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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/33578-8.txt b/33578-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..095886c --- /dev/null +++ b/33578-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1650 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Comments on the Taxonomy and Geographic +Distribution of Some North American Rodents, by E. Raymond Hall and Keith R. Kelson + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Comments on the Taxonomy and Geographic Distribution of Some North American Rodents + +Author: E. Raymond Hall + Keith R. Kelson + +Release Date: August 30, 2010 [EBook #33578] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK COMMENTS ON SOME NORTH AMERICAN RODENTS *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Josephine Paolucci +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net. + + + + + + + + +Comments on the Taxonomy and Geographic Distribution of Some North +American Rodents + +BY + +E. RAYMOND HALL and KEITH R. KELSON + +University of Kansas Publications +Museum of Natural History + +Volume 5, No. 26, pp. 343-371 +December 15, 1952 + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS +LAWRENCE +1952 + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + +Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, A. Byron Leonard, +Edward H. Taylor, Robert W. Wilson + +Volume 5, No. 26, pp. 343-371 +December 15, 1952 + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS +Lawrence, Kansas + +PRINTED BY +FERD VOILAND. JR., STATE PRINTER +TOPEKA, KANSAS +1952 + +[Transcriber's Note: Words surrounded by tildes, like ~this~ signifies +words in bold. Words surrounded by underscores, like _this_, signifies +words in italics.] + + + + +Comments on the Taxonomy and Geographic Distribution of Some North +American Rodents + +BY + +E. RAYMOND HALL and KEITH R. KELSON + + +In preparing maps showing the geographic distribution of North American +mammals we have found in the literature conflicting statements +concerning the subspecific identity of several rodents. Wherever +possible, we have examined the pertinent specimens. Results of our +examination are given below. + +Our studies have been aided by a contract (NR 161-791) between the +Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy, and the University of +Kansas. Also, a grant from the Kansas University Endowment Association +has permitted field work that yielded some of the specimens used for +comparison. Grateful acknowledgment is made to the persons in charge of +the several collections of mammals that we have consulted in order to +satisfy ourselves concerning the subspecific status of specimens from +many localities. + + +~Marmota flaviventer luteola~ A. H. Howell + +A. H. Howell (N. Amer. Fauna, 37:50, April 7, 1915) referred specimens +from Bridgers Pass, Wyoming, to _Marmota flaviventer dacota_, on the +basis of paler underparts because, according to the data of Howell (_op. +cit._), _M. f. dacota_ and _M. f. luteola_, the contiguous subspecies, +do not differ significantly in other ways. Casual comparison reveals to +us no additional differences between the two. We have examined the three +specimens available to Howell from Bridgers Pass (Nos. 18733/25527, +18734/25528, and 18735/25529 U. S. Biol. Surv. Coll.) and find the tone +of the underparts to be darker (more nearly russet) than in typical +_luteola_. The tone, however, varies considerably, both individually and +geographically, in _luteola_ and it is possible to match almost exactly +the ventral coloration of the specimens from Bridgers Pass with that of +specimens from within the geographic range of _luteola_; Nos. 160509, +from Bear Creek, 8 miles west of Eagle Peak, Wyoming, 18875 and +18731/25535, from the Laramie Mts., Wyoming, and No. 203744 from Sulphur +Springs, Grand County, Colorado, all in the United States Biological +Surveys Collection, are examples to the point. Being influenced by the +geography of the region, we therefore consider the three specimens from +Bridgers Pass best referred to the subspecies _Marmota flaviventer +luteola_. + + +~Spermophilus variegatus grammurus~ (Say) + +A. H. Howell (N. Amer. Fauna, 56:147, May 18, 1938) accorded _Citellus_ +[= _Spermophilus_] _variegatus utah_ Merriam a geographic range that +included the Kaibab Plateau of Arizona. Durrant (Univ. Kansas Publ. Mus. +Nat. Hist., 6:119, August 10, 1952) assigned to _S. v. grammurus_ a +geographic range that included southern Utah from the eastern to the +western border but in doing this did not mention the rock squirrel of +the Kaibab Plateau of Arizona that also might be expected to be +referable to _S. v. grammurus_. Howell (_loc. cit._) had two specimens +from the Kaibab Plateau. Of these we have examined the one from Big +Spring (161566 BS) and find that it lacks the darker (more tawny) head +and posterior back of _C. v. utah_ and agrees with _C. v. grammurus_. On +this basis we refer the rock squirrel of the Kaibab Plateau to the +subspecies _Spermophilus variegatus grammurus_ (Say). + + +~Tamias amoenus caurinus~ Merriam + +This subspecies was named from the Olympic Peninsula of Washington. A. +H. Howell, in his "Revision of the American chipmunks" (N. Amer. Fauna, +52:77, and fig. 5, 1929) regarded the geographic range of _Eutamias_ [= +_Tamias_] _amoenus caurinus_ as the mountains of the Olympic Peninsula +and most of Mt. Rainier. The geographic range of the _amoenus_ chipmunk +on Mt. Rainier almost certainly is continuous with that of _T. a. +ludibundus_ in the Cascade Mountains of which Mt. Rainier is a +westward-projecting arm. There is no contact between the chipmunks of +Mt. Rainier and those of the Olympic Peninsula; those on the Peninsula +are geographically isolated from all others of the species and are +separated from those on Mt. Rainier by approximately eighty miles of +low-lying country, which is uninhabited by chipmunks of the species +_Tamias amoenus_. Therefore, Howell's (_loc. cit._) assignment of most +of the chipmunks on Mt. Rainier to _caurinus_ is open to question and +Dalquest, in the "Mammals of Washington" (Univ. Kansas Publ. Mus. Nat. +Hist., vol. 2, 1948) evidently thought that Howell had incorrectly +identified them. On page 256 Dalquest (_op. cit._) defined the +geographic range of _T. a. caurinus_ as restricted to the Olympic +Peninsula and showed (fig. 81) Mt. Rainier to be in the geographic range +of _T. a. ludibundus_. We would accept Dalquest's (_op. cit._) +arrangement without question and also would follow it because it is the +more recent one were it not for the fact that Dalquest gives no reason +for his changes. To allow us to decide the matter we have compared the +pertinent materials ourselves. Catalogue numbers below are of the United +States National Museum, Biological Surveys Collection, and each specimen +mentioned by catalogue number is an adult female which shows much wear +on the fourth upper premolar. + +Of _T. a. caurinus_, Nos. 241902 and 241903 are from 2 mi. SW of Mount +Angeles; No. 241911 is from "near" head of Dosewallips River, 6000 ft., +and No. 241915 is from Canyon Creek, 3 mi. S Soleduc River, 3550 ft. Of +_T. a. ludibundus_, Nos. 234776 and 235018 are from Barron, 5000 ft., +and No. 230685 is from Suiattle River, 6500 ft. Of specimens in +question, from Mount Rainier, No. 90635 is from 6500 ft., west slope; +No. 232729 is from 4900 ft., Reflection Lakes, and No. 233114 is from +5300 ft., Indian Henrys. + +In comparison with _T. a. ludibundus_, _T. a. caurinus_ is grayer on +most, or all, parts of the pelage, has less ochraceous on the sides, and +the dark stripes on the sides of the head are narrower and less reddish +(more grayish). The skull of _caurinus_ is larger in certain +measurements, as shown below: + +======================================================================= +Catalogue Occipitonasal Zygomatic Cranial Length of Greatest width +number length breadth breadth nasals across upper + molars +----------------------------------------------------------------------- +_T. a. ludibundus_ + +234776 34.0 19.3 15.6 10.2 ... +235018 34.1 .... .... 10.4 8.0 +230685 33.5 18.8 15.5 10.4 7.9 + +Mt. Rainier + + 90635 34.5 19.2 16.3 10.8 8.3 +232729 .... 18.5 15.3 .... 8.2 +233114 34.2 18.6 15.7 10.8 8.0 + +_T. a. caurinus_ + +241911 34.5 19.7 16.2 11.3 8.3 +241915 34.2 .... .... 10.3 8.3 +241902 35.2 .... 16.8 11.1 8.1 +241903 34.7 .... 16.0 10.8 8.4 +----------------------------------------------------------------------- + +Howell (_op. cit._:75) referred three specimens from Glacier Basin, on +the northeastern part of Mount Rainier, to _T. a. ludibundus_ as he did +also one specimen (_loc. cit._) from Reflection Lakes, on the southern +flank of the mountain. Our comparisons indicate the correctness of +Howell's identification of the specimens from Glacier Basin; they more +closely resemble _ludibundus_ than _caurinus_. The specimen from +Reflection Lakes, however, is only one of five or six from the same +place; the others were lumped by him among the 49 that he recorded from +Mount Rainier under the name _caurinus_. The series from Reflection +Lakes, so far as we can detect, is not unusually variable and the +differences that are apparent are within the normal range of variation +ascribable to season, age, and individualism. Also, the series from +Reflection Lakes, to us, is not appreciably different from the other +series, representing the following places on Mount Rainier: Indian +Henrys, 5300 ft.; W slope Mt. Rainier, 6600 ft.; St. Andrews Park, 5500 +ft.; Spray Park, 5500 ft.; Paradise Park; Muddy Fork of Cowlitz River; +Sunset Park, 5000 ft.; ridge between St. Andrews Park and South Puyallup +River, 6000 ft.; and Owyhigh Lakes, 5350 ft. + +Collectively, or individually, where there are as many as six specimens +from a place, the material from Mt. Rainier (Glacier Basin excepted) is +intermediate in color between _T. a. ludibundus_ and _T. a. caurinus_ +and no more closely resembles one subspecies than the other. As may be +seen from the cranial measurements recorded above, specimens from Mt. +Rainier, although intermediate between the two subspecies just +mentioned, resemble _ludibundus_ in lesser zygomatic breadth and lesser +cranial breadth (and, it may be added, in lesser dorsolateral inflation +of the braincase), but resemble _caurinus_ in longer skull +(occipitonasal length), longer nasals and greater breadth across the +rows of upper molariform teeth. + +In summary: The animals from Mount Rainier, in features of taxonomic +import, are almost exactly intermediate between _T. a. caurinus_ and _T. +a. ludibundus_. Being influenced by considerations of geographic +adjacency, we refer the animals on Mount Rainier to _Tamias amoenus +ludibundus_ (Hollister). + +Dalquest's (_op. cit._: 85) explanation of the probable origin of +_Tamias amoenus caurinus_ is pertinent here. He writes: "The chipmunks +of the Olympic Mountains [_caurinus_] probably reached their present +range from the Cascades. Their probable path of emigration was westward +from Mt. Rainier, along the glacial outwash train of Nisqualli Glacier, +to the moraine and outwash apron of the Vashon Glacier and thence to the +Olympics. So similar are the chipmunks of Mt. Rainier and the Olympic +Mountains that Howell (1929) included Mt. Rainier in the range of +_caurinus_." + + +~Tamias townsendii cooperi~ Baird + +Some uncertainty exists concerning the subspecific identity of the +Townsend Chipmunk in southern Washington because Dalquest (Univ. Kansas +Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist., 2:262, April 9, 1948) identified as _Tamias +townsendii cooperi_ specimens that he examined from Yocolt, a place well +within the geographic range of _T. t. townsendii_ as defined by A. H. +Howell (N. Amer. Fauna, 52: fig. 7, p. 107, November 30, 1929). Dalquest +(_op. cit._) referred other specimens, that he did not examine, from Mt. +St. Helens (90654, 231112 and 231114 BS) to _T. t. cooperi_ although +Howell (N. Amer. Fauna, 52:109, November 20, 1929) had previously +identified them as _E. t. townsendii_. By implication, and on his map, +Dalquest (_op. cit._, fig. 83, p. 261) assigned to _T. t. cooperi_ still +other specimens, that he had not examined, from: Government Springs, 15 +mi. N Carson (230514, 230515, 230559, 230560, and 230563 BS); Stevenson +(230513 and 230517 BS); and Skamania (230518 BS). Earlier, Howell (op. +cit.) had listed the specimens from the three mentioned localities as +_Eutamias townsendii townsendii_. + +Our examination of specimens in the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology from +1-1/2 mi. W Yocolt (94238 and 94239 MVZ) and from 3-1/2 mi. E and 5 mi. +N Yocolt (94240-94244 MVZ) reveals that the "average" of the coloration +is nearer to that of the paler _T. t. cooperi_ than to that of the +darker _T. t. townsendii_ and indicates why Dalquest, we think +correctly, identified specimens from Yocolt as _T. t. cooperi_. We have +examined also the specimens in the Biological Surveys Collection of the +United States National Museum (catalogue numbers given above) and have +compared them with specimens (comparable in age and seasonal condition +of pelage) of _T. t. townsendii_ (notably a series from Lake Quinalt, +Washington) and of _T. t. cooperi_ (including specimens from Bumping +Lake and Blewett Pass, Washington). In color, the specimens from Mt. St. +Helens are almost exactly intermediate between _T. t. cooperi_ and _T. +t. townsendii_. We choose to use for them the name _T. t. townsendii_ as +did Howell (_op. cit._:109). The specimens from 15 mi. N Carson, those +from Stevenson and the one from Skamania agree in nearly all features of +color with the relatively paler _T. t. cooperi_, as Dalquest (_op. +cit._) thought they would, and we, accordingly, use for them the name +_Tamias townsendii cooperi_. + +In view of the findings resulting from our study of the above mentioned +specimens of the Townsend Chipmunk in Washington, it seemed worthwhile +to examine the material of the same species from Hood River, Oregon. +Howell (_op. cit._:109) listed one specimen from there as _E. t. +townsendii_, but (_op. cit.:_ fig. 7, p. 107) mapped the locality as +within the geographic range of _E. t. cooperi_. The specimen (89061 BS) +is a juvenile having external measurements of only 175, 80 and 31. +Although the color is intermediate between that of the two subspecies +concerned, greater resemblance is shown to _T. t. townsendii_. We have +not examined any other specimen of the species _Tamias townsendii_ so +young as No. 89061, but suspect that older specimens from the same place +would be paler by a slight degree. This suspicion, and more especially +the light color of an older specimen from nearby White Salmon, +Washington, and the light color of two older specimens from Parkdale, +Oregon, which seem to us to be referable to _T. t. cooperi_, influence +us to refer the specimen from Hood River to _Tamias townsendii cooperi_ +Baird. + + +~Tamias townsendii townsendii~ Bachman + +A. H. Howell (N. Amer. Fauna, 52:111, November 30, 1929) referred +specimens of the Townsend Chipmunk from the lower elevations on the +Olympic Peninsula to _Eutamias townsendii townsendii_ but referred +specimens from the central mountains on that peninsula to _Eutamias +townsendii cooperi_. The subspecies _T. t. cooperi_ thus is represented +as having a geographic range of two separate parts: (1) The Cascade +Mountains from southern British Columbia into southern Oregon, and (2) +the area of the Olympic Mountains, the latter area being entirely +surrounded by the geographic range of _T. t. townsendii_. Dalquest +(Univ. Kansas Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist., 2:261 and 262, April 9, 1948) +employed Howell's arrangement. + +We have examined the specimens, in the Biological Surveys Collection of +the United States National Museum, from the Olympic Peninsula and fail +to find significant differences in external measurements or in size or +shape of skulls between specimens from the mountains (alleged _T. t. +cooperi_) and those from other parts of the Peninsula (assigned to _T. +t. townsendii_). Nevertheless, the specimens from the higher parts of +the Olympic Mountains resemble _T. t. cooperi_ in being less ochraceous +than are specimens of _T. t. townsendii_ from elsewhere on the Olympic +Peninsula, and in this one respect, in series, they more closely +resemble _T. t. cooperi_. Even so, the upper parts of the specimens from +the mountains are darker than in _T. t. cooperi_ of the Cascades. In +dark color of the superciliary stripe the specimens in question are +referable to _T. t. townsendii_. The over-all gray tone, resembling that +of _T. t. cooperi_, upon close inspection is found to be in considerable +degree the result of wear, and the difference in grayness from _T. t. +townsendii_, when specimens in comparable pelage are compared, is +slight. This tendency to lighter color in specimens from higher +elevations is seen in other places in Washington within the geographic +range of _Tamias townsendii_. We feel, therefore, that the mentioned +resemblance in color between specimens from the Olympic Mountains and +those of _T. t. cooperi_ from the Cascade Mountains is not significant +taxonomically. To us, all of the animals of the species _Tamias +townsendii_ from the Olympic Peninsula seem best referred to the +subspecies _Tamias townsendii townsendii_ Bachman. + + +~Tamias striatus ohionensis~ Bole and Moulthrop + +A. H. Howell (Jour. Mamm., 13:166, May 14, 1932) referred a specimen +(252979 USNM) from Athens, Ohio, to _Tamias striatus fisheri_. +Subsequently, Bole and Moulthrop (Sci. Publs. Cleveland Mus. Nat. Hist., +5:83-181, September 11, 1942) named _Tamias striatus ohionensis_ and +_Tamias striatus rufescens_, both of which occur in Ohio. They (_op. +cit._: 137) also excluded _T. s. fisheri_ from the state list of mammals +of Ohio. The locality of Athens lies between the ranges of _T. s. +ohionensis_ and _T. s. rufescens_, as outlined by referred specimens, +and thus the identity of the specimen from that place was left in doubt. +We have examined the specimen and among named kinds find that it most +closely resembles _T. s. ohionensis_ in its less widely spreading +zygomata, slender incisors and dull-colored pelage. We prefer the +specimen to _T. s. ohionensis_. + +The subspecific identity of specimen No. 174762 USNM, a skin only, from +Nobleville, Hamilton Co., Indiana, assigned by Howell (N. Amer. Fauna, +52:21, November 30, 1929) to _T. s. griseus_ and by Lyon (Amer. Mid. +Nat., 17(1):191, January, 1936) to _T. s. fisheri_, was left in doubt by +Bole and Moulthrop's (_op. cit._) assignment of specimens to _T. s. +ohionensis_. Although the specimen lacks a skull and tail, on the basis +of its dull-colored pelage and dark brown (anteriorly) median dorsal +stripe, we identify No. 174762 as _T. s. ohionensis_. For the same +reason, specimen No. 125445 USNM, from Bascom, Indiana, referred by +Howell (_op. cit._:16) to _T. s. striatus_, and by Lyon (_op. cit._:191) +to _T. s. fisheri_, required re-examination. The specimen appears to be +an intergrade between _T. s. striatus_ and _T. s. ohionensis_; it is +probably best referred to the latter subspecies which it resembles in +having short nasals. In color it is intermediate, but it does not +possess the narrowly spreading zygomata of _T. s. ohionensis_ and, in +this respect, more nearly approaches _T. s. striatus_. + +Specimen No. 13815 USNM, an alcoholic, from Wheatland, Knox Co., +Indiana, was assigned by Howell (_op. cit._, 1929:21) to _T. s. griseus_ +and by Lyon (_loc. cit._) to _T. s. fisheri_. Although the specimen is +much faded and cannot be identified with certainty, we assign it to _T. +s. ohionensis_. Allowing for fading, it seems to resemble _ohionensis_ +more in the lighter color of the anterior part of the median dorsal +stripe, than it does either _griseus_ or _fisheri_. We are also +influenced in making this allocation by Bole and Moulthrop's (_op. +cit._:137) finding intergradation between _T. s. ohionensis_ and _T. s. +striatus_ in a specimen obtained at New Harmony, Posey Co., Indiana. + +Howell (Jour. Mamm., 13:166, August 9, 1932) referred two specimens from +Boone County, Indiana, to _T. s. fisheri_. We have examined a specimen +(5675 AMNH) from that place and think it is one of the two seen by +Howell. The specimen is a poorly made skin in worn winter pelage with +the skull inside. Because it differs from _T. s. fisheri_ and agrees +with _T. s. ohionensis_ in the color of both upper parts and underparts +(comparisons made with material of comparable stage of molt), we assign +it to the latter subspecies. Howell (_loc. cit._) referred specimens +from Overton (57394), Wooster (57398, 57399, and 57442), and Loudonville +(57391-57393), all from Ohio, in the Museum of Zoology of the University +of Michigan, to _Tamias striatus fisheri_. We have examined these +specimens and find them to be readily separable from _T. s. rufescens_ +on the basis of darker coloration. The affinities of the specimens in +question are with _T. s. fisheri_ and _T. s. ohionensis_. As a standard +for comparison we have used specimens in the Museum of Zoology, +University of Michigan, in comparable pelage of _T. s. ohionensis_ from +Dearborn County, Indiana, taken in August and specimens of _T. s. +fisheri_ from "near" summit Butt Mtn. and Little Meadows, both places in +Giles County, Virginia, as well as two specimens from Allair, Monmouth +County, New Jersey. On the basis of buffy (instead of white) edging of +the tail, buffy (not white) light dorsal stripes, and buffy (not black) +anterior third of the median dark stripe, the specimens from Overton, +Wooster, and Loudonville are referred to _Tamias striatus ohionensis_. + + +~Tamias striatus pipilans~ Lowery + +A. H. Howell (N. Amer. Fauna, 29:16, November 30, 1929) recorded six +specimens of _Tamias striatus striatus_ from Greensboro, Alabama. +Subsequently, Lowery (Occas. Papers Mus. Zool., Louisiana State Univ., +13:235, November 22, 1943) named _T. s. pipilans_ and assigned to it +specimens from northeastern Alabama. Lowery did not, however, mention +the specimens from Greensboro and, thus, their subspecific identity was +placed in doubt. We have examined five of the six specimens mentioned by +Howell (_loc. cit._) (57034-57036, 57588, and 77037 BS) and because of +their brilliant color and large size, refer them to _Tamias striatus +pipilans_ Lowery. + + +~Tamias striatus rufescens~ Bole and Moulthrop + +A. H. Howell (Jour. Mamm., 13:166, August 9, 1932) also referred a +specimen (13154), from La Porte, Indiana, in the Chicago Nat. History +Museum to _T. s. fisheri_. We find the specimen to be distinguishable +from _T. s. fisheri_ in darker, richer pelage, brown instead of blackish +anterior third of the median dorsal stripe, more buffy light dorsal +stripes, and more heavily constructed skull. The specimen most closely +resembles _T. s. rufescens_ in having, as compared to _T. s. +ohionensis_, brighter, more rufescent color, wider incisors, +proportionately narrower interorbital region, and more widely spreading +zygomatic arches. We refer it to that subspecies. + + +~Sciurus carolinensis pennsylvanicus~ Ord + +When J. A. Allen considered what name to apply to the gray squirrel of +northeastern United States and adjacent parts of Canada, (Monogr. N. +Amer. Rodentia, p. 709, 1877) he selected the name _leucotis_ of Gapper +(Zool. Jour., 5:206, 1830) as applicable. Allen rejected Ord's +(Guthrie's Geog., 2nd Amer. Ed., Zool. App., 2:292, 1815) earlier name, +_Sciurus Pennsylvanica_, because (_loc. cit._) "it was given to +specimens from the Middle Atlantic States, and hence from a locality +bordering upon the habitat of the southern form, and consequently the +name is not strictly applicable to the northern type as developed in the +Northern and Northeastern States and the Canadas." It must be recalled +that Allen had not at that time seen a copy of Ord's exceedingly rare +work and was basing his comments on Baird's statements on Ord's +treatment of the squirrels. + +Subsequently, Rhoads obtained a copy of the second edition of Guthrie's +Geography and had Ord's zoological appendix thereto reprinted. The +reprinted version (now known generally as Ord's Zoology by Rhoads, 1894) +contains (Appendix, p. 19) Rhoads' review of the _pennsylvanicus vs. +leucotis_ controversy. Rhoads concluded that _pennsylvanicus_ must apply +because it has priority and is available. The habitat was given by Ord +as "those parts of Pennsylvania which lie to the westward of the +Allegany ridge," not the "Middle Atlantic States" as Allen thought. + +Notwithstanding Rhoads' comments, Bangs (Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, +10:156, December 28, 1896), in his "Review of the Squirrels of Eastern +North America," employed _leucotis_ Gapper and rejected Ord's name +because it "is a _nomen nudum_" and of uncertain application. There +seems to have been no attempt subsequently to review the pertinent +names. + +We are of the opinion that Rhoads' (_loc. cit._) analysis and +conclusions are correct and as cogent today as then. We do not agree +with Bangs that _pennsylvanicus_ is a _nomen nudum_ for the following +reasons. The name was based on melanistic individuals and could +conceivably be applied to three species of squirrels, the red squirrel, +the fox squirrel, and the gray squirrel. Melanistic red squirrels, +_Tamiasciurus hudsonicus_, are everywhere rare and in any case appear as +individuals and not populations. Ord (_loc. cit._) reported that his +_Sciurus Pennsylvanica_ was _abundant_. Ord, we think, was not referring +to the fox squirrel, _Sciurus niger_, because he wrote that _S. +Pennsylvania_ "has always been confounded with... [_Sciurus niger_], but +it is a different species," and (_loc. cit._) described _S. niger_ as a +"Large Black Squirrel" and _Sciurus Pennsylvanica_ as a "Small Black +Squirrel." Therefore, _pennsylvanicus_ Ord can refer only to _Sciurus +carolinensis_. Further, melanistic gray squirrels then, as now, were +common in western Pennsylvania and exceedingly rare in eastern +Pennsylvania. Additionally, Ord described his animal, although +admittedly inadequately (small, black, not _S. niger_). The name +_Sciurus Pennsylvanica_ Ord is clearly not a _nomen nudum_ and must +replace _leucotis_ Gapper. + +Allen's (_loc. cit._) argument that the specimens were not +representative of "_leucotis_" because they were from the Middle +Atlantic States is based on an initial misunderstanding of the locality. +Further, whether or not "topotypes" are representative of a subspecies +has no bearing on the availability of the name appended to them. The +name and synonomy of the northern gray squirrel are as follows: + + ~Sciurus carolinensis pennsylvanicus~ Ord + + 1815. _Sciurus Pennsylvanica_ Ord, Guthrie's Geog., 2nd + Amer. Ed., 2:292. Type locality, western Pennsylvania. + + 1894. _Sciurus carolinensis pennsylvanicus_, Rhoads, + Appendix of reprint of Ord (_supra_), p. 19. + + 1792. _Sciurus cinereus_ Schreber, Säuget., 4:766. Type + locality, eastern United States, probably New York State. + (_Nec Sciurus cinereus_ Linnaeus.) + + 1830. _Sciurus leucotis_ Gapper, Zool. Jour., 5:206. Type + locality, region between York and Lake Simcoe, Canada. + + 1849. _Sciurus migratorius_ Audubon and Bachman, Quad. N. + Amer., 1:265 (based on _S. leucotis_ Gapper). + + 1877. _Sciurus carolinensis_ var. _leucotis_, J. A. Allen, + Monogr. N. Amer. Rodentia, Sciuridae, p. 700 (_et auct._). + + +~Sciurus niger rufiventer~ Geoffroy + +Two specimens (36192/48550, a young male with unworn teeth, and +36193/48551, an adult male with much worn teeth, both in the United +States Biological Surveys Collection in the National Museum) were +recorded by Bailey (N. Amer. Fauna, 25:75, 1905) as _Sciurus +ludovicianus_ from Gainesville, Texas. Bailey (_loc. cit._) further +stated that if the name _Sciurus rufiventer_ Geoffroy proved usable it +would apply to the specimens from Gainesville. Since the name +_rufiventer_ was revived there would be no question concerning the +identity of these specimens had not Lowery and Davis (Occas. Papers, +Mus. Zool., Louisiana State Univ., 9:172, 1942) assigned three specimens +(not seen by us) to _Sciurus niger limitis_ Baird from a point only +thirteen miles northwesterly. Lowery and Davis (_loc. cit._) say that +their specimens are intergrades (presumably with _rufiventer_) and +Bailey (_loc. cit._) noted that his two specimens from Gainesville "are +in size and color nearer to _ludovicianus_ [= _rufiventer_] than to +typical _limitis_." Examination of the two specimens from Gainesville +convinces us that Bailey was correct and the specimens therefore are +referable to _Sciurus niger rufiventer_. More in detail, the color +agrees with that of _rufiventer_ and differs from that of _limitis_ and +from that of darker specimens of _Sciurus niger ludovicianus_ (in the +restricted sense used by Lowery and Davis, _op. cit._: 104). Also the +size is larger than in _limitis_ and as in _rufiventer_ or +_ludovicianus_. Selected measurements of Nos. 36192/48550 and +36193/48551 are, respectively, as follows: Total length, 505, 500; +length of tail, 237, 228; length of hind foot, 72, 70; basilar length of +Hensel, 48.5, 48.6; zygomatic breadth, 35.1, 36.0; length of nasals, +21.4, 22.3; alveolar length of maxillary tooth-row, 11.8, 11.1; width +across posterior tongues of premaxillae, 17.5, 18.4. + + +~Sciurus variegatoides rigidus~ Peters + +Harris (Occas. Papers Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan, 266:1, June 28, 1933) +named _Sciurus variegatoides austini_ with type locality at Las Agujas, +Province of Puntarenas, Costa Rica. Later, in his revision of the +species _Sciurus variegatoides_, he (Misc. Publs. Mus. Zool., Univ. +Michigan, 38:19, September 7, 1937) referred specimens from Chomes, +Costa Rica, to _S. v. austini_ and (_op. cit._:24) specimens from +Puntarenas, Province of Puntarenas, to _S. v. rigidus_, an inland +subspecies. The geographic arrangement of these referred specimens +seemed to warrant a reconsideration of the material. We have examined +specimens of _S. variegatoides_ in the Museum of Zoology, University of +Michigan, from the following localities in Costa Rica: Puntarenas +(62703-62706), Las Agujas (65118 [type of _S. v. austini_], +59847-59850), Río Las Agujas (65114-65117), Agua Caliente (66483), +Zarcéro (75757-75761, 75765), Cartago (67546, 67547), and Esparta +(75762-75764). The specimens listed by Harris (_op. cit._, 1937:19) as +from Chomes, in the Museum of Zoology of the University of Michigan, are +not now in that museum and we have not seen them. + +Harris (_op. cit._:19) characterized _S. v. austini_ as differing from +_S. v. rigidus_ in having brightly rufous legs (Ochraceous-Orange) in +_S. v. rigidus_ and a dorsal coloration resulting from a mixture of +shiny black and silver (Ochraceous-Orange mixed with black in _S. v. +rigidus_). We find that in the color of the legs of the paratypes of _S. +v. austini_ there is considerable variation ranging from bright rufous +in No. 65116 to much darker and duller in No. 59849. In six of the ten +specimens of the type series, the color is rufous, but in the other four +the color of the legs approaches and overlaps that found in the referred +specimens of _S. v. rigidus_. The color of the dorsum of _S. v. austini_ +is also variable. No. 59850, for example, is dark brown and closely +resembles No. 75762, from Esparta, which was referred to _S. v. +rigidus_. Further, some specimens referred to _S. v. rigidus_ (67546 and +67547) have the bright-colored legs of _S. v. austini_ and some (75759, +for example) have the black-and-silver back of _austini_. We recognize +differences of an average sort between the now-available specimens of +the two alleged subspecies, but because of the individual variation that +exists, we feel that recognition of two subspecies is not indicated. +There is also some variation that is the result of wear and molt and one +of us (Kelson) feels that some of the differences are explainable on +this basis. Accordingly, we prefer to adopt a more conservative +taxonomic arrangement than that of Harris for this group of the Costa +Rican squirrels and arrange _Sciurus variegatoides austini_ Harris, +1933, as a synonym of _Sciurus variegatoides rigidus_ Peters, 1863. + + +~Thomomys bottae alienus~ Goldman + +Six specimens (21249-21253, 212706 BS) from Rice, Arizona, were referred +by Goldman (Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 46:76, April 27, 1933) to the +subspecies _Thomomys bottae mutabilis_ Goldman when he proposed that +name as new, but these six specimens were not mentioned by him when he +later named _Thomomys bottae alienus_ (Jour. Washington Acad. Sci., +28:338, July 15, 1938), to which subspecies the specimens in question +might be expected to belong. Examination of the six specimens reveals +that they are intergrades between _T. b. mutabilis_ and _T. b. alienus_ +but that the specimens more closely resemble the latter. More precisely, +slightly larger size of skull, greater ventral inflation of tympanic +bullae, and less depressed occipital region ally the specimens with +_Thomomys bottae alienus_, and we identify them as that subspecies. The +two subspecies concerned are not so distinct as are most subspecies of +_Thomomys bottae_. + + +~Thomomys bottae aphrastus~ Elliott + +Bailey (N. Amer. Fauna, 39:58, November 15, 1915) referred three +specimens from San Antonio, Baja California, to _Thomomys bottae +nigricans_. These specimens have not, to our knowledge, been re-examined +subsequently, although the current taxonomic treatment of the pocket +gophers of Baja California by Huey (Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., +10(4):245-268, 1 map, August 31, 1945) excludes _T. b. nigricans_ from +the area of San Antonio. The pertinent specimens are probably Nos. +10810-10812 in the Chicago Natural History Museum. We have examined the +specimens and, using the comparative materials listed under the account +of _T. b. siccovallis_, find them to be intermediate in most characters +between _T. b. aphrastus_ and _T. b. martirensis_. Because they more +nearly resemble _T. b. aphrastus_ in the weakly-spreading zygomatic +arches, we refer the specimens from San Antonio to that subspecies. + + +~Thomomys bottae jojobae~ Huey + +When Huey (Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 10:256, August 31, 1945) +named _Thomomys bottae jojobae_ from Sangre de Cristo, Baja California, +México, he made no mention of a specimen that Bailey (N. Amer. Fauna, +39:58, November 15, 1915) identified as _Thomomys bottae nigricans_ from +La Huerta, which place is approximately eight miles northwest of Sangre +de Cristo. From a geographic standpoint, it seemed unlikely that the +specimen from La Huerta would be referable to _T. b. nigricans_. +Examination of the specimen (138752 BS) proves it to differ from +topotypes of _T. b. nigricans_ and to agree with _T. b. jojobae_ in +richer, more rufescent color, especially ventrally, and smaller, +slenderer, more delicate skull. The specimen is therefore tentatively +referred to _Thomomys bottae jojobae_. We have not, however, compared it +with specimens of _Thomomys bottae juarezensis_, a subspecies the range +of which lies to the east on the summit of the Sierra Juárez. + + +~Thomomys bottae martirensis~ J. A. Allen + +Bailey (N. Amer. Fauna, 39:58, November 15, 1915) referred pocket +gophers from Piñon on the west slope of the San Pedro Mártir Mountains, +Baja California, to the subspecies _Thomomys bottae nigricans_. The +subspecific identity of these animals has now been reinvestigated +subsequently, although the locality whence they were obtained is far +removed from what is now thought to be the geographic range of _T. b. +nigricans_; further, several other subspecies are known to occur in the +intervening area. We have examined the available material from Piñon +(13853-13855 BS) and find the specimens to agree with _Thomomys bottae +martirensis_ and to differ from _T. b. nigricans_ in lighter color, +larger, more ridged and angular skull; proportionately greater mastoidal +breadth; narrower occipital shelf; more ventrally produced alveolar +ramus of the maxillae; and deeply concave posterior border of the +temporal root of the zygomatic arch. These specimens thus constitute the +northernmost record of _T. b. martirensis_ known to us. + + +~Thomomys bottae mohavensis~ Grinnell + +Bailey (N. Amer. Fauna, 39:73, November 15, 1915) assigned a series of 7 +specimens from Lone Willow Spring, California, to the subspecies +_Thomomys bottae perpes_. This locality lies at the northern edge of the +Mohave Desert. Later, Grinnell (Univ. California Publ. Zool., 17:427, +April 25, 1918) named the pocket gophers from approximately the eastern +half of the Mohave Desert, _Thomomys perpallidus_ [= _bottae_] +_mohavensis_, but failed to mention the specimens recorded by Bailey, +and thus their subspecific identity is in doubt. We find that _T. b. +mohavensis_ differs from _T. b. perpes_ in more pallid color (light +yellowish as opposed to dark rufescent) larger size, larger and more +angular skull, angular (as opposed to more evenly bowed) zygomatic +arches, larger and deeper audital bullae, narrower interpterygoid space, +and proportionately greater mastoidal breadth. In external measurements, +size and angularity of skull, width of interpterygoid space and +angularity of the zygomatic arch, the specimens from Lone Willow Spring +seem to be intermediate between the two subspecies, but perhaps show +more resemblance to _T. b. mohavensis_. Otherwise, the specimens closely +resemble _T. b. mohavensis_ to which they are here referred. The +specimens provide a northern marginal record of occurrence for that +subspecies. + +Other specimens recorded as _T. b. perpes_ by Bailey (_loc. cit._) from +Grapevine Ranch, California, have also not been mentioned in later +publications although, from a geographic standpoint, they might be +better referred to either _Thomomys bottae pascalis_ or _T. b. +mohavensis_. Comparison of specimens of _T. b. mohavensis_ and _T. b. +pascalis_ from various localities show _T. b. pascalis_ to be larger +(including the skull), darker, and to possess a more nearly vertical +occipital plane, wider-spread but less angular zygomatic arches, less +inflated tympanic bullae, wider braincase (which consequently appears to +be less inflated), proportionately longer and slenderer rostrum, and +broader nasals distally. Cranially, _T. b. pascalis_ differs from _T. b. +perpes_ in essentially the same ways, but to an event greater degree. In +color, _T. b. pascalis_ differs from _T. b. perpes_ in being duller, +less rufescent. + +The series of four specimens, in the U. S. Biological Surveys +Collection, from Grapevine Ranch clearly are not referable to _T. b. +perpes_. They do, however, agree with _T. b. mohavensis_ in all +essential particulars except that in two of the four specimens the +braincase is wider and the nasals are wider distally. This width is +evidence of intergradation with _T. b. pascalis_. Seemingly, then, they +are best referred to _Thomomys bottae mohavensis_. + + +~Thomomys bottae muralis~ Goldman + +When Goldman (Jour. Washington Acad. Sci., 26(3):112, March 15, 1936) +described and named this pocket gopher from Arizona, he arranged it as a +full species and stated that there is no evidence of intergradation with +other named kinds. We have examined the holotype and three topotypes +(202579-202582 BS) and compared them with specimens of other kinds of +pocket gophers occurring in northern and central Arizona. The _muralis_ +gopher is a depauperate form clearly belonging to the _bottae_ group. +The characters which Goldman (_loc. cit._) set forth as distinguishing +_muralis_ from other named kinds are readily apparent and, like Goldman, +we see no evidence of intergradation. Nevertheless, the characters which +serve to identify the race are, in a general way, those commonly found +in populations of depauperate individuals of _Thomomys bottae_ and _T. +talpoides_. The small size, delicate structure, well-inflated braincase, +short premaxillary tongues, and strongly recurved upper incisors, often +appear in populations existing in inhospitable areas of shallow, +unstable soils. For this reason we feel that the relationships of this +population are best shown by arranging _muralis_ as a subspecies of +_Thomomys bottae_; the name should stand as _Thomomys bottae muralis_ +Goldman. + +As far as known, _T. b. muralis_ is completely isolated from other +populations of pocket gophers by uninhabitable eroding cliffs. The +animals have been found only on isolated terraces in the lower end of +Prospect Valley (itself a lateral pocket) within the Grand Canyon of the +Colorado River, Hualpai Indian Reservation, Arizona. Consequently it is +unlikely that intergradation with other populations could exist at the +present time. + +In short, in arranging _muralis_ as a subspecies of _Thomomys bottae_, +we are influenced, not by the demonstration of intergradation, but by +the degree of morphological differentiation of the population and the +probable reasons therefor. + + +~Thomomys bottae mutabilis~ Goldman + +Goldman (Jour. Washington Acad. Sci., 28:342, July 15, 1938) named the +subspecies _Thomomys bottae pinalensis_ on the basis of only one +specimen, an immature female (245709 BS) from Oak Flat, five miles east +of Superior, Pinal Mountains, Arizona. Examination shows it to be +indistinguishable in characters of taxonomic importance (coloration, +external measurements, shape of skull and size of skull) from specimens +of _T. b. mutabilis_ of comparable sex and age. No. 245709 is well +within the limits of individual variation of _T. b. mutabilis_ as is +shown by the several specimens (all in the U. S. Biological Surveys +Collection) as follow: Nos. 214118, 214670 (topotypes from Camp Verde, +Arizona), 212707 (Chiricahua Ranch, 20 mi. E Calva), 208635 (H-bar +Ranch, 20 mi. S Payson), and 215762 (Turkey Creek). Therefore, the name +_Thomomys bottae pinalensis_ is here arranged as a synonym of the +earlier name, _Thomomys bottae mutabilis_ Goldman (Proc. Biol. Soc. +Washington, 46:75, April 27, 1933), the type locality of which is Camp +Verde, Yavapai County, Arizona. + + +~Thomomys bottae patulus~ Goldman + +When Goldman (Jour. Washington Acad. Sci., 26:113, March 15, 1936) named +the subspecies _Thomomys bottae desitus_, he assigned to it (_op. +cit._:114) 10 specimens obtained at Wickenburg, Maricopa County, +Arizona. He did not mention specimens from Wickenburg when he +subsequently named the subspecies _Thomomys bottae patulus_ (Jour. +Washington Acad. Sci., 28:341, July 15, 1938) and stated that _T. b. +patulus_ was known only from the type locality in the "bottomland along +[the] Hassayampa River, two miles below Wickenburg." Examination in 1950 +of specimens referable to _T. b. patulus_ in the U. S. Biological +Surveys Collection shows all of them, including the holotype, to be +labeled "Wickenburg." The 10 specimens from Wickenburg reported by +Goldman in 1936 as _T. b. desitus_ were included by him among the 16 +(actually 17, one being a skull only) upon which he based his +description of _T. b. patulus_ in 1938. Examination of the field +catalogues of 3 of the 4 collectors who obtained the specimens discloses +that only the 7 specimens obtained last were recorded as occurring in +the Hassayampa River bottoms; the first 10 were recorded only as from +"Wickenburg." Briefly, only one subspecies, _T. b. patulus_, is present +in the area, and Goldman in 1938 seems to have thought that the two +localities were actually the same, and that "2 miles below Wickenburg" +was the more precise designation. + + +~Thomomys bottae providentialis~ Grinnell + +We have examined a specimen, No. 26120/33526, from 12-Mile Spring, +California, in the U. S. Biological Surveys Collection, which Bailey (N. +Amer. Fauna, 39:73, November 15, 1945) referred to the subspecies +_Thomomys perpallidus_ [= _aureus_] _perpes_. We find the specimen to be +referable to the later named _Thomomys bottae providentialis_ on the +basis of smaller ear, more massive, more ridged and angular skull, +greater interorbital breadth, deeper and thicker rostrum, less globular +bullae, and U-shaped rather than V-shaped interpterygoid space. +Therefore, 12-Mile Spring is the northernmost locality of occurrence of +the subspecies _T. b. providentialis_. + + +~Thomomys bottae sanctidiegi~ Huey + +In his discussion of the pocket gophers of Baja California, Huey (Trans. +San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 10:245-268, map, August 31, 1945) made no +mention of specimens from Ensenada, Baja California, recorded by Bailey +(N. Amer. Fauna, 39:58, November 15, 1915) as _Thomomys bottae +nigricans_. We have examined the specimens from Ensenada available to +Bailey in the U. S. Biological Surveys Collection, Nos. 137724, 139890, +and 139891, subadult, immature, and adult, respectively. As compared +with _Thomomys bottae sanctidiegi_ from the mouth of the Tiajuana River +(No. 126028) and _T. b. nigricans_ (topotypes), the one adult specimen +from Ensenada agrees with _T. b. sanctidiegi_ and differs from _T. b. +nigricans_ in lighter color, larger and more angular skull, and more +inflated braincase. The specimens from Ensenada differ from the adjacent +subspecies to the south, _Thomomys bottae proximarinus_ [to judge from +Huey's (_op. cit._) characterization of that subspecies] in lighter +color, and larger, more robust skull. Accordingly, the specimens from +Ensenada are referred to _Thomomys bottae sanctidiegi_. + + +~Thomomys bottae siccovallis~ Huey + +Bailey (N. Amer. Fauna, 39:58, November 15, 1915) listed a specimen from +Mattomi, Baja California, as _Thomomys bottae nigricans_. When Huey +(Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 10:259, August 31, 1945) revived the +name _Thomomys_ [_bottae_] _aphrastus_ Elliot, and named (_op. +cit._:258) _Thomomys bottae siccovallis_ he made no mention of the +specimen, from Mattomi, which, on geographic grounds, would be expected +to be _T. b. aphrastus_, _T. b. martirensis_ J. A. Allen, or _T. b. +siccovallis_. We have examined an adult male (10832 CNHM), probably the +specimen seen by Bailey (_loc. cit._), from Mattomi, and have compared +No. 10832 with six topotypes (10813-10816, 10819 and 10820 CNHM) of _T. +b. martirensis_, the type and one topotype (10798 CNHM) of _T. b. +aphrastus_ and with the original description of _T. b. siccovallis_. The +specimen from Mattomi seems to be unique in the large size of the +tympanic bullae. The specimen in question differs from _T. b. +martirensis_ also in shorter and wider skull, shorter and wider rostrum, +and longer and wider molariform teeth. In these features resemblance is +shown to the holotype of _T. b. aphrastus_ and even greater resemblance +is shown to _T. b. siccovallis_ to which the specimen from Mattomi is +referred. + + +~Thomomys monticola mazama~ Merriam + +This subspecies of the Cascades of Oregon and _Thomomys monticola +nasicus_ of the territory immediately to the east of the Cascades, in +the same state, were originally described (Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. +Washington, 11:214 and 216, respectively, July 15, 1897) and redescribed +(Bailey, N. Amer. Fauna, 39:123 and 125, respectively, November 15, +1915) as distinguished from each other by paler color, smaller tympanic +bullae and longer nasals in _T. m. nasicus_. The holotypes do differ in +these respects. The assigned (by Bailey, _loc. cit._) specimens indicate +that the opposite condition obtains with respect to the size of bullae; +that is to say, the bullae are smaller in _T. m. mazama_. In these +referred specimens from Oregon the nasals are actually and relatively +longer in _T. m. nasicus_, which averages paler (less black and more +red). Certain specimens of the two subspecies that are comparable as to +sex, age and season, are indistinguishable in color. + +This is the background against which Bailey (_op. cit._:125), contrary +to his statement of geographic ranges (_op. cit._:123, 125) and map +(_op. cit._:fig. 5, p. 23), assigned, in his list of specimens +examined, two specimens ([** Male] ad. 79817 and [** Female] ad. 79818 +BS) from Pengra, west of the Cascades, to the subspecies _T. m. +nasicus_. In the specimens from Pengra the bullae are angular as in +referred specimens of _nasicus_ (unlike those of the holotype), the +rostra are intermediate in length between those of the two subspecies +concerned, and the color is light as in _T. m. nasicus_ but can be +matched by that of certain specimens of _T. m. mazama_, for example by +that of No. 79821 BS from Diamond Lake, Oregon. Consequently, on +morphological grounds, the two specimens from Pengra can be assigned to +_T. m. mazama_ almost as well as to _T. m. nasicus_. Having regard for +the geographic relations, we assign them to _T. m. mazama_. + +In making this tentative identification we are aware that the +acquisition of more nearly adequate material from Oregon, and critical +study of such material, may bring a subspecific arrangement of the +populations of _Thomomys monticola_ different from the current one. + + +~Thomomys talpoides bullatus~ Bailey + +Bailey (N. Amer. Fauna, 39:101, November 15, 1915) identified as +_Thomomys talpoides clusius_ two specimens (66465 and 66523 BS) from +Pass (= Parkman) and one specimen (66464 BS) from Dayton, in Wyoming. We +have examined these specimens and find that they lack the broad +braincase and narrow nasals of _clusius_ and in these and in other +features the three specimens resemble _T. t. caryi_ and _T. t. bullatus_ +more than they resemble any other named kinds. Although structurally, +and in color, intermediate between the two subspecies named immediately +above, the specimens show greater resemblance (large size and narrow +braincase) to the latter and are referred by us to _Thomomys talpoides +bullatus_. + + +~Thomomys talpoides clusius~ Coues + +Bailey (N. Amer. Fauna, 39:102, November 15, 1915) identified as +_Thomomys talpoides bullatus_ an adult male (147347 BS) from the J. K. +Ranch, 5900 ft., on Meadow Creek, Wind River, Wyoming [= Wind River of +Bailey, _loc. cit._] and a young female (168666 BS) from Sage Creek, 8 +mi. NW Fort Washakie, Wyoming. The rosaceous tone of these pale +individuals is more as in some populations of _T. t. ocius_ and _T. t. +clusius_ to the southward. Also, the skull of the male, although large, +is distinctly narrower than in _T. t. bullatus_ and we think shows the +influence of the _T. t. tenellus_ stock. All features considered, we +refer the specimens to _T. t. clusius_. + + +~Thomomys talpoides glacialis~ Dalquest and Scheffer + +Vernon Bailey (N. Amer. Fauna, 39:119, November 15, 1915) listed 19 +specimens from Roy, Washington, as _Thomomys douglasi yelmensis_ +Merriam. Our examination of 26 specimens (205039-205051, 205072-205077, +and 206545-206551 BS) labeled as "Roy," and presumably including those +listed by Bailey (_loc. cit._), leads us to identify all 26 as _Thomomys +talpoides glacialis_ on the basis of widely spreading zygomatic arches +and decidedly ochraceous hue of underparts. + + +~Geomys bursarius jugossicularis~ Hooper + +Seven skins with skulls (35104/47369-35110/47375 BS) from Las Animas, +Colorado, probably formed the basis for Cary's (N. Amer. Fauna, 33:129, +August 17, 1911) record of _Geomys lutescens_ from that locality. +Comparison of the material reveals that the animals are referable +instead to the later named subspecies, _Geomys lutescens jugossicularis_ +Hooper (Occas. Papers Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan, 420:1, June 28, 1940), +on the basis of (1) more reddish color, (2) deeper zygomatic plate, (3) +shorter jugal as expressed as a percentage of the length of the part of +the zygomatic arch anterior to the jugal, and (4) larger area of inner +face of jugal exposed when skull is viewed from directly above. Possibly +it is noteworthy that the specimens from Las Animas are larger than +Hooper's holotype and one topotype; this larger size is indicative of +intergradation with _G. b. lutescens_ as represented by the specimens +examined by us from Pueblo. + +Our examination of an adult female, No. 128242 BS and a juvenal female, +No. 128243 BS, from 15 mi. E Texline, Texas, recorded by Bailey (N. +Amer. Fauna, 25:132, October 24, 1905) under the name _Geomys lutescens_ +reveals that the specimens are referable to _Geomys bursarius +jugossicularis_ instead of to _Geomys bursarius major_ on the basis of +(1) mastoid part of tympanic bulla more inflated posteriorly, (2) +narrowness of frontals between posterior tongues of the premaxillae and, +(3) lighter color. + + +~Liomys irroratus irroratus~ Gray + +When Hooper and Handley (Occas. Papers Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan, +514:1-34, October 29, 1948) published a revised map (_op. cit._:3) +showing the geographic distribution of the subspecies of _Liomys +irroratus_ they did not mention a specimen from Agusinapa, Guerrero, +which inferentially from their map would be _L. i. irroratus_ although +it previously had been recorded as _L. i. torridus_ by Goldman (N. +Amer. Fauna, 34:55, September 7, 1911). We have examined the specimen +(70228 BS), which retains the upper deciduous premolar. Its long foot +(32 mm.) and broad cranium (13 mm.) are the bases for identifying the +specimen as _Liomys irroratus irroratus_ instead of _L. i. minor_, which +is smaller. + + +~Liomys irroratus minor~ Merriam + +When Hooper and Handley (Occas. Papers Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan, +514:1-34, October 29, 1948) published a revised map (_op. cit._:3) +showing the geographic distribution of the subspecies of _Liomys +irroratus_ they did not mention five specimens from Tlapa, Guerrero, +which inferentially from their map would be _L. i. irroratus_ although +these specimens previously had been recorded as _L. i. torridus_ by +Goldman (N. Amer. Fauna, 34:55, September 7, 1911). We have examined the +five specimens (70221-70225 BS), three of which retain the upper +deciduous premolars and two of which have the upper fourth premolar +unworn. The short, wide rostrum is unlike the long slender rostrum of +topotypes of _L. i. torridus_ of comparable age, and agrees with the +condition in topotypes of _L. i. minor_ of comparable age. It is on this +basis of wider rostrum that we refer the five specimens from Tlapa to +_Liomys i. minor_ which Hooper and Handley (_op. cit._:13) described as +differing from the geographically adjacent _L. i. irroratus_ in "short +and strongly tapered rostrum." We would add that we have not +independently verified this difference between _L. i. minor_ and _L. i. +irroratus_ for want of specimens of _L. i. irroratus_ comparable in age +to the five individuals from Tlapa. + +The map of Hooper and Handley (_loc. cit._) inferentially excludes +Tlalixtaquilla, Guerrero, from the geographic range of _L. i. minor_ +(and places Tlalixtaquilla within the range of _L. i. irroratus_) +although Goldman (_op. cit._:56) previously had identified specimens +from this place as _L. i. minor_. Our examination of the two immature +specimens (70227 and 70230 BS) from Tlalixtaquilla reveals that they +closely resemble the holotype of _L. i. minor_ and leads to the +conclusion that they are _Liomys irroratus minor_. + + +~Perognathus amplus pergracilis~ Goldman + +When Bole (Sci. Publ. Cleveland Mus. Nat. Hist., 5(2):6, December 4, +1937) named and described _Perognathus longimembris salinensis_, he +listed as comparative material of _P. l. bangsi_, a specimen in the +Museum of Comparative Zoology from Parker, Yuma Co., Arizona. There was +some reason to doubt the identification of the specimen since it is the +only record of occurrence of the subspecies from east of the Colorado +River. There is no specimen of _Perognathus longimembris_ from Arizona +in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. There is one specimen of pocket +mouse (18213, a skin only) from 30 miles east of Parker. We think that +this is the specimen seen by Bole because at one time according to the +label, it had been identified as _Perognathus panamintinus_ [= +_longimembris_] _bangsi_. If the identification of this skin-only had +been made by means of Osgood's key (N. Amer. Fauna, 18:14-15, September +20, 1900), the animal would have "keyed out" to _P. longimembris_ +because the total length is recorded on the label as 130. Seth B. Benson +has subsequently examined the specimen. The label now bears in +handwriting the name of _P. amplus pergracilis_ and is followed by +Benson's initials as the identifier. Although we lack adequate +comparative material, we consider the specimen to be _P. amplus +pergracilis_ Goldman, because the skin answers well to the description +of _P. a. pergracilis_ and because of the name currently on the label +with Benson's initials. + + +~Perognathus longimembris panamintinus~ Merriam + +In the current literature, Californian specimens of the little pocket +mouse stand identified as _Perognathus longimembris nevadensis_ from +Oasis and vicinity of Benton Station (Grinnell, Univ. California Publ. +Zool., 40:147, September 26, 1933). When one of us (Hall, Mammals of +Nevada, p. 360, July 1, 1946) reported specimens from southwestern +Nevada as _Perognathus longimembris panamintinus_ he did so on the basis +of study of specimens which included those from Oasis (in the California +Museum of Vertebrate Zoology) that he at that time (in ms.) identified +as _P. l. panamintinus_. Those specimens from Oasis have the hair on the +underparts white all the way to the base as also do specimens from +Morans, 5000 ft. (29583/41638 BS), in contrast to the plumbeous +underparts of _P. l. nevadensis_. It is on this basis that we identify +specimens from the places mentioned above as _Perognathus longimembris +panamintinus_. "Vicinity of Benton Station" as given by Grinnell (_loc. +cit._) is interpreted to include Morans, Mono County. + + +~Dipodomys agilis martirensis~ Huey + +Elliot (Field Columb. Mus., Zool. Ser., Publ. 79, 3(12):221, August 15, +1903) referred specimens from Rosarito and Rosarito Divide, San Pedro +Mártir Mts., Baja California, to _Perodipus_ [= _Dipodomys_] _agilis_. +According to the currently known distribution of _Dipodomys agilis_ in +Baja California (see Huey, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 11:237, +April 30, 1951), the specimens seemed likely to belong to the subspecies +_D. a. martirensis_. An examination of the specimens (10644, 10690-10693 +CMNH from Rosarito, and 10694 from Rosarito Divide) shows that, on the +basis of large ear and comparatively narrow braincase, they are in fact +referable to _D. a. martirensis_. Only No. 10693, with its broader +braincase, seems atypical. Comparative materials used are in the Chicago +Natural History Museum as follows: _D. a. martirensis_: Baja California: +San Matias Spring, 2. _D. a. simulans_: Baja California: Ensenada, 8. +California: Dulzura, 1 (topotype); San Luis del Rey, 3. + + +~Dipodomys agilis simulans~ (Merriam) + +J. A. Allen (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:184, August 18, 1893) listed +as _Perodipus agilis_ a specimen (6306/4941 AMNH) from Valladares, Baja +California. Subspecies of this species were subsequently named without +mentioning this specimen that, on geographic grounds, might be either +_D. a. martirensis_ or _D. a. simulans_. Certain measurements of the +specimen are as follows: Total length, 288; length of tail, 171; length +of hind foot (dry), 41.0; greatest length of skull, 39.5; width of +maxillary arch at middle, 4.5. The long tail and wide (4.5) maxillary +arch are characteristic of _Dipodomys agilis simulans_ and constitute +the basis for identifying the specimen as of that subspecies. + + +~Baiomys taylori analogus~ Osgood + +The geographic range currently assigned to _Baiomys taylori paulus_ (J. +A. Allen) is separated in two parts by the geographic range assigned to +_B. t. analogus_. The southern, separated part of the range of _B. t. +paulus_ rests wholly on ten specimens from Colima, Colima, identified as +_B. t. paulus_ by Osgood in his "Revision of the mice of the American +genus Peromyscus" (N. Amer. Fauna, 28, April 17, 1909) where (p. 255) he +places as a synonym of _Peromyscus taylori paulus_ J. A. Allen, 1903, +_Peromyscus allex_ Osgood, 1904. The later name was based on these ten +specimens (33422/45445-33427/45450, 33429/45452, 33432/45455, and +33435/45458 BS) from Colima. Osgood had a choice of synonymizing _P. +allex_ under _P. paulus_ or _P. t. analogus_. According to Osgood's +concept, _analogus_ was blackish and large; _allex_ was grayish and +small; and _paulus_ was fawn colored and intermediate in size. The more +nearly equal size of _paulus_ and _allex_ probably influenced Osgood in +making his choice. After examining the original materials we think there +is more to recommend the alternate choice. For example, two topotypes +of equal age of the same sex of _allex_ (33424/45447) and _analogus_ +(120264 BS) are of almost the same size and, respectively, measure as +follows: Total length, 107, 108; length of tail, 42, 45; length of hind +foot (measured dry), 13.1, 12.8; greatest length of skull, 17.6, 17.7; +zygomatic breadth, 9.3, 9.2. Although _analogus_ does average darker, a +topotype, No. 120267 BS, from Zamora, is indistinguishable from several +of the topotypes of _allex_. Consequently, we arrange _Peromyscus allex_ +Osgood as a synonym of _Baiomys taylori analogus_ (Osgood) 1909 and +refer the specimens from Colima to the latter. + + +~Peromyscus eremicus eremicus~ (Baird) + +Osgood (N. Amer. Fauna, 28:242, April 17, 1909) listed a specimen of +this subspecies from Sierra Encarnación, Nuevo Leon. A specimen, No. +79614 BS, of this species was obtained on July 31, 1896, at Sierra +Encarnación, Coahuila, by Nelson and Goldman. We know of no specimens of +this subspecies from Sierra Encarnación, Nuevo Leon, and assume that +Osgood referred to the Coahuilan specimen. Further support for this +assumption is Osgood's (_loc. cit._) note that the Sierra Encarnación +specimen is aberrant and, to our eye, so is No. 79614 from Coahuila. + + +~Peromyscus merriami merriami~ Mearns + +Osgood (N. Amer. Fauna, 28:239, April 17, 1909) placed _P. merriami_ in +synonymy under _Peromyscus eremicus eremicus_ (Baird). Because Seth B. +Benson, and subsequently the late Wilfred H. Osgood, told one of us +(Hall) that _Peromyscus merriami_ was specifically distinct from +_Peromyscus eremicus eremicus_, we have examined the specimens from +Sonoyta, Sonora, and Quitobaquita, Arizona, referred by Mearns (Bull. U. +S. Nat. Mus., 56:434-435, and 444, April 13, 1907) to _P. e. eremicus_ +and _P. merriami_, respectively. We perceive the differences that Mearns +(_loc. cit._) described and recognize _P. merriami_ as a species +separate from _P. eremicus_. + +Also we have compared the type and one topotype of _Peromyscus goldmani_ +Osgood with the holotype and referred specimens mentioned above, of _P. +merriami_, and feel that the two kinds are no more than subspecifically +distinct. Accordingly, _P. goldmani_ should stand as _Peromyscus +merriami goldmani_. This arrangement is made with the knowledge that +Burt (Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan, 39:56, February 15, 1938) +arranged _P. goldmani_ as a synonym of _Peromyscus eremicus_. + + +~Peromyscus truei preblei~ Bailey + +Osgood (N. Amer. Fauna, 28: 171, April 17, 1909) listed two specimens +from Crooked River, 25 miles southeast of Prineville, Oregon, as +_Peromyscus truei gilberti_ with the notation "approaching _truei_?" +Subsequently, Bailey (N. Amer. Fauna, 55: 188, August 29, 1936) named +_Peromyscus truei preblei_ with type locality at Crooked River, 20 miles +southeast of Prineville, a place from which Bailey had two specimens. We +think the specimens recorded by the two authors are the same, and, +according to the specimen labels, were placed correctly as to locality +by Bailey. Our reasons are as follows: (a) The specimens mentioned by +Bailey were presumably available to Osgood, but Osgood made no mention +of specimens from "20 miles southeast of Prineville," (b) we find no +specimens nor other records pertaining thereto, of _Peromyscus truei_ +from the locality given by Osgood, (c) Osgood indicated that the +specimens he saw were not typical of _P. t. gilberti_ and (d) _P. m. +gilberti_, geographically the nearest subspecies, is recorded otherwise +no closer to Prineville than Grants Pass, approximately 175 miles +southwest in southwestern Oregon. + + +~Sigmodon hispidus cienegae~ A. B. Howell + +J. A. Allen (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:28, March 16, 1893) listed +as _Sigmodon hispidus arizonae_ Mearns one specimen from Granados, +Sonora, at a time when _S. h. cienegae_ had not been named. We have +examined the specimen (5389 AMNH) which has the skull inside and which +lacks external measurements. It was taken on November 16, 1890, and is +darker than specimens of _S. h. arizonae_ collected in September at Fort +Verde, Arizona. The color is essentially as in specimens of _S. h. +cienegae_ from Fairbank, Arizona (March-taken specimens). Because of +this agreement in color and because of the geographic origin of the +specimen from Granados, we refer the animal to _Sigmodon hispidus +cienegae_. + + +~Sigmodon hispidus zanjonensis~ Goodwin + +Goodwin (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 79:169, May 29, 1942) listed four +specimens from Honduras (El Jaral, 2; and Las Ventanas, 2) as _Sigmodon +hispidus saturatus_ Bailey. Because these localities fall within the +geographic range of _S. h. zanjonensis_ we were lead to examine the +specimens. Three are young and one (126113 AMNH from Las Ventanas) is an +adult female. The underparts of the young are washed with rufous as in +_S. h. saturatus_. The adult lacks this rufous as do specimens of _S. h. +zanjonensis_ and some specimens of _S. h. saturatus_. In the adult the +color of the upper parts and size of the upper cheek-teeth are +intermediate between the dark-backed, small-toothed _S. h. saturatus_ +and the paler-backed, large-toothed _S. h. zanjonensis_. The rostrum is +intermediate in width but definitely nearer the broad condition which +obtains in _S. h. saturatus_. The tail is long, actually and in relation +to the body (total length 275, tail 130), as in _S. h. zanjonensis_ to +which we refer the specimens in question. + + +~Oryzomys couesi couesi~ (Alston) + +For alleged occurrence at Reforma in Oaxaca, México (Goldman, N. Amer. +Fauna, 43:31, September 23, 1918), see under _Oryzomys couesi mexicanus_ +Allen. + + +~Oryzomys couesi mexicanus~ J. A. Allen + +Goldman (N. Amer. Fauna, 43, September 23, 1918) listed, as in the Field +Museum of Natural History [= Chicago Natural History Museum] one +specimen from Reforma, Oaxaca, under _O. c. mexicanus_ (p. 35) and one +specimen from the same place under _O. c. couesi_ (p. 31). In the +Chicago Natural History Museum we can find only one specimen. It is a +young male, skull with skin, in which the last molar has not yet +erupted, and bears the catalogue number 13654. It is, in our opinion, +referable to _O. c. mexicanus_. Because we suspect that Goldman (_op. +cit._) by error listed this one specimen twice (once under _O. c. +couesi_ and once under _O. c. mexicanus_) it seems best to exclude +Reforma, Oaxaca, from the geographic range of _O. c. couesi_. + + +~Oryzomys alfaroi saturatior~ Merriam + +A series of _Oryzomys alfaroi_ in the U. S. Biological Surveys +Collection obtained at Tumbala, 5000 ft., Chiapas, México, the type +locality of _Oryzomys alfaroi saturatior_, contains individuals some of +which Goldman (N. Amer. Fauna, 43:66, September 23, 1918) referred to +the subspecies _O. a. saturatior_ and one which he referred to _O. a. +palatinus_. This latter specimen, to judge from the external +measurements given by Goldman (_loc. cit._), is No. 76328. In comparison +with the other material which Goldman saw, we find the specimen to agree +with _O. a. palatinus_ in pale color and posterior concavity of the +posterior border of the palate. In some other diagnostic cranial +characters, it is indistinguishable from specimens of _O. a. saturatior_ +from the same locality, and in other characters, notably the slenderness +of the rostrum, it is intermediate between the two subspecies +concerned. In short, although we see the reasons for Goldman's +subspecific identification of this individual, we think, in view of the +structural intermediacy of the animal and the characters of the series +_en masse_, that it is best referred to _Oryzomys alfaroi saturatior_. + + +~Zapus princeps idahoensis~ Davis + +Preble (N. Amer. Fauna, 15:23, August 8, 1899) referred two specimens +from Henry House and three from 15 miles south of Henry House, both +localities in Alberta, Canada, to the subspecies _Zapus princeps +princeps_. Subsequently, when _Z. p. kootenayensis_ (Anderson, Nat. Mus. +Canada, Ann. Rept. 1931, p. 108, November 24, 1932) and _Z. p. +idahoensis_ (Davis, Jour. Mamm., 15(3):221, August 10, 1934) were named, +no mention was made of these specimens although the ranges assigned to +_Z. p. kootenayensis_ and _Z. p. idahoensis_ seemed to isolate the Henry +House area from the remainder of the range (as recorded) of _Z. p. +princeps_. We have examined the pertinent specimens in the U. S. +Biological Surveys Collection (75452 and 75453 from Henry House; +81509-81510 from 15 mi. S Henry House). On the basis of paler color, +reduced lateral line, smaller skull, shorter palatal bridge and +zygomatic arches, they are, among named subspecies, best referred to +_Zapus princeps idahoensis_. + +_Transmitted July 30, 1952._ + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Comments on the Taxonomy and +Geographic Distribution of Some North American Rodents, by E. Raymond Hall and Keith R. 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Raymond Hall And Keith R. Kelson. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> + + p { margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; + } + hr { width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; + } + + table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;} + + body{margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + } + + .pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; + } /* page numbers */ + + .linenum {position: absolute; top: auto; left: 4%;} /* poetry number */ + .blockquot{margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 10%;} + + .center {text-align: center;} + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + + .caption {font-weight: bold;} + + + .poem {margin-left:10%; margin-right:10%; text-align: left;} + .poem br {display: none;} + .poem .stanza {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;} + .poem span.i0 {display: block; margin-left: 0em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + .poem span.i2 {display: block; margin-left: 1em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + .poem span.i4 {display: block; margin-left: 2em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Comments on the Taxonomy and Geographic +Distribution of Some North American Rodents, by E. Raymond Hall and Keith R. Kelson + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Comments on the Taxonomy and Geographic Distribution of Some North American Rodents + +Author: E. Raymond Hall + Keith R. Kelson + +Release Date: August 30, 2010 [EBook #33578] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK COMMENTS ON SOME NORTH AMERICAN RODENTS *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Josephine Paolucci +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net. + + + + + + +</pre> + + + + +<h1>Comments on the Taxonomy and Geographic Distribution of Some North +American Rodents</h1> + +<h3>BY</h3> + +<h2>E. RAYMOND HALL and KEITH R. KELSON</h2> + +<p class="center"> +University of Kansas Publications<br /> +Museum of Natural History<br /> +<br /> +Volume 5, No. 26, pp. 343-371<br /> +December 15, 1952<br /> +<br /> +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS<br /> +LAWRENCE<br /> +1952<br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History</span><br /> +<br /> +Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, A. Byron Leonard,<br /> +Edward H. Taylor, Robert W. Wilson<br /> +<br /> +Volume 5, No. 26, pp. 343-371<br /> +December 15, 1952<br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">University of Kansas</span><br /> +Lawrence, Kansas<br /> +<br /> +PRINTED BY<br /> +FERD VOILAND. JR., STATE PRINTER<br /> +TOPEKA, KANSAS<br /> +1952<br /> +</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_345" id="Page_345">[Pg 345]</a></span></p> +<h2>Comments on the Taxonomy and Geographic Distribution of Some North +American Rodents</h2> + +<h4>BY</h4> + +<h3>E. RAYMOND HALL and KEITH R. KELSON</h3> + + +<p>In preparing maps showing the geographic distribution of North American +mammals we have found in the literature conflicting statements +concerning the subspecific identity of several rodents. Wherever +possible, we have examined the pertinent specimens. Results of our +examination are given below.</p> + +<p>Our studies have been aided by a contract (NR 161-791) between the +Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy, and the University of +Kansas. Also, a grant from the Kansas University Endowment Association +has permitted field work that yielded some of the specimens used for +comparison. Grateful acknowledgment is made to the persons in charge of +the several collections of mammals that we have consulted in order to +satisfy ourselves concerning the subspecific status of specimens from +many localities.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Marmota flaviventer luteola</b> A. H. Howell</p> + +<p>A. H. Howell (N. Amer. Fauna, 37:50, April 7, 1915) referred specimens +from Bridgers Pass, Wyoming, to <i>Marmota flaviventer dacota</i>, on the +basis of paler underparts because, according to the data of Howell (<i>op. +cit.</i>), <i>M. f. dacota</i> and <i>M. f. luteola</i>, the contiguous subspecies, +do not differ significantly in other ways. Casual comparison reveals to +us no additional differences between the two. We have examined the three +specimens available to Howell from Bridgers Pass (Nos. 18733/25527, +18734/25528, and 18735/25529 U. S. Biol. Surv. Coll.) and find the tone +of the underparts to be darker (more nearly russet) than in typical +<i>luteola</i>. The tone, however, varies considerably, both individually and +geographically, in <i>luteola</i> and it is possible to match almost exactly +the ventral coloration of the specimens from Bridgers Pass with that of +specimens from within the geographic range of <i>luteola</i>; Nos. 160509, +from Bear Creek, 8 miles west of Eagle Peak, Wyoming, 18875 and +18731/25535, from the Laramie Mts., Wyoming, and No. 203744 from Sulphur +Springs, Grand County, Colorado, all in the United States Biological<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_346" id="Page_346">[Pg 346]</a></span> +Surveys Collection, are examples to the point. Being influenced by the +geography of the region, we therefore consider the three specimens from +Bridgers Pass best referred to the subspecies <i>Marmota flaviventer +luteola</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Spermophilus variegatus grammurus</b> (Say)</p> + +<p>A. H. Howell (N. Amer. Fauna, 56:147, May 18, 1938) accorded <i>Citellus</i> +[= <i>Spermophilus</i>] <i>variegatus utah</i> Merriam a geographic range that +included the Kaibab Plateau of Arizona. Durrant (Univ. Kansas Publ. Mus. +Nat. Hist., 6:119, August 10, 1952) assigned to <i>S. v. grammurus</i> a +geographic range that included southern Utah from the eastern to the +western border but in doing this did not mention the rock squirrel of +the Kaibab Plateau of Arizona that also might be expected to be +referable to <i>S. v. grammurus</i>. Howell (<i>loc. cit.</i>) had two specimens +from the Kaibab Plateau. Of these we have examined the one from Big +Spring (161566 BS) and find that it lacks the darker (more tawny) head +and posterior back of <i>C. v. utah</i> and agrees with <i>C. v. grammurus</i>. On +this basis we refer the rock squirrel of the Kaibab Plateau to the +subspecies <i>Spermophilus variegatus grammurus</i> (Say).</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Tamias amoenus caurinus</b> Merriam</p> + +<p>This subspecies was named from the Olympic Peninsula of Washington. A. +H. Howell, in his "Revision of the American chipmunks" (N. Amer. Fauna, +52:77, and fig. 5, 1929) regarded the geographic range of <i>Eutamias</i> [= +<i>Tamias</i>] <i>amoenus caurinus</i> as the mountains of the Olympic Peninsula +and most of Mt. Rainier. The geographic range of the <i>amoenus</i> chipmunk +on Mt. Rainier almost certainly is continuous with that of <i>T. a. +ludibundus</i> in the Cascade Mountains of which Mt. Rainier is a +westward-projecting arm. There is no contact between the chipmunks of +Mt. Rainier and those of the Olympic Peninsula; those on the Peninsula +are geographically isolated from all others of the species and are +separated from those on Mt. Rainier by approximately eighty miles of +low-lying country, which is uninhabited by chipmunks of the species +<i>Tamias amoenus</i>. Therefore, Howell's (<i>loc. cit.</i>) assignment of most +of the chipmunks on Mt. Rainier to <i>caurinus</i> is open to question and +Dalquest, in the "Mammals of Washington" (Univ. Kansas Publ. Mus. Nat. +Hist., vol. 2, 1948) evidently thought that Howell had incorrectly +identified them. On page 256 Dalquest (<i>op. cit.</i>) defined the +geographic range of <i>T. a. caurinus</i> as restricted to the Olympic +Peninsula and showed (fig. 81) Mt. Rainier to be in the geographic range +of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_347" id="Page_347">[Pg 347]</a></span> <i>T. a. ludibundus</i>. We would accept Dalquest's (<i>op. cit.</i>) +arrangement without question and also would follow it because it is the +more recent one were it not for the fact that Dalquest gives no reason +for his changes. To allow us to decide the matter we have compared the +pertinent materials ourselves. Catalogue numbers below are of the United +States National Museum, Biological Surveys Collection, and each specimen +mentioned by catalogue number is an adult female which shows much wear +on the fourth upper premolar.</p> + +<p>Of <i>T. a. caurinus</i>, Nos. 241902 and 241903 are from 2 mi. SW of Mount +Angeles; No. 241911 is from "near" head of Dosewallips River, 6000 ft., +and No. 241915 is from Canyon Creek, 3 mi. S Soleduc River, 3550 ft. Of +<i>T. a. ludibundus</i>, Nos. 234776 and 235018 are from Barron, 5000 ft., +and No. 230685 is from Suiattle River, 6500 ft. Of specimens in +question, from Mount Rainier, No. 90635 is from 6500 ft., west slope; +No. 232729 is from 4900 ft., Reflection Lakes, and No. 233114 is from +5300 ft., Indian Henrys.</p> + +<p>In comparison with <i>T. a. ludibundus</i>, <i>T. a. caurinus</i> is grayer on +most, or all, parts of the pelage, has less ochraceous on the sides, and +the dark stripes on the sides of the head are narrower and less reddish +(more grayish). The skull of <i>caurinus</i> is larger in certain +measurements, as shown below:</p> + + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align='left'>Catalogue<br /> number</td><td align='left'>Occipitonasal<br /> length</td><td align='left'>Zygomatic<br /> breadth</td><td align='left'>Cranial breadth</td><td align='left'>Length of<br /> nasals</td><td align='left'>Greatest width<br /> across upper<br /> molars</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>T. a. ludibundus</i></td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>234776</td><td align='left'>34.0</td><td align='left'>19.3</td><td align='left'>15.6</td><td align='left'>10.2</td><td align='left'>...</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>235018</td><td align='left'>34.1</td><td align='left'>....</td><td align='left'>....</td><td align='left'>10.4</td><td align='left'>8.0</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>230685</td><td align='left'>33.5</td><td align='left'>18.8</td><td align='left'>15.5</td><td align='left'>10.4</td><td align='left'>7.9</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Mt. Rainier</td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>90635</td><td align='left'>34.5</td><td align='left'>19.2</td><td align='left'>16.3</td><td align='left'>10.8</td><td align='left'>8.3</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>232729</td><td align='left'>....</td><td align='left'>18.5</td><td align='left'>15.3</td><td align='left'>....</td><td align='left'>8.2</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>233114</td><td align='left'>34.2</td><td align='left'>18.6</td><td align='left'>15.7</td><td align='left'>10.8</td><td align='left'>8.0</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>T. a. caurinus</i></td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'> </td><td align='left'> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>241911</td><td align='left'>34.5</td><td align='left'>19.7</td><td align='left'>16.2</td><td align='left'>11.3</td><td align='left'>8.3</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>241915</td><td align='left'>34.2</td><td align='left'>....</td><td align='left'>....</td><td align='left'>10.3</td><td align='left'>8.3</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>241902</td><td align='left'>35.2</td><td align='left'>....</td><td align='left'>16.8</td><td align='left'>11.1</td><td align='left'>8.1</td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>241903</td><td align='left'>34.7</td><td align='left'>....</td><td align='left'>16.0</td><td align='left'>10.8</td><td align='left'>8.4</td></tr> +</table></div> +<p>Howell (<i>op. cit.</i>:75) referred three specimens from Glacier Basin, on +the northeastern part of Mount Rainier, to <i>T. a. ludibundus</i> as he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_348" id="Page_348">[Pg 348]</a></span> did +also one specimen (<i>loc. cit.</i>) from Reflection Lakes, on the southern +flank of the mountain. Our comparisons indicate the correctness of +Howell's identification of the specimens from Glacier Basin; they more +closely resemble <i>ludibundus</i> than <i>caurinus</i>. The specimen from +Reflection Lakes, however, is only one of five or six from the same +place; the others were lumped by him among the 49 that he recorded from +Mount Rainier under the name <i>caurinus</i>. The series from Reflection +Lakes, so far as we can detect, is not unusually variable and the +differences that are apparent are within the normal range of variation +ascribable to season, age, and individualism. Also, the series from +Reflection Lakes, to us, is not appreciably different from the other +series, representing the following places on Mount Rainier: Indian +Henrys, 5300 ft.; W slope Mt. Rainier, 6600 ft.; St. Andrews Park, 5500 +ft.; Spray Park, 5500 ft.; Paradise Park; Muddy Fork of Cowlitz River; +Sunset Park, 5000 ft.; ridge between St. Andrews Park and South Puyallup +River, 6000 ft.; and Owyhigh Lakes, 5350 ft.</p> + +<p>Collectively, or individually, where there are as many as six specimens +from a place, the material from Mt. Rainier (Glacier Basin excepted) is +intermediate in color between <i>T. a. ludibundus</i> and <i>T. a. caurinus</i> +and no more closely resembles one subspecies than the other. As may be +seen from the cranial measurements recorded above, specimens from Mt. +Rainier, although intermediate between the two subspecies just +mentioned, resemble <i>ludibundus</i> in lesser zygomatic breadth and lesser +cranial breadth (and, it may be added, in lesser dorsolateral inflation +of the braincase), but resemble <i>caurinus</i> in longer skull +(occipitonasal length), longer nasals and greater breadth across the +rows of upper molariform teeth.</p> + +<p>In summary: The animals from Mount Rainier, in features of taxonomic +import, are almost exactly intermediate between <i>T. a. caurinus</i> and <i>T. +a. ludibundus</i>. Being influenced by considerations of geographic +adjacency, we refer the animals on Mount Rainier to <i>Tamias amoenus +ludibundus</i> (Hollister).</p> + +<p>Dalquest's (<i>op. cit.</i>: 85) explanation of the probable origin of +<i>Tamias amoenus caurinus</i> is pertinent here. He writes: "The chipmunks +of the Olympic Mountains [<i>caurinus</i>] probably reached their present +range from the Cascades. Their probable path of emigration was westward +from Mt. Rainier, along the glacial outwash train of Nisqualli Glacier, +to the moraine and outwash apron of the Vashon Glacier and thence to the +Olympics. So similar are the chipmunks of Mt. Rainier and the Olympic +Mountains that Howell (1929) included Mt. Rainier in the range of +<i>caurinus</i>."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_349" id="Page_349">[Pg 349]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Tamias townsendii cooperi</b> Baird</p> + +<p>Some uncertainty exists concerning the subspecific identity of the +Townsend Chipmunk in southern Washington because Dalquest (Univ. Kansas +Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist., 2:262, April 9, 1948) identified as <i>Tamias +townsendii cooperi</i> specimens that he examined from Yocolt, a place well +within the geographic range of <i>T. t. townsendii</i> as defined by A. H. +Howell (N. Amer. Fauna, 52: fig. 7, p. 107, November 30, 1929). Dalquest +(<i>op. cit.</i>) referred other specimens, that he did not examine, from Mt. +St. Helens (90654, 231112 and 231114 BS) to <i>T. t. cooperi</i> although +Howell (N. Amer. Fauna, 52:109, November 20, 1929) had previously +identified them as <i>E. t. townsendii</i>. By implication, and on his map, +Dalquest (<i>op. cit.</i>, fig. 83, p. 261) assigned to <i>T. t. cooperi</i> still +other specimens, that he had not examined, from: Government Springs, 15 +mi. N Carson (230514, 230515, 230559, 230560, and 230563 BS); Stevenson +(230513 and 230517 BS); and Skamania (230518 BS). Earlier, Howell (op. +cit.) had listed the specimens from the three mentioned localities as +<i>Eutamias townsendii townsendii</i>.</p> + +<p>Our examination of specimens in the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology from +1-1/2 mi. W Yocolt (94238 and 94239 MVZ) and from 3-1/2 mi. E and 5 mi. +N Yocolt (94240-94244 MVZ) reveals that the "average" of the coloration +is nearer to that of the paler <i>T. t. cooperi</i> than to that of the +darker <i>T. t. townsendii</i> and indicates why Dalquest, we think +correctly, identified specimens from Yocolt as <i>T. t. cooperi</i>. We have +examined also the specimens in the Biological Surveys Collection of the +United States National Museum (catalogue numbers given above) and have +compared them with specimens (comparable in age and seasonal condition +of pelage) of <i>T. t. townsendii</i> (notably a series from Lake Quinalt, +Washington) and of <i>T. t. cooperi</i> (including specimens from Bumping +Lake and Blewett Pass, Washington). In color, the specimens from Mt. St. +Helens are almost exactly intermediate between <i>T. t. cooperi</i> and <i>T. +t. townsendii</i>. We choose to use for them the name <i>T. t. townsendii</i> as +did Howell (<i>op. cit.</i>:109). The specimens from 15 mi. N Carson, those +from Stevenson and the one from Skamania agree in nearly all features of +color with the relatively paler <i>T. t. cooperi</i>, as Dalquest (<i>op. +cit.</i>) thought they would, and we, accordingly, use for them the name +<i>Tamias townsendii cooperi</i>.</p> + +<p>In view of the findings resulting from our study of the above mentioned +specimens of the Townsend Chipmunk in Washington, it seemed worthwhile +to examine the material of the same species from Hood River, Oregon. +Howell (<i>op. cit.</i>:109) listed one specimen<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_350" id="Page_350">[Pg 350]</a></span> from there as <i>E. t. +townsendii</i>, but (<i>op. cit.:</i> fig. 7, p. 107) mapped the locality as +within the geographic range of <i>E. t. cooperi</i>. The specimen (89061 BS) +is a juvenile having external measurements of only 175, 80 and 31. +Although the color is intermediate between that of the two subspecies +concerned, greater resemblance is shown to <i>T. t. townsendii</i>. We have +not examined any other specimen of the species <i>Tamias townsendii</i> so +young as No. 89061, but suspect that older specimens from the same place +would be paler by a slight degree. This suspicion, and more especially +the light color of an older specimen from nearby White Salmon, +Washington, and the light color of two older specimens from Parkdale, +Oregon, which seem to us to be referable to <i>T. t. cooperi</i>, influence +us to refer the specimen from Hood River to <i>Tamias townsendii cooperi</i> +Baird.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Tamias townsendii townsendii</b> Bachman</p> + +<p>A. H. Howell (N. Amer. Fauna, 52:111, November 30, 1929) referred +specimens of the Townsend Chipmunk from the lower elevations on the +Olympic Peninsula to <i>Eutamias townsendii townsendii</i> but referred +specimens from the central mountains on that peninsula to <i>Eutamias +townsendii cooperi</i>. The subspecies <i>T. t. cooperi</i> thus is represented +as having a geographic range of two separate parts: (1) The Cascade +Mountains from southern British Columbia into southern Oregon, and (2) +the area of the Olympic Mountains, the latter area being entirely +surrounded by the geographic range of <i>T. t. townsendii</i>. Dalquest +(Univ. Kansas Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist., 2:261 and 262, April 9, 1948) +employed Howell's arrangement.</p> + +<p>We have examined the specimens, in the Biological Surveys Collection of +the United States National Museum, from the Olympic Peninsula and fail +to find significant differences in external measurements or in size or +shape of skulls between specimens from the mountains (alleged <i>T. t. +cooperi</i>) and those from other parts of the Peninsula (assigned to <i>T. +t. townsendii</i>). Nevertheless, the specimens from the higher parts of +the Olympic Mountains resemble <i>T. t. cooperi</i> in being less ochraceous +than are specimens of <i>T. t. townsendii</i> from elsewhere on the Olympic +Peninsula, and in this one respect, in series, they more closely +resemble <i>T. t. cooperi</i>. Even so, the upper parts of the specimens from +the mountains are darker than in <i>T. t. cooperi</i> of the Cascades. In +dark color of the superciliary stripe the specimens in question are +referable to <i>T. t. townsendii</i>. The over-all gray tone, resembling that +of <i>T. t. cooperi</i>, upon close inspection is found to be in considerable +degree the result of wear, and the difference in grayness from <i>T. t. +townsendii</i>,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_351" id="Page_351">[Pg 351]</a></span> when specimens in comparable pelage are compared, is +slight. This tendency to lighter color in specimens from higher +elevations is seen in other places in Washington within the geographic +range of <i>Tamias townsendii</i>. We feel, therefore, that the mentioned +resemblance in color between specimens from the Olympic Mountains and +those of <i>T. t. cooperi</i> from the Cascade Mountains is not significant +taxonomically. To us, all of the animals of the species <i>Tamias +townsendii</i> from the Olympic Peninsula seem best referred to the +subspecies <i>Tamias townsendii townsendii</i> Bachman.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Tamias striatus ohionensis</b> Bole and Moulthrop</p> + +<p>A. H. Howell (Jour. Mamm., 13:166, May 14, 1932) referred a specimen +(252979 USNM) from Athens, Ohio, to <i>Tamias striatus fisheri</i>. +Subsequently, Bole and Moulthrop (Sci. Publs. Cleveland Mus. Nat. Hist., +5:83-181, September 11, 1942) named <i>Tamias striatus ohionensis</i> and +<i>Tamias striatus rufescens</i>, both of which occur in Ohio. They (<i>op. +cit.</i>: 137) also excluded <i>T. s. fisheri</i> from the state list of mammals +of Ohio. The locality of Athens lies between the ranges of <i>T. s. +ohionensis</i> and <i>T. s. rufescens</i>, as outlined by referred specimens, +and thus the identity of the specimen from that place was left in doubt. +We have examined the specimen and among named kinds find that it most +closely resembles <i>T. s. ohionensis</i> in its less widely spreading +zygomata, slender incisors and dull-colored pelage. We prefer the +specimen to <i>T. s. ohionensis</i>.</p> + +<p>The subspecific identity of specimen No. 174762 USNM, a skin only, from +Nobleville, Hamilton Co., Indiana, assigned by Howell (N. Amer. Fauna, +52:21, November 30, 1929) to <i>T. s. griseus</i> and by Lyon (Amer. Mid. +Nat., 17(1):191, January, 1936) to <i>T. s. fisheri</i>, was left in doubt by +Bole and Moulthrop's (<i>op. cit.</i>) assignment of specimens to <i>T. s. +ohionensis</i>. Although the specimen lacks a skull and tail, on the basis +of its dull-colored pelage and dark brown (anteriorly) median dorsal +stripe, we identify No. 174762 as <i>T. s. ohionensis</i>. For the same +reason, specimen No. 125445 USNM, from Bascom, Indiana, referred by +Howell (<i>op. cit.</i>:16) to <i>T. s. striatus</i>, and by Lyon (<i>op. cit.</i>:191) +to <i>T. s. fisheri</i>, required re-examination. The specimen appears to be +an intergrade between <i>T. s. striatus</i> and <i>T. s. ohionensis</i>; it is +probably best referred to the latter subspecies which it resembles in +having short nasals. In color it is intermediate, but it does not +possess the narrowly spreading zygomata of <i>T. s. ohionensis</i> and, in +this respect, more nearly approaches <i>T. s. striatus</i>.</p> + +<p>Specimen No. 13815 USNM, an alcoholic, from Wheatland, Knox<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_352" id="Page_352">[Pg 352]</a></span> Co., +Indiana, was assigned by Howell (<i>op. cit.</i>, 1929:21) to <i>T. s. griseus</i> +and by Lyon (<i>loc. cit.</i>) to <i>T. s. fisheri</i>. Although the specimen is +much faded and cannot be identified with certainty, we assign it to <i>T. +s. ohionensis</i>. Allowing for fading, it seems to resemble <i>ohionensis</i> +more in the lighter color of the anterior part of the median dorsal +stripe, than it does either <i>griseus</i> or <i>fisheri</i>. We are also +influenced in making this allocation by Bole and Moulthrop's (<i>op. +cit.</i>:137) finding intergradation between <i>T. s. ohionensis</i> and <i>T. s. +striatus</i> in a specimen obtained at New Harmony, Posey Co., Indiana.</p> + +<p>Howell (Jour. Mamm., 13:166, August 9, 1932) referred two specimens from +Boone County, Indiana, to <i>T. s. fisheri</i>. We have examined a specimen +(5675 AMNH) from that place and think it is one of the two seen by +Howell. The specimen is a poorly made skin in worn winter pelage with +the skull inside. Because it differs from <i>T. s. fisheri</i> and agrees +with <i>T. s. ohionensis</i> in the color of both upper parts and underparts +(comparisons made with material of comparable stage of molt), we assign +it to the latter subspecies. Howell (<i>loc. cit.</i>) referred specimens +from Overton (57394), Wooster (57398, 57399, and 57442), and Loudonville +(57391-57393), all from Ohio, in the Museum of Zoology of the University +of Michigan, to <i>Tamias striatus fisheri</i>. We have examined these +specimens and find them to be readily separable from <i>T. s. rufescens</i> +on the basis of darker coloration. The affinities of the specimens in +question are with <i>T. s. fisheri</i> and <i>T. s. ohionensis</i>. As a standard +for comparison we have used specimens in the Museum of Zoology, +University of Michigan, in comparable pelage of <i>T. s. ohionensis</i> from +Dearborn County, Indiana, taken in August and specimens of <i>T. s. +fisheri</i> from "near" summit Butt Mtn. and Little Meadows, both places in +Giles County, Virginia, as well as two specimens from Allair, Monmouth +County, New Jersey. On the basis of buffy (instead of white) edging of +the tail, buffy (not white) light dorsal stripes, and buffy (not black) +anterior third of the median dark stripe, the specimens from Overton, +Wooster, and Loudonville are referred to <i>Tamias striatus ohionensis</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Tamias striatus pipilans</b> Lowery</p> + +<p>A. H. Howell (N. Amer. Fauna, 29:16, November 30, 1929) recorded six +specimens of <i>Tamias striatus striatus</i> from Greensboro, Alabama. +Subsequently, Lowery (Occas. Papers Mus. Zool., Louisiana State Univ., +13:235, November 22, 1943) named <i>T. s. pipilans</i> and assigned to it +specimens from northeastern Alabama. Lowery did not, however, mention +the specimens from Greensboro and,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_353" id="Page_353">[Pg 353]</a></span> thus, their subspecific identity was +placed in doubt. We have examined five of the six specimens mentioned by +Howell (<i>loc. cit.</i>) (57034-57036, 57588, and 77037 BS) and because of +their brilliant color and large size, refer them to <i>Tamias striatus +pipilans</i> Lowery.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Tamias striatus rufescens</b> Bole and Moulthrop</p> + +<p>A. H. Howell (Jour. Mamm., 13:166, August 9, 1932) also referred a +specimen (13154), from La Porte, Indiana, in the Chicago Nat. History +Museum to <i>T. s. fisheri</i>. We find the specimen to be distinguishable +from <i>T. s. fisheri</i> in darker, richer pelage, brown instead of blackish +anterior third of the median dorsal stripe, more buffy light dorsal +stripes, and more heavily constructed skull. The specimen most closely +resembles <i>T. s. rufescens</i> in having, as compared to <i>T. s. +ohionensis</i>, brighter, more rufescent color, wider incisors, +proportionately narrower interorbital region, and more widely spreading +zygomatic arches. We refer it to that subspecies.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Sciurus carolinensis pennsylvanicus</b> Ord</p> + +<p>When J. A. Allen considered what name to apply to the gray squirrel of +northeastern United States and adjacent parts of Canada, (Monogr. N. +Amer. Rodentia, p. 709, 1877) he selected the name <i>leucotis</i> of Gapper +(Zool. Jour., 5:206, 1830) as applicable. Allen rejected Ord's +(Guthrie's Geog., 2nd Amer. Ed., Zool. App., 2:292, 1815) earlier name, +<i>Sciurus Pennsylvanica</i>, because (<i>loc. cit.</i>) "it was given to +specimens from the Middle Atlantic States, and hence from a locality +bordering upon the habitat of the southern form, and consequently the +name is not strictly applicable to the northern type as developed in the +Northern and Northeastern States and the Canadas." It must be recalled +that Allen had not at that time seen a copy of Ord's exceedingly rare +work and was basing his comments on Baird's statements on Ord's +treatment of the squirrels.</p> + +<p>Subsequently, Rhoads obtained a copy of the second edition of Guthrie's +Geography and had Ord's zoological appendix thereto reprinted. The +reprinted version (now known generally as Ord's Zoology by Rhoads, 1894) +contains (Appendix, p. 19) Rhoads' review of the <i>pennsylvanicus vs. +leucotis</i> controversy. Rhoads concluded that <i>pennsylvanicus</i> must apply +because it has priority and is available. The habitat was given by Ord +as "those parts of Pennsylvania which lie to the westward of the +Allegany ridge," not the "Middle Atlantic States" as Allen thought.</p> + +<p>Notwithstanding Rhoads' comments, Bangs (Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, +10:156, December 28, 1896), in his "Review of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_354" id="Page_354">[Pg 354]</a></span> Squirrels of Eastern +North America," employed <i>leucotis</i> Gapper and rejected Ord's name +because it "is a <i>nomen nudum</i>" and of uncertain application. There +seems to have been no attempt subsequently to review the pertinent +names.</p> + +<p>We are of the opinion that Rhoads' (<i>loc. cit.</i>) analysis and +conclusions are correct and as cogent today as then. We do not agree +with Bangs that <i>pennsylvanicus</i> is a <i>nomen nudum</i> for the following +reasons. The name was based on melanistic individuals and could +conceivably be applied to three species of squirrels, the red squirrel, +the fox squirrel, and the gray squirrel. Melanistic red squirrels, +<i>Tamiasciurus hudsonicus</i>, are everywhere rare and in any case appear as +individuals and not populations. Ord (<i>loc. cit.</i>) reported that his +<i>Sciurus Pennsylvanica</i> was <i>abundant</i>. Ord, we think, was not referring +to the fox squirrel, <i>Sciurus niger</i>, because he wrote that <i>S. +Pennsylvania</i> "has always been confounded with... [<i>Sciurus niger</i>], but +it is a different species," and (<i>loc. cit.</i>) described <i>S. niger</i> as a +"Large Black Squirrel" and <i>Sciurus Pennsylvanica</i> as a "Small Black +Squirrel." Therefore, <i>pennsylvanicus</i> Ord can refer only to <i>Sciurus +carolinensis</i>. Further, melanistic gray squirrels then, as now, were +common in western Pennsylvania and exceedingly rare in eastern +Pennsylvania. Additionally, Ord described his animal, although +admittedly inadequately (small, black, not <i>S. niger</i>). The name +<i>Sciurus Pennsylvanica</i> Ord is clearly not a <i>nomen nudum</i> and must +replace <i>leucotis</i> Gapper.</p> + +<p>Allen's (<i>loc. cit.</i>) argument that the specimens were not +representative of "<i>leucotis</i>" because they were from the Middle +Atlantic States is based on an initial misunderstanding of the locality. +Further, whether or not "topotypes" are representative of a subspecies +has no bearing on the availability of the name appended to them. The +name and synonomy of the northern gray squirrel are as follows:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p class="center"><b>Sciurus carolinensis pennsylvanicus</b> Ord</p> + +<p>1815. <i>Sciurus Pennsylvanica</i> Ord, Guthrie's Geog., 2nd +Amer. Ed., 2:292. Type locality, western Pennsylvania.</p> + +<p>1894. <i>Sciurus carolinensis pennsylvanicus</i>, Rhoads, +Appendix of reprint of Ord (<i>supra</i>), p. 19.</p> + +<p>1792. <i>Sciurus cinereus</i> Schreber, Säuget., 4:766. Type +locality, eastern United States, probably New York State. +(<i>Nec Sciurus cinereus</i> Linnaeus.)</p> + +<p>1830. <i>Sciurus leucotis</i> Gapper, Zool. Jour., 5:206. Type +locality, region between York and Lake Simcoe, Canada.</p> + +<p>1849. <i>Sciurus migratorius</i> Audubon and Bachman, Quad. N. +Amer., 1:265 (based on <i>S. leucotis</i> Gapper).</p> + +<p>1877. <i>Sciurus carolinensis</i> var. <i>leucotis</i>, J. A. Allen, +Monogr. N. Amer. Rodentia, Sciuridae, p. 700 (<i>et auct.</i>).</p></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_355" id="Page_355">[Pg 355]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Sciurus niger rufiventer</b> Geoffroy</p> + +<p>Two specimens (36192/48550, a young male with unworn teeth, and +36193/48551, an adult male with much worn teeth, both in the United +States Biological Surveys Collection in the National Museum) were +recorded by Bailey (N. Amer. Fauna, 25:75, 1905) as <i>Sciurus +ludovicianus</i> from Gainesville, Texas. Bailey (<i>loc. cit.</i>) further +stated that if the name <i>Sciurus rufiventer</i> Geoffroy proved usable it +would apply to the specimens from Gainesville. Since the name +<i>rufiventer</i> was revived there would be no question concerning the +identity of these specimens had not Lowery and Davis (Occas. Papers, +Mus. Zool., Louisiana State Univ., 9:172, 1942) assigned three specimens +(not seen by us) to <i>Sciurus niger limitis</i> Baird from a point only +thirteen miles northwesterly. Lowery and Davis (<i>loc. cit.</i>) say that +their specimens are intergrades (presumably with <i>rufiventer</i>) and +Bailey (<i>loc. cit.</i>) noted that his two specimens from Gainesville "are +in size and color nearer to <i>ludovicianus</i> [= <i>rufiventer</i>] than to +typical <i>limitis</i>." Examination of the two specimens from Gainesville +convinces us that Bailey was correct and the specimens therefore are +referable to <i>Sciurus niger rufiventer</i>. More in detail, the color +agrees with that of <i>rufiventer</i> and differs from that of <i>limitis</i> and +from that of darker specimens of <i>Sciurus niger ludovicianus</i> (in the +restricted sense used by Lowery and Davis, <i>op. cit.</i>: 104). Also the +size is larger than in <i>limitis</i> and as in <i>rufiventer</i> or +<i>ludovicianus</i>. Selected measurements of Nos. 36192/48550 and +36193/48551 are, respectively, as follows: Total length, 505, 500; +length of tail, 237, 228; length of hind foot, 72, 70; basilar length of +Hensel, 48.5, 48.6; zygomatic breadth, 35.1, 36.0; length of nasals, +21.4, 22.3; alveolar length of maxillary tooth-row, 11.8, 11.1; width +across posterior tongues of premaxillae, 17.5, 18.4.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Sciurus variegatoides rigidus</b> Peters</p> + +<p>Harris (Occas. Papers Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan, 266:1, June 28, 1933) +named <i>Sciurus variegatoides austini</i> with type locality at Las Agujas, +Province of Puntarenas, Costa Rica. Later, in his revision of the +species <i>Sciurus variegatoides</i>, he (Misc. Publs. Mus. Zool., Univ. +Michigan, 38:19, September 7, 1937) referred specimens from Chomes, +Costa Rica, to <i>S. v. austini</i> and (<i>op. cit.</i>:24) specimens from +Puntarenas, Province of Puntarenas, to <i>S. v. rigidus</i>, an inland +subspecies. The geographic arrangement of these referred specimens +seemed to warrant a reconsideration of the material. We have examined +specimens of <i>S. variegatoides</i> in the Museum of Zoology, University of +Michigan, from the following localities in Costa Rica:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_356" id="Page_356">[Pg 356]</a></span> Puntarenas +(62703-62706), Las Agujas (65118 [type of <i>S. v. austini</i>], +59847-59850), Río Las Agujas (65114-65117), Agua Caliente (66483), +Zarcéro (75757-75761, 75765), Cartago (67546, 67547), and Esparta +(75762-75764). The specimens listed by Harris (<i>op. cit.</i>, 1937:19) as +from Chomes, in the Museum of Zoology of the University of Michigan, are +not now in that museum and we have not seen them.</p> + +<p>Harris (<i>op. cit.</i>:19) characterized <i>S. v. austini</i> as differing from +<i>S. v. rigidus</i> in having brightly rufous legs (Ochraceous-Orange) in +<i>S. v. rigidus</i> and a dorsal coloration resulting from a mixture of +shiny black and silver (Ochraceous-Orange mixed with black in <i>S. v. +rigidus</i>). We find that in the color of the legs of the paratypes of <i>S. +v. austini</i> there is considerable variation ranging from bright rufous +in No. 65116 to much darker and duller in No. 59849. In six of the ten +specimens of the type series, the color is rufous, but in the other four +the color of the legs approaches and overlaps that found in the referred +specimens of <i>S. v. rigidus</i>. The color of the dorsum of <i>S. v. austini</i> +is also variable. No. 59850, for example, is dark brown and closely +resembles No. 75762, from Esparta, which was referred to <i>S. v. +rigidus</i>. Further, some specimens referred to <i>S. v. rigidus</i> (67546 and +67547) have the bright-colored legs of <i>S. v. austini</i> and some (75759, +for example) have the black-and-silver back of <i>austini</i>. We recognize +differences of an average sort between the now-available specimens of +the two alleged subspecies, but because of the individual variation that +exists, we feel that recognition of two subspecies is not indicated. +There is also some variation that is the result of wear and molt and one +of us (Kelson) feels that some of the differences are explainable on +this basis. Accordingly, we prefer to adopt a more conservative +taxonomic arrangement than that of Harris for this group of the Costa +Rican squirrels and arrange <i>Sciurus variegatoides austini</i> Harris, +1933, as a synonym of <i>Sciurus variegatoides rigidus</i> Peters, 1863.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Thomomys bottae alienus</b> Goldman</p> + +<p>Six specimens (21249-21253, 212706 BS) from Rice, Arizona, were referred +by Goldman (Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 46:76, April 27, 1933) to the +subspecies <i>Thomomys bottae mutabilis</i> Goldman when he proposed that +name as new, but these six specimens were not mentioned by him when he +later named <i>Thomomys bottae alienus</i> (Jour. Washington Acad. Sci., +28:338, July 15, 1938), to which subspecies the specimens in question +might be expected to belong.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_357" id="Page_357">[Pg 357]</a></span> Examination of the six specimens reveals +that they are intergrades between <i>T. b. mutabilis</i> and <i>T. b. alienus</i> +but that the specimens more closely resemble the latter. More precisely, +slightly larger size of skull, greater ventral inflation of tympanic +bullae, and less depressed occipital region ally the specimens with +<i>Thomomys bottae alienus</i>, and we identify them as that subspecies. The +two subspecies concerned are not so distinct as are most subspecies of +<i>Thomomys bottae</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Thomomys bottae aphrastus</b> Elliott</p> + +<p>Bailey (N. Amer. Fauna, 39:58, November 15, 1915) referred three +specimens from San Antonio, Baja California, to <i>Thomomys bottae +nigricans</i>. These specimens have not, to our knowledge, been re-examined +subsequently, although the current taxonomic treatment of the pocket +gophers of Baja California by Huey (Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., +10(4):245-268, 1 map, August 31, 1945) excludes <i>T. b. nigricans</i> from +the area of San Antonio. The pertinent specimens are probably Nos. +10810-10812 in the Chicago Natural History Museum. We have examined the +specimens and, using the comparative materials listed under the account +of <i>T. b. siccovallis</i>, find them to be intermediate in most characters +between <i>T. b. aphrastus</i> and <i>T. b. martirensis</i>. Because they more +nearly resemble <i>T. b. aphrastus</i> in the weakly-spreading zygomatic +arches, we refer the specimens from San Antonio to that subspecies.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Thomomys bottae jojobae</b> Huey</p> + +<p>When Huey (Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 10:256, August 31, 1945) +named <i>Thomomys bottae jojobae</i> from Sangre de Cristo, Baja California, +México, he made no mention of a specimen that Bailey (N. Amer. Fauna, +39:58, November 15, 1915) identified as <i>Thomomys bottae nigricans</i> from +La Huerta, which place is approximately eight miles northwest of Sangre +de Cristo. From a geographic standpoint, it seemed unlikely that the +specimen from La Huerta would be referable to <i>T. b. nigricans</i>. +Examination of the specimen (138752 BS) proves it to differ from +topotypes of <i>T. b. nigricans</i> and to agree with <i>T. b. jojobae</i> in +richer, more rufescent color, especially ventrally, and smaller, +slenderer, more delicate skull. The specimen is therefore tentatively +referred to <i>Thomomys bottae jojobae</i>. We have not, however, compared it +with specimens of <i>Thomomys bottae juarezensis</i>, a subspecies the range +of which lies to the east on the summit of the Sierra Juárez.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_358" id="Page_358">[Pg 358]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Thomomys bottae martirensis</b> J. A. Allen</p> + +<p>Bailey (N. Amer. Fauna, 39:58, November 15, 1915) referred pocket +gophers from Piñon on the west slope of the San Pedro Mártir Mountains, +Baja California, to the subspecies <i>Thomomys bottae nigricans</i>. The +subspecific identity of these animals has now been reinvestigated +subsequently, although the locality whence they were obtained is far +removed from what is now thought to be the geographic range of <i>T. b. +nigricans</i>; further, several other subspecies are known to occur in the +intervening area. We have examined the available material from Piñon +(13853-13855 BS) and find the specimens to agree with <i>Thomomys bottae +martirensis</i> and to differ from <i>T. b. nigricans</i> in lighter color, +larger, more ridged and angular skull; proportionately greater mastoidal +breadth; narrower occipital shelf; more ventrally produced alveolar +ramus of the maxillae; and deeply concave posterior border of the +temporal root of the zygomatic arch. These specimens thus constitute the +northernmost record of <i>T. b. martirensis</i> known to us.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Thomomys bottae mohavensis</b> Grinnell</p> + +<p>Bailey (N. Amer. Fauna, 39:73, November 15, 1915) assigned a series of 7 +specimens from Lone Willow Spring, California, to the subspecies +<i>Thomomys bottae perpes</i>. This locality lies at the northern edge of the +Mohave Desert. Later, Grinnell (Univ. California Publ. Zool., 17:427, +April 25, 1918) named the pocket gophers from approximately the eastern +half of the Mohave Desert, <i>Thomomys perpallidus</i> [= <i>bottae</i>] +<i>mohavensis</i>, but failed to mention the specimens recorded by Bailey, +and thus their subspecific identity is in doubt. We find that <i>T. b. +mohavensis</i> differs from <i>T. b. perpes</i> in more pallid color (light +yellowish as opposed to dark rufescent) larger size, larger and more +angular skull, angular (as opposed to more evenly bowed) zygomatic +arches, larger and deeper audital bullae, narrower interpterygoid space, +and proportionately greater mastoidal breadth. In external measurements, +size and angularity of skull, width of interpterygoid space and +angularity of the zygomatic arch, the specimens from Lone Willow Spring +seem to be intermediate between the two subspecies, but perhaps show +more resemblance to <i>T. b. mohavensis</i>. Otherwise, the specimens closely +resemble <i>T. b. mohavensis</i> to which they are here referred. The +specimens provide a northern marginal record of occurrence for that +subspecies.</p> + +<p>Other specimens recorded as <i>T. b. perpes</i> by Bailey (<i>loc. cit.</i>) from +Grapevine Ranch, California, have also not been mentioned in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_359" id="Page_359">[Pg 359]</a></span> later +publications although, from a geographic standpoint, they might be +better referred to either <i>Thomomys bottae pascalis</i> or <i>T. b. +mohavensis</i>. Comparison of specimens of <i>T. b. mohavensis</i> and <i>T. b. +pascalis</i> from various localities show <i>T. b. pascalis</i> to be larger +(including the skull), darker, and to possess a more nearly vertical +occipital plane, wider-spread but less angular zygomatic arches, less +inflated tympanic bullae, wider braincase (which consequently appears to +be less inflated), proportionately longer and slenderer rostrum, and +broader nasals distally. Cranially, <i>T. b. pascalis</i> differs from <i>T. b. +perpes</i> in essentially the same ways, but to an event greater degree. In +color, <i>T. b. pascalis</i> differs from <i>T. b. perpes</i> in being duller, +less rufescent.</p> + +<p>The series of four specimens, in the U. S. Biological Surveys +Collection, from Grapevine Ranch clearly are not referable to <i>T. b. +perpes</i>. They do, however, agree with <i>T. b. mohavensis</i> in all +essential particulars except that in two of the four specimens the +braincase is wider and the nasals are wider distally. This width is +evidence of intergradation with <i>T. b. pascalis</i>. Seemingly, then, they +are best referred to <i>Thomomys bottae mohavensis</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Thomomys bottae muralis</b> Goldman</p> + +<p>When Goldman (Jour. Washington Acad. Sci., 26(3):112, March 15, 1936) +described and named this pocket gopher from Arizona, he arranged it as a +full species and stated that there is no evidence of intergradation with +other named kinds. We have examined the holotype and three topotypes +(202579-202582 BS) and compared them with specimens of other kinds of +pocket gophers occurring in northern and central Arizona. The <i>muralis</i> +gopher is a depauperate form clearly belonging to the <i>bottae</i> group. +The characters which Goldman (<i>loc. cit.</i>) set forth as distinguishing +<i>muralis</i> from other named kinds are readily apparent and, like Goldman, +we see no evidence of intergradation. Nevertheless, the characters which +serve to identify the race are, in a general way, those commonly found +in populations of depauperate individuals of <i>Thomomys bottae</i> and <i>T. +talpoides</i>. The small size, delicate structure, well-inflated braincase, +short premaxillary tongues, and strongly recurved upper incisors, often +appear in populations existing in inhospitable areas of shallow, +unstable soils. For this reason we feel that the relationships of this +population are best shown by arranging <i>muralis</i> as a subspecies of +<i>Thomomys bottae</i>; the name should stand as <i>Thomomys bottae muralis</i> +Goldman.</p> + +<p>As far as known, <i>T. b. muralis</i> is completely isolated from other<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_360" id="Page_360">[Pg 360]</a></span> +populations of pocket gophers by uninhabitable eroding cliffs. The +animals have been found only on isolated terraces in the lower end of +Prospect Valley (itself a lateral pocket) within the Grand Canyon of the +Colorado River, Hualpai Indian Reservation, Arizona. Consequently it is +unlikely that intergradation with other populations could exist at the +present time.</p> + +<p>In short, in arranging <i>muralis</i> as a subspecies of <i>Thomomys bottae</i>, +we are influenced, not by the demonstration of intergradation, but by +the degree of morphological differentiation of the population and the +probable reasons therefor.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Thomomys bottae mutabilis</b> Goldman</p> + +<p>Goldman (Jour. Washington Acad. Sci., 28:342, July 15, 1938) named the +subspecies <i>Thomomys bottae pinalensis</i> on the basis of only one +specimen, an immature female (245709 BS) from Oak Flat, five miles east +of Superior, Pinal Mountains, Arizona. Examination shows it to be +indistinguishable in characters of taxonomic importance (coloration, +external measurements, shape of skull and size of skull) from specimens +of <i>T. b. mutabilis</i> of comparable sex and age. No. 245709 is well +within the limits of individual variation of <i>T. b. mutabilis</i> as is +shown by the several specimens (all in the U. S. Biological Surveys +Collection) as follow: Nos. 214118, 214670 (topotypes from Camp Verde, +Arizona), 212707 (Chiricahua Ranch, 20 mi. E Calva), 208635 (H-bar +Ranch, 20 mi. S Payson), and 215762 (Turkey Creek). Therefore, the name +<i>Thomomys bottae pinalensis</i> is here arranged as a synonym of the +earlier name, <i>Thomomys bottae mutabilis</i> Goldman (Proc. Biol. Soc. +Washington, 46:75, April 27, 1933), the type locality of which is Camp +Verde, Yavapai County, Arizona.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Thomomys bottae patulus</b> Goldman</p> + +<p>When Goldman (Jour. Washington Acad. Sci., 26:113, March 15, 1936) named +the subspecies <i>Thomomys bottae desitus</i>, he assigned to it (<i>op. +cit.</i>:114) 10 specimens obtained at Wickenburg, Maricopa County, +Arizona. He did not mention specimens from Wickenburg when he +subsequently named the subspecies <i>Thomomys bottae patulus</i> (Jour. +Washington Acad. Sci., 28:341, July 15, 1938) and stated that <i>T. b. +patulus</i> was known only from the type locality in the "bottomland along +[the] Hassayampa River, two miles below Wickenburg." Examination in 1950 +of specimens referable to <i>T. b. patulus</i> in the U. S. Biological +Surveys Collection shows all of them, including the holotype, to be +labeled "Wickenburg." The 10 specimens<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_361" id="Page_361">[Pg 361]</a></span> from Wickenburg reported by +Goldman in 1936 as <i>T. b. desitus</i> were included by him among the 16 +(actually 17, one being a skull only) upon which he based his +description of <i>T. b. patulus</i> in 1938. Examination of the field +catalogues of 3 of the 4 collectors who obtained the specimens discloses +that only the 7 specimens obtained last were recorded as occurring in +the Hassayampa River bottoms; the first 10 were recorded only as from +"Wickenburg." Briefly, only one subspecies, <i>T. b. patulus</i>, is present +in the area, and Goldman in 1938 seems to have thought that the two +localities were actually the same, and that "2 miles below Wickenburg" +was the more precise designation.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Thomomys bottae providentialis</b> Grinnell</p> + +<p>We have examined a specimen, No. 26120/33526, from 12-Mile Spring, +California, in the U. S. Biological Surveys Collection, which Bailey (N. +Amer. Fauna, 39:73, November 15, 1945) referred to the subspecies +<i>Thomomys perpallidus</i> [= <i>aureus</i>] <i>perpes</i>. We find the specimen to be +referable to the later named <i>Thomomys bottae providentialis</i> on the +basis of smaller ear, more massive, more ridged and angular skull, +greater interorbital breadth, deeper and thicker rostrum, less globular +bullae, and U-shaped rather than V-shaped interpterygoid space. +Therefore, 12-Mile Spring is the northernmost locality of occurrence of +the subspecies <i>T. b. providentialis</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Thomomys bottae sanctidiegi</b> Huey</p> + +<p>In his discussion of the pocket gophers of Baja California, Huey (Trans. +San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 10:245-268, map, August 31, 1945) made no +mention of specimens from Ensenada, Baja California, recorded by Bailey +(N. Amer. Fauna, 39:58, November 15, 1915) as <i>Thomomys bottae +nigricans</i>. We have examined the specimens from Ensenada available to +Bailey in the U. S. Biological Surveys Collection, Nos. 137724, 139890, +and 139891, subadult, immature, and adult, respectively. As compared +with <i>Thomomys bottae sanctidiegi</i> from the mouth of the Tiajuana River +(No. 126028) and <i>T. b. nigricans</i> (topotypes), the one adult specimen +from Ensenada agrees with <i>T. b. sanctidiegi</i> and differs from <i>T. b. +nigricans</i> in lighter color, larger and more angular skull, and more +inflated braincase. The specimens from Ensenada differ from the adjacent +subspecies to the south, <i>Thomomys bottae proximarinus</i> [to judge from +Huey's (<i>op. cit.</i>) characterization of that subspecies] in lighter +color, and larger, more robust skull. Accordingly, the specimens from +Ensenada are referred to <i>Thomomys bottae sanctidiegi</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_362" id="Page_362">[Pg 362]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Thomomys bottae siccovallis</b> Huey</p> + +<p>Bailey (N. Amer. Fauna, 39:58, November 15, 1915) listed a specimen from +Mattomi, Baja California, as <i>Thomomys bottae nigricans</i>. When Huey +(Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 10:259, August 31, 1945) revived the +name <i>Thomomys</i> [<i>bottae</i>] <i>aphrastus</i> Elliot, and named (<i>op. +cit.</i>:258) <i>Thomomys bottae siccovallis</i> he made no mention of the +specimen, from Mattomi, which, on geographic grounds, would be expected +to be <i>T. b. aphrastus</i>, <i>T. b. martirensis</i> J. A. Allen, or <i>T. b. +siccovallis</i>. We have examined an adult male (10832 CNHM), probably the +specimen seen by Bailey (<i>loc. cit.</i>), from Mattomi, and have compared +No. 10832 with six topotypes (10813-10816, 10819 and 10820 CNHM) of <i>T. +b. martirensis</i>, the type and one topotype (10798 CNHM) of <i>T. b. +aphrastus</i> and with the original description of <i>T. b. siccovallis</i>. The +specimen from Mattomi seems to be unique in the large size of the +tympanic bullae. The specimen in question differs from <i>T. b. +martirensis</i> also in shorter and wider skull, shorter and wider rostrum, +and longer and wider molariform teeth. In these features resemblance is +shown to the holotype of <i>T. b. aphrastus</i> and even greater resemblance +is shown to <i>T. b. siccovallis</i> to which the specimen from Mattomi is +referred.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Thomomys monticola mazama</b> Merriam</p> + +<p>This subspecies of the Cascades of Oregon and <i>Thomomys monticola +nasicus</i> of the territory immediately to the east of the Cascades, in +the same state, were originally described (Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. +Washington, 11:214 and 216, respectively, July 15, 1897) and redescribed +(Bailey, N. Amer. Fauna, 39:123 and 125, respectively, November 15, +1915) as distinguished from each other by paler color, smaller tympanic +bullae and longer nasals in <i>T. m. nasicus</i>. The holotypes do differ in +these respects. The assigned (by Bailey, <i>loc. cit.</i>) specimens indicate +that the opposite condition obtains with respect to the size of bullae; +that is to say, the bullae are smaller in <i>T. m. mazama</i>. In these +referred specimens from Oregon the nasals are actually and relatively +longer in <i>T. m. nasicus</i>, which averages paler (less black and more +red). Certain specimens of the two subspecies that are comparable as to +sex, age and season, are indistinguishable in color.</p> + +<p>This is the background against which Bailey (<i>op. cit.</i>:125), contrary +to his statement of geographic ranges (<i>op. cit.</i>:123, 125) and map +(<i>op. cit.</i>:fig. 5, p. 23), assigned, in his list of specimens +examined,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_363" id="Page_363">[Pg 363]</a></span> two specimens ([** Male] ad. 79817 and [** Female] ad. 79818 +BS) from Pengra, west of the Cascades, to the subspecies <i>T. m. +nasicus</i>. In the specimens from Pengra the bullae are angular as in +referred specimens of <i>nasicus</i> (unlike those of the holotype), the +rostra are intermediate in length between those of the two subspecies +concerned, and the color is light as in <i>T. m. nasicus</i> but can be +matched by that of certain specimens of <i>T. m. mazama</i>, for example by +that of No. 79821 BS from Diamond Lake, Oregon. Consequently, on +morphological grounds, the two specimens from Pengra can be assigned to +<i>T. m. mazama</i> almost as well as to <i>T. m. nasicus</i>. Having regard for +the geographic relations, we assign them to <i>T. m. mazama</i>.</p> + +<p>In making this tentative identification we are aware that the +acquisition of more nearly adequate material from Oregon, and critical +study of such material, may bring a subspecific arrangement of the +populations of <i>Thomomys monticola</i> different from the current one.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Thomomys talpoides bullatus</b> Bailey</p> + +<p>Bailey (N. Amer. Fauna, 39:101, November 15, 1915) identified as +<i>Thomomys talpoides clusius</i> two specimens (66465 and 66523 BS) from +Pass (= Parkman) and one specimen (66464 BS) from Dayton, in Wyoming. We +have examined these specimens and find that they lack the broad +braincase and narrow nasals of <i>clusius</i> and in these and in other +features the three specimens resemble <i>T. t. caryi</i> and <i>T. t. bullatus</i> +more than they resemble any other named kinds. Although structurally, +and in color, intermediate between the two subspecies named immediately +above, the specimens show greater resemblance (large size and narrow +braincase) to the latter and are referred by us to <i>Thomomys talpoides +bullatus</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Thomomys talpoides clusius</b> Coues</p> + +<p>Bailey (N. Amer. Fauna, 39:102, November 15, 1915) identified as +<i>Thomomys talpoides bullatus</i> an adult male (147347 BS) from the J. K. +Ranch, 5900 ft., on Meadow Creek, Wind River, Wyoming [= Wind River of +Bailey, <i>loc. cit.</i>] and a young female (168666 BS) from Sage Creek, 8 +mi. NW Fort Washakie, Wyoming. The rosaceous tone of these pale +individuals is more as in some populations of <i>T. t. ocius</i> and <i>T. t. +clusius</i> to the southward. Also, the skull of the male, although large, +is distinctly narrower than in <i>T. t. bullatus</i> and we think shows the +influence of the <i>T. t. tenellus</i> stock. All features considered, we +refer the specimens to <i>T. t. clusius</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_364" id="Page_364">[Pg 364]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Thomomys talpoides glacialis</b> Dalquest and Scheffer</p> + +<p>Vernon Bailey (N. Amer. Fauna, 39:119, November 15, 1915) listed 19 +specimens from Roy, Washington, as <i>Thomomys douglasi yelmensis</i> +Merriam. Our examination of 26 specimens (205039-205051, 205072-205077, +and 206545-206551 BS) labeled as "Roy," and presumably including those +listed by Bailey (<i>loc. cit.</i>), leads us to identify all 26 as <i>Thomomys +talpoides glacialis</i> on the basis of widely spreading zygomatic arches +and decidedly ochraceous hue of underparts.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Geomys bursarius jugossicularis</b> Hooper</p> + +<p>Seven skins with skulls (35104/47369-35110/47375 BS) from Las Animas, +Colorado, probably formed the basis for Cary's (N. Amer. Fauna, 33:129, +August 17, 1911) record of <i>Geomys lutescens</i> from that locality. +Comparison of the material reveals that the animals are referable +instead to the later named subspecies, <i>Geomys lutescens jugossicularis</i> +Hooper (Occas. Papers Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan, 420:1, June 28, 1940), +on the basis of (1) more reddish color, (2) deeper zygomatic plate, (3) +shorter jugal as expressed as a percentage of the length of the part of +the zygomatic arch anterior to the jugal, and (4) larger area of inner +face of jugal exposed when skull is viewed from directly above. Possibly +it is noteworthy that the specimens from Las Animas are larger than +Hooper's holotype and one topotype; this larger size is indicative of +intergradation with <i>G. b. lutescens</i> as represented by the specimens +examined by us from Pueblo.</p> + +<p>Our examination of an adult female, No. 128242 BS and a juvenal female, +No. 128243 BS, from 15 mi. E Texline, Texas, recorded by Bailey (N. +Amer. Fauna, 25:132, October 24, 1905) under the name <i>Geomys lutescens</i> +reveals that the specimens are referable to <i>Geomys bursarius +jugossicularis</i> instead of to <i>Geomys bursarius major</i> on the basis of +(1) mastoid part of tympanic bulla more inflated posteriorly, (2) +narrowness of frontals between posterior tongues of the premaxillae and, +(3) lighter color.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Liomys irroratus irroratus</b> Gray</p> + +<p>When Hooper and Handley (Occas. Papers Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan, +514:1-34, October 29, 1948) published a revised map (<i>op. cit.</i>:3) +showing the geographic distribution of the subspecies of <i>Liomys +irroratus</i> they did not mention a specimen from Agusinapa, Guerrero, +which inferentially from their map would be <i>L. i. irroratus</i> although +it previously had been recorded as <i>L. i. torridus</i><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_365" id="Page_365">[Pg 365]</a></span> by Goldman (N. +Amer. Fauna, 34:55, September 7, 1911). We have examined the specimen +(70228 BS), which retains the upper deciduous premolar. Its long foot +(32 mm.) and broad cranium (13 mm.) are the bases for identifying the +specimen as <i>Liomys irroratus irroratus</i> instead of <i>L. i. minor</i>, which +is smaller.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Liomys irroratus minor</b> Merriam</p> + +<p>When Hooper and Handley (Occas. Papers Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan, +514:1-34, October 29, 1948) published a revised map (<i>op. cit.</i>:3) +showing the geographic distribution of the subspecies of <i>Liomys +irroratus</i> they did not mention five specimens from Tlapa, Guerrero, +which inferentially from their map would be <i>L. i. irroratus</i> although +these specimens previously had been recorded as <i>L. i. torridus</i> by +Goldman (N. Amer. Fauna, 34:55, September 7, 1911). We have examined the +five specimens (70221-70225 BS), three of which retain the upper +deciduous premolars and two of which have the upper fourth premolar +unworn. The short, wide rostrum is unlike the long slender rostrum of +topotypes of <i>L. i. torridus</i> of comparable age, and agrees with the +condition in topotypes of <i>L. i. minor</i> of comparable age. It is on this +basis of wider rostrum that we refer the five specimens from Tlapa to +<i>Liomys i. minor</i> which Hooper and Handley (<i>op. cit.</i>:13) described as +differing from the geographically adjacent <i>L. i. irroratus</i> in "short +and strongly tapered rostrum." We would add that we have not +independently verified this difference between <i>L. i. minor</i> and <i>L. i. +irroratus</i> for want of specimens of <i>L. i. irroratus</i> comparable in age +to the five individuals from Tlapa.</p> + +<p>The map of Hooper and Handley (<i>loc. cit.</i>) inferentially excludes +Tlalixtaquilla, Guerrero, from the geographic range of <i>L. i. minor</i> +(and places Tlalixtaquilla within the range of <i>L. i. irroratus</i>) +although Goldman (<i>op. cit.</i>:56) previously had identified specimens +from this place as <i>L. i. minor</i>. Our examination of the two immature +specimens (70227 and 70230 BS) from Tlalixtaquilla reveals that they +closely resemble the holotype of <i>L. i. minor</i> and leads to the +conclusion that they are <i>Liomys irroratus minor</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Perognathus amplus pergracilis</b> Goldman</p> + +<p>When Bole (Sci. Publ. Cleveland Mus. Nat. Hist., 5(2):6, December 4, +1937) named and described <i>Perognathus longimembris salinensis</i>, he +listed as comparative material of <i>P. l. bangsi</i>, a specimen in the +Museum of Comparative Zoology from Parker, Yuma Co., Arizona. There was +some reason to doubt the identification of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_366" id="Page_366">[Pg 366]</a></span> specimen since it is the +only record of occurrence of the subspecies from east of the Colorado +River. There is no specimen of <i>Perognathus longimembris</i> from Arizona +in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. There is one specimen of pocket +mouse (18213, a skin only) from 30 miles east of Parker. We think that +this is the specimen seen by Bole because at one time according to the +label, it had been identified as <i>Perognathus panamintinus</i> [= +<i>longimembris</i>] <i>bangsi</i>. If the identification of this skin-only had +been made by means of Osgood's key (N. Amer. Fauna, 18:14-15, September +20, 1900), the animal would have "keyed out" to <i>P. longimembris</i> +because the total length is recorded on the label as 130. Seth B. Benson +has subsequently examined the specimen. The label now bears in +handwriting the name of <i>P. amplus pergracilis</i> and is followed by +Benson's initials as the identifier. Although we lack adequate +comparative material, we consider the specimen to be <i>P. amplus +pergracilis</i> Goldman, because the skin answers well to the description +of <i>P. a. pergracilis</i> and because of the name currently on the label +with Benson's initials.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Perognathus longimembris panamintinus</b> Merriam</p> + +<p>In the current literature, Californian specimens of the little pocket +mouse stand identified as <i>Perognathus longimembris nevadensis</i> from +Oasis and vicinity of Benton Station (Grinnell, Univ. California Publ. +Zool., 40:147, September 26, 1933). When one of us (Hall, Mammals of +Nevada, p. 360, July 1, 1946) reported specimens from southwestern +Nevada as <i>Perognathus longimembris panamintinus</i> he did so on the basis +of study of specimens which included those from Oasis (in the California +Museum of Vertebrate Zoology) that he at that time (in ms.) identified +as <i>P. l. panamintinus</i>. Those specimens from Oasis have the hair on the +underparts white all the way to the base as also do specimens from +Morans, 5000 ft. (29583/41638 BS), in contrast to the plumbeous +underparts of <i>P. l. nevadensis</i>. It is on this basis that we identify +specimens from the places mentioned above as <i>Perognathus longimembris +panamintinus</i>. "Vicinity of Benton Station" as given by Grinnell (<i>loc. +cit.</i>) is interpreted to include Morans, Mono County.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Dipodomys agilis martirensis</b> Huey</p> + +<p>Elliot (Field Columb. Mus., Zool. Ser., Publ. 79, 3(12):221, August 15, +1903) referred specimens from Rosarito and Rosarito Divide, San Pedro +Mártir Mts., Baja California, to <i>Perodipus</i> [= <i>Dipodomys</i>] <i>agilis</i>. +According to the currently known distribution of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_367" id="Page_367">[Pg 367]</a></span> <i>Dipodomys agilis</i> in +Baja California (see Huey, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 11:237, +April 30, 1951), the specimens seemed likely to belong to the subspecies +<i>D. a. martirensis</i>. An examination of the specimens (10644, 10690-10693 +CMNH from Rosarito, and 10694 from Rosarito Divide) shows that, on the +basis of large ear and comparatively narrow braincase, they are in fact +referable to <i>D. a. martirensis</i>. Only No. 10693, with its broader +braincase, seems atypical. Comparative materials used are in the Chicago +Natural History Museum as follows: <i>D. a. martirensis</i>: Baja California: +San Matias Spring, 2. <i>D. a. simulans</i>: Baja California: Ensenada, 8. +California: Dulzura, 1 (topotype); San Luis del Rey, 3.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Dipodomys agilis simulans</b> (Merriam)</p> + +<p>J. A. Allen (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:184, August 18, 1893) listed +as <i>Perodipus agilis</i> a specimen (6306/4941 AMNH) from Valladares, Baja +California. Subspecies of this species were subsequently named without +mentioning this specimen that, on geographic grounds, might be either +<i>D. a. martirensis</i> or <i>D. a. simulans</i>. Certain measurements of the +specimen are as follows: Total length, 288; length of tail, 171; length +of hind foot (dry), 41.0; greatest length of skull, 39.5; width of +maxillary arch at middle, 4.5. The long tail and wide (4.5) maxillary +arch are characteristic of <i>Dipodomys agilis simulans</i> and constitute +the basis for identifying the specimen as of that subspecies.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Baiomys taylori analogus</b> Osgood</p> + +<p>The geographic range currently assigned to <i>Baiomys taylori paulus</i> (J. +A. Allen) is separated in two parts by the geographic range assigned to +<i>B. t. analogus</i>. The southern, separated part of the range of <i>B. t. +paulus</i> rests wholly on ten specimens from Colima, Colima, identified as +<i>B. t. paulus</i> by Osgood in his "Revision of the mice of the American +genus Peromyscus" (N. Amer. Fauna, 28, April 17, 1909) where (p. 255) he +places as a synonym of <i>Peromyscus taylori paulus</i> J. A. Allen, 1903, +<i>Peromyscus allex</i> Osgood, 1904. The later name was based on these ten +specimens (33422/45445-33427/45450, 33429/45452, 33432/45455, and +33435/45458 BS) from Colima. Osgood had a choice of synonymizing <i>P. +allex</i> under <i>P. paulus</i> or <i>P. t. analogus</i>. According to Osgood's +concept, <i>analogus</i> was blackish and large; <i>allex</i> was grayish and +small; and <i>paulus</i> was fawn colored and intermediate in size. The more +nearly equal size of <i>paulus</i> and <i>allex</i> probably influenced Osgood in +making his choice. After examining the original materials we think there +is more to recommend<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_368" id="Page_368">[Pg 368]</a></span> the alternate choice. For example, two topotypes +of equal age of the same sex of <i>allex</i> (33424/45447) and <i>analogus</i> +(120264 BS) are of almost the same size and, respectively, measure as +follows: Total length, 107, 108; length of tail, 42, 45; length of hind +foot (measured dry), 13.1, 12.8; greatest length of skull, 17.6, 17.7; +zygomatic breadth, 9.3, 9.2. Although <i>analogus</i> does average darker, a +topotype, No. 120267 BS, from Zamora, is indistinguishable from several +of the topotypes of <i>allex</i>. Consequently, we arrange <i>Peromyscus allex</i> +Osgood as a synonym of <i>Baiomys taylori analogus</i> (Osgood) 1909 and +refer the specimens from Colima to the latter.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Peromyscus eremicus eremicus</b> (Baird)</p> + +<p>Osgood (N. Amer. Fauna, 28:242, April 17, 1909) listed a specimen of +this subspecies from Sierra Encarnación, Nuevo Leon. A specimen, No. +79614 BS, of this species was obtained on July 31, 1896, at Sierra +Encarnación, Coahuila, by Nelson and Goldman. We know of no specimens of +this subspecies from Sierra Encarnación, Nuevo Leon, and assume that +Osgood referred to the Coahuilan specimen. Further support for this +assumption is Osgood's (<i>loc. cit.</i>) note that the Sierra Encarnación +specimen is aberrant and, to our eye, so is No. 79614 from Coahuila.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Peromyscus merriami merriami</b> Mearns</p> + +<p>Osgood (N. Amer. Fauna, 28:239, April 17, 1909) placed <i>P. merriami</i> in +synonymy under <i>Peromyscus eremicus eremicus</i> (Baird). Because Seth B. +Benson, and subsequently the late Wilfred H. Osgood, told one of us +(Hall) that <i>Peromyscus merriami</i> was specifically distinct from +<i>Peromyscus eremicus eremicus</i>, we have examined the specimens from +Sonoyta, Sonora, and Quitobaquita, Arizona, referred by Mearns (Bull. U. +S. Nat. Mus., 56:434-435, and 444, April 13, 1907) to <i>P. e. eremicus</i> +and <i>P. merriami</i>, respectively. We perceive the differences that Mearns +(<i>loc. cit.</i>) described and recognize <i>P. merriami</i> as a species +separate from <i>P. eremicus</i>.</p> + +<p>Also we have compared the type and one topotype of <i>Peromyscus goldmani</i> +Osgood with the holotype and referred specimens mentioned above, of <i>P. +merriami</i>, and feel that the two kinds are no more than subspecifically +distinct. Accordingly, <i>P. goldmani</i> should stand as <i>Peromyscus +merriami goldmani</i>. This arrangement is made with the knowledge that +Burt (Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan, 39:56, February 15, 1938) +arranged <i>P. goldmani</i> as a synonym of <i>Peromyscus eremicus</i>.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_369" id="Page_369">[Pg 369]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Peromyscus truei preblei</b> Bailey</p> + +<p>Osgood (N. Amer. Fauna, 28: 171, April 17, 1909) listed two specimens +from Crooked River, 25 miles southeast of Prineville, Oregon, as +<i>Peromyscus truei gilberti</i> with the notation "approaching <i>truei</i>?" +Subsequently, Bailey (N. Amer. Fauna, 55: 188, August 29, 1936) named +<i>Peromyscus truei preblei</i> with type locality at Crooked River, 20 miles +southeast of Prineville, a place from which Bailey had two specimens. We +think the specimens recorded by the two authors are the same, and, +according to the specimen labels, were placed correctly as to locality +by Bailey. Our reasons are as follows: (a) The specimens mentioned by +Bailey were presumably available to Osgood, but Osgood made no mention +of specimens from "20 miles southeast of Prineville," (b) we find no +specimens nor other records pertaining thereto, of <i>Peromyscus truei</i> +from the locality given by Osgood, (c) Osgood indicated that the +specimens he saw were not typical of <i>P. t. gilberti</i> and (d) <i>P. m. +gilberti</i>, geographically the nearest subspecies, is recorded otherwise +no closer to Prineville than Grants Pass, approximately 175 miles +southwest in southwestern Oregon.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Sigmodon hispidus cienegae</b> A. B. Howell</p> + +<p>J. A. Allen (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:28, March 16, 1893) listed +as <i>Sigmodon hispidus arizonae</i> Mearns one specimen from Granados, +Sonora, at a time when <i>S. h. cienegae</i> had not been named. We have +examined the specimen (5389 AMNH) which has the skull inside and which +lacks external measurements. It was taken on November 16, 1890, and is +darker than specimens of <i>S. h. arizonae</i> collected in September at Fort +Verde, Arizona. The color is essentially as in specimens of <i>S. h. +cienegae</i> from Fairbank, Arizona (March-taken specimens). Because of +this agreement in color and because of the geographic origin of the +specimen from Granados, we refer the animal to <i>Sigmodon hispidus +cienegae</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Sigmodon hispidus zanjonensis</b> Goodwin</p> + +<p>Goodwin (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 79:169, May 29, 1942) listed four +specimens from Honduras (El Jaral, 2; and Las Ventanas, 2) as <i>Sigmodon +hispidus saturatus</i> Bailey. Because these localities fall within the +geographic range of <i>S. h. zanjonensis</i> we were lead to examine the +specimens. Three are young and one (126113 AMNH from Las Ventanas) is an +adult female. The underparts of the young are washed with rufous as in +<i>S. h. saturatus</i>. The adult lacks this rufous as do specimens of <i>S. h. +zanjonensis</i> and some<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_370" id="Page_370">[Pg 370]</a></span> specimens of <i>S. h. saturatus</i>. In the adult the +color of the upper parts and size of the upper cheek-teeth are +intermediate between the dark-backed, small-toothed <i>S. h. saturatus</i> +and the paler-backed, large-toothed <i>S. h. zanjonensis</i>. The rostrum is +intermediate in width but definitely nearer the broad condition which +obtains in <i>S. h. saturatus</i>. The tail is long, actually and in relation +to the body (total length 275, tail 130), as in <i>S. h. zanjonensis</i> to +which we refer the specimens in question.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Oryzomys couesi couesi</b> (Alston)</p> + +<p>For alleged occurrence at Reforma in Oaxaca, México (Goldman, N. Amer. +Fauna, 43:31, September 23, 1918), see under <i>Oryzomys couesi mexicanus</i> +Allen.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Oryzomys couesi mexicanus</b> J. A. Allen</p> + +<p>Goldman (N. Amer. Fauna, 43, September 23, 1918) listed, as in the Field +Museum of Natural History [= Chicago Natural History Museum] one +specimen from Reforma, Oaxaca, under <i>O. c. mexicanus</i> (p. 35) and one +specimen from the same place under <i>O. c. couesi</i> (p. 31). In the +Chicago Natural History Museum we can find only one specimen. It is a +young male, skull with skin, in which the last molar has not yet +erupted, and bears the catalogue number 13654. It is, in our opinion, +referable to <i>O. c. mexicanus</i>. Because we suspect that Goldman (<i>op. +cit.</i>) by error listed this one specimen twice (once under <i>O. c. +couesi</i> and once under <i>O. c. mexicanus</i>) it seems best to exclude +Reforma, Oaxaca, from the geographic range of <i>O. c. couesi</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Oryzomys alfaroi saturatior</b> Merriam</p> + +<p>A series of <i>Oryzomys alfaroi</i> in the U. S. Biological Surveys +Collection obtained at Tumbala, 5000 ft., Chiapas, México, the type +locality of <i>Oryzomys alfaroi saturatior</i>, contains individuals some of +which Goldman (N. Amer. Fauna, 43:66, September 23, 1918) referred to +the subspecies <i>O. a. saturatior</i> and one which he referred to <i>O. a. +palatinus</i>. This latter specimen, to judge from the external +measurements given by Goldman (<i>loc. cit.</i>), is No. 76328. In comparison +with the other material which Goldman saw, we find the specimen to agree +with <i>O. a. palatinus</i> in pale color and posterior concavity of the +posterior border of the palate. In some other diagnostic cranial +characters, it is indistinguishable from specimens of <i>O. a. saturatior</i> +from the same locality, and in other characters, notably the slenderness +of the rostrum, it is intermediate between<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_371" id="Page_371">[Pg 371]</a></span> the two subspecies +concerned. In short, although we see the reasons for Goldman's +subspecific identification of this individual, we think, in view of the +structural intermediacy of the animal and the characters of the series +<i>en masse</i>, that it is best referred to <i>Oryzomys alfaroi saturatior</i>.</p> + + +<p class="center"><b>Zapus princeps idahoensis</b> Davis</p> + +<p>Preble (N. Amer. Fauna, 15:23, August 8, 1899) referred two specimens +from Henry House and three from 15 miles south of Henry House, both +localities in Alberta, Canada, to the subspecies <i>Zapus princeps +princeps</i>. Subsequently, when <i>Z. p. kootenayensis</i> (Anderson, Nat. Mus. +Canada, Ann. Rept. 1931, p. 108, November 24, 1932) and <i>Z. p. +idahoensis</i> (Davis, Jour. Mamm., 15(3):221, August 10, 1934) were named, +no mention was made of these specimens although the ranges assigned to +<i>Z. p. kootenayensis</i> and <i>Z. p. idahoensis</i> seemed to isolate the Henry +House area from the remainder of the range (as recorded) of <i>Z. p. +princeps</i>. We have examined the pertinent specimens in the U. S. +Biological Surveys Collection (75452 and 75453 from Henry House; +81509-81510 from 15 mi. S Henry House). On the basis of paler color, +reduced lateral line, smaller skull, shorter palatal bridge and +zygomatic arches, they are, among named subspecies, best referred to +<i>Zapus princeps idahoensis</i>.</p> + +<h4><i>Transmitted July 30, 1952.</i></h4> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Comments on the Taxonomy and +Geographic Distribution of Some North American Rodents, by E. Raymond Hall and Keith R. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Comments on the Taxonomy and Geographic Distribution of Some North American Rodents + +Author: E. Raymond Hall + Keith R. Kelson + +Release Date: August 30, 2010 [EBook #33578] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK COMMENTS ON SOME NORTH AMERICAN RODENTS *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Josephine Paolucci +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net. + + + + + + + + +Comments on the Taxonomy and Geographic Distribution of Some North +American Rodents + +BY + +E. RAYMOND HALL and KEITH R. KELSON + +University of Kansas Publications +Museum of Natural History + +Volume 5, No. 26, pp. 343-371 +December 15, 1952 + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS +LAWRENCE +1952 + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + +Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, A. Byron Leonard, +Edward H. Taylor, Robert W. Wilson + +Volume 5, No. 26, pp. 343-371 +December 15, 1952 + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS +Lawrence, Kansas + +PRINTED BY +FERD VOILAND. JR., STATE PRINTER +TOPEKA, KANSAS +1952 + +[Transcriber's Note: Words surrounded by tildes, like ~this~ signifies +words in bold. Words surrounded by underscores, like _this_, signifies +words in italics.] + + + + +Comments on the Taxonomy and Geographic Distribution of Some North +American Rodents + +BY + +E. RAYMOND HALL and KEITH R. KELSON + + +In preparing maps showing the geographic distribution of North American +mammals we have found in the literature conflicting statements +concerning the subspecific identity of several rodents. Wherever +possible, we have examined the pertinent specimens. Results of our +examination are given below. + +Our studies have been aided by a contract (NR 161-791) between the +Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy, and the University of +Kansas. Also, a grant from the Kansas University Endowment Association +has permitted field work that yielded some of the specimens used for +comparison. Grateful acknowledgment is made to the persons in charge of +the several collections of mammals that we have consulted in order to +satisfy ourselves concerning the subspecific status of specimens from +many localities. + + +~Marmota flaviventer luteola~ A. H. Howell + +A. H. Howell (N. Amer. Fauna, 37:50, April 7, 1915) referred specimens +from Bridgers Pass, Wyoming, to _Marmota flaviventer dacota_, on the +basis of paler underparts because, according to the data of Howell (_op. +cit._), _M. f. dacota_ and _M. f. luteola_, the contiguous subspecies, +do not differ significantly in other ways. Casual comparison reveals to +us no additional differences between the two. We have examined the three +specimens available to Howell from Bridgers Pass (Nos. 18733/25527, +18734/25528, and 18735/25529 U. S. Biol. Surv. Coll.) and find the tone +of the underparts to be darker (more nearly russet) than in typical +_luteola_. The tone, however, varies considerably, both individually and +geographically, in _luteola_ and it is possible to match almost exactly +the ventral coloration of the specimens from Bridgers Pass with that of +specimens from within the geographic range of _luteola_; Nos. 160509, +from Bear Creek, 8 miles west of Eagle Peak, Wyoming, 18875 and +18731/25535, from the Laramie Mts., Wyoming, and No. 203744 from Sulphur +Springs, Grand County, Colorado, all in the United States Biological +Surveys Collection, are examples to the point. Being influenced by the +geography of the region, we therefore consider the three specimens from +Bridgers Pass best referred to the subspecies _Marmota flaviventer +luteola_. + + +~Spermophilus variegatus grammurus~ (Say) + +A. H. Howell (N. Amer. Fauna, 56:147, May 18, 1938) accorded _Citellus_ +[= _Spermophilus_] _variegatus utah_ Merriam a geographic range that +included the Kaibab Plateau of Arizona. Durrant (Univ. Kansas Publ. Mus. +Nat. Hist., 6:119, August 10, 1952) assigned to _S. v. grammurus_ a +geographic range that included southern Utah from the eastern to the +western border but in doing this did not mention the rock squirrel of +the Kaibab Plateau of Arizona that also might be expected to be +referable to _S. v. grammurus_. Howell (_loc. cit._) had two specimens +from the Kaibab Plateau. Of these we have examined the one from Big +Spring (161566 BS) and find that it lacks the darker (more tawny) head +and posterior back of _C. v. utah_ and agrees with _C. v. grammurus_. On +this basis we refer the rock squirrel of the Kaibab Plateau to the +subspecies _Spermophilus variegatus grammurus_ (Say). + + +~Tamias amoenus caurinus~ Merriam + +This subspecies was named from the Olympic Peninsula of Washington. A. +H. Howell, in his "Revision of the American chipmunks" (N. Amer. Fauna, +52:77, and fig. 5, 1929) regarded the geographic range of _Eutamias_ [= +_Tamias_] _amoenus caurinus_ as the mountains of the Olympic Peninsula +and most of Mt. Rainier. The geographic range of the _amoenus_ chipmunk +on Mt. Rainier almost certainly is continuous with that of _T. a. +ludibundus_ in the Cascade Mountains of which Mt. Rainier is a +westward-projecting arm. There is no contact between the chipmunks of +Mt. Rainier and those of the Olympic Peninsula; those on the Peninsula +are geographically isolated from all others of the species and are +separated from those on Mt. Rainier by approximately eighty miles of +low-lying country, which is uninhabited by chipmunks of the species +_Tamias amoenus_. Therefore, Howell's (_loc. cit._) assignment of most +of the chipmunks on Mt. Rainier to _caurinus_ is open to question and +Dalquest, in the "Mammals of Washington" (Univ. Kansas Publ. Mus. Nat. +Hist., vol. 2, 1948) evidently thought that Howell had incorrectly +identified them. On page 256 Dalquest (_op. cit._) defined the +geographic range of _T. a. caurinus_ as restricted to the Olympic +Peninsula and showed (fig. 81) Mt. Rainier to be in the geographic range +of _T. a. ludibundus_. We would accept Dalquest's (_op. cit._) +arrangement without question and also would follow it because it is the +more recent one were it not for the fact that Dalquest gives no reason +for his changes. To allow us to decide the matter we have compared the +pertinent materials ourselves. Catalogue numbers below are of the United +States National Museum, Biological Surveys Collection, and each specimen +mentioned by catalogue number is an adult female which shows much wear +on the fourth upper premolar. + +Of _T. a. caurinus_, Nos. 241902 and 241903 are from 2 mi. SW of Mount +Angeles; No. 241911 is from "near" head of Dosewallips River, 6000 ft., +and No. 241915 is from Canyon Creek, 3 mi. S Soleduc River, 3550 ft. Of +_T. a. ludibundus_, Nos. 234776 and 235018 are from Barron, 5000 ft., +and No. 230685 is from Suiattle River, 6500 ft. Of specimens in +question, from Mount Rainier, No. 90635 is from 6500 ft., west slope; +No. 232729 is from 4900 ft., Reflection Lakes, and No. 233114 is from +5300 ft., Indian Henrys. + +In comparison with _T. a. ludibundus_, _T. a. caurinus_ is grayer on +most, or all, parts of the pelage, has less ochraceous on the sides, and +the dark stripes on the sides of the head are narrower and less reddish +(more grayish). The skull of _caurinus_ is larger in certain +measurements, as shown below: + +======================================================================= +Catalogue Occipitonasal Zygomatic Cranial Length of Greatest width +number length breadth breadth nasals across upper + molars +----------------------------------------------------------------------- +_T. a. ludibundus_ + +234776 34.0 19.3 15.6 10.2 ... +235018 34.1 .... .... 10.4 8.0 +230685 33.5 18.8 15.5 10.4 7.9 + +Mt. Rainier + + 90635 34.5 19.2 16.3 10.8 8.3 +232729 .... 18.5 15.3 .... 8.2 +233114 34.2 18.6 15.7 10.8 8.0 + +_T. a. caurinus_ + +241911 34.5 19.7 16.2 11.3 8.3 +241915 34.2 .... .... 10.3 8.3 +241902 35.2 .... 16.8 11.1 8.1 +241903 34.7 .... 16.0 10.8 8.4 +----------------------------------------------------------------------- + +Howell (_op. cit._:75) referred three specimens from Glacier Basin, on +the northeastern part of Mount Rainier, to _T. a. ludibundus_ as he did +also one specimen (_loc. cit._) from Reflection Lakes, on the southern +flank of the mountain. Our comparisons indicate the correctness of +Howell's identification of the specimens from Glacier Basin; they more +closely resemble _ludibundus_ than _caurinus_. The specimen from +Reflection Lakes, however, is only one of five or six from the same +place; the others were lumped by him among the 49 that he recorded from +Mount Rainier under the name _caurinus_. The series from Reflection +Lakes, so far as we can detect, is not unusually variable and the +differences that are apparent are within the normal range of variation +ascribable to season, age, and individualism. Also, the series from +Reflection Lakes, to us, is not appreciably different from the other +series, representing the following places on Mount Rainier: Indian +Henrys, 5300 ft.; W slope Mt. Rainier, 6600 ft.; St. Andrews Park, 5500 +ft.; Spray Park, 5500 ft.; Paradise Park; Muddy Fork of Cowlitz River; +Sunset Park, 5000 ft.; ridge between St. Andrews Park and South Puyallup +River, 6000 ft.; and Owyhigh Lakes, 5350 ft. + +Collectively, or individually, where there are as many as six specimens +from a place, the material from Mt. Rainier (Glacier Basin excepted) is +intermediate in color between _T. a. ludibundus_ and _T. a. caurinus_ +and no more closely resembles one subspecies than the other. As may be +seen from the cranial measurements recorded above, specimens from Mt. +Rainier, although intermediate between the two subspecies just +mentioned, resemble _ludibundus_ in lesser zygomatic breadth and lesser +cranial breadth (and, it may be added, in lesser dorsolateral inflation +of the braincase), but resemble _caurinus_ in longer skull +(occipitonasal length), longer nasals and greater breadth across the +rows of upper molariform teeth. + +In summary: The animals from Mount Rainier, in features of taxonomic +import, are almost exactly intermediate between _T. a. caurinus_ and _T. +a. ludibundus_. Being influenced by considerations of geographic +adjacency, we refer the animals on Mount Rainier to _Tamias amoenus +ludibundus_ (Hollister). + +Dalquest's (_op. cit._: 85) explanation of the probable origin of +_Tamias amoenus caurinus_ is pertinent here. He writes: "The chipmunks +of the Olympic Mountains [_caurinus_] probably reached their present +range from the Cascades. Their probable path of emigration was westward +from Mt. Rainier, along the glacial outwash train of Nisqualli Glacier, +to the moraine and outwash apron of the Vashon Glacier and thence to the +Olympics. So similar are the chipmunks of Mt. Rainier and the Olympic +Mountains that Howell (1929) included Mt. Rainier in the range of +_caurinus_." + + +~Tamias townsendii cooperi~ Baird + +Some uncertainty exists concerning the subspecific identity of the +Townsend Chipmunk in southern Washington because Dalquest (Univ. Kansas +Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist., 2:262, April 9, 1948) identified as _Tamias +townsendii cooperi_ specimens that he examined from Yocolt, a place well +within the geographic range of _T. t. townsendii_ as defined by A. H. +Howell (N. Amer. Fauna, 52: fig. 7, p. 107, November 30, 1929). Dalquest +(_op. cit._) referred other specimens, that he did not examine, from Mt. +St. Helens (90654, 231112 and 231114 BS) to _T. t. cooperi_ although +Howell (N. Amer. Fauna, 52:109, November 20, 1929) had previously +identified them as _E. t. townsendii_. By implication, and on his map, +Dalquest (_op. cit._, fig. 83, p. 261) assigned to _T. t. cooperi_ still +other specimens, that he had not examined, from: Government Springs, 15 +mi. N Carson (230514, 230515, 230559, 230560, and 230563 BS); Stevenson +(230513 and 230517 BS); and Skamania (230518 BS). Earlier, Howell (op. +cit.) had listed the specimens from the three mentioned localities as +_Eutamias townsendii townsendii_. + +Our examination of specimens in the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology from +1-1/2 mi. W Yocolt (94238 and 94239 MVZ) and from 3-1/2 mi. E and 5 mi. +N Yocolt (94240-94244 MVZ) reveals that the "average" of the coloration +is nearer to that of the paler _T. t. cooperi_ than to that of the +darker _T. t. townsendii_ and indicates why Dalquest, we think +correctly, identified specimens from Yocolt as _T. t. cooperi_. We have +examined also the specimens in the Biological Surveys Collection of the +United States National Museum (catalogue numbers given above) and have +compared them with specimens (comparable in age and seasonal condition +of pelage) of _T. t. townsendii_ (notably a series from Lake Quinalt, +Washington) and of _T. t. cooperi_ (including specimens from Bumping +Lake and Blewett Pass, Washington). In color, the specimens from Mt. St. +Helens are almost exactly intermediate between _T. t. cooperi_ and _T. +t. townsendii_. We choose to use for them the name _T. t. townsendii_ as +did Howell (_op. cit._:109). The specimens from 15 mi. N Carson, those +from Stevenson and the one from Skamania agree in nearly all features of +color with the relatively paler _T. t. cooperi_, as Dalquest (_op. +cit._) thought they would, and we, accordingly, use for them the name +_Tamias townsendii cooperi_. + +In view of the findings resulting from our study of the above mentioned +specimens of the Townsend Chipmunk in Washington, it seemed worthwhile +to examine the material of the same species from Hood River, Oregon. +Howell (_op. cit._:109) listed one specimen from there as _E. t. +townsendii_, but (_op. cit.:_ fig. 7, p. 107) mapped the locality as +within the geographic range of _E. t. cooperi_. The specimen (89061 BS) +is a juvenile having external measurements of only 175, 80 and 31. +Although the color is intermediate between that of the two subspecies +concerned, greater resemblance is shown to _T. t. townsendii_. We have +not examined any other specimen of the species _Tamias townsendii_ so +young as No. 89061, but suspect that older specimens from the same place +would be paler by a slight degree. This suspicion, and more especially +the light color of an older specimen from nearby White Salmon, +Washington, and the light color of two older specimens from Parkdale, +Oregon, which seem to us to be referable to _T. t. cooperi_, influence +us to refer the specimen from Hood River to _Tamias townsendii cooperi_ +Baird. + + +~Tamias townsendii townsendii~ Bachman + +A. H. Howell (N. Amer. Fauna, 52:111, November 30, 1929) referred +specimens of the Townsend Chipmunk from the lower elevations on the +Olympic Peninsula to _Eutamias townsendii townsendii_ but referred +specimens from the central mountains on that peninsula to _Eutamias +townsendii cooperi_. The subspecies _T. t. cooperi_ thus is represented +as having a geographic range of two separate parts: (1) The Cascade +Mountains from southern British Columbia into southern Oregon, and (2) +the area of the Olympic Mountains, the latter area being entirely +surrounded by the geographic range of _T. t. townsendii_. Dalquest +(Univ. Kansas Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist., 2:261 and 262, April 9, 1948) +employed Howell's arrangement. + +We have examined the specimens, in the Biological Surveys Collection of +the United States National Museum, from the Olympic Peninsula and fail +to find significant differences in external measurements or in size or +shape of skulls between specimens from the mountains (alleged _T. t. +cooperi_) and those from other parts of the Peninsula (assigned to _T. +t. townsendii_). Nevertheless, the specimens from the higher parts of +the Olympic Mountains resemble _T. t. cooperi_ in being less ochraceous +than are specimens of _T. t. townsendii_ from elsewhere on the Olympic +Peninsula, and in this one respect, in series, they more closely +resemble _T. t. cooperi_. Even so, the upper parts of the specimens from +the mountains are darker than in _T. t. cooperi_ of the Cascades. In +dark color of the superciliary stripe the specimens in question are +referable to _T. t. townsendii_. The over-all gray tone, resembling that +of _T. t. cooperi_, upon close inspection is found to be in considerable +degree the result of wear, and the difference in grayness from _T. t. +townsendii_, when specimens in comparable pelage are compared, is +slight. This tendency to lighter color in specimens from higher +elevations is seen in other places in Washington within the geographic +range of _Tamias townsendii_. We feel, therefore, that the mentioned +resemblance in color between specimens from the Olympic Mountains and +those of _T. t. cooperi_ from the Cascade Mountains is not significant +taxonomically. To us, all of the animals of the species _Tamias +townsendii_ from the Olympic Peninsula seem best referred to the +subspecies _Tamias townsendii townsendii_ Bachman. + + +~Tamias striatus ohionensis~ Bole and Moulthrop + +A. H. Howell (Jour. Mamm., 13:166, May 14, 1932) referred a specimen +(252979 USNM) from Athens, Ohio, to _Tamias striatus fisheri_. +Subsequently, Bole and Moulthrop (Sci. Publs. Cleveland Mus. Nat. Hist., +5:83-181, September 11, 1942) named _Tamias striatus ohionensis_ and +_Tamias striatus rufescens_, both of which occur in Ohio. They (_op. +cit._: 137) also excluded _T. s. fisheri_ from the state list of mammals +of Ohio. The locality of Athens lies between the ranges of _T. s. +ohionensis_ and _T. s. rufescens_, as outlined by referred specimens, +and thus the identity of the specimen from that place was left in doubt. +We have examined the specimen and among named kinds find that it most +closely resembles _T. s. ohionensis_ in its less widely spreading +zygomata, slender incisors and dull-colored pelage. We prefer the +specimen to _T. s. ohionensis_. + +The subspecific identity of specimen No. 174762 USNM, a skin only, from +Nobleville, Hamilton Co., Indiana, assigned by Howell (N. Amer. Fauna, +52:21, November 30, 1929) to _T. s. griseus_ and by Lyon (Amer. Mid. +Nat., 17(1):191, January, 1936) to _T. s. fisheri_, was left in doubt by +Bole and Moulthrop's (_op. cit._) assignment of specimens to _T. s. +ohionensis_. Although the specimen lacks a skull and tail, on the basis +of its dull-colored pelage and dark brown (anteriorly) median dorsal +stripe, we identify No. 174762 as _T. s. ohionensis_. For the same +reason, specimen No. 125445 USNM, from Bascom, Indiana, referred by +Howell (_op. cit._:16) to _T. s. striatus_, and by Lyon (_op. cit._:191) +to _T. s. fisheri_, required re-examination. The specimen appears to be +an intergrade between _T. s. striatus_ and _T. s. ohionensis_; it is +probably best referred to the latter subspecies which it resembles in +having short nasals. In color it is intermediate, but it does not +possess the narrowly spreading zygomata of _T. s. ohionensis_ and, in +this respect, more nearly approaches _T. s. striatus_. + +Specimen No. 13815 USNM, an alcoholic, from Wheatland, Knox Co., +Indiana, was assigned by Howell (_op. cit._, 1929:21) to _T. s. griseus_ +and by Lyon (_loc. cit._) to _T. s. fisheri_. Although the specimen is +much faded and cannot be identified with certainty, we assign it to _T. +s. ohionensis_. Allowing for fading, it seems to resemble _ohionensis_ +more in the lighter color of the anterior part of the median dorsal +stripe, than it does either _griseus_ or _fisheri_. We are also +influenced in making this allocation by Bole and Moulthrop's (_op. +cit._:137) finding intergradation between _T. s. ohionensis_ and _T. s. +striatus_ in a specimen obtained at New Harmony, Posey Co., Indiana. + +Howell (Jour. Mamm., 13:166, August 9, 1932) referred two specimens from +Boone County, Indiana, to _T. s. fisheri_. We have examined a specimen +(5675 AMNH) from that place and think it is one of the two seen by +Howell. The specimen is a poorly made skin in worn winter pelage with +the skull inside. Because it differs from _T. s. fisheri_ and agrees +with _T. s. ohionensis_ in the color of both upper parts and underparts +(comparisons made with material of comparable stage of molt), we assign +it to the latter subspecies. Howell (_loc. cit._) referred specimens +from Overton (57394), Wooster (57398, 57399, and 57442), and Loudonville +(57391-57393), all from Ohio, in the Museum of Zoology of the University +of Michigan, to _Tamias striatus fisheri_. We have examined these +specimens and find them to be readily separable from _T. s. rufescens_ +on the basis of darker coloration. The affinities of the specimens in +question are with _T. s. fisheri_ and _T. s. ohionensis_. As a standard +for comparison we have used specimens in the Museum of Zoology, +University of Michigan, in comparable pelage of _T. s. ohionensis_ from +Dearborn County, Indiana, taken in August and specimens of _T. s. +fisheri_ from "near" summit Butt Mtn. and Little Meadows, both places in +Giles County, Virginia, as well as two specimens from Allair, Monmouth +County, New Jersey. On the basis of buffy (instead of white) edging of +the tail, buffy (not white) light dorsal stripes, and buffy (not black) +anterior third of the median dark stripe, the specimens from Overton, +Wooster, and Loudonville are referred to _Tamias striatus ohionensis_. + + +~Tamias striatus pipilans~ Lowery + +A. H. Howell (N. Amer. Fauna, 29:16, November 30, 1929) recorded six +specimens of _Tamias striatus striatus_ from Greensboro, Alabama. +Subsequently, Lowery (Occas. Papers Mus. Zool., Louisiana State Univ., +13:235, November 22, 1943) named _T. s. pipilans_ and assigned to it +specimens from northeastern Alabama. Lowery did not, however, mention +the specimens from Greensboro and, thus, their subspecific identity was +placed in doubt. We have examined five of the six specimens mentioned by +Howell (_loc. cit._) (57034-57036, 57588, and 77037 BS) and because of +their brilliant color and large size, refer them to _Tamias striatus +pipilans_ Lowery. + + +~Tamias striatus rufescens~ Bole and Moulthrop + +A. H. Howell (Jour. Mamm., 13:166, August 9, 1932) also referred a +specimen (13154), from La Porte, Indiana, in the Chicago Nat. History +Museum to _T. s. fisheri_. We find the specimen to be distinguishable +from _T. s. fisheri_ in darker, richer pelage, brown instead of blackish +anterior third of the median dorsal stripe, more buffy light dorsal +stripes, and more heavily constructed skull. The specimen most closely +resembles _T. s. rufescens_ in having, as compared to _T. s. +ohionensis_, brighter, more rufescent color, wider incisors, +proportionately narrower interorbital region, and more widely spreading +zygomatic arches. We refer it to that subspecies. + + +~Sciurus carolinensis pennsylvanicus~ Ord + +When J. A. Allen considered what name to apply to the gray squirrel of +northeastern United States and adjacent parts of Canada, (Monogr. N. +Amer. Rodentia, p. 709, 1877) he selected the name _leucotis_ of Gapper +(Zool. Jour., 5:206, 1830) as applicable. Allen rejected Ord's +(Guthrie's Geog., 2nd Amer. Ed., Zool. App., 2:292, 1815) earlier name, +_Sciurus Pennsylvanica_, because (_loc. cit._) "it was given to +specimens from the Middle Atlantic States, and hence from a locality +bordering upon the habitat of the southern form, and consequently the +name is not strictly applicable to the northern type as developed in the +Northern and Northeastern States and the Canadas." It must be recalled +that Allen had not at that time seen a copy of Ord's exceedingly rare +work and was basing his comments on Baird's statements on Ord's +treatment of the squirrels. + +Subsequently, Rhoads obtained a copy of the second edition of Guthrie's +Geography and had Ord's zoological appendix thereto reprinted. The +reprinted version (now known generally as Ord's Zoology by Rhoads, 1894) +contains (Appendix, p. 19) Rhoads' review of the _pennsylvanicus vs. +leucotis_ controversy. Rhoads concluded that _pennsylvanicus_ must apply +because it has priority and is available. The habitat was given by Ord +as "those parts of Pennsylvania which lie to the westward of the +Allegany ridge," not the "Middle Atlantic States" as Allen thought. + +Notwithstanding Rhoads' comments, Bangs (Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, +10:156, December 28, 1896), in his "Review of the Squirrels of Eastern +North America," employed _leucotis_ Gapper and rejected Ord's name +because it "is a _nomen nudum_" and of uncertain application. There +seems to have been no attempt subsequently to review the pertinent +names. + +We are of the opinion that Rhoads' (_loc. cit._) analysis and +conclusions are correct and as cogent today as then. We do not agree +with Bangs that _pennsylvanicus_ is a _nomen nudum_ for the following +reasons. The name was based on melanistic individuals and could +conceivably be applied to three species of squirrels, the red squirrel, +the fox squirrel, and the gray squirrel. Melanistic red squirrels, +_Tamiasciurus hudsonicus_, are everywhere rare and in any case appear as +individuals and not populations. Ord (_loc. cit._) reported that his +_Sciurus Pennsylvanica_ was _abundant_. Ord, we think, was not referring +to the fox squirrel, _Sciurus niger_, because he wrote that _S. +Pennsylvania_ "has always been confounded with... [_Sciurus niger_], but +it is a different species," and (_loc. cit._) described _S. niger_ as a +"Large Black Squirrel" and _Sciurus Pennsylvanica_ as a "Small Black +Squirrel." Therefore, _pennsylvanicus_ Ord can refer only to _Sciurus +carolinensis_. Further, melanistic gray squirrels then, as now, were +common in western Pennsylvania and exceedingly rare in eastern +Pennsylvania. Additionally, Ord described his animal, although +admittedly inadequately (small, black, not _S. niger_). The name +_Sciurus Pennsylvanica_ Ord is clearly not a _nomen nudum_ and must +replace _leucotis_ Gapper. + +Allen's (_loc. cit._) argument that the specimens were not +representative of "_leucotis_" because they were from the Middle +Atlantic States is based on an initial misunderstanding of the locality. +Further, whether or not "topotypes" are representative of a subspecies +has no bearing on the availability of the name appended to them. The +name and synonomy of the northern gray squirrel are as follows: + + ~Sciurus carolinensis pennsylvanicus~ Ord + + 1815. _Sciurus Pennsylvanica_ Ord, Guthrie's Geog., 2nd + Amer. Ed., 2:292. Type locality, western Pennsylvania. + + 1894. _Sciurus carolinensis pennsylvanicus_, Rhoads, + Appendix of reprint of Ord (_supra_), p. 19. + + 1792. _Sciurus cinereus_ Schreber, Saeuget., 4:766. Type + locality, eastern United States, probably New York State. + (_Nec Sciurus cinereus_ Linnaeus.) + + 1830. _Sciurus leucotis_ Gapper, Zool. Jour., 5:206. Type + locality, region between York and Lake Simcoe, Canada. + + 1849. _Sciurus migratorius_ Audubon and Bachman, Quad. N. + Amer., 1:265 (based on _S. leucotis_ Gapper). + + 1877. _Sciurus carolinensis_ var. _leucotis_, J. A. Allen, + Monogr. N. Amer. Rodentia, Sciuridae, p. 700 (_et auct._). + + +~Sciurus niger rufiventer~ Geoffroy + +Two specimens (36192/48550, a young male with unworn teeth, and +36193/48551, an adult male with much worn teeth, both in the United +States Biological Surveys Collection in the National Museum) were +recorded by Bailey (N. Amer. Fauna, 25:75, 1905) as _Sciurus +ludovicianus_ from Gainesville, Texas. Bailey (_loc. cit._) further +stated that if the name _Sciurus rufiventer_ Geoffroy proved usable it +would apply to the specimens from Gainesville. Since the name +_rufiventer_ was revived there would be no question concerning the +identity of these specimens had not Lowery and Davis (Occas. Papers, +Mus. Zool., Louisiana State Univ., 9:172, 1942) assigned three specimens +(not seen by us) to _Sciurus niger limitis_ Baird from a point only +thirteen miles northwesterly. Lowery and Davis (_loc. cit._) say that +their specimens are intergrades (presumably with _rufiventer_) and +Bailey (_loc. cit._) noted that his two specimens from Gainesville "are +in size and color nearer to _ludovicianus_ [= _rufiventer_] than to +typical _limitis_." Examination of the two specimens from Gainesville +convinces us that Bailey was correct and the specimens therefore are +referable to _Sciurus niger rufiventer_. More in detail, the color +agrees with that of _rufiventer_ and differs from that of _limitis_ and +from that of darker specimens of _Sciurus niger ludovicianus_ (in the +restricted sense used by Lowery and Davis, _op. cit._: 104). Also the +size is larger than in _limitis_ and as in _rufiventer_ or +_ludovicianus_. Selected measurements of Nos. 36192/48550 and +36193/48551 are, respectively, as follows: Total length, 505, 500; +length of tail, 237, 228; length of hind foot, 72, 70; basilar length of +Hensel, 48.5, 48.6; zygomatic breadth, 35.1, 36.0; length of nasals, +21.4, 22.3; alveolar length of maxillary tooth-row, 11.8, 11.1; width +across posterior tongues of premaxillae, 17.5, 18.4. + + +~Sciurus variegatoides rigidus~ Peters + +Harris (Occas. Papers Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan, 266:1, June 28, 1933) +named _Sciurus variegatoides austini_ with type locality at Las Agujas, +Province of Puntarenas, Costa Rica. Later, in his revision of the +species _Sciurus variegatoides_, he (Misc. Publs. Mus. Zool., Univ. +Michigan, 38:19, September 7, 1937) referred specimens from Chomes, +Costa Rica, to _S. v. austini_ and (_op. cit._:24) specimens from +Puntarenas, Province of Puntarenas, to _S. v. rigidus_, an inland +subspecies. The geographic arrangement of these referred specimens +seemed to warrant a reconsideration of the material. We have examined +specimens of _S. variegatoides_ in the Museum of Zoology, University of +Michigan, from the following localities in Costa Rica: Puntarenas +(62703-62706), Las Agujas (65118 [type of _S. v. austini_], +59847-59850), Rio Las Agujas (65114-65117), Agua Caliente (66483), +Zarcero (75757-75761, 75765), Cartago (67546, 67547), and Esparta +(75762-75764). The specimens listed by Harris (_op. cit._, 1937:19) as +from Chomes, in the Museum of Zoology of the University of Michigan, are +not now in that museum and we have not seen them. + +Harris (_op. cit._:19) characterized _S. v. austini_ as differing from +_S. v. rigidus_ in having brightly rufous legs (Ochraceous-Orange) in +_S. v. rigidus_ and a dorsal coloration resulting from a mixture of +shiny black and silver (Ochraceous-Orange mixed with black in _S. v. +rigidus_). We find that in the color of the legs of the paratypes of _S. +v. austini_ there is considerable variation ranging from bright rufous +in No. 65116 to much darker and duller in No. 59849. In six of the ten +specimens of the type series, the color is rufous, but in the other four +the color of the legs approaches and overlaps that found in the referred +specimens of _S. v. rigidus_. The color of the dorsum of _S. v. austini_ +is also variable. No. 59850, for example, is dark brown and closely +resembles No. 75762, from Esparta, which was referred to _S. v. +rigidus_. Further, some specimens referred to _S. v. rigidus_ (67546 and +67547) have the bright-colored legs of _S. v. austini_ and some (75759, +for example) have the black-and-silver back of _austini_. We recognize +differences of an average sort between the now-available specimens of +the two alleged subspecies, but because of the individual variation that +exists, we feel that recognition of two subspecies is not indicated. +There is also some variation that is the result of wear and molt and one +of us (Kelson) feels that some of the differences are explainable on +this basis. Accordingly, we prefer to adopt a more conservative +taxonomic arrangement than that of Harris for this group of the Costa +Rican squirrels and arrange _Sciurus variegatoides austini_ Harris, +1933, as a synonym of _Sciurus variegatoides rigidus_ Peters, 1863. + + +~Thomomys bottae alienus~ Goldman + +Six specimens (21249-21253, 212706 BS) from Rice, Arizona, were referred +by Goldman (Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 46:76, April 27, 1933) to the +subspecies _Thomomys bottae mutabilis_ Goldman when he proposed that +name as new, but these six specimens were not mentioned by him when he +later named _Thomomys bottae alienus_ (Jour. Washington Acad. Sci., +28:338, July 15, 1938), to which subspecies the specimens in question +might be expected to belong. Examination of the six specimens reveals +that they are intergrades between _T. b. mutabilis_ and _T. b. alienus_ +but that the specimens more closely resemble the latter. More precisely, +slightly larger size of skull, greater ventral inflation of tympanic +bullae, and less depressed occipital region ally the specimens with +_Thomomys bottae alienus_, and we identify them as that subspecies. The +two subspecies concerned are not so distinct as are most subspecies of +_Thomomys bottae_. + + +~Thomomys bottae aphrastus~ Elliott + +Bailey (N. Amer. Fauna, 39:58, November 15, 1915) referred three +specimens from San Antonio, Baja California, to _Thomomys bottae +nigricans_. These specimens have not, to our knowledge, been re-examined +subsequently, although the current taxonomic treatment of the pocket +gophers of Baja California by Huey (Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., +10(4):245-268, 1 map, August 31, 1945) excludes _T. b. nigricans_ from +the area of San Antonio. The pertinent specimens are probably Nos. +10810-10812 in the Chicago Natural History Museum. We have examined the +specimens and, using the comparative materials listed under the account +of _T. b. siccovallis_, find them to be intermediate in most characters +between _T. b. aphrastus_ and _T. b. martirensis_. Because they more +nearly resemble _T. b. aphrastus_ in the weakly-spreading zygomatic +arches, we refer the specimens from San Antonio to that subspecies. + + +~Thomomys bottae jojobae~ Huey + +When Huey (Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 10:256, August 31, 1945) +named _Thomomys bottae jojobae_ from Sangre de Cristo, Baja California, +Mexico, he made no mention of a specimen that Bailey (N. Amer. Fauna, +39:58, November 15, 1915) identified as _Thomomys bottae nigricans_ from +La Huerta, which place is approximately eight miles northwest of Sangre +de Cristo. From a geographic standpoint, it seemed unlikely that the +specimen from La Huerta would be referable to _T. b. nigricans_. +Examination of the specimen (138752 BS) proves it to differ from +topotypes of _T. b. nigricans_ and to agree with _T. b. jojobae_ in +richer, more rufescent color, especially ventrally, and smaller, +slenderer, more delicate skull. The specimen is therefore tentatively +referred to _Thomomys bottae jojobae_. We have not, however, compared it +with specimens of _Thomomys bottae juarezensis_, a subspecies the range +of which lies to the east on the summit of the Sierra Juarez. + + +~Thomomys bottae martirensis~ J. A. Allen + +Bailey (N. Amer. Fauna, 39:58, November 15, 1915) referred pocket +gophers from Pinon on the west slope of the San Pedro Martir Mountains, +Baja California, to the subspecies _Thomomys bottae nigricans_. The +subspecific identity of these animals has now been reinvestigated +subsequently, although the locality whence they were obtained is far +removed from what is now thought to be the geographic range of _T. b. +nigricans_; further, several other subspecies are known to occur in the +intervening area. We have examined the available material from Pinon +(13853-13855 BS) and find the specimens to agree with _Thomomys bottae +martirensis_ and to differ from _T. b. nigricans_ in lighter color, +larger, more ridged and angular skull; proportionately greater mastoidal +breadth; narrower occipital shelf; more ventrally produced alveolar +ramus of the maxillae; and deeply concave posterior border of the +temporal root of the zygomatic arch. These specimens thus constitute the +northernmost record of _T. b. martirensis_ known to us. + + +~Thomomys bottae mohavensis~ Grinnell + +Bailey (N. Amer. Fauna, 39:73, November 15, 1915) assigned a series of 7 +specimens from Lone Willow Spring, California, to the subspecies +_Thomomys bottae perpes_. This locality lies at the northern edge of the +Mohave Desert. Later, Grinnell (Univ. California Publ. Zool., 17:427, +April 25, 1918) named the pocket gophers from approximately the eastern +half of the Mohave Desert, _Thomomys perpallidus_ [= _bottae_] +_mohavensis_, but failed to mention the specimens recorded by Bailey, +and thus their subspecific identity is in doubt. We find that _T. b. +mohavensis_ differs from _T. b. perpes_ in more pallid color (light +yellowish as opposed to dark rufescent) larger size, larger and more +angular skull, angular (as opposed to more evenly bowed) zygomatic +arches, larger and deeper audital bullae, narrower interpterygoid space, +and proportionately greater mastoidal breadth. In external measurements, +size and angularity of skull, width of interpterygoid space and +angularity of the zygomatic arch, the specimens from Lone Willow Spring +seem to be intermediate between the two subspecies, but perhaps show +more resemblance to _T. b. mohavensis_. Otherwise, the specimens closely +resemble _T. b. mohavensis_ to which they are here referred. The +specimens provide a northern marginal record of occurrence for that +subspecies. + +Other specimens recorded as _T. b. perpes_ by Bailey (_loc. cit._) from +Grapevine Ranch, California, have also not been mentioned in later +publications although, from a geographic standpoint, they might be +better referred to either _Thomomys bottae pascalis_ or _T. b. +mohavensis_. Comparison of specimens of _T. b. mohavensis_ and _T. b. +pascalis_ from various localities show _T. b. pascalis_ to be larger +(including the skull), darker, and to possess a more nearly vertical +occipital plane, wider-spread but less angular zygomatic arches, less +inflated tympanic bullae, wider braincase (which consequently appears to +be less inflated), proportionately longer and slenderer rostrum, and +broader nasals distally. Cranially, _T. b. pascalis_ differs from _T. b. +perpes_ in essentially the same ways, but to an event greater degree. In +color, _T. b. pascalis_ differs from _T. b. perpes_ in being duller, +less rufescent. + +The series of four specimens, in the U. S. Biological Surveys +Collection, from Grapevine Ranch clearly are not referable to _T. b. +perpes_. They do, however, agree with _T. b. mohavensis_ in all +essential particulars except that in two of the four specimens the +braincase is wider and the nasals are wider distally. This width is +evidence of intergradation with _T. b. pascalis_. Seemingly, then, they +are best referred to _Thomomys bottae mohavensis_. + + +~Thomomys bottae muralis~ Goldman + +When Goldman (Jour. Washington Acad. Sci., 26(3):112, March 15, 1936) +described and named this pocket gopher from Arizona, he arranged it as a +full species and stated that there is no evidence of intergradation with +other named kinds. We have examined the holotype and three topotypes +(202579-202582 BS) and compared them with specimens of other kinds of +pocket gophers occurring in northern and central Arizona. The _muralis_ +gopher is a depauperate form clearly belonging to the _bottae_ group. +The characters which Goldman (_loc. cit._) set forth as distinguishing +_muralis_ from other named kinds are readily apparent and, like Goldman, +we see no evidence of intergradation. Nevertheless, the characters which +serve to identify the race are, in a general way, those commonly found +in populations of depauperate individuals of _Thomomys bottae_ and _T. +talpoides_. The small size, delicate structure, well-inflated braincase, +short premaxillary tongues, and strongly recurved upper incisors, often +appear in populations existing in inhospitable areas of shallow, +unstable soils. For this reason we feel that the relationships of this +population are best shown by arranging _muralis_ as a subspecies of +_Thomomys bottae_; the name should stand as _Thomomys bottae muralis_ +Goldman. + +As far as known, _T. b. muralis_ is completely isolated from other +populations of pocket gophers by uninhabitable eroding cliffs. The +animals have been found only on isolated terraces in the lower end of +Prospect Valley (itself a lateral pocket) within the Grand Canyon of the +Colorado River, Hualpai Indian Reservation, Arizona. Consequently it is +unlikely that intergradation with other populations could exist at the +present time. + +In short, in arranging _muralis_ as a subspecies of _Thomomys bottae_, +we are influenced, not by the demonstration of intergradation, but by +the degree of morphological differentiation of the population and the +probable reasons therefor. + + +~Thomomys bottae mutabilis~ Goldman + +Goldman (Jour. Washington Acad. Sci., 28:342, July 15, 1938) named the +subspecies _Thomomys bottae pinalensis_ on the basis of only one +specimen, an immature female (245709 BS) from Oak Flat, five miles east +of Superior, Pinal Mountains, Arizona. Examination shows it to be +indistinguishable in characters of taxonomic importance (coloration, +external measurements, shape of skull and size of skull) from specimens +of _T. b. mutabilis_ of comparable sex and age. No. 245709 is well +within the limits of individual variation of _T. b. mutabilis_ as is +shown by the several specimens (all in the U. S. Biological Surveys +Collection) as follow: Nos. 214118, 214670 (topotypes from Camp Verde, +Arizona), 212707 (Chiricahua Ranch, 20 mi. E Calva), 208635 (H-bar +Ranch, 20 mi. S Payson), and 215762 (Turkey Creek). Therefore, the name +_Thomomys bottae pinalensis_ is here arranged as a synonym of the +earlier name, _Thomomys bottae mutabilis_ Goldman (Proc. Biol. Soc. +Washington, 46:75, April 27, 1933), the type locality of which is Camp +Verde, Yavapai County, Arizona. + + +~Thomomys bottae patulus~ Goldman + +When Goldman (Jour. Washington Acad. Sci., 26:113, March 15, 1936) named +the subspecies _Thomomys bottae desitus_, he assigned to it (_op. +cit._:114) 10 specimens obtained at Wickenburg, Maricopa County, +Arizona. He did not mention specimens from Wickenburg when he +subsequently named the subspecies _Thomomys bottae patulus_ (Jour. +Washington Acad. Sci., 28:341, July 15, 1938) and stated that _T. b. +patulus_ was known only from the type locality in the "bottomland along +[the] Hassayampa River, two miles below Wickenburg." Examination in 1950 +of specimens referable to _T. b. patulus_ in the U. S. Biological +Surveys Collection shows all of them, including the holotype, to be +labeled "Wickenburg." The 10 specimens from Wickenburg reported by +Goldman in 1936 as _T. b. desitus_ were included by him among the 16 +(actually 17, one being a skull only) upon which he based his +description of _T. b. patulus_ in 1938. Examination of the field +catalogues of 3 of the 4 collectors who obtained the specimens discloses +that only the 7 specimens obtained last were recorded as occurring in +the Hassayampa River bottoms; the first 10 were recorded only as from +"Wickenburg." Briefly, only one subspecies, _T. b. patulus_, is present +in the area, and Goldman in 1938 seems to have thought that the two +localities were actually the same, and that "2 miles below Wickenburg" +was the more precise designation. + + +~Thomomys bottae providentialis~ Grinnell + +We have examined a specimen, No. 26120/33526, from 12-Mile Spring, +California, in the U. S. Biological Surveys Collection, which Bailey (N. +Amer. Fauna, 39:73, November 15, 1945) referred to the subspecies +_Thomomys perpallidus_ [= _aureus_] _perpes_. We find the specimen to be +referable to the later named _Thomomys bottae providentialis_ on the +basis of smaller ear, more massive, more ridged and angular skull, +greater interorbital breadth, deeper and thicker rostrum, less globular +bullae, and U-shaped rather than V-shaped interpterygoid space. +Therefore, 12-Mile Spring is the northernmost locality of occurrence of +the subspecies _T. b. providentialis_. + + +~Thomomys bottae sanctidiegi~ Huey + +In his discussion of the pocket gophers of Baja California, Huey (Trans. +San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 10:245-268, map, August 31, 1945) made no +mention of specimens from Ensenada, Baja California, recorded by Bailey +(N. Amer. Fauna, 39:58, November 15, 1915) as _Thomomys bottae +nigricans_. We have examined the specimens from Ensenada available to +Bailey in the U. S. Biological Surveys Collection, Nos. 137724, 139890, +and 139891, subadult, immature, and adult, respectively. As compared +with _Thomomys bottae sanctidiegi_ from the mouth of the Tiajuana River +(No. 126028) and _T. b. nigricans_ (topotypes), the one adult specimen +from Ensenada agrees with _T. b. sanctidiegi_ and differs from _T. b. +nigricans_ in lighter color, larger and more angular skull, and more +inflated braincase. The specimens from Ensenada differ from the adjacent +subspecies to the south, _Thomomys bottae proximarinus_ [to judge from +Huey's (_op. cit._) characterization of that subspecies] in lighter +color, and larger, more robust skull. Accordingly, the specimens from +Ensenada are referred to _Thomomys bottae sanctidiegi_. + + +~Thomomys bottae siccovallis~ Huey + +Bailey (N. Amer. Fauna, 39:58, November 15, 1915) listed a specimen from +Mattomi, Baja California, as _Thomomys bottae nigricans_. When Huey +(Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 10:259, August 31, 1945) revived the +name _Thomomys_ [_bottae_] _aphrastus_ Elliot, and named (_op. +cit._:258) _Thomomys bottae siccovallis_ he made no mention of the +specimen, from Mattomi, which, on geographic grounds, would be expected +to be _T. b. aphrastus_, _T. b. martirensis_ J. A. Allen, or _T. b. +siccovallis_. We have examined an adult male (10832 CNHM), probably the +specimen seen by Bailey (_loc. cit._), from Mattomi, and have compared +No. 10832 with six topotypes (10813-10816, 10819 and 10820 CNHM) of _T. +b. martirensis_, the type and one topotype (10798 CNHM) of _T. b. +aphrastus_ and with the original description of _T. b. siccovallis_. The +specimen from Mattomi seems to be unique in the large size of the +tympanic bullae. The specimen in question differs from _T. b. +martirensis_ also in shorter and wider skull, shorter and wider rostrum, +and longer and wider molariform teeth. In these features resemblance is +shown to the holotype of _T. b. aphrastus_ and even greater resemblance +is shown to _T. b. siccovallis_ to which the specimen from Mattomi is +referred. + + +~Thomomys monticola mazama~ Merriam + +This subspecies of the Cascades of Oregon and _Thomomys monticola +nasicus_ of the territory immediately to the east of the Cascades, in +the same state, were originally described (Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. +Washington, 11:214 and 216, respectively, July 15, 1897) and redescribed +(Bailey, N. Amer. Fauna, 39:123 and 125, respectively, November 15, +1915) as distinguished from each other by paler color, smaller tympanic +bullae and longer nasals in _T. m. nasicus_. The holotypes do differ in +these respects. The assigned (by Bailey, _loc. cit._) specimens indicate +that the opposite condition obtains with respect to the size of bullae; +that is to say, the bullae are smaller in _T. m. mazama_. In these +referred specimens from Oregon the nasals are actually and relatively +longer in _T. m. nasicus_, which averages paler (less black and more +red). Certain specimens of the two subspecies that are comparable as to +sex, age and season, are indistinguishable in color. + +This is the background against which Bailey (_op. cit._:125), contrary +to his statement of geographic ranges (_op. cit._:123, 125) and map +(_op. cit._:fig. 5, p. 23), assigned, in his list of specimens +examined, two specimens ([** Male] ad. 79817 and [** Female] ad. 79818 +BS) from Pengra, west of the Cascades, to the subspecies _T. m. +nasicus_. In the specimens from Pengra the bullae are angular as in +referred specimens of _nasicus_ (unlike those of the holotype), the +rostra are intermediate in length between those of the two subspecies +concerned, and the color is light as in _T. m. nasicus_ but can be +matched by that of certain specimens of _T. m. mazama_, for example by +that of No. 79821 BS from Diamond Lake, Oregon. Consequently, on +morphological grounds, the two specimens from Pengra can be assigned to +_T. m. mazama_ almost as well as to _T. m. nasicus_. Having regard for +the geographic relations, we assign them to _T. m. mazama_. + +In making this tentative identification we are aware that the +acquisition of more nearly adequate material from Oregon, and critical +study of such material, may bring a subspecific arrangement of the +populations of _Thomomys monticola_ different from the current one. + + +~Thomomys talpoides bullatus~ Bailey + +Bailey (N. Amer. Fauna, 39:101, November 15, 1915) identified as +_Thomomys talpoides clusius_ two specimens (66465 and 66523 BS) from +Pass (= Parkman) and one specimen (66464 BS) from Dayton, in Wyoming. We +have examined these specimens and find that they lack the broad +braincase and narrow nasals of _clusius_ and in these and in other +features the three specimens resemble _T. t. caryi_ and _T. t. bullatus_ +more than they resemble any other named kinds. Although structurally, +and in color, intermediate between the two subspecies named immediately +above, the specimens show greater resemblance (large size and narrow +braincase) to the latter and are referred by us to _Thomomys talpoides +bullatus_. + + +~Thomomys talpoides clusius~ Coues + +Bailey (N. Amer. Fauna, 39:102, November 15, 1915) identified as +_Thomomys talpoides bullatus_ an adult male (147347 BS) from the J. K. +Ranch, 5900 ft., on Meadow Creek, Wind River, Wyoming [= Wind River of +Bailey, _loc. cit._] and a young female (168666 BS) from Sage Creek, 8 +mi. NW Fort Washakie, Wyoming. The rosaceous tone of these pale +individuals is more as in some populations of _T. t. ocius_ and _T. t. +clusius_ to the southward. Also, the skull of the male, although large, +is distinctly narrower than in _T. t. bullatus_ and we think shows the +influence of the _T. t. tenellus_ stock. All features considered, we +refer the specimens to _T. t. clusius_. + + +~Thomomys talpoides glacialis~ Dalquest and Scheffer + +Vernon Bailey (N. Amer. Fauna, 39:119, November 15, 1915) listed 19 +specimens from Roy, Washington, as _Thomomys douglasi yelmensis_ +Merriam. Our examination of 26 specimens (205039-205051, 205072-205077, +and 206545-206551 BS) labeled as "Roy," and presumably including those +listed by Bailey (_loc. cit._), leads us to identify all 26 as _Thomomys +talpoides glacialis_ on the basis of widely spreading zygomatic arches +and decidedly ochraceous hue of underparts. + + +~Geomys bursarius jugossicularis~ Hooper + +Seven skins with skulls (35104/47369-35110/47375 BS) from Las Animas, +Colorado, probably formed the basis for Cary's (N. Amer. Fauna, 33:129, +August 17, 1911) record of _Geomys lutescens_ from that locality. +Comparison of the material reveals that the animals are referable +instead to the later named subspecies, _Geomys lutescens jugossicularis_ +Hooper (Occas. Papers Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan, 420:1, June 28, 1940), +on the basis of (1) more reddish color, (2) deeper zygomatic plate, (3) +shorter jugal as expressed as a percentage of the length of the part of +the zygomatic arch anterior to the jugal, and (4) larger area of inner +face of jugal exposed when skull is viewed from directly above. Possibly +it is noteworthy that the specimens from Las Animas are larger than +Hooper's holotype and one topotype; this larger size is indicative of +intergradation with _G. b. lutescens_ as represented by the specimens +examined by us from Pueblo. + +Our examination of an adult female, No. 128242 BS and a juvenal female, +No. 128243 BS, from 15 mi. E Texline, Texas, recorded by Bailey (N. +Amer. Fauna, 25:132, October 24, 1905) under the name _Geomys lutescens_ +reveals that the specimens are referable to _Geomys bursarius +jugossicularis_ instead of to _Geomys bursarius major_ on the basis of +(1) mastoid part of tympanic bulla more inflated posteriorly, (2) +narrowness of frontals between posterior tongues of the premaxillae and, +(3) lighter color. + + +~Liomys irroratus irroratus~ Gray + +When Hooper and Handley (Occas. Papers Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan, +514:1-34, October 29, 1948) published a revised map (_op. cit._:3) +showing the geographic distribution of the subspecies of _Liomys +irroratus_ they did not mention a specimen from Agusinapa, Guerrero, +which inferentially from their map would be _L. i. irroratus_ although +it previously had been recorded as _L. i. torridus_ by Goldman (N. +Amer. Fauna, 34:55, September 7, 1911). We have examined the specimen +(70228 BS), which retains the upper deciduous premolar. Its long foot +(32 mm.) and broad cranium (13 mm.) are the bases for identifying the +specimen as _Liomys irroratus irroratus_ instead of _L. i. minor_, which +is smaller. + + +~Liomys irroratus minor~ Merriam + +When Hooper and Handley (Occas. Papers Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan, +514:1-34, October 29, 1948) published a revised map (_op. cit._:3) +showing the geographic distribution of the subspecies of _Liomys +irroratus_ they did not mention five specimens from Tlapa, Guerrero, +which inferentially from their map would be _L. i. irroratus_ although +these specimens previously had been recorded as _L. i. torridus_ by +Goldman (N. Amer. Fauna, 34:55, September 7, 1911). We have examined the +five specimens (70221-70225 BS), three of which retain the upper +deciduous premolars and two of which have the upper fourth premolar +unworn. The short, wide rostrum is unlike the long slender rostrum of +topotypes of _L. i. torridus_ of comparable age, and agrees with the +condition in topotypes of _L. i. minor_ of comparable age. It is on this +basis of wider rostrum that we refer the five specimens from Tlapa to +_Liomys i. minor_ which Hooper and Handley (_op. cit._:13) described as +differing from the geographically adjacent _L. i. irroratus_ in "short +and strongly tapered rostrum." We would add that we have not +independently verified this difference between _L. i. minor_ and _L. i. +irroratus_ for want of specimens of _L. i. irroratus_ comparable in age +to the five individuals from Tlapa. + +The map of Hooper and Handley (_loc. cit._) inferentially excludes +Tlalixtaquilla, Guerrero, from the geographic range of _L. i. minor_ +(and places Tlalixtaquilla within the range of _L. i. irroratus_) +although Goldman (_op. cit._:56) previously had identified specimens +from this place as _L. i. minor_. Our examination of the two immature +specimens (70227 and 70230 BS) from Tlalixtaquilla reveals that they +closely resemble the holotype of _L. i. minor_ and leads to the +conclusion that they are _Liomys irroratus minor_. + + +~Perognathus amplus pergracilis~ Goldman + +When Bole (Sci. Publ. Cleveland Mus. Nat. Hist., 5(2):6, December 4, +1937) named and described _Perognathus longimembris salinensis_, he +listed as comparative material of _P. l. bangsi_, a specimen in the +Museum of Comparative Zoology from Parker, Yuma Co., Arizona. There was +some reason to doubt the identification of the specimen since it is the +only record of occurrence of the subspecies from east of the Colorado +River. There is no specimen of _Perognathus longimembris_ from Arizona +in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. There is one specimen of pocket +mouse (18213, a skin only) from 30 miles east of Parker. We think that +this is the specimen seen by Bole because at one time according to the +label, it had been identified as _Perognathus panamintinus_ [= +_longimembris_] _bangsi_. If the identification of this skin-only had +been made by means of Osgood's key (N. Amer. Fauna, 18:14-15, September +20, 1900), the animal would have "keyed out" to _P. longimembris_ +because the total length is recorded on the label as 130. Seth B. Benson +has subsequently examined the specimen. The label now bears in +handwriting the name of _P. amplus pergracilis_ and is followed by +Benson's initials as the identifier. Although we lack adequate +comparative material, we consider the specimen to be _P. amplus +pergracilis_ Goldman, because the skin answers well to the description +of _P. a. pergracilis_ and because of the name currently on the label +with Benson's initials. + + +~Perognathus longimembris panamintinus~ Merriam + +In the current literature, Californian specimens of the little pocket +mouse stand identified as _Perognathus longimembris nevadensis_ from +Oasis and vicinity of Benton Station (Grinnell, Univ. California Publ. +Zool., 40:147, September 26, 1933). When one of us (Hall, Mammals of +Nevada, p. 360, July 1, 1946) reported specimens from southwestern +Nevada as _Perognathus longimembris panamintinus_ he did so on the basis +of study of specimens which included those from Oasis (in the California +Museum of Vertebrate Zoology) that he at that time (in ms.) identified +as _P. l. panamintinus_. Those specimens from Oasis have the hair on the +underparts white all the way to the base as also do specimens from +Morans, 5000 ft. (29583/41638 BS), in contrast to the plumbeous +underparts of _P. l. nevadensis_. It is on this basis that we identify +specimens from the places mentioned above as _Perognathus longimembris +panamintinus_. "Vicinity of Benton Station" as given by Grinnell (_loc. +cit._) is interpreted to include Morans, Mono County. + + +~Dipodomys agilis martirensis~ Huey + +Elliot (Field Columb. Mus., Zool. Ser., Publ. 79, 3(12):221, August 15, +1903) referred specimens from Rosarito and Rosarito Divide, San Pedro +Martir Mts., Baja California, to _Perodipus_ [= _Dipodomys_] _agilis_. +According to the currently known distribution of _Dipodomys agilis_ in +Baja California (see Huey, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 11:237, +April 30, 1951), the specimens seemed likely to belong to the subspecies +_D. a. martirensis_. An examination of the specimens (10644, 10690-10693 +CMNH from Rosarito, and 10694 from Rosarito Divide) shows that, on the +basis of large ear and comparatively narrow braincase, they are in fact +referable to _D. a. martirensis_. Only No. 10693, with its broader +braincase, seems atypical. Comparative materials used are in the Chicago +Natural History Museum as follows: _D. a. martirensis_: Baja California: +San Matias Spring, 2. _D. a. simulans_: Baja California: Ensenada, 8. +California: Dulzura, 1 (topotype); San Luis del Rey, 3. + + +~Dipodomys agilis simulans~ (Merriam) + +J. A. Allen (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:184, August 18, 1893) listed +as _Perodipus agilis_ a specimen (6306/4941 AMNH) from Valladares, Baja +California. Subspecies of this species were subsequently named without +mentioning this specimen that, on geographic grounds, might be either +_D. a. martirensis_ or _D. a. simulans_. Certain measurements of the +specimen are as follows: Total length, 288; length of tail, 171; length +of hind foot (dry), 41.0; greatest length of skull, 39.5; width of +maxillary arch at middle, 4.5. The long tail and wide (4.5) maxillary +arch are characteristic of _Dipodomys agilis simulans_ and constitute +the basis for identifying the specimen as of that subspecies. + + +~Baiomys taylori analogus~ Osgood + +The geographic range currently assigned to _Baiomys taylori paulus_ (J. +A. Allen) is separated in two parts by the geographic range assigned to +_B. t. analogus_. The southern, separated part of the range of _B. t. +paulus_ rests wholly on ten specimens from Colima, Colima, identified as +_B. t. paulus_ by Osgood in his "Revision of the mice of the American +genus Peromyscus" (N. Amer. Fauna, 28, April 17, 1909) where (p. 255) he +places as a synonym of _Peromyscus taylori paulus_ J. A. Allen, 1903, +_Peromyscus allex_ Osgood, 1904. The later name was based on these ten +specimens (33422/45445-33427/45450, 33429/45452, 33432/45455, and +33435/45458 BS) from Colima. Osgood had a choice of synonymizing _P. +allex_ under _P. paulus_ or _P. t. analogus_. According to Osgood's +concept, _analogus_ was blackish and large; _allex_ was grayish and +small; and _paulus_ was fawn colored and intermediate in size. The more +nearly equal size of _paulus_ and _allex_ probably influenced Osgood in +making his choice. After examining the original materials we think there +is more to recommend the alternate choice. For example, two topotypes +of equal age of the same sex of _allex_ (33424/45447) and _analogus_ +(120264 BS) are of almost the same size and, respectively, measure as +follows: Total length, 107, 108; length of tail, 42, 45; length of hind +foot (measured dry), 13.1, 12.8; greatest length of skull, 17.6, 17.7; +zygomatic breadth, 9.3, 9.2. Although _analogus_ does average darker, a +topotype, No. 120267 BS, from Zamora, is indistinguishable from several +of the topotypes of _allex_. Consequently, we arrange _Peromyscus allex_ +Osgood as a synonym of _Baiomys taylori analogus_ (Osgood) 1909 and +refer the specimens from Colima to the latter. + + +~Peromyscus eremicus eremicus~ (Baird) + +Osgood (N. Amer. Fauna, 28:242, April 17, 1909) listed a specimen of +this subspecies from Sierra Encarnacion, Nuevo Leon. A specimen, No. +79614 BS, of this species was obtained on July 31, 1896, at Sierra +Encarnacion, Coahuila, by Nelson and Goldman. We know of no specimens of +this subspecies from Sierra Encarnacion, Nuevo Leon, and assume that +Osgood referred to the Coahuilan specimen. Further support for this +assumption is Osgood's (_loc. cit._) note that the Sierra Encarnacion +specimen is aberrant and, to our eye, so is No. 79614 from Coahuila. + + +~Peromyscus merriami merriami~ Mearns + +Osgood (N. Amer. Fauna, 28:239, April 17, 1909) placed _P. merriami_ in +synonymy under _Peromyscus eremicus eremicus_ (Baird). Because Seth B. +Benson, and subsequently the late Wilfred H. Osgood, told one of us +(Hall) that _Peromyscus merriami_ was specifically distinct from +_Peromyscus eremicus eremicus_, we have examined the specimens from +Sonoyta, Sonora, and Quitobaquita, Arizona, referred by Mearns (Bull. U. +S. Nat. Mus., 56:434-435, and 444, April 13, 1907) to _P. e. eremicus_ +and _P. merriami_, respectively. We perceive the differences that Mearns +(_loc. cit._) described and recognize _P. merriami_ as a species +separate from _P. eremicus_. + +Also we have compared the type and one topotype of _Peromyscus goldmani_ +Osgood with the holotype and referred specimens mentioned above, of _P. +merriami_, and feel that the two kinds are no more than subspecifically +distinct. Accordingly, _P. goldmani_ should stand as _Peromyscus +merriami goldmani_. This arrangement is made with the knowledge that +Burt (Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan, 39:56, February 15, 1938) +arranged _P. goldmani_ as a synonym of _Peromyscus eremicus_. + + +~Peromyscus truei preblei~ Bailey + +Osgood (N. Amer. Fauna, 28: 171, April 17, 1909) listed two specimens +from Crooked River, 25 miles southeast of Prineville, Oregon, as +_Peromyscus truei gilberti_ with the notation "approaching _truei_?" +Subsequently, Bailey (N. Amer. Fauna, 55: 188, August 29, 1936) named +_Peromyscus truei preblei_ with type locality at Crooked River, 20 miles +southeast of Prineville, a place from which Bailey had two specimens. We +think the specimens recorded by the two authors are the same, and, +according to the specimen labels, were placed correctly as to locality +by Bailey. Our reasons are as follows: (a) The specimens mentioned by +Bailey were presumably available to Osgood, but Osgood made no mention +of specimens from "20 miles southeast of Prineville," (b) we find no +specimens nor other records pertaining thereto, of _Peromyscus truei_ +from the locality given by Osgood, (c) Osgood indicated that the +specimens he saw were not typical of _P. t. gilberti_ and (d) _P. m. +gilberti_, geographically the nearest subspecies, is recorded otherwise +no closer to Prineville than Grants Pass, approximately 175 miles +southwest in southwestern Oregon. + + +~Sigmodon hispidus cienegae~ A. B. Howell + +J. A. Allen (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:28, March 16, 1893) listed +as _Sigmodon hispidus arizonae_ Mearns one specimen from Granados, +Sonora, at a time when _S. h. cienegae_ had not been named. We have +examined the specimen (5389 AMNH) which has the skull inside and which +lacks external measurements. It was taken on November 16, 1890, and is +darker than specimens of _S. h. arizonae_ collected in September at Fort +Verde, Arizona. The color is essentially as in specimens of _S. h. +cienegae_ from Fairbank, Arizona (March-taken specimens). Because of +this agreement in color and because of the geographic origin of the +specimen from Granados, we refer the animal to _Sigmodon hispidus +cienegae_. + + +~Sigmodon hispidus zanjonensis~ Goodwin + +Goodwin (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 79:169, May 29, 1942) listed four +specimens from Honduras (El Jaral, 2; and Las Ventanas, 2) as _Sigmodon +hispidus saturatus_ Bailey. Because these localities fall within the +geographic range of _S. h. zanjonensis_ we were lead to examine the +specimens. Three are young and one (126113 AMNH from Las Ventanas) is an +adult female. The underparts of the young are washed with rufous as in +_S. h. saturatus_. The adult lacks this rufous as do specimens of _S. h. +zanjonensis_ and some specimens of _S. h. saturatus_. In the adult the +color of the upper parts and size of the upper cheek-teeth are +intermediate between the dark-backed, small-toothed _S. h. saturatus_ +and the paler-backed, large-toothed _S. h. zanjonensis_. The rostrum is +intermediate in width but definitely nearer the broad condition which +obtains in _S. h. saturatus_. The tail is long, actually and in relation +to the body (total length 275, tail 130), as in _S. h. zanjonensis_ to +which we refer the specimens in question. + + +~Oryzomys couesi couesi~ (Alston) + +For alleged occurrence at Reforma in Oaxaca, Mexico (Goldman, N. Amer. +Fauna, 43:31, September 23, 1918), see under _Oryzomys couesi mexicanus_ +Allen. + + +~Oryzomys couesi mexicanus~ J. A. Allen + +Goldman (N. Amer. Fauna, 43, September 23, 1918) listed, as in the Field +Museum of Natural History [= Chicago Natural History Museum] one +specimen from Reforma, Oaxaca, under _O. c. mexicanus_ (p. 35) and one +specimen from the same place under _O. c. couesi_ (p. 31). In the +Chicago Natural History Museum we can find only one specimen. It is a +young male, skull with skin, in which the last molar has not yet +erupted, and bears the catalogue number 13654. It is, in our opinion, +referable to _O. c. mexicanus_. Because we suspect that Goldman (_op. +cit._) by error listed this one specimen twice (once under _O. c. +couesi_ and once under _O. c. mexicanus_) it seems best to exclude +Reforma, Oaxaca, from the geographic range of _O. c. couesi_. + + +~Oryzomys alfaroi saturatior~ Merriam + +A series of _Oryzomys alfaroi_ in the U. S. Biological Surveys +Collection obtained at Tumbala, 5000 ft., Chiapas, Mexico, the type +locality of _Oryzomys alfaroi saturatior_, contains individuals some of +which Goldman (N. Amer. Fauna, 43:66, September 23, 1918) referred to +the subspecies _O. a. saturatior_ and one which he referred to _O. a. +palatinus_. This latter specimen, to judge from the external +measurements given by Goldman (_loc. cit._), is No. 76328. In comparison +with the other material which Goldman saw, we find the specimen to agree +with _O. a. palatinus_ in pale color and posterior concavity of the +posterior border of the palate. In some other diagnostic cranial +characters, it is indistinguishable from specimens of _O. a. saturatior_ +from the same locality, and in other characters, notably the slenderness +of the rostrum, it is intermediate between the two subspecies +concerned. In short, although we see the reasons for Goldman's +subspecific identification of this individual, we think, in view of the +structural intermediacy of the animal and the characters of the series +_en masse_, that it is best referred to _Oryzomys alfaroi saturatior_. + + +~Zapus princeps idahoensis~ Davis + +Preble (N. Amer. Fauna, 15:23, August 8, 1899) referred two specimens +from Henry House and three from 15 miles south of Henry House, both +localities in Alberta, Canada, to the subspecies _Zapus princeps +princeps_. Subsequently, when _Z. p. kootenayensis_ (Anderson, Nat. Mus. +Canada, Ann. Rept. 1931, p. 108, November 24, 1932) and _Z. p. +idahoensis_ (Davis, Jour. Mamm., 15(3):221, August 10, 1934) were named, +no mention was made of these specimens although the ranges assigned to +_Z. p. kootenayensis_ and _Z. p. idahoensis_ seemed to isolate the Henry +House area from the remainder of the range (as recorded) of _Z. p. +princeps_. We have examined the pertinent specimens in the U. S. +Biological Surveys Collection (75452 and 75453 from Henry House; +81509-81510 from 15 mi. S Henry House). On the basis of paler color, +reduced lateral line, smaller skull, shorter palatal bridge and +zygomatic arches, they are, among named subspecies, best referred to +_Zapus princeps idahoensis_. + +_Transmitted July 30, 1952._ + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Comments on the Taxonomy and +Geographic Distribution of Some North American Rodents, by E. Raymond Hall and Keith R. 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