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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/33507-8.txt b/33507-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..329c6ab --- /dev/null +++ b/33507-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1100 @@ +Project Gutenberg's The Mammals of Washtenaw County, Michigan, by Norman Wood + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Mammals of Washtenaw County, Michigan + Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, No. 123 + +Author: Norman Wood + +Release Date: August 23, 2010 [EBook #33507] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MAMMALS OF WASHTENAW *** + + + + +Produced by Larry B. Harrison, Josephine Paolucci and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net. + + + + + + +NUMBER 123 JULY 10, 1922 + + +OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY + + +UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN + +ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY + + + + +THE MAMMALS OF WASHTENAW COUNTY, MICHIGAN + +BY NORMAN A. WOOD + + +Three natural physiographic divisions cross Washtenaw County from +northwest to southeast. The northwestern part of the county is occupied +by the rough interlobate moraine of loose-textured soil, the Interlobate +Lake District; a broad Clay Morainic Belt occupies most of the central +part of the county; and in the southeastern corner of the county is +found a low Lake Plain, once the bed of glacial Lake Maumee. + +The Interlobate Lake District has a conspicuous system of moraines, +making up a most irregular land surface. Steep knolls 100 to 200 feet in +height are closely associated with basins, which are often deep, and +some of which are occupied by lakes. Small, undrained depressions occur +everywhere, producing thousands of acres of swamp and marsh land. + +The Clay Morainic Belt occupies the region from just below Portage Lake +to Ypsilanti. It is composed of glacial till plains and clay moraines +extending from northeast to southwest. This area includes the highest +land in the county, one hill exceeding and several approaching 1100 feet +in altitude. Most of the area is high and rolling. + +The old beach, marking the limits of the Lake Plain District, runs +northeast from Ypsilanti to the county line above Cherry Hill, and +southwest through Stony Creek to a point on the county line about eight +miles west of Milan. + +The native upland forests of the Interlobate Moraine District were +composed chiefly of red, yellow, and white oak, with some smooth-bark +hickory and sugar maple and a few shag-bark hickories. Here were also +large areas of creeping juniper and a few small patches of ground +hemlock (yew). On the flood-plains of the rivers and lakes were quite +extensive swampy forests of soft maple, black ash, and white elm. Swamp +oak and whitewood grew commonly in the drier situations toward the edge +of the swamp conditions. The red-bud and red cedar were characteristic +of the river banks. White pine probably never grew in the county, +although a few trees occur on the south bank of the Huron River near +Hamburg, a few miles north of the county line. + +Tamarack bogs, some of large size, are abundant in the Interlobate +Moraine District and occur commonly also in the Clay Morainic District, +but are practically wanting in the Lake Plain District. + +The Clay Morainic District was originally dominated by forests of oak +and hickory. Several kinds of oaks, white ash, and several species of +hickories, with shag-bark most characteristic, were most abundant. Mixed +with these were elm, beech, sugar maple, black walnut, and butternut. On +the higher ground many stands of quaking aspen were found. The forest +was quite dense and little underbrush normally occurred. Tamarack bogs +were common, and a small stand of black spruce occurred at the edge of +Independence Lake. There are few flood-plains along the Huron River in +this district, but along the river's edge were a few cottonwoods and +sycamores, and many willows, some of large size. On the steep bluffs +along the river was often a heavy growth of red cedar; and some large +areas of procumbent juniper occurred. In this district were several +open, level, sandy plains covered with a scattered growth of white and +bur oaks and an undergrowth of hazel brush. These were known to the +pioneers as "oak openings" or "plains." Lodi Plains in Lodi Township, +Bur Oak Plains in Manchester Township, Sharon Plains in Sharon Township, +and Boyden's Plains in Webster Township were the largest of these +natural openings in Washtenaw County. + +On the low lands of the Lake Plain District great forests of black ash, +elm, whitewood, soft maple, red-bud, swamp oak, and bur oak were found +by the early settlers. Large sycamore trees were found along the river +banks, these following the Huron River up a short distance beyond Ann +Arbor and occurring all along the Raisin and Saline rivers. The paw paw +and pin oak were found rarely in the southeastern part of the county. +Along the small streams in this district were extensive marshes which +were evidently old beaver meadows. About the edges of the marshes were +fringes of tamaracks. + +At the beginning of the nineteenth century Washtenaw County was an +unbroken wilderness, and deer, wolves, bear, and other large and small +fur-bearing animals were abundant. A few white trappers were in the +region, and the Indians frequently passed through on the old Tecumseh +Trail to Detroit, where they went to trade. + +In 1809 three Frenchmen established a trading-post at Ypsilanti, where +the Tecumseh Trail crossed the Huron River, and for several years they +traded here with the Indians. In 1823 the first permanent settlement in +the county was made by Benjamin Woodruff and two others at Woodruff's +Grove, not far from the present site of Ypsilanti. A settlement was made +at Ann Arbor in 1824, and many pioneers arrived in the county during the +next few years. + +With the coming of the settlers and the clearing of the forests the +natural mammal habitats were greatly altered or destroyed. This, +together with the hunting by the settlers, caused the gradual +disappearance of the larger mammals, such as the cougar, bear, wolf, +lynx, and deer. The clearings of the settlers created new habitats which +were gradually occupied by species better adapted to civilization, such +as the mole, woodchuck, ground squirrel, fox squirrel, and skunk, and +also the house mouse and Norway rat, which were brought in +unintentionally by the settlers. + +For sixty-five years I have lived almost constantly in Washtenaw County +and I have seen the latter part of the exploitation of the forests of +the county and the extermination of most of the larger mammals. From my +father, who settled in the county in 1836, and other old pioneers I have +drawn extensively for information about the early mammals of the county. +Much use has also been made of information contained in the Michigan +Historical Collections. The specimens on which the records here are +based are mostly preserved in the Museum of Zoology. + +For considerable assistance in the preparation of the manuscript of this +paper I am indebted to L. R. Dice, Curator of Mammals in the Museum of +Zoology, University of Michigan. + + +LIST OF SPECIES + +_Didelphis virginiana virginiana._ Virginia Opossum.--This species is +rare in the county. One was taken by my father, Jessup S. Wood, in 1845, +in Lodi Township. We have later records for Ann Arbor, Dexter, +Manchester, Saline, and Scio Township. The last recorded specimen was +taken by some boys in November, 1921, just south of the Oakland County +line. + +February 5, 1912, a trapper took a specimen near Ann Arbor on a night +when the temperature was about 10° F. below zero. + +_Scalopus aquaticus machrinus._ Prairie Mole.--The mole was rare or +absent from the county when first settled, but it has gradually +increased and has spread over most of the cultivated lands. It is most +common in sandy or gravelly loams, and is absent from the hard clay +soils. I remember the first appearance of the species on the old Wood +homestead in Lodi Township about 1870. It soon became common. + +_Condylura cristata._ Star-nosed Mole.--Although not very rare in this +county, it is seldom seen. We have records for Lodi Township, Ann Arbor, +Webster Township, Ypsilanti, and Chelsea. It prefers low, marshy land +near the water, and much of its food consists of aquatic insects, which +it secures by swimming. It is not as well adapted for burrowing as the +preceding species, so it lives in softer soil. + +May 8, 1913, a nest containing six half-grown young was found by Kitt +Cobb in marshy ground beside the Huron River at Portage Lake. The nest +was in a good-sized cavity near the surface of the ground and was lined +with dried grass. This species sometimes comes out on the surface of the +ground, where I have found several individuals in early spring, most of +them dead. February 10, 1907, near Ann Arbor, A. D. Tinker heard one +tunneling in the snow and dug it out. + +_Sorex personatus._ Masked Shrew.--In this county the masked shrew is +usually found in sphagnum and tamarack bogs. There are records for a +tamarack bog, three miles south of Ann Arbor, and for Honey Creek, three +miles west of Ann Arbor. I have found it mostly under old logs and in +stumps in rather moist situations. + +_Blarina brevicauda talpoides._ Short-tailed Shrew.--Common in swamps, +woodlands, and even in meadows, where it has its own runways and also +uses those of the meadow mouse, on which it largely feeds. + +This shrew is diurnal as well as nocturnal, and I have often seen it in +its runways. It is active all winter, and its tunnels may often be seen +in the snow. While trapping in Steere's Swamp, south of Ann Arbor, a +_Synaptomys cooperi_ in a trap was eaten by one of these shrews, which +was later caught in the same trap. + +_Cryptotis parva._ Small Shrew.--The first record for the county was +obtained in 1902 at Ann Arbor. In February, 1904, one was found in a +barn three miles east of Ann Arbor. At Portage Lake, in 1916, a house +cat brought two individuals to her kittens on October 29 and 31, +respectively. The specimens taken by me were found in grassy places, +usually where briers and shrubs were intermingled with the grass, but +not in the woods. + +_Myotis lucifugus lucifugus._ Little Brown Bat.--Almost every winter +individuals have been found in the building of the Museum of Zoology, at +Ann Arbor, where they have been awakened by the heat long before insects +were flying about. Max Peet took one at Ypsilanti June 6, 1904. + +_Myotis subulatus subulatus._ Say Bat.--In 1902 one was found alive in +one of the buildings of the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor and was +kept in a cage from February 26 to March 6, when it died. + +_Lasionycteris noctivagans._ Silver-haired Bat.--A female which seemed +to have an injured wing was picked up at Ann Arbor by A. G. Ruthven, +June 13, 1910. It contained two large embryos. This species is rare in +this county. + +_Eptesicus fuscus fuscus._ Large Brown Bat.--Common at Ann Arbor and +Ypsilanti. It is often found in buildings in winter. We have records for +Ann Arbor every month except September, October, and November. Of all +the bats this one is the most common about dwellings, and it is the one +that most often enters houses at night in search of insects. Perhaps it +is attracted by the light, as I have often seen it feeding about the +street lights. + +_Nycteris borealis borealis._ Red Bat.--Common at Ann Arbor, and there +is one record for Ypsilanti. At Ann Arbor there are records from April +30, in 1919, to July 4, in 1921. Also one was taken in November, 1917. +On June 12, 1903, a female with two young attached to the underside was +found hanging in a tree in Ann Arbor. The young were naked and blind and +quite small. June 10, 1908, another female was found in a similar +situation with three half-grown young attached. + +_Nycteris cinerea._ Hoary Bat.--We have records for Ann Arbor, +Bridgewater Township, Manchester, and Portage Lake. Our dates run from +September 5 to October 15; but in December, 1891, one was found in a +barn and was kept alive for several weeks. + +_Ursus americanus._ Black Bear.--Formerly common, and one of the last of +the larger animals of the county to be exterminated. The last one known +to be in the county was killed in October, 1875, in the big marsh west +of Saline. Mr. George Inman, one of the pioneers of Lodi Township, told +me that he had seen one just killed a few miles west of Ypsilanti in +1852. One was killed in Pittsfield Township in 1835. Black or brown is +the normal color in this state, but I have heard of one albino which was +taken in Bay County not many years ago. + +_Canis lycaon._ Timber Wolf.--When the county was first settled the +wolves were so destructive that it was difficult to keep any domestic +animals. As late as 1840, 30 sheep were killed for a neighbor of my +father's in Lodi Township; and another neighbor was himself chased by a +pack in the winter of 1836. In October, 1834, a large wolf was seen by +Mr. S. P. Allen near Ypsilanti. In looking over the county records I +find that in 1837 a bounty of five dollars each was paid to four +residents for eight wolf scalps; in 1838 eight more bounties of eight +dollars each were paid; and up to 1839 bounties to a total amount of +$178 had been paid. The records for the next twelve years are not +available, but as late as 1853 two wolf bounties of eight dollars each +were paid to residents of the county. Some of these probably refer to +coyotes. We have one record of a black wolf for the county. + +_Canis latrans._ Brush Wolf, Coyote.--In the History of Washtenaw +County[1] there is a full-page picture of hunting the prairie wolves in +an early day, which shows men on horseback in oak openings, rounding up +the wolves. In the same volume is an account by Mrs. H. L. Noble, saying +that the wolves would "come at evening and stay about the cabin all +night, keeping up a serenade that would almost chill the blood in my +veins." These were no doubt coyotes. In 1905 I mounted a large male, +weighing 45 pounds, which had been shot in Sharon Township, March 10, by +Mr. Keeler. Another is reported to have been seen in the same township +in 1910. + +[Footnote 1: History of Washtenaw County, Michigan, p. 67, 1881.] + +_Vulpes fulva._ Red Fox.--The early settlers report the red fox as being +quite common and destructive to small lambs, poultry, and game. Owing to +its cunning this species has been able to live and increase in spite of +much hunting and trapping. It is nocturnal as a rule, though I have seen +them often in the daytime catching mice on the marshes. In April, 1883, +a den was found in Lodi Township, and by careful watching the young +could be seen playing about the entrance to the den while waiting for +their mother to bring them food. The young in this den were moved to +other dens every week or so, and to my certain knowledge were moved +three times before they were dug out by a friend and myself. One +transfer was for more than one-third of a mile. There were six of them +about the size of small cats. These dens seem to have been woodchuck +holes dug out and enlarged. Some were in hillsides, but some were on +level ground. The den dug out was an old woodchuck hole. It extended +about 25 feet into a bank, with a large nest chamber at the end about +six feet from the top of the ground. A second entrance to the tunnel led +down from the top of the bank and joined the tunnel about 12 feet from +the nest. Some dried grass was noted in the nest chamber. A black fox +was taken in Pittsfield Township in 1878, and I have heard of another +being seen at a later date. + +_Urocyon cinereoargenteus cinereoargenteus._ Gray Fox.--This small fox +persisted in this county for many years. I saw one in Lodi Township in +1866 which had been treed by a dog. In October, 1866, two were shot near +Saline by J. H. Bortle. The last one known to me in the county was +taken in Steere's Swamp, near Ann Arbor, in the winter of 1882. The +species is very local, living in swamps and woods, which it rarely +leaves. It has a sharp bark which is heavier than that of the red fox. + +_Procyon lotor lotor._ Raccoon.--In this county the raccoon was formerly +very common, according to the early settlers, and did much damage to +poultry and to the corn when in the milk. In return it served as food +and its skin was both an article of dress and a medium of exchange, a +coon-skin being valued at 25 cents. It was still very common in Lodi +Township in 1870-80 and furnished the sport of "cooning," when it often +led both dogs and men a tiresome chase through woods and swamps and +often escaped to its den in some big hollow tree. + +When taken young it makes an interesting but very mischievous pet, and +cannot be allowed loose in the house. I once had three as pets, and +nearly all kinds of food given them were treated to a bath before eaten. +It is omnivorous in its food habits and eats all kinds of fish, flesh, +eggs, apples, berries, and is especially fond of green corn. On this +food the coon grows fat, and when winter comes curls up in some den tree +and sleeps through the winter, sometimes alone, and sometimes with +several others. I have known of seven being found in a big hollow tree +in Lodi Township. The latter part of the winter, during the warm spells, +I have found tracks in the snow and have followed the tracks for miles +as they visited other dens. The species is not strictly nocturnal, and I +have often seen coons sunning themselves on limbs and have also found +them on the ground feeding in the daytime. I once found a small one in +the water of a little brook, where it was nearly drowned and was +uttering a shrill, piteous cry. It had probably fallen from a log into +the stream. + +The young grow slowly and generally stay with the parents until a year +old. They do not obtain their full growth until about the third year. +They vary much in size, weighing from 15 to 40 pounds. One caught near +Ann Arbor in November, 1905, weighed 30 pounds, and the blanket of fat +under the skin weighed five pounds. The heaviest Michigan raccoon known +to me was taken near Edmore, Montcalm County, May 10, 1904, and weighed +56 pounds. + +The call is a shrill tremulo cry, almost like a whistle, and on a still +night may be heard for a long distance. When caught by a dog it +sometimes utters a snarling cry, from rage or pain. The color varies in +shades of gray and black, and we have a dozen records of white or albino +raccoons from this county, and half that number of black or melanistic +ones. + +_Mustela pennantii pennantii._ Fisher.--Henry Wilson, an old pioneer of +Dexter, told me that he killed a large male in February, 1862, near +Independence Lake, Webster Township. Other old trappers report that it +has been taken in the county, but are not able to give exact data. + +_Mustela noveboracensis noveboracensis._ New York Weasel.--This species +is quite commonly distributed over the county even now. One summer day +in Lodi Township I heard the excited squawking of a setting hen that was +confined in a box coop; on raising the cover the hen was seen to have a +weasel attached to her leg. With a stick I attempted to hit the weasel, +which was dragged about by the hen, but only succeeded in causing it to +run under a shed, from which place it soon stuck its head out of a hole. +I again tried to hit it with a stick, but it always dodged the blow. +Finally I went to the house for the gun, and when I returned found the +weasel out chasing the hen again. A shot soon finished it. + +In this county only about 75 per cent of the weasels change to the white +coat in winter. + +_Mustela vison mink._ Northeastern Mink.--In this county the mink has +been so closely trapped that it is almost, if not quite, exterminated in +some townships where it was formerly common. The mink is not so +perfectly aquatic as the otter, but it also travels on land quite fast +and far. I have found them a half-mile from water hunting for mice, +birds, and even cottontails. I once shot one in Lodi Township that came +to the chicken house and killed a fully grown hen, which it dragged a +rod or so away, where it ate all it wanted. Another time I followed on +the snow one that had run five miles in a night, and finally found it +only a short distance from the place it started from. The mink is +generally nocturnal, but I have often found it out on dark days. Once +while fishing I saw one catch and carry away a good-sized trout. It is a +poor climber, but once while hunting raccoons a dog chased one up a +tree, where it was shot from a limb 20 feet above the ground. Albinos +are rare, but we have in the Museum collections a mounted specimen which +was taken at Ann Arbor. Melanistic specimens are rarer still, and I have +seen but one, which was caught in Lodi Township in 1875. + +_Mephitis nigra._ Eastern Skunk.--The skunk was common when the first +settlers arrived in this county. With the clearing of the forests it +became abundant. Altogether I have seen hundreds about my old home in +Lodi Township. Here in one winter, about 1870, more than 30 were taken +in one trap under an old barn. + +Although it usually passes most of the winter months in a state of +hibernation, it occasionally comes out during warm spells and wanders +from one den to another. I have seen its tracks every winter month. It +is mainly nocturnal, but it also travels in the early evening and later +morning, and I once saw a mother and six young pass through the dooryard +just at dusk. The skunk is not a climber, as a rule, but I have found it +a few feet up the inside of small hollow trees. Once I saw one enter a +small stream and swim across; it was not forced, but went into the water +of its own volition. + +_Taxidea taxus taxus._ Badger.--The early settlers state that the badger +was found in this county, but was not common. We have records from 1883 +to 1919, including Saline Township, Superior Township, Lyndon Township, +Ann Arbor, Chelsea, and Bass Lake. The species hibernates, but I have +known it to come out on the snow, and I have records for every winter +month. + +_Lutra canadensis canadensis._ Canada Otter.--Formerly the otter was not +rare in all the river systems of the county, and we know of a number +being taken on the Huron, Raisin, and Saline rivers from 1856 to 1910, +but none have been reported since that date. Three were seen and one +shot by Edwin Hawley near Munith, Jackson County, not far from the +county line, March 25, 1909. One was reported seen in a small mud lake +in Lodi Township in 1910. At this same lake in 1886 two were taken by J. +H. Bortle, of Saline. In May, 1908, John Staebler, a farmer, saw one at +close range near Fleming Creek, two miles east of Ann Arbor, and in the +spring of 1900 he saw another near the same place. + +_Felis cougar._--L. D. Watkins, of Manchester, records this animal as +often passing through Manchester, about 1835, generally going southwest; +the last one was seen in 1870. Hon. Henry S. Dean, of Ann Arbor, stated +that one was reported in the county by hunters in 1838. Miss Julia +Dexter Stannard[2] tells of a panther that in 1830 chased her mother at +dusk one evening while she was returning home, to Webster Township, from +Ann Arbor on horseback. The panther followed almost to the house, when +the lights in the window scared it off. + +[Footnote 2: _Mich. Pioneer Coll._, v. 28, p. 565.] + +_Lynx canadensis._ Canada Lynx.--L. D. Watkins reports that he killed +one in this county in 1842, and Hon. Henry S. Dean, of Ann Arbor, told +me that old hunters reported it in the county in 1838. + +_Lynx ruffus ruffus._ Bob-cat, Bay Lynx.--This species was always more +common in the county than the Canada lynx, but it has been extinct here +for fifty years. The early settlers often recorded it as common. In 1850 +J. S. Wood, of Lodi Township, treed one with a dog. In 1870 Henry +Wilson, of Dexter, saw one near Independence Lake. + +_Peromyscus maniculatus bairdii._ Prairie Deer Mouse.--Specimens were +taken September 28, 1909, in open fields near Manchester by F. M. Gaige. +In the fall of the same year Dr. J. B. Steere took it on the big marsh +four miles south of Ann Arbor; this, he states, is his first record for +the species. In 1920 it was taken near Cavanaugh Lake, and is numerous +near Ann Arbor and Portage Lake. It probably formerly occurred on the +open prairies and oak openings, but now it is found in open fields and +in grassy meadows. + +_Peromyscus leucopus noveboracensis._ Northern Deer Mouse.--This mouse +is abundant in forests over the county, and is found in adjoining +fields, especially in those containing corn. + +_Synaptomys cooperi cooperi._ Cooper Lemming-vole.--In October, 1883, +George B. Sudworth took one near Ann Arbor. February 13, 1903, E. H. +Frothingham found one under a corn shock about four miles south of Ann +Arbor. In a runway in a small tamarack stand in Steere's Swamp, near the +same place, I trapped an adult female and four nearly grown young, +October 8 and 9, 1903. In February, March, and April, 1921, H. B. +Sherman trapped six in a field containing a little brush, a short +distance south of Ann Arbor. A number of their remains were found by J. +Van Tyne in the winters of 1921 and 1922 near Ann Arbor, in pellets of +the long-eared owl. + +_Microtus pennsylvanicus pennsylvanicus._ Pennsylvania Vole.--Was +formerly found in beaver meadows, but with the clearing of the forests +it has extended its range to the fields of grass and grain, and has +become the most numerous of all the mammals of the county. Records are +at hand for Ann Arbor, Pittsfield Township, and Portage Lake. + +_Microtus pinetorum scalopsoides._ Pine Vole.--July 15, 1921, A. G. +Ruthven found an adult male in the oak-hickory woods on his grounds near +the outskirts of Ann Arbor. + +_Fiber zibethicus zibethicus._ Muskrat.--In spite of persistent +trapping, muskrats are still numerous in the county. Records are at hand +for Ann Arbor, Pittsfield Township, Portage Lake, Saline, and Ypsilanti. + +_Rattus norvegicus._ Norway Rat.--This injurious rodent became common +soon after the settlement of the county. Its omnivorous food habits and +adaptability have enabled it to increase greatly. + +_Mus musculus musculus._ House Mouse.--The house mouse did not reach +Washtenaw County until several years after the settlement of the +district. It has become a serious pest, not only to household effects +and stored food, but it has taken to the grassy fields and the woods +bordering grain fields, and is commonly found in shocks of corn. The +amount of damage done by it in this county must be very great. + +_Zapus hudsonius hudsonius._ Jumping Mouse.--A few occur in the county. +We have records for Ann Arbor, Portage Lake, and Whitmore Lake. In +October, about 1880, in Lodi Township, a female jumped from a shock of +corn that was pulled over, and when caught, after several jumps of two +feet or more, was found to have three small young attached to her teats. + +_Erethizon dorsatum dorsatum._ Canada Porcupine.--The first settlers +found porcupines were common in the county. My father killed one in 1855 +in Lodi Township, and the last one known in the county was killed near +Saline in October, 1868, by John H. Bortle. + +The porcupine lives on the buds and bark of several species of trees, +and also eats the stems and leaves of water lilies. It is a clumsy and +stupid animal, knowing under natural conditions neither fear nor haste. +Its coat of sharp-barbed quills affords almost complete protection from +nearly all enemies except man, who alone is responsible for its +extinction in the county. Although large and clumsy, it climbs readily, +and often lives in the same tree for days. It also swims quite readily, +sometimes entering the water voluntarily. It makes a number of noises; +it sniffs, grunts, whines, chatters, and sometimes shrieks and cries +like a child. + +_Marmota monax refuscens._ Woodchuck.--Before the settlement of the +county woodchucks were not very common, a few living on the prairies as +well as in the woods. With the clearing of the forests it found a +congenial habitat about the fields and gardens of the settlers, and +there found also choice food easily gathered. With these conditions it +has greatly increased and has become a pest, so that many townships in +southern Michigan pay a bounty of 25 to 50 cents each for woodchucks. + +On the Wood homestead of 400 acres in Lodi Township this animal was +rarely seen in 1865, but in the next twenty years it became so common +that in the years 1881-82 I killed more than 100 and my brother and his +helper 125 more, all of them on this one small tract, and even then some +were left. + +Its flesh is good when properly prepared, but most people are so +prejudiced that they will not eat it. + +Albinos are not rare; I know of one taken near Saline about 1885. + +When alarmed it utters a shrill whistle; and when angry it chatters its +teeth. I have often seen it climb trees, and have shot it from heights +of 10 to 30 feet. It climbs when chased by dogs and also of its own free +will. + +_Citellus tridecemlineatus tridecemlineatus._ Striped +Ground-squirrel.--This animal (erroneously called "gopher" by many +people) was formerly common only in the southern part of the Lower +Peninsula, where its natural habitat was the prairies or oak openings. +Here it occurred in great numbers, as stated by the first settlers. As +the state became settled and the timber cut off it gradually extended +its range until at present it occurs in most of the cultivated areas of +the Lower Peninsula. + +This squirrel rarely climbs in bushes or small trees. It has a sharp +whistle of alarm and a lower chirping call while feeding in company. + +_Tamias striatus lysteri._ Northeastern Chipmunk.--Formerly abundant in +the county, living in the forests. With the cutting of the forests it +has become scarce, but is now sometimes found along brushy roadsides as +well as in woods. + +It occasionally climbs trees, but usually lives under stumps or logs in +or at the edge of woods. It stores up quantities of food, and is seldom +seen in the winter months. + +We have an albino at the Museum of Zoology which was caught near Ann +Arbor by a cat, and I know of one other seen near the city. + +The call of the chipmunk is a loud chirp or chuck, regularly repeated +and audible for a half-mile on still, frosty mornings. It also has a +bird-like chirp or rapid call. + +_Sciurus hudsonicus loquax._ Southeastern Red-squirrel.--This is the +most abundant squirrel in the county. Owing to its small size it was +formerly not hunted; it also easily adapted itself to civilization and +increased so rapidly that in places it became a nuisance. It has been +accused of driving off the fox and gray squirrels, for which reason it +was exterminated from the University campus, where it formerly occurred. + +The red-squirrel is very noisy and has a number of calls, chatters, and +a whining cough which easily distinguishes it from other squirrels. + +Several albinos have been taken in Washtenaw County, one pure albino in +Dexter Township in 1908, and one nearly pure white, but with brownish +dorsal stripe and tail, near Ann Arbor in 1912. + +_Sciurus carolinensis leucotis._ Northern Gray Squirrel.--Abundant in +the county for many years after its settlement. To the early settlers it +was an injurious species, as it destroyed much of their scanty corn +crop; but in later years it furnished much sport as well as a choice +food for the table. Its chosen habitat was the heavy forest of beech and +sugar maples, and with the cutting of these woods the gray squirrel has +gradually become rare, only a few now being found in the county. As +late as 1875 I saw many of the species, about one-half of the black +phase. + +Its call is a high, shrill chatter, which may be heard quite a distance, +and which is distinguished by hunters from the call of the red squirrel +or fox squirrel. J. Austin Scott witnessed a migration in the fall of +1840, when hundreds of gray and black squirrels crossed the Raisin River +near Adrian. They came from the south and were so exhausted from +swimming across the river that the boys killed many with clubs. He +counted 30 in one small tree near the water's edge. + +_Sciurus niger rufiventer._ Western Fox Squirrel.--When Michigan was +first settled the species was rare and was confined chiefly to the +southern part of the state, where it occurred in the oak openings, which +seem to be its favorite habitat.[3] With the cutting of the heavy timber +it has gradually extended its range, occupying all of the more open +forests, and it has become very common, even entering the cities, where +it has become semi-domesticated. + +[Footnote 3: Robert Kennicott, _U. S. Patent Office Report_, p. 56, +1856]. + +W. J. Beal[4] states that in Lenawee County there were no fox squirrels +in the early days, but later they came in from the south. At my home in +Lodi Township I never saw one until about 1875, and they were rare for +several years after that. + +[Footnote 4: _Mich. Pioneer Coll._] + +This is our largest squirrel, furnishing sport and food for hunters. One +albino taken in the county is in the collection of the Museum of +Zoology; and one partly melanistic individual, taken near Ann Arbor, +November 12, 1910, has the whole underside jet black. + +The call is hoarser than that of the gray squirrel, but although not so +high in pitch may be heard for some distance. It occasionally swims; I +know of one which swam across a part of Portage Lake, one-half mile, on +a hot summer day, about 1910. + +_Glaucomys volans volans._ Southern Flying Squirrel.--This species may +still be found in some numbers in suitable habitats in the county. They +are usually found in woods, although I have found them in houses both in +Ann Arbor and at Portage Lake. They nest and live in tree cavities, and +in winter are gregarious. In late December, about 1890, in Lodi Township +I found 20 or more in a hollow butternut stub. The call is a high, +bird-like chirp or long squeak, which I have often heard from the tree +tops while in the woods on moonlight nights. + +_Castor canadensis michiganensis._ Woods Beaver.--The first settlers of +this county found this species to be nearly extinct, although dams and +old beaver meadows were very common. It probably became scarce about +1800. Hon. Henry S. Dean, of Ann Arbor, told me that in 1837 at "Gravel +Run," a few miles north of Ann Arbor, he saw a dam in good shape, +although not used at that time. Remains of other dams still exist. S. D. +Allen, of Ann Arbor, told me that in 1835 he saw a live beaver in the +Huron River near Ypsilanti. This is the last record for the county. + +_Lepus americanus americanus._ Snowshoe Hare.--This hare was formerly +common over all the southern peninsula of Michigan. In Washtenaw County +it persisted for a long time in the tamarack bogs, but when these were +mostly drained or destroyed the hares became extinct. It was last taken +in Steere's Swamp, four miles south of Ann Arbor, in 1875. One was taken +in a swamp near Whitmore Lake in 1890. L. D. Watkins, of Manchester, +reports shooting one in a large swamp near Pleasant Lake in the fall of +1907. + +_Sylvilagus floridanus mearnsii._ Mearns Cottontail.--The cottontail was +formerly common only in the southern part of Michigan, but it now occurs +over all the cultivated area of the Lower Peninsula. It has increased +with and followed the civilization that furnished an abundance of food +and destroyed many of its enemies. + +I have several times found nests in meadows and cultivated fields. The +nest is built in a deep form and is lined with fur from the mother's +body and fine grass. The young are completely hidden when left by the +mother. April 16, 1920, I found a nest containing five young in a +stubblefield at Portage Lake. The young were well covered with hair, but +the eyes were not open. April 20, 1920, I found another nest containing +young on the lawn of an unoccupied house near the shore of Portage Lake. +The number of young was not determined. May 5 the young were gone and +the nest was deserted. May 16, 1920, L. R. Dice saw four young +cottontails with their eyes open in the possession of a boy. They were +taken from a nest near Ann Arbor. + +About May 10, some years ago, I saw a cottontail jump into and swim +across Mill Creek in this county. The animal was not pursued nor driven +in any way into the water. Sometimes when caught alive the cottontail +utters a loud, shrill cry. + +_Bison bison bison._ American Bison.--According to the reports of the +early explorers, this large mammal, in the eighteenth century, occupied, +or at least visited, the southern border of the state of Michigan. +Although we have no record of its occurrence in this county, its remains +have been found just over the western border of the county by L. D. +Watkins, who in 1835 picked up three skulls near Norvell, Jackson +County (Township 4 south, Range 2 east, Section 22). Two of these skulls +were sent to Hillsdale College, where one still remains, though the data +with it were lost during a fire; the other skull was sent to Albion +College, but cannot now be found. At the time these specimens were +collected other bones were plentiful on the surface of the ground. + +_Cervus canadensis canadensis._ Eastern American Elk.--Probably common +over most of the Southern Peninsula of Michigan up until the time of the +settlements. I have found no record of live elk seen in the county, and +the species probably was extinct in the district before 1800. Bones and +antlers are common in the marshes and swamps of the county. + +_Odocoileus virginianus borealis._ Northern White-tailed Deer.--Abundant +in the county when the first settlers arrived, and continued common for +many years. It quickly learned to adapt itself to civilization, feeding +by night where it formerly fed by day. Some early settlers report much +damage done to gardens and crops, of which the deer soon learned the +location. The last deer known to me in the county was seen in Saline +Township in 1875 by William Gordon, who reported it to me at the time. +Covert[5] records one seen in the county in 1879. + +[Footnote 5: Covert, A. B., in History of Washtenaw County, p. 194, +1881.] + + +_Hypothetical List_ + +The mammals included in this list have been reported as occurring in +Washtenaw County, but I can find no specimens with authentic data nor +descriptions satisfactory for identification, and consider the records +doubtful. + +_Rattus rattus rattus._ Black Rat.--Covert[6] states that the species is +"very rare. I have but one specimen, which was caught at the Michigan +Central R. R. Depot." + +[Footnote 6: Covert, A. B., in History of Washtenaw County, pp. 193-194, +1881.] + +_Mustela allegheniensis._ Least Weasel.--Covert says, "The only +specimens of this mammal I have had were brought in this winter" (1881). +I have not been able to find these specimens, which were doubtless small +females of _Mustela noveboracensis_. + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mammals of Washtenaw County, +Michigan, by Norman Wood + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MAMMALS OF WASHTENAW *** + +***** This file should be named 33507-8.txt or 33507-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/3/5/0/33507/ + +Produced by Larry B. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Mammals of Washtenaw County, Michigan + Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, No. 123 + +Author: Norman Wood + +Release Date: August 23, 2010 [EBook #33507] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MAMMALS OF WASHTENAW *** + + + + +Produced by Larry B. Harrison, Josephine Paolucci and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net. + + + + + + +</pre> + + + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p> +<p class="center"> +<span class="smcap">Number 123</span> <span class="smcap">July 10, 1922</span> +</p> + + +<h3>OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY</h3> + + +<h3>UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN</h3> + +<p class="center"> +<span class="smcap">Ann Arbor, Michigan</span> <span class="smcap">Published by the University</span><br /> +</p> + + +<h1>THE MAMMALS OF WASHTENAW COUNTY, MICHIGAN</h1> + +<h2><span class="smcap">By Norman A. Wood</span></h2> + + +<p>Three natural physiographic divisions cross Washtenaw County from +northwest to southeast. The northwestern part of the county is occupied +by the rough interlobate moraine of loose-textured soil, the Interlobate +Lake District; a broad Clay Morainic Belt occupies most of the central +part of the county; and in the southeastern corner of the county is +found a low Lake Plain, once the bed of glacial Lake Maumee.</p> + +<p>The Interlobate Lake District has a conspicuous system of moraines, +making up a most irregular land surface. Steep knolls 100 to 200 feet in +height are closely associated with basins, which are often deep, and +some of which are occupied by lakes. Small, undrained depressions occur +everywhere, producing thousands of acres of swamp and marsh land.</p> + +<p>The Clay Morainic Belt occupies the region from just below Portage Lake +to Ypsilanti. It is composed of glacial till plains<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span> and clay moraines +extending from northeast to southwest. This area includes the highest +land in the county, one hill exceeding and several approaching 1100 feet +in altitude. Most of the area is high and rolling.</p> + +<p>The old beach, marking the limits of the Lake Plain District, runs +northeast from Ypsilanti to the county line above Cherry Hill, and +southwest through Stony Creek to a point on the county line about eight +miles west of Milan.</p> + +<p>The native upland forests of the Interlobate Moraine District were +composed chiefly of red, yellow, and white oak, with some smooth-bark +hickory and sugar maple and a few shag-bark hickories. Here were also +large areas of creeping juniper and a few small patches of ground +hemlock (yew). On the flood-plains of the rivers and lakes were quite +extensive swampy forests of soft maple, black ash, and white elm. Swamp +oak and whitewood grew commonly in the drier situations toward the edge +of the swamp conditions. The red-bud and red cedar were characteristic +of the river banks. White pine probably never grew in the county, +although a few trees occur on the south bank of the Huron River near +Hamburg, a few miles north of the county line.</p> + +<p>Tamarack bogs, some of large size, are abundant in the Interlobate +Moraine District and occur commonly also in the Clay Morainic District, +but are practically wanting in the Lake Plain District.</p> + +<p>The Clay Morainic District was originally dominated by forests of oak +and hickory. Several kinds of oaks, white ash, and several species of +hickories, with shag-bark most characteristic, were most abundant. Mixed +with these were elm, beech, sugar maple, black walnut, and butternut. On +the higher ground many stands of quaking aspen were found. The forest +was quite dense and little underbrush normally<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span> occurred. Tamarack bogs +were common, and a small stand of black spruce occurred at the edge of +Independence Lake. There are few flood-plains along the Huron River in +this district, but along the river's edge were a few cottonwoods and +sycamores, and many willows, some of large size. On the steep bluffs +along the river was often a heavy growth of red cedar; and some large +areas of procumbent juniper occurred. In this district were several +open, level, sandy plains covered with a scattered growth of white and +bur oaks and an undergrowth of hazel brush. These were known to the +pioneers as "oak openings" or "plains." Lodi Plains in Lodi Township, +Bur Oak Plains in Manchester Township, Sharon Plains in Sharon Township, +and Boyden's Plains in Webster Township were the largest of these +natural openings in Washtenaw County.</p> + +<p>On the low lands of the Lake Plain District great forests of black ash, +elm, whitewood, soft maple, red-bud, swamp oak, and bur oak were found +by the early settlers. Large sycamore trees were found along the river +banks, these following the Huron River up a short distance beyond Ann +Arbor and occurring all along the Raisin and Saline rivers. The paw paw +and pin oak were found rarely in the southeastern part of the county. +Along the small streams in this district were extensive marshes which +were evidently old beaver meadows. About the edges of the marshes were +fringes of tamaracks.</p> + +<p>At the beginning of the nineteenth century Washtenaw County was an +unbroken wilderness, and deer, wolves, bear, and other large and small +fur-bearing animals were abundant. A few white trappers were in the +region, and the Indians frequently passed through on the old Tecumseh +Trail to Detroit, where they went to trade.</p> + +<p>In 1809 three Frenchmen established a trading-post at<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span> Ypsilanti, where +the Tecumseh Trail crossed the Huron River, and for several years they +traded here with the Indians. In 1823 the first permanent settlement in +the county was made by Benjamin Woodruff and two others at Woodruff's +Grove, not far from the present site of Ypsilanti. A settlement was made +at Ann Arbor in 1824, and many pioneers arrived in the county during the +next few years.</p> + +<p>With the coming of the settlers and the clearing of the forests the +natural mammal habitats were greatly altered or destroyed. This, +together with the hunting by the settlers, caused the gradual +disappearance of the larger mammals, such as the cougar, bear, wolf, +lynx, and deer. The clearings of the settlers created new habitats which +were gradually occupied by species better adapted to civilization, such +as the mole, woodchuck, ground squirrel, fox squirrel, and skunk, and +also the house mouse and Norway rat, which were brought in +unintentionally by the settlers.</p> + +<p>For sixty-five years I have lived almost constantly in Washtenaw County +and I have seen the latter part of the exploitation of the forests of +the county and the extermination of most of the larger mammals. From my +father, who settled in the county in 1836, and other old pioneers I have +drawn extensively for information about the early mammals of the county. +Much use has also been made of information contained in the Michigan +Historical Collections. The specimens on which the records here are +based are mostly preserved in the Museum of Zoology.</p> + +<p>For considerable assistance in the preparation of the manuscript of this +paper I am indebted to L. R. Dice, Curator of Mammals in the Museum of +Zoology, University of Michigan.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span></p> + + +<h2><span class="smcap">List of Species</span></h2> + +<p><i>Didelphis virginiana virginiana.</i> Virginia Opossum.—This species is +rare in the county. One was taken by my father, Jessup S. Wood, in 1845, +in Lodi Township. We have later records for Ann Arbor, Dexter, +Manchester, Saline, and Scio Township. The last recorded specimen was +taken by some boys in November, 1921, just south of the Oakland County +line.</p> + +<p>February 5, 1912, a trapper took a specimen near Ann Arbor on a night +when the temperature was about 10° F. below zero.</p> + +<p><i>Scalopus aquaticus machrinus.</i> Prairie Mole.—The mole was rare or +absent from the county when first settled, but it has gradually +increased and has spread over most of the cultivated lands. It is most +common in sandy or gravelly loams, and is absent from the hard clay +soils. I remember the first appearance of the species on the old Wood +homestead in Lodi Township about 1870. It soon became common.</p> + +<p><i>Condylura cristata.</i> Star-nosed Mole.—Although not very rare in this +county, it is seldom seen. We have records for Lodi Township, Ann Arbor, +Webster Township, Ypsilanti, and Chelsea. It prefers low, marshy land +near the water, and much of its food consists of aquatic insects, which +it secures by swimming. It is not as well adapted for burrowing as the +preceding species, so it lives in softer soil.</p> + +<p>May 8, 1913, a nest containing six half-grown young was found by Kitt +Cobb in marshy ground beside the Huron River at Portage Lake. The nest +was in a good-sized cavity near the surface of the ground and was lined +with dried grass. This species sometimes comes out on the surface of the +ground, where I have found several individuals in early spring, most of +them dead. February 10, 1907, near Ann Arbor, A. D. Tinker heard one +tunneling in the snow and dug it out.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span></p> + +<p><i>Sorex personatus.</i> Masked Shrew.—In this county the masked shrew is +usually found in sphagnum and tamarack bogs. There are records for a +tamarack bog, three miles south of Ann Arbor, and for Honey Creek, three +miles west of Ann Arbor. I have found it mostly under old logs and in +stumps in rather moist situations.</p> + +<p><i>Blarina brevicauda talpoides.</i> Short-tailed Shrew.—Common in swamps, +woodlands, and even in meadows, where it has its own runways and also +uses those of the meadow mouse, on which it largely feeds.</p> + +<p>This shrew is diurnal as well as nocturnal, and I have often seen it in +its runways. It is active all winter, and its tunnels may often be seen +in the snow. While trapping in Steere's Swamp, south of Ann Arbor, a +<i>Synaptomys cooperi</i> in a trap was eaten by one of these shrews, which +was later caught in the same trap.</p> + +<p><i>Cryptotis parva.</i> Small Shrew.—The first record for the county was +obtained in 1902 at Ann Arbor. In February, 1904, one was found in a +barn three miles east of Ann Arbor. At Portage Lake, in 1916, a house +cat brought two individuals to her kittens on October 29 and 31, +respectively. The specimens taken by me were found in grassy places, +usually where briers and shrubs were intermingled with the grass, but +not in the woods.</p> + +<p><i>Myotis lucifugus lucifugus.</i> Little Brown Bat.—Almost every winter +individuals have been found in the building of the Museum of Zoology, at +Ann Arbor, where they have been awakened by the heat long before insects +were flying about. Max Peet took one at Ypsilanti June 6, 1904.</p> + +<p><i>Myotis subulatus subulatus.</i> Say Bat.—In 1902 one was found alive in +one of the buildings of the University of Michigan<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> at Ann Arbor and was +kept in a cage from February 26 to March 6, when it died.</p> + +<p><i>Lasionycteris noctivagans.</i> Silver-haired Bat.—A female which seemed +to have an injured wing was picked up at Ann Arbor by A. G. Ruthven, +June 13, 1910. It contained two large embryos. This species is rare in +this county.</p> + +<p><i>Eptesicus fuscus fuscus.</i> Large Brown Bat.—Common at Ann Arbor and +Ypsilanti. It is often found in buildings in winter. We have records for +Ann Arbor every month except September, October, and November. Of all +the bats this one is the most common about dwellings, and it is the one +that most often enters houses at night in search of insects. Perhaps it +is attracted by the light, as I have often seen it feeding about the +street lights.</p> + +<p><i>Nycteris borealis borealis.</i> Red Bat.—Common at Ann Arbor, and there +is one record for Ypsilanti. At Ann Arbor there are records from April +30, in 1919, to July 4, in 1921. Also one was taken in November, 1917. +On June 12, 1903, a female with two young attached to the underside was +found hanging in a tree in Ann Arbor. The young were naked and blind and +quite small. June 10, 1908, another female was found in a similar +situation with three half-grown young attached.</p> + +<p><i>Nycteris cinerea.</i> Hoary Bat.—We have records for Ann Arbor, +Bridgewater Township, Manchester, and Portage Lake. Our dates run from +September 5 to October 15; but in December, 1891, one was found in a +barn and was kept alive for several weeks.</p> + +<p><i>Ursus americanus.</i> Black Bear.—Formerly common, and one of the last of +the larger animals of the county to be exterminated. The last one known +to be in the county was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> killed in October, 1875, in the big marsh west +of Saline. Mr. George Inman, one of the pioneers of Lodi Township, told +me that he had seen one just killed a few miles west of Ypsilanti in +1852. One was killed in Pittsfield Township in 1835. Black or brown is +the normal color in this state, but I have heard of one albino which was +taken in Bay County not many years ago.</p> + +<p><i>Canis lycaon.</i> Timber Wolf.—When the county was first settled the +wolves were so destructive that it was difficult to keep any domestic +animals. As late as 1840, 30 sheep were killed for a neighbor of my +father's in Lodi Township; and another neighbor was himself chased by a +pack in the winter of 1836. In October, 1834, a large wolf was seen by +Mr. S. P. Allen near Ypsilanti. In looking over the county records I +find that in 1837 a bounty of five dollars each was paid to four +residents for eight wolf scalps; in 1838 eight more bounties of eight +dollars each were paid; and up to 1839 bounties to a total amount of +$178 had been paid. The records for the next twelve years are not +available, but as late as 1853 two wolf bounties of eight dollars each +were paid to residents of the county. Some of these probably refer to +coyotes. We have one record of a black wolf for the county.</p> + +<p><i>Canis latrans.</i> Brush Wolf, Coyote.—In the History of Washtenaw +County<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> there is a full-page picture of hunting the prairie wolves in +an early day, which shows men on horseback in oak openings, rounding up +the wolves. In the same volume is an account by Mrs. H. L. Noble, saying +that the wolves would "come at evening and stay about the cabin all +night, keeping up a serenade that would almost chill the blood in my +veins." These were no doubt coyotes. In 1905 I<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span> mounted a large male, +weighing 45 pounds, which had been shot in Sharon Township, March 10, by +Mr. Keeler. Another is reported to have been seen in the same township +in 1910.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> History of Washtenaw County, Michigan, p. 67, 1881.</p></div> + +<p><i>Vulpes fulva.</i> Red Fox.—The early settlers report the red fox as being +quite common and destructive to small lambs, poultry, and game. Owing to +its cunning this species has been able to live and increase in spite of +much hunting and trapping. It is nocturnal as a rule, though I have seen +them often in the daytime catching mice on the marshes. In April, 1883, +a den was found in Lodi Township, and by careful watching the young +could be seen playing about the entrance to the den while waiting for +their mother to bring them food. The young in this den were moved to +other dens every week or so, and to my certain knowledge were moved +three times before they were dug out by a friend and myself. One +transfer was for more than one-third of a mile. There were six of them +about the size of small cats. These dens seem to have been woodchuck +holes dug out and enlarged. Some were in hillsides, but some were on +level ground. The den dug out was an old woodchuck hole. It extended +about 25 feet into a bank, with a large nest chamber at the end about +six feet from the top of the ground. A second entrance to the tunnel led +down from the top of the bank and joined the tunnel about 12 feet from +the nest. Some dried grass was noted in the nest chamber. A black fox +was taken in Pittsfield Township in 1878, and I have heard of another +being seen at a later date.</p> + +<p><i>Urocyon cinereoargenteus cinereoargenteus.</i> Gray Fox.—This small fox +persisted in this county for many years. I saw one in Lodi Township in +1866 which had been treed by a dog. In October, 1866, two were shot near +Saline by J. H. Bortle. The last one known to me in the county was +taken<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> in Steere's Swamp, near Ann Arbor, in the winter of 1882. The +species is very local, living in swamps and woods, which it rarely +leaves. It has a sharp bark which is heavier than that of the red fox.</p> + +<p><i>Procyon lotor lotor.</i> Raccoon.—In this county the raccoon was formerly +very common, according to the early settlers, and did much damage to +poultry and to the corn when in the milk. In return it served as food +and its skin was both an article of dress and a medium of exchange, a +coon-skin being valued at 25 cents. It was still very common in Lodi +Township in 1870-80 and furnished the sport of "cooning," when it often +led both dogs and men a tiresome chase through woods and swamps and +often escaped to its den in some big hollow tree.</p> + +<p>When taken young it makes an interesting but very mischievous pet, and +cannot be allowed loose in the house. I once had three as pets, and +nearly all kinds of food given them were treated to a bath before eaten. +It is omnivorous in its food habits and eats all kinds of fish, flesh, +eggs, apples, berries, and is especially fond of green corn. On this +food the coon grows fat, and when winter comes curls up in some den tree +and sleeps through the winter, sometimes alone, and sometimes with +several others. I have known of seven being found in a big hollow tree +in Lodi Township. The latter part of the winter, during the warm spells, +I have found tracks in the snow and have followed the tracks for miles +as they visited other dens. The species is not strictly nocturnal, and I +have often seen coons sunning themselves on limbs and have also found +them on the ground feeding in the daytime. I once found a small one in +the water of a little brook, where it was nearly drowned and was +uttering a shrill, piteous cry. It had probably fallen from a log into +the stream.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span></p> + +<p>The young grow slowly and generally stay with the parents until a year +old. They do not obtain their full growth until about the third year. +They vary much in size, weighing from 15 to 40 pounds. One caught near +Ann Arbor in November, 1905, weighed 30 pounds, and the blanket of fat +under the skin weighed five pounds. The heaviest Michigan raccoon known +to me was taken near Edmore, Montcalm County, May 10, 1904, and weighed +56 pounds.</p> + +<p>The call is a shrill tremulo cry, almost like a whistle, and on a still +night may be heard for a long distance. When caught by a dog it +sometimes utters a snarling cry, from rage or pain. The color varies in +shades of gray and black, and we have a dozen records of white or albino +raccoons from this county, and half that number of black or melanistic +ones.</p> + +<p><i>Mustela pennantii pennantii.</i> Fisher.—Henry Wilson, an old pioneer of +Dexter, told me that he killed a large male in February, 1862, near +Independence Lake, Webster Township. Other old trappers report that it +has been taken in the county, but are not able to give exact data.</p> + +<p><i>Mustela noveboracensis noveboracensis.</i> New York Weasel.—This species +is quite commonly distributed over the county even now. One summer day +in Lodi Township I heard the excited squawking of a setting hen that was +confined in a box coop; on raising the cover the hen was seen to have a +weasel attached to her leg. With a stick I attempted to hit the weasel, +which was dragged about by the hen, but only succeeded in causing it to +run under a shed, from which place it soon stuck its head out of a hole. +I again tried to hit it with a stick, but it always dodged the blow. +Finally I went to the house for the gun, and when I returned found the +weasel out chasing the hen again. A shot soon finished it.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span></p> + +<p>In this county only about 75 per cent of the weasels change to the white +coat in winter.</p> + +<p><i>Mustela vison mink.</i> Northeastern Mink.—In this county the mink has +been so closely trapped that it is almost, if not quite, exterminated in +some townships where it was formerly common. The mink is not so +perfectly aquatic as the otter, but it also travels on land quite fast +and far. I have found them a half-mile from water hunting for mice, +birds, and even cottontails. I once shot one in Lodi Township that came +to the chicken house and killed a fully grown hen, which it dragged a +rod or so away, where it ate all it wanted. Another time I followed on +the snow one that had run five miles in a night, and finally found it +only a short distance from the place it started from. The mink is +generally nocturnal, but I have often found it out on dark days. Once +while fishing I saw one catch and carry away a good-sized trout. It is a +poor climber, but once while hunting raccoons a dog chased one up a +tree, where it was shot from a limb 20 feet above the ground. Albinos +are rare, but we have in the Museum collections a mounted specimen which +was taken at Ann Arbor. Melanistic specimens are rarer still, and I have +seen but one, which was caught in Lodi Township in 1875.</p> + +<p><i>Mephitis nigra.</i> Eastern Skunk.—The skunk was common when the first +settlers arrived in this county. With the clearing of the forests it +became abundant. Altogether I have seen hundreds about my old home in +Lodi Township. Here in one winter, about 1870, more than 30 were taken +in one trap under an old barn.</p> + +<p>Although it usually passes most of the winter months in a state of +hibernation, it occasionally comes out during warm spells and wanders +from one den to another. I have seen its<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> tracks every winter month. It +is mainly nocturnal, but it also travels in the early evening and later +morning, and I once saw a mother and six young pass through the dooryard +just at dusk. The skunk is not a climber, as a rule, but I have found it +a few feet up the inside of small hollow trees. Once I saw one enter a +small stream and swim across; it was not forced, but went into the water +of its own volition.</p> + +<p><i>Taxidea taxus taxus.</i> Badger.—The early settlers state that the badger +was found in this county, but was not common. We have records from 1883 +to 1919, including Saline Township, Superior Township, Lyndon Township, +Ann Arbor, Chelsea, and Bass Lake. The species hibernates, but I have +known it to come out on the snow, and I have records for every winter +month.</p> + +<p><i>Lutra canadensis canadensis.</i> Canada Otter.—Formerly the otter was not +rare in all the river systems of the county, and we know of a number +being taken on the Huron, Raisin, and Saline rivers from 1856 to 1910, +but none have been reported since that date. Three were seen and one +shot by Edwin Hawley near Munith, Jackson County, not far from the +county line, March 25, 1909. One was reported seen in a small mud lake +in Lodi Township in 1910. At this same lake in 1886 two were taken by J. +H. Bortle, of Saline. In May, 1908, John Staebler, a farmer, saw one at +close range near Fleming Creek, two miles east of Ann Arbor, and in the +spring of 1900 he saw another near the same place.</p> + +<p><i>Felis cougar.</i>—L. D. Watkins, of Manchester, records this animal as +often passing through Manchester, about 1835, generally going southwest; +the last one was seen in 1870. Hon. Henry S. Dean, of Ann Arbor, stated +that one was reported in the county by hunters in 1838. Miss Julia +Dexter Stannard<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> tells of a panther that in 1830 chased her mother at +dusk one evening while she was returning home, to Webster Township, from +Ann Arbor on horseback. The panther followed almost to the house, when +the lights in the window scared it off.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> <i>Mich. Pioneer Coll.</i>, v. 28, p. 565.</p></div> + +<p><i>Lynx canadensis.</i> Canada Lynx.—L. D. Watkins reports that he killed +one in this county in 1842, and Hon. Henry S. Dean, of Ann Arbor, told +me that old hunters reported it in the county in 1838.</p> + +<p><i>Lynx ruffus ruffus.</i> Bob-cat, Bay Lynx.—This species was always more +common in the county than the Canada lynx, but it has been extinct here +for fifty years. The early settlers often recorded it as common. In 1850 +J. S. Wood, of Lodi Township, treed one with a dog. In 1870 Henry +Wilson, of Dexter, saw one near Independence Lake.</p> + +<p><i>Peromyscus maniculatus bairdii.</i> Prairie Deer Mouse.—Specimens were +taken September 28, 1909, in open fields near Manchester by F. M. Gaige. +In the fall of the same year Dr. J. B. Steere took it on the big marsh +four miles south of Ann Arbor; this, he states, is his first record for +the species. In 1920 it was taken near Cavanaugh Lake, and is numerous +near Ann Arbor and Portage Lake. It probably formerly occurred on the +open prairies and oak openings, but now it is found in open fields and +in grassy meadows.</p> + +<p><i>Peromyscus leucopus noveboracensis.</i> Northern Deer Mouse.—This mouse +is abundant in forests over the county, and is found in adjoining +fields, especially in those containing corn.</p> + +<p><i>Synaptomys cooperi cooperi.</i> Cooper Lemming-vole.—In October, 1883, +George B. Sudworth took one near Ann Arbor.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> February 13, 1903, E. H. +Frothingham found one under a corn shock about four miles south of Ann +Arbor. In a runway in a small tamarack stand in Steere's Swamp, near the +same place, I trapped an adult female and four nearly grown young, +October 8 and 9, 1903. In February, March, and April, 1921, H. B. +Sherman trapped six in a field containing a little brush, a short +distance south of Ann Arbor. A number of their remains were found by J. +Van Tyne in the winters of 1921 and 1922 near Ann Arbor, in pellets of +the long-eared owl.</p> + +<p><i>Microtus pennsylvanicus pennsylvanicus.</i> Pennsylvania Vole.—Was +formerly found in beaver meadows, but with the clearing of the forests +it has extended its range to the fields of grass and grain, and has +become the most numerous of all the mammals of the county. Records are +at hand for Ann Arbor, Pittsfield Township, and Portage Lake.</p> + +<p><i>Microtus pinetorum scalopsoides.</i> Pine Vole.—July 15, 1921, A. G. +Ruthven found an adult male in the oak-hickory woods on his grounds near +the outskirts of Ann Arbor.</p> + +<p><i>Fiber zibethicus zibethicus.</i> Muskrat.—In spite of persistent +trapping, muskrats are still numerous in the county. Records are at hand +for Ann Arbor, Pittsfield Township, Portage Lake, Saline, and Ypsilanti.</p> + +<p><i>Rattus norvegicus.</i> Norway Rat.—This injurious rodent became common +soon after the settlement of the county. Its omnivorous food habits and +adaptability have enabled it to increase greatly.</p> + +<p><i>Mus musculus musculus.</i> House Mouse.—The house mouse did not reach +Washtenaw County until several years after the settlement of the +district. It has become a serious pest, not only to household effects +and stored food, but it has taken to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> the grassy fields and the woods +bordering grain fields, and is commonly found in shocks of corn. The +amount of damage done by it in this county must be very great.</p> + +<p><i>Zapus hudsonius hudsonius.</i> Jumping Mouse.—A few occur in the county. +We have records for Ann Arbor, Portage Lake, and Whitmore Lake. In +October, about 1880, in Lodi Township, a female jumped from a shock of +corn that was pulled over, and when caught, after several jumps of two +feet or more, was found to have three small young attached to her teats.</p> + +<p><i>Erethizon dorsatum dorsatum.</i> Canada Porcupine.—The first settlers +found porcupines were common in the county. My father killed one in 1855 +in Lodi Township, and the last one known in the county was killed near +Saline in October, 1868, by John H. Bortle.</p> + +<p>The porcupine lives on the buds and bark of several species of trees, +and also eats the stems and leaves of water lilies. It is a clumsy and +stupid animal, knowing under natural conditions neither fear nor haste. +Its coat of sharp-barbed quills affords almost complete protection from +nearly all enemies except man, who alone is responsible for its +extinction in the county. Although large and clumsy, it climbs readily, +and often lives in the same tree for days. It also swims quite readily, +sometimes entering the water voluntarily. It makes a number of noises; +it sniffs, grunts, whines, chatters, and sometimes shrieks and cries +like a child.</p> + +<p><i>Marmota monax refuscens.</i> Woodchuck.—Before the settlement of the +county woodchucks were not very common, a few living on the prairies as +well as in the woods. With the clearing of the forests it found a +congenial habitat about the fields and gardens of the settlers, and +there found also choice<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> food easily gathered. With these conditions it +has greatly increased and has become a pest, so that many townships in +southern Michigan pay a bounty of 25 to 50 cents each for woodchucks.</p> + +<p>On the Wood homestead of 400 acres in Lodi Township this animal was +rarely seen in 1865, but in the next twenty years it became so common +that in the years 1881-82 I killed more than 100 and my brother and his +helper 125 more, all of them on this one small tract, and even then some +were left.</p> + +<p>Its flesh is good when properly prepared, but most people are so +prejudiced that they will not eat it.</p> + +<p>Albinos are not rare; I know of one taken near Saline about 1885.</p> + +<p>When alarmed it utters a shrill whistle; and when angry it chatters its +teeth. I have often seen it climb trees, and have shot it from heights +of 10 to 30 feet. It climbs when chased by dogs and also of its own free +will.</p> + +<p><i>Citellus tridecemlineatus tridecemlineatus.</i> Striped +Ground-squirrel.—This animal (erroneously called "gopher" by many +people) was formerly common only in the southern part of the Lower +Peninsula, where its natural habitat was the prairies or oak openings. +Here it occurred in great numbers, as stated by the first settlers. As +the state became settled and the timber cut off it gradually extended +its range until at present it occurs in most of the cultivated areas of +the Lower Peninsula.</p> + +<p>This squirrel rarely climbs in bushes or small trees. It has a sharp +whistle of alarm and a lower chirping call while feeding in company.</p> + +<p><i>Tamias striatus lysteri.</i> Northeastern Chipmunk.—Formerly abundant in +the county, living in the forests. With the cutting of the forests it +has become scarce, but is now sometimes found along brushy roadsides as +well as in woods.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span></p> + +<p>It occasionally climbs trees, but usually lives under stumps or logs in +or at the edge of woods. It stores up quantities of food, and is seldom +seen in the winter months.</p> + +<p>We have an albino at the Museum of Zoology which was caught near Ann +Arbor by a cat, and I know of one other seen near the city.</p> + +<p>The call of the chipmunk is a loud chirp or chuck, regularly repeated +and audible for a half-mile on still, frosty mornings. It also has a +bird-like chirp or rapid call.</p> + +<p><i>Sciurus hudsonicus loquax.</i> Southeastern Red-squirrel.—This is the +most abundant squirrel in the county. Owing to its small size it was +formerly not hunted; it also easily adapted itself to civilization and +increased so rapidly that in places it became a nuisance. It has been +accused of driving off the fox and gray squirrels, for which reason it +was exterminated from the University campus, where it formerly occurred.</p> + +<p>The red-squirrel is very noisy and has a number of calls, chatters, and +a whining cough which easily distinguishes it from other squirrels.</p> + +<p>Several albinos have been taken in Washtenaw County, one pure albino in +Dexter Township in 1908, and one nearly pure white, but with brownish +dorsal stripe and tail, near Ann Arbor in 1912.</p> + +<p><i>Sciurus carolinensis leucotis.</i> Northern Gray Squirrel.—Abundant in +the county for many years after its settlement. To the early settlers it +was an injurious species, as it destroyed much of their scanty corn +crop; but in later years it furnished much sport as well as a choice +food for the table. Its chosen habitat was the heavy forest of beech and +sugar maples, and with the cutting of these woods the gray squirrel has +gradually become rare, only a few now being found in the county.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> As +late as 1875 I saw many of the species, about one-half of the black +phase.</p> + +<p>Its call is a high, shrill chatter, which may be heard quite a distance, +and which is distinguished by hunters from the call of the red squirrel +or fox squirrel. J. Austin Scott witnessed a migration in the fall of +1840, when hundreds of gray and black squirrels crossed the Raisin River +near Adrian. They came from the south and were so exhausted from +swimming across the river that the boys killed many with clubs. He +counted 30 in one small tree near the water's edge.</p> + +<p><i>Sciurus niger rufiventer.</i> Western Fox Squirrel.—When Michigan was +first settled the species was rare and was confined chiefly to the +southern part of the state, where it occurred in the oak openings, which +seem to be its favorite habitat.<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> With the cutting of the heavy timber +it has gradually extended its range, occupying all of the more open +forests, and it has become very common, even entering the cities, where +it has become semi-domesticated.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Robert Kennicott, <i>U. S. Patent Office Report</i>, p. 56, +1856.</p></div> + +<p>W. J. Beal<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> states that in Lenawee County there were no fox squirrels +in the early days, but later they came in from the south. At my home in +Lodi Township I never saw one until about 1875, and they were rare for +several years after that.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> <i>Mich. Pioneer Coll.</i></p></div> + +<p>This is our largest squirrel, furnishing sport and food for hunters. One +albino taken in the county is in the collection of the Museum of +Zoology; and one partly melanistic individual, taken near Ann Arbor, +November 12, 1910, has the whole underside jet black.</p> + +<p>The call is hoarser than that of the gray squirrel, but although not so +high in pitch may be heard for some distance.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> It occasionally swims; I +know of one which swam across a part of Portage Lake, one-half mile, on +a hot summer day, about 1910.</p> + +<p><i>Glaucomys volans volans.</i> Southern Flying Squirrel.—This species may +still be found in some numbers in suitable habitats in the county. They +are usually found in woods, although I have found them in houses both in +Ann Arbor and at Portage Lake. They nest and live in tree cavities, and +in winter are gregarious. In late December, about 1890, in Lodi Township +I found 20 or more in a hollow butternut stub. The call is a high, +bird-like chirp or long squeak, which I have often heard from the tree +tops while in the woods on moonlight nights.</p> + +<p><i>Castor canadensis michiganensis.</i> Woods Beaver.—The first settlers of +this county found this species to be nearly extinct, although dams and +old beaver meadows were very common. It probably became scarce about +1800. Hon. Henry S. Dean, of Ann Arbor, told me that in 1837 at "Gravel +Run," a few miles north of Ann Arbor, he saw a dam in good shape, +although not used at that time. Remains of other dams still exist. S. D. +Allen, of Ann Arbor, told me that in 1835 he saw a live beaver in the +Huron River near Ypsilanti. This is the last record for the county.</p> + +<p><i>Lepus americanus americanus.</i> Snowshoe Hare.—This hare was formerly +common over all the southern peninsula of Michigan. In Washtenaw County +it persisted for a long time in the tamarack bogs, but when these were +mostly drained or destroyed the hares became extinct. It was last taken +in Steere's Swamp, four miles south of Ann Arbor, in 1875. One was taken +in a swamp near Whitmore Lake in 1890. L. D.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> Watkins, of Manchester, +reports shooting one in a large swamp near Pleasant Lake in the fall of +1907.</p> + +<p><i>Sylvilagus floridanus mearnsii.</i> Mearns Cottontail.—The cottontail was +formerly common only in the southern part of Michigan, but it now occurs +over all the cultivated area of the Lower Peninsula. It has increased +with and followed the civilization that furnished an abundance of food +and destroyed many of its enemies.</p> + +<p>I have several times found nests in meadows and cultivated fields. The +nest is built in a deep form and is lined with fur from the mother's +body and fine grass. The young are completely hidden when left by the +mother. April 16, 1920, I found a nest containing five young in a +stubblefield at Portage Lake. The young were well covered with hair, but +the eyes were not open. April 20, 1920, I found another nest containing +young on the lawn of an unoccupied house near the shore of Portage Lake. +The number of young was not determined. May 5 the young were gone and +the nest was deserted. May 16, 1920, L. R. Dice saw four young +cottontails with their eyes open in the possession of a boy. They were +taken from a nest near Ann Arbor.</p> + +<p>About May 10, some years ago, I saw a cottontail jump into and swim +across Mill Creek in this county. The animal was not pursued nor driven +in any way into the water. Sometimes when caught alive the cottontail +utters a loud, shrill cry.</p> + +<p><i>Bison bison bison.</i> American Bison.—According to the reports of the +early explorers, this large mammal, in the eighteenth century, occupied, +or at least visited, the southern border of the state of Michigan. +Although we have no record of its occurrence in this county, its remains +have been found just over the western border of the county by L. D. +Watkins, who<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> in 1835 picked up three skulls near Norvell, Jackson +County (Township 4 south, Range 2 east, Section 22). Two of these skulls +were sent to Hillsdale College, where one still remains, though the data +with it were lost during a fire; the other skull was sent to Albion +College, but cannot now be found. At the time these specimens were +collected other bones were plentiful on the surface of the ground.</p> + +<p><i>Cervus canadensis canadensis.</i> Eastern American Elk.—Probably common +over most of the Southern Peninsula of Michigan up until the time of the +settlements. I have found no record of live elk seen in the county, and +the species probably was extinct in the district before 1800. Bones and +antlers are common in the marshes and swamps of the county.</p> + +<p><i>Odocoileus virginianus borealis.</i> Northern White-tailed Deer.—Abundant +in the county when the first settlers arrived, and continued common for +many years. It quickly learned to adapt itself to civilization, feeding +by night where it formerly fed by day. Some early settlers report much +damage done to gardens and crops, of which the deer soon learned the +location. The last deer known to me in the county was seen in Saline +Township in 1875 by William Gordon, who reported it to me at the time. +Covert<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> records one seen in the county in 1879.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> Covert, A. B., in History of Washtenaw County, p. 194, +1881.</p></div> + + +<h2><i>Hypothetical List</i></h2> + +<p>The mammals included in this list have been reported as occurring in +Washtenaw County, but I can find no specimens with authentic data nor +descriptions satisfactory for identification, and consider the records +doubtful.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span></p> + +<p><i>Rattus rattus rattus.</i> Black Rat.—Covert<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> states that the species is +"very rare. I have but one specimen, which was caught at the Michigan +Central R. R. Depot."</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> Covert, A. B., in History of Washtenaw County, pp. 193-194, +1881.</p></div> + +<p><i>Mustela allegheniensis.</i> Least Weasel.—Covert says, "The only +specimens of this mammal I have had were brought in this winter" (1881). +I have not been able to find these specimens, which were doubtless small +females of <i>Mustela noveboracensis</i>.</p> + + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mammals of Washtenaw County, +Michigan, by Norman Wood + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MAMMALS OF WASHTENAW *** + +***** This file should be named 33507-h.htm or 33507-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/3/5/0/33507/ + +Produced by Larry B. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Mammals of Washtenaw County, Michigan + Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, No. 123 + +Author: Norman Wood + +Release Date: August 23, 2010 [EBook #33507] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MAMMALS OF WASHTENAW *** + + + + +Produced by Larry B. Harrison, Josephine Paolucci and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net. + + + + + + +NUMBER 123 JULY 10, 1922 + + +OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY + + +UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN + +ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY + + + + +THE MAMMALS OF WASHTENAW COUNTY, MICHIGAN + +BY NORMAN A. WOOD + + +Three natural physiographic divisions cross Washtenaw County from +northwest to southeast. The northwestern part of the county is occupied +by the rough interlobate moraine of loose-textured soil, the Interlobate +Lake District; a broad Clay Morainic Belt occupies most of the central +part of the county; and in the southeastern corner of the county is +found a low Lake Plain, once the bed of glacial Lake Maumee. + +The Interlobate Lake District has a conspicuous system of moraines, +making up a most irregular land surface. Steep knolls 100 to 200 feet in +height are closely associated with basins, which are often deep, and +some of which are occupied by lakes. Small, undrained depressions occur +everywhere, producing thousands of acres of swamp and marsh land. + +The Clay Morainic Belt occupies the region from just below Portage Lake +to Ypsilanti. It is composed of glacial till plains and clay moraines +extending from northeast to southwest. This area includes the highest +land in the county, one hill exceeding and several approaching 1100 feet +in altitude. Most of the area is high and rolling. + +The old beach, marking the limits of the Lake Plain District, runs +northeast from Ypsilanti to the county line above Cherry Hill, and +southwest through Stony Creek to a point on the county line about eight +miles west of Milan. + +The native upland forests of the Interlobate Moraine District were +composed chiefly of red, yellow, and white oak, with some smooth-bark +hickory and sugar maple and a few shag-bark hickories. Here were also +large areas of creeping juniper and a few small patches of ground +hemlock (yew). On the flood-plains of the rivers and lakes were quite +extensive swampy forests of soft maple, black ash, and white elm. Swamp +oak and whitewood grew commonly in the drier situations toward the edge +of the swamp conditions. The red-bud and red cedar were characteristic +of the river banks. White pine probably never grew in the county, +although a few trees occur on the south bank of the Huron River near +Hamburg, a few miles north of the county line. + +Tamarack bogs, some of large size, are abundant in the Interlobate +Moraine District and occur commonly also in the Clay Morainic District, +but are practically wanting in the Lake Plain District. + +The Clay Morainic District was originally dominated by forests of oak +and hickory. Several kinds of oaks, white ash, and several species of +hickories, with shag-bark most characteristic, were most abundant. Mixed +with these were elm, beech, sugar maple, black walnut, and butternut. On +the higher ground many stands of quaking aspen were found. The forest +was quite dense and little underbrush normally occurred. Tamarack bogs +were common, and a small stand of black spruce occurred at the edge of +Independence Lake. There are few flood-plains along the Huron River in +this district, but along the river's edge were a few cottonwoods and +sycamores, and many willows, some of large size. On the steep bluffs +along the river was often a heavy growth of red cedar; and some large +areas of procumbent juniper occurred. In this district were several +open, level, sandy plains covered with a scattered growth of white and +bur oaks and an undergrowth of hazel brush. These were known to the +pioneers as "oak openings" or "plains." Lodi Plains in Lodi Township, +Bur Oak Plains in Manchester Township, Sharon Plains in Sharon Township, +and Boyden's Plains in Webster Township were the largest of these +natural openings in Washtenaw County. + +On the low lands of the Lake Plain District great forests of black ash, +elm, whitewood, soft maple, red-bud, swamp oak, and bur oak were found +by the early settlers. Large sycamore trees were found along the river +banks, these following the Huron River up a short distance beyond Ann +Arbor and occurring all along the Raisin and Saline rivers. The paw paw +and pin oak were found rarely in the southeastern part of the county. +Along the small streams in this district were extensive marshes which +were evidently old beaver meadows. About the edges of the marshes were +fringes of tamaracks. + +At the beginning of the nineteenth century Washtenaw County was an +unbroken wilderness, and deer, wolves, bear, and other large and small +fur-bearing animals were abundant. A few white trappers were in the +region, and the Indians frequently passed through on the old Tecumseh +Trail to Detroit, where they went to trade. + +In 1809 three Frenchmen established a trading-post at Ypsilanti, where +the Tecumseh Trail crossed the Huron River, and for several years they +traded here with the Indians. In 1823 the first permanent settlement in +the county was made by Benjamin Woodruff and two others at Woodruff's +Grove, not far from the present site of Ypsilanti. A settlement was made +at Ann Arbor in 1824, and many pioneers arrived in the county during the +next few years. + +With the coming of the settlers and the clearing of the forests the +natural mammal habitats were greatly altered or destroyed. This, +together with the hunting by the settlers, caused the gradual +disappearance of the larger mammals, such as the cougar, bear, wolf, +lynx, and deer. The clearings of the settlers created new habitats which +were gradually occupied by species better adapted to civilization, such +as the mole, woodchuck, ground squirrel, fox squirrel, and skunk, and +also the house mouse and Norway rat, which were brought in +unintentionally by the settlers. + +For sixty-five years I have lived almost constantly in Washtenaw County +and I have seen the latter part of the exploitation of the forests of +the county and the extermination of most of the larger mammals. From my +father, who settled in the county in 1836, and other old pioneers I have +drawn extensively for information about the early mammals of the county. +Much use has also been made of information contained in the Michigan +Historical Collections. The specimens on which the records here are +based are mostly preserved in the Museum of Zoology. + +For considerable assistance in the preparation of the manuscript of this +paper I am indebted to L. R. Dice, Curator of Mammals in the Museum of +Zoology, University of Michigan. + + +LIST OF SPECIES + +_Didelphis virginiana virginiana._ Virginia Opossum.--This species is +rare in the county. One was taken by my father, Jessup S. Wood, in 1845, +in Lodi Township. We have later records for Ann Arbor, Dexter, +Manchester, Saline, and Scio Township. The last recorded specimen was +taken by some boys in November, 1921, just south of the Oakland County +line. + +February 5, 1912, a trapper took a specimen near Ann Arbor on a night +when the temperature was about 10 deg. F. below zero. + +_Scalopus aquaticus machrinus._ Prairie Mole.--The mole was rare or +absent from the county when first settled, but it has gradually +increased and has spread over most of the cultivated lands. It is most +common in sandy or gravelly loams, and is absent from the hard clay +soils. I remember the first appearance of the species on the old Wood +homestead in Lodi Township about 1870. It soon became common. + +_Condylura cristata._ Star-nosed Mole.--Although not very rare in this +county, it is seldom seen. We have records for Lodi Township, Ann Arbor, +Webster Township, Ypsilanti, and Chelsea. It prefers low, marshy land +near the water, and much of its food consists of aquatic insects, which +it secures by swimming. It is not as well adapted for burrowing as the +preceding species, so it lives in softer soil. + +May 8, 1913, a nest containing six half-grown young was found by Kitt +Cobb in marshy ground beside the Huron River at Portage Lake. The nest +was in a good-sized cavity near the surface of the ground and was lined +with dried grass. This species sometimes comes out on the surface of the +ground, where I have found several individuals in early spring, most of +them dead. February 10, 1907, near Ann Arbor, A. D. Tinker heard one +tunneling in the snow and dug it out. + +_Sorex personatus._ Masked Shrew.--In this county the masked shrew is +usually found in sphagnum and tamarack bogs. There are records for a +tamarack bog, three miles south of Ann Arbor, and for Honey Creek, three +miles west of Ann Arbor. I have found it mostly under old logs and in +stumps in rather moist situations. + +_Blarina brevicauda talpoides._ Short-tailed Shrew.--Common in swamps, +woodlands, and even in meadows, where it has its own runways and also +uses those of the meadow mouse, on which it largely feeds. + +This shrew is diurnal as well as nocturnal, and I have often seen it in +its runways. It is active all winter, and its tunnels may often be seen +in the snow. While trapping in Steere's Swamp, south of Ann Arbor, a +_Synaptomys cooperi_ in a trap was eaten by one of these shrews, which +was later caught in the same trap. + +_Cryptotis parva._ Small Shrew.--The first record for the county was +obtained in 1902 at Ann Arbor. In February, 1904, one was found in a +barn three miles east of Ann Arbor. At Portage Lake, in 1916, a house +cat brought two individuals to her kittens on October 29 and 31, +respectively. The specimens taken by me were found in grassy places, +usually where briers and shrubs were intermingled with the grass, but +not in the woods. + +_Myotis lucifugus lucifugus._ Little Brown Bat.--Almost every winter +individuals have been found in the building of the Museum of Zoology, at +Ann Arbor, where they have been awakened by the heat long before insects +were flying about. Max Peet took one at Ypsilanti June 6, 1904. + +_Myotis subulatus subulatus._ Say Bat.--In 1902 one was found alive in +one of the buildings of the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor and was +kept in a cage from February 26 to March 6, when it died. + +_Lasionycteris noctivagans._ Silver-haired Bat.--A female which seemed +to have an injured wing was picked up at Ann Arbor by A. G. Ruthven, +June 13, 1910. It contained two large embryos. This species is rare in +this county. + +_Eptesicus fuscus fuscus._ Large Brown Bat.--Common at Ann Arbor and +Ypsilanti. It is often found in buildings in winter. We have records for +Ann Arbor every month except September, October, and November. Of all +the bats this one is the most common about dwellings, and it is the one +that most often enters houses at night in search of insects. Perhaps it +is attracted by the light, as I have often seen it feeding about the +street lights. + +_Nycteris borealis borealis._ Red Bat.--Common at Ann Arbor, and there +is one record for Ypsilanti. At Ann Arbor there are records from April +30, in 1919, to July 4, in 1921. Also one was taken in November, 1917. +On June 12, 1903, a female with two young attached to the underside was +found hanging in a tree in Ann Arbor. The young were naked and blind and +quite small. June 10, 1908, another female was found in a similar +situation with three half-grown young attached. + +_Nycteris cinerea._ Hoary Bat.--We have records for Ann Arbor, +Bridgewater Township, Manchester, and Portage Lake. Our dates run from +September 5 to October 15; but in December, 1891, one was found in a +barn and was kept alive for several weeks. + +_Ursus americanus._ Black Bear.--Formerly common, and one of the last of +the larger animals of the county to be exterminated. The last one known +to be in the county was killed in October, 1875, in the big marsh west +of Saline. Mr. George Inman, one of the pioneers of Lodi Township, told +me that he had seen one just killed a few miles west of Ypsilanti in +1852. One was killed in Pittsfield Township in 1835. Black or brown is +the normal color in this state, but I have heard of one albino which was +taken in Bay County not many years ago. + +_Canis lycaon._ Timber Wolf.--When the county was first settled the +wolves were so destructive that it was difficult to keep any domestic +animals. As late as 1840, 30 sheep were killed for a neighbor of my +father's in Lodi Township; and another neighbor was himself chased by a +pack in the winter of 1836. In October, 1834, a large wolf was seen by +Mr. S. P. Allen near Ypsilanti. In looking over the county records I +find that in 1837 a bounty of five dollars each was paid to four +residents for eight wolf scalps; in 1838 eight more bounties of eight +dollars each were paid; and up to 1839 bounties to a total amount of +$178 had been paid. The records for the next twelve years are not +available, but as late as 1853 two wolf bounties of eight dollars each +were paid to residents of the county. Some of these probably refer to +coyotes. We have one record of a black wolf for the county. + +_Canis latrans._ Brush Wolf, Coyote.--In the History of Washtenaw +County[1] there is a full-page picture of hunting the prairie wolves in +an early day, which shows men on horseback in oak openings, rounding up +the wolves. In the same volume is an account by Mrs. H. L. Noble, saying +that the wolves would "come at evening and stay about the cabin all +night, keeping up a serenade that would almost chill the blood in my +veins." These were no doubt coyotes. In 1905 I mounted a large male, +weighing 45 pounds, which had been shot in Sharon Township, March 10, by +Mr. Keeler. Another is reported to have been seen in the same township +in 1910. + +[Footnote 1: History of Washtenaw County, Michigan, p. 67, 1881.] + +_Vulpes fulva._ Red Fox.--The early settlers report the red fox as being +quite common and destructive to small lambs, poultry, and game. Owing to +its cunning this species has been able to live and increase in spite of +much hunting and trapping. It is nocturnal as a rule, though I have seen +them often in the daytime catching mice on the marshes. In April, 1883, +a den was found in Lodi Township, and by careful watching the young +could be seen playing about the entrance to the den while waiting for +their mother to bring them food. The young in this den were moved to +other dens every week or so, and to my certain knowledge were moved +three times before they were dug out by a friend and myself. One +transfer was for more than one-third of a mile. There were six of them +about the size of small cats. These dens seem to have been woodchuck +holes dug out and enlarged. Some were in hillsides, but some were on +level ground. The den dug out was an old woodchuck hole. It extended +about 25 feet into a bank, with a large nest chamber at the end about +six feet from the top of the ground. A second entrance to the tunnel led +down from the top of the bank and joined the tunnel about 12 feet from +the nest. Some dried grass was noted in the nest chamber. A black fox +was taken in Pittsfield Township in 1878, and I have heard of another +being seen at a later date. + +_Urocyon cinereoargenteus cinereoargenteus._ Gray Fox.--This small fox +persisted in this county for many years. I saw one in Lodi Township in +1866 which had been treed by a dog. In October, 1866, two were shot near +Saline by J. H. Bortle. The last one known to me in the county was +taken in Steere's Swamp, near Ann Arbor, in the winter of 1882. The +species is very local, living in swamps and woods, which it rarely +leaves. It has a sharp bark which is heavier than that of the red fox. + +_Procyon lotor lotor._ Raccoon.--In this county the raccoon was formerly +very common, according to the early settlers, and did much damage to +poultry and to the corn when in the milk. In return it served as food +and its skin was both an article of dress and a medium of exchange, a +coon-skin being valued at 25 cents. It was still very common in Lodi +Township in 1870-80 and furnished the sport of "cooning," when it often +led both dogs and men a tiresome chase through woods and swamps and +often escaped to its den in some big hollow tree. + +When taken young it makes an interesting but very mischievous pet, and +cannot be allowed loose in the house. I once had three as pets, and +nearly all kinds of food given them were treated to a bath before eaten. +It is omnivorous in its food habits and eats all kinds of fish, flesh, +eggs, apples, berries, and is especially fond of green corn. On this +food the coon grows fat, and when winter comes curls up in some den tree +and sleeps through the winter, sometimes alone, and sometimes with +several others. I have known of seven being found in a big hollow tree +in Lodi Township. The latter part of the winter, during the warm spells, +I have found tracks in the snow and have followed the tracks for miles +as they visited other dens. The species is not strictly nocturnal, and I +have often seen coons sunning themselves on limbs and have also found +them on the ground feeding in the daytime. I once found a small one in +the water of a little brook, where it was nearly drowned and was +uttering a shrill, piteous cry. It had probably fallen from a log into +the stream. + +The young grow slowly and generally stay with the parents until a year +old. They do not obtain their full growth until about the third year. +They vary much in size, weighing from 15 to 40 pounds. One caught near +Ann Arbor in November, 1905, weighed 30 pounds, and the blanket of fat +under the skin weighed five pounds. The heaviest Michigan raccoon known +to me was taken near Edmore, Montcalm County, May 10, 1904, and weighed +56 pounds. + +The call is a shrill tremulo cry, almost like a whistle, and on a still +night may be heard for a long distance. When caught by a dog it +sometimes utters a snarling cry, from rage or pain. The color varies in +shades of gray and black, and we have a dozen records of white or albino +raccoons from this county, and half that number of black or melanistic +ones. + +_Mustela pennantii pennantii._ Fisher.--Henry Wilson, an old pioneer of +Dexter, told me that he killed a large male in February, 1862, near +Independence Lake, Webster Township. Other old trappers report that it +has been taken in the county, but are not able to give exact data. + +_Mustela noveboracensis noveboracensis._ New York Weasel.--This species +is quite commonly distributed over the county even now. One summer day +in Lodi Township I heard the excited squawking of a setting hen that was +confined in a box coop; on raising the cover the hen was seen to have a +weasel attached to her leg. With a stick I attempted to hit the weasel, +which was dragged about by the hen, but only succeeded in causing it to +run under a shed, from which place it soon stuck its head out of a hole. +I again tried to hit it with a stick, but it always dodged the blow. +Finally I went to the house for the gun, and when I returned found the +weasel out chasing the hen again. A shot soon finished it. + +In this county only about 75 per cent of the weasels change to the white +coat in winter. + +_Mustela vison mink._ Northeastern Mink.--In this county the mink has +been so closely trapped that it is almost, if not quite, exterminated in +some townships where it was formerly common. The mink is not so +perfectly aquatic as the otter, but it also travels on land quite fast +and far. I have found them a half-mile from water hunting for mice, +birds, and even cottontails. I once shot one in Lodi Township that came +to the chicken house and killed a fully grown hen, which it dragged a +rod or so away, where it ate all it wanted. Another time I followed on +the snow one that had run five miles in a night, and finally found it +only a short distance from the place it started from. The mink is +generally nocturnal, but I have often found it out on dark days. Once +while fishing I saw one catch and carry away a good-sized trout. It is a +poor climber, but once while hunting raccoons a dog chased one up a +tree, where it was shot from a limb 20 feet above the ground. Albinos +are rare, but we have in the Museum collections a mounted specimen which +was taken at Ann Arbor. Melanistic specimens are rarer still, and I have +seen but one, which was caught in Lodi Township in 1875. + +_Mephitis nigra._ Eastern Skunk.--The skunk was common when the first +settlers arrived in this county. With the clearing of the forests it +became abundant. Altogether I have seen hundreds about my old home in +Lodi Township. Here in one winter, about 1870, more than 30 were taken +in one trap under an old barn. + +Although it usually passes most of the winter months in a state of +hibernation, it occasionally comes out during warm spells and wanders +from one den to another. I have seen its tracks every winter month. It +is mainly nocturnal, but it also travels in the early evening and later +morning, and I once saw a mother and six young pass through the dooryard +just at dusk. The skunk is not a climber, as a rule, but I have found it +a few feet up the inside of small hollow trees. Once I saw one enter a +small stream and swim across; it was not forced, but went into the water +of its own volition. + +_Taxidea taxus taxus._ Badger.--The early settlers state that the badger +was found in this county, but was not common. We have records from 1883 +to 1919, including Saline Township, Superior Township, Lyndon Township, +Ann Arbor, Chelsea, and Bass Lake. The species hibernates, but I have +known it to come out on the snow, and I have records for every winter +month. + +_Lutra canadensis canadensis._ Canada Otter.--Formerly the otter was not +rare in all the river systems of the county, and we know of a number +being taken on the Huron, Raisin, and Saline rivers from 1856 to 1910, +but none have been reported since that date. Three were seen and one +shot by Edwin Hawley near Munith, Jackson County, not far from the +county line, March 25, 1909. One was reported seen in a small mud lake +in Lodi Township in 1910. At this same lake in 1886 two were taken by J. +H. Bortle, of Saline. In May, 1908, John Staebler, a farmer, saw one at +close range near Fleming Creek, two miles east of Ann Arbor, and in the +spring of 1900 he saw another near the same place. + +_Felis cougar._--L. D. Watkins, of Manchester, records this animal as +often passing through Manchester, about 1835, generally going southwest; +the last one was seen in 1870. Hon. Henry S. Dean, of Ann Arbor, stated +that one was reported in the county by hunters in 1838. Miss Julia +Dexter Stannard[2] tells of a panther that in 1830 chased her mother at +dusk one evening while she was returning home, to Webster Township, from +Ann Arbor on horseback. The panther followed almost to the house, when +the lights in the window scared it off. + +[Footnote 2: _Mich. Pioneer Coll._, v. 28, p. 565.] + +_Lynx canadensis._ Canada Lynx.--L. D. Watkins reports that he killed +one in this county in 1842, and Hon. Henry S. Dean, of Ann Arbor, told +me that old hunters reported it in the county in 1838. + +_Lynx ruffus ruffus._ Bob-cat, Bay Lynx.--This species was always more +common in the county than the Canada lynx, but it has been extinct here +for fifty years. The early settlers often recorded it as common. In 1850 +J. S. Wood, of Lodi Township, treed one with a dog. In 1870 Henry +Wilson, of Dexter, saw one near Independence Lake. + +_Peromyscus maniculatus bairdii._ Prairie Deer Mouse.--Specimens were +taken September 28, 1909, in open fields near Manchester by F. M. Gaige. +In the fall of the same year Dr. J. B. Steere took it on the big marsh +four miles south of Ann Arbor; this, he states, is his first record for +the species. In 1920 it was taken near Cavanaugh Lake, and is numerous +near Ann Arbor and Portage Lake. It probably formerly occurred on the +open prairies and oak openings, but now it is found in open fields and +in grassy meadows. + +_Peromyscus leucopus noveboracensis._ Northern Deer Mouse.--This mouse +is abundant in forests over the county, and is found in adjoining +fields, especially in those containing corn. + +_Synaptomys cooperi cooperi._ Cooper Lemming-vole.--In October, 1883, +George B. Sudworth took one near Ann Arbor. February 13, 1903, E. H. +Frothingham found one under a corn shock about four miles south of Ann +Arbor. In a runway in a small tamarack stand in Steere's Swamp, near the +same place, I trapped an adult female and four nearly grown young, +October 8 and 9, 1903. In February, March, and April, 1921, H. B. +Sherman trapped six in a field containing a little brush, a short +distance south of Ann Arbor. A number of their remains were found by J. +Van Tyne in the winters of 1921 and 1922 near Ann Arbor, in pellets of +the long-eared owl. + +_Microtus pennsylvanicus pennsylvanicus._ Pennsylvania Vole.--Was +formerly found in beaver meadows, but with the clearing of the forests +it has extended its range to the fields of grass and grain, and has +become the most numerous of all the mammals of the county. Records are +at hand for Ann Arbor, Pittsfield Township, and Portage Lake. + +_Microtus pinetorum scalopsoides._ Pine Vole.--July 15, 1921, A. G. +Ruthven found an adult male in the oak-hickory woods on his grounds near +the outskirts of Ann Arbor. + +_Fiber zibethicus zibethicus._ Muskrat.--In spite of persistent +trapping, muskrats are still numerous in the county. Records are at hand +for Ann Arbor, Pittsfield Township, Portage Lake, Saline, and Ypsilanti. + +_Rattus norvegicus._ Norway Rat.--This injurious rodent became common +soon after the settlement of the county. Its omnivorous food habits and +adaptability have enabled it to increase greatly. + +_Mus musculus musculus._ House Mouse.--The house mouse did not reach +Washtenaw County until several years after the settlement of the +district. It has become a serious pest, not only to household effects +and stored food, but it has taken to the grassy fields and the woods +bordering grain fields, and is commonly found in shocks of corn. The +amount of damage done by it in this county must be very great. + +_Zapus hudsonius hudsonius._ Jumping Mouse.--A few occur in the county. +We have records for Ann Arbor, Portage Lake, and Whitmore Lake. In +October, about 1880, in Lodi Township, a female jumped from a shock of +corn that was pulled over, and when caught, after several jumps of two +feet or more, was found to have three small young attached to her teats. + +_Erethizon dorsatum dorsatum._ Canada Porcupine.--The first settlers +found porcupines were common in the county. My father killed one in 1855 +in Lodi Township, and the last one known in the county was killed near +Saline in October, 1868, by John H. Bortle. + +The porcupine lives on the buds and bark of several species of trees, +and also eats the stems and leaves of water lilies. It is a clumsy and +stupid animal, knowing under natural conditions neither fear nor haste. +Its coat of sharp-barbed quills affords almost complete protection from +nearly all enemies except man, who alone is responsible for its +extinction in the county. Although large and clumsy, it climbs readily, +and often lives in the same tree for days. It also swims quite readily, +sometimes entering the water voluntarily. It makes a number of noises; +it sniffs, grunts, whines, chatters, and sometimes shrieks and cries +like a child. + +_Marmota monax refuscens._ Woodchuck.--Before the settlement of the +county woodchucks were not very common, a few living on the prairies as +well as in the woods. With the clearing of the forests it found a +congenial habitat about the fields and gardens of the settlers, and +there found also choice food easily gathered. With these conditions it +has greatly increased and has become a pest, so that many townships in +southern Michigan pay a bounty of 25 to 50 cents each for woodchucks. + +On the Wood homestead of 400 acres in Lodi Township this animal was +rarely seen in 1865, but in the next twenty years it became so common +that in the years 1881-82 I killed more than 100 and my brother and his +helper 125 more, all of them on this one small tract, and even then some +were left. + +Its flesh is good when properly prepared, but most people are so +prejudiced that they will not eat it. + +Albinos are not rare; I know of one taken near Saline about 1885. + +When alarmed it utters a shrill whistle; and when angry it chatters its +teeth. I have often seen it climb trees, and have shot it from heights +of 10 to 30 feet. It climbs when chased by dogs and also of its own free +will. + +_Citellus tridecemlineatus tridecemlineatus._ Striped +Ground-squirrel.--This animal (erroneously called "gopher" by many +people) was formerly common only in the southern part of the Lower +Peninsula, where its natural habitat was the prairies or oak openings. +Here it occurred in great numbers, as stated by the first settlers. As +the state became settled and the timber cut off it gradually extended +its range until at present it occurs in most of the cultivated areas of +the Lower Peninsula. + +This squirrel rarely climbs in bushes or small trees. It has a sharp +whistle of alarm and a lower chirping call while feeding in company. + +_Tamias striatus lysteri._ Northeastern Chipmunk.--Formerly abundant in +the county, living in the forests. With the cutting of the forests it +has become scarce, but is now sometimes found along brushy roadsides as +well as in woods. + +It occasionally climbs trees, but usually lives under stumps or logs in +or at the edge of woods. It stores up quantities of food, and is seldom +seen in the winter months. + +We have an albino at the Museum of Zoology which was caught near Ann +Arbor by a cat, and I know of one other seen near the city. + +The call of the chipmunk is a loud chirp or chuck, regularly repeated +and audible for a half-mile on still, frosty mornings. It also has a +bird-like chirp or rapid call. + +_Sciurus hudsonicus loquax._ Southeastern Red-squirrel.--This is the +most abundant squirrel in the county. Owing to its small size it was +formerly not hunted; it also easily adapted itself to civilization and +increased so rapidly that in places it became a nuisance. It has been +accused of driving off the fox and gray squirrels, for which reason it +was exterminated from the University campus, where it formerly occurred. + +The red-squirrel is very noisy and has a number of calls, chatters, and +a whining cough which easily distinguishes it from other squirrels. + +Several albinos have been taken in Washtenaw County, one pure albino in +Dexter Township in 1908, and one nearly pure white, but with brownish +dorsal stripe and tail, near Ann Arbor in 1912. + +_Sciurus carolinensis leucotis._ Northern Gray Squirrel.--Abundant in +the county for many years after its settlement. To the early settlers it +was an injurious species, as it destroyed much of their scanty corn +crop; but in later years it furnished much sport as well as a choice +food for the table. Its chosen habitat was the heavy forest of beech and +sugar maples, and with the cutting of these woods the gray squirrel has +gradually become rare, only a few now being found in the county. As +late as 1875 I saw many of the species, about one-half of the black +phase. + +Its call is a high, shrill chatter, which may be heard quite a distance, +and which is distinguished by hunters from the call of the red squirrel +or fox squirrel. J. Austin Scott witnessed a migration in the fall of +1840, when hundreds of gray and black squirrels crossed the Raisin River +near Adrian. They came from the south and were so exhausted from +swimming across the river that the boys killed many with clubs. He +counted 30 in one small tree near the water's edge. + +_Sciurus niger rufiventer._ Western Fox Squirrel.--When Michigan was +first settled the species was rare and was confined chiefly to the +southern part of the state, where it occurred in the oak openings, which +seem to be its favorite habitat.[3] With the cutting of the heavy timber +it has gradually extended its range, occupying all of the more open +forests, and it has become very common, even entering the cities, where +it has become semi-domesticated. + +[Footnote 3: Robert Kennicott, _U. S. Patent Office Report_, p. 56, +1856]. + +W. J. Beal[4] states that in Lenawee County there were no fox squirrels +in the early days, but later they came in from the south. At my home in +Lodi Township I never saw one until about 1875, and they were rare for +several years after that. + +[Footnote 4: _Mich. Pioneer Coll._] + +This is our largest squirrel, furnishing sport and food for hunters. One +albino taken in the county is in the collection of the Museum of +Zoology; and one partly melanistic individual, taken near Ann Arbor, +November 12, 1910, has the whole underside jet black. + +The call is hoarser than that of the gray squirrel, but although not so +high in pitch may be heard for some distance. It occasionally swims; I +know of one which swam across a part of Portage Lake, one-half mile, on +a hot summer day, about 1910. + +_Glaucomys volans volans._ Southern Flying Squirrel.--This species may +still be found in some numbers in suitable habitats in the county. They +are usually found in woods, although I have found them in houses both in +Ann Arbor and at Portage Lake. They nest and live in tree cavities, and +in winter are gregarious. In late December, about 1890, in Lodi Township +I found 20 or more in a hollow butternut stub. The call is a high, +bird-like chirp or long squeak, which I have often heard from the tree +tops while in the woods on moonlight nights. + +_Castor canadensis michiganensis._ Woods Beaver.--The first settlers of +this county found this species to be nearly extinct, although dams and +old beaver meadows were very common. It probably became scarce about +1800. Hon. Henry S. Dean, of Ann Arbor, told me that in 1837 at "Gravel +Run," a few miles north of Ann Arbor, he saw a dam in good shape, +although not used at that time. Remains of other dams still exist. S. D. +Allen, of Ann Arbor, told me that in 1835 he saw a live beaver in the +Huron River near Ypsilanti. This is the last record for the county. + +_Lepus americanus americanus._ Snowshoe Hare.--This hare was formerly +common over all the southern peninsula of Michigan. In Washtenaw County +it persisted for a long time in the tamarack bogs, but when these were +mostly drained or destroyed the hares became extinct. It was last taken +in Steere's Swamp, four miles south of Ann Arbor, in 1875. One was taken +in a swamp near Whitmore Lake in 1890. L. D. Watkins, of Manchester, +reports shooting one in a large swamp near Pleasant Lake in the fall of +1907. + +_Sylvilagus floridanus mearnsii._ Mearns Cottontail.--The cottontail was +formerly common only in the southern part of Michigan, but it now occurs +over all the cultivated area of the Lower Peninsula. It has increased +with and followed the civilization that furnished an abundance of food +and destroyed many of its enemies. + +I have several times found nests in meadows and cultivated fields. The +nest is built in a deep form and is lined with fur from the mother's +body and fine grass. The young are completely hidden when left by the +mother. April 16, 1920, I found a nest containing five young in a +stubblefield at Portage Lake. The young were well covered with hair, but +the eyes were not open. April 20, 1920, I found another nest containing +young on the lawn of an unoccupied house near the shore of Portage Lake. +The number of young was not determined. May 5 the young were gone and +the nest was deserted. May 16, 1920, L. R. Dice saw four young +cottontails with their eyes open in the possession of a boy. They were +taken from a nest near Ann Arbor. + +About May 10, some years ago, I saw a cottontail jump into and swim +across Mill Creek in this county. The animal was not pursued nor driven +in any way into the water. Sometimes when caught alive the cottontail +utters a loud, shrill cry. + +_Bison bison bison._ American Bison.--According to the reports of the +early explorers, this large mammal, in the eighteenth century, occupied, +or at least visited, the southern border of the state of Michigan. +Although we have no record of its occurrence in this county, its remains +have been found just over the western border of the county by L. D. +Watkins, who in 1835 picked up three skulls near Norvell, Jackson +County (Township 4 south, Range 2 east, Section 22). Two of these skulls +were sent to Hillsdale College, where one still remains, though the data +with it were lost during a fire; the other skull was sent to Albion +College, but cannot now be found. At the time these specimens were +collected other bones were plentiful on the surface of the ground. + +_Cervus canadensis canadensis._ Eastern American Elk.--Probably common +over most of the Southern Peninsula of Michigan up until the time of the +settlements. I have found no record of live elk seen in the county, and +the species probably was extinct in the district before 1800. Bones and +antlers are common in the marshes and swamps of the county. + +_Odocoileus virginianus borealis._ Northern White-tailed Deer.--Abundant +in the county when the first settlers arrived, and continued common for +many years. It quickly learned to adapt itself to civilization, feeding +by night where it formerly fed by day. Some early settlers report much +damage done to gardens and crops, of which the deer soon learned the +location. The last deer known to me in the county was seen in Saline +Township in 1875 by William Gordon, who reported it to me at the time. +Covert[5] records one seen in the county in 1879. + +[Footnote 5: Covert, A. B., in History of Washtenaw County, p. 194, +1881.] + + +_Hypothetical List_ + +The mammals included in this list have been reported as occurring in +Washtenaw County, but I can find no specimens with authentic data nor +descriptions satisfactory for identification, and consider the records +doubtful. + +_Rattus rattus rattus._ Black Rat.--Covert[6] states that the species is +"very rare. I have but one specimen, which was caught at the Michigan +Central R. R. Depot." + +[Footnote 6: Covert, A. B., in History of Washtenaw County, pp. 193-194, +1881.] + +_Mustela allegheniensis._ Least Weasel.--Covert says, "The only +specimens of this mammal I have had were brought in this winter" (1881). +I have not been able to find these specimens, which were doubtless small +females of _Mustela noveboracensis_. + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Mammals of Washtenaw County, +Michigan, by Norman Wood + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MAMMALS OF WASHTENAW *** + +***** This file should be named 33507.txt or 33507.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/3/5/0/33507/ + +Produced by Larry B. 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