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diff --git a/33584-h/33584-h.htm b/33584-h/33584-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c2d1cfd --- /dev/null +++ b/33584-h/33584-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,2863 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=ISO-8859-1 " /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of Women As World Builders, by Floyd Dell. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> + +body { + margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; +} + +p { + margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; +} + +hr { + width: 33%; + margin-top: 1em; + margin-bottom: 1em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; +} + +table { + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; +} + +.tnote { + border: dashed 1px; + margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + padding-bottom: .5em; + padding-top: .5em; + padding-left: .5em; + padding-right: .5em; +} + +.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; +} /* page numbers */ + +.linenum { + position: absolute; + top: auto; + left: 4%; +} /* poetry number */ + + + +.sidenote + +.bb {border-bottom: solid 2px;} + +.bl {border-left: solid 2px;} + +.bt {border-top: solid 2px;} + +.br {border-right: solid 2px;} + +.bbox {border: solid 2px;} + +.center {text-align: center;} + +.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + +.u {text-decoration: underline;} + +.caption {font-weight: bold;} + +/* Images */ +.figcenter { + margin: auto; + text-align: center; +} + + +/* Poetry */ +.poem { + margin-left:10%; + margin-right:10%; + text-align: left; +} + +.poem br {display: none;} + +.poem .stanza {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;} + +.poem span.i0 { + display: block; + margin-left: 0em; + padding-left: 3em; + text-indent: -3em; +} + +.poem span.i1 { + display: block; + margin-left: 1em; + padding-left: 3em; + text-indent: -3em; +} + +.poem span.i2 { + display: block; + margin-left: 2em; + padding-left: 3em; + text-indent: -3em; +} + +.poem span.i4 { + display: block; + margin-left: 4em; + padding-left: 3em; + text-indent: -3em; +} + + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Women as World Builders, by Floyd Dell + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Women as World Builders + Studies in Modern Feminism + +Author: Floyd Dell + +Release Date: August 30, 2010 [EBook #33584] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WOMEN AS WORLD BUILDERS *** + + + + +Produced by Eleni, Suzanne Shell and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + + + + + +</pre> + + + + +<h1>WOMEN AS WORLD BUILDERS</h1> + + + +<h1>Women</h1> +<h1>as</h1> +<h1>World Builders</h1> + +<h3>Studies in</h3> +<h3>Modern Feminism</h3> + +<h4>BY</h4> +<h2>FLOYD DELL</h2> + + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 230px;"> +<img src="images/004.jpg" width="230" height="217" alt="" title="" /> +</div> + +<h4>CHICAGO</h4> +<h3>FORBES AND COMPANY</h3> +<h4>1913</h4> + + + + + +<h5>COPYRIGHT, 1913, BY<br /> +FORBES AND COMPANY</h5> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS"></a>CONTENTS</h2> + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span></p> +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="4" summary="CONTENTS"> +<tr><td align="left"><small>CHAPTER</small></td><td align="center"><small>PAGE</small></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> I The Feminist Movement</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_7">7</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> II Charlotte Perkins Gilman</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> III Emmeline Pankhurst and Jane Addams</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_30">30</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> IV Olive Schreiner and Isadora Duncan</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_41">41</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> V Beatrice Webb and Emma Goldman</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> VI Margaret Dreier Robins</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> VII Ellen Key</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_76">76</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">VIII Freewomen and Dora Marsden</td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"></td></tr> +</table></div> + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="Women_as_World_Builders" id="Women_as_World_Builders"></a>Women as World Builders</h2> + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I"></a>CHAPTER I</h2> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span></p> +<h3><a name="THE_FEMINIST_MOVEMENT" id="THE_FEMINIST_MOVEMENT">THE FEMINIST MOVEMENT</a></h3> + + +<p>The feminist movement can be dealt +with in two ways: it can be treated as +a sociological abstraction, and discussed at +length in heavy monographs; or it can be +taken as the sum of the action of a lot of +women, and taken account of in the lives of +individual women. The latter way would +be called "journalistic," had not the late +William James used it in his "Varieties of +Religious Experience." It is a method +which preserves the individual flavor, the +personal tone and color, which, after all, are +the life of any movement. It is, therefore, +the method I have chosen for this book. </p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span>The ten women whom I have chosen are +representative: they give the quality of the +woman's movement of today. Charlotte +Perkins Gilman—Jane Addams—Emmeline +Pankhurst—Olive Schreiner—Isadora +Duncan—Beatrice Webb—Emma Goldman—Margaret +Dreier Robins—Ellen +Key: surely in these women, [see also the chapter "Freewomen and Dora Marsden."] if anywhere, +is to be found the soul of modern feminism!</p> + +<p>One may inquire why certain other names +are not included. There is Maria Montessori, +for instance. Her ideas on the education +of children are of the utmost importance, +and their difference from those of +Froebel is another illustration of the difference +between the practical minds of women +and the idealistic minds of men. But Madame +Montessori's relation to the feminist +movement is, after all, ancillary. A tremendous +lot remains to be done in the way of +cooperation for the management of households +and the education of children before +women who are wives and mothers will be +set free to take their part in the work of the +outside world. But it is the setting of mothers +free, and not the specific kind of education +which their children are to receive, which +is of interest to us here.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span>Again, one may inquire why, since I have +not blinked the fact that the feminist movement +is making for a revolution of values in +sex—why I have not included any woman +who has distinguished herself by defying +antiquated conventions which are supposed +to rule the relations of the sexes. This +requires a serious answer. The adjustment +of one's social and personal relations, so far +as may be, to accord with one's own convictions—that +is not feminism, in my opinion: +it is only common sense. The attempt to +discover how far social laws and traditions +must be changed to accord with the new +position of women in society—that is a +different thing, and I have dealt with it in +the paper on Ellen Key.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span>Another reason is my belief that it is with +woman as producer that we are concerned +in a study of feminism, rather than with +woman as lover. The woman who finds her +work will find her love—and I do not doubt +will cherish it bravely. But the woman who +sets her love above everything else I would +gently dismiss from our present consideration +as belonging to the courtesan type.</p> + +<p>It is not very well understood what the +courtesan really is, and so I pause to describe +her briefly. It is not necessary to +transgress certain moral customs to be a +courtesan; on the other hand, the term may +accurately be applied to women of irreproachable +morals. There are some women +who find their destiny in the bearing and +rearing of children, others who demand independent +work like men, and still others who +make a career of charming, stimulating, and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span>comforting men. These types, of course, +merge and combine; and then there is that +vast class of women who belong to none of +these types—who are not good for anything!</p> + +<p>The first of these types may be called the +mother type, the second the worker type, +and the third—the kind of women which is +not drawn either to motherhood or to work, +but which is greatly attracted to men and +which possesses special qualities of sympathy, +stimulus, and charm, and is content +with the more or less disinterested exercise +of these qualities—this may without prejudice +be called the courtesan type. It will be +seen that the courtesan qualities may find +play as well within legal marriage as without, +and that the transgression of certain +moral customs is only incidental to the type. +Where circumstances encourage it, and +where the moral tradition is weakened by +experience or temperament, the moral customs +will be transgressed: but it is the +human qualities of companionship, and not +the economic basis of that companionship, +which is the essential thing.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span>When a girl with such qualities marries, +and she usually marries, much depends upon +the character of her husband. If her husband +appreciates her, if he does not expect +her to give up her career of charming +straightway, and restrict herself to cooking, +sewing, and the incubating of babies; and, +furthermore, if he does not baffle those qualities +in his wife by sheer failure in his own +career, then there is a happy and virtuous +marriage. Otherwise, there is separation or +divorce, and the woman sometimes becomes +the companion of another man without the +sanction of law. But she has been, it will +be perceived, a courtesan all along. And +while I do not wish to seem to deprecate her +comfortable qualities, she does not come in +the scope of this inquiry.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span>But there is another figure which I wish +I had been able to include. Not wishing to +involve my publisher in a libel suit, I refrain. +She is the young woman of the leisure class, +whose actions, as represented to us in the +yellow journals, shock or divert us, according +to our temperaments. I confess to +having the greatest sympathy for her, and +in her endeavor to create a livelier, a more +hilarious and human morale, she is doing, I +feel, a real service to the cause of women. +Our American pseudo-aristocracy is capable +to teach us, despite its fantastic excesses, +how to play. And emancipation from +middle-class standards of taste, morality, +and intellect is, so far as it goes, a +good thing. "Too many cocktails," a lady +averred to me the other day, "is better than +smugness; risque conversation far better +than none at all." And that celebrated +"public-be-damned" attitude of the pseudo-aristocracy +is a great moral improvement +over the cowardly, hysterical fear of the +neighbors which prevails in the middle class.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span>But, if I sympathize with the "hell raising" +tendency—no other phrase describes +it—of the young woman of the leisure class, +I have more pity than sympathy for the +one who is trying to realize the ideal of the +"salon." For she must, after sad experience +and bitter disillusionment, be content +with the tawdry activities which, relieved by +the orgiastic outbreaks alluded to above, +constitute social life in America.</p> + +<p>The establishment of a salon is, in itself, +a healthful ideal. If civilization were destroyed, +and rebuilt on any plan, the tradition +of the salon would be a good starting +point for the creation of a medium of satisfying +social intercourse. Social intercourse +we must have, or the best of us lapse into +boorishness. The ego only properly functions +in contact with other and various egos. +So that, in any case, we should have to have +something in the nature of our contemporary +"society." All the more do we need<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> +"society" at present, since those ancient +institutions, the church and the café, have +almost entirely lost the character of real +social centers.</p> + +<p>Recognizing this need, and supposing the +best intentions in the world, what can people +do at present in the creation of a "society" +which shall be useful to the community instead +of a laughing stock for the intelligent?</p> + +<p>That is a fair question. Many an ambitious +and idealistic young American matron +has tried to solve it. She has found that the +materials were a little scarce—the people +who could talk brilliantly are very rare. But +brilliancy is always a miracle, and it can be +dispensed with. The real trouble lies elsewhere.</p> + +<p>The fact is that in our present industrial +system the need for social life is in inverse +ratio to the opportunity for it. The people<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> +who need social intercourse are those who do +hard work. The people who have most +money and leisure, the most opportunity for +social life, are those who have too much of it, +anyway. Moreover—and this is an important +point—no one profits less by leisure +and money than those who have a great deal +of it. Consequently, the basis of "society" +today is a class of people naturally and inevitably +inferior. It is this class which +dominates "society," which gives the tone, +and which sets the standard. So long, then, +as "society" is dominated by inferiors, intelligent +men and women will not be inclined +to waste what time they have for social intercourse +in such stupid activities as those that +"society" can furnish. They will flock by +themselves, and if they become undemocratic +and unsocial as a result, that will appear to +them the lesser evil. So that, however +catholic our standards, the saloniere, as a +bounden failure, has no place in this transcript +of feminism.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span>One thing will be observed with regard to +these following papers—though they are +imbued with an intense interest in women, +they are devoid of the spirit of Romance. +I mean that attitude toward woman which +accepts her sex as a miraculous justification +for her existence, the belief that being a +woman is a virtue in itself, apart from the +possession of other qualities: in short, +woman-worship. The reverence for woman +as virgin, or wife, or mother, irrespective of +her capacities as friend or leader or servant—that +is Romance. It is an attitude which, +discovered in the Middle Ages, has added a +new glamour to existence. To woman as a +superior being, a divinity, one may look for +inspiration—and receive it. For those who +cannot be fired by an abstract idea, she gives +to imagination "some pure light in human +form to fix it." She is the sustenance of +hungry souls. Believe in her and you shall +be saved—so runs the gospel of Petrarch, +of Dante, of Browning, of George Meredith.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span>So runs not mine. I have hearkened to +the voice of modern science, which tells me +that woman is an inferior being, with a weak +body, a stunted mind, poor in creative power, +poor in imagination, poor in critical capacity—a +being who does not know how to +work, nor how to talk, nor how to play! I +hope no one will imagine that I am making +these charges up maliciously out of my own +head: such a notion would indicate that a +century of pamphleteering on the woman +question had made no impression on a mind +saturated in the ideology of popular fiction.</p> + +<p>But—I have hearkened even more +eagerly to the voice of sociology, which +tells me of woman's wonderful possibilities. +It is with these possibilities that this book +is, in the main, concerned.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span>But first the explanation of why I, a man, +write these articles on feminism. It involves +the betrayal of a secret: the secret, that is, +of the apparent indifference or even hostility +of men toward the woman's movement. The +fact is, as has been bitterly recited by the +rebellious leaders of their sex, that women +have always been what man wanted them to +be—have changed to suit his changing +ideals. The fact is, furthermore, that the +woman's movement of today is but another +example of that readiness of women to adapt +themselves to a masculine demand.</p> + +<p>Men are tired of subservient women; or, +to speak more exactly, of the seemingly subservient +woman who effects her will by +stealth—the pretty slave with all the slave's +subtlety and cleverness. So long as it was +possible for men to imagine themselves masters, +they were satisfied. But when they +found out that they were dupes, they wanted +a change. If only for self-protection, they +desired to find in woman a comrade and an +equal. In reality they desired it because it +promised to be more fun.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span>So that we have as the motive behind the +rebellion of women an obscure rebellion of +men. Why, then, have men appeared hostile +to the woman's rebellion? Because what +men desire are real individuals who have +achieved their own freedom. It will not do +to pluck freedom like a flower and give it to +the lady with a polite bow. She must fight +for it.</p> + +<p>We are, to tell the truth, a little afraid +that unless the struggle is one which will call +upon all her powers, which will try her to the +utmost, she will fall short of becoming that +self-sufficient, able, broadly imaginative and +healthy-minded creature upon whom we +have set our masculine desire.</p> + +<p>It is, then, as a phase of the great human +renaissance inaugurated by men that the +woman's movement deserves to be considered. +And what more fitting than that a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> +man should sit in judgment upon the contemporary +aspects of that movement, weighing +out approval or disapproval! Such +criticism is not a masculine impertinence but +a masculine right, a right properly pertaining +to those who are responsible for the +movement, and whose demands it must +ultimately fulfill.</p> +<p><a name="toopp" id="toopp"></a><a href="#CONTENTS">top</a></p> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II"></a>CHAPTER II</h2> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span></p> +<h3><a name="CHARLOTTE_PERKINS_GILMAN" id="CHARLOTTE_PERKINS_GILMAN"></a>CHARLOTTE PERKINS GILMAN</h3> + + +<p>Of the women who represent and +carry on this many-sided movement +today, the first to be considered from this +masculine viewpoint should, I think, be +Charlotte Perkins Gilman. For she is, to +a superficial view, the most intransigent +feminist of them all, the one most exclusively +concerned with the improvement of +the lot of woman, the least likely to compromise +at the instance of man, child, church, +state, or devil.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Gilman is the author of "Women +and Economics" and several other books of +theory, "What Diantha Did" and several +other books of fiction; she is the editor and +publisher of a remarkable journal, The Forerunner, +the whole varied contents of which +is written by herself; she has a couple of +plays to her credit, and she has published a +book of poems. If in spite of all this publicity<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> +it is still possible to misunderstand the +attitude of Mrs. Gilman, I can only suppose +it to be because her poetry is less well known +than her prose. For in this book of verse, +"In This Our World," Mrs. Gilman has so +completely justified herself that no man +need ever be afraid of her—nor any woman +who, having a lingering tenderness for the +other sex, would object to living in a beehive +world, full of raging efficient females, +with the males relegated to the position of +drones.</p> + +<p>Of course, I do but jest when I speak of +this fear; but there is, to the ordinary male, +something curiously objectionable at the +first glance in Mrs. Gilman's arguments, +whether they are for coöperative kitchens or +for the labor of women outside the home. +And the reason for that objection lies precisely<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> +in the fact that her plans seem to be +made in a complete forgetfulness of him and +his interests. It all has the air of a feminine +plot. The coöperative kitchens, and the +labor by which women's economic independence +is to be achieved, seem the means to +an end.</p> + +<p>And so they are. But the end, as revealed +in Mrs. Gilman's poems, is that one +which all intelligent men must desire. I do +not know whether or not the more elaborate +coöperative schemes of Mrs. Gilman are +practical; and I fancy that she rather exaggerates +the possibilities of independent work +for women who have or intend to have children. +But the spirit behind these plans is +one which cannot but be in the greatest +degree stimulating and beneficent in its +effect upon her sex.</p> + +<p>For Mrs. Gilman is, first of all, a poet, an +idealist. She is a lover of life. She rejoices<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> +in beauty and daring and achievement, in +all the fine and splendid things of the world. +She does not merely disapprove of the contemporary +"home" as wasteful and inefficient—she +hates it because it vulgarizes life. +In this "home," this private food-preparing +and baby-rearing establishment, she sees a +machine which breaks down all that is good +and noble in women, which degrades and +pettifies them. The contrast between the +instinctive ideals of young women and the +sordid realities into which housekeeping +plunges them is to her intolerable. And in +the best satirical verses of modern times she +ridicules these unnecessary shames. In one +spirited piece she points out that the soap-vat, +the pickle-tub, even the loom and wheel, +have lost their sanctity, have been banished +to shops and factories:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">But bow ye down to the Holy Stove,<br /></span> +<span class="i1">The Altar of the Home!<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span>The real feeling of Mrs. Gilman is revealed +in these lines, which voice, indeed, the +angry mood of many an outraged housewife +who finds herself the serf of a contraption +of cast-iron:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">... We toil to keep the altar crowned<br /></span> +<span class="i1">With dishes new and nice,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And Art and Love, and Time and Truth,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">We offer up, with Health and Youth<br /></span> +<span class="i1">In daily sacrifice.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>Mrs. Gilman is not under the illusion that +the conditions of work outside the home are +perfect; she is, indeed, a socialist, and as +such is engaged in the great task of revolutionizing +the basis of modern industry. +But she has looked into women's souls, and +turned away in disgust at the likeness of a +dirty kitchen which those souls present.</p> + +<p>Into these lives corrupted by the influences +of the "home" nothing can come unspoiled—nothing +can enter in its original stature +and beauty. She says:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> +<span class="i0">Birth comes. Birth—<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The breathing re-creation of the earth!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">All earth, all sky, all God, life's sweet deep whole,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Newborn again to each new soul!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">"Oh, are you? What a shame! Too bad, my dear!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">How well you stand it, too! It's very queer<br /></span> +<span class="i0">The dreadful trials women have to carry;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">But you can't always help it when you marry.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Oh, what a sweet layette! What lovely socks!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">What an exquisite puff and powder box!<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Who is your doctor? Yes, his skill's immense—<br /></span> +<span class="i0">But it's a dreadful danger and expense!"<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>And so with love, and death, and work—all +are smutted and debased. And her revolt +is a revolt against that which smuts and +debases them—against those artificial +channels which break up the strong, pure +stream of woman's energy into a thousand +little stagnant canals, covered with spiritual +pond-scum.</p> + +<p>It is a part of her idealism to conceive life +in terms of war. So it is that she scorns +compromise, for in war compromise is treason. +And so it is that she has heart for the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> +long, slow marshaling of forces, and the +dingy details of the commissariat—for +these things are necessary if the cry of victory +is ever to ring out over the battlefield. +Some of her phrases have so militant an air +that they seem to have been born among the +captains and the shouting. They make us +ashamed of our vicious civilian comfort.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Gilman's attitude toward the bearing +and rearing of children is easy to misapprehend. +She does seem to relegate these +things to the background of women's lives. +She does deny to these things a tremendous +importance. Why, she asks, is it so important +that women should bear and rear children +to live lives as empty and poor as +their own? Surely, she says, it is more +important to make life something worth +giving to children! No, she insists, it is not +sufficient to be a mother: an oyster can be +a mother. It is necessary that a woman +should be a person as well as a mother. She +must know and do.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span>And as for the ideal of love which is +founded on masculine privilege, she satirizes +it very effectively in some verses entitled +"Wedded Bliss":</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">"O come and be my mate!" said the Eagle to the Hen;<br /></span> +<span class="i2">"I love to soar, but then<br /></span> +<span class="i2">I want my mate to rest<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Forever in the nest!"<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Said the Hen, "I cannot fly<br /></span> +<span class="i2">I have no wish to try,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">But I joy to see my mate careering through the sky!"<br /></span> +<span class="i0">They wed, and cried, "Ah, this is Love, my own!"<br /></span> +<span class="i0">And the Hen sat, the Eagle soared, alone.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>Woman, in Mrs. Gilman's view, must not +be content with Hendom: the sky is her +province, too. Of all base domesticity, all +degrading love, she is the enemy. She gives +her approval only to that work which has in +it something high and free, and that love +which is the dalliance of the eagles.</p> +<p><a name="tooop" id="tooop"></a><a href="#CONTENTS">top</a></p> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III"></a>CHAPTER III</h2> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span></p> +<h3><a name="EMMELINE_PANKHURST_AND_JANE_ADDAMS" id="EMMELINE_PANKHURST_AND_JANE_ADDAMS"></a>EMMELINE PANKHURST AND JANE ADDAMS</h3> + + +<p>A few months ago it was rather the +fashion to reply to some political +verses by Mr. Kipling which assumed to +show that women should not be given the +ballot, and which had as their refrain:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">The female of the species is more deadly than the male!<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p>But it seems that no one pointed out that +this fact, even in the limited sense in which +it is a fact in the human species, is an argument +for giving women the vote.</p> + +<p>For if women are, as Mr. Kipling says, +lacking in a sense of abstract justice, in +patience, in the spirit of compromise; if +they are violent and unscrupulous in gaining +an end upon which they have set their hearts, +then by all means they should be rendered +comparatively harmless by being given the +ballot. For it is characteristic of a republic<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span> +that its political machinery, created in order +to carry out the will of the people, comes to +respond with difficulty to that will, while +being perfectly susceptible to other influences. +Republican government, when not +modified by drastic democratic devices, is an +expensive, cumbrous, and highly inefficient +method of carrying out the popular will; +and casting a vote is like nothing so much +as casting bread upon the waters. It shall +return—after many days. By voting, by +exercising an infinitesimal pressure on our +complex, slow-moving political mechanism, +one cannot—it is a sad fact—do much +good; but one cannot—and it should encourage +the pessimistic Mr. Kipling—one +cannot, even though a woman, do much +harm.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span>This is not, however, a disquisition on +woman suffrage. There is only one argument +for woman suffrage: women want it; +there are no arguments against it. But one +may profitably inquire, What will be the +effect of the emergence of women into politics +upon politics itself? And one may hope +to find an answer in the temperament and +career of certain representative leaders of +the woman's movement. Let us accordingly +turn to the accredited leader of the English +"votes for women" movement, and to the +woman in the American movement who is +best known to the public.</p> + +<p>That Miss Jane Addams has become +known chiefly through other activities does +not matter here. It is temperament and +career in which we are immediately interested. +What is perhaps the most outstanding +fact in the temperament of Miss +Addams is revealed only indirectly in her +autobiography: it may be called the passion +of conciliation.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span>Mrs. Emmeline Pankhurst has by her actions +written herself down for a fighter. She +has but recently been released from Holloway +jail, where she was serving a term of +imprisonment for "conspiracy and violence." +In a book by H. G. Wells, which +contains a very bitter attack on the woman's +suffrage movement (I refer to "Ann Veronica"), +she is described as "implacable"; and +I believe that it is she to whom Mr. Wells +refers as being "as incapable of argument +as a steam roller broken loose." The same +things might have been said of Sherman on +his dreadful march to the sea. These +phrases, malicious as they are, contain what +I am inclined to accept as an accurate +description of Mrs. Pankhurst's temperament.</p> + +<p>No one would call Mrs. Pankhurst a conciliator. +And no one would call Miss +Addams "implacable." It is not intended +to suggest that Miss Addams is one of those +inveterate compromisers who prefer a bad +peace to a good war. But she has the gift of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> +imaginative sympathy; and it is impossible +for her to have toward either party in a conflict +the cold hostility which each party has +for the other. She sees both sides; and even +though one side is the wrong side, she cannot +help seeing why its partisans believe in it.</p> + +<p>"If the under dog were always right," +Miss Addams has said, "one might quite +easily try to defend him. The trouble is that +very often he is but obscurely right, sometimes +only partially right, and often quite +wrong, but perhaps he is never so altogether +wrong and pig-headed and utterly reprehensible +as he is represented to be by those who +add the possession of prejudice to the other +almost insuperable difficulties in understanding +him."</p> + +<p>Miss Addams has taken in good faith the +social settlement ideal—"to span the gulf +between the rich and the poor, or between +those who have had cultural opportunities +and those who have not, by the process of +neighborliness." In her writings, as in her<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> +work, there is never sounded the note of +defiance. Even in defense of the social settlement +and its methods of conciliation +(which have been venomously assailed by +the newspapers during Chicago's fits of temporary +insanity, as in the Averbuch case), +Miss Addams has not become militant. She +has never ceased to be serenely reasonable.</p> + +<p>But when one comes to ask how powerful +Miss Addams' example has been, one is +forced to admit that it has been limited. +There are two other settlement houses in +Chicago which are managed in the spirit of +Hull House. But all the others—and there +are about forty settlement houses in the city—have +discarded almost openly the principle +of conciliation. They are efficient, or +religious, or something else, but they are +afraid of being too sympathetic with the +working class. They do not, for instance,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> +permit labor unions to meet in their halls. +The splendid social idealism of the '80s, of +which Miss Addams is representative, has +disappeared, leaving two sides angry and +hostile and with none but Miss Addams believing +in the possibility of finding any common +ground for action. One event after +another from the Pullman strike to the +Averbuch case has brought this hostility out +into the open, with Miss Addams occupying +neutral ground, and left high and dry +upon it.</p> + +<p>It is the fact that Miss Addams has not +been able to imbue the movement in which +she is a leader with her own spirit. Her +career has been successful only so far as +individual genius could make it successful. If +one compares her achievement to that of +Mrs. Pankhurst, one sees that the latter is +startingly social in its nature.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span>For Mrs. Pankhurst has called upon +women to be like herself, to display her own +Amazonian qualities. She called upon shop +girls and college students and wives and old +women to make physical assaults on cabinet +ministers, to raid parliament and fight +with policemen, to destroy property and go +to prison, to endure almost every indignity +from the mobs and from their jailers, to +suffer in health and perhaps to die, exactly +as soldiers suffer and die in a campaign.</p> + +<p>And they did. They answered her call +by the thousands. They have fought and +suffered, and some of them have died. If +this had been the result of individual genius +in Mrs. Pankhurst, transforming peaceful +girls into fighters out of hand, she would be +the most extraordinary person of the age. +But it is impossible to believe that all this +militancy was created out of the void. It +was simply awakened where it lay sleeping +in these women's hearts.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span>Mrs. Pankhurst has performed no +miracle. She has only shown to us the truth +which we have blindly refused to see. She +has had the insight to recognize in women +generally the same fighting spirit which she +found in herself, and the courage to draw +upon it. She has enabled us to see what +women really are like, just as Miss Addams +has by her magnificent anomalies shown us +what women are not like.</p> + +<p>Can anyone doubt this? Can anyone, seeing +the lone eminence of Miss Addams, assert +that imaginative sympathy, patience, +and the spirit of conciliation are the ordinary +traits of women? Can anyone, seeing the +battle frenzy which Mrs. Pankhurst has +evoked with a signal in thousands of +ordinary Englishwomen, deny that women have +a fighting soul?</p> + +<p>And can anyone doubt the effect which +the emergence of women into politics will +have, eventually, on politics? Eventually, +for in spite of their boasted independence +the decorous example of men will rule them +at first. But when they have become used<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span> +to politics—well, we shall find that we have +harnessed an unruly Niagara!</p> + +<p>In women as voters we shall have an element +impatient of restraint, straining at the +rules of procedure, cynical of excuses for +inaction; not always by any means on the +side of progress; making every mistake possible +to ignorance and self-conceit; but +transforming our politics from a vicious end +to an efficient means—from a cancer into +an organ.</p> + +<p>This, with but little doubt, is the historic +mission of women. They will not escape a +certain taming by politics. But that they +should be permanently tamed I find impossible +to believe. Rather they will subdue it +to their purposes, remold it nearer to their +hearts' desire, change it as men would never +dream of changing it, wreck it savagely in +the face of our masculine protest and merrily +rebuild it anew in the face of our despair. +With their aid we may at last achieve<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> +what we seem to be unable to achieve unaided—a +democracy.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile let us understand this suffrage +movement. Let us understand that we have +in militancy rather than in conciliation, in +action rather than in wisdom, the keynote of +woman in politics. And we males, who have +so long played in our politics at innocent +games of war, we shall have an opportunity +to fight in earnest at the side of the +Valkyrs.</p> +<p><a name="tttop" id="tttop"></a><a href="#CONTENTS">top</a></p> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV"></a>CHAPTER IV</h2> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span></p> +<h3><a name="OLIVE_SCHREINER_AND_ISADORA_DUNCAN" id="OLIVE_SCHREINER_AND_ISADORA_DUNCAN"></a>OLIVE SCHREINER AND ISADORA DUNCAN</h3> + + +<p>I hope that no one will see in the conjuncture +of these names a mere wanton +fantasy, or a mere sensational contrast. To +me there is something extraordinarily appropriate +in that conjuncture, inasmuch as +the work of Olive Schreiner and the work +of Isadora Duncan supplement each other.</p> + +<p>It is the drawback of the woman's movement +that in any one of its aspects (heightened +and colored as such an aspect often is +by the violence of propaganda) it may appear +too fiercely narrow. That women +should make so much fuss about getting the +vote, or that they should so excite themselves +over the prospect of working for +wages, will appear incomprehensible to +many people who have a proper regard for +art, for literature, and for the graces of social +intercourse. It is only when the woman's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span> +movement is seen broadly, in a variety of +its aspects, that there comes the realization +that here is a cause in which every fine aspiration +has a place, a cause from which +sincere lovers of truth and beauty have +nothing really to fear.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Olive Schreiner stands, by virtue of +her latest book, "Women and Labor," as an +exponent of the doctrine that would send +women into every field of economic activity; +or, rather, the doctrine that finds in the +forces which are driving them there a savior +of her sex from the degradation of parasitism. +In behalf of this doctrine she has +expended all that eloquence and passion +which have made her one of the figures in +modern literature and a spokesman for all +women who have not learned to speak that +hieratic language which is heard, as the +inexpressive speech of daily life is not heard, +across space and time.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span>Miss Isadora Duncan stands as representative +of the renaissance in dancing. She +has brought back to us the antique beauty of +an art of which we have had only relics and +memento in classic sculpture and decoration. +She has made us despise the frigid artifice of +the ballet, and taught us that in the natural +movements of the body are contained the +highest possibilities of choregraphic beauty. +It has been to many of us one of the finest +experiences of our lives to see, for the first +time, the marble maiden of the Grecian urn +come to life in her, and all the leaf-fringed +legends of Arcady drift before our enamored +eyes. She has touched our lives with +the magic of immemorial loveliness.</p> + +<p>But to class Olive Schreiner as a sociologist +and Isadora Duncan as a dancer, to +divorce them by any such categories, is to do +them both an injustice. For they are sister +workers in the woman's movement. They +have each shown the way to a new freedom +of the body and the soul.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span>The woman's movement is a product of +the evolutionary science of the nineteenth +century. Women's rebellions there have +been before, utopian visions there have +been, which have contributed no little to the +modern movement by the force of their tradition +and ever-living spirit. No Joan of +Arc has led men to victory, no Lady Godiva +has sacrificed her modesty—nay, even, no +courtesan has taught a feeble king how to +rule his country—without feeding the flame +of feminine aspiration. But it is modern +science which, by giving us a new view of +the body, its functions, its needs, its claim +upon the world, has laid the basis for a successful +feminist movement. When the true +history of this movement is written it will +contain more about Herbert Spencer and +Walt Whitman, perhaps, than about Victoria +Woodhull and Tennessee Claflin. In +any case, it is to the body that one looks for +the Magna Charta of feminism.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span>The eye—that is to say—is guarantor +for the safety of art in a future régime under +the dominance of women; and the ear for +poetry. These have their functions and +their needs, and the woman of the future +will not deny them.</p> + +<p>It is the hand that Olive Schreiner would +emancipate from idleness. She knows the +significance of the hand in human history. +It was by virtue of the hand that we, and +not some other creature, gained lordship +over the earth. It was the hand (marvelous +instrument, coaxing out of the directing will +an ever-increasing subtlety) that made possible +the human brain, and all the vistas of +reason and imagination by which our little +lives gain their peculiar grandeur.</p> + +<p>And this hand, if it be a woman's in the +present day, is doomed to the smallest activities. +"Our spinning wheels are all broken<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> +...Our hoes and grindstones passed from +us long ago.... Year by year, day by day, +there is a silently working but determined +tendency for the sphere of women's domestic +labors to contract itself." Even the training +of her child is taken away from the mother +by the "mighty and inexorable demands of +modern civilization." That condition is to +her intolerable; and it is on behalf of +women's empty hands that she makes her +demand: "that, in that strange new world +that is arising alike upon the man and the +woman, where nothing is as it was, and all +things are assuming new shapes and relations, +that in this new world we also shall +have our share of honored and socially useful +human toil, our full half of the labor of +the Children of Woman."</p> + +<p>And what of Miss Duncan—what is her +part in the woman's movement? In her +book on "The Dance" she tells a story: +"A woman once asked me why I dance<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span> +with bare feet, and I replied, 'Madam, I believe +in the religion of the beauty of the +human foot'; and the lady replied, 'But I +do not,' and I said: 'Yet you must, Madam, +for the expression and intelligence of the human +foot is one of the greatest triumphs of +the evolution of man.' 'But,' said the lady, +'I do not believe in the evolution of man.' +At this said I, 'My task is at an end. I +refer you to my most revered teachers, Mr. +Charles Darwin and Mr. Ernst Haeckel—' +'But,' said the lady, 'I do not believe in +Darwin and Haeckel—' At this point I +could think of nothing more to say. So you +see that, to convince people, I am of little +value and ought not to speak."</p> + +<p>But rather to dance! Yet it is good to +find so explicit a statement of the idea +which she nobly expresses in her dancing. +For, as the hand is the symbol of that constructive +exertion of the body which we call +work, so is the foot the symbol of that diffusive +exertion of the body which we call +play. Isadora Duncan would emancipate<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> +the one as Olive Schreiner would emancipate +the other—to new activities and new +delights.</p> + +<p>And if such work is not a thing for itself +only, but a gateway to a new world, so is +such play not a thing for itself only. "It is +not only a question of true art," writes Miss +Duncan, "it is a question of race, of the development +of the female sex to beauty and +health, of the return to the original strength +and the natural movements of woman's +body. It is a question of the development +of perfect mothers and the birth of healthy +and beautiful children." Here we have an +inspiriting expression of the idea which +through the poems of Walt Whitman and +the writings of various moderns, has renovated +the modern soul and made us see, without +any obscene blurring by Puritan spectacles, +the goodness of the whole body. This<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> +is as much a part of the woman's movement +as the demand for a vote (or, rather, it is +more central and essential a part); and only +by realizing this is it possible to understand +that movement.</p> + +<p>The body is no longer to be separated in +the thought of women from the soul: "The +dancer of the future will be one whose body +and soul have grown so harmoniously +together that the natural language of that +soul will have become the movement of the +body. The dancer will not belong to a nation, +but to all humanity. She will dance, +not in the form of nymph, nor fairy, nor +coquette, but in the form of woman in its +greatest and purest expression. She will +realize the mission of woman's body and the +holiness of all its parts. She will dance the +changing life of nature, showing how each +part is transformed into the other. From +all parts of her body shall shine radiant intelligence, +bringing to the world the message +of the thoughts and aspirations of thousands +of women. She shall dance the freedom of +woman.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span>"She will help womankind to a new +knowledge of the possible strength and +beauty of their bodies, and the relation of +their bodies to the earth nature and to the +children of the future. She will dance, the +body emerging again from centuries of civilized +forgetfulness, emerging not in the +nudity of primitive man, but in a new nakedness, +no longer at war with spirituality and +intelligence, but joining itself forever with +this intelligence in a glorious harmony.</p> + +<p>"Oh, she is coming, the dancer of the +future; the free spirit, who will inhabit the +body of new women; more glorious than any +woman that has yet been; more beautiful +than the Egyptian, than the Greek, the early +Italian, than all women of past centuries—the +highest intelligence in the freest body!"</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span>If the woman's movement means anything, +it means that women are demanding +everything. They will not exchange one +place for another, nor give up one right to +pay for another, but they will achieve all +rights to which their bodies and brains give +them an implicit title. They will have a +larger political life, a larger motherhood, a +larger social service, a larger love, and they +will reconstruct or destroy institutions to +that end as it becomes necessary. They will +not be content with any concession or any +triumph until they have conquered all +experience.</p> +<p><a name="toppp" id="toppp"></a><a href="#CONTENTS">top</a></p> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_V" id="CHAPTER_V"></a>CHAPTER V</h2> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span></p> +<h3><a name="BEATRICE_WEBB_AND_EMMA_GOLDMAN" id="BEATRICE_WEBB_AND_EMMA_GOLDMAN"></a>BEATRICE WEBB AND EMMA GOLDMAN</h3> + + +<p>The careers of these two women serve +admirably to exhibit the woman's +movement in still another aspect, and to +throw light upon the essential nature of +woman's character. These careers stand in +plain contrast. Beatrice Webb has compiled +statistics, and Emma Goldman has +preached the gospel of freedom. It remains +to be shown which is the better and the more +characteristically feminine gift to the world.</p> + +<p>Beatrice Potter was the daughter of a Canadian +railway president. Born in 1858, she +grew up in a time when revolutionary movements +were in the making. She was a pupil +of Herbert Spencer, and it was perhaps +from him that she learned so to respect her +natural interest in facts that the brilliancy +of no generalization could lure her into forgetting +them. At all events, she was captured<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span> +permanently by the magic of facts. +She studied working-class life in Lancashire +and East London at first hand, and in 1885 +joined Charles Booth in his investigations +of English social conditions. These investigations +(which in my amateur ignorance I +always confused with those of General +Booth of the Salvation Army!) were published +in four large volumes entitled "Life +and Labor of the People." Miss Potter's +special contributions were articles on the +docks, the tailoring trade, and the Jewish +community. Later she published a book on +"The Coöperative Movement in Great +Britain." Then, in 1892, she married Sidney +Webb, a man extraordinarily of her +own sort, and became confirmed, if such a +thing were necessary, in her statistical habit +of mind.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span>Meanwhile, in 1883, the Fabian Society +had been founded. But first a word about +statistics. "Statistics" does not mean a +long list of figures. It means the spreading +of knowledge of facts. Statistics may be +called the dogma that knowledge is dynamic—that +it is somehow operative in bringing +about that great change which all intelligent +people desire (and which the Fabians conceived +as Socialism). The Fabian Society +was founded on the dogma of statistics as +on a rock. The Fabians did not start a +newspaper, nor create a new political party, +nor organize public meetings; but they +wrote to the newspapers already in existence, +ran for office on party tickets already +in the field, and made speeches to other organizations. +That is to say, they went about +like the cuckoo, laying their statistical eggs +in other people's nests and expecting to see +them hatch into enlightened public opinion +and progressive legislation.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span>Some of them hatched and some of them +didn't. The point is that we have in this +section of Beatrice Webb's career something +typical of herself. She has gone on, serving +on government commissions, writing (with +her husband) the history of Trades Unionism, +patiently collecting statistics and getting +them printed in black ink on white +paper, making detailed plans for the abolition +of poverty, and always concerning +herself with the homely fact.</p> + +<p>At the time that Beatrice Potter joined +Mr. Booth in his social investigations there +was a 16-year-old Jewish girl living in the +German-Russian province of Kurland. A +year later, in 1886, this girl, Emma Goldman +by name, came to America, to escape +the inevitable persecutions attending on any +lover of liberty in Russia. She had been one +of those who had gone "to the people"; and +it was as a working girl that she came to +America.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span>She had, that is to say, the heightened +sensibilities, the keen sympathies, of the +middle class idealist, and the direct contact +with the harsh realities of our social and industrial +conditions which is the lot of the +worker. Her first experiences in America +disabused her of the traditional belief that +America was a refuge where the oppressed +of all lands were welcome. The treatment +of immigrants aboard ship, the humiliating +brutalities of the officials at Castle Garden, +and the insolent tyranny of the New York +police convinced her that she had simply +come from one oppressed land to another.</p> + +<p>She went to work in a clothing factory, +her wages being $2.50 a week. She had +ample opportunities to see the degradations +of our economic system, especially as it affects +women. So it was not strange that +she should be drawn into the American labor +movement, which was then, with the Knights +of Labor, the eight-hour agitation, and the +propaganda of the Socialists and the Anarchists, +at its height. She became acquainted<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span> +with various radicals, read pamphlets and +books, and heard speeches. She was especially +influenced by the eloquent writings of +Johann Most in his journal Freiheit.</p> + +<p>So little is known, and so much absurd +nonsense is believed, about the Anarchists, +that it is necessary to state dogmatically a +few facts. If these facts seem odd, the +reader is respectfully urged to verify them. +One fact is that secret organizations of +Anarchists plotting a violent overthrow of +the government do not exist, and never have +existed, save in the writings of Johann Most +and in the imagination of the police: the +whole spirit of Anarchism is opposed to such +organizations. Another fact is that Anarchists +do not believe in violence of any kind, +or in any exercise of force; when they commit +violence it is not as Anarchists, but as +outraged human beings. They believe that +violent reprisals are bound to be provoked +among workingmen by the tyrannies to +which they are subjected; but they abjure +alike the bomb and the policeman's club.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span>There was a brief period in which Anarchists, +under the influence of Johann Most, +believed in (even if they did not practice) +the use of dynamite. But this period was +ended, in America, by the hanging of several +innocent men in Chicago in 1887; which at +least served the useful purpose of showing +radicals that it was a bad plan even to talk +of dynamite. And this hanging, which was +the end of what may be called the Anarchist +"boom" in this country, was the beginning +of Emma Goldman's career as a publicist.</p> + +<p>Since 1887 the Anarchists have lost influence +among workingmen until they are +today negligible—unless one credits them +with Syndicalism—as a factor in the labor +movement. The Anarchists have, in fact, +left the industrial field more and more and +have entered into other kinds of propaganda. +They have especially "gone in for +kissing games."</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span>And Emma Goldman reflects, in her career, +the change in Anarchism. She has become +simply an advocate of freedom—freedom +of every sort. She does not advocate +violence any more than Ralph Waldo Emerson +advocated violence. It is, in fact, as an +essayist and speaker of the kind, if not the +quality, of Emerson, Thoreau, or George +Francis Train, that she is to be considered.</p> + +<p>Aside from these activities (and the evading +of our overzealous police in times of +stress) she has worked as a trained nurse +and midwife; she conducted a kind of radical +salon in New York, frequented by such +people as John Swinton and Benjamin +Tucker; she traveled abroad to study social +conditions; she has become conversant with +such modern writings as those of Hauptmann, +Nietzsche, Ibsen, Zola, and Thomas +Hardy. It is stated that the "Rev. Mr.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span> +Parkhurst, during the Lexow investigation, +did his utmost to induce her to join the +Vigilance Committee in order to fight Tammany +Hall." She was the manager of Paul +Orlenoff and Mme. Nazimova. She was a +friend of Ernest Crosby. Her library, it is +said, would be taken for that of a university +extension lecturer on literature.</p> + +<p>It will thus be seen that Emma Goldman +is of a type familiar enough in America, and +conceded a popular respect. She has a legitimate +social function—that of holding before +our eyes the ideal of freedom. She is +licensed to taunt us with our moral +cowardice, to plant in our souls the nettles +of remorse at having acquiesced so tamely +in the brutal artifice of present day society.</p> + +<p>I submit the following passage from her +writings ("Anarchism and Other Essays") +as at once showing her difference from other +radicals and exhibiting the nature of her +appeal to her public:</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span>"The misfortune of woman is not that she +is unable to do the work of a man, but that +she is wasting her life force to outdo him, +with a tradition of centuries which has left +her physically incapable of keeping pace +with him. Oh, I know some have succeeded, +but at what cost, at what terrific cost! The +import is not the kind of work woman does, +but rather the quality of the work she furnishes. +She can give suffrage or the ballot +no new quality, nor can she receive anything +from it that will enhance her own quality. +Her development, her freedom, her independence, +must come from and through herself. +First, by asserting herself as a personality, +and not as a sex commodity. Second, +by refusing the right to anyone over her +body; by refusing to bear children unless +she wants them; by refusing to be a servant +to God, the State, society, the husband, the +family, etc.; by making her life simpler, but +deeper and richer. That is, by trying to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span> +learn the meaning and substance of life in +all its complexities, by freeing herself from +the fear of public opinion and public condemnation. +Only that, and not the ballot, +will set woman free, will make her a force +hitherto unknown in the world; a force for +real love, for peace, for harmony; a force +of divine fire, of life giving; a creator of +free men and women."</p> + +<p>There is little in this that Ibsen would not +have said amen to. But—and this is the +conclusion to which my chapter draws—Ibsen +has said it already, and said it more +powerfully. Emma Goldman—who (if +among women anyone) should have for us +a message of her own, striking to the heart—repeats, +in a less effective cadence, what +she has learned from him.</p> + +<p>The work of Beatrice Webb is the prose +of revolution. The work of Ibsen is its +poetry. Beatrice Webb has performed her +work—one comes to feel—as well as Ibsen +has his. And one wonders if, after all, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span> +prose is not that which women are best endowed +to succeed in.</p> + +<p>A book review (written by a woman) +which I have at hand contains some generalizations +which bear on the subject. +"This is a woman's book [says the reviewer], +and a book which could only have +been written by a woman, though it is singularly +devoid of most of the qualities which +are usually recognized as feminine. For romance +and sentiment do not properly lie in +the woman's domain. She deals, when she +is herself, with the material facts of the life +she knows. Her talent is to exhibit them in +the remorseless light of reality and shorn of +all the glamour of idealism. Great and +poetical imagination rarely informs her art, +but within the strictness of its limits it lives +by an intense and scrupulous sincerity of +observation and an uncompromising recognition +of the logic of existence."</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span>If that is true, shall we not then expect +a future more largely influenced by women +to have more of the hard, matter-of-fact +quality, the splendid realism characteristic +of woman "when she is herself"?</p> +<p><a name="ttop" id="ttop"></a><a href="#CONTENTS">top</a></p> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VI" id="CHAPTER_VI"></a>CHAPTER VI</h2> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span></p> +<h3><a name="MARGARET_DREIER_ROBINS" id="MARGARET_DREIER_ROBINS"></a>MARGARET DREIER ROBINS</h3> + + +<p>The work of Margaret Dreier Robins +has been done in the National +Women's Trade Union League. It might +be supposed that the aim of such an organization +is sufficiently explicit in its title: to +get higher wages and shorter hours. But I +fancy that it would be a truer thing to say +that its aim is to bring into being that +ideal of American womanhood which Walt +Whitman described:</p> + +<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> +<span class="i0">They are not one jot less than I am,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">They are tann'd in the face by shining suns and blowing winds,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Their flesh has the old divine suppleness and strength,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">They know how to swim, row, ride, wrestle, shoot, run, strike, retreat, advance, resist, defend themselves,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">They are ultimate in their own right—they are calm, clear, well-possessed of themselves.<br /></span> +</div></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span>When Whitman made this magnificent +prophecy for American womanhood the +Civil War had not been fought and its economic +consequences were unguessed at. The +factory system, which had come into England +in the last century, bringing with it the +most unspeakable exploitation of women +and children, had hardly gained a foothold +in this country. In 1840, of the seven employments +open to women (teaching, needlework, +keeping boarders, working in cotton +mills, in bookbinderies, typesetting and +household service) only one was representative +of the new industrial condition which +today affects so profoundly the feminine +physique. And to the daughters of a nation +that was still imbued with the pioneer +spirit, work in cotton mills appealed so little +that they undertook it only for unusually +high pay. Anyone of that period seeing the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span> +red-cheeked, robust, intelligent, happy girl +operatives of Lowell might have dismissed +his fears of the factory as a sinister influence +in the development of American womanhood +and gone on to dream, with Walt +Whitman, of a race of "fierce, athletic +girls."</p> + +<p>But two things happened. With the +growing flood of immigration, the factories +were abandoned more and more to the +"foreigners," the native-born citizens losing +their pride in the excellence of working conditions +and the character of the operatives. +And all the while the factory was becoming +more and more an integral part of our civilization, +demanding larger and larger multitudes +of girls and women to attend its +machinery. So that, with the enormous development +of industry since the Civil War, +the factory has become the chief field of feminine +endeavor in America. In spite of the +great opening up of all sorts of work to +women, in spite of the store, the office, the +studio, the professions, still the factory remains +most important in any consideration +of the health and strength of women.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span>If the greatest part of our womankind +spends its life in factories, and if it further +appears that this is no temporary situation, +but (practically speaking) a permanent one, +then it becomes necessary to inquire how far +the factory is hindering the creation of that +ideal womanhood which Walt Whitman predicted +for us.</p> + +<p>As opposed to the old-fashioned method +of manufacture in the home (or the sweatshop, +which is the modern equivalent), the +factory often shows a gain in light and air, +a decrease of effort, an added leisure; while, +on the other hand, there is a considerable loss +of individual freedom and an increase in monotony. +But child labor, a too long working +day, bad working conditions, lack of protection +from fire, personal exploitation by foremen, +inhumanly low wages, and all sorts of +petty injustice, though not essential to the +system, are prominent features of factory +work as it generally exists.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span>People who consider every factory an Inferno, +however, and have only pity for its +workers, are far from understanding the +situation. Here is a field of work which is +capable of competing successfully with domestic +service, and even of attracting girls +from homes where there exists no absolute +necessity for women's wages. Yet at its +contemporary best, with a ten-hour law in +operation, efficient factory inspection, decent +working conditions and a just and humane +management, the factory remains an institution +extremely perilous to the Whitmanic +ideal of womanhood.</p> + +<p>But there are women who, undaunted by +the new conditions brought about by a +changing economic system, seize upon those +very conditions to use them as the means to +their end: such a woman is Mrs. Robins. +Has a new world, bounded by factory walls<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span> +and noisy with the roar of machinery, grown +up about us, to keep women from their heritage? +She will help them to use those very +walls and that very machinery to achieve +their destiny, a destiny of which a physical +well-being is, as Walt Whitman knew it to +be, the most certain symbol.</p> + +<p>The factory already gives women a certain +independence. It may yet give them +pleasure, the joy of creation. Indeed, it +must, when the workers require it; and those +who are most likely to require it are the +women workers.</p> + +<p>It is well known that with the ultra-development +of the machine, the subdivision +of labor, the régime of piecework, it has +become practically impossible for the worker +to take any artistic pleasure in his product. +It is not so well known how necessary such +pleasure in the product is to the physical +well-being of women—how utterly disastrous +to their nervous organization is the +monotony and irresponsibility of piecework. +This method—which men workers have<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span> +grumbled at, but to which they seem to have +adjusted themselves—bears its fruits +among women in neurasthenia, headaches, +and the derangement of the organs which are +the basis of their different nervous constitution. +It is sufficiently clear to those who +have seen the personal reactions of working +girls to the piecework system, that when +women attain, as men in various industries +have attained, the practical management of +the factory, piecework will get a setback.</p> + +<p>But not merely good conditions, not +merely a living wage, not merely a ten or an +eight hour day—all that self-government in +the shop can bring is the object of the +Women's Trade Union League.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span>"The chief social gain of the union shop," +says Mrs. Robins, "is not its generally better +wages and shorter hours, but rather the +incentive it offers for initiative and social +leadership, the call it makes, through the +common industrial relationship and the common +hope, upon the moral and reasoning +faculties, and the sense of fellowship, independence +and group strength it develops. +In every workshop of say thirty girls there +is undreamed of initiative and capacity for +social leadership and control—unknown +wealth of intellectual and moral resources."</p> + +<p>It is, in fact, this form of activity which to +many thousands of factory girls makes the +difference between living and existing, between +a painful, necessary drudgery and a +happy exertion of all their faculties. It can +give them a more useful education than any +school, a more vital faith than any church, +a more invigorating sense of power than any +other career open to them.</p> + +<p>To do all these things it must be indigenous +to working-class soil. No benefaction<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span> +originating in the philanthropic motives of +middle-class people, no enterprise of patronage, +will ever have any such meaning. A +movement, to have such meaning, must be +of the working class, and by the working +class, as well as for the working class. It +must be imbued with working-class feeling, +and it must subserve working-class ideals.</p> + +<p>It is the distinction of Mrs. Robins that +she has seen this. She has gone to the workers +to learn rather than to teach—she has +sought to unfold the ideals and capacities +latent in working girls rather than impress +upon them the alien ideals and capacities of +another class.</p> + +<p>"Just"—it is Mrs. Robins that speaks—"as +under a despotic church and a feudal +state the possible power and beauty of the +common people was denied expression, so +under industrial feudalism the intellectual +and moral powers of the workers are slowly +choked to death, with incalculable loss to the +individual and the race. It is easy to kill; it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span> +requires a great spirit as well as a great mind +to arouse the dormant energies, to vitalize +them and to make them creative forces for +good."</p> + +<p>One is reminded of the words of John +Galsworthy, addressed to workingwomen: +"There is beginning to be a little light in the +sky; whether the sun is ever to break +through depends on your constancy, and +courage, and wisdom. The future is in your +hands more than in the hands of men; it +rests on your virtues and well-being, rather +than on the virtues and the welfare of men, +for it is you who produce and mold the Future."</p> + +<p>There are 6,000,000 working women in +the United States, and half of them are girls +under 21. One may go out any day in +the city streets, at morning or noon or +evening, and look at a representative hundred +of them. The factories have not been<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> +able to rob them of beauty and strength and +the charm of femininity, and in that beauty +and strength and charm there is a world of +promise. And that promise already begins +to be unfolded when to them comes Mrs. +Robins with a gospel germane to their natures, +saying, "Long enough have you +dreamed contemptible dreams."</p> +<p><a name="toop" id="toop"></a><a href="#CONTENTS">top</a></p> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VII" id="CHAPTER_VII"></a>CHAPTER VII</h2> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span></p> +<h3><a name="ELLEN_KEY" id="ELLEN_KEY"></a>ELLEN KEY</h3> + + +<p>In these chapters a sincere attempt has +been made not so much to show what a +few exceptional women have accomplished +as to exhibit through a few prominent figures +the essential nature of women, and to show +what may be expected from a future in +which women will have a larger freedom +and a larger influence.</p> + +<p>It has been pointed out that the peculiar +idealism of women is one that works itself +out through the materials of workaday life, +and which seeks to break or remake those +materials by way of fulfilling that idealism; +it has been shown that this idealism, as contrasted +with the more abstract and creative +idealism of men, deserves to be called practicalism, +a practicalism of a noble and beautiful +sort which we are far from appreciating; +and as complementing these forms of +activity, the play instinct, the instinct of +recreation, has been pointed out as the +parallel to the creative or poetic instinct of +men.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span>Woman as reconstructor of domestic +economics, woman as a destructive political +agent of enormous potency, woman as +worker, woman as dancer, woman as statistician, +woman as organizer of the forces of +labor—in these it has been the intent to +show the real woman of today and of tomorrow.</p> + +<p>There have been other aspects of her deserving +of attention in such a series, notably +her aspect as mother and as educator. If +she has not been shown as poet, as artist, as +scientist, as talker (for talk is a thing quite +as important as poetry or science or art), it +has not been so much because of an actual +lack of specific examples of women distinguished +in these fields as because of the unrepresentative +character of such examples.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span>Here, then, is a man's view of modern +woman. To complete that view, to round off +that conception, I now speak of Ellen Key.</p> + +<p>Her writings have had a peculiar career +in America, one which perhaps prevents a +clear understanding of their character. On +the one hand, they have seemed to many to +be radically "advanced"; to thousands of +middle-class women, who have heard vaguely +of these new ideas, and who have secretly +and strongly desired to know more of them, +her "Love and Marriage" has come as a +revolutionary document, the first outspoken +word of scorn for conventional morality, the +first call to them to take their part in the +breaking of new paths.</p> + +<p>On the other hand, it must be remembered +that America is the home of Mormonism, of +the Oneida Community, of the Woodhull +and Claflin "free-love" movement of the +'70s, of "Dianism" and a hundred other +obscure but pervasive sexual cults—in +short, of movements of greater or less respectability, +capable of giving considerable +currency to their beliefs. And they have<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span> +given considerable currency to their beliefs. +In spite of the dominant tone of Puritanism +in American thought, our social life has been +affected to an appreciable extent by these +beliefs.</p> + +<p>And these beliefs may be summed up +hastily, but, on the whole, justly, as materialistic—in +the common and unfavorable sense. +They have converged, from one direction or +another, upon the opinion that sex is an animal +function, no more sacred than any other +animal function, which, by a ridiculous over-estimation, +is made to give rise to jealousy, +unhappiness, madness, vice, and crime.</p> + +<p>It is a fact that the Puritan temperament +readily finds this opinion, if not the program +which accompanies it, acceptable, as +one may discover in private conversation +with respectable Puritans of both sexes. +And it is more unfortunately true that the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span> +present-day rebellion against conventional +morality in America has found, in Hardy +and Shaw and other anti-romanticists, a +seeming support of this opinion. So that one +finds in America today (though some people +may not know about it) an undercurrent +of impatient materialism in matters of sex. +To become freed from the inadequate morality +of Puritanism is, for thousands of young +people, to adopt another morality which is, +if more sound in many ways, certainly as +inadequate as the other.</p> + +<p>So that Ellen Key comes into the lives of +many in this country as a conservative force, +holding up a spiritual ideal, the ideal of +monogamy, and defending it with a breadth +of view, a sanity, and a fervor that make it +something different from the cold institution +which these readers have come to despise. +She makes every allowance for human nature,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span> +every concession to the necessities of +temperament, every recognition of the +human need for freedom, and yet makes the +love of one man and one woman seem the +highest ideal, a thing worth striving and +waiting and suffering for.</p> + +<p>She cherishes the spiritual magic of sex +as the finest achievement of the race, and +sees it as the central and guiding principle +in our social and economic evolution. She +seeks to construct a new morality which will +do what the present one only pretends, and +with the shallowest and most desperately +pitiful of pretenses, to do. She would help +our struggling generation to form a new +code of ethics, and one of subtle stringency, +in this most important and difficult of +relations.</p> + +<p>Thus her writings, of which "Love and +Marriage" will here be taken as representative, +have a twofold aspect—the radical and +the conservative. But of the two, the conservative<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span> +is by far the truer. It is as a +conservator, with too firm a grip on reality +to be lured into the desertion of any real +values so far achieved by the race, that she +may be best considered.</p> + +<p>And germane to her conservatism, which +is the true conservatism of her sex, is her +intellectual habit, her literary method. She +is not a logician, it is true. She lacks +logic, and with it order and clearness and +precision, because of the very fact of her +firm hold on realities. The realities are too +complex to be brought into any completely +logical and orderly relation, too elusive to +be stated with utter precision. There is a +whole universe in "Love and Marriage"; +and it resembles the universe in its wildness, +its tumultuousness, its contradictory quality. +Her book, like the universe, is in a state of +flux—it refuses to remain one fixed and +dead thing. It is a book which in spite of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span> +some attempt at arrangement may be begun +at any point and read in any order. It is a +mixture of science, sociology, and mysticism; +it has a wider range than an orderly book +could possibly have; it touches more points, +includes more facts, and is more convincing, +in its queer way, than any other.</p> + +<p>"Love and Marriage" is the Talmud of +sexual morality. It contains history, wisdom, +poetry, psychological analysis, shrewd +judgments, generous sympathies, ... and +it all bears upon the creation of that new +sexual morality for which in a thousand +ways—economic, artistic, and spiritual—we +are so astonishing a mixture of readiness +and unreadiness.</p> + +<p>Ellen Key is fundamentally a conservator. +But she is careful about what she +conservates. It is the right to love which +she would have us cherish, rather than the +right to own another person—the beauty of +singleness of devotion rather than the cruel +habit of trying to force people to carry out +rash promises made in moments of exaltation. +She conserves the greatest things and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span> +lets the others go: motherhood, as against +the exclusive right of married women to +bear children; and that personal passion +which is at once physical and spiritual rather +than any of the legally standardized relations. +Nor does she hesitate to speak out +for the conservation of that old custom which +persists among peasant and primitive peoples +all over the world and which has been +reintroduced to the public by a recent sociologist +under the term of "trial marriage"; +it must be held, she says, as the bulwark +against the corruption of prostitution and +made a part of the new morality.</p> + +<p>It is perhaps in this very matter that her +attitude is capable of being most bitterly +resented. For we have lost our sense of +what is old and good, and we give the sanction +of ages to parvenu virtues that are as +degraded as the rococo ornaments which +were born in the same year. We have (or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span> +the Puritans among us have) lost all moral +sense in the true meaning of the word, in +that we are unable to tell good from bad if +it be not among the things that were socially +respectable in the year 1860. Ellen Key +writes: "The most delicate test of a person's +sense of morality is his power in interpreting +ambiguous signs in the ethical +sphere; for only the profoundly moral can +discover the dividing line, sharp as the edge +of a sword, between new morality and old +immorality. In our time, ethical obtuseness +betrays itself first and foremost by the condemnation +of those young couples who freely +unite their destinies. The majority does not +perceive the advance in morality which this +implies in comparison with the code of so +many men who, without responsibility—and +without apparent risk—purchase the +repose of their senses. The free union of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span> +love, on the other hand, gives them an +enhancement of life which they consider that +they gain without injuring anyone. It answers +to their idea of love's chastity, an idea +which is justly offended by the incompleteness +of the period of engagement, with all +its losses in the freshness and frankness of +emotion. When their soul has found another +soul, when the senses of both have met +in a common longing, then they consider that +they have a right to full unity of love, +although compelled to secrecy, since the +conditions of society render early marriage +impossible. They are thus freed from a +wasteful struggle which would give them +neither peace nor inner purity, and which +would be doubly hard for them, since they +have attained the end—love—for the sake +of which self-control would have been +imposed."</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span>It is almost impossible to quote any +passage from "Love and Marriage" which +is not subject to further practical modification, +or which does not present an incomplete +idea of which the complement may be +found somewhere else. Even this passage +is one which states a brief for the younger +generation rather than the author's whole +opinion. Still, with all these limitations, her +view is one which is so different from that +commonly held by women that it may seem +merely fantastic to hold it up as an example +of the conservative instinct of women. +Nevertheless, it is so. It must be remembered +that the view which holds that the +chastity of unmarried women is well purchased +at the price of prostitution, is a masculine +view. It is a piece of the sinister and +cruel idealism of the male mind, divorced (as +the male mind is so capable of being) from +realities. No woman would ever have created +prostitution to preserve the chastity of +part of her sex; and the more familiar one +becomes with the specific character of the +feminine mind, the more impossible does it +seem that women will, when they have come +to think and act for themselves, permanently +maintain it. Nor will they—one is forced +to believe—hesitate long at the implications +of that demolition.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span>No, I think that with the advent of +women into a larger life our jerry-built +virtues will have to go, to make room for +mansions and gardens fit to be inhabited by +the human soul.</p> + +<p>It will be like the pulling down of a rotten +tenement. First (with a great shocked outcry +from some persons of my own sex) the +façade goes, looking nice enough, but showing +up for painted tin what pretended to +be marble; then the dark, cavelike rooms +exposed, with their blood-stained floors and +their walls ineffectually papered over the +accumulated filth and disease; and so on, +lath by lath, down to the cellars, with their +hints of unspeakable horrors in the dark.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span>It is to this conclusion that these chapters +draw: That women have a surer instinct +than men for the preservation of the truest +human values, but that their very acts of +conservation will seem to the timid minds +among us like the shattering of all virtues, +the debacle of civilization, the Götterdämmerung!</p> +<p><a name="topp" id="topp"></a><a href="#CONTENTS">top</a></p> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VIII" id="CHAPTER_VIII"></a>CHAPTER VIII</h2> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span></p> +<h3><a name="FREEWOMEN_AND_DORA_MARSDEN" id="FREEWOMEN_AND_DORA_MARSDEN"></a>FREEWOMEN AND DORA MARSDEN</h3> + + +<p>This is by way of a postscript. Dora +Marsden is a new figure in the feminist +movement. Just how she evolved is +rather hard to say. Her family were Radicals, +it seems, smug British radicals; and +she broke away, first of all, into a sort of +middle class socialism. She went into settlement +work. Here, it seems, she discovered +what sort of person she really was.</p> + +<p>She was a lover of freedom. So of course +she rebelled against the interference of the +middle class with the affairs of the poor, and +threw overboard her settlement work and +her socialism together. She was a believer +in woman suffrage, but the autocratic government +of the organization irked her. +And, besides, she felt constrained to point<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span> +out that feminism meant worlds more than +a mere vote. The position of woman, not +indeed as the slave of man, but as the enslaver +of man, but with the other end of +the chain fastened to her own wrist, and +depriving her quite effectually of her liberties—this +irritated her. Independence to +her meant achievement, and when she heard +the talk about "motherhood" by which the +women she knew excused their lack of +achievement, she was annoyed. Finally, the +taboo upon the important subject of sex +exasperated her. So she started a journal +to express her discontent with all these +things, and to change them.</p> + +<p>Naturally, she called her journal The +Freewoman. "Independent" expresses +much of Dora Marsden's feeling, but that +word has been of late dragged in a mire of +pettiness and needs dry cleaning. It has +come to signify a woman who isn't afraid to +go out at night alone or who holds a position +downtown. A word had to be chosen which +had in it some suggestion of the heroic. +Hence The Freewoman.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span>The Freewoman was a weekly. It lived +several months and then suspended publication, +and now all the women I know are +poring over the back numbers while waiting +for it to start again as a fortnightly. It was +a remarkable paper. For one thing, it +threw open its columns to such a discussion +of sex that dear Mrs. Humphry Ward wrote +a shocked letter to The Times about it. Of +course, a good many of the ideas put forth +in this correspondence were erroneous or +trivial, but it must have done the writers no +end of good to express themselves freely. +For once sex was on a plane with other subjects, +a fact making tremendously for sanity. +In this Miss Marsden not only achieved +a creditable journalistic feat, but performed +a valuable public service.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span>Her editorials were another distinctive +thing. In the first issue was an editorial +on "Bondwomen," from which it would appear +that perhaps even such advanced persons +as you, my dear lady, are still far from +free.</p> + +<p>"Bondwomen are distinguished from +Freewomen by a spiritual distinction. +Bondwomen are the women who are not separate +spiritual entities—who are not individuals. +They are complements merely. +By habit of thought, by form of activity, +and largely by preference, they round off +the personality of some other individual, +rather than create or cultivate their own. +Most women, as far back as we have any +record, have fitted into this conception, and +it has borne itself out in instinctive working +practice.</p> + +<p>"And in the midst of all this there +comes a cry that woman is an individual, +and that because she is an individual she +must be set free. It would be nearer the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span> +truth to say that if she is an individual she +<i>is</i> free, and will act like those who are free. +The doubtful aspect in the situation is as to +whether women are or can be individuals—that +is, free—and whether there is not +danger, under the circumstances, in labelling +them free, thus giving them the liberty +of action which is allowed to the free. It +is this doubt and fear which is behind the +opposition which is being offered the vanguard +of those who are 'asking for' freedom. +It is the kind of fear which an engineer +would have in guaranteeing an arch equal +to a strain above its strength. The opponents +of the Freewomen are not actuated +by spleen or by stupidity, but by dread. +This dread is founded upon ages of experience +with a being who, however well loved, +has been known to be an inferior, and who +has accepted all the conditions of inferiors. +Women, women's intelligence, and women's +judgments have always been regarded with +more or less secret contempt, and when +woman now speaks of 'equality,' all the natural +contempt which a higher order feels for +a lower order when it presumes bursts out +into the open. This contempt rests upon<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span> +quite honest and sound instinct, so honest, +indeed, that it must provide all the charm +of an unaccustomed sensation for fine gentlemen +like the Curzons and Cromers and +Asquiths to feel anything quite so instinctive +and primitive.</p> + +<p>"With the women opponents it is another +matter. These latter apart, however, it is +for would-be Freewomen to realize that for +them this contempt is the healthiest thing +in the world, and that those who express it +honestly feel it; that these opponents have +argued quite soundly that women have +allowed themselves to be used, ever since +there has been any record of them; and that +if women had had higher uses of their own +they would not have foregone them. They<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span> +have never known women to formulate imperious +wants, this in itself implying lack +of wants, and this in turn implying lack of +ideals. Women as a whole have shown +nothing save 'servant' attributes. All those +activities which presuppose the master qualities, +the standard-making, the law-giving, +the moral-framing, belong to men. Religions, +philosophies, legal codes, standards in +morals, canons in art, have all issued from +men, while women have been the 'followers,' +'believers,' the 'law-abiding,' the 'moral,' the +conventionally admiring. They have been +the administrators, the servants, living by +borrowed precept, receiving orders, doing +hodmen's work. For note, though some +men must be servants, all women are servants, +and all the masters are men. That is +the difference and distinction. The servile +condition is common to all women."</p> + +<p>This was only the beginning of such a +campaign of radical propaganda as feminism +never knew before. Miss Marsden<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span> +went on to attack all the things which bind +women and keep them unfree. As such she +denounced what she considered the cant of +"motherhood."</p> + +<p>"Considering, therefore, that children, +from both physiological and psychological +points of view, belong more to the woman +than to the man; considering, too, that not +only does she need them more, but, as a +rule, wants them more than the man, +the parental situation begins to present elements +of humor when the woman proceeds +to fasten upon the man, in return for the +children she has borne him, the obligation +from that time to the end of her days, not +only for the children's existence, but for her +own, also!"</p> + +<p>When asked under what conditions, then, +women should have children, she replied +that women who wanted them should save +for them as for a trip to Europe. This is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span> +frankly a gospel for a minority—a fact +which does not invalidate it in the eyes of +its promulgator—but she does believe that +if women are to become the equals of men +they must find some way to have children +without giving up the rest of life. It has +been done!</p> + +<p>Then, having been rebuked for her critical +attitude toward the woman suffrage organization, +she showed herself in no mood to +take orders from even that source. She subjected +the attitude of the members of the +organization to an examination, and found +it tainted with sentimentalism. "Of all the +corruptions to which the woman's movement +is now open," she wrote, "the most poisonous +and permeating is that which flows from +sentimentalism, and it is in the W. S. P. U. +[Women's Social and Political Union] +that sentimentalism is now rampant.... +It is this sentimentalism that is abhorrent +to us. We fight it as we would fight prostitution, +or any other social disease."</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span>She called upon women to be individuals, +and sought to demolish in their minds any +lingering desire for Authority. "There is," +she wrote, "a genuine pathos in our reliance +upon the law in regard to the affairs +of our own souls. Our belief in ourselves +and in our impulses is so frail that we prefer +to see it buttressed up. We are surer of +our beliefs when we see their lawfulness +symbolized in the respectable blue cloth of +the policeman's uniform, and the sturdy +good quality of the prison's walls. The law +gives them their passport. Well, perhaps +in this generation, for all save pioneers, the +law will continue to give its protecting shelter, +but with the younger generations we +believe we shall see a stronger, prouder, and +more insistent people, surer of themselves +and of the pureness of their own desires."</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span>She did not stick at the task of formulating +for women a new moral attitude to +replace the old. "We are seeking," she +said, "a morality which shall be able to point +the way out of the social trap we find we +are in. We are conscious that we are concerned +in the dissolution of one social order, +which is giving way to another. Men and +women are both involved, but women differently +from men, because women themselves +are very different from men. The +difference between men and women is the +whole difference between a religion and a +moral code. Men are pagan. They have +never been Christian. Women are wholly +Christian, and have assimilated the entire +genius of Christianity.</p> + +<p>"The ideal of conduct which men have +followed has been one of self-realization, +tempered by a broad principle of equity +which has been translated into practice by +means of a code of laws. A man's desire<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span> +and ideal has been to satisfy the wants which +a consciousness of his several senses gives +rise to. His vision of attainment has therefore +been a sensuous one, and if in his desire +for attainment he has transgressed the law, +his transgression has sat but lightly upon +him. A law is an objective thing, laid upon +a man's will from outside. It does not enter +the inner recesses of consciousness, as does +a religion. It is nothing more than a body +of prohibitions and commands, which can +be obeyed, transgressed or evaded with little +injury to the soul. With women moral matters +have been wholly different. Resting +for support upon a religion, their moral +code has received its sanction and force from +within. It has thus laid hold on consciousness +with a far more tenacious grip. Their +code being subjective, transgression has +meant a darkening of the spirit, a sullying +of the soul. Thus the doctrine of self-renunciation,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span> +which is the outstanding feature +of Christian ethics, has had the most +favorable circumstances to insure its realization, +and with women it has won completely—so +completely that it now exerts +its influence unconsciously. Seeking the +realization of the will of others, and not +their own, ever waiting upon the minds of +others, women have almost lost the instinct +for self-realization, the instinct for achievement +in their own persons."</p> + +<p>Whether she is right is a moot question. +Certainly in such matters as testimony in +court, the customs-tariff, and the minor city +ordinances, women show no particular respect +for the law. Ibsen sought in "The +Doll's House" to show that her morality +had no connection with the laws of the world +of men. Even in matters of human relationship +it is doubtful if women give any +more of an "inner assent" to law than do +men. Woman's failure to achieve that domination +of the world which constitutes individuality +and freedom—this Dora Marsden +would explain on the ground of a dulling +of the senses. It may be more easily explained<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span> +as a result of a dulling of the imagination. +The trouble is that they are content +with petty conquests.</p> + +<p>There you have it! Inevitably one argues +with Dora Marsden. That is her value. +She provokes thought. And she welcomes +it. She wants everybody to think—not to +think her thoughts necessarily, nor the right +thoughts always, but that which they can +and must. She is a propagandist, it is true. +But she does not create a silence, and call +it conversion.</p> + +<p>She stimulates her readers to cast out the +devils that inhabit their souls—fear, prejudice, +sensitiveness. She helps them to build +up their lives on a basis of will—the exercise, +not the suppression, of will. She indurates +them to the world. She liberates them +to life. She is the Max Stirner of feminism.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span>Freedom! That is the first word and the +last with Dora Marsden. She makes women +understand for the first time what freedom +means. She makes them want to be free. +She nerves them to the effort of emancipation. +She sows in a fertile soil the dragon's +teeth which shall spring up as a band of +capable females, knowing what they want +and taking it, asking no leave from anybody, +doing things and enjoying life—Freewomen!</p> +<p><a name="top" id="top"></a><a href="#CONTENTS">top</a></p> + + +<div class='tnote'> +<h3>Transcriber's Notes</h3> +<p>Obvious punctuation errors have been repaired.</p> +<p>On p. 36: sucessful changed to successful (has been successful).</p> +</div> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Women as World Builders, by Floyd Dell + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WOMEN AS WORLD BUILDERS *** + +***** This file should be named 33584-h.htm or 33584-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/3/5/8/33584/ + +Produced by Eleni, Suzanne Shell and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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