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diff --git a/33531-8.txt b/33531-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..39b5210 --- /dev/null +++ b/33531-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1397 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Subspecies of the Mountain Chickadee, by +Joseph Grinnell + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Subspecies of the Mountain Chickadee + Vol. 17, No. 17, pp. 505-515 + +Author: Joseph Grinnell + +Release Date: August 25, 2010 [EBook #33531] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE SUBSPECIES OF THE *** + + + + +Produced by Tom Cosmas, Larry B. Harrison and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + +UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS + +IN + +ZOOLOGY + +Vol. 17, No. 17, pp. 505-515, 3 figures in text + + +May 4, 1918 + + +THE SUBSPECIES OF THE + +MOUNTAIN CHICKADEE + +BY + +JOSEPH GRINNELL + +UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS +BERKELEY + + + + +UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS + +IN + +ZOOLOGY + +Vol. 17, No. 17, pp. 505-515, 3 figures in text + + +May 4, 1918 + + + + + +THE SUBSPECIES OF THE MOUNTAIN CHICKADEE + + +BY + + +JOSEPH GRINNELL + + +(Contribution From the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology of the University of +California) + + +Fieldwork was carried on by the California Museum of Vertebrate Zoology +during 1917 in the Inyo region of eastern California. In going over the +collection of birds obtained, the attention of the writer was arrested +by certain peculiarities evident in the Mountain Chickadees. Comparison +with series from the Sierras showed the Inyo birds to be paler colored +and longer tailed; and in order to appraise these differences in +taxonomic terms it became necessary to assemble material representative +of the entire range of the species, in so far as possible. The results +of the study thus undertaken are presented herewith. + +The material involved in the inquiry has amounted to 464 skins of the +Mountain Chickadee, derived from the following sources other than the +Museum of Vertebrate Zoology: United States National Museum, through Dr. +Charles W. Richmond; United States Biological Survey, through Mr. Edward +W. Nelson; and the private collections of Messrs. Edward R. Warren, +Joseph and John W. Mailliard, G. Frean Morcom, Harry S. Swarth, and J. +Grinnell. + +As of general interest, and in the nature of an introduction to the +systematic analysis to follow, it may be stated that _Penthestes +gambeli_ including its subspecies is throughout its range non-migratory, +save as a few individuals in pairs or small companies occasionally +descend in fall or early winter to lower levels closely adjacent to +their mountain habitats. The range of the species roughly extends from +and includes the Rocky Mountains to or nearly to the Pacific Coast, and +from Alberta and British Columbia south nearly to the Mexican +line--somewhat south of it in northern Lower California. Within this +general area the Mountain Chickadee is by no means uniformly +distributed. [Page 506] Especially towards the south is its range very +"spotty," the representations on detached mountain tops being wholly +isolated. Two main areas of relatively continuous distribution are, +however, perceivable--the Rocky Mountain area, and the Sierra Nevada +area. + + + [Illustration: Fig. 1. Map showing distribution of the races of + the Mountain Chickadee in California.] + + +Close scrutiny of the series of specimens at hand well representing the +entire Rocky Mountain area reveals no variation in phylogenetic +characters from the northernmost to the southernmost stations. All show +in apparently equal degree the long tail and cinnamon tinge of sides and +back, these features together constituting the grounds for separate +subspecific recognition of a Rocky Mountain form. On the other hand, the +Sierra Nevadan center, with its own recognizable race, [Page 507] of +relatively short tail, proves to have two outlying divergent forms. +These three forms are alike in their lack of any cinnamon tinge, this +being replaced in two of them by a buffy tinge and in one form by leaden +gray. The tail in one of the outlying forms is long, in the other short. +The habitats concerned are, respectively, the desert mountains of the +Inyo region of eastern California, and the coastal mountains of southern +California. This differentiation within the Pacific district, +particularly within the state of California, will be better understood +in its geographic bearing by reference to the accompanying map (fig. 1). + +The behavior of the tail of _Penthestes gambeli_--long in the Rocky +Mountain district, short in the Pacific district (see figs. 2, 3)--is +paralleled in the _Penthestes atricapillus_ group of chickadees across +the North American continent in about the latitude of the state of +Washington. In the northern Rocky Mountains occurs the race _P. a. +septentrionalis_, with long tail; in the Pacific Coast strip of +Washington and Oregon occurs the race _P. a. occidentalis_, with, among +other characters, relatively short tail. Other parallels are to be found +in the genera _Psaltriparus_, _Thryomanes_ and _Pipilo_. + + [Illustration: Fig. 2. Tail of _Penthestes gambeli gambeli_ + (no. 27784, Mus. Vert. Zool.; [Male], full-grown juv.; + Sierra Ancha, Gila Co., Arizona; June 26, 1917). × 1.00.] + + [Illustration: Fig. 3. Tail of _Penthestes gambeli abbreviatus_ + (no. 24059, Mus. Vert. Zool.; [Male], full-grown juv.; Yolla + Bolly Mt., Tehama Co., California; August 5, 1913). × 1.00.] + +It is improbable that the fact of subspecific differentiation in +_Penthestes gambeli_ has been altogether overlooked previous to the +present time. A premonition of the geographic variation now formally +pointed out is to be found in the early writings of Baird (1858, p. +394), who remarked that "a specimen, apparently of this species [_Parus +montanus_], from Medicine Bow creek [Wyoming], (5643,) though marked +female, is larger than those from California, as shown by the +measurements." Also, some of the differences in proportions in the +subspecies now recognized are shown in the table of measurements given +by Ridgway (1904, p. 409). + +For a detailed description of the Mountain Chickadee as a _species_, +the reader is referred to Ridgway (1904, p. 408). + + + + +=Penthestes gambeli gambeli= (Ridgway) + +Rocky Mountain Chickadee + + + _Parus montanus_ Gambel (1843, p. 259); and of authors, part. + This name preoccupied (see Ridgway, 1904, p. 409). + + _Parus gambeli_ Ridgway _in_ American Ornithologists' Union + Committee (1886, p. 335); and of authors, part. Substitute + name. + + _Parus gambeli thayeri_ Birtwell (1901, p. 166). Based on + adventitiously colored specimen from Albuquerque, New Mexico. + Type in United States National Museum. + + _Penthestes gambeli_, of authors, part. + + + +_Type locality._--Santa Fé, New Mexico. + +_Diagnosis._--Among the four subspecies of _Penthestes gambeli_ here +recognized, color alone is sufficient for distinguishing _P. gambeli +gambeli_. The flanks, sides of body and back in this form are pervaded +with a distinct tinge of cinnamon--more exactly, the "pinkish buff" of +Ridgway (1912, pl. 29). In addition, this race shows the greatest length +of tail, and slenderest bill. + +_Measurements._--Average of 14 males: Wing, 70.5 mm.; tail, 70.2; +exposed culmen, 8.6; depth of bill at base, 3.8. For extremes, see +accompanying table. + +_Note._--In this paper the length of wing is the usual chord of the +folded wing as dried at the side of the body in the conventional study +skin. The tail length, however, is measured from the _base_ of the +uropygium to the tip of the longest pair of rectrices. It is found that +in preparing specimens there is a practically uniform place for cutting +off from the body the uropygium with attached feathers, and this is +exactly where the tail bends back at an angle to the body in the fresh +bird. The lateral rectrices are rooted evenly with the base of the dried +uropygium so that the measurement of tail length thus taken becomes the +distance from the extreme proximal ends of the most lateral pair of +rectrices to the tips of the central pair--somewhat greater than the +length of tail as given by Ridgway (1901, p. xv), the latter being the +measurement from the base of the central pair of tail feathers to the +tips of same. My reason for adopting this different procedure here is +that more accuracy seems possible thereby, at least in the kind of +material here dealt with. There is less mussing of the specimen also. + +Neither depth of bill nor culmen is a practical index to degree of +slenderness of bill. No ordinary method of measurement will suffice to +indicate the facts as they are perceived by the eye. + +As will be seen by the dates in the tables, as a rule only unworn +specimens have been selected for measurement. + +_Range._--The Rocky Mountain region of North. America, from +eastern British Columbia and western Alberta south to western Texas, +New Mexico and Arizona. _Specimens examined_, 72, from the following +localities: + +Alberta: Smoky Valley, 50 miles north of Jasper House, 1; Henry House, 1; +15 miles west of Henry House, 1. + +British Columbia: South fork of Moose River, 1. + +Montana: Gallatin County: Jefferson River, 1; Madison River, 2; +Hillsdale, 2; Mystic Lake, 1; Dry Creek, 1. + +Idaho: Sawtooth Lake, 1. + +Wyoming: Mammoth Hot Springs, 3; Jackey's Creek, 4 miles southwest of +Dubois, 1; Teton Pass, 7200 ft., 2; Salt River Mts., head of Dry Creek, +9200 ft., 1; Medicine Bow Mts., 10 200[**10,200-see Twining NM below] +ft., 1; Medicine Bow Creek, 1. + +Utah: Filmore, 1. + +Colorado: Loveland, 1; Middle Park, 1; Sangre de Christo Pass, 1; Fort +Garland, 1; Platte Canyon, 1; Pueblo, 2; Estes Park, 1; Boulder, 2; Gold +Hill, 1; Golden, 7300 ft., 1; Colorado Springs, 5; Querida, Custer +County, 1; Salida, Chaffee County, 1; Crested Butte, Gunnison County, 1; +Stamford, 1. + +Texas: Guadalupe Mts., 6800 ft., 1; Davis Mts., 1. + +New Mexico: Fort Massachusetts, 1; Fort Wingate, 1; Albuquerque, 1; Taos +Mts., 8800 ft., 1; Manzano Mts., 4; Magdalena Mts., 7000 ft., 1; +Cienequilla, 1; Mt. Capitan, 1; Pecos Baldy, 1; Bear Spring Mts., 1; +Shiprock, 1; Corona, 1; Twining, 12,500 ft., 1; Fulton, 1; San Mateo +Mts., 9500 ft., 1. + +Arizona: Fort Whipple, 1; Mt. Graham, 1; San Francisco Mt., 2; Bright +Angel Spring, Kaibab Plateau, 1; Canyon Spring, 1; Santa Catalina Mts., +2; Sierra Ancha, 6500 ft., 1. + + + + +=Penthestes gambeli inyoensis=, new subspecies + +Inyo Mountain Chickadee + + + _Parus gambeli_, of authors, part. + + _Penthestes gambeli_, of authors, part. + + _Penthestes gambeli baileyae_, American Ornithologists' Union + Committee (1910, p. 351), part (?). + + +_Type locality._--Panamint Mountains (northern part), 3 miles east of +Jackass Spring, 6200 feet altitude, Inyo County, California. _Type_, +male adult, no. 28782, Mus. Vert. Zool.; October 7, 1917; collected by +J. Grinnell, orig. no. 4588. + +_Diagnosis._--The palest colored race of the four; sides, flanks and +back, in unworn plumage, pervaded with pale buff--the "cartridge buff" +of Ridgway (1912, pl. 30). Wear or fading, or both, removes most of this +buff tone, so that the resulting effect, in spring and summer birds, is +of an ashy tone of coloration, distinctly lighter than in any of the +other three subspecies, in same stage. It seems probable that there is a +paler tone to the underlying plumage parts and that this becomes +revealed by loss of the superficial pigment-bearing portions through the +gradual progress of feather abrasion. _Inyoensis_ shows nearly as long a +tail as does _gambeli_. Its bill is somewhat smaller. + +_Measurements._--Average of 10 males: "Wing, 71.1 mm.; tail, 69.3; +exposed culmen, 8.1; depth of bill at base, 3.7. For extremes, see +accompanying table. + +_Range._--The higher mountains of eastern California lying east and +southeast of Owens Valley, from the vicinity of the Mono Craters and the +White Mountains, in Mono County, south to the Panamint Mountains, in +Inyo County. _Specimens examined_, 50, from the following localities, +all in California: + +Mono County: Mono Mills, 1; near Benton, 2; near Big Prospector Meadow, +10,000-10,500 ft., White Mts., 15; Cottonwood Creek, 9200 ft., White +Mts., 1. Inyo County: Silver Canyon, 7000-8000 ft., White Mts., 8; +Roberts Ranch, 8300 ft., White Mts., 1; head of Black Canyon, 8000 ft., +White Mts., 2; Independence, 3900 ft., 1 (vagrant); Mazourka Canyon, +8000-10,000 ft., Inyo Mts., 3; near Jackass Spring, 6000-6200 ft., +Panamint Mts., 14; Hanaupah Canyon, 7500-9000 ft., Panamint Mts., 2. + + + + +=Penthestes gambeli abbreviatus=, new subspecies + +Short-tailed Mountain Chickadee + + + _Parus montanus_, of authors, part. + + _Parus gambeli_, of authors, part. + + _Penthestes gambeli_, of authors, part. + + +_Type locality._--Horse Creek, Siskiyou Mountains (near Seiad Valley P. +O.), Siskiyou County, California. _Type_, male, no. 119 (orig. no., in +coll. J. Grinnell); December 12, 1901; collected by Malcolm P. Anderson. + +_Diagnosis._--Tone of color on sides, flanks and back the same as in +_inyoensis_, though not quite so pale, namely, in fresh plumage, +cartridge buff. Tail (see figs. 2, 3) much shorter than in either +_gambeli_ or _inyoensis_; and bill averaging smaller than in any of the +other three races. + +_Measurements._--Average of 14 males: Wing, 69.7 mm.; tail, 65.0; +exposed culmen, 7.9; depth of bill at base, 3.8. For extremes, see +accompanying table. + +_Range._--The higher mountains of central and northern California, +southern Oregon (probably this subspecies), and northwestern[** sic] +Nevada. Occurs west in northern California through the Siskiyou and +Salmon mountains and to South Yolla Bolly Mountain and Mount Sanhedrin; +and south in the Sierra Nevada to the vicinity of Mount Whitney. +_Specimens examined_, 182, from the following localities: + +California: Modoc County: Sugar Hill, 4; Warner Mts., 27. Siskiyou +County: Mt. Shasta, 3; Jackson Lake, 5900 ft., 5; South Fork Salmon +River, 5000 ft., 1; head of Rush Creek, 6400 ft., 2; Kangaroo Creek, 3; +Castle Lake, 5400 ft., 1; Horse Creek, Siskiyou Mts., 11; Beswick, 1. +Trinity County: head of Bear Creek, 6400 ft., 4; head of Grizzly Creek, +6000 ft., 6. Tehama County: near South Yolla Bolly Mt., 4. Mendocino +County: near Castle Peak, 1; near Sanhedrin Mt., 4. Lassen County: Eagle +Lake, 6. Plumas County: Meadow Valley, 1. Nevada County: Independence +Lake, 3. Placer County: Summit, 1; Cisco, 6000 ft., 18; Blue Canyon, +4700-5000 ft., 12; Dutch Flat, 1. Eldorado County: Tahoe Valley, 2; +Kyburz Station, 1. Mariposa County: vicinity of Yosemite Valley, 13. +Mono County: Warren Fork of Leevining Creek, 9200 ft., 1; Williams +Butte, 7500 ft., 1. Fresno County: Bullfrog Lake, 10,600 ft., 6. Inyo +County (not typical): near Kearsarge Pass at 8500 ft., 1; Little Onion +Valley, 7500 ft., near Kearsarge Pass, 1; Cottonwood Lakes, 11,000 ft., +7. Tulare County (not typical): Whitney Creek, 11,000 ft., 3; Whitney +Meadows, 9800 ft., 14; Olancha Peak, 10,000 ft., 1. + +Nevada: Pine Forest Mts., Humboldt County, 13. + + + + +=Penthestes gambeli baileyae= (Grinnell) + +Bailey Mountain Chickadee + + + _Parus montanus_, of authors, part. + + _Parus gambeli_, of authors, part. + + _Parus gambeli baileyae_ Grinnell (1908, p. 29). + + _Penthestes gambeli baileyae_, American Ornithologists' + Union Committee (1910, p. 351), part (?); and of authors. + + +_Type locality._--Mount Wilson, 5500 feet altitude, San Gabriel +Mountains, Los Angeles County, California. Type in coll. J. Grinnell. + +_Diagnosis._--Tone of coloration on sides, flanks and back distinctly +plumbeous--more exactly, on sides and flanks the "smoke gray" of Ridgway +(1912, pl. 46), and on back near the "mouse gray" of the same authority +(pl. 51). The tail in this race is short as in _abbrevialus_, but the +bill is long and heavy, averaging thicker through than in any of the +other three races. + +_Measurements._--Average of 14 males: Wing, 70.0 mm.; tail, 65.4; +exposed culmen, 8.5; depth of bill at base, 4.1. For extremes, see +accompanying table. + +_Range._--Higher mountains of southern California, from the extreme +southern Sierra Nevada in Tulare County, and the Santa Lucia Mountains +in Monterey County, south to the Cuyamaca Mountains, San Diego County; +also (probably this subspecies) in the San Pedro Martir Mountains, in +northern Lower California. _Specimens examined_, 160, from the following +localities, all in California: + +Monterey County: Headwaters of Big Creek, 2. Ventura County: Mt. Pinos, +2. Kern County: Kiavah Mt., 7000 ft., near Walker Pass, 2. Tulare County +(not typical): Taylor Meadow, 7000 ft., 8; Cannell Meadow, 7500 ft., 1; +Pine Flat, 7500 ft., 1; Long Meadow, 7700 ft., 1; Sirretta Meadows, 9000 +ft., 3; Trout Creek, 6000 ft., 10; near Trout Creek, 7500 ft., 2; +Jackass Meadow, 7750 ft., 3; Troy Meadows, 8000 ft., 1. Los Angeles +County: Mt. Wilson, 25; Buckhorn Canyon, near Mt. Waterman, 2; near +Pasadena, 9 (vagrants); Verdugo, 1 (vagrant). San Bernardino County: +near Cucamonga, 1; San Bernardino Mts., 35; Victorville, 3 (vagrants). +Riverside County: San Jacinto Mts., 29; Thomas Mt., 1; Santa Rosa Mts., +10. Orange County: Santa Ana Mts., 3000 ft., 1 (vagrant?). San Diego +County: Julian, 1; Cuyamaca Mts., 6. + +_General remarks._--In making use of the intrinsic color characters, +which are important here in distinguishing subspecies, it is, of course, +essential that the effects of extraneous factors be taken into account. +Prolonged wear and fading evidently serve to weaken the intensity of the +color tones, more especially the buffy ones. Then, too, chickadees seem +peculiarly susceptible to discoloration by smoke, soot and charred wood; +for example, our series from Cisco and Blue Cañon, stations along the +Central Pacific Railway over the Sierra Nevada, even though taken in +September and October almost immediately after completion of the fall +molt, are obviously more or less begrimed with soot. On the other hand, +the autumn- and winter-taken series from the Yosemite region and from +the Siskiyou Mountains are clean, and show their intrinsic color tones +to good advantage. + +Intergradation undoubtedly connects the four races of the Mountain +Chickadee into a continuous series of forms. Abundant material at hand +from that portion of the Sierra Nevada immediately south of Mount +Whitney shows complete transition from _Penthestes gambeli baileyae_ to +_P. g. abbreviatus_; in fact, many of the specimens can only be placed +arbitrarily in one category or the other. Several examples from the +vicinity of Mono Lake, in Mono County, California, and from along the +west flank of the Sierras in Inyo County, insensibly bridge the interval +between _P. g. abbreviatus_ and _P. g. inyoensis_, especially when +considered in connection with the individual variation to which each +race is subject in about normal degree. + +Material at hand from different parts of the Great Basin is +unsatisfactory either in that it is scanty or because of the worn state +of the plumage. A summer-taken series of 13 Mountain Chickadees (nos. +8952-8964, Mus. Vert. Zool.) from the Pine Forest Mountains, Humboldt +County, Nevada, shows in color no approach to _P. gambeli gambeli_. In +this respect it is like _P. g. inyoensis_, but the tail averages nearly +as short as in _P. g. abbreviatus_. Taking all features into account it +seems best placed under _abbreviatus_. Fresh-plumaged fall specimens +from this locality would make determination more certain. + +A specimen ([Male], no. 547, Mus. Vert. Zool.) from Anthony, Baker +County, Oregon, taken October 16, 1907, might be referred to _P. g. +abbreviatus_; but the tone of color of back and sides is much darker +than usual in that form. It is certainly much darker than in _P. g. +inyoensis_. Its tail is but 65.3 mm. long. A skin ([Female], no. 18, +Morcom coll.) from Camp Harney, Harney County, Oregon, February 17, +1875, has a tail length of 67.7 mm., and in depth of color is about +intermediate between _abbreviatus_ and _P. g. gambeli_. A specimen +([Female], no. 136639, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biol. Surv. coll.) from Fort +Spokane, Lincoln County, Washington, September 28, 1890, is almost +identical with _gambeli_ in coloration; but it, too, has a short tail, +only 64.4 mm. long, though there is chance of error here, as several of +the rectrices are missing. The writer prefers to leave these last three +examples for the time being unplaced. + +It is clear that intergradation between _Penthestes gambeli gambeli_ +and any one of the other three subspecies is less well established than +between any two of these other three. But sufficiency of material from +the proper localities through eastern Oregon and eastern Washington +would likely prove its existence as is the case between the California +forms. + + +MEASUREMENTS (IN MILLIMETERS) OF SELECTED SPECIMENS REPRESENTING THE +FOUR RACES OF _Penthestes gambeli_ + + Key to Table Columns: + (A) Wing + (B) Tail + (C) Exposed culmen + (D) Depth of bill + + +_Penthestes gambeli gambeli_ + + U.S.N.M. Sex Date Locality [A] [B] [C] [D] + no. + 160697 [Male] Nov. 24, Boulder, Colo. + 1892 71.7 71.2 8.8 4.0 + 109948 [Male] Oct. 8, Pueblo, Colo. + 1886 72.0 72.4 8.4 3.9 + 109949 [Male] Oct. 5, Pueblo, Colo. + 1886 70.9 70.3 8.5 4.0 + 176650 [Male] Sept. 23, Madison E., + 1888 Gallatin Co., Mont. 68.0 67.8 8.9 4.1 + 124151 [Male] Sept. 15, Jefferson E., + 1888 Gallatin Co., Mont. 69.7 67.7 10.0 3.6 + 188823 [Male] Oct. 15, Mammoth Hot Springs, + 1902 Wyo. 68.1 67.0 9.0 3.6 + 62546 [Male] Nov. 17, Filmore, + 1872 Utah 69.8 68.3 8.3 3.5 + 136638[1] [Male] Sept. 27, Sawtooth Lake, + 1890 Idaho 68.1 69.7 8.8 3.8 + 228227[1] [Male] Sept. 14, Teton Pass, + 1910 Wyo. 71.2 70.4 8.3 3.6 + 193086[1] [Male] Nov. 6, Manzano Mts., + 1903 N. Mex. 71.4 70.6 7.8 4.0 + 184653[1] [Male] Oct. 22, Corona, + 1902 N. Mex. 69.0 71.0 9.0 4.1 + 192942[1] [Male] Oct. 10, Twining, + 1903 N. Mex. 72.0 71.4 8.5 4.0 + 136637[1] [Male] Sept. 18, San Francisco Mt., + 1889 Ariz. 71.3 70.3 7.8 3.8 + 205661[1] [Male] Sept. 10, Kaibab Plateau, + 1909 Ariz. 73.5 74.3 8.3 4.0 + +[Footnote 1: Biol. Surv. Coll.] + + + Mus. _Penthestes gambeli inyoensis_ + Vert. + Zool. Sex Date Locality [A] [B] [C] [D] + no. + 28751 [Male] July 24, White Mts., + 1917 Mono Co., Calif. 73.0 72.4 7.9 3.7 + 28760 [Male] July 29, White Mts., + 1917 Mono Co., Calif. 71.0 67.0 8.0 3.6 + 28766 [Male] July 31, White Mts., + 1917 Mono Co., Calif. 72.4 67.5 8.8 3.5 + 28767 [Male] Aug. 18, White Mts., + 1917 Inyo Co., Calif. 69.4 68.1 8.0 3.7 + 28770 [Male] Sept. 29, Panamint Mts., + 1917 Inyo Co., Calif. 68.8 69.8 8.1 3.7 + 28771 [Male] Oct. 2, Panamint Mts., + 1917 Inyo Co., Calif. 71.4 70.2 7.4 4.0 + 28773 [Male] Oct. 2, Panamint Mts., + 1917 Inyo Co., Calif. 72.7 71.0 8.4 3.8 + 28774 [Male] Oct. 2, Panamint Mts., + 1917 Inyo Co., Calif. 69.0 66.0 8.1 3.7 + 28781 [Male] Oct. 5, Panamint Mts., + 1917 Inyo Co., Calif. 71.0 70.0 8.3 3.7 + 28782 [Male][2] Oct. 7, Panamint Mts., + 1917 Inyo Co., Calif. 72.0 71.5 8.4 3.5 + +[Footnote 2: Type.] + + +_Penthestes gambeli abbreviatus_ + + No. Sex Date Locality [A] [B] [C] [D] + + 114[3] [Male] Dec. 9, Horse Cr., + 1901 Siskiyou Mts., Calif. 68.4 63.8 7.3 3.9 + 117[3] [Male] Dec. 12, Horse Cr., + 1901 Siskiyou Mts., Calif. 69.0 64.7 7.9 3.7 + 119[3] [Male][4] Dec. 12, Horse Cr., + 1901 Siskiyou Mts., Calif. 70.0 65.0 7.8 3.6 + 129[3] [Male] Dec. 14, Horse Cr., + 1901 Siskiyou Mts., Calif. 68.4 63.0 8.0 3.6 + 164[3] [Male] Dec. 29, Horse Cr., + 1901 Siskiyou Mts., Calif. 69.0 64.2 7.2 3.9 + 178[3] [Male] Jan. 4, Horse Cr., + 1902 Siskiyou Mts., Calif. 66.8 63.0 7.2 3.7 + 244[3] [Male] Feb. 16, Horse Cr., + 1902 Siskiyou Mts., Calif. 70.8 65.0 7.3 3.6 + 23307 [Male] Oct. 21, Blue Cañon, + 1912 Placer Co., Calif. 71.8 69.5 8.2 3.9 + 23302 [Male] Oct. 19, Blue Cañon, + 1912 Placer Co., Calif. 71.2 64.3 8.8 4.1 + 23298 [Male] Oct. 14, Blue Cañon, + 1912 Placer Co., Calif. 71.6 65.7 7.8 3.5 + 25263 [Male] Dec. 26, Yosemite Park, + 1914 Calif. 69.8 65.9 8.4 3.8 + 25800 [Male] June 11, Yosemite Park, + 1915 Calif. 72.8 67.7 8.7 4.0 + 26117 [Male] Oct. 22, Yosemite Park, + 1915 Calif. 69.0 65.0 8.8 4.0 + 26342 [Male] Nov. 27, Yosemite Park, + 1915 Calif. 67.1 63.6 8.3 3.9 + + [Footnote 3: Collector's original number, in Grinnell coll.; + rest of numbers, Mus. Vert. Zool.] + + [Footnote 4: Type.] + + + _Penthestes gambeli baileyae_ + + No. Sex Date Locality [A] [B] [C] [D] + + 182[5] [Male] Nov. 29, Mt. Wilson, + 1895 Los Angeles Co., Calif. 67.0 63.0 8.9 4.3 + 725[5] [Male] Nov. 1, Mt. Wilson, + 1897 Los Angeles Co., Calif. 70.1 66.9 9.0 4.4 + 963[5] [Male] Oct. 31, Mt. Wilson, + 1898 Los Angeles Co., Calif. 67.0 63.3 8.2 4.0 + 636[6] [Male] Feb. 1, Mt. Wilson, + 1896 Los Angeles Co., Calif. 70.3 65.5 8.3 4.1 + 637[6] [Male] Feb. 1, Mt. Wilson, + 1896 Los Angeles Co., Calif. 68.6 65.8 8.2 4.0 + 1832[6] [Male] Dec. 12, Mt. Wilson, + 1896 Los Angeles Co., Calif. 72.3 65.7 7.7 4.0 + 1834[6] [Male] Dec. 12, Mt. Wilson, + 1896 Los Angeles Co., Calif. 65.4 63.7 8.0 3.9 + 1836[6] [Male] Dec. 12, Mt. Wilson, + 1896 Los Angeles Co., Calif. 67.7 63.0 ... 4.0 + 5516[6] [Male][9] Nov. 27, Mt. Wilson, + 1903 Los Angeles Co., Calif. 72.1 66.6 8.6 3.9 + 6073[6] [Male] Sept. 21, Pasadena, + 1904 Los Angeles Co., Calif. 69.7 66.0 9.0 4.3 + 7458[6] [Male] Dec. 23, Pasadena, + 1905 Los Angeles Co., Calif. 70.0 66.7 7.8 3.6 + 9958[7] [Male] Oct. 31, Mt. Wilson, + 1897 Los Angeles Co., Calif. 70.3 67.2 8.6 4.3 + 3364[7] [Male] Sept. 18, Santa Ana Mts., + 1908 Orange Co., Calif. 70.8 66.0 9.5 4.0 + x3325[8] [Male] July 4, Hd. of Big Cr., + 1905 Monterey Co., Calif. 70.5 66.0 9.0 4.2 + + + [Footnote 5: Coll. H. S. Swarth.] + + [Footnote 6: Coll. J. Grinnell.] + + [Footnote 7: Mus. Vert. Zool.] + + [Footnote 8: Coll. J. & J. W. Mailliard.] + + [Footnote 9: Type.] + + + +LITERATURE CITED + + + + AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION COMMITTEE. + 1886. The code of nomenclature and check list of North American + birds adopted by the American Ornithologists' Union. + (New York, American Ornithologists' Union), viii + 392 pp. + 1910. Check-list of North American birds. Ed. 3, revised (New + York, American Ornithologists' Union), 430 pp., 2 maps. + + BAIRD, S. F. ("with the co operation of" CASSIN, J., and + LAWRENCE, G. N.) + 1858. Birds. Pacific Railroad Reports, 9, lvi + 1005 pp. + + BIRTWELL, F. J. + 1901. Description of a supposed new subspecies of _Parus_ from New + Mexico. Auk, 18, pp. 165-167. + + GAMBEL, W. + 1843. Descriptions of some new and rare birds of the Rocky + Mountains and California. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, + pp. 258-262. + + GRINNELL, J. + 1908. The southern California chickadee. Condor, 10, pp. 29-30. + + RIDGWAY, R. + 1901. The birds of North and Middle America. U. S. Nation. Mus. + Bull., 50, part I, xxx + 715 pp., 20 pls. + 1904. _Ibid._, part III, xx + 801 pp., 19 pls. + 1912. Color standards and color nomenclature. (Washington, D. C., + Ridgway), iii + 44 pp., 53 pls. + + +_Transmitted March 3, 1918._ + + + +UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS + +Note.--The University of California Publications are offered in +exchange for the publications of learned societies and institutions, +universities and libraries. Complete lists of all the publications of +the University will be sent upon request. For sample copies, lists of +publications or other information, address the Manager of the +University Press, Berkeley, California, U.S.A. All matter sent in +exchange should be addressed to The Exchange Department, University +Library, Berkeley, California, U.S.A. + + +ZOOLOGY.--W. E. Ritter and C. A. Kofoid, Editors. Price per volume, +$3.50; beginning with vol. 11, $5.00. + +This series contains the contributions from the Department of Zoology, +from the Marine Laboratory of the Scripps Institution for Biological +Research, at La Jolla, California, and from the California Museum of +Vertebrate Zoology in Berkeley. + +Cited as Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. + + +Volume 1, 1902-1905, 317 pages, with 28 plates $3.50 + +Volume 2 (Contributions from the Laboratory of the Marine Biological + Association of San Diego), 1904-1906, xvii + 382 pages, with + 19 plates $3.50 + +Volume 3, 1906-1907, 383 pages, with 23 plates $3.50 + +Volume 4, 1907-1908, 400 pages, with 24 plates $3.50 + +Volume 5, 1908-1910, 440 pages, with 34 plates $3.50 + +Volume 6, 1908-1911, 478 pages, with 48 plates $3.50 + +Volume 7 (Contributions from the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology), + 1910-1912, 446 pages, with 12 plates $3.50 + +Volume 8, 1911, 357 pages, with 25 plates $3.50 + +Volume 9, 1911-1912, 365 pages, with 24 plates $3.50 + +Volume 10, 1912-1913, 417 pages, with 10 plates $3.50 + +Volume 11, 1912-1914, 538 pages, with 26 plates $5.00 + +Volume 12 (Contributions from the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology), + 1913-1916, 558 pages, with 22 plates $5.00 + +Volume 13, 1914-1916, 529 pages, with 39 plates $5.00 + +Vol. 14. 1. A Report upon the Physical Conditions in San Francisco + Bay, Based upon the Operations of the United States + Fisheries Steamer "Albatross" during the Years 1912 and + 1913, by F. B. Sumner, G. D. Louderback, W. L. Schmitt, + E. C. Johnston. Pp. 1-198, plates 1-13, 20 text figures. + July, 1914 $2.25 + +Vol. 15, Introduction. Dependence of Marine Biology upon Hydrography + and Necessity of Quantitative Biological Research. + Pp. i-xxiii, June, 1916 .25 + + 1. Hydrographic, Plankton, and Dredging Records of the + Scripps Institution for Biological Research of the + University of California, 1901 to 1912, compiled and + arranged under the supervision of W. E. Ritter by Ellis + L. Michael and George F. McEwen. Pp. 1-206, 4 text + figures and map. July, 1915 2.25 + + 2. Continuation of Hydrographic, Plankton, and Dredging + Records of the Scripps Institution for Biological + Research of the University of California (1913-1915), + compiled, and arranged under the supervision of W. E. + Ritter, by Ellis L. Michael, Zoologist and + Administrative Assistant, George F. McEwen, Hydrographer. + Pp. 207-254, 7 figures in text. November, 1916 .50 + + 3. Summary and Interpretation of the Hydrographic + Observations made by the Scripps Institution for + Biological Research of the University of California, + 1908 to 1915, by George F. McEwen, Hydrographer. + Pp. 255-356, plates 1-38. December, 1916 1.00 + +Vol. 16. 1. An Outline of the Morphology and Life History of + _Crithidia leptocoridis_, sp, nov., by Irene McCulloch. + Pp. 1-22, plates 1-4, 1 text figure. September, 1915 .25 + + 2. On _Giardia microti_, sp. nov., from the Meadow Mouse, + by Charles Atwood Kofoid and Elizabeth Bohn Christiansen. + Pp. 23-29, 1 figure in text. + + 3. On Binary and Multiple Fission in _Giardia muris_ + (Grassi), by Charles Atwood Kofoid and Elizabeth Bohn + Christiansen. Pp. 30-54, plates, 5-8, 1 figure in text. + Nos. 2 and 3 in one cover. November, 1915 .30 + + 4. The Cultivation of Tissues from Amphibians, by John C. + Johnson. Pp. 55-62, 2 figures in text. November, 1915 10 + + 5. Notes on the Tintinnoina. 1. On the Provable Origin of + _Dictyocysta tiara_ Haeckel. 2. On _Petalotricha entzi_, + sp. nov., by Charles Atwood Kofoid. Pp. 68-69, + 8 figures in text. December, 1915 .05 + + 6. Binary and Multiple Fission in _Hexamitus_, by Olive + Swezy. Pp. 71-88, plates 9-11. + + 7. On a New Trichomonad Flagellate, _Trichomitus parvus_, + from the Intestine of Amphibians, by Olive Swezy. + Pp. 89-94, plate 12. + + Nos. 6 and 7 in one cover. December, 1915 .25 + + 8. On _Blepharcorys equi_, sp. nov., a New Ciliate from the + Caecum of the Horse, by Irwin C. Schumacher. + Pp. 95-106, plate 13. December, 1915 .10 + + 9. Three New Helices from California, by S. Stillman Berry. + Pp. 107-111. January, 1916 .05 + + 10. On _Trypanosoma triatomae_, a New Flagellate from a + Hemipteran Bug from the Nests of the Wood Rat _Neotoma + fuscipes_, by Charles Atwood Kofoid and Irene McCulloch, + Pp. 113-126, plates 14-15. February, 1916 .15 + + 11. The Genera _Monocercomonas_ and _Polymastix_, by Olive + Swezy. Pp. 127-138, plates 16-17. February, 1916 .10 + + 12. Notes on the Spiny Lobster (_Panulirus interruptus_) of + the California Coast, by Bennet M. Allen. Pp. 139-152, + 2 figures in text. March, 1916 .15 + + 13. Notes on the Marine Fishes of California, by Carl L. + Hubbs. Pp. 153-169, plates 18-20. March, 1916 .15 + + 14. The Feeding Habits and Food of Pelagic Copepods and the + Question of Nutrition by Organic Substances in Solution + in the Water, by Calvin O. Esterly. Pp. 171-184, + 2 figures in text. March, 1916 .15 + + 15. The Kinetonacleus of Flagellates and the Binuclear + Theory of Hartmann, by Olive Swezy. Pp. 185-240, + 58 figures in text. March, 1916 50 + + 16. On the Life-History of a Soil Amoeba, by Charlie Woodruff + Wilson. Pp. 241-292, plates 18-23. July, 1916 .60 + + 17. Distribution of Land Vertebrates of Southeastern + Washington, by Lee Raymond Dice. Pp. 293-348, + plates 24-26. June, 1916 .60 + + 18. The Anatomy of _Heptanchus maculatus_: the Endoskeleton, + by J. Frank Daniel. Pp. 349-370, pls. 27-29, 8 text + figures. December, 1916 .25 + + 19. Some Phases of Spermatogenesis in the Mouse, by Harry B. + Yocom. Pp. 371-380, plate 30. January, 1917 .10 + + 20. Specificity in Behavior and the Relation between Habits + in Nature and Reactions in the Laboratory, by Calvin + O. Esterly. Pp. 381-392. March, 1917 .10 + + 21. The Occurrence of a Rhythm in the Geotropism of Two + Species of Plankton Copepods when Certain Recurring + External Conditions are Absent, by Calvin O. Esterly. + Pp. 393-400. March, 1917 .10 + + 22. On Some New Species of Aphroditidae from the Coast of + California, by Christine Essenberg. Pp. 401-430, + plates 31-37. March, 1917 .35 + + 23. Notes on the Natural History and Behavior of _Emerita + analoga_ (Stimpson), by Harold Tupper Mead. + Pp. 431-438,1 text figure. April, 1917 .10 + + 24. Ascidians of the Littoral Zone of Southern California, + by William E. Ritter and Ruth A. Forsyth. Pp. 439-512, + plates 38-46. August, 1917 1.00 + Index in preparation. + +Vol. 17. 1. Diagnoses of Seven New Mammals from East-Central + California, by Joseph Grinnell and Tracy I. Storer. + Pp. 1-8. + + 2. A New Bat of the Genus _Myotis_ from the High Sierra + Nevada of California, by Hilda Wood Grinnell. Pp. 9-10. + + Nos. 1 and 2-in one cover. August, 1916 .10 + + 3. _Spelerpes platycephalus_, a New Alpine Salamander from + the Yosemite National Park, California, by Charles Lewis + Camp. Pp. 11-14. September, 1916 .05 + + 4. A New Spermophile from the San Joaquin Valley, + California, with Notes on _Ammospermophilus nelsoni + nelsoni_ Merriam, by Walter P. Taylor. Pp. 15-20, + 1 figure in text. October, 1916 .05 + + 5. Habits and Food of the Roadrunner in California, by + Harold C. Bryant. Pp. 21-58, plates 1-4, 2 figures in + text. October, 1916 .35 + + 6. Description of _Bufo canorus_, a New Toad from the + Yosemite National Park, by Charles Lewis Camp. + Pp. 59-62, 4 figures in text. November, 1916 .05 + + 7. The Subspecies of _Sceloporus occidentalis_, with + Description of a New Form from the Sierra Nevada and + Systematic Notes on Other California Lizards, by + Charles Lewis Camp. Pp. 63-74. December, 1916 .10 + + 8. Osteological Relationships of Three Species of Beavers, + by F. Harvey Holden. Pp. 75-114, plates 5-12, 18 text + figures. March, 1917 .40 + + 9. Notes on the Systematic Status of the Toads and Frogs of + California, by Charles Lewis Camp. Pp. 115-125, 3 text + figures. February, 1917 .10 + + 10. A Distributional List of the Amphibians and Reptiles of + California, by Joseph Grinnell and Charles Lewis Camp. + Pp. 127-208. 14 figures in text. July, 1917 .35 + + 11. A Study of the Races of the White-Fronted Goose + (_Anser albifrons_) Occurring in California, by H. + S. Swarth and Harold C. Bryant. Pp. 209-222, 2 figures + in text, plate 13. October, 1917 .15 + + 12. A Synopsis of the Bats of California, by Hilda Wood + Grinnell. Pp. 223-404, plates 14-24, 24 text figures. + January 31, 1918 2.00 + + 13. The Pacific Coast Jays of the Genus _Aphelocoma_, + by H. S. Swarth. Pp. 405-422, 1 figure in text. + February 23, 1918 .20 + + 14. Six New Mammals from the Mohave Desert and Inyo Regions + of California, by Joseph Grinnell. Pp. 423-430. + + 15. Notes on Some Bats from Alaska and British Columbia, + by Hilda Wood Grinnell. Pp. 431-433. + + Nos. 14 and 15 in one cover. April, 1918 .15 + + 16. The Subspecies of the Mountain Chickadee, by Joseph + Grinnell. Pp. 505-515, 3 figures in text. + May 4, 1918 .15 + +Vol. 18. 1. Mitosis in _Giardia microti_, by William C. Boeck. + Pp. 1-26, plate 1. October, 1917 .35 + + 2. An Unusual Extension of the Distribution of the Shipworm + in San Francisco Bay, California, by Albert L. Barrows. + Pp. 27-43. December, 1917 .20 + + 3. Description of Some New Species of _Polynoidae_ from the + Coast of California, by Christine Essenberg. Pp. 45-60, + plates 2-3. October, 1917 .20 + + 4. New Species of _Amphinomidae_ from the Pacific Coast, + by Christine Essenberg. Pp. 61-74, plates 4-5. + October, 1917 .15 + + 5. _Crithidia euryophthalmi_, sp. nov., from the Hemipteran + Bug, _Euryophthalmus convivus_ Stål, by Irene McCulloch. + Pp. 75-88, 35 text figures. December, 1917 .15 + + 6. On the Orientation of _Erythropsis_, by Charles Atwood + Kofoid and Olive Swezy. Pp. 89-102, 12 figures in test. + December, 1917 \ .15 + + 7. The Transmission of Nervous Impulses in Relation to + Locomotion in the Earthworm, by John T. Bovard. + Pp. 103-134, 14 figures in text. January, 1918 .35 + + 8. The Function of the Giant Fibers in Earthworms, by John + F. Bovard. Pp. 135-144, 1 figure in text. + January, 1918 .10 + + 9. A Rapid Method for the Detection of Protozoan Cysts in + Mammalian Faeces, by William C. Boeck. Pp. 145-149. + December, 1917 .05 + + 10. The Musculature of _Heptanchus maculatus_, by Pirie + Davidson Pp. 151-170, 12 figures in text. + March, 1918 .25 + + 11. The Factors Controlling the Distribution of the + Polynoidae of the Pacific Coast of North America, + by Christine Essenberg. Pp. 171-238, plates 6-8, + 2 figures in text. March, 1918 .75 + + 12. Differentials in Behavior of the Two Generations of + _Salpa democratica_ Relative to the Temperature of the + Sea, by Ellis L. Michael. Pp. 239-298, plates 9-11, + 1 figure in text. March, 1918 .65 + + 13. A Quantitative Analysis of the Molluscan Fauna of San + Francisco Bay, by E. L. Packard. Pp. 299-336, + plates 12-13, 6 figs, in text. April, 1918 .40 + + + +Transcriber's Notes + +Emphasis Notation: + + _text_ - italicized + + =text= - bold + +All of the text presented here is a copy of the original article's +text with the following exceptions:< + + 1. Typographical Corrections + + A. Page 509 - Medicine Bow Mts., 10 200 => 10,200 + + B. Table 1. Added missing period in column 1 + U. S N. M. no. => U. S. N. M. no. + + C. Vol. 17 number 16 => 15 of the "UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA + PUBLICATIONS" listing + + 2. Placement of UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS Listing + + The original publication had this list beginning inside the + front cover and continuing on the back cover (inside and out). + Here it was moved to the end of the book for readability. + Inconsistancies in the formatting of the list (i.e., periods, + commas, etc.) were left as presented in the original (with the + exception noted above). + + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Subspecies of the Mountain +Chickadee, by Joseph Grinnell + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE SUBSPECIES OF THE *** + +***** This file should be named 33531-8.txt or 33531-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/3/5/3/33531/ + +Produced by Tom Cosmas, Larry B. 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