversation supposed to have taken place between Mary
+Magdalene and the disciples after her return from the sepulchre.
+Surrexit: Luke 24. 34.
+
+
+
+PLAUDITE CAELI.
+
+This hymn was composed by a member of the Jesuit Order. Its date is of
+the fourteenth to the sixteenth century; its subject the Resurrection.
+
+1. Plaudite: cf. Flumina plaudent manu, Psalms 97. 8; 'All the trees of
+the field shall clap their hands.'--Isaiah 55. 12. 2. aether: the upper
+air. 3, 4. Let the heights and the depths of the world rejoice. 5, 6.
+The black storm-rack has passed by. 7. almae: bountiful. 11, 12.
+pictis...campis: cf. 'daisies...do paint the meadows.'--_Love's Labour's
+Lost_, V. 2. 905. 17, 18. Full veins are metaphorical for the full
+strong flow of song. 20. Barbytha: bad spelling for barbita, lutes. 26.
+Ludite: flow merrily.
+
+The hymn has been translated into English by Mrs. Charles, _Christian
+Life in Song_, p. 184, and by Duffield, _Latin Hymns_, p. 398. The
+latter thus renders ll. 9-24:
+
+ Spring breezes are blowing,
+ Spring flowers are at hand,
+ Spring grasses are growing
+ Abroad in the land,
+
+ And violets brighten
+ The roses in bloom,
+ And marigolds heighten
+ The lilies' perfume.
+
+ Rise then, O my praises,
+ Fresh life in your veins,
+ As the viol upraises
+ The gladdest of strains,
+ For once more he sees us,
+ Alive, as he said;
+ Our holy Lord Jesus
+ Escaped from the dead.
+
+
+
+PONE LUCTUM, MAGDALENA.
+
+The subject is the appearance of the risen Christ to Mary Magdalene at
+the tomb, John 20. 11-18.
+
+1. Pone: dismiss thy grief. 3. Simonis: Mary Magdalene, as in _Dies
+Irae_, 37, is identified with 'the woman which was a sinner' of Luke 7.
+37-50, who, while Jesus sat at meal in the house of Simon, the Pharisee,
+'weeping, began to wet his feet with her tears,' 1. 4. 22, 23. Lift thy
+face, O Magdalen! Behold the risen Christ. 25. Quinque plagas: the five
+strokes are the nail prints in Jesus' hands and feet and the spear wound
+in his side, Luke 24. 40; John 20. 24-29. inspice: as Thomas and the
+other disciples beheld.
+
+Translation by Mrs. Charles, _Christian Life in Song_, p. 182.
+
+
+
+BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX.
+
+1091-1153 A.D.
+
+
+SALVE, CAPUT CRUENTATUM.
+
+This selection is taken from a hymn in seven parts, each addressing some
+member of Christ's body on the cross, the feet, the knees, etc. The
+composition is more probably by some German poet than by Bernard, but
+its supposed origin with the latter has become a subject of religious
+legend. One ancient copy describes the hymn as 'a divine and most devout
+prayer of the Abbot St. Bernard, which he made when an image of the
+Saviour with outstretched arms embraced him from the cross.' Again we
+read, 'The image on the cross bowed itself and embraced him with its
+wounded arms as a sure token that to it this prayer was most pleasing.'
+
+Julian refers to eight English metrical versions. One of the finest
+forms in which it has come into the language (through P. Gerhardt's free
+German version 'O Haupt voll Blut und Wunden') is _O sacred Head! now
+wounded_.
+
+3. Conquassatum: mangled. 7. Immutatus: 'His visage was so marred more
+than any man.'--Isaiah 52. 14. 10. All heaven shudders. The curia is the
+centre of government. 11. viror: Late Latin for viriditas, vigor; we
+might freely render brightness. 14. Expressing the extremity of
+weakness, hanging all in faintness. 19. intersigno: proof, Late Latin.
+23-25. From whose mouth I have taken honey with the sweetness of milk,
+beyond all delights. A figurative use of the story of Samson, who found
+a honeycomb in the mouth of the carcass of the lion which he had slain,
+Judges 14. 8, 9. Milk is religiously associated with honey because of
+the description of Canaan in Deuteronomy 31. 20, terram lacte et melle
+manantem. 28-30. Now that death is near Thee, lay here Thine head, rest
+in my arms. 32. gauderem: I would rejoice, were I associated with Thy
+holy passion; present contrary to fact condition. 40. absque: without,
+ante- and post-classic preposition. 46. emigrare: depart from life. Cf.
+qui e vita emigravit, Cicero, _De Legibus_, 2. 48. 49. Temetipsum: Thine
+own self. An emphatic -met is suffixed to Te.
+
+
+'JESUS, THE VERY THOUGHT OF THEE.'
+
+The author is probably St. Bernard, the abbot of Clairvaux and the great
+preacher of the Second Crusade. Few men in Christendom have ever
+exercised a personal influence equal to his.
+
+These quartrains are selected from a hymn composed of fifty such, and
+familiar to English-speaking Christians from Caswall's translation,
+_Jesus, the very Thought of Thee_, and Ray Palmer's _Jesus, Thou Joy of
+Loving Hearts_. It was a favorite of Livingstone who quotes from it in
+his _African Diary_. 'No other poem in any language,' says Julian, 'has
+furnished to English and American hymn-books so many hymns of sterling
+worth and well-deserved popularity.'
+
+Subject, Jesus.
+
+1-4. Iesu: vocative. We would expect das instead of dans and tui instead
+of eius. Supply est with praesentia.
+
+13-16.
+
+ Thou bliss of souls in bitter need,
+ Water to lip and light to eye,
+ All joy thou dost how far exceed,
+ All yearning more than satisfy.
+
+
+
+ROBERT II, KING OF FRANCE.
+
+971-1031 A.D.
+
+'COME, HOLY SPIRIT, FROM ABOVE.'
+
+Robert, the son of Hugh Capet, to whom this hymn is commonly, but
+probably incorrectly, ascribed, became king of France in 988 A.D. He
+'was a kindly, easy man, endowed with all the charming and dangerous
+virtues which commend themselves in the man and often prove fatal to the
+king. His reign was a constant struggle, first with the church for his
+wife, afterwards with his barons for his existence.'--_Encyclopaedia
+Britannica_, vol. ix, p. 536.
+
+This hymn was in the Middle Ages often called the _Golden Sequence_.
+Clichtovaeus (_Elucidatorium_, Paris, 1516, f. 171) declares it 'above
+all praise whether by reason of its wonderful sweetness...or of its
+brevity along with wealth of ideas or...of the elegant grace of its
+structure.' Trench, _Sacred Latin Poetry_, says it 'could only have been
+composed by one who had been acquainted with many sorrows and also with
+many consolations.'
+
+Julian refers to thirty-eight renderings into English. One of the best
+of these is A. P. Stanley's version, _Come, Holy Spirit, from Above_.
+
+The subject is an entreaty to the Spirit to come and to bestow His
+gifts. To the former thought belong the earlier stanzas, to the second
+thought the latter stanzas. At the beginning of the poem veni,
+emphasizing the former thought, is in its position and repetition like
+da at the close, emphasizing the latter.
+
+3. lucis: cf. lumen cordium, 1. 6, lux beatissima, 1.13. The Spirit, as
+the 'guide into all truth,' is naturally addressed as light and the
+giver of light. 7. Consolator: John 14. 16. 9. refrigerium: refreshment.
+'May God refresh thy spirit' is a phrase not uncommon in Christian
+epitaphs of the Catacombs. 7-12. Stanley renders:
+
+ O Thou, of comforters the best,
+ O Thou, the soul's most welcome guest,
+ O Thou, our sweet repose,
+ Our resting-place from life's long care,
+ Our shadow from the world's fierce glare,
+ Our solace in all woes.
+
+19, 20. Lava, Riga: John 3. 5; Isaiah 44. 3. 27. septenarium: the
+seven-fold gift. The spirit is septiformis munere, the seven gifts being
+'the spirit of wisdom,' 'of understanding,' 'of council,' 'of might,' 'of
+knowledge,' 'of piety,' and 'of the fear of the Lord,' Isaiah 11. 2, 3.
+
+
+
+ANONYMOUS.
+
+PHOENIX INTER FLAMMAS EXPIRANS.
+
+The suggestion of this beautiful poem is from _Canticles_. The date of
+composition is the seventeenth century.
+
+The subject is the soul's 'desire to depart and to be with Christ.' The
+second to the fifth stanzas take their form from the legend of the
+phoenix, a fabulous bird which was said to build its funeral pyre, to
+burn itself, singing a death-song, and to rise from its ashes in renewed
+youth. The soul, passing from this life to immortality, conceives itself
+as a phoenix consuming in the flames and singing a death-song (the
+third, fourth, and fifth stanzas).
+
+3. aegram: Canticles 2. 5. 4. Dilecto: Christ in heaven. Cf. Canticles
+2. 3. 27-30. The flame leaping toward the sky is a type of the soul in
+its eagerness to ascend to heaven. Cf.:
+
+ Rivers to the ocean run
+ Nor stay in all their course:
+ Fire ascending seeks the sun:
+ Both speed them to their source.
+ So the soul that's born of God
+ Pants to view his glorious face,
+ Upward tends to his abode
+ To rest in his embrace.
+ --Seagrave.
+
+
+
+THOMAS A CELANO.
+
+DIES IRAE.
+
+Thomas, called _a Celano_ from a small town in central Italy, was a
+Franciscan monk who lived in the thirteenth century and was custos of
+certain convents of his order on the Rhine. His authorship of this hymn
+is probable, not certain.
+
+For the literature see Julian, p. 294.
+
+In the ritual the _Dies Irae_ is used for All Souls' Day and for requiem
+masses. The most famous musical setting is by Mozart.
+
+Daniel says of this hymn, 'Each word is a peal of thunder.' Trench says,
+'The triple rhyme has been likened to blow following blow of the hammer
+on the anvil.'
+
+Goethe introduces the _Dies Irae_ into a scene of the first part of
+Faust; the remorse of Gretchen becomes overwhelming as she hears the
+hymn pealing through the cathedral, the culmination corning with the
+repetition of the words Quid sum miser tunc, dicturus?
+
+Sir Walter Scott thus quotes and summarizes at the end of _The Lay of
+the Last Minstrel_:
+
+ Far the echoing aisles prolong
+ The awful burthen of the song,--
+ DIES IRAE, DIES ILLA,
+ SOLVET SAECLUM IN FAVILLA;...
+ Thus the holy fathers sung.
+
+HYMN FOR THE DEAD.
+
+ That day of wrath, that dreadful day,
+ When heaven and earth shall pass away,
+ What power shall be the sinner's stay?
+ How shall he meet that dreadful day?
+
+ When, shrivelling like a parched scroll,
+ The naming heavens together roll;
+ When louder yet, and yet more dread,
+ Swells the high trump that wakes the dead.
+
+ Oh! on that day, that wrathful day,
+ When man to judgment wakes from clay,
+ Be THOU the trembling sinner's stay,
+ Though heaven and earth shall pass away.
+
+The same poet was heard to quote portions of the hymn on his deathbed,
+and the last words of the Earl of Roscommon, author of one of the
+well-known versions, were a rendering of line 51:
+
+ My God, my Father, and my Friend,
+ Do not forsake me in my end!
+
+Hundreds of metrical translations of this hymn exist. A good selection
+will be found in Nott, _Seven Great Hymns).
+
+1. Dies irae, dies illa, dies tribulationis et angustiae, dies
+calamitatis et miseriae, etc.--Zephaniah 1. 16. Cf. dies magnus irae,
+Revelation 6. 17. 2. Shall lay the world in glowing ashes. Cf. 2 Peter
+3. 10-12, especially 'The elements shall melt with fervent heat.' 3.
+Teste David cum Sibylla: Jew and Gentile both testify that the Day of
+Judgment shall come. As Vergil in his fourth _Eclogue_ was believed to
+have foretold Christ, so the Sibyl was thought to have prophesied the
+Day of Judgment. This was due to the still extant 'Sibylline Oracles,' a
+collection of twelve books in Greek hexameters supposed to have emanated
+from the Sibyl, but really pretended prophesies composed in the interest
+of their respective religions partly by Alexandrian Jews, partly by
+Christians. For the witness of David see Psalms 11. 5, 6; 96. 13; 97. 2,
+3. Cf. Trench, pp. 303, 304. Teste David is ablative absolute. 6.
+Discussurus: investigate, a meaning not classic in the literary
+language. 7. Tuba: 'the trumpet shall sound and the dead shall be
+raised.'--1 Corinthians 15. 52. Cf. 1 Thessalonians 4. 16. 11. creatura:
+every creature. 13. Liber scriptus: Daniel 1. 10; Revelation 20. 12. 16.
+Matthew 25. 31. 17. Luke 12. 2. 20. patronum: advocate, 1 John 2. 1. 21.
+vix iustus: 'if the righteous is scarcely saved.'--1 Peter 4. 18. 22-24.
+
+ King of awful majesty,
+ Saving sinners graciously,
+ Fount of mercy, save Thou me!
+
+23. gratis: freely, Revelation 21. 6. 28-30. Dr. Johnson frequently
+quoted this stanza with tears. 28. 'Jesus, being wearied with his
+journey, sat thus by the well.'--John 4. 6. 33. 'After a long time the
+Lord of those servants cometh and maketh a reckoning with them.'--
+Matthew 25. 19. 37. The writer identifies Mary Magdalene with 'the woman
+which was a sinner' to whom Jesus said, 'Thy sins are forgiven thee.'
+38. latronem: the penitent thief, Luke 23. 39 ff. 43-48. Matthew 25. 31
+ff. 49. acclinis: bowing before Thee. 50. A heart bruised even as ashes.
+The literal meaning of contritum, 'separated into small pieces,' is
+strongly in mind. Cf. cor contritum; Psalms 51. 17. Cor is in apposition
+with the subject of oro. 52-57. These lines adapt the hymn to the
+service. 56, 57. Note the wonderful sweetness of these lines, like calm
+after storm.
+
+BERNARD OF CLUNY.
+
+DE PATRIAE CAELESTIS LAUDE.
+
+This writer, born in Brittany of English parents and a contemporary of
+St. Bernard, was a monk in the monastery of Cluny under Peter the
+Venerable. The verses here given form the opening of his _De Contemptu
+Mundi_, a bitter satire about three thousand lines long upon the
+corruptions of the time. The passage is described by Neale as 'the most
+lovely of mediaeval poems.'
+
+The metre is dactylic hexameter with the leonine and tailed rhyme, each
+line being broken up into three parts. This measure is so difficult that
+the composer was enabled to master it only, as he believed, by a special
+inspiration; but two translators into English, Moultrie and Duffield,
+have attempted to reproduce it, as:
+
+ Here we have many fears; this is the vale of tears, the land of
+sorrow.
+ Tears are there none at all, in that celestial hall, on life's bright
+morrow.
+
+The great English rendering is by Neale in his _Rhythm of Bernard de
+Morlaix on the Celestial Country_. From this many favorite hymns have
+been drawn.
+
+The subject is the speedy coming of Christ to judge the world and the
+joys and glories of the New Jerusalem. Cf. Revelation 21 and 22.
+
+3. terminet: subjunctive of wish. 8. homo deus: the God-man; i.e.
+Christ. 10. non breve vivere: subject of retribuetur. 17. Sion: the
+church. Babylone: the world. Cf. such passages as Revelation 16. 19. 19.
+sobria: sober and impliedly watchful. Cf. 1 Thessalonians 5. 6. 24-29.
+
+ With jasper glow thy bulwarks,
+ Thy streets with emerald blaze;
+ The sardius and the topaz
+ Unite in thee their rays;
+
+ Thine ageless walls are bonded
+ With amethyst unpriced;
+ Thy saints build up its fabric,
+ And the corner-stone is Christ.
+
+ The cross is all thy splendor,
+ The crucified thy praise;
+ His laud and benediction
+ Thy ransomed people raise.
+
+ Thou hast no shore, fair ocean;
+ Thou hast no time, bright day
+ Dear fountain of refreshment
+ To pilgrims far away.
+ --Neale.
+
+26. The heavenly throng compose thy fabric and Christ is thy precious
+stone; i.e. each believer is a stone built into the structure of the
+heavenly city of which Christ, the 'living stone, elect and precious,'
+is the foundation. Cf. 1 Peter 2. 3-6. 29. Thou without shore (i.e.
+unbounded in extent), thou without time (i.e. never ceasing to flow),
+fountain that art soon a stream. 34.
+
+ Beneath thy contemplation
+ Sink heart and voice oppressed.
+ --Neale.
+
+49. Plaude...Deus:
+
+ Exult, O dust and ashes!
+ The Lord shall be thy part.
+ --Neale.
+
+
+
+HILDEBERT.
+
+1057-1184 A.D.
+
+THE HEAVENLY CITY.
+
+Hildebert, a contemporary and fellow-countryman of the Bernards, became
+Archbishop of Tours in 1125. His verses number more than ten thousand.
+
+The selection is taken from his _Address to the Three Persons of the
+Holy Trinity_.
+
+Cf. Revelation 21 and 22.
+
+3. Auctor lucis: Genesis 1. 3. 5. lapis vivua: 1 Peter 2. 4, 6. 6. Rex
+festivus: Matthew 22. 2. 12-14. Revelation 21. 4; 1 John 3. 2. 15-18.
+Cf. O civitas sancta, civitas speciosa, de longinquo te saluto, ad te
+clamo, te require.--Augustine, _De Spiritu et Anima_. 26. Revelation 21.
+24.
+
+The following is a portion of Neale's translation (_Mediaeval Hymns_,
+pp. 35-36):
+
+ Mine be Sion's habitation,
+ Sion, David's calm foundation:
+ Built by him, light's source immortal,--
+ To whose streets the cross is portal:
+ In this city, uninvaded
+ Peace,--spring endless, light unfaded:
+ Endless breath of flowerets vernal,
+ Festal melody eternal.
+ Home, no change nor loss that fearest,
+ From afar my soul thou cheerest:
+ Thee it seeketh, thee requireth,
+ Thee affecteth, thee desireth.
+
+
+---
+
+LATIN
+
+COLLEGE LATIN SERIES
+
+
+_Odes and Epodes of Horace_
+
+Edited by Professor CHARLES E. BENNETT, of Cornell University 12mo,
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+
+_Satires and Epistles of Horace_
+
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+
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+
+IN these volumes each poem is preceded by a careful analysis, giving in
+a line or two all necessary information regarding the subject, date, and
+metre.
+
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+Classification of the Odes and Epodes; Language (treating the poet's
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+
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+Lucilius; General Characteristics of the Satires; The Style of the
+Satires; Colloquial Language of the Satires; The Metres.
+
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+student all he needs to know, but never more than he will understand and
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+
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+
+_Topography and Monuments of Ancient Rome_
+
+By Professor S. B. PLATNER, Western Reserve University. 8vo, cloth, 528
+pages. Nine Maps and Plans and 95 Illustrations. Price, $3.00.
+
+THIS book is intended to serve as an introduction to the study of the
+topography of ancient Rome for students of Roman antiquities and
+history, and incidentally as a book of reference for those who have any
+special interest in the monuments which still remain. It contains an
+outline of the successive stages in the growth of the city, a discussion
+of the topography of each region, and the position of its buildings so
+far as this is known, and a detailed description of the more important
+structures.
+
+To facilitate further study, references of two classes have been added:
+first, to the sources of information in ancient literature and
+inscriptions, and second, to the most important material in current
+periodicals and the standard works on topography.
+
+The volume contains five double-page and four single-page maps, nearly
+all of which are colored. There are ninety-five illustrations, many
+reproduced from photographs.
+
+There are chapters devoted to each of the hills of Rome, to the Tiber
+and its Bridges, the Forum, the Campus Martius, Aqueducts and Sewers,
+Walls, Gates and Roads, the Sacra Via, and to the Transtiberine Region.
+
+Chapters are also devoted to Building Materials and Methods, and the
+History of the Development of the City.
+
+_Handbook of Latin Inscriptions_
+
+By W. M. LINDSAY, M.A., Fellow of Jesus College, Oxford. 16mo, cloth,
+134 pages. Price, $1.25.
+
+THE author states very clearly some of the principles of form changes in
+Latin, and gives a collection of inscriptions by way of illustration.
+These are fifty-eight in number and extend from the earliest period down
+to Imperial and Late Latin.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Readings from Latin Verse, by Curtis C. Bushnell
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK READINGS FROM LATIN VERSE ***
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