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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Memoranda on Tours, Touraine and Central
+France., by J. H. Holdsworth
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Memoranda on Tours, Touraine and Central France.
+       Including remarks on the climate with a sketch of the
+       Botany And Geology of the Province also on the Wines and
+       Mineral Waters of France The maladies to which they are
+       applicable, and their effects upon the constitution. To
+       which is added an appendix containing a variety of useful
+       information to The Tourist.
+
+Author: J. H. Holdsworth
+
+Release Date: August 20, 2010 [EBook #33473]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MEMORANDA ON TOURS ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chuck Greif and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Aside from the correction of obvious typographical errors, the text has
+not been modernized; the original (some archaic) spellings have been
+retained (Maderia for Madiera; marjorem for marjoram; Marsilles for
+Marsailles; horison for horizon). [Note of etext transcriber.]
+
+
+
+
+MEMORANDA
+
+ON
+
+TOURS, TOURAINE
+
+AND
+
+CENTRAL FRANCE.
+
+Tours.--Printed by A. MAME and Co.
+
+
+
+
+MEMORANDA
+
+ON
+
+TOURS AND TOURAINE
+
+INCLUDING
+
+REMARKS ON THE CLIMATE
+
+with a sketch
+
+OF THE
+
+BOTANY AND GEOLOGY OF THE PROVINCE
+
+ALSO ON THE
+
+WINES
+
+AND
+
+MINERAL WATERS
+
+OF
+
+FRANCE
+
+The maladies to which they are applicable, and their effects upon the
+constitution. To which is added an appendix containing a variety of
+useful information to
+
+THE TOURIST
+
+BY
+
+J. H. HOLDSWORTH, M. D.
+
+TOURS,
+
+A. AIGRE, rue Royale.
+
+Messrs. CALIGNANIS, No 18, rue Vivienne, PARIS;
+HENRY RENSHAW, No 356, Strand, LONDON;
+And all other Booksellers.
+
+1842
+
+«Thou, nature, art my Goddess; to thy law my services are bound.»
+
+SHAKSPEARE.
+
+
+
+
+TO
+
+LAWSON CAPE, M. D.
+
+Lecturer at Saint-Thomas's Hospital
+
+THIS SMALL VOLUME
+
+IS INSCRIBED
+
+As a slight testimony of friendship and esteem
+
+BY THE
+
+AUTHOR.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+The author of the present little volume in offering it to the public is
+sensible how crude and imperfect is its form. The haste with which from
+unavoidable circumstances, it has been composed and the difficulties he
+has had to contend with in printing it in a foreign country will, he
+trusts, be considered an excuse, however insufficient, for errors which
+would otherwise be unpardonable.
+
+His object has been to convey information on subjects new to the
+generality of those who resort to France for the restoration of their
+health. In England, independent of the valetudinarian, not only the man
+of wealth and fashion, but the economist of time and means,--in these
+days of locomotive mania,--deem a visit to the continent almost
+indispensable; and in the majority of cases, after the resolution to
+take a trip abroad is formed the resolvent with a perfect indifference
+as to _route_ or _locality_, becomes anxious to obtain information
+concerning such places as may in reality be most calculated to conduce
+to his health, pleasure, instruction or amusement,--either _en route_,
+or as a temporary place of residence.
+
+Under a due consideration of these circumstances the author trusts
+having endeavoured to blend information with utility and amusement in
+so unpretending and general a form; he may be deemed to have
+accomplished the ends to which he has humbly aspired. And should his
+professional occupations at some future period, permit him to revise his
+work, he will render its style more worthy of the reader.
+
+Tours, september 1842.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+                                                                 Page
+
+Description of the scenery of Touraine                              1
+
+Remarks on the climate of Touraine                                  8
+
+Beneficial effects of the climate considered                       13
+
+Directions for invalid travellers                                  25
+
+Hydropathic treatment                                              32
+
+Wines of France                                                    34
+
+Description of various routes to Tours                             42
+
+Notices respecting Tours and its neighbourhood                     49
+
+Sporting                                                           54
+
+Ancient Châteaux of Touraine                                       55
+
+Mettray Colony                                                     73
+
+Remarks on society at Tours                                        81
+
+Botany of Touraine                                                 88
+
+Information respecting the growth and varieties
+of the vine                                                        97
+
+Geology of Touraine                                               105
+
+Spas of France                                                    123
+
+Spas of central France, their respective localities,
+medicinal virtues, diseases to which
+they are applicable, etc.                                         139
+
+Classification of French wines, places where
+grown, character, comparative qualities,
+etc., etc.                                                        186
+
+Alcoholic strength of various wines and liquors                   192
+
+Meteorological Register for Tours                                 194
+
+Reaumur's Thermometric scale turned into
+Fahrenheit's                                                      208
+
+Appendix.--Passports, Cash, Coinage                               209
+
+Useful information for travellers, etc., etc.                     217
+
+Expense of living in France, etc.                                 230
+
+[Illustration: VUE DE TOURS
+
+Lith. CLAREY-MARTINEAU. r de la harpe 16, TOURS.]
+
+
+
+
+MEMORANDA
+
+OF
+
+TOURS, TOURAINE,
+
+AND
+
+CENTRAL FRANCE.
+
+
+
+
+CHARACTER OF THE SCENERY OF TOURAINE.
+
+
+Although there is little that can be denominated bold, or strikingly
+romantic, in the general aspect of the country around Tours, it
+nevertheless, possesses charms of a peculiar and novel nature, alike
+calculated to gratify a lover of the picturesque, tranquillize the
+mind, and renovate the enfeebled energies of the valetudinarian.
+
+Hence it has long been famed as a favourite resort, more especially, of
+these classes of British Tourists, etc.; many adopting it as a temporary
+place of residence, whilst others have permanently established
+themselves in some of the beautiful sylvan retreats which characterize
+the more immediate vicinity of the city.
+
+Throughout a vast area, the surface of the surrounding country is
+pleasingly diversified by gentle undulations, considerable tracts of
+which are adorned by dense masses of foliage, occasionally presenting
+deeply indented vistas, embosoming some modern country house or ancient
+Château, with its spacious, but somewhat formal pleasure grounds. Many
+picturesque vales with their meandering streams, verdant meadows, and
+towering poplars, also present themselves to the eye of the traveller,
+but the characteristic rural features of this portion of France are its
+wide spread _vineyards_, which may almost be said to occupy every slope,
+and crown every upland.
+
+As throughout nearly the whole of these extensive tracts of fluttering
+verdure, the walnut, the apple, and in many instances the peach,
+apricot, cherry and almond, with innumerable elms, oaks, and gigantic
+specimens of the Lombardy poplar are thickly and pretty uniformly
+interspersed, the whole country assumes a remarkably foreign and sylvan
+character; the peaceful beauty of which is much heightened by the
+sequestered and vine clad abodes of the rural population, of the
+majority of which, it may almost literally be said, that they are
+surrounded by a terrestrial paradise, teeming with the most luscious and
+grateful productions of all bounteous nature.
+
+Although such is the agreeable aspect of much of what may be termed the
+table lands of Touraine, the picturesque character of the landscape is
+much enhanced as we gradually descend into the capacious valley of the
+Loire.
+
+On approaching the _Barrière de la Tranchée_, the ancient and handsome
+city of Tours, with the dome capped towers of its magnificent cathedral,
+and other churches, presents itself full in view, occupying a
+considerable area on the opposite banks of the river, and being
+encircled by a girdle of luxuriant foliage formed by its celebrated
+_Mall (le Mail)_, a spacious avenue of fine elms; beyond which, a
+fertile plain of about two miles broad extends to the Cher; which is
+immediately succeeded by the richly wooded southern slopes of the vale,
+thickly bespangled with the handsome white residences of the French
+noblesse.
+
+The broad and voluminous waters of the Loire, are here, as in many other
+localities, adorned by two rather large and well planted islands,
+between which the noble bridge with its fifteen elliptic arches
+stretches across the stream; opening a direct communication with the
+spacious Rue Royale, said to be one of the handsomest streets in Europe.
+
+The two opposite slopes of the beautiful vale of the Loire, which are
+sometimes deeply furrowed or intersected by denudated vallies, being
+thickly studded with pretty villas, surrounded by ornamental grounds,
+and intersected by thriving vineyards, with their sequestered villages,
+sometimes alone detectable by the tall taper mineret of the Parish
+church, piercing through the sombre masses of foliage that occasionally
+project far into the hurrying current, or abruptly recede to crown some
+bold projection of the adjacent heights, necessarily present, many
+exceedingly interesting views, whose charming realities can alone be
+correctly depicted by the pencil of the artist, and many of which do in
+fact, merit to be delineated by the genius of a Claude.
+
+The expansive plain through which this noble river gracefully
+serpentines, possesses an exceedingly fertile alluvial soil on a
+substratum of gravel, and is chiefly devoted to agricultural purposes;
+but, occasionally contains extensive tracts of pasture land, which
+fattens the majority of the cattle consumed in the adjacent districts.
+The soils of the table lands are comparatively poor and infertile, being
+for the most part constituted of a light sandy loam and tenaceous
+calcareous marl, in which frequently a gravelly debris prevails, or
+innumerable flint stones are interspersed.
+
+The subformations of the country being chiefly composed of sandstone and
+porous calcareous and siliceous rocks, renders the thin soils on these
+higher tracts extremely dry and arid. And perhaps this is more
+particularly the case where the white sandstone forms extensive mural
+terraces along the northern borders of the vale of the Loire. At _la
+Tranchée_ this rock being barely covered, and where it happens to be so
+to any depth, by a porous loamy and gravelly deposit only,--this fact is
+peculiarly and very happily demonstrated by the healthiness of the
+place.
+
+
+
+
+CLIMATE OF TOURAINE, ETC.
+
+
+A characteristic freedom from terreous moisture and aqueous exhalations,
+tends in no small degree to augment the natural salubrity of the
+Tourainean climate, and perhaps it is mainly indebted to its peculiar
+geological structure, which we shall presently consider more in detail,
+for the preference awarded to certain of its localities by invalids,
+over the somewhat milder but generally speaking more humid resorts of
+southern France.
+
+The topographical situation also of Tours secures to it some
+advantageous peculiarities not possessed by many of the frequented
+places of the south. Pau in the south-west of France, one of its most
+formidable rivals, is, in consequence of its proximity to the Pyrenees,
+subject to considerable variations of temperature, and although a
+considerable distance from the coast, is very much under the influence
+of the Atlantic. All the changes though in some degree modified to which
+it gives rise extending as far as that place. These effects cannot be
+properly said to reach Tours, which is situated in a fine campaign
+country, and is at least twice the distance of Pau from the sea, or
+about one hundred and fifty miles; the temperature however of Tours is
+subject to rather frequent but decidedly not great vicissitudes, the
+thermometer being rarely above 80° in summer or below 40° in winter.
+
+The comparative statements given by Dr Playfair respecting the
+climates of several places in the north and south of Europe, may
+somewhat serve to illustrate that of Tours with regard to those
+respective localities:[A] «The mean annual temperature of Pau is 4-1/2°
+higher than that of London, and about 3° higher than that of Penzance;
+it is about 5° lower than that of Marsilles, Nice, and Rome, and 10°
+lower than that of Maderia. In winter it is 2° warmer than London, 3°
+colder than Penzance, 6° colder than Nice and Rome, and 18° colder than
+Maderia. But in _spring_ Pau is 6° warmer than London, and 5° warmer
+than Penzance; only 2-1/2° colder than Marsilles and Rome, and 7° colder
+than Maderia.
+
+The range of temperature, between the warmest and coldest months at Pau
+is 32°; this at London, and likewise at Rome is 26°; at Penzance it is
+only 18°, and at Maderia 14°. The daily range of temperature at Pau is
+7-1/2°, at Penzance it is 6-1/2°, at Nice 8-1/2°, at Rome 11°.»
+
+At Tours the prevailing winds are south westerly. Between however the
+vernal equinox (the 21st of march and the latter part of april),
+easterly winds are rather frequent, but the city is pretty effectually
+protected from the effects of these and the north winds by the high
+range of country which stretches out from nearly east to west along the
+northern banks of the Loire. The long succession of handsome villas
+pleasantly situated opposite Tours at the base of these high grounds,
+occasionally climbing their slopes, and which are chiefly occupied by
+English families, being entirely protected from them.
+
+The autumn which is peculiarly mild and may be said to be here
+exceedingly charming,--especially where the red tinted leaves of the
+vine impart a glowing richness to the vineyard clad landscape,--advances
+with an agreeable and smiling aspect into the more dreary month of
+december, when cold weather may, generally speaking, be said to have
+commenced; though the middle of most days is still cheered by a warm and
+genial sunshine. A good deal of heavy rain usually falls about the
+autumnal equinox, but is quickly absorbed by the porous soil and
+prevailing arenaceous formations of the neighbourhood, consequently, the
+atmosphere is particularly free from humidity.
+
+A peculiar absence from cold winds may be strictly said to prevail the
+greater portion of the year, but perhaps the characteristic qualities of
+the climate are the equability of its seasons, and the comparative
+mildness of its spring. Constituting in a high degree, that healthful
+atmosphere so indispensable to the preservation and improvement of our
+native energies both physical and mental.
+
+In all chronic pulmonary affections, the quality of the air which is
+inspired into the lungs is well known to be a point of the most vital
+consequence, and therefore invalids affected by inflammatory affections
+of that organ experience much benefit by repairing to a climate like
+this, more particularly during the vernal exacerbations of the disease.
+Indeed experience has proved the climate of Tours to be peculiarly
+efficacious in bronchial affections, being very beneficial in almost all
+cases of irritation of the air passages, whether or not accompanied by
+increased secretion.
+
+The mild equable temperature of the Touraine climate is peculiarly
+adapted to afford essential relief to persons predisposed to phthisis
+or consumption, and those suffering from laryngeal, bronchial, and
+catarrhal affections, assimulating that disease. Also to invalids
+labouring under chronic dyspepsia, gout, and rheumatic affections, a
+_winter's_ residence particularly, in Tours, has frequently proved
+highly serviceable, and no inconsiderable benefit is experienced by
+persons who have contracted local disease from a residence in a tropical
+or unhealthy climate.
+
+Most of the above mentioned diseases being generally induced by a
+continued subjection to the suddenness and excess of atmospherical
+vicissitudes, and which the efforts of medicine alone too frequently
+fail to eradicate or alleviate, it is sufficiently evident, that a
+removal to localities where these causes can be in a great measure
+obviated, is in most cases, the more commendable course the afflicted
+can pursue, as the one assuredly the most calculated to expedite the
+remedial skill of the Physician through the renovating virtues of those
+powerful and efficient agents, travelling and _change of air_.
+
+When it is considered how much the natural character of the subtle and
+elastic fluid which surrounds the earth is changed and modified in
+different localities by the geographical position and physical
+peculiarities so variously distinguishing the respective regions of the
+globe, it will, we trust, readily be conceived from what has been stated
+of such circumstances, respecting Tours and its neighbourhood, that its
+prevailing climatic qualities cannot fail to be of a highly healthful
+tendency.
+
+Tours, we have intimated, is too remote from the Ocean, to be
+prejudicially affected by its mutable influences, or by the vast stream
+of aqueous vapours perpetually arising from the great western
+waters;--it is environed by moderately elevated _absorbing_
+formations,--it is situated in a broad and extensive vale, whose fertile
+soils are based upon a thick alluvial deposit of gravel;--while its
+walls are bathed by the purifying waters of a wide, rapid and limpid
+river.
+
+It is from such a happy combination of natural circumstances that its
+atmosphere possesses the transparency and elasticity which so strikingly
+characterizes it; and on which of course its peculiar adaptation for
+the due and healthful performance of the animal functions mainly
+depends.
+
+Lord Bacon thinks the best air is to be met with in open campaign
+countries; where the soil is dry, not parched or sandy, and
+spontaneously produces wild thyme, wild marjorem, and the like sweet
+scented plants.
+
+It is in fact sufficiently obvious, that wherever the aerial currents
+have a free and unobstructed circulation those injurious mixtures, in
+the form of vapour known under the name of _miasmata_, cannot
+disseminate their baneful seeds, the whole ingredients of the atmosphere
+being thereby continually amalgamated together.
+
+The greater portion indeed of central France, it may justly be said, has
+as strong and palpable claims to a genial and equable climate, as the
+province of Touraine, with all its acknowledged local advantages. The
+winters are of very short duration, and a powerful sun during the
+greater part of the year dispenses heat and life through a cloudless and
+lucid atmosphere.
+
+The present winter (1842), like its immediate predecessor has been
+somewhat remarkable for an unusual though partial severity. This was
+only experienced at Tours during the month of January, when a keen but
+dry atmosphere prevailed. The cold about this period however, seems to
+have been severely felt in the south of Europe generally, and in
+countries where the temperature is usually very mild. At _Rome_ on the
+ninth January 1842, there was a fall of snow which remained on the
+ground several hours, and on the thirteenth the hills of Albano and
+Tusculum were still covered with snow. The cold was twenty two degrees
+below freezing point, which is a very rare circumstance in the Roman
+states. At _Carthagena_, where severe cold is seldom known, the
+thermometer fell for the first time to a degree and a half below zero.
+The hills for the first time for many years were covered with snow. At
+_Madrid_, the great basin of the Buen-Retiro was covered with ice
+several inches thick, and two sentinels of the queen's palace were
+frozen to death at their posts. At _Valencia_ the thermometer fell seven
+degrees below freezing point. At _Burgois_, _Barcelona_, and _Cordova_,
+the weather was equally severe. Even the shores of _Africa_ experienced
+a similar visitation;--at _Algiers_ the thermometer stood at three
+degrees below zero. So low a temperature had not been experienced for
+twenty years. At _Trieste_ on the third of January, the roads were
+blocked up with snow, and the Mails from France and Italy were two days
+in arrears.
+
+During the same month at _Tours_, but a few very slight falls of snow
+were experienced, and which throughout the whole winter, with the
+exception of one or two days, did not cover the ground for more than a
+few hours duration.
+
+On the third, the thermometer here, stood at thirty-six degrees of
+Farenhenit in the shade, on the ninth at 24°, the thirteenth at 31°,
+the fifteenth at 39°, the twentieth at 34°, and on the twenty-fifth at
+forty-six degrees; the latter being the highest point the mercury
+attained during the month, and seventeen at nine o'clock in the morning
+of the tenth, the lowest, and which at midday rose to twenty-five
+degrees. There were thirteen clear, sunny days, and but six in which
+rain or snow fell. The north east winds prevailed until the tenth, when
+west and south west winds set in, and continued until the end of the
+month. The average daily range of temperature was four and a half.
+
+The weather of the succeeding month rapidly became still more
+propitious, and the many days which a genial sun shone forth in
+uninterrupted splendour, produced a very sensible effect upon
+vegetation, the swelling buds of many of the deciduous trees, appeared
+on the eve of expanding into full form and beauty, while the green
+mantle of the plain assumed a lively and luxurious appearance.
+
+During the month of march the thermometer continues generally to range
+between forty and fifty degrees; the vegetable world now resumes its
+wonted vigour and activity with astonishing rapidity, and the whole face
+of nature begins to wear a smiling and cheerful aspect. The warm glowing
+sunshine of April completes the lovely picture, the tender plant is no
+longer held in bondage by the opposing elements, a thousand pretty
+odoriferous harbingers on every side remind us that the season of
+universal florescence is at hand, regenerated, benificent nature,
+rejoices beneath a serene and cloudless sky, and whilst a magical
+brilliancy illumines the new born verdure, the embryo bud, the expanded
+blossom, and the vigorous plant of spring, silently but eloquently give
+joyful promise of the abundant fruits of Autumn.
+
+This is a pleasing but not overwrought picture of the forwardness and
+redundant beauty of the springs of central France:--
+
+    Where the resplendant orb of day
+    Imparts the magic of his ray
+    Een'through the wintry blast!
+    And dormant nature forthwith springs,
+    Mounting to life with vig'rous wings
+    Triumphant oer the past.
+    For now the rural gods do reign,
+    Oer vine-clad hill and verdant plain,
+    To grace the teemful earth;
+    The clear, _elastic_ air is fill'd,
+    With sweets the flowerets have distill'd,
+    To consecrate their birth.
+    Redolent zephyrs play around,
+    And _health_ inspiring hills abound,
+    Beneath these bright blue skies;
+    New energy, new life to man they give,
+    Bidding his drooping spirit live,
+    And taste the _new-born-joys_.
+
+
+
+
+DIRECTIONS FOR INVALID TRAVELLERS.
+
+It being a matter of the first importance to the valetudinarian to adopt
+every precaution against the atmospheric effects to which he is
+necessarily exposed in his transit from place to place, and also of
+great consequence to be provided with such comforts and necessaries as
+are probably not to be obtained in his route through the country; a few
+observations on this point may here with propriety be introduced, and
+which we think cannot be more judiciously stated than in the words, of a
+popular writer, who has spent many years in travelling on the continent.
+«It will add materially to the comforts and advantage of invalids who
+travel _en poste_, to have a courier who rides before, to avoid the
+delays at the post-stations, at frontiers, etc., and to have apartments
+at the hotels ready prepared on the arrival of his employers, as these
+circumstances often occasion a good deal of discomfort and annoyance to
+persons in bad health. An easy English-built carriage from a maker's on
+whom reliance can be placed, fitted up with conveniences, and springs
+and wheels suited to the continental roads, is requisite for those who
+wish to travel in comfort. Many of the roads are paved, which sometimes
+occasions considerable fatigue. For elderly and delicate persons who are
+liable to be affected by the transitions of temperature, a post-chariot
+is the best: for others a light travelling britscka, or _chaise de
+poste_ will best answer the purpose.
+
+It is very advisable for invalids, as well as persons in health, not to
+sit too long at a time in the carriage, but to get out now and then to
+walk up the hills, or at the post-stations, as by so doing the fatigue
+consequent upon the muscles being kept long in the same position will be
+avoided.
+
+Those persons who labour under affections of the air passages should be
+provided with a Jeffrey's respirator, though its too frequent use is not
+to be recommended, as tending to render the respiratory organs more
+susceptible. A pair of leather sheets may be placed beneath the
+seat-cushions, as a precaution against damp beds, which, however, are
+seldom met with in France or Italy. Essence of ginger is a useful
+stimulant, and a teaspoonful in a cup of tea on arriving after a days
+journey is very refreshing. Those who are in weak health, and travellers
+in general, should eat very sparingly of animal food when on a journey,
+as it tends to produce heat and flushing. Black tea is one of the most
+useful articles travellers can be provided with, as it is seldom good
+in small towns or at inns on the road. As an evening meal, tea, with a
+little cold meat or chicken, is much preferable to a hot dinner or
+supper, which not unfrequently is a cause of sleeplessness. Those who
+are subject to cold feet should be provided with short boots of coarse
+cloth, to slip on and off, over their ordinary boots, as occasion may
+require, and a small feet-warmer should be placed in the carriage. A
+large medicine chest, which is a constant companion of many families,
+will be cumbersome and unnecessary, as almost all medicines of good
+quality may be obtained in all the towns frequented by invalids. A small
+chest containing a few articles likely to be required at out of the way
+places (as lint, soap-plaster, James's powder, a small quantity of
+calomel, laudanum, extracts of henbane and colocynth, a box of aperient
+pills, spirits of ammonia, tartarised antimony, castor oil, rhubarb,
+weights and scales,) will, however, be a useful precautionary addition
+to the luggage.»
+
+The cheering and beneficial influence of travelling through a succession
+of novel and agreeable scenes, to a mind under the distressing moral
+influences of grief, anxiety, or disappointment,--so frequently the
+precursors of disease,--is too apparent to need any expatiatory remarks
+on the subject; but we would particularly remind the valetudinarian who
+naturally, may be tempted to a frequent enjoyment of the prevailing
+sunshine of the winters of Touraine, that more, than an apparently
+sufficient warmth of clothing is necessary for such occasions; for,
+when the still powerful rays of the sun occasionally become suddenly
+obscured by clouds, or after that luminary has disappeared below the
+horizon, a rather formidable transition from a comparatively high to a
+low temperature is here the common result. The proper time for such
+persons to take exercise at this season of the year, is between twelve
+and three o'clock.
+
+Nothing conduces more to a healthful action of the digestive functions,
+a free circulation of the blood, and the due performances of the various
+secretions, than a sufficiency of _daily walking exercise_, indeed than
+the neglect of it, a more common predisposing cause of disease does not
+exist:--a congestive state of particular organs, an impaired action of
+the muscles of respiration thereby inducing a tendency to consumption;
+and habitual cold feet, are among the multitudinous evils emanating from
+a listless and sedentary mode of life.
+
+To persons addicted to travelling or who are necessarily much exposed to
+atmospheric vicissitudes, we would particularly recommend the
+hydropathic treatment, or perhaps more properly, what Dr Johnson terms
+the «_Calido-frigid sponging, or lavation_.»
+
+This consists in sponging the face, throat, and upper part of the chest,
+night and morning, with _hot_ water, and then immediately with _cold_
+water. Children also should be habituated to this sponging all over the
+body, as the means of inuring them to, and securing them from, the
+injuries produced by atmospheric vicissitudes. It is the best
+preservative against face-aches, toothaches (hot and cold water being
+alternately used to rinse the mouth), earaches, catarrhs, etc., so
+frequent and distressing in England. But its paramount virtue is that of
+preserving many a constitution from pulmonary consumption, the causes of
+which are often laid in repeated colds, and in the susceptibility to
+atmospheric impressions.
+
+Invalids, on their arrival, should also pay great attention to their
+diet and regimen.
+
+
+
+
+WINES.
+
+
+The wines of this country, should at first be but sparingly taken, for,
+on account of their acidity, an ordinary use of them at the outset, will
+frequently occasion considerable derangement of the digestive functions,
+but when persons become sufficiently accustomed to them, they constitute
+a light and wholesome beverage.
+
+It is indeed worthy of remark that the wines of France, rank before
+those of other countries for their _Purely vinous_ qualities, and so
+multitudinous are their diversities, that it is confidently affirmed
+there is no variety in the world which might not find an approximation
+to some one or another of her growths, and which invariably are
+manufactured according to well-fixed scientific principles.
+
+The wines grown near Tours, are divided into three classes, namely, what
+is called _rouge noble_, _vin du Cher_, and _rouge commun_.
+
+Those of Saint-Nicolas-de-Bourgueil, Joué, Saint-Cyr, Chambray, and
+Saint-Avertin, are the most esteemed growths of Touraine.
+
+The _Champigny_ of Richelieu, and _Clos-Baudouin_ of Vouvray and
+Rochecorbon, are also much in request. These red wines if of a genuine
+quality, are remarkable for their flavour and soft bouquet, which is
+balmy to the palate, and moderately taken are wholesome and
+exhilarating.
+
+The price of the best Bourgueil is from one hundred and thirty francs
+to one hundred and fifty francs per barique, of about three hundred and
+fifty bottles; and the Joué and Chambray from eighty to ninety francs
+per barique. Some tolerable effervescing white wines are produced in the
+neighbourhood of Tours, the prices of which are a little under the red,
+but they are for the most part heady and treacherous, and want the
+perfume and vinosity of Champagne.
+
+The highly esteemed rose coloured champagne may be purchased for seven
+francs per bottle, very tolerable may be had for three francs, and the
+recently, and most successfully _Champagnized_ red Joué for two francs.
+A very good effervescing wine is grown on an extensive scale at
+Villandry, about twelve miles from Tours, and which is exported in
+large quantities to Russia.
+
+Of the sounder, most delicate and _recherché_ of the red wines to be
+readily obtained at Tours, we may particularly enumerate Bordeaux--which
+even when prepared for the English markets, still possesses the fine
+qualities of the pure wine;--and Burgundy, of which, the Romanée
+Saint-Vivant, and Romanée Conti, are the best and most perfect. It may
+also be observed that the _vin crémant d'Ay_ which is the least frothy
+and fullest bodied of the effervescing wines, is held in high repute,
+being grateful and stomachic.
+
+The Champagne wines are divided into sparkling (_mousseux_), demi
+sparkling (_demi-mousseux_), and still wines (_non mousseux_). Their
+effervescence is owing to the _carbonic acid gas_, produced in the
+process of fermentation. And we are told that as this gas is produced in
+the cask or (as more quickly) in the bottle, the saccharine and
+tartarous principles are decomposed.
+
+If the latter principle predominates, the wine effervesces strongly, but
+is weak; if the saccharine principle be considerable and the alcohol
+found in sufficient quantity to limit its decomposition, the quality is
+good. Wine of moderate effervescence is invariably selected by
+connoisseurs in Champagne, and such wine carries the best price.
+
+Of the still class, a wine put into bottles when about ten or twelve
+months old designated, _ptisannes_ of Champagne, is greatly recommended
+as aperient and diuretic.
+
+The champagne wines are light in quality in respect to spirit, the
+average of alcohol in the generality of them, according to professor
+Brande, being but 12.61 per cent.
+
+It is a remarkable and well ascertained fact, that the alcohol in wine
+combined in the _natural way_, when drank in that state, is not
+productive of those complaints of the liver, and other diseases, which
+arise from drinking the brandied wines of Portugal, in which the _spirit
+is foreign_. The union of the alcohol, being mingled with the other
+ingredients of the wine by artificial means, is never perfect, and is
+beyond calculation more pernicious than the strongest natural product.
+
+The light wines of France may not on first acquaintance prove so
+relishing or pleasant to the English palate accustomed to adulterated
+or brandied wines; they however in reality, not only impart a
+cheerfulness and exhilaration, a kind of pleasant easy buoyancy entirely
+different from what arises from the use of port, or the spirituous
+heavier wines but have when taken largely a much less injurious effect
+upon the constitution.
+
+This remark would perhaps seem more strictly to apply to the wines made
+for home consumption, as a small per centage of Brandy and syrup of
+raisins are generally mingled with the French wines to please the
+foreign palate.
+
+The generous juice of the grape, was undoubtedly bestowed upon man by
+his benificent Creator, to impart health and vigour to his physical
+energies, and a wholesome cheerfulness to his soul; and if he would
+wish to avoid enervating the one or brutalizing the other, he will do
+well to eschew all «mixed wine», which before the period of its
+scriptural denunciation to the present, has ever and anon manifested
+itself in the «living temples» of its besotted votaries in the character
+of indigestion, apoplexy, dropsy, gout, delirium, tremours, and a long
+train of diseases.
+
+«Strong drink is raging, and whosoever is deceived thereby is not wise»;
+but _pure_ wine upon a _healthy_ stomach, is grateful and precious as
+the light of truth and the exercise of discretion, to a sound and
+well-regulated mind.[B]
+
+
+
+
+ROUTES.
+
+
+Such are the facilities for travelling afforded by the two countries,
+that a journey may now be performed with ease and comfort between London
+and Tours, in the short space of fifty hours! being a distance of about
+four hundred miles. This is to be effected by the railway from the
+metropolis to Southampton, and thence by the splendid steam packets to
+Hâvre, from which place a well appointed _malle-poste_ daily runs to
+Tours.[C]
+
+The nearest way from Hâvre to Tours, being a distance of about one
+hundred and sixty miles, is by Honfleur, Lizieux, Alençon and Le Mans,
+which diligences regularly perform. But perhaps the most picturesque
+routes are by way of Rouen. The post road from Hâvre to Rouen, along the
+northern banks of the Seine, frequently presents the most beautiful and
+varied prospects; but if possible, the picturesque scenery which
+successively presents itself in an ascent by steam vessel up the Seine
+to Rouen is of a more exquisitely charming character. Passing between
+Harfleur and Honfleur, which are pleasantly situated on the opposite
+elevated slopes, near the mouth of the river, a small but most beautiful
+bay presents itself bounded by a series of gently rising, well wooded
+hills, occasionally decorated with a spacious mansion, or bespangled
+with neat cottages and elegant villas. On approaching Quillebeuf, near
+which there is a spot, said to exceed in picturesque beauty the banks of
+the Rhine, the river becomes narrower, and as we continue to follow its
+exceedingly tortuous course, a rapid succession of lovely sylvan scenery
+gratifies the eye.
+
+The heights which border the Seine, and which are constituted of the
+chalk formation, are deeply furrowed by a continuous series of
+transverse vallies, forming a succession of rounded elevations, which
+together, present a remarkable natural phenomena, well worthy the
+particular attention of the speculative geologist. Many of these heights
+are clad with a rich garb of foliage, as are also most of their
+concomitant vales, in some of which a pretty neat village is
+sequesteredly ensconced, while its neighbouring hills are adorned by a
+château, or the semblance of some noble ruin, in the bold indentations
+of a grey rocky precipice peering through dense masses of foliage.
+
+As the vicinity of Rouen is approached, the opposite hills gradually
+expand, leaving at their base an extensive plain of luxuriant pastures
+and waving corn fields, around which the Seine winds in graceful folds,
+till, on reaching the environs of Rouen, it encircles islands of the
+richest verdure. At this point, the ancient capital of Normandy appears
+in view, with its venerable temples, noble buildings, quays, and hosts
+of sea and river craft; the whole being surrounded by an expansive
+amphitheatre of thickly timbered hills.
+
+The distance from Hâvre to Rouen by land is fifty-three miles, but up
+the Seine it is about eighty miles; the extra length however of the
+journey occasioned by the extremely indirect course of the river, is
+amply compensated for by the exquisite and ever varying prospects
+afforded by the passage up the Seine.
+
+Another extremely interesting and convenient route to Tours might be
+pointed out, to such as could bear the fatigues of a lengthened voyage
+and long land trip, by way of the channel islands to Saint-Malo, and
+thence by diligence, through the romantic primary districts of Britanny,
+to Rennes and Nantes, the chief place of the department of
+Loire-Inférieure, and one of the richest and most commercial towns of
+France; it is situated on the right banks of the Loire, at the
+confluence of the Indre and the Severe. From this place the traveller
+may reach Tours by the regular conveyances, through Angers and Saumur;
+or, by ascending the Loire in one of the neat steam packets which
+perform regular trips between Nantes and Orléans: the fare by which to
+Tours is but twelve francs, though the distance thus performed is
+upwards of one hundred and forty miles. The land journey which is about
+one hundred and thirty miles, is extremely diversified and pleasing, but
+that by water is of surpassing beauty; the delighted voyager wends his
+way where many a verdant isle smiles amid the stream, through an endless
+variety of lake-like scenery, enriched on either hand in the highest
+degree by rocky escarpments, and gently rising grounds clad with
+vineyards, and numerous other choice productions of the vegetable
+kingdom, now receding so as to form an expansive plain of verdant
+pastures, and anon abruptly projecting with their lovely sylvan burdens
+into the very centre of the broad and glittering stream.
+
+In closing these few descriptive remarks on the character of the most
+prominent routes to Tours, from northern France, we must not omit to
+remind the invalided especially, that the one from Dover to Calais, or
+to Boulogne, and thence to Paris, Orléans, and Blois, is perhaps in many
+cases, to be preferred on account of the _shortness_ of the sea passage;
+and although one of a circuitous character, it necessarily presents many
+natural and artificial features of stirring interest and beauty.
+
+
+
+
+TOURS.
+
+
+The city of Tours, may be divided into two compartments, the _ancient_
+and the modern.
+
+The modern portion is no less distinguished for its neatness and
+elegance, than is the ancient for its antique character, and the number
+of monuments it contains, illustrative of the histories of remote ages.
+
+Tours, now head quarters of the department of Indre-et-Loire, was before
+the revolution, the capital of Touraine, and the seat of the governors;
+it is one of the most ancient archbishoprics of France, and the station
+of the fourth military division.
+
+Chroniclers have never been able to give a precise date and name to the
+foundation and the founder of Tours.
+
+When _Cæsar_ made his expedition into Gaul, it was the _Civitas Turonum_
+so often mentioned in the commentaries of the conquering historian.
+Conquest, however, gave the city another name, and the Romans called it
+Cessarodunum. It fell alternately into the power of the Goths and the
+Francs. In 732 Charles-Martel gained under its walls a celebrated
+victory over the Saracens, who attracted by the _mildness of the
+climate_ tried to fix their wandering tents in its smiling plains: but
+it was only in 1202 after having suffered all the miseries of barbarism
+that Tours was at last reunited to the crown of France.
+
+This city was become so important by its central position and the
+resources of its environs, that in the space of less than a century,
+from 1470 to 1506, the states general assembled in it three times. Henry
+3rd, pressed by the League, transferred the parliament to it in 1587.
+If we believe the ancient chroniclers whom Froissart and Monstrelet
+copied, the city of Tours had a much more ancient origin. It is to a
+great prince named Turnus, who after the siege of Troy came into Gaul
+and died not far from this city, where, say these chroniclers, his tomb
+has long been seen, that Tours owes its origin and its name.
+
+Tours and its neighbourhood afford many resources for the active and
+agreeable employment of the mind. It has long been pre-eminently
+distinguished for the _agrémens_ of its society. Elegance and urbanity
+characterize the demeanour of the native noblesse; the British residents
+and visitants are composed of the most respectable grades, amongst whom,
+a reciprocation of friendly intercourse is cherished with perhaps more
+than the ordinary assiduity so generally productive of affable
+association among the English abroad.
+
+The French language is considered to be spoken in its greatest purity in
+Touraine, a desideratum of much consequence to persons who resort to
+France for the education of their children, and it may also be proper to
+remark that there is a classical establishment for young gentlemen in
+the immediate vicinity of the city. Tours also possesses a library
+containing some valuable MSS., some of which are of the sixth century,
+a museum of painting and natural history, a college, a society of
+agriculture, science, art, and belles-lettres, a theatre, excellent
+baths, and extensive umbrageous promenades. There are two English
+episcopal chapels, one in Tours, and the other but recently opened is
+situated on the Tranchée; an English club has long been established;
+which is now supported with great spirit and liberality, affording all
+the usual attractions of such institutions, and where many of the
+English newspapers are daily received.
+
+The theatre is frequently open, and balls and routs prevail during the
+winter season. The hôtels are replete with every comfort and
+accommodation.
+
+Tours also possesses an excellent English boarding house; and elegant
+houses, villas and châteaux, well furnished, are to be readily obtained
+in the town and its environs. All kinds of provisions are exceedingly
+plentiful, which with the numerous fruits and wines are to be obtained
+at very moderate prices.
+
+
+
+
+SPORTING.
+
+
+The lovers of rural sports and pastimes, may find much to interest them
+in this and the neighbouring departments. The Loire and the Cher afford
+excellent diversion to the angler, and occasionally to the fowler, being
+during the autumnal and winter months sometimes frequented by large
+flocks of aquatic birds. The wild boar and the _chevreuil_, a small but
+elegant species of deer, are to be found in the forest; the vast
+intermediate tracts of arable land are however for the most part but
+thinly stocked with game.
+
+
+
+
+CHATEAUX.
+
+
+The ancient châteaux within an easy distance of Tours merit the
+attention of the antiquarian, some of them possessing historical
+associations of a highly interesting character. The principal are the
+chateaux of Loches, Chenonceaux, Chinon, and Amboise; of which
+respectively, for the gratification of those who feel a pleasure in
+journeying to gaze upon these sombre and for the most part dilapidated
+monitors of the «instability of all sublunary things,» we will proceed
+to enter upon a brief description.
+
+
+LOCHES.
+
+The vast fortress of Loches,--which is twenty five miles from
+Tours,--has been the residence of many of the kings of France, since it
+was occupied by Philip Augustus.
+
+Within the range of its former precincts the Tomb of the famous Agnès
+Sorel in black marble may still be seen. As may also the dungeon in
+which Ludovico Sforce duke of Milan was confined in 1500.
+
+The castle, or rather prison, which it is said was founded during the
+Roman domination in this part of the country, presents some striking
+specimens of its pristine magnificence.
+
+We are informed that in this abode of terror, there were dungeons under
+dungeons, some of them unknown even to the keepers themselves; men were
+frequently doomed to pass the remainder of their lives here, breathing
+impure air and subsisting on bread and water. At this formidable castle
+were also those horrible places of confinement called _cages_, in which
+the wretched prisoner could neither stand upright nor stretch himself at
+length.
+
+The celebrated cardinal Balue was confined here by order of Louis
+11th, for many years in one of these cages. The Duke of Alençon,
+Charles de Melun and Philippe de Commines were also imprisoned in this
+fortress. It was successively occupied by Charles 7th, Louis 11th,
+Charles 8th, Louis 12th, Francis 1st, Henry 2nd and Charles
+9th.
+
+
+CHINON.
+
+THE CHATEAU OF CHINON, which in ancient times was a place of great
+strength, it is said was once composed of three distinct castles,
+erected at three different epochs. Ten kings of France had occasionally
+made it their place of residence. Henry the second, and Richard the
+First died here. Joan of Arc had an interview with Charles the 7th at
+this place; the remains of the room in which it occurred are still
+shewn. But a few dismantled towers and dilapidated walls now alone
+remain to mark the elevated site of the magnificent superstructure,
+which in days of yore proudly towered above the lovely sylvan scenery of
+the fertile vale of the Vienne.
+
+Chinon is about thirty miles from Tours.
+
+
+AMBOISE.
+
+THE CASTLE OF AMBOISE is a noble structure of great antiquity; and from
+the beauty of its elevated situation on the southern banks of the Loire,
+and the drive to it from Tours, of about twelve miles, being of a
+romantic and very interesting character, it is an object of much
+attraction to the general Tourist.
+
+Constantine rebuilt the fort soon after its destruction by Diocletian.
+Charles the 8th, resided at this his birth place many years prior to
+his ascending the French throne; and in 1498 he here expired.
+
+The two large towers which form a protected communication between the
+castle and the town below, were built by this monarch. One of the towers
+is remarkable for its internal spiral roadway, up which cavalry may
+ascend four abreast.
+
+Louis 12th, Francis 1st, Henry 2nd, and Francis 2nd
+respectively contributed towards the improvement and adornment of the
+castle, and which by an act of Louis 16th, became the property of the
+Orléans family.
+
+The small detached chapel dedicated to St.-Hubert is much admired for
+its sculptural embellishments in alto-relievo.
+
+The pleasure grounds attached to the castle which are partially laid out
+in the English fashion, are extensive and diversified, and the view of
+the adjacent country from the terraces is remarkable for its picturesque
+beauty.
+
+The glittering waters of the princely Loire studded with its numerous
+little green Isles, and white sails of commerce, are seen rapidly
+coursing in intricate windings through the broad, rich plain of
+corn-fields, for many miles in extent, both to the east and west, and
+which is bordered by bold elevations, and cliffs of chalk and calcareous
+sandstone, surmounted by a succession of beautiful vineyards. And
+perhaps the most singular feature in this varied landscape, is the vast
+chain of human habitations, which, like a whitened irregular stratum may
+be seen stretching out as far as the eye can reach in opposite
+directions, along the whole slope of the southern elevations just
+adverted to. They contain a large population, principally constituted of
+the cultivators of the adjacent plain and hills, the slopes being
+chiefly occupied by pretty white villas belonging to the better classes,
+while in the abrupt intermediate precipices of rock, the poor have
+scooped out their indestructible dwellings. And which, certainly possess
+some considerable advantages over those of their more pretending
+neighbours, being warm in winter, cool in summer, and dry in all
+seasons. These subterranean abodes, together present an exceedingly
+curious and novel spectacle. Sometimes the excavations are continued a
+considerable height up the cliff, and the numerous doors and windows in
+the face of it, apprize the spectator that, his species here literally
+«live and have their being» in the foundations of the earth! A kind of
+fret work or fantastically wrought sculpture not unfrequently
+over-arches the entrance, or hangs like an ornamental frieze above
+entire dwellings, which on a close inspection we discover to be the
+mystical workings and embellishments of nature herself, being actually
+constituted of a bed of fossil zoophytes, which in the very spot they
+now occupy, vegetated at the bottom of the antediluvian Ocean! How
+strange the transformation! How astounding the physical revolutions
+time has here effected!--The identical _bed of coral_, over which the
+turbulent waves of the Ocean rolled for centuries, and amid which the
+finny tribe disported, now, in its pristine position, forms a roof for
+the permanent dwellings of man! Which, with their fruitful vines
+flourishing around the doors, and the smoke from the domestic hearth
+rising in graceful curls through the submarine production, or as
+sometimes seen, peering through some verdant knoll, present a singular,
+but pleasing picture of humble contentment security and peace.
+
+Near the western visible extremity of these thickly peopled hills, the
+lofty turrets of Tours cathedral are distinctly visible in the horison.
+
+But in our enumeration of the more striking features of this
+interesting panorama, we must not omit to mention the long island in the
+middle of the river, immediately below the castle, and which
+communicates with the town by a stone bridge of ten arches, and with the
+opposite bank by a curiously constructed wooden bridge of eleven arches.
+The portion of the island above the bridges, being covered with a
+verdant turf, and tall trees, affords a very agreeable and favourite
+promenade, while the part contiguous to the bridges being entirely
+occupied by houses, presents the curious appearance of a small town
+floating as it were on the hurrying current.
+
+Visitors from Tours to this place sometimes extend their drive on the
+same day to Chenonceaux, a distance of ten miles through the extensive
+forest of Amboise, and return from thence to the city, a drive of twenty
+miles, along the interesting banks of the river Cher.
+
+
+CASTLE OF CHENONCEAUX.
+
+This a large and majestic structure, and being built upon arches
+constructed across the Cher exhibits a singular appearance, and its
+approach through a noble avenue of trees is one of striking beauty.
+
+This beautiful chateau, supposed to have been erected in the thirteenth
+century, became crown property in 1535.
+
+It was greatly improved and embellished by Diana of Poitiers, mistress
+of Henry 2nd who however was afterwards compelled by Catherine de
+Médicis to exchange this splendid gift of her munificent lord, for
+Chaumont-sur-Loire.
+
+Its extensive picture gallery contains a considerable variety of
+interesting paintings and ancient portraits. In short the general
+character and internal decorations of this spacious and antique
+building, its neat and extensive pleasure grounds, with the pretty
+sylvan park attached thereto, together render the place an object of
+very general interest.
+
+
+PLESSIS-LES-TOURS.
+
+In the plain, about a mile to the west-ward of Tours, a few
+comparatively inconsiderable remains of the royal Castle and appendages
+of Plessis-les-Tours, are still to be seen; they consist of an
+extensive wall about 15 feet high enclosing about 60 acres of arable
+land, an uninteresting habitable portion of the ancient structure, and a
+remnant of the once famous and beautiful Saint Hubert's Chapel. These
+solitary relics in fact barely suffice to attest the spot where high in
+the air, arose the noble and massive pile, which during the feudal times
+of darkness and of danger, was watched and defended with the most
+extreme and jealous care.
+
+This castle was the favourite residence of Louis XI, and many were the
+strange and plotting scenes enacted here during the period it was
+dignified by the presence of his mysterious court. He is said to have
+been excessively superstitious, crafty, vindictive and cruel, and the
+vigilance and surveillance he caused to be exercised in the vicinity of
+his palace, by his not over scrupulous agents, continually filled the
+surrounding neighbourhood with awe and apprehension.
+
+A vast enclosed chase, termed in latin of the middle ages, _Plexitium_,
+encircled the external enclosures surrounding the open esplanade which
+sloped up to the castle walls, rendering the precincts of the Royal
+domain as sombre and portentous in aspect, as were the dark and
+multiplied battlements which frowned above the monarchs of the
+surrounding forests.
+
+The cruel and treacherous cardinal La Balue was a great favourite at
+this court, and for a considerable period basked in the smiles of
+royalty at Plessis-les-Tours, but Louis having strong grounds for
+suspecting that he had been mainly instrumental in betraying him to the
+duke of Burgundy,--his feuds with whom were highest about 1460--he
+ultimately caused him to be immured in one of the iron cages, we have
+referred to in our notice of Loches. In this horrid den, the invention
+of which some ascribe to Balue himself, he was confined eleven years,
+principally it is said at Plessis-les-Tours, nor did Louis permit him to
+be liberated till his last illness.
+
+Such are a few of the historical facts associated with the crumbling
+memento which as yet remain of this favourite and beautiful demesne of a
+great and powerful monarch. All its proud bulwarks have long since
+fallen beneath the ruthless hand of time, and its noble and extensive
+forests been laid prostrate by the active axe of the cultivator, while
+the march of rural improvement which has entirely renewed the face of
+the plain, will ere long have swept every ancient vestige away leaving
+the antiquary to search for the locality of Plessis-les-Tours, alone in
+the page of History.
+
+But what reasonable and enlightened mind will regret even such a
+consummation, for, as moral improvement advances towards the climax of
+perfection, we every day see the face of nature rejoicing in its
+progress, and her children enjoying the fruits of their industry in the
+fullness of freedom and of unrestricted liberty.
+
+The clustering vine and the golden waving corn, now deck the place of
+the arbitrary halls, and the dismal dungeons of the castle, the peaceful
+hamlet with its neat and assiduously cultivated gardens, covers no
+inconsiderable portion of the once exclusive and lordly precincts, while
+its unsophisticated population pursue their daily avocations in
+fearlessness and in peace.
+
+Old tottering ruins and dismantled Towers may of themselves under many
+circumstances be justly deemed very picturesque objects, and merit to be
+valued accordingly, but to preserve and venerate _all_ solely for their
+historical associations, which at best, are but too frequently the dark
+and ignominious doings of a clandestine and barbarous age, would seem to
+argue a morbid sensibility, more befitting the devoted and infatuated
+antiquarian, than the true and enlightened philosopher who sees
+«language in stones and God in everything.»
+
+There are a few other ancient Châteaux and some inconsiderable
+architectural remains in the arrondisement, but as they present few or
+no features of general interest, it would be a work of supererogation to
+particularize them; we cannot however close these brief notices without
+particularly adverting to a very laudable and attractive modern
+institution, situated at the pretty sequestered village of Mettray,
+about three miles from Tours. And this we shall do with the more
+pleasure, as its philanthropic object, judicious development of its
+practical plans, moral and religious administration, would do honor to
+any nation in the world.
+
+The purport of this Institution, which is denominated an "Agricultural
+Colony", is to reform juvenile delinquents; and by the inculcation of
+moral and religious principles, aided by sober methodical and
+industrious habits, to effect the great work of penitentiary reform. The
+founders and devoted benefactors of the colony are Mr de Metz and
+viscount de Bretignères. These benevolent gentlemen took the sublime
+idea of such a project from the reform colony founded by the worthy and
+excellent Hickerr, at Horn near Hambourg in 1834. And they have so
+zealously and skilfully executed their designs, as to have already
+realized in all essential particulars, a beautiful model of their
+admirable prototype.
+
+The colony is composed of a certain number of uniformly built
+houses;--Each house contains forty children, divided into two sections,
+and forming one family, headed by a chief, who has subject to his orders
+two under teachers.
+
+The first Sunday of each month, a colonist is elected in the respective
+sections, who takes the title of elder Brother; and serves as mediator
+between the masters and the pupils. The houses are erected (30 feet)
+distant from each other, and are united by sheds. The ground floor of
+the "Maison de la Ville de Paris" occupied by the family A,--is
+organized like the work shops at Horn, it contains work rooms of
+tailors, shoemakers, saddlers, etc., and the rest are arranged in
+nearly the same manner. The house of Count d'Aurches on the ground floor
+contains six prison cells on the first story, the director's room, and
+that of the agent of the agricultural works. On the second story, the
+office and the lodging room of the accountable agent,--a forge and a
+braziers work shop for the service of the house, are established under
+the fourth shed. The adjacent large building is intended for a class of
+300 scholars; the chaplain and the professor of gymnastics occupy the
+house opposite those of the colonists. A handsome chapel has recently
+been added to the establishment.
+
+The instruction given to the colonists is regulated by the station they
+are likely to fill in the world.
+
+For the suppression of vice, a tribunal composed of the colonists
+inscribed on the honourable list, is deputed to try serious offences,
+the directors reserving to themselves the right of softening those
+judgments which may be too severe.
+
+The heads of each family (young men of irreproachable conduct, selected
+on the formation of the colony from poor but respectable familyies)
+conduct their children to the fields, and the work rooms, which are
+separated into several divisions by a partition of a yard in height; by
+the manner of which distribution a single chief can at the same time
+overlook the works of the whole. After the ordinary occupations of the
+day, the children return to their respective families, where it is
+sought to instil in their hardened minds those affections and good
+feelings which the carelessness or depravity of their parents had
+blighted.
+
+When a fresh pupil arrives at the establishment, he is placed under the
+peculiar care of an intelligent person who studies his disposition, and
+who each day gives to the director an account of the results of his
+observations; after a certain period of trial, the child is admitted in
+a family, where is performed a religious ceremony, and a sermon preached
+to prove the blessing of finding a safe asylum after many
+temptations;--it is then the new comer is reinstated in the eyes of the
+colony and its directors; who take it on themselves, if he conducts
+himself well, to place him, and to appoint him a zealous patron who
+enjoys public esteem.
+
+Such is the philanthropic nature of the system adopted in this admirable
+institution, already productive of the happiest results; and so
+judiciously and efficaciously have the economical and industrial
+departments been conducted, that it is confidently expected, the colony
+will in two years support itself.
+
+The visitor will he highly gratified by a trip to this establishment,
+the _tout ensemble_ of which on a fine summer's day, particularly, is
+one of surpassing loveliness. Its pretty white Swisslike buildings are
+completely environed by woods, groves, vineyards, and tastefully
+decorated pleasure grounds, which, viewed as the hallowed precincts of
+practical humanity and piety, are highly calculated to inspire the
+reflective mind with the most pleasing thoughts and emotions.
+
+    Peaceful abode! with rural beauty rife,
+    And charms that smooth the rugged paths of life;
+    Here human aid assumes a power divine,
+    And _Virtue's_ fix'd her gentle, hallowed shrine;
+    Erring, untutor'd youth, enraptur'd pause
+    Mid wild career, to recognize her laws.
+    _Vice_ with her direful train abash'd retires,
+    Nor dares to light her soul-consuming fires;
+    _Industry_ with her sober, powerful arm,
+    Guards the young mind, and keeps the passions calm:
+    While benign _religion_, with sweet controul,
+    Gently compels, the wild and wayward soul
+    To taste the various joys her truths impart,
+    And kiss the rod that rectifies the heart.
+
+The customary paved roads having in this department as in many other
+provinces of France been broken up, and superseded by well formed
+macadamized ones, trips into the surrounding country can be performed
+with as much ease and facility as is afforded by the unequalled highways
+of England.
+
+The steam packets which navigate the river as far down as Nantes, and up
+to Orléans, offer every facility for agreeable excursions.
+
+
+
+
+SOCIETY.
+
+
+It is presumed that in closing these multifarious notices, a few words
+touching the social habits and condition of the little _coterie_ of
+English located at Tours, may prove acceptable to the general reader, as
+well as to persons who contemplate an abode within its interesting
+precincts.
+
+The established etiquette is, for those who have resolved on a period of
+residence, _first_ to call upon such of the British residents as they
+may feel disposed to visit, which acts of courtesy, are, generally
+speaking, the prelude to a reciprocity of agreeable and social
+intercourse.
+
+An air of high respectability, and elegance, is characteristic of the
+Anglo-French circle of acquaintance pervading Tours and its environs;
+the newly arrived man of social habits and fashion, may if he chooses,
+soon possess the happy consciousness of feeling, that, though distant
+from friends and native land, he has his customary social comforts, and
+habitual pleasures and refinements of life, completely at his command.
+
+It is true, these enjoyments exist in a limited and circumscribed form,
+but for this very reason, facility of intercourse and goodfellowship,
+are distinguished by an acuteness of character, rarely to be found in
+the far more expansive arrondisements of English society at home.
+
+The warm, generous heart of the Englishman, like the concentrated rays
+of the genial orb of day, here, glows with the greater intensity on all
+who come within the sphere of its vivifying influence.
+
+Behold him seated at his hospitable board, which groans beneath the
+cheapened luxuries and substantial fare, alike of his native and his
+adopted land, and gladdened by the presence of his selected countrymen,
+who perhaps like himself, have quitted their native shores, to seek for
+renewed pleasure, wonted repose, health, or it may be economy, abroad.
+The sparkling champagne speedily thaws the icy formula which too often
+envelopes and conceals the best, inherent feelings of his nature, and in
+the exuberance of his zeal for the universal cultivation of the _social
+principle_, and his lively sense of national toleration and liberality,
+he rises to toast, with equal sincerity, the beloved Queen of old
+England, or the citizen King of France.
+
+And in what a pretty sylvan retreat has he snugly domiciled
+himself!--his white freestone villa, which presents a pleasing display
+of architectural elegance, is replete with every internal comfort; a
+smiling _parterre_, decked with many a fine specimen of the stately
+cypress, a garden stored with rare and luscious fruits, and the generous
+vine every where hanging in graceful festoons, are the most prominent
+adjuncts of his sequestered retirement.
+
+There is in short, an exclusiveness, a completeness, spaciousness and
+peacefulness, about this his foreign abode, which comports well with his
+native feelings, and closely assimilates with the home of his childhood.
+
+Such are the brighter parts of a pleasing picture, and it would hardly
+appear fair, were we to recount them without a glance at its darker
+shades, which, circumscribed like some of the former; are also of an
+intense character, and in the busy workings of the ill disposed
+curiosity monger, often appear, as the concentrated essence of bold
+conjecture. In plain terms, here, as in other small communities, the
+condition, and character of individuals, are constantly subjected to the
+microscopic investigations of the vigilant, and not over scrupulous
+retailers of flying news, and _interesting on dits_.
+
+The good feeling of the well-bred, and liberal minded Frenchman, is ever
+here, manifested towards the English, in a variety of pleasing
+demonstrations, constituting a series of practical illustrations of that
+native politeness, for which he is pre-eminently distinguished.
+
+And no one can, we think, be a spectator of these mutual good offices,
+and growing interchange of kindly feeling, between the subjects of two
+nations which have so long been led to regard each other as inveterate
+foes,--without rejoicing at the liberal and peaceful policy which
+maintains inviolate the present order of things. Beneath its fostering
+and genial sway, the acceleration of the respective national interests
+and energies, the reciprocal cultivation of the arts and sciences, the
+advancement of true religion and benevolence, and the consolidation of
+domestic happiness, though amongst the most prominent, are but a meagre
+catalogue of the mutual benefits, which the two neighbouring nations,
+cannot fail to realize, as the blessings of a _permanent peace_.
+
+
+
+
+BOTANY OF TOURAINE.
+
+
+In this rapid enumeration of the more prominently interesting features
+of Indre-et-Loire, it would appear unpardonable were we to pass over
+wholly unnoticed, the Botanical productions of the department, the great
+variety and successful culture of which, have long since obtained for it
+the enviable _sobriquet_ of the _garden of France_. And perhaps it
+behoves us the more especially to glance at it in an essay of this
+character, as the study of Botany has become so favorite and fashionable
+a pursuit, that scarcely a person of any pretensions to elegant taste,
+or to refined intellectual occupations, traverses a new or distant
+region without endeavouring to increase the interesting riches of his
+_Hortus siccus_: or at least to bestow some attention to its natural
+floral and arborescent productions.
+
+It is justly observed that a Botanical taste, of all sources of
+amusement, is, to an invalid, perhaps the most desirable. When exercise
+is the only object it becomes irksome even in the loveliest scenery; the
+Botanist is however beguiled onwards with a never ceasing fascination,
+yet so leisurely as not to induce fatigue; and when his strength is
+unequal to excursions of higher attainment, he can find beauties in the
+humblest paths.
+
+Frenchmen take much delight in their gardens, which are often very
+extensive and characterized by great neatness and uniformity, indeed in
+the majority of instances regularity is carried to excess;--clipped
+hedges, alleys laid out in straight lines, flower beds tortured into
+fantastic shapes, trees cut in the form of pyramids, birds, animals,
+etc., are the order of the day. The principles of good taste are however
+beginning to manifest themselves in the adoption of a more natural and
+elaborate style in the laying out of grounds which surround many of the
+more modern mansions, etc. And they are frequently enriched by choice
+and rare collections of exotic plants. Among the most conspicuous of the
+arborescent kinds, which adorn the pleasure grounds of such
+establishments, may be named the cypress de la Louisiane, the Pinus
+Silvestris, the graceful Weeping-willow, and Acacia, which here grow to
+great perfection; the Arbutus, Bay tree, Laurel, Fig tree, Chesnut, and
+Majestic Cedar of Lebanon. They also frequently contain some fine
+specimens of the beautiful family of mimosas, a variety of Pelargoniums,
+with the elegant Coronille, and Annas.
+
+Between four hundred and five hundred plants are said to be cultivated
+in the gardens. And upwards of twelve hundred wild plants have been
+enumerated as belonging to Touraine, besides the _cryptogamia_, such as
+the mosses, ferns, liverworts, and mushrooms.
+
+In the woods and forests are found from one hundred and fifty to two
+hundred plants; amongst which may be mentioned the genera _Amentaceæ_,
+which flower and blossom. In the month of April the woods are bespangled
+with the violet. _Viola._ Ficaria. Wind-flower. _Anemone nemorosa._
+Lung-wort. _Pulmonaria Officinalis._ etc. In May and June we there also
+find the _Orchis. Mellitis._ Periwinkle. _Vinca Major._ Hyacinth or Blue
+Bell. _Hyacinthus non-scriptus._ Hare Bell. _Campanula rotundifolia._
+St. John's Wort. _Hypericum-pulchrum._ Crane's Bill. _Geranium Molle._
+Bitter vetch. _Orobus tuberosus._ Strawberry leaved cinque-foil.
+_Potentilla Frargariastrum._ Wood Angelica. _Angelica Sylvestris._ The
+star of Bethlehem. _Ornithogalum pyrenaicum._ Black centaury. _Centaurea
+Nigra._ Forget me not. _Myosotis palustris._ The above are to be found
+in the Woods of Chatenay, etc. in the immediate neighbourhood of Tours.
+
+On the commons and higher arid tracts, are seen the cross leaved Heath.
+_Erica Tetralix._ Fine leaved Heath. _Erica cineria._ Male Fern.
+_Aspidium Felix Mas._ Common Broom. _Sparticum scoparium._ And the
+Furze. _Ulex Europæus._ When these hardy natives of the wold and the
+waste, happen to be grouped together, which is very commonly the case,
+the varied and vivid hues of their blossoms, present a striking
+contrast, and a very pleasing appearance.
+
+Between two hundred and three hundred plants are common to the
+cultivated fields, of which, may be named, the Corn Blue Bottle.
+_Centaurea cyanus._ Red Poppy. _Papaver Rhoea._ Venus's Mirror.
+_Campanula speculum._ Corn Cockle. _Agrostemma Githago._ Corn Spurrey.
+_Spergula Arvensis._ Common yellow Rattle. _Rhinanthus Crista-Galli._
+Great White Ox Eye. _Chrysanthemum_ _Leucanthemum._ All flowering in
+July and August.
+
+In the meadows which occupy the vales, subject to occasional
+inundations, a very great variety of plants luxuriate, consisting for
+the most part of the Family _Graminaceæ_ amongst them may be seen
+shining the Pile-wort. _Ranunculus Ficaria._ Crow-foot. _Ranunculus
+sceleratus._ And many others of this genus. The Cuckoo flower.
+_Cardamime Pratensis._ Ragged Robin. _Lychnis Floscuculi._ White
+Campion. _Lichnis vespertina._ Tale Red Rattle. _Pedicularis palustris._
+Queen of the Meadows. _Spiræa Ulmaria._ _Upatoria Cannabinum._ Common
+Loosestrife. _Lysimachia vulgaris._ Also the _Parnassia Palustris._,
+_Gentiana cruciata_, and _Colchicum Autumnale._
+
+On the surface of the Pools and Brooks, many beautiful specimens of the
+_Nymphæa_ are to be seen reposing, as those of the white water Lilly.
+_Nymphæa Alba_, and yellow water Lilly. _Nymphæa Lutea._ On their banks
+may also be found the Water Iris, or Flower de Luce. _Iris
+Pseudacorus._--The emblem of France. The Flowering Rush. _Butomus
+umbellatus._ Arrow Head. _Sagittaria sagittifolia_, and Water
+ranunculus. _Ranunculus aquatilis._
+
+Our limits will not admit of a further enumeration, but perhaps
+sufficient has been stated to signify the interesting character of the
+Botanical productions of the Province, and to induce the scientific
+visitor, or the lover of nature, to prosecute his researches through its
+sequestered glades and rural retreats; where in fact, he may on every
+hand, behold prolific nature displaying her exquisite charms, in
+elaborate perfections, rich profusion, and endless diversities.
+
+Of cultivated Fruit trees, the Pear, Peach, and Prune, are justly famed
+for their size and richness of flavour; the Meddlar, Quince, and a great
+variety of choice Apple trees are thickly dispersed throughout the
+vineyards; some of the latter of which during the winter, present a very
+singular appearance, from their being often thickly studded over with
+the sombre tufts of the parasitical _Viscus_, or Misleto. A considerable
+quantity of excellent cyder is made in the neighbourhood of Tours.
+
+The vineyards which occupy so large a portion of this district, contain
+a great many varieties of the vine, which circumstance, together with
+the prevailing difference of _soil_ and _aspect_, naturally produces
+wines of very various flavour and opposite qualities.
+
+It is affirmed, that the first requisite to make good wine seems to be a
+peculiar quality in the soil in which the fruit is grown, more than in
+the species of vine itself; the second requisite to good wine is the
+species of plant, aided by a judicious mode of training and cultivation.
+It would naturally be supposed that the wine is excellent in proportion
+to the size and luxuriance of the plant, but such is not the case, on
+the contrary, good rich soils invigorating the growth of the tree never
+produce even tolerable wine, but it is best as the soil is lighter and
+drier;--sandy, calcareous, stony and porous soils are found to be most
+friendly to the growth of the vine. The chalky soils particularly
+produce wines of great freshness and lightness.
+
+Hence we may in a great degree account for the superiority of many of
+the vinous productions of the neighbourhood of Tours; on both sides of
+the vale of the Loire, the denudated or furrowed elevations naturally
+afford many genial sites, whose southern aspects are always exposed to
+the direct rays of the sun and which favoured situations are perhaps
+more prevalent on the northern banks of the river; where, as on the
+opposite slopes, the rather lofty chalky elevations, are mostly covered
+by deep accumulations of adventitious and heterogeneous materials,
+principally constituted of the debris of that cretaceous formation, and
+partly composing the extensive deposit termed the argile et poudinge.
+
+It moreover appears, that the species of plant which is a favourite in
+one district is discarded in another; and also that very celebrated
+wines are produced in vineyards where the species of plant is by no
+means held in high repute; but the most inexplicable circumstance
+respecting the culture of the vine, is the fact, that the most delicious
+wine is sometimes grown on one little spot only, in the midst of
+vineyards which produce no others but of the ordinary quality: while in
+another place the product of a vineyard, in proportion to its surface,
+shall be incredibly small, yet of exquisite quality, at the same time,
+in the soil, aspect, treatment as to culture, and species of plant,
+there shall be no perceptible difference to the eye of the most
+experienced wine grower. Possibly this may in some measure be accounted
+for by the peculiar nature of the substratum which the roots of the
+respective vines may chance to penetrate.
+
+The grape called _caux_ or _cos_, common on the banks of the Cher,
+imparts colour and body to the red wines.
+
+The best vines for the more valuable white wines, are the species
+denominated _sauvignon_, _semilion_, _rochalin_, _blanc doux_,
+_pruneras_, _muscade_, and _blanc auba_. The _semilion_ should form
+two-thirds of a vineyard consisting of these seven species of plants.
+
+Red Hermitage is produced from two varieties of plants named the little
+and great _Scyras_. White Hermitage is produced from the greater and
+lesser _Rousanne_ grape.
+
+The esteemed red wines of Saumur, are made from the _pineau_ plant. The
+Haut Rhin is classed under the generic title of the _gentil_. Some
+excellent black wines are produced from a grape named _côte-rouge_, as
+also from _auxerrois_, or _pied de perdrix_ grape, so called because its
+stalk is red.
+
+The best Bordeaux wine _de côtes_ is made with the grape called _noir de
+pressac_, the _bochet_, and the _merlot_.
+
+The first class Burgundies, called _les têtes de cuves_, are from the
+choicest vines, namely; the _noirien_ and _pineau_, grown on the best
+spots of the vineyards having the finest aspect.
+
+The black grape called the «golden plant» (_plant doré_,) is cultivated
+in all the most distinguished vineyards of Champagne, and from which is
+produced the finest of those celebrated wines.
+
+The vines called the _semilion_ and _muscat-fou_ are very extensively
+cultivated, those most noted are the black _morillon_, of two varieties,
+the _madaleine_ and the vine of Ischia; the latter produces fine fruit
+as high as north lat. 48°.
+
+The bloom upon the grape, which so delicately tints the skin, is
+considered in proportion to its prevalence a proof of attention or
+negligence in the culture.
+
+The age of which the vine bears well, is from sixty to seventy years, or
+more, but in the common course of things it is six or seven years
+before it is in full bearing. The vines are pruned three times before
+they bear fruit, when this operation is again repeated. In France the
+vine is propagated by layers of buds, which are taken up after the
+vintage, and by slips chosen from among the cuttings; vines from the
+latter live longest and bear most fruit, though those from the layers
+shoot earliest. The general method of training the vine in France, is
+the «_tinge bas_» or low stem training, the young shoots of the year
+being tied to stakes from four to five feet in height.
+
+The season of the vintage is one of stirring interest and alacrity, the
+merry groups of grape gatherers now to be seen in almost every field,
+commence their employment as early as possible after the sun has
+dissipated the dew, and the gathering is uniformly continued with as
+much rapidity as possible, if the weather continue fair, so as to
+terminate the pressing in one day.
+
+In concluding this subject, we may very well exemplify the general
+distribution of the vegetable tribes in this part of France, by
+observing that merry _Bacchus_ presides over the cheerful hills, _Flora_
+and _Pomona_ grace the laughing vallies and the sylvan shades, while the
+bountiful _Ceres_ extends her dominion over the upland plains, and the
+smiling prairies of the fertilizing Cher and Loire.
+
+
+
+
+GEOLOGY OF TOURAINE.
+
+
+_The GEOLOGY of Touraine_, being of a nature particularly worthy the
+attention of the scientific enquirer, we may properly close these
+restricted remarks, by a few cursory observations on so interesting a
+subject. In contemplating the geognostic structure of this department,
+the eye of the investigator encounters none of those strikingly bold and
+sublime operations of nature, almost every where to be met with in the
+primitive and volcanic regions of the globe.
+
+Here with but a few solitary exceptions, the whole surface of the
+province presents a continuous series of rounded and gentle undulations,
+exhibiting to the careless glance of the unobservant, and to the
+uninitiated, one vast homogeneous mass of earthy and stony materials.
+
+But when this wide spread, and apparently uninvestigable aggregation of
+particles, comes under the scrutinizing _eye of science_, a beautiful
+and systematic arrangement of undigenous formations are clearly
+developed. Individually containing within themselves the marvellous and
+decisive evidence of their comparative existence, in their present
+relative positions.
+
+Those «_medallions of Nature_,» the fossils which they contain not only
+furnishing us with a chronological knowledge of the progressive
+formation of the Earth's crust, but recording in language the most
+intelligible, what were the peculiar states, and characteristics of
+animal and vegetable existences at the distinct, and distant epochs of
+the World.
+
+By the aid of these silent but eloquent intelligencers, we discover that
+the strata which now constitute the table lands of Touraine, were among
+the last, in the whole geological series, that emerged from the waves of
+the Ocean. That, that grand instrument of transposition and renovation,
+has in a general sense, ever since been restrained within its mighty
+confines. And that at the time its waters last prevailed over these
+regions now high and dry, many of the types of living testacea, etc.
+were become identical with those of existing species.
+
+Touraine, or the department of Indre-et-Loire, may be said to be the
+grand repository of the _tertiary_ formations of central France. It
+constitutes the southern divisions of the great _Paris basin_, formed by
+a vast depression in the chalk, and which is about 180 miles long and 90
+miles broad. This cretaceous or chalk basin terminates to the south a
+short distance from Poitiers, where the oolites and certain other
+formations older than the chalk, crop out from beneath it, and thence
+forward, principally constitute the formations of the more southern
+departments of the kingdom: and occasionally extend to the summits of
+the gigantic Pyrénées.
+
+The long range of rocky precipices often constituting rather lofty
+escarpments, along the northern borders of the valley of the Loire, are
+a portion of the extensive cretaceous formations which surround Paris.
+In the vicinity of Tours and many other places where its strata are
+alike exposed to view, many beautiful specimens of some of its
+characteristic fossils may be readily obtained; this formation here also
+frequently contains its usual layers of flint, and which often assumes
+the exact form of the zoophytes, and other organic structures, into
+which it has percolated.
+
+But in this locality, as also in many instances in the chalk region
+south of Angoulême, the mineralogical character of the formation is
+often completely altered, chiefly appearing as a fine white calcareous
+sandstone, occasionally passing into a compact siliceous limestone,
+similar to the _calcaire siliceux_ of the superior freshwater limestone,
+but for the most part destitute of the small sinuous cavities the
+latter commonly contains.
+
+This calcareous sandstone is directly succeeded, in ascending order, by
+the most extensive surface deposit of Touraine, termed by the French
+geologist, argile et poudinge; a rather thick argillaceous deposit, in
+which flint boulders are sometimes thickly embedded, and on which
+reposes the _calc d'eau douce_ or freshwater limestone, both formations
+belonging to the uppermost subdivision of the Parisian tertiary strata,
+or newer Pliocene deposits.
+
+Immediately above the freshwater limestone just named, a series of
+isolated masses occur, consisting of marine sand and marl, the whole
+rarely exceeding fifty feet in thickness, and containing for the most
+part a different and immense assemblage of fossils. This tertiary
+formation which is provincially termed _faluns_, (broken shells) is
+considered to belong to a period intermediate between that of the
+Parisian and subapennine strata, and to assimulate in age to the crag
+formation of England, which belongs to the Miocene or middle Tertiary.
+
+Mr Lyell who has closely examined the _faluns_[D], says that most of
+the shells they contain do not depart from the Mediterranean type,
+although a few would seem to indicate a tropical climate, among these
+may be mentioned some large species of the genera _conus_, _terebra_,
+_rynula_, _tasciolaria_, _cerithium_ and _cardita_.
+
+The species he considers for the most part marine, but that a few of
+them belong to land and fluviatile genera. Among the former, _helix
+turonensis_ (faluns Touraine) is the most abundant.
+
+Remains of terrestrial quadrupeds are here and there intermixed,
+belonging to the genera mastodon, rhinoceros, hyppopotamus, deer and
+others, and these are accompanied by cetacea, such as the lamantine,
+morse, sea calf, and dolphin, all of extinct species.
+
+Out of two hundred and ninety species of shells from the _faluns_ Mr
+Lyell says he found seventy-two identical with recent species, and that
+out of the whole three hundred and two in his possession forty-five only
+were found to be common to the suffolk crag. Nevertheless a similarity
+of mineral composition, and the general analogy of the fossil shells and
+zoophytes, together with the perfect identity of certain species,
+strongly justifies the opinion that has long been pronounced, that the
+faluns of Touraine, and the Suffolk crag are nearly contemporaneous.
+
+To this brief outline of what may properly be termed the regular
+stratifications of Touraine, it only remains to be stated, that they are
+frequently concealed by considerable deposits of alluvial and diluvian
+beds of flinty gravel, sand, and adventitious clays, in some of which
+numerous specimens of the rocks and fossils to be found existing in
+_situ_ in the neighbourhood are interspersed.
+
+It is almost impossible to contemplate even the comparatively scanty
+catalogue of geological facts just adverted to, without being forcibly
+reminded of the remarkable physical transformations which the surface of
+the country must have undergone, at distinct, and incalculably distant
+epochs; and to speculate on the causes which effected; and the peculiar
+circumstances characterizing those revolutionizing periods.
+
+Geology, may indeed, be truly said to be an inductive science, and while
+pondering over its natural inferences we find ourselves most
+marvellously progressing through a long concatenation of pre-existing
+realities, which at every remove may be said to assume more and more the
+features of romance!
+
+During the cretaceous period, _Touraine_ had not emerged from the
+Ocean, which here was probably studded with Islands constituted of the
+primary rocks of Brittany, and those of the older secondary formations
+we have noticed as now principally occupying the more southern
+provinces. These lands, we may reasonably infer, were adorned by the
+luxuriant vegetation of a tropical climate, the fossil remains of which,
+are found abundantly dispersed throughout the first formed members of
+the tertiary series.
+
+Subsequent to the deposition of the chalk, a retiring of the sea from
+this region, and a period of repose, are indicated by the presence of
+the _freshwater formation_, but on examining the overlying deposits of
+_faluns_, we have the most indubitable evidence, that this quiescent
+state, was succeeded by another irruption of the Ocean, which desolated
+the land, and deposited the wrecks of its animal and vegetable
+productions as now discovered in that formation. As yet, the geologian
+maintains, man had not been called into existence, and therefore the
+huge quadrupeds whose remains are found in the _faluns_, unmolestedly
+ranged through the umbrageous wilds of nature absolute Lords of the
+creation.
+
+While the imagination is startled at the mystic nature of these
+successive cosmological revolutions, it is no less puzzled to account
+for the mighty causes which have effected them. The geologist however
+has discovered in various parts of the world, the most positive evidence
+of the upheaving and subsidence of immense tracts of territory, by the
+stupendous operations of subterranean convulsions.
+
+At Alum Bay in the Isle of Wight we have an extraordinary and complete
+example of this description; in the remarkable _vertical_ position of
+the beautiful and variously coloured arenose stratifications of the
+plastic clay, we are enabled to discover that the ponderous substrata of
+chalk were uplifted subsequently to the deposition of the tertiary
+formation. And it would not be unreasonable to believe that the same, or
+a similar convulsion, finally raised the lands of Touraine to their
+present elevation above the level of the sea.
+
+We have however in this country, as in almost every other part of the
+globe, the most striking proofs of the mighty modifying operations of
+the last grand _cataclysm_, the erosive power of whose turbulent waters
+have denudated or scooped out deep vallies, frequently leaving--as
+instanced in the faluns detached and widely scattered masses of
+pre-existing formations, and heaping up their _debris_ in the vast and
+variously shaped accumulations designated as diluvial deposits.
+
+These popular speculations have been touched upon rather with the view
+of exciting the attention of the curious, and inviting the disquisitions
+of the able student of nature, than a desire to attach any absolute
+importance to existing theories; for in a progressive science like
+geology, new and amazing facts are continually being developed, and it
+is only when an immensely increased accumulation of such existing
+evidences has been thoroughly scrutinized by the penetrating and
+comprehensive genius of a _Newton in geology_, that we can hope to
+arrive at any thing approaching a correct explication of its remarkable
+and interesting phenomena.
+
+To the commonest observer however the present state of geology presents
+an astounding exposition of divine power and goodness, and distinctively
+marks the gigantic footsteps of that creative energy, which out of
+stupendous confusion and disorder, the rocking earthquake, and the
+«wreck of worlds,» has caused to spring forth the existing order of
+things; whose beauty, perfection, utility and harmony, charm our senses,
+enhance our knowledge, and demand for their Creator, the constant
+tribute, of our most grateful emanations.
+
+There are a few Chalybeate, and many calcareous springs in the
+department, some of the latter of which incrust every substance over
+which they flow, and it is not uncommon to find an assemblage of most
+fancifully shaped stalactical incrustations in the caves of the
+calcareous freestone, etc., being often singularly imitative of the
+works both of nature and of art. Caves of this description known by the
+name of the caves gouttières are to be seen near the _village of
+Savonnières_ on the road from _Tours_ to Chinon, not far from the banks
+of the Cher. But perhaps no less remarkable in the estimation of the
+curious are the extraordinary series of excavations ranging nearly
+opposite Tours. These artificial caverns which are hewn out of the
+white calcareous sandstone rocks on the banks of the Loire, frequently
+constitute entire dwellings, and are so free from humidity as to be
+occupied by the peasantry during summer and winter, while others are
+formed into extensive storehouses for the wines of the country.
+
+From the general and impartial review we have here taken of some of the
+more attractive features, climatic advantages, and geological structure
+of Touraine, it cannot but be admitted that it possesses inducements of
+no ordinary description to the searcher after health or recreation.
+Considerations, of more special importance to the hypochondriac and the
+valetudinarian, who may feel themselves obliged to abandon the soothing
+comforts of the domestic circle, for the purpose of obtaining relief
+from a temporary residence abroad.
+
+In our just estimation of any country or locality, much however depends
+on the spirit and manner in which we scrutinize its resources, to the
+eye of the vacant and unobservant mind, the most beautiful and
+soul-stirring facts and scenes possess neither novelty nor charms, while
+the attentive and _intelligent investigator_ seldom fails to discover
+and appreciate those extraordinary assemblages of creative perfections,
+and wonders, with which the all bountiful hand of the Supreme Creator
+has most amply stored every portion of the material Universe.
+
+
+
+
+SPAS OF FRANCE.
+
+
+A small work of this description will not admit of our entering into a
+minute detail of all the mineral waters of France; we shall therefore
+merely give a sketch of their physical characters, medicinal properties,
+and of the different localities where they are found, to serve as a
+superficial guide to Invalids; and conclude by giving a more general
+description of the _Spas of Central France_.
+
+Mineral waters may be arranged into the four following classes;
+_Saline_; _Acidulous_; _Chalybeate_; and _Sulphureous_.
+
+_Saline._ These waters owe their properties altogether to saline
+compounds. Those which predominate and give their character to the
+waters of this class are either,
+
+1. Salts, the basis of which is Lime.
+
+2. Muriate of Soda and Magnesia.
+
+3. Sulphate of Magnesia.
+
+4. Alkaline Carbonates, particularly Carbonate of Soda.
+
+They are mostly purgative, the powers of the salts they contain being
+very much increased by the large proportion of water in which they are
+exhibited.
+
+There are but few _Cold Saline Springs_ in France, viz: those of Andabre
+or Camares in the department of Aveyron; Jouhe, dep: Jura; Pouillon,
+dep: Landes; Niederbronn, dep: Lower Rhine. They are employed in
+diseases which require continued and moderate intestinal evacuations;
+such as dyspepsia hypochondriasis, chronic hepatitis, jaundice and
+strumous swellings. They are more grateful to the stomach when carbonic
+acid gas is also present; and when they contain Iron as in the springs
+of Camarès, their tonic powers combined with their purgative qualities,
+render them still more useful in dyspeptic complaints and amenorrhoea.
+
+To this class the water of the Ocean belongs. The quantity of saline
+matter _Sea Water_ contains varies in different latitudes thus, between
+10° and 20° it is rather more than 1/24; at the equator it is 1/25; and
+at 57° north it is only 1/27. The saline ingredients in 10,000 parts of
+sea water according to the last analysis of Dr. Murray, are, muriate of
+Soda 220.01; muriate of lime, 7.84; muriate of Magnesia, 42.08; and
+Sulphate of Soda 33.16. When brought up from a great depth, its taste is
+purely saline; but when taken from the surface it is disagreeably
+bitter, owing, perhaps, to the animal and vegetable matters suspended in
+it. Its specific gravity varies from 1.0269 to 1.0285; and it does not
+freeze until cooled down to 28.5° Fahrenheit. Its medicinal properties
+are the same as those of the saline purgative waters, but more powerful;
+and as a bath, its efficacy is much superior to that of fresh water.
+
+The general effects of mineral waters are modified by temperature,
+whether they be taken internally, or applied externally.
+
+In some _Warm Saline Springs_ as those of Plombières, and Bains, in the
+department of Vosges; Luxeuil, dep. Haute Saône; Bourbon-Lancy, dep.
+Saône-et-Loire; Bourbonne-les-Bains, dep. Haute-Marne; Chaudes-Aigues,
+dep. Cantal; Avène, Balaruc, dep. l'Hérault; La Motte, dep. l'Isère;
+Bagnols, dep. l'Orne; Aix-en-Provence; dep. Bouches-du-Rhône;
+St.-Laurent-Les-Bains, dep. l'Ardèche; Sylvanès, dep. l'Aveyron;
+Cap-Bern, Bagnères, Bigorre, dep. Upper Pyrénées; Encausse, dep.
+Haute-Garonne; Néris, dep. l'Allier; their virtues depend principally on
+the height of temperature. And in others which have been found to
+contain scarcely any foreign matter, the simple diluent power of the
+pure water seems to produce the benefit that results from drinking them.
+
+ACIDULOUS. Waters of this class owe their properties chiefly to Carbonic
+Acid. They sparkle when drawn from the spring, or when poured into a
+glass; have an acidulous taste, and become vapid when exposed to the
+air. Besides free carbonic acid, on the presence of which these
+qualities depend, acidulous waters contain generally carbonates of Soda,
+of Lime, of Magnesia, and of Iron; and sometimes muriate of Soda.
+
+They may be divided into _thermal_ or _warm acidulous waters_, and _cold
+acidulous waters_.
+
+The temperature of the former rarely exceeds 72° F. while that of the
+latter is generally about 55° F. Of the warm acidulous waters are those
+of Mont-D'or, Saint Nectaire, Clermont-Ferrand, in the department of
+Puy-de-Dôme; Vichy, Bourbon-l'Archambault, dep. l'Allier; Audinac,
+Ussat, dep. l'Arriège; Chateauneuf, Saint-Mart, Chatel-guion, dep.
+Puy-de-Dôme; Dax, dep. Landes; Saint Alban on the left of the river
+Loire.
+
+Of the _cold acidulous waters_ there is Pougues in the department of
+Nièvre; Chateldon, Bar, Saint-Myon, Médague, Vic-le-Comte, dep.
+Puy-de-Dôme; Mont-Brison, Saint-Galmier, dep. Loire; Langeac, dep.
+Haute-Loire. They are tonic and diuretic; and in large doses produce a
+sensible degree of exhilaration.
+
+They all afford a grateful and moderate stimulus to the stomach, but the
+_warm acidulous springs_ are to be preferred as there are few of this
+kind that do not contain a small portion of Iron and a larger portion of
+carbonic acid gas, and are especially useful in all cases of impaired
+digestion; while those which contain alkaline carbonates, as Pougues and
+Saint-Galmier, are more particularly employed as palliatives in
+calculous affections.
+
+CHALYBEATE. Waters thus named owe their properties to iron in
+combination generally with carbonic acid; and as the latter is usually
+in excess, they are often acidulous as well as chalybeate. The metal is
+found also in the form of a sulphate, but the instances of this are very
+rare.
+
+Chalybeate waters have a styptic or inky taste: they are, when fresh
+drawn, transparent, but become black when mixed with tincture of
+nut-galls; but an ochery sediment soon falls, and the water loses its
+taste. If the iron be in the state of sulphate, however, no sediment
+falls; and the black colour is produced by the above test, even after
+the water has been boiled and filtered. Chalybeate springs are very
+numerous in France, some of the following are much frequented:
+Rennes-Les-bains, in the department of l'Aude; Saint-Honoré, Passy, near
+Paris; Forges, Aumale, Rouen, dep. Seine-inférieure; Contrexeville, dep.
+Vosges; Bussang, Provins, dep. Seine-et-Marne; La Chapelle-Godefroi,
+dep. of l'Aube; Saint-Gondon, Noyers, dep. Loiret; Fontenelle, dep.
+Vendée; Watweiler, Upper-Rhine; Cransac, dep. l'Aveyron; Sainte-Marie,
+dep. Cantal; Sermaise, dep. Marne; Ferrières, Segray, dep. Loiret;
+Alais, dep. Gard; Boulogne-sur-Mer, dep. Pas-de-Calais; Vals, dep.
+l'Ardèche.
+
+Chalybeate waters are powerful tonics, and are employed in dyspepsia,
+scrofulous affections, cancer, amenorrhoea, chlorosis, and other
+diseases of debility for which the artificial preparations of iron are
+used. Much of the benefit derived from the use of chalybeate waters
+depends on the extreme division of the metalic salts they contain, as
+well as the vehicle in which it is held in solution; while at the same
+time their operation is much modified by the carbonic acid gas by which
+the iron is suspended. When the water is a carbonated chalybeate, it
+should be drunk the moment it is drawn from the spring; but the same
+precaution is not necessary with a water containing sulphate of iron.
+
+SULPHUREOUS. Waters classed under this head derive their character
+chiefly from sulphureted hydrogen gas; which in some of them is
+uncombined, while in others it is united with lime or an alkali. They
+are transparent when newly drawn from the spring, and have a foetid
+odour which is gradually lost from exposure to the air, and the water
+becomes turbid. When they are strongly impregnated with the gas, they
+redden infusion of litmus, and exhibit some other of the characteristics
+of acids; and, even in a weak state, they blacken silver and lead.
+
+Besides containing sulphureted hydrogen gas, they are not unfrequently,
+also, impregnated with carbonic acid. They generally contain muriate of
+Magnesia or other saline matters, which modify their powers as a remedy.
+
+The _warm sulphureous springs_ in France are those of Barèges,
+Saint-Sauveur, dep. Upper Pyrénées; Cauterets, Bonnes, Cambo, dep. Lower
+Pyrénées; Bagnères-de-Luchon, dep. Haute-Garonne; Ax, dep. l'Arriège;
+Gréoult, Digne, dep. Lower Alpes; Castera-Verduzan, dep. Gers; Bagnols,
+dep. Lozère; Évaux, dep. Creuse; Saint-Amand, dep. Nord; Loèche, right
+of the Rhône; Aix-la-Chapelle. The _cold sulphureous waters_ are those
+of Enghien-les-Bains, in the department of Seine-et-Oise; La
+Roche-Posay, dep. Vienne; Uriage, near Grenoble.
+
+These waters are resorted to chiefly by patients who labour under
+cutaneous affections and are applied locally as well as drunk.
+
+They are slightly sudorific and diuretic, and apt to occasion in some
+patients headache of short duration, directly after they are taken.
+
+They are also employed for curing visceral and scrofulous obstructions,
+torpor of the intestines, chronic engorgements of the joints: sprains of
+long standing, obstinate catarrhs, rheumatism, etc, and in some
+dyspeptic and hypochondriacal cases.
+
+The _warm_ sulphureous waters are to be preferred; attention however
+should be paid to the state of the bowels during their course which
+ought to be kept free from any accumulation by the aid of some mild
+aperient medicine; Spa Doctors trust almost entirely to the aperient
+operation of the waters and doubtless, the crises, spa-fevers, and
+re-actions described by foreign writers on the spas are often
+attributable to the want of combining some mild mercurial alterative and
+aperient with the use of the waters, and that many cures are prevented
+or rendered ineffectual by the dread of mercury entertained by
+continental Physicians. The following what Dr. Johnson terms the
+_Auxilio-Preservative_ will be found of essential service taken every
+night before drinking the morning waters.
+
+    R,
+
+      Ext: Col: Co:
+
+      Pil: Rhei: Co:  à à  gr. XL
+
+      Pil: Hydrarg:   --   gr. X
+
+      Ol: Caryoph:    --   gr. VI
+
+    ft. pil: XX capt. 1 vel: ij hora somni.
+
+It is however absolutely necessary on patients arriving at any spa, to
+consult the resident Physician.
+
+With respect to the use of mineral waters in general, we consider them
+as most important, and extremely beneficial in the treatment of disease;
+some of the good effects of all of them however, must be allowed to
+proceed from change of air and scene; relaxation from business,
+amusement, temperance, and regular hours, and under these circumstances
+the drinking the waters at the springs possesses advantages which cannot
+be obtained from artificial waters, however excellent the imitations may
+be, nor even from the natural water, when bottled and conveyed to a
+distance from the springs.
+
+
+
+
+SPAS
+
+OF
+
+CENTRAL FRANCE.
+
+
+
+
+THERMAL SALINE WATERS,
+
+
+PLOMBIÈRES.
+
+_Plombiers_, a small town in the department of Vosges, twenty-four
+leagues from Nancy, is situated between mountains in a deep narrow
+valley watered by the Augrome.
+
+According to a careful analysis made by M. Vauquelin, these waters
+contain Subcarbonate of Soda, Sulphate of Soda, Chloride of Sodium,
+Subcarbonate of Lime, and Silex. He affirms that they also contain an
+animal matter greatly resembling gelatine, which performs an important
+part in their action upon the animal economy; to this ingredient he
+attributes the fetid odour which occasionally arises from the waters.
+
+The thermal waters of Plombières, are classed as follows:--1st The
+_Bain des Dames_; having a heat of 126° Fahr 2nd--The _Source du
+Chêne_, or _du Crucifix_; this is the only one of the waters not used
+for bathing, but solely for drinking. 3d--The _source du Grand-Bain_
+or _du milieu_, the temperature of the former is 130°: and of the latter
+142° Fah. The _Grand Bain_ is called the _Bain des pauvres_.
+4th--The _Bain-tempéré_, which is supplied by two sources; one at
+90° and the other at 113° Fah. 5th--The _Petit-Bain_ or _Capucins_,
+is 113° Fah. Its basin is divided into two parts, the temperature of the
+water there being 95° to 97° Fah. 6th--The _Bain-Neuf_ or _Royal_,
+has a square basin which receives the waters from a source formerly
+called _l'enfer_, and had originally, a temperature of 153° Fah. being
+the hottest of the number. 7th--There is another source, called the
+source _de Bassompierre_, situated at the upper part of the town.
+
+These waters are stimulant, giving increased activity to the
+circulation, and in great reputation for the cure of Chlorosis (green
+sickness) chronic enteritis, neuralgia, scrofula, and in the chronic
+and painful stages of gout and rhumatism. Although rarely beneficial in
+severe cutaneous diseases they are in much esteem for their unctuous
+qualities, which impart softness to the skin and allay superficial
+irritations.
+
+The season for taking these waters is from May to September, and this
+place is then much frequented; the accommodations are very good, in the
+principal street are arcades built by Stanislaus, king of Poland, under
+which the company promenade.
+
+
+LUXEUIL.
+
+The great esteem in which these waters were anciently held is attested
+by the vast ruins and immense number of antiquities which have been
+found here; at present Luxeuil is a small but agreeable town in the
+department of the Haute-Saône, twelve leagues from Besançon, situated in
+a plain, and intersected by a street called the _rue des Romains_. The
+bathing establishment, which is much admired, was built about the middle
+of the last century, is adorned with a beautiful garden.
+
+There are five Baths namely the _Bain des Femmes_; the _Bain des
+Hommes_; the _Bain Neuf_; the _Grand-Bain_; the _Petit-Bain_.
+
+The analysis of these waters is very incomplete; they are stated to
+contain muriate of Soda, Lime, sulphate of Potash and a small portion of
+Iron.
+
+They have proved very beneficial in chronic rheumatism, paralysis,
+chronic catarrh, alterations in the abdominal viscera, and in some
+nervous affections. As these waters are less exciting than those of
+Plombières, they are more suitable to persons of a feeble and delicate
+constitution.
+
+The Baths are under the superintendance of a medical practitioner. A
+Hotel, called the Lion d'Or, affords ample accommodation for persons who
+come for the benefit of the waters. This place has been much frequented
+of late.
+
+
+BOURBON-LANCY.
+
+The mineral waters of this place, containing a population of 2700, are
+in the department of Saône-et-Loire, twelve leagues from Autun and
+eighty from Paris.
+
+Dr de Verchère, a talented and philanthropic man, who long had the
+establishment under his management, reports numerous cures having been
+effected by the waters.
+
+Their celebrity is of ancient date, and they have at various times been
+visited by several kings of France.
+
+The town of Bourbon-Lancy is placed on the side of a hill, and
+constitutes a striking feature in a beautiful landscape. The air is
+extremely salubrious, and the place has long been remarkable for its
+freedom from epidemics.
+
+It abounds in the comforts and luxuries of life, and commodious
+accommodations are provided for visitors, near the Baths.
+
+The _Bread_ made here is said to be of a very superior quality, which
+the inhabitants attribute to its being kneaded with the mineral waters.
+
+Numerous kinds of excellent fish are furnished by the Loire.
+
+The mineral waters of Bourbon-Lancy have apparently one common source
+but appear at the surface of the earth in seven distinct springs. The
+1st is called _le Lymbe_, from its great heat, as much as 135° Fah.
+2nd The _Fontaine de Saint-Léger_ temperature 100° Fah. 3rd The
+_Fontaine de la Reine_ temp: 108° Fah. 4th The _Fontaine des Ecures_,
+which take its name from the person who discovered the spring in 1600.
+temp: 140° Fah. 5th The _Bain Royal_, temp: 104° Fah.
+
+Mr Jacquemont's analysis of these waters exhibits the presence of
+Carbonic Acid, and Muriate of Soda in excess, also the Sulphate of Soda,
+Carbonate of Lime, Oxide of Iron and Silex.
+
+It is to be regretted that a more minute analysis of the waters has not
+been effected, for their continual boiling, and the saline efflorescence
+which forms upon the sides of the pipes, would seem to indicate the
+prevalence of fixed and volatile principles, the proportions of which it
+would be important to demonstrate.
+
+Their heat and stimulating qualities peculiarly adapt them for the cure
+of obstinate chronic rheumatism, diseases of the lymphatics, chlorosis,
+incipient disorganization of the stomach, bowels, and other abdominal
+viscera. They have also been found highly beneficial in old gun shot
+wounds.
+
+The Bourbon waters are administered in different doses, according to the
+constitution of the patient, and the nature of the disease, it is usual
+to take several glasses in the morning at intervals of a quarter of an
+hour.
+
+The Baths varying in temperature from 90° to 104° Fah. are the most
+commonly used, and with the greatest success. But the most active baths
+are those varying from 113° to 122° Fah. but they require great caution
+in their administration.
+
+There are several kinds of douches at Bourbon as the ascending,
+descending, fumigating, which are frequently used in torpidity of the
+intestines and obstinate constipations; resource is also had to them in
+some affections of the uterus and urinary organs. There are also _mud_
+baths at this place.
+
+
+BAGNOLES.
+
+Bagnoles is a village in the department of l'Orne, the efficacy of the
+mineral waters at this place, was discovered by the following singular
+circumstance. An old horse having a disease of the skin, being covered
+all over with sores, was about to be delivered up to the knacker when
+his master calling to mind his good qualities, resolved upon turning him
+into the _Coppice of Roches-Noires_. Two months after happening to pass
+through the end of the valley, he descried an animal which he thought
+much resembled his own discarded steed. The horse trotted up, approached
+him familiarly, and though fat and sleek, was speedily recognised by his
+owner, who wishing to ascertain the cause of such an unexpected and
+astonishing cure, carefully watched the animal's movements, and
+presently saw him roll himself with much apparent satisfaction in a
+neighbouring bog, which upon putting his hand into it, he found to
+contain much internal heat. This circumstance occasioned the clearing
+out of the bog, when the source of a hot spring very limpid and very
+abundant was discovered.
+
+This cure, originated the idea of forming the present establishment
+which since 1812 has been rapidly increasing in reputation. It stands at
+the foot of a mountain between two rocky escarpments, in one of the
+most beautiful and picturesque vallies in France.
+
+Through this, winds the little river _la Vée_, the banks of which,
+adjacent to the Baths, are prettily planted, and intersected with
+numerous gravel walks, forming shady and agreeable promenades. The
+luxuriance of the trees and meadows which adorn this fertile valley,
+contrasted with the savage aspect of the vast rugged rocks by which it
+is bordered, together with the pretty scattered villas, and the
+salubrity of the air form a _tout ensemble_ rarely to be witnessed, and
+which contributes not a little to the recovery of the numerous visitors
+who resort to this fine establishment.
+
+The mineral springs are received into a square cistern from whence they
+are conducted into the bathing rooms; they are extremely clear, unctuous
+to the touch, taste slightly acid, and emit a sulphureted hydrogen
+odour: air bubbles continually ascend with the water, and break as they
+reach the surface. The waters are found on analysis to contain carbonic
+acid, and muriate of Soda, in excess; a very small quantity of sulphate
+and muriate of lime, and muriate of Barytes. The sediment of the general
+receptacle contains some sulphur and Iron.
+
+The Bagnoles waters are at once tonic and purgative; they excite the
+appetite, giving more activity to the digestive system, and have a
+general tendency favourable to the promotion of healthy secretions and
+excretions; particularly of the skin kidneys and glandular organs
+generally.
+
+Administered as Baths, they have a very salutary action upon the skin,
+imparting to it a remarkable flexibility and softness.
+
+M. Piette, who was forty years physician to this establishment,
+published a report upon the efficacy of these waters, in obstinate
+rheumatism, chronic catarrh, paralysis, chlorosis, leucorrhoea,
+chronic gastritis, etc. After enumerating their other virtues he says:
+«On lit dans les vieilles chroniques que les dames de la Normandie
+allaient autrefois à Bagnoles pour porter remède à leur stérilité.»
+
+From three to six glasses constitute a dose of the waters, they are
+taken in the morning.
+
+The Bath rooms and appendages are judiciously arranged; when the natural
+heat of the water--(from 82° to 90° Fah.) is deemed insufficient by the
+physician, it can easily be increased by the aid of artificial heat,
+without materially deteriorating the medicinal virtues of the water.
+
+Many Spa Doctors however assert (Dr Granville amongst the number)
+«that the _caloric_ of mineral waters is of a _specific_ kind, analogous
+to the heat of the body.» A heat incorporated with the water by a
+chemico-vital process. And as no external warmth can supply the body
+with _vital_ heat, so no artificially created temperature can be a real
+substitute for the natural heat of thermal springs.
+
+The temperature of the water of Bagnoles being about that of the
+blood--98° Fah. immersion in it produces but a slight sensation of heat;
+the temperature of our bodies being below that of our blood. The
+sensation is that of comfort.
+
+Bagnoles is sixty leagues from Paris, and one league from the high road
+leading from Alençon to Domfront, lying nearly on the route from Havre
+to Tours.
+
+
+CHAUDES-AIGUES.
+
+This is a small town in the department of Cantal, six leagues from
+Saint-Flour, on the road between Clermont and Toulouse, and derives its
+name from its thermal waters, which were much resorted to in the
+fifteenth century, and then called _Calentes Baiæ_.
+
+The temperature of the springs vary from 167° to 189° Fah. The resident
+poor turn this high temperature to many economical purposes, frequently
+cooking their entire meals by the natural heat of the waters; an egg is
+boiled hard by five minutes immersion.
+
+The waters are extensively used by Curriers, Tanners, stuff and Flannel
+manufacturers, etc, their alkaline principles being found peculiarly
+adapted to many essential processes in these respective trades; to
+coloured articles, they are considered to give brilliancy and permanence
+to the dyes.
+
+The _Belle Fontaine du Parc_, the highest in temperature of the spring,
+contains muriate of Soda, carbonate of lime; carbonate of Iron, and
+Silex.
+
+These waters were held in high repute by the Romans and are particularly
+mentioned by one of their historians; «Calentes nunc te Baiæ, et scabris
+cavernatim ructata pumicibus aqua sulfuris atque jecorosis ac
+phthisiscentibus languidis medicabilis piscina delectat.»
+
+They have an _alterative_ or _deobstruent_ action, are therefore
+applicable to a long catalogue of maladies arising from congestion and
+obstructions of the abdominal viscera.
+
+
+
+
+WARM ACIDULOUS AND GASEOUS WATERS,
+
+
+
+VICHY.
+
+Vichy is situated in the department of the Allier, 87 leagues from
+Paris, fifteen from Moulins and thirty two from Lyon, in a valley
+surrounded by beautiful and fertile hills. The excellent roads which
+lead to this town, the purity of the air, the comfort and amusement
+which may be found in it combine to render it one of the most frequented
+watering places in France.
+
+Its mineral waters were known to the Romans, and vestiges of ancient
+baths, coins etc. have frequently been found here. In the 14th
+century a monastery of the order of Celestins was founded at Vichy by
+Louis 2nd Duke of Bourbon, and in the following century, during the
+wars of the Praguerie this town was beseiged by Charles the 7th, and
+although fortified, taken by him in 1440.
+
+Both Madame de Sévigné and the famous Fléchier speak in the highest
+terms of the charms of this delightful place and vie with each other in
+its praise. It was visited in 1814 by the duchess of Angoulême, since
+which it has rapidly risen into notice, and owing to the exertions of
+the inhabitants to accommodate the numbers who now flock to these justly
+celebrated waters, few towns offer more resources to the invalid than
+Vichy.
+
+The names of the principal Baths are,
+
+1st--The _Grande-Grille_, temperature 104° to 108° Fah:
+
+2nd--The _Petit-Puits carré_, temp. 113° Fah:
+
+3rd--The _Grande-Puits carré_, 113° Fah: which supplies the Baths.
+These three springs are in the Bath house, under the gallery where
+persons taking the waters promenade.
+
+4th--The _Petit-Boulet_, temp. 95° Fah:
+
+5th--The _Gros-Boulet_ or the _Hôpital_, temp. 99° Fah:
+
+6th--The _source Lucas_, temp. 97°
+
+7th--The _Fontaine des Célestins_, temp. 74° Fah:
+
+All situated in a neat building near the Allier, and at the foot of a
+mountain.
+
+The following is an analysis of the _Grande-Grille_;--free carbonic
+acid, carbonate of Soda, carbonate of Lime, carbonate of Magnesia,
+muriate of Soda, sulphate of Soda, oxide of Iron and Silex.
+
+The other Baths contain the same ingredients, but the proportions
+slightly differ; from all the water presents nearly the same appearance.
+It is clear and colourless, and filled with a great quantity of bubbles
+rising continually to its surface: its taste is sharp and slightly
+acidulated.
+
+The waters of Vichy are recommended in most chronic affections,
+particularly of the stomach, congestions of the liver and abdominal
+organs generally; hæmorrhoids, leucorrhoea, engorgements and
+indurations of the uterus, ovaries, etc; colic, cramps and epigastric
+pains; disorders of the urinary organs, nervous and intermittent fevers
+of long standing. Having a tranquillizing effect upon the nervous
+system, they are peculiarly adapted to cases of hypochondriasis,
+neuralgia, chorea, etc.
+
+The season at Vichy begins on the 13th of May, and finishes on the
+20th of September, but precaution must be used in taking these waters
+during excessively hot or stormy weather. Their general effects upon the
+constitution are said to be very analogous to those of the celebrated
+waters of Carlsbad in Germany.
+
+
+SAINT-ALBAN.
+
+This small hamlet two leagues from Roanne on the left bank of the Loire,
+is much indebted to being situated in the vicinity of Lyon, for the
+celebrity the waters have attained, and still maintain. Those invalids
+who come for the purpose of drinking the waters will find good
+accommodation.
+
+These mineral waters are pungent and acidulous to the taste, and very
+limpid, the presence of carbonic acid is perceptible every moment by the
+immense quantity of bubbles which break on the surface of the water.
+Their temperature is 65° Fah:
+
+Their analysis demonstrates the presence of nitrate of Lime, carbonate
+of Soda, sulphate of Lime, carbonate of Lime and oxide of Iron. Of the
+volatile principles carbonic acid gas predominates.
+
+The waters are found very beneficial in almost all chronic diseases,
+they are taken chiefly in the spring, and are heated to be used as
+Baths.
+
+
+
+
+COLD ACIDULOUS AND GASEOUS WATERS,
+
+
+POUGUES.
+
+Pougues is a small well built town, upon the high road leading from
+Paris to Lyons by Moulins; it is situated between Nevers and
+Charité-sur-Loire, in a fine rich valley a quarter of a league long. The
+air is very salubrious, and the neighbouring vineyards produce excellent
+wine.
+
+The accommodations for visitors are on an extensive scale, and from its
+proximity to Nevers, every necessary of life can be readily obtained.
+
+The waters of this place greatly resemble those of Spa and Seltzer;
+they are received into two fountains, called _Saint-Léger_ and
+_Saint-Marcel_ which are surrounded by a prettily laid out garden and a
+covered promenade.
+
+The mineral waters of Pougues have been analyzed several times, but the
+preference is given to that of _Hassenfratz_, who shows the presence of
+free carbonic acid, carbonate of Lime, carbonate of Soda, muriate of
+Soda, carbonate of Magnesia, Alum, Silex, and the oxide of Iron.
+
+Monsieur le docteur Martin affirms that these waters are essentially
+tonic and purgative, that they are suitable in all cases of debility of
+the digestive organs, in affections of the liver and spleen, in
+inveterate jaundice, irregular menstruation, nephritic complaints,
+removing heat of the kidneys and bladder and in expelling gravel.
+
+These waters may be beneficially taken in various forms of dyspepsia,
+proceeding from a sedentary life, from torpor of the bowels; etc; also
+by corpulent persons who indulge too much in the pleasures of the table,
+taking but little exercise; and in obstinate constipations as they
+invigorate the primæ viæ, and dislodge from them all accumulations and
+impurities.
+
+From four to six glasses of the waters constitute a dose, which should
+be taken fasting early in the morning; twenty or thirty days are
+considered necessary for a complete course.
+
+
+SAINT-GALMIER.
+
+A small village situated upon the side of a hill near de la Coyse, in
+the department of the Loire, and three leagues from Mont-Brison. Its
+mineral spring is called _Font-Forte_.
+
+The water is limpid and has a very agreeable vinous flavour, there arise
+from the spring, large bubbles of air which sparkle at the surface of
+the water, the source of which is lost in the little Brook _Couasse_.
+
+The proportion of carbonic acid which the waters of Saint-Galmier
+contain is very considerable, one portion is found free, and the other
+combined with an alkaline base, which appears to be the carbonate of
+Soda a small trace of sulphate of Lime is also found.
+
+The medical men who have observed the effects of these waters speak
+highly of their salutary action in chronic catarrhal diseases of old
+men, in calculous affections of the kidneys, and in Polysarcia,
+(Obesity).
+
+They administer a pint in the morning for a dose, in lithontriptic
+complaints; it is commonly mixed with the wine drank at meals.
+
+
+
+
+CHALYBEATE WATERS,
+
+
+SAINT-HONORÉ.
+
+Saint-Honoré is a small town agreeably situated in the hills of Morvan,
+thirteen leagues from Nevers, eight from Autun, and four from
+Chateau-Chinon. The inhabitants of this district are remarkable for
+their stature and their robust and healthy constitutions.
+
+In ancient times the Baths of this place enjoyed great reputation. The
+Romans formed some magnificent establishments here, which have however
+long since disappeared.
+
+Mr Vauquelin's analysis of these waters exhibits the presence of the
+carbonates of Lime, Iron, and Magnesia, and the subcarbonate of Lime,
+muriate of Soda, and some Silex. As also a quantity of imponderable
+sulphur, and vegeto-animal matter.
+
+The ordinary temperature of the Baths is 70° Fah:
+
+The waters are successfully employed in chronic diseases of the
+abdominal organs, spasmodic asthma, rheumatism and gout. Besides their
+internal use, they are advantageously applied, in common, vapour, and
+shower Baths.
+
+
+PASSY.
+
+Passy which has long been distinguished for its mineral waters is
+situated contiguous to one of the barrières of Paris, on the right bank
+of the River Seine.
+
+This water is remarkably clear and has a chalybeate taste. It contains
+sulphate of Lime, proto-sulphate of Iron, sulphate of Magnesia, muriate
+of Soda, Alum, carbonate of Iron, carbonic acid and some traces of
+bituminous matter.
+
+Owing to the very large proportion of sulphate of Iron and the saline
+substances, which are found in it, this water is seldom administered
+internally until it has been allowed to deposit for some time, it is
+then given in obstructions of the viscera, in dyspepsia, inappetence,
+hypochondriasis, and in all relaxed and cachectic states of the
+constitution. Dr Alibert who has frequently prescribed it in debility
+of the digestive organs, chlorosis and in passive hæmorrhages,
+considers it may be classed amongst the most powerful of Chalybeate
+waters.
+
+The dose is from two to three glasses daily, it is purgative when taken
+in a large quantity.
+
+When used as Baths it is transported to the bathing establishment, or
+_maison de santé_, at a short distance from the spring.
+
+
+ROUEN.
+
+Chief town of the department of the Seine-Inférieure, thirty leagues
+from Paris.
+
+Mineral springs of a ferruginous and calcareous nature, abound in the
+town and neighbourhood.
+
+Those of the _Fontaine Marecquérie_ are the most common in use. The
+three sources which supply these fountains are respectively designated;
+
+The _Royale_, the _Dauphine_, and the _Reinette_.
+
+The waters have been analyzed by Mr Duboc of Rouen, who thereby
+demonstrates that every pint of the _Marecquérie_ water, contains one
+grain of carbonate of Iron, three grains of muriate of Lime, three
+fourths of a grain of carbonate of Soda, two grains of a vegetable
+extractive matter, and carbonic acid gas.
+
+Several of the medical practitioners in Rouen, strongly recommend these
+waters in obstinate intermittent fevers, engorgements of the Liver,
+uterus and in leucorrhoea depending on general debility, and some
+cutaneous eruptions.
+
+Three or four glasses constitute a dose of the waters of the
+_Marecquérie_, they should be drank at the fountain, as they soon become
+tainted.
+
+
+SAINT-GONDON.
+
+A small town in the department of Loiret, near the banks of the Loire,
+three leagues from Sully; its mineral waters rise a short distance from
+the town.
+
+The analysis of these waters is very incomplete, besides containing a
+little carbonic acid gas, they hold in solution the carbonates of Iron,
+Lime, Magnesia, etc.
+
+The action of the Saint-Gondon mineral waters seem to affect more
+particularly the urinary organs, the secretions of which, they increase
+in a marked degree; they may be advantageously used in feebleness of the
+bladder, as also in chronic catarrh which attacks this organ in old men.
+
+In some cases they are purgative. One pint every morning is the
+customary dose.
+
+
+FORGES.
+
+A small town in the department of the Seine-Inférieure, situated on a
+height; twenty-five leagues from Paris, and nine from Rouen.
+
+Its mineral waters, which have their source in the pleasant valley of
+Bray, were celebrated as far back as the time of Louis 13th who with
+the cardinal Richelieu, derived signal benefit from their use.
+
+There are three springs called the _Reinette_, the _Royale_, and the
+_Cardinale_.
+
+M. Robert who analyzed these waters demonstrates that they contain in
+different proportions, according to their source, Carbonic Acid,
+Carbonate of Lime, Carbonate of Iron, Muriate of Soda, Sulphate of Lime,
+Muriate of Magnesia, Sulphate of Magnesia, and Silex.
+
+The waters are under the superintendance of a physician. They are an
+excellent tonic, and administered in leucorrhoea, dropsy, engorgements
+of the abdominal organs, paralysis, and sterility.
+
+We think this water might be prescribed with much advantage in all cases
+of pure debility, unattended with fever or local inflammation; and in
+leucoplegmatic constitutions; the pallid female affected with complaints
+peculiar to her sex, may reasonably anticipate the glow of health, and a
+return of bodily strength to result from a proper course of these
+waters.
+
+General preference is given to the _Reinette_ spring, but when it is
+desired to produce a more powerful effect upon the system, as in
+paralysis, the _Cardinale_ is recommended, and which must be commenced
+with by taking one glass only. The season for taking these waters is
+from July to the middle of September.
+
+
+
+
+SULPHUREOUS WATERS,
+
+
+LA ROCHE-POSAY.
+
+These mineral waters are situated in the department of the Vienne, five
+leagues from Châtellerault, nine from Poitiers and sixty-six from Paris.
+
+The springs of which there are three rise at the foot of a small
+mountain, about a quarter of a league from the town.
+
+The accommodations for visitors are of a superior description, the
+surrounding country exceedingly picturesque, and the air salubrious.
+
+According to the analysis of M. le docteur Joslé, the waters contain a
+large proportion of sulphureted Hydrogen gas, Sulphate of Lime,
+Carbonate of Lime, Muriate of Soda, and Carbonate of Magnesia.
+
+They are recommended for their utility in rheumatism, scrofula, chronic
+affections of the abdominal viscera, leucorrhoea, chlorosis, but more
+particularly in diseases of the skin.
+
+Dr Johnson observes that the French and Germans are universally
+imbued with the doctrine that the repression of a certain malady which
+has got the musical sobriquet of (_Scotch-Fiddle_) is the cause of half
+the evils which flesh is heir to. On this account the continental folks
+have a great longing (or rather a violent itching) for sulphureous
+waters, and hence the slightest odour of sulphureted hydrogen gas in a
+newly discovered spring is considered a real treasure, and in the old
+ones it is sure to preserve a reputation for endless ages!
+
+The sulphureous and alkaline properties of the waters of Roche-Posay may
+enable them to resolve obstructions, and free the functions of the skin,
+kidneys, and other secreting organs, to correct morbid bile as well as
+acidities, thus proving mildly aperient. Much benefit may also be
+expected to result from their use in cutaneous complaints.
+
+The waters are drank at their source by the glass, the dose is from
+eight ounces to two pints; and some persons take them mixed with the
+wine drank during their repast.
+
+
+ENGHIEN-LES-BAINS.
+
+This village four leagues north of Paris is situated in a district
+remarkable for its beautiful scenery on the banks of the lake of St.
+Gratien, between the heights of Montmorency and the wood of St. Gratien.
+
+The sulphureous spring to which it owes its celebrity as a bathing
+place, was discovered in 1766, by Pere Cotte, the learned rector of
+Montmorency.
+
+The celebrated Fourcroy ascertained by analysis, that the waters contain
+sulphureted Hydrogen gas, Carbonic acid gas, Sulphate of Lime, Sulphate
+of Magnesia crystalized, Carbonate of Lime, Carbonate of Magnesia,
+Muriate of Magnesia crystalized, Muriate of Soda, Silicium and
+Extractive matter.
+
+The usual temperature of these waters is 59° Fah: but they may be heated
+to a much higher degree without materially losing their properties.
+
+These waters are stimulating causing an abundant perspiration, and an
+increased secretion of urine. They are employed both internally and
+externally in many cases; in scabious eruptions and many other cutaneous
+affections, in chronic catarrhs, when it is necessary to stimulate in a
+gentle manner the mucous membrane which lines the bronchial and
+pulmonary cells, in the treatment of scrofulous affections, and of
+enlargement of the lymphatic glands.
+
+They are also used with much success in asthma, particularly where this
+state depends upon latent gout, rheumatism, or repelled cutaneous
+affections, and in intestinal chronic affections, chlorosis, and nervous
+disorders.
+
+Their alkaline properties empower them to resolve obstructions, and free
+the functions of the skin, kidneys etc. and to correct acidities, their
+intimate connexion with sulphureted Hydrogen and Carbonic acid gas
+enables them to give activity to the secreting vessels and evacuate
+unhealthy humours, while at the same time they give vigour to the whole
+organism oppressed by chronic disease.
+
+Visitors will find ample accommodation in the commodious establishments,
+which are formed on the border of the lake, especially at the _Hôtel des
+quatre Pavillons_, the _Hotel des Cygnes_, the _Bain de la Pêcherie_:
+besides these are several good boarding houses, as well as public
+gardens and places of amusement. On the lake of St.-Gratien, in the
+centre of which is a small and pretty Island with a kiosk upon it, those
+fond of aquatic excursions will find boats adapted for sailing or
+rowing. Horses and Asses are kept ready saddled for those who may be
+inclined to visit the several delightful villages in the neighbourhood,
+and the balls which are given here during the season attract the
+Parisians in great numbers. The baths of Enghien are every year
+increasing in repute.
+
+
+
+
+CLASSIFICATION OF FRENCH WINES.
+
+
+WINES OF THE FIRST CLASS.
+
+    -------------------------+-------------+-----------------------------
+    WINES.                   |PLACE.       |CHARACTER.
+    -------------------------+-------------+-----------------------------
+                             |             |
+    Romanée Conti            |Côte-d'Or.   } The first and most delicate
+    Chamberlin               |Ditto.       } red wines in the
+    Richebourg               |Ditto.       } world, full of rich perfume,
+    Clos Vougeot             |Ditto.       } of exquisite bouquet
+    Romanée St.-Vivant       |Ditto.       } and fine purple colour,
+    La Tache                 |Ditto.       } light, yet with body
+    St.-Georges              |Ditto.       } and spirit sufficient to
+    Corton                   |Ditto.       } render them pleasant and
+                             |             } healthful in use.
+                             |             |
+    First growths of Prémaux |Ditto.       }
+    Musigny                  |Ditto.       } Burgundies, closely
+    Clos du Tart.            |Ditto.       } resembling the above
+    Saint-Jean               |Ditto.       } growths in aroma, and
+    Perrière                 |Ditto.       } in all their other qualities.
+    Veroilles                |Ditto.       }
+    Morgeot                  |Ditto.       }
+                             |             |
+    Mont Rachet              |Ditto.       } White, high perfume
+                             |             } and nutty flavor.
+                             |             |
+    Lafitte                  |Gironde.     } Fine colour and delicate
+    Latour                   |Ditto.       } flavour, light, less
+    Château Margaux          |Ditto.       } warm than Burgundy,
+    Haut Brion               |Ditto.       } with a violet perfume,
+                             |             } and rich purple hue.
+                             |             |
+    Beaume                   |La Drôme.    } Wines of the Rhône,
+    Muret                    |Ditto.       } darker in colour than the
+    Bessas, Burges, Landes   |Ditto.       } preceding. Red Hermitage
+    Méal and Gréfieux        |Ditto.       } the most noted of these
+    Racoule, Guionière       |Ditto.       } of good body, and a fine
+                             |             } flavour of the rasberry.
+                             |             |
+    Sillery                  |Marne.       } White, still, dry; of an
+                             |             } amber colour; generally
+                             |             } iced for drinking.
+    Ay.                      |Marne.       } Fine effervescing wine,
+                             |             } bright in colour, slightly
+                             |             } frothing.
+                             |             |
+    Mareuil                  |Ditto.       } The best of the white
+    Hautvilliers             |Ditto.       } wines of Champagne,
+    Pierry                   |Ditto.       } being all of the first
+    Dizy                     |Ditto.       } quality, but differing a
+    Epernay «Closet»         |Ditto.       } little in colour and
+                             |             } effervescence.
+                             |             |
+    Saint-Bris               |Gironde.     } Fine white wines of
+    Carbonnieux              |Ditto.       } excellent quality, lightish
+    Pontac                   |Ditto.       } brown in colour, aroma
+    Sauterne                 |Ditto.       } most agreeable, and
+    Barsac                   |Ditto.       } some of rather sweet taste.
+                             |             |
+    Preignac and Beaumes     |Ditto.       } Description resembles
+    Château Grillet          |La Loire.    } the preceding.
+                             |             |
+                             }             } Full of body, spirit,
+    Hermitage                }Rhône.       } and perfume. The finest
+                             }             } of all white wines.
+                             |             |
+    Rivesaltes               }Pyrénées     } A rich muscadine.
+                             }orientales.  }
+                             |             |
+    Colmar, Olwiller         }Haut-Rhin.   } Straw wines, rich and
+    Kaiserberg               }             } luscious.
+                             |             |
+    Kientzheim, Ammerschwin  |Ditto.       |Ditto.
+                             |             |
+    Hermitage de Paille      |Rhône.       |Ditto.
+    -------------------------+-------------+--------------------------
+
+The dry wines of the first class will bear no mixture, except with their
+own growths; are too delicate to be adulterated without instant
+detection; are the pure offspring of the grape, and rank nearest to
+perfection of any known wines, of ancient or modern times.
+
+
+WINES OF THE SECOND CLASS.
+
+    -------------------------+-----------------+---------------------------
+    WINES.                   |PLACE.           |CHARACTER.
+    -------------------------+-----------------+---------------------------
+                             |                 |
+    Verzy, Verzenay, Mailly, }                 }
+    St.-Basle, Bouzy,        } Marne.          } Red wines of Champagne.
+    St.-Thierry              }                 }
+                             |                 |
+    Vosne, Nuits, Chambolle, }                 } Excellent red Burgundies,
+    Volnay, Pomard,          } Côte-d'Or.      } very little inferior
+    Beaune, Morey, Savigny,  }                 } to first growths.
+    Meursalt                 }                 }
+                             |                 |
+    Olivotes, Pitoy, Perrière| Yonne           }
+    Préaux, Chainette,       |                 } Good wines.
+    Migrenne                 | Ditto.          }
+                             |                 |
+    Moulin à Vent, Torins,   } Saône-et-Loire  } Red.
+    Thénas                   } Rhône.          }
+                             |                 |
+    Hermitage, 2.d growths.  | Rhône.          | Red.
+                             |                 |
+    Côte Rôtie               | Ditto.          | Red.
+                             |                 |
+    Rozan, Gorze, Léoville,  }                 }
+    Larose, Branne-Mouton,   } Gironde.        } Red.
+    Pichon-Longueville,      }                 }
+    Calon                    }                 }
+                             |                 |
+    Côteau Brûlé             | Vaucluse.       | Red.
+                             |                 |
+    Jurançon, Gan            | Basses-Pyrénées.| Red.
+                             |                 |
+    Rousillon, Bagnols,      } Pyrénées        } Red.
+    Cosperon, Collioure,     } orientales.     }
+    Torémila, Terrats        }                 }
+                             |                 |
+    Cramant, Avize, Oger,    } Marne.          } White champagne wines,
+    Menil                    }                 } of good quality.
+                             |                 |
+    La Perrière, Combotte,   }                 } White Burgundies, of
+    Goutte d'Or, Genevrière, } Côte-d'Or.      } high repute in France.
+    Charmes et Meursalt      }                 }
+                             |                 |
+    Guebwillers, Turkeim,    }                 }
+    Wolxheim, Molsheim,      } Haut-Rhin.      } Dry, white, and _vins de
+    and Rangen, in Belfont   } Bas-Rhin.       } paille_, of good repute.
+                             |                 |
+    Arbois, Pupillin,        } Jura.           } Good wine, _mousseux_
+    Château Châlons          }                 } and still.
+                             |                 |
+                             |                 } A white wine, which keeps
+    Coudrieu                 | Rhône.          } long, of fine _sève_
+                             |                 } and perfume.
+                             |                 |
+    Langon, Cerons,          } Gironde.        } White wines capable of
+    Podensac.                }                 } endurance.
+    Montbazillac, Teaulet,   } Dordogne.       } Good white wines of
+    Raulis, Suma, Sancé.     }                 } the country.
+                             |                 |
+    Buzet, Amazon, Vianne.   } Lot-et-Garonne. } Generous white wines,
+                             }                 } of good body.
+                             |                 |
+                             |                 } Delicate _mousseux_ and
+    St.-Peray, St.-Jean      | Ardèche.        } _non mousseux_, of
+                             |                 }  agreeable flavour.
+                             |                 |
+    Jurançon                 } Basses-Pyrénées.} White, with an agreeable
+                             }                 } perfume of the truffle.
+                             |                 |
+    Frontignan, and  Lunel   } Hérault.        } Sweet, rich, and luscious;
+    Mazet                    }                 } white.
+                             |                 |
+    Bagnols, Collioure,      } Pyrénées        } Red, styled de _Grenache_,
+    Rodez                    } Orientales.     } rich and sweet.
+                             |                 |
+    Maccabeo of Salces       | Ditto.          | Sweet, _vins de liqueur_.
+    -------------------------+-----------------+---------------------------
+
+
+WINES OF THE THIRD CLASS.
+
+    -------------------------+-----------------+----------------------------
+    WINES.                   |PLACE.           |CHARACTER.
+    -------------------------+-----------------+----------------------------
+                             |                 |
+    Hautvilliers, Mareuil,   }                 }
+    Dizy, Pierry, Epernay,   }                 } Red Champagne wines
+    Taisy, Ludes, Chigny,    } Marne.          } of the second quality;
+    Villers-Allerand,        }                 } light and agreeable.
+    Cumières                 }                 }
+                             |                 |
+    Ricey, Avirey, Bagneux   } Aube.           } Resembling the preceding.
+    la Fosse                 }                 }
+                             |                 |
+    Gevrey, Chassagne,       }                 }
+    Aloxe, Savigny sous      } Côte-d'Or.      } Good Burgundies of the
+    Beaune, Blagny, Santenay,}                 } third quality.
+    Chenôve                  }                 }
+                             |                 |
+    Clarion, Bonvin          | Yonne.          | Ditto.
+                             |                 |
+    Fleury, Romanèche,       } Saône-et-Loire  } Ditto.
+    Chapelle, Guinchay       }                 }
+                             |                 |
+    Chantergues, Montjuset.  | Puy-de-Dôme.    | Not wines of note; red.
+                             }                 } Resembling red Hermitage,
+                             }                 } a little less full
+    Crozes, Mercurol,        } Drôme.          } and fine, might be called
+    Gervant                  }                 } Hermitage of the third
+                             }                 } quality.
+                             |                 |
+    Seyssuel, Revantin       | Isère.          } Red wines, very middling
+                             |                 } of the class.
+                             |                 |
+    Verinay                  | Rhône.          | Resembling Côte Rôtie.
+                             |                 |
+    Pouillac, Margaux,       }                 } Pouillac, Saint-Estèphe,
+    Pessac, St.-Estèphe,     }                 } good light red wines;
+    St.-Julien, Castelnau de } Gironde.        } Castelnau mediocre; the
+    Médoc, Cantenac, Talence,}                 } other growths agreeable.
+    Merignac, Canon          }                 }
+                             |                 |
+    Farcies, Terrasse,       } Dordogne.       } Resembling St-Emilion;
+    Campreal                 }                 } keeping well.
+                             |                 |
+    Cape Breton, Soustons    } Landes.         } Red; light coloured,
+                             }                 } with a harsh taste.
+                             |                 |
+    Chuzelan, Travel,        }                 } Red wines grown on
+    St.-Genies, Virac,       } Gard.           } the banks of the Rhône;
+    Ledenon,                 }                 } will not keep good more
+    St.-Laurent-des-Arbres   }                 } than six years.
+                             |                 |
+    Chateauneuf              } Vaucluse.       } Good red wines; keep
+                             }                 } well.
+                             |                 |
+    Riceys                   } Aube.           } Champagne, light and
+                             }                 } agreeable, white.
+                             |                 |
+    Rougeot de Meursalt      } Côte-d'Or.      } Tolerable wine; not
+                             }                 } exported.
+                             |                 |
+    Vaumorillon, Grises,     }                 } In considerable esteem
+    Valmure, Grenouille,     }                 } in Paris as wines of the
+    Vaudesir, Bourgereau,    } Yonne.          } table.
+    Mont de Milieu et        }                 }
+    Chablis                  }                 } They are all white.
+                             |                 |
+    Pouilly and Fuissé       } Saône-et-Loire  } Much the same as the
+                             }                 } preceding.
+                             |                 |
+    Etoile Quintignil        | Jura.           | White.
+                             |                 |
+    Pujols, Ilats, Landiras, }                 }
+    Virelade, St.-Croix du   } Gironde.        } Ditto, of middling quality.
+    Mont, Loupiac            }                 }
+                             |                 |
+    St.-Michel sous Condrieu } Loire.          } Ditto; consumed in the
+                             }                 } country.
+                             |                 |
+                             |                 } Second growths of those
+    Frontignan and Lunel     | Hérault.        } famous and rich white
+                             |                 } wines.
+
+    Vins de Picardan of      }                 } Rich luscious sweet
+    Marseillan and Pommerols.}                 } wines, prepared in the
+    Vins de Calabria, de     } Hérault.        } department of Hérault;
+    Malaga                   }                 } and very little exported,
+                             }                 } also muscadines.
+                             |                 |
+    Roquevaire, Cassis,      }                 } Rich sweet wines, boiled
+    Ciotât                   }Bouches-du-Rhône.} wines, and malmseys,
+    Vins Cuits               }                 } of good quality.
+    -------------------------+-----------------+----------------------------
+
+The above are the three first classes of French wines, including all
+which are commonly exported; there are, according to the best
+authorities, six classes of red, seven of white, and four of _vins de
+liqueur_. In these (exclusive of the list above comprising the choicest
+kinds), there are two hundred and forty-three white, nine _vins de
+liqueur_, and four hundred and sixty-three red wines classed, commencing
+with the fourth. The wines of Champagne descend six degrees in class and
+quality, hence the importance of ascertaining the proper class by those
+who purchase them.
+
+
+
+
+_Alcoholic strength of Wines and Liquors; according to the analysis of
+professor Brande_.
+
+
+                               PURE ALCOHOL
+                                PER CENT.
+
+    Burgundy, average of       } 14.57
+    four samples               }
+    Ditto, lowest of the four  | 11.95
+    Ditto, highest of ditto    | 16.60
+    Champagne, four samples;   } 12.61
+    average                    }
+    Ditto, still               | 13.80
+    Ditto, mousseux            | 12.80
+    Côte Rôtie                 | 12.32
+    Frontignan                 | 12.79
+    Red Hermitage              | 12.32
+    Sauterne                   | 14.22
+    Lunel                      | 15.52
+    White Hermitage            | 17.43
+    Vin de Grave               | 13.94
+    Ditto, second sample       | 12.80
+    Barsac                     | 13.86
+    Rousillon                  | 19.00
+    Ditto, second sample       | 17.26
+    Claret[E]                  | 17.11
+    Ditto                      | 16.32
+    Ditto                      | 14.08
+    Ditto                      | 12.91
+    Average                    | 15.10
+    Grenache                   | 21.24
+    Malaga, 1666               | 18.94
+    Ditto                      | 17.26
+    Sherry; average of four    } 19.17
+    kinds                      }
+    Teneriffe                  | 19.79
+    Vidonia                    | 19.25
+    Alba Flora                 | 17.26
+    Tent                       | 13.20
+    Hockheimer                 | 14.37
+    Hock                       | 13.00
+    Ditto, old                 |  8.88
+    Colares Port               | 19.75
+    Port; average of seven     } 22.96
+    specimens                  }
+    Lisbon                     | 18.94
+    Carcavellos                | 19.20
+    Ditto                      | 18.10
+    Bucellas                   | 18.49
+    Madeira Malmsey            | 16.40
+    Madeira Malmsey, red       | 22.30
+    Ditto                      | 18.40
+    Madeira                    | 24.42
+    Ditto                      | 23.93
+    Sercial                    | 21.40
+    Ditto                      | 19.41
+    Average                    | 22.27
+    Marsala; average of two    } 25.09
+    specimens                  }
+    Lacryma Christi            | 19.70
+    Lissa                      | 26.47
+    Ditto                      | 24.35
+    Syracuse                   | 15.28
+    Etna                       | 30.00
+    Aleatico                   | 16.20
+    Constantia, white          | 19.75
+    Ditto, red                 | 18.92
+    Cape muscat                | 18.25
+    Ditto Madeira              | 22.94
+    Average of three samples   | 20.51
+    Shiraz, white              | 19.80
+    Ditto, red                 | 15.52
+    Tokay                      |  9.88
+    Nice                       | 14.63
+    Raisin wine                | 26.40
+    Average of three specimens | 25.12
+    Currant Wine               | 20.55
+    Gooseberry                 | 11.84
+    Orange; average of six     } 11.26
+     samples                   }
+    Elder wine                 |  9.87
+    Scotch Whiskey             | 54.32
+    Irish ditto                | 53.90
+    Rum                        | 53.68
+    Brandy                     | 53.39
+    Gin                        | 51.60
+    Cider, 9.87 and 5.21       }  7.84
+    average                    }
+    Perry; four samples        |  7.26
+    Mead                       |  7.32
+    Burton Ale                 |  8.88
+    Edinburgh                  |  6.20
+    Dorchester                 |  5.56
+    London Porter              |  4.20
+    Brown Stout                |  6.80
+    London small Beer          |  1.28
+
+
+
+
+METEOROLOGICAL REGISTER.
+
+
+The annexed tabular statement exhibits the variation of temperature in
+the shade, direction of the wind, and state of the atmosphere, for each
+day, from February the fourth, 1840, to January the thirty first, 1841,
+as carefully noted, and registered, at TOURS, twice per diem; namely, at
+9 o'clock in the morning, and 12 o'clock at noon.
+
+
+FEBRUARY 1840.
+
+    ---+-----------+-----------------+-----------------------------------
+     DAYS
+     OF THE MONTH.
+       | FAHRENHEIT'S
+       | THERMOMETER.
+       |           | DIRECTION
+       |           | OF THE WIND.
+       |           |                 | STATE OF THE WEATHER.
+    ---+-----------+-----------------+-----------------------------------
+       |9 A.M. Mer.| 9 A.M.  Mer.    | 9 A. M.           Meridian.
+       |           |                 |
+     4 | 43°   47° | S. W.   S. W.   | Showery.          Showery.
+     5 | 42    47  | N. W.   N. W.   | Fair but Cloudy.  Ditto.
+     6 | 41    49  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Clear.            Cloudy.
+     7 | 48    53  | S. W.   W.      | Misty.            Ditto.
+     8 | 45    50  | W.      N. W.   | Clear.            Clear.
+     9 | 41    51  | Ditto.  W.      | Ditto.            Ditto.
+    10 | 45    51  | S. W.   S. W.   | Cloudy.           Cloudy.
+    11 | 46    49  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Ditto.            Clear.
+    12 | 42    53  | S.      S. W.   | Clear.            Ditto.
+    13 | 46    47  | S. W.   Ditto.  | Rainy.            Ditto.
+    14 | 42    48  | N.      N.      | Clear.            Ditto.
+    15 | 39    41  | N. W.   N. W.   | Ditto.            Cloudy.
+    16 | 45    48  | S. W.   S. W.   | Cloudy.           Rainy.
+    17 | 47    52  | Ditto.  S. E.   | Rainy.            Clear.
+    18 | 46    46  | N. E.   N. E.   | Clear.            Ditto.
+    19 | 35    36  | E.      E.      | Ditto.            Ditto.
+    20 | 27    29  | N. E.   N. E.   | Ditto.            Ditto.
+    21 | 29    33  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Ditto.            Ditto.
+    22 | 23    25  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Sunshine.         Sunshine.
+    23 | 25    35  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Ditto.            Ditto.
+    24 | 31    38  | Ditto.  S. E.   | Cloudy.           Cloudy.
+    25 | 32    41  | S. E.   Ditto.  | Bright sunshine.  Bright sunshine.
+    26 | 31    38  | N. E.   N. E.   | Ditto.            Ditto.
+    27 | 30    38  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Ditto.            Ditto.
+    28 | 30    38  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Ditto.            Ditto.
+    29 | 30    39  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Ditto.            Ditto.
+
+
+MARCH.
+
+    ---+-----------+-----------------+-----------------------------------
+     DAYS
+     OF THE MONTH.
+       | FAHRENHEIT'S
+       | THERMOMETER.
+       |           | DIRECTION
+       |           | OF THE WIND.
+       |           |                 | STATE OF THE WEATHER.
+    ---+-----------+-----------------+-----------------------------------
+       |9 A.M. Mer.| 9 A.M.  Mer.    | 9 A. M.           Meridian.
+       |           |                 |
+     1 | 28°   36° | N. E.   N. E.   | Bright sunshine.  Bright sunshine.
+     2 | 29    38  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Ditto.            Ditto.
+     3 | 34    41  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Ditto.            Ditto.
+     4 | 35    45  | Ditto.  S. E.   | Ditto.            Ditto.
+     5 | 37    48  | S. E.   Ditto.  | Ditto.            Ditto.
+     6 | 37    49  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Ditto.            Ditto.
+     7 | 36    48  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Ditto.            Ditto.
+     8 | 37    50  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Ditto.            Ditto.
+     9 | 37    51  | N. E.   N. E.   | Ditto.            Ditto.
+    10 | 37    45  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Cloudy.           Ditto.
+    11 | 45    49  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Clear.            Clear.
+    12 | 39    45  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Ditto.            Ditto.
+    13 | 43    46  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Ditto.            Ditto.
+    14 | 45    48  | N. W.   N. W.   | Cloudy.           Ditto.
+    15 | 46    51  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Clear.            Ditto.
+    16 | 45    47  | Ditto.  N. E.   | Ditto.            Cloudy.
+    17 | 40    46  | N. E.   Ditto.  | Cloudy.           Clear.
+    18 | 42        | N. E.           | Clear.            Ditto.
+    19 | 44        | Ditto.          | Ditto.            Ditto.
+    20 | 38        | Ditto.          | Ditto.            Ditto.
+    21 |           |                 |
+    22 | 44        | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Ditto.            Ditto.
+    23 | 42    48  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | A few flakes      Sunshine.
+       |           |                 | of snow.
+    24 | 38    39  | Ditto.          | Snowing fast with hail.
+    25 | 34        | Ditto.          | Snow in the morning.
+    26 | 33        | Ditto.          | Snowing.
+    27 | 38        | Ditto.          | Ditto.
+    28 | 34        | Ditto.          | Clear.
+    29 | 38        | Ditto.          | Dull and cloudy.
+    30 | 43        | Ditto.          | Ditto.
+    31 | 46        | N. W.           | Ditto.
+
+
+APRIL.
+
+    ---+-----------+-----------------+-----------------------------------
+     DAYS
+     OF THE MONTH.
+       | FAHRENHEIT'S
+       | THERMOMETER.
+       |           | DIRECTION
+       |           | OF THE WIND.
+       |           |                 | STATE OF THE WEATHER.
+    ---+-----------+-----------------+-----------------------------------
+       |9 A.M. Mer.| 9 A.M.  Mer.    | 9 A. M.           Meridian.
+       |           |                 |
+     1 | 44°   56° | S.      S. W.   | Bright sunshine.  Bright sunshine.
+     2 | 47    60  | Ditto.  S.      | Ditto.            Ditto.
+     3 | 50    62  | E.      E.      | Ditto.            Ditto.
+     4 | 49    57  | N. E.   N. E.   | Ditto.            Ditto.
+     5 | 46    58  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Ditto.            Ditto.
+     6 | 52    59  | N. W.   N. W.   | Ditto.            Ditto.
+     7 | 52    46  | W.      Ditto.  | Clear.            Rainy.
+     8 | 46    48  | N. W.   Ditto.  | Rainy.            Ditto.
+     9 | 44    47  | N. E.   N. E.   | Cloudy.           Cloudy.
+    10 | 44    49  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Ditto.            Clear.
+    11 | 49    56  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Sunshine.         Sunshine.
+    12 | 54    62  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Ditto.            Ditto.
+    13 | 56    63  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Ditto.            Ditto.
+    14 | 51    62  | W.      S. W.   | Cloudy.           Sunshine.
+    15 | 55    62  | N. W.   W.      | Ditto.            Sunshine.
+    16 | 59    70  | N. E.   N. E.   | Sunshine.         Ditto.
+    17 | 57    66  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Ditto.            Ditto.
+    18 | 58    67  | S. W.   S. W.   | Ditto.            Ditto.
+    19 | 55        | S. E.   S. E.   | Dull.             Rain in the even.g
+    20 | 62    69  | N. E.   N. E.   | Clear.            Sunshine.
+    21 | 57    67  | N. W.   W.      | Sunshine.         Ditto.
+    22 | 59    68  | Ditto.  N. W.   | Dull.             Sunshine.
+    23 | 62    71  | N. E.   N. E.   | Clear.            Sunshine.
+    24 | 65    74  | E.      E.      | Sunshine.         Ditto.
+    25 | 65    78  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Ditto.            Ditto.
+    26 | 69    78  | N.      N.      | Ditto.            Ditto.
+    27 | 71    79  | N. E.   N. E.   | Ditto.            Ditto.
+    28 | 72    82  | E.      E.      | Ditto.            Ditto.
+    29 | 74    80  | N. E.   Ditto.  | Ditto.            Ditto.
+    30 | 74    80  | E.              | Ditto.            Ditto.
+
+
+MAY.
+
+    ---+-----------+-----------------+-----------------------------------
+     DAYS
+     OF THE MONTH.
+       | FAHRENHEIT'S
+       | THERMOMETER.
+       |           | DIRECTION
+       |           | OF THE WIND.
+       |           |                 | STATE OF THE WEATHER.
+    ---+-----------+-----------------+---------------------------------
+       |9 A.M. Mer.| 9 A.M.  Mer.    | 9 A. M.         Meridian.
+       |           |                 |
+     1 | 71°   78° | E.      E.      | Sunshine.       Sunshine.
+     2 | 70    76  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Ditto.          Ditto.
+     3 | 69    76  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Ditto.          Thunder and rain
+       |           |                 |                 during the night.
+     4 | 64    72  | S. W.   N. W.   | Showery.        Showery.
+     5 | 70    76  | N. W.   W.      | Clear.          Sunshine.
+     6 | 69    76  | W.      S. W.   | Clear.          Rainy.
+     7 | 63    62  | Ditto.  W.      | Rainy.          Rainy.
+     8 | 64    69  | Ditto.  S. W.   | Clear.          Sunshine.
+     9 | 63    65  | S. W.   Ditto.  | Cloudy.         Cloudy.
+    10 | 60    68  | S.      S.      | Showery.        Showery.
+    11 | 55    62  | N. W.   N. W.   | Ditto.          Ditto.
+    12 | 59    61  | S. W.   S. W.   | Ditto.          Continued Rain.
+    13 | 60    66  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Cloudy.         Clear.
+    14 | 61    65  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Showery.        Showery.
+    15 | 62    66  | W.      W.      | Ditto.          Ditto.
+    16 | 60    61  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Ditto.          Ditto.
+    17 | 61    66  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Ditto.          Much rain
+       |           |                 |                 in the night.
+    18 | 55    62  | N. W.   N. W.   | Cloudy.         Clear.
+    19 | 57    60  | E.      E.      | Clear.          Rainy.
+    20 | 53    59  | N. E.   N. E.   | Cloudy.         Sunshine.
+    21 | 55    59  | N. W.   N. W.   | Showery.        Showery.
+    22 | 57    60  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Clear.          Sunshine.
+    23 | 61    63  | N. E.   N. E.   | Sunshine.       Ditto.
+    24 | 66    71  | W.      W.      | Sunshine.       Cloudy.
+    25 | 62    68  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Cloudy.         Cloudy.
+    26 | 63    70  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Clear.          Clear.
+    27 | 65    70  | N. W.   W.      | Gentle showers. Sunshine.
+    28 | 71    75  | E.      E.      | Clear.          Clear.
+    29 | 67    73  | N. W.   N. W.   | Ditto.          Ditto.
+    30 | 69    72  | N.      N. E.   | Sunshine.       Sunshine.
+    31 | 73    75  | E.      E.      | Ditto.          Ditto.
+
+
+JUNE.
+
+    ---+-----------+-----------------+-----------------------------------
+     DAYS
+     OF THE MONTH.
+       | FAHRENHEIT'S
+       | THERMOMETER.
+       |           | DIRECTION
+       |           | OF THE WIND.
+       |           |                 | STATE OF THE WEATHER.
+    ---+-----------+-----------------+-----------------------------------
+       |9 A.M. Mer.| 9 A.M.  Mer.    | 9 A. M.           Meridian.
+       |           |                 |
+     1 | 76°   81° | E.      S. E.   | Sunshine.         Sunshine.
+     2 | 81    83  | S. W.   S. W.   | Ditto.            Ditto a thunder
+       |           |                 |                   storm at 2 P. M.
+     3 | 67    69  | N. W.   N. W.   | Sunshine.         Sunshine.
+     4 | 67    69  | N.      N.      | Ditto.            Ditto.
+     5 | 72    73  | N.      E.      | Ditto.            Ditto.
+     6 | 75    75  | S.      S. W.   | Cloudy.           Gentle rain.
+     7 | 65    71  | N. W.   N. W.   | Cloudy.           Sunshine.
+     8 | 74    74  | N. W.   S. E.   | Sunshine.         Ditto.
+     9 | 74    72  | S. E.   W.      | Clear.            Cloudy.
+    10 | 70    74  | W.      W.      | Cloudy.           Showery.
+    11 | 67    71  | N. W.   N. W.   | Cloudy.           Clear.
+    12 | 72    76  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Sunshine.         Sunshine.
+    13 | 73    76  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Ditto.            Ditto.
+    14 | 78    81  | E.      E.      | Ditto.            Ditto.
+    15 | 76    80  | N.      N.      | Ditto.            Ditto.
+    16 | 76    79  | N. W.   W.      | Ditto.            Ditto.
+    17 | 76    80  | W.      W.      | Ditto.            Showery.
+    18 | 71    75  | N. W.   N. W.   | Sunshine.         Sunshine.
+    19 | 71    75  | W.      W.      | Ditto.            Ditto.
+    20 | 69    73  | W.      N. W.   | Cloudy.           Clear.
+    21 | 74    81  | W.      W.      | Sunshine.         Sunshine.
+    22 | 78    81  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Ditto.            Ditto.
+    23 | 69    72  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Ditto.            Ditto.
+    24 | 67    69  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Ditto.            Ditto.
+    25 | 68    68  | N. W.   N. W.   | Ditto.            Ditto.
+    26 | 68    72  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Ditto.            Ditto.
+    27 | 71    74  | E.      E.      | Ditto.            Ditto.
+    28 | 71    73  | N. E.   N. E.   | Cloudy.           Sunshine.
+    29 | 72    74  | N.      N.      | Sunshine.         Ditto.
+    30 | 75    77  | N.      N. W.   | Ditto.            Ditto.
+
+
+JULY.
+
+    ---+-----------+-----------------+-----------------------------------
+     DAYS
+     OF THE MONTH.
+       | FAHRENHEIT'S
+       | THERMOMETER.
+       |           | DIRECTION
+       |           | OF THE WIND.
+       |           |                 | STATE OF THE WEATHER.
+    ---+-----------+-----------------+-----------------------------------
+       |9 A.M. Mer.| 9 A.M.  Mer.    | 9 A. M.           Meridian.
+       |           |                 |
+     1 | 75°   79° | W.      W.      | Sunshine.         Sunshine.
+     2 | 73    78  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Ditto.            Ditto.
+     3 | 69    72  | S. W.   S. W.   | Cloudy.           Rain-ceased-at
+       |           |                 |                    2 P.M.
+     4 | 64    69  | W.      W.      | Cloudy.           Cloudy.
+     5 | 66    66  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Gentle rain.      Gentle rain.
+     6 | 68    71  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Sunshine.         Sunshine.
+     7 | 69    71  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Ditto.            Ditto.
+     8 | 66    71  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Sunshine.         Showery.
+     9 | 65    68  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Sunshine.         Clear.
+    10 | 68    70  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Clear.            Clear.
+    11 | 64    68  | N. W.   N. W.   | Showery.          Clear.
+    12 | 65    71  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Clear             Sunshine.
+    13 | 59    63  | N.      N. W.   | Showery.          Showery.
+    14 | 63    88  | N. E.   N. E.   | Sunshine.         Sunshine.
+    15 | 68    72  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Ditto.            Ditto.
+    16 | 73    78  | E.      E.      | Ditto.            Ditto.
+    17 | 69    78  | N.      N.      | Ditto.            Ditto.
+    18 | 70    76  | W.      W.      | Ditto.            Ditto.
+    19 | 74    79  | S. W.   S. W.   | Ditto.            Cloudy.
+    20 | 69    74  | W.      W.      | Sunshine.         Sunshine.
+    21 | 67    69  | Ditto.  S. W.   | Clear.            Cloudy.
+    22 | 69    65  | W.      S. W.   | Sunshine.         Thundershowers.
+    23 | 66    69  | S. W.   Ditto.  | Sunshine.         Sunshine.
+    24 | 69    73  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Ditto.            Ditto.
+    25 | 68    74  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Cloudy.           Showery.
+    26 | 63    67  | Ditto.  W.      | Showery.          Ditto.
+    27 | 67    69  | N. W.   N. W.   | Sunshine.         Clear.
+    28 | 68    72  | W.      W.      | Sunshine.         Slight shower.
+    29 | 69    76  | N. W.   N. W.   | Cloudy.           Sunshine.
+    30 | 74    72  | N.      W.      | Sunshine.         Showery.
+    31 | 71    74  | N.      N. W.   | Sunshine.         Sunshine.
+
+
+AUGUST.
+
+    ---+-----------+-----------------+-----------------------------------
+     DAYS
+     OF THE MONTH.
+       | FAHRENHEIT'S
+       | THERMOMETER.
+       |           | DIRECTION
+       |           | OF THE WIND.
+       |           |                 | STATE OF THE WEATHER.
+    ---+-----------+-----------------+---------------------------------
+       |9 A.M. Mer.| 9 A.M.  Mer.    | 9 A. M.       Meridian.
+       |           |                 |
+     1 | 66°   72° | S. E.   S. E.   | Sunshine.     Sunshine.
+     2 | 69    74  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Ditto.        Ditto.
+     3 | 73    79  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Ditto.        Ditto.
+     4 | 76    83  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Ditto.        Ditto.
+     5 | 76    86  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Ditto.        Ditto.
+     6 | 72    82  | S. W.   S. W.   | Cloudy.       Sunshine
+       |           |                 |              (Thunder in the night.)
+     7 | 75    81  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Sunshine.     Sunshine.
+     8 | 68    71  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Cloudy.       Sunshine.
+     9 | 71    77  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Sunshine.     Ditto.
+    10 | 69    78  | E.      E.      | Ditto.        Ditto.
+    11 | 70    76  | S.      W.      | Ditto.        Cloudy.
+    12 | 67    73  | W.      Ditto.  | Sunshine.     Sunshine.
+    13 | 67    71  | S. W.   S. W.   | Showery.      Showery.
+    14 | 67    71  | W.      W.      | Ditto.        Ditto.
+    15 | 67    73  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Sunshine.     Sunshine.
+    16 | 67    72  | N. W.   W.      | Ditto.        Clear.
+    17 | 66    66  | S. W.   S. W.   | Clear.        Gentle rain.
+    18 | 64    69  | W.      W.      | Showery.      Clear.
+    19 | 67    75  | S. W.   W.      | Gentle rain.  Showery.
+    20 | 68    74  | W.      W.      | Showery.      Sunshine.
+    21 | 69    79  | S. E.   S. E.   | Cloudy.       Sunshine.
+    22 | 69    76  | N. W.   N. W.   | Cloudy.       Clear.
+    23 | 67    74  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Clear.        Sunshine.
+    24 | 69    76  | N. E.   N. E.   | Sunshine.     Ditto.
+       |           |                 |               (Thunder storm
+       |           |                 |                in the night)
+    25 | 70    78  | N. W.   N. W.   | Sunshine.     Sunshine.
+    26 | 70    76  | N.      N.      | Ditto.        Ditto.
+    27 | 73    80  | S.      S. E.   | Ditto.        Ditto.
+    28 | 73    80  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Ditto.        Ditto.
+    29 | 77    85  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Ditto.        Ditto.
+    30 | 77    86  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Ditto.        Ditto.
+    31 | 75    83  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Ditto.        Ditto.
+
+
+SEPTEMBER.
+
+    ---+-----------+-----------------+-----------------------------------
+     DAYS
+     OF THE MONTH.
+       | FAHRENHEIT'S
+       | THERMOMETER.
+       |           | DIRECTION
+       |           | OF THE WIND.
+       |           |                 | STATE OF THE WEATHER.
+    ---+-----------+-----------------+-----------------------------------
+       |9 A.M. Mer.| 9 A.M.  Mer.    | 9 A. M.           Meridian.
+       |           |                 |
+     1 | 75°   80° | E.      S.      | Sunshine.         Clear--Thunder
+       |           |                 |                   storm P. M.
+     2 | 76    81  | S. W.   S. W.   | Sunshine.         Rain.
+     3 | 61    67  | N. W.   N. W.   | Rain.             Sunshine.
+     4 | 65    71  | W.      W.      | Sunshine.         Ditto.
+     5 | 65    69  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Rainy.            Cloudy.
+     6 | 67    71  | N. E.   N. E.   | Sunshine.         Sunshine.
+     7 | 63    71  | E.      E.      | Sunshine.         Sunshine.
+     8 | 68    72  | N.      N. W.   | Clear.            Clear.
+     9 | 66    74  | N.      W.      | Sunshine.         Sunshine.
+    10 | 63    73  | W.      W.      | Clear.            Sunshine.
+    11 | 66    75  | N.      N.      | Sunshine.         Ditto.
+    12 | 65    71  | N. E.   N. E.   | Ditto.            Clear.
+    13 | 58    61  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Rain.             Clear.
+    14 | 50    61  | W.      W.      | Clear.            Cloudy.
+    15 | 58    65  | N. W.   N. W.   | Sunshine.         Sunshine.
+    16 | 59    65  | W.      W.      | Rain.             Sunshine.
+    17 | 56    63  | S. W.   W.      | Showery.          Sunshine.
+    18 | 54    55  | N. E.   N. E.   | Heavy showers.    Heavy showers.
+    19 | 55    61  | N. W.   N. W.   | Clear.            Clear.
+    20 | 52    61  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Sunshine.         Sunshine.
+    21 | 51    62  | Ditto.  S. W.   | Ditto.            Ditto.
+    22 | 59    63  | S. W.   S. W.   | Ditto.            Showery.
+    23 | 55    57  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Heavy rain.       Rain.
+    24 | 55    63  | W.      S. W.   | Sunshine.         Showery.
+    25 | 57    61  | W.      N. W.   | Showery.          Cloudy.
+    26 | 57    63  | N. W.   S. W.   | Sunshine.         Cloudy.
+    27 | 61    63  | W.      W.      | Rain.             Rain.
+    28 | 65    68  | W.      W.      | Showery.          Cloudy.
+    29 | 63     »  | W.      N. W.   | Showery.          Heavy rain.
+    30 | 57    63  | W.      N. W.   | Sunshine.         Clear.
+
+
+OCTOBER.
+
+    ---+-----------+-----------------+-----------------------------------
+    DAYS
+     OF
+    THE
+    MONTH.
+       | FAHRENHEIT'S
+       | THERMOMETER.
+       |           | DIRECTION
+       |           | OF THE WIND.
+       |           |                 | STATE OF THE WEATHER.
+    ---+-----------+-----------------+-----------------------------------
+       |9 A.M. Mer.| 9 A.M.  Mer.    | 9 A. M.           Meridian.
+       |           |                 |
+     1 | 52°   62° | N. W.   N. W.   | Sunshine.         Sunshine.
+     2 | 55    63  | N.      E.      | Ditto.            Ditto.
+     3 | 55    57  | N. E.   N. E.   | Clear.            Clear.
+     4 | 51    57  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Sunshine.         Cloudy.
+     5 | 51    59  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Sunshine.         Clear.
+     6 | 51    61  | N.      N.      | Sunshine.         Sunshine.
+     7 | 51    61  | E.      E.      | Ditto.            Clear.
+     8 | 53    61  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Ditto.            Sunshine.
+     9 | 51    57  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Ditto.            Ditto.
+    10 | 50    59  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Ditto.            Ditto.
+    11 | 49    57  | N. E.   N. E.   | Clear.            Clear.
+    12 | 51    59  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Sunshine.         Sunshine.
+    13 | 51    59  | E.      E.      | Ditto.            Ditto.
+    14 | 50    59  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Ditto.            Ditto.
+    15 | 50    61  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Ditto.            Ditto.
+    16 | 46    51  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Clear.            Hazy.
+    17 | 52    58  | W.      W.      | Cloudy.           Rain from 2 P.M.
+    18 | 53    60  | N. W.   N. W.   | Sunshine.         Sunshine.
+    19 | 53    58  | W.      W.      | Cloudy.           Cloudy.
+    20 | 53    57  | N. W.   N.      | Sunshine.         Cloudy.
+    21 | 50    55  | N.      N. E.   | Sunshine.         Sunshine.
+    22 | 49    57  | W.      W.      | Showery.          Showery.
+    23 | 52    56  | N. W.   N. W.   | Sunshine.         Clear.
+    24 | 53    55  | W.      N. W.   | Rain.             Sunshine.
+    25 | 49    54  | N. W.   Ditto.  | Sunshine.         Clear.
+    26 | 43    53  | W.      W.      | Sunshine.         Cloudy.
+    27 | 48    53  | S. W.   S. W.   | Rain.             Rain.
+    28 | 47    54  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Showery.          Clear.
+    29 | 49    54  | E.      S.      | Clear.            Clear.
+    30 | 45    57  | S. E.   S.      | Sunshine.         Sunshine.
+    31 | 49    58  | S. W.   S. W.   | Ditto.            Ditto.
+
+
+NOVEMBER.
+
+    ---+-----------+-----------------+-----------------------------------
+     DAYS
+     OF THE MONTH.
+       | FAHRENHEIT'S
+       | THERMOMETER.
+       |           | DIRECTION
+       |           | OF THE WIND.
+       |           |                 | STATE OF THE WEATHER.
+    ---+-----------+-----------------+-----------------------------------
+       |9 A.M. Mer.| 9 A.M.  Mer.    | 9 A. M.           Meridian.
+       |           |                 |
+     1 | 47°   54° | S. E.   S. E.   | Showery.          High winds.
+     2 | 49    59  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Sunshine.         Sunshine.
+     3 | 53    61  | Ditto.  S.      | Ditto.            Ditto.
+     4 | 55    57  | S. W.   W.      | Clear.            Rain.
+     5 | 53    57  | Ditto.  S. W.   | Showery.          Sunshine, rain 4 P.
+     6 | 54    57  | Ditto.  W.      | Rain.             Showery.
+     7 | 51    51  | S. W.   S. W.   | Showery.          Rain.
+     8 | 52    58  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Showery.          Showery.
+     9 | 55    57  | Ditto.  W.      | Clear.            Showery.
+    10 | 50    55  | W.      W.      | Showery.          Showery.
+    11 | 49    49  | S. W.   S. W.   | Showery.          Rain.
+    12 | 47    52  | W.      W.      | Dull.             Rain.
+    13 | 55    59  | S. W.   S. W.   | Rain.             Showery.
+    14 | 49    55  | W.      W.      | Sunshine.         Sunshine.
+    15 | 51    55  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Rain.             Rain.
+    16 | 59    61  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Ditto.            Ditto.
+    17 | 61    66  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Ditto.            Sunshine
+       |           |                 |                    and showers.
+    18 | 53    57  | S.      S. W.   | Clear.            Rain.
+    19 | 54    55  | S. W.   Ditto.  | Rain.             Rain.
+    20 | 43    48  | N. E.   N. E.   | Sunshine.         Sunshine.
+    21 | 42    45  | W.      W.      | Cloudy.           Rain.
+    22 | 48    53  | N. W.   N.      | Sunshine.         Showery.
+    23 | 39    47  | N.      N. W.   | Sunshine.         Sunshine.
+    24 | 47    49  | W.      W.      | Foggy.            Foggy.
+    25 | 46    49  | E.      E.      | Sunshine.         Sunshine.
+    26 | 36    42  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Ditto.            Ditto.
+    27 | 38    41  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Ditto.            Ditto.
+    28 | 33    41  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Ditto.            Ditto.
+    29 | 33    41  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Ditto.            Ditto.
+    30 | 32    41  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Ditto.            Ditto.
+
+
+DECEMBER.
+
+    ---+-----------+-----------------+-----------------------------------
+     DAYS
+     OF THE MONTH.
+       | FAHRENHEIT'S
+       | THERMOMETER.
+       |           | DIRECTION
+       |           | OF THE WIND.
+       |           |                 | STATE OF THE WEATHER.
+    ---+-----------+-----------------+-----------------------------------
+       |9 A.M. Mer.| 9 A.M.  Mer.    | 9 A. M.           Meridian.
+       |           |                 |
+     1 | 34°   39° | E.      E.      | Foggy.            Clear.
+     2 | 37    42  | Ditto.  N. E.   | Clear.            Rain.
+     3 | 38    42  | N. E.   Ditto.  | Sunshine.         Sunshine.
+     4 | 37    41  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Ditto.            Ditto.
+     5 | 32    38  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Ditto.            Ditto.
+     6 | 29    36  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Ditto.            Ditto.
+     7 | 32    32  | S. W.   S. W.   | Cloudy.           Dull.
+     8 | 35    41  | S.      S.      | Clear.            Heavy rain.
+     9 | 33    40  | W.      W.      | Sunshine.         Sunshine.
+    10 | 31    35  | E.      E.      | Fog.              Fog.
+    11 | 37    46  | W.      S. W.   | Heavy rain.       Showery.
+    12 | 41    39  | N. W.   N. W.   | Dull.             Cloudy.
+    13 | 31    31  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Cloudy.           Cloudy.
+    14 | 23    25  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Sunshine.         Sunshine.
+    15 | 19    23  | N. E.   N. E.   | Ditto.            Ditto.
+    16 | 14    18  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Ditto.            Ditto.
+    17 | 12    17  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Ditto.            Ditto.
+    18 | 19    25  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Snow.             Snow.
+    19 | 36    37  | E.      S. E.   | Thawing fast.     Thawing fast.
+    20 | 33    37  | W.      W.      | Foggy.            Thawing.
+    21 | 29    29  | N. E.   N. E.   | Sharp frost.      Snowing.
+    22 | 27    33  | E.      E.      | Sunshine.         Sunshine.
+    23 | 25    28  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Clear.            Clear.
+    24 | 19    26  | N. E.   N. E.   | Sunshine.         Sunshine.
+    25 | 26    34  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Ditto.            Ditto.
+    26 | 26    33  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Ditto.            Ditto.
+    27 | 25    27  | E.      E.      | Clear.            Clear.
+    28 | 24    29  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Ditto.            Ditto.
+    29 | 33    39  | Ditto.  S. E.   | Hazy.             Clear and
+       |           |                 |                   thawing rapidly.
+    30 | 35    40  | E.      E.      | Thawing.          Cloudy.
+    31 | 34    37  | E.      W.      | Snowing.          Rain.
+
+
+JANUARY 1841.
+
+    ---+-----------+-----------------+-----------------------------------
+     DAYS
+     OF THE MONTH.
+       | FAHRENHEIT'S
+       | THERMOMETER.
+       |           | DIRECTION
+       |           | OF THE WIND.
+       |           |                 | STATE OF THE WEATHER.
+    ---+-----------+-----------------+-----------------------------------
+       |9 A.M. Mer.| 9 A.M.  Mer.    | 9 A. M.           Meridian.
+       |           |                 |
+     1 | 36°   38° | N. W.   N. W.   | Clear.            Hazy.
+     2 | 39    41  | W.      N. W.   | Fog.              Clear.
+     3 | 39    43  | S. W.   S. W.   | Cloudy.           Snowing.
+     4 | 31    36  | W.      S. W.   | Sunshine.         Cloudy.
+     5 | 30    35  | N. W.   N. W.   | Snowing.          Sunshine.
+     6 | 31    33  | S. W.   S. W.   | Cloudy.           Sleet.
+     7 | 29    33  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Cloudy.           Sunshine.
+     8 | 18    17  | N. E.   E.      | Sunshine.         Ditto.
+     9 | 24    28  | S.      S.      | Cloudy.           Sunshine.
+    10 | 36    39  | S. W.   W.      | Foggy and Thaw.   Rain.
+    11 | 39    41  | W.      S. W.   | Sunshine.         Sunshine.
+    12 | 38    41  | W.      W.      | Cloudy.           Showery.
+    13 | 41    44  | S.      S. W.   | Rain.             Rain.
+    14 | 48    53  | S. W.   Ditto.  | Rain.             Clear.
+    15 | 45    49  | W.      W.      | Clear.            Clear.
+    16 | 49    52  | S. W.   S.      | Rain.             Showery.
+    17 | 50    57  | S. W.   S. W.   | Clear.            Sunshine.
+    18 | 48    52  | S. W.   Ditto.  | Clear.            Clear.
+    19 | 47    49  | W.      W.      | Clear.            Showery.
+    20 | 34    40  | N. W.   N. W.   | Sunshine.         Sunshine.
+    21 | 32    37  | N.      N. E.   | Cloudy.           Cloudy.
+    22 | 37    41  | N.      N. W.   | Clear.            Clear.
+    23 | 40    44  | W.      W.      | Rain.             Rain.
+    24 | 37    41  | W.      S. W.   | Rain.             Stormy.
+    25 | 33    39  | N. W.   N.      | Clear.            Sunshine.
+    26 | 35    41  | W.      W.      | Cloudy.           Rain.
+    27 | 45    48  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Fog.              Clear.
+    28 | 43    47  | N. W.   N. W.   | Clear.            Sunshine.
+    29 | 37    41  | Ditto.  Ditto.  | Hazy.             Cloudy.
+    30 | 33    37  | N. E.   N.      | Sunshine.         Sunshine.
+    31 | 31    36  | E.      E.      | Sunshine.         Frost.
+
+On a careful inspection of this interesting register, it will appear
+sufficiently obvious, that the climate of Touraine, is of a mild and
+equable character, and when it is recollected that the winter of 1840,
+was almost every where marked by extraordinary vicissitudes of
+temperature, and unusual severity, it would hardly appear a fair
+criterion of the _natural salubrity_ of the climate of this country.
+
+A really correct knowledge of the distinguishing characteristics of any
+climate can of course, only be obtained by taking the average of
+correctly observed and registered, meteorological phenomena of a series
+of years; and too much credit cannot be awarded to persons who bestow a
+portion of their time and attention in the acquirement of such important
+data; which must, ultimately tend to the advancement of science, and
+public utility.
+
+
+
+
+Réaumur's Thermometric Scale turned into Fahrenheits.
+
+    _______________________________________
+    R.   F.  |R.   F.  |R.   F.  |R.   F.
+             |         |         |
+    80 212.00|51 146.75|23  83.75| 5  20.75
+    79 209.75|50 144.50|22  81.50| 6  18.50
+    78 207.50|49 142.25|21  79.25| 7  16.25
+    77 205.25|48 140.00|20  77.00| 8  14.00
+    76 203.00|47 137.75|19  74.75| 9  11.75
+    75 200.75|46 135.50|18  72.50|10   9.50
+    74 198.50|45 133.25|17  70.25|11   7.25
+    73 196.25|44 131.00|16  68.00|12   5.00
+    72 194.00|43 128.75|15  65.75|13   2.75
+    71 191.75|42 126.50|14  63.50|14   0.50
+    70 189.50|41 124.25|13  61.25|15   1.75
+    69 187.25|40 122.00|12  59.00|16   4.00
+    68 185.00|39 119.75|11  56.75|17   6.25
+    67 182.75|38 117.50|10  54.50|18   8.50
+    66 180.50|37 115.25| 9  52.25|19  10.75
+    65 178.25|36 113.00| 8  50.00|20  13.00
+    64 176.00|35 110.75| 7  47.75|21  15.25
+    63 173.75|34 108.50| 6  45.50|22  17.50
+    62 171.50|33 106.25| 5  43.25|23  19.75
+    61 169.25|32 104.00| 4  41.00|24  22.00
+    60 167.00|31 101.75| 3  38.75|25  24.25
+    59 164.75|30  99.50| 2  36.50|26  26.50
+    58 162.50|29  97.25| 1  34.25|27  28.75
+    57 160.25|28  95.00| 0  32.00|28  31.00
+    56 158.00|27  92.75| 1  29.75|29  33.25
+    55 155.75|26  90.50| 2  27.50|30  35.50
+    54 153.50|25  88.25| 3  25.25|31  37.75
+    53 151.25|24  86.00| 4  23.00|32  40.00
+    52 149.00|
+
+The circle is divided by the French into 400 degrees; by the English
+into 360. Hence 10 French circular degrees equal 9 English.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX.
+
+A FEW USEFUL HINTS FOR TRAVELLERS.
+
+
+Passports.--The office for passports in London is at Nº 6 Poland
+street, Oxford street, where an under-secretary of the embassy attends
+daily (generally from one till three.) Applications personal or written
+stating the name, profession and nation, is made one day and the
+passport is granted (gratis) the following one, on personal applications
+only.
+
+To expedite the procuring of a passport, in a case of emergency,
+applications may be made to the French Consul, Nº 3, Copthal
+Buildings, where a fee of ten shillings is expected.
+
+Members of the same family may have their names inserted in the same
+passport, but persons travelling in company should provide themselves
+with separate passports. Couriers and male servants should each have a
+passport.
+
+A traveller intending to visit any other territory should have the
+passports _visé_ (backed) by the Ambassador or Consul of each country
+traversed.
+
+Consuls residing at the outports also give passports, so likewise do
+British Consuls resident at foreign seaports.
+
+The British Ambassador's residence, in Paris, is Nº 39, rue du
+faubourg saint Honoré.
+
+If the traveller should omit to obtain a passport till he reach Dover,
+or Brighton, or Southampton, he may procure one from the French Consul
+at any one of these places, on the first application, it will cost him
+ten shillings.
+
+
+CASH.--The traveller will find English Bank-Notes, particularly of large
+amount the most profitable money he can take to France. The course of
+exchange has for several years been about six per cent in favor of
+England. Should he however object to carry a large sum with him, he may
+take _Circular_ or _transferable Exchange notes_. The object of these
+notes is to supply _travellers_ on the continent with money where they
+may require it, without there being any necessity for determining the
+route before hand; and to supply _other individuals_, who may have
+remittances to make abroad, with bills upon any particular place that
+they may desire. For this purpose a correspondence is established with
+all the principal places in Europe.
+
+Notes on this plan may be obtained of Messrs. Coutts and Cº., Strand;
+Foreign Banking Company, (la banque Anglo-Etrangère), 82, Lombard
+Street, and of Messrs. Glynn and Cº., Lombard Street.
+
+
+COIN.--The modern gold coins of France are pieces of 40 fr. and 20 fr.
+The silver coins are 5 fr., 2 fr., 1 fr., 1/2 fr., 1/4 fr.. The coins of
+billon (a mixed metal) and copper are pieces of one decime, or 2 sous,
+pieces of 6 liards, or 1-1/2 sou, of 5 centimes, or one sou, and of one
+centime. There are also liards and double liards, which are 1/4 and 1/2
+of a sou.
+
+In the monetary system of France, the coins, if accurately minted, may
+serve also as weights. Thus 5 francs in copper, 50 in billon, 200 in
+standard silver, or 3,100 in standard gold, should weigh one kilogramme.
+Hence the piece of one fr. weighs 5 grammes, and any other piece in the
+above proportion.
+
+The gold coins of 20 fr. and 40 fr., struck under the government of
+Bonaparte, were called napoleons and double-napoleons, and such is the
+force of habit, that these, as well as pieces of the same value struck
+since 1814, continue to be so called.
+
+They are also designated pièces de vingt francs and pièces de quarante
+francs. The silver coins of 5 francs each are frequently called pièces
+de cent sous; a piece of 2 francs is called pièce de quarante sous, and
+so on.
+
+The only notes issued by the Bank of France are of 500 fr. and 1,000 fr.
+These are changeable into silver at the Bank, without discount, except
+the charge of 3 sous for the bag which contains the change; or, at a
+premium, into silver or gold, at the different money changers.
+
+The French money, being divided into decimal parts, in reckoning,
+instead of 25 sous it is said 1 fr. 25 centimes, instead of 30 sous, 1
+fr 50 cent., and so on. When the course of exchange is at par between
+France and England, 25 fr. are considered equal to the pound sterling.
+
+The gold as well as silver coins of France contain 1--10th. alloy.
+
+Since the English sovereign contains of pure gold 7.318444035 grammes,
+and the gold coin of 20 fr. contains of pure gold 5.806449 grammes,
+therefore the _intrinsic_ value of the sovereign, in French money, is
+25.2079 fr., or 25 fr. 20 c. Hence the respective intrinsic value of the
+following coins will be:
+
+    Guinea      26 fr. 47 c.
+    Crown        5 fr. 80 c.
+    Shilling     1 fr. 16 c.
+
+    Napoléon  15 s. 10-1/4 d. .9
+    Franc            9     d. 05
+
+The rate of exchange, at Paris and the principal towns of France, is
+commonly 25 fr. 50 c. for L. 1 sterling: but it varies, and especially
+in the smaller towns, from 25 fr. to 25 fr. 75 c. If we assume it to be
+25 fr. to L. 1 sterling, we have an easy proportion, by which we may
+find the value of the money of either country in the money of the other.
+Thus since 25 fr. are equal to 20 shillings, 5 francs are equal to 4
+shillings, and therefore, any number of francs are equal to 4-5ths of
+the same number of shillings; and any number of shillings are equal to
+5-4ths of the same number of francs. Thus 100 fr. will equal 80
+shillings, or L. 4; and L. 5, or 100 shillings, will equal 125 fr.
+Hence.
+
+    Sovereign  25 fr.
+    Crown       6 fr.  25 c.
+    Shilling    1 fr.  25 c.
+    Penny              10 c. nearly.
+
+    Napoléon  16 s. 0 d.
+    Franc           9 d. 3/4 nearly
+    Sou                  1/2 nearly.
+                      or 1/4 9.
+
+This rule will be found very useful for all small sums and the common
+purposes of life.
+
+
+
+
+TRAVELLING.
+
+
+LONDON TO CALAIS.--Persons who leave London by the evening coaches
+abridge their journey by not sleeping at Dover, and are equally in time
+for the packet-boats, the coaches always arriving before the packets
+sail, early the next morning either to Calais or Boulogne, whence safety
+coaches set out twice a day for Paris; by which, according to the
+quickness of the passage, the traveller pressed for time may go either
+that same evening or early the next morning, and will reach the French
+metropolis the day after.
+
+Considerable saving will be experienced by booking throughout, and the
+best places secured in the coach. The coaches from the Golden Cross;
+41, Regent Circus; and the Cross Keys, Wood-Street, are in connexion
+with the Messageries royales, rue Notre-Dame-des-Victoires, at Paris.
+Those from the spread Eagle office; Webbs hotel, 220, Piccadilly; and
+the Spread Eagle, and Cross Keys, Grace-church-street, are in connexion
+with the Messageries générales, Lafitte's company, Nos 9 and 24, rue du
+Bouloy, at Paris. Those from the White Bear Piccadilly, are in connexion
+with l'Aigle; the Eagle an opposition company, Nº 23, rue du Bouloy,
+Paris. The office at Calais is in rue St.-Michel, that at Boulogne is at
+the Hotel du Nord.
+
+Steam packets go from the Tower stairs to Calais three or four times a
+week during the summer months, and once or twice during the greater part
+of the winter. The passage is generally performed within twelve hours.
+Carriages and heavy baggage must be sent by twelve o'clock on the day
+previous to starting. The passage from Dover to Calais, is performed in
+three hours or three hours and a half.
+
+
+LONDON TO HAVRE.--The voyage is performed by companies, one French, one
+English. Havre is now greatly preferred to Dieppe.
+
+
+SOUTHAMPTON has become a favourite place for embarkation, owing to the
+_Railway_, the London terminus of which is at nine Elms, near Vauxhall.
+Steam-Packets go four times a week, during the summer months. They call
+off Portsmouth, for passengers, and on their arrival at Havre meet the
+steam vessel which plies between that place and _Rouen_. Further
+particulars may be obtained either at Nº 25, Coventry street; at
+Portsmouth, or at Southampton. A sailing vessel also goes every week
+from Southampton to Hâvre; distance between the two ports, 139 miles.
+
+
+POSTING. There are three modes of travelling in France: in private
+carriages (_voitures_), a hired carriage (_chaise de poste_), and the
+public diligence. As all English carriages have poles, it will be
+advisable, if the company do not exceed three in number, to have their
+poles replaced by shafts, by which means one-third of the expense of
+posting will be saved; for, instead of four horses and two postilions,
+they will only pay for three horses and one postilion. If more than
+three persons travel in the same cabriolet or limonière, the postmaster
+will charge one franc per post extra for each person beyond that number.
+
+The arrangements for posting are attended to with scrupulous exactness.
+There is no competition: and those who arrive first are uniformly first
+accommodated.
+
+A book called the _livre de poste_ is published every year by the French
+government containing every information for the traveller which he may
+consult at any post-house, as the postmaster is compelled to keep a
+copy.
+
+TRAVELLING BY THE MAIL IN FRANCE.
+
+Persons who wish to proceed rapidly may travel by the mails. These light
+and commodious vehicles are made to carry four persons, and are supplied
+with horses at the post-houses. Each passenger may carry a sac de nuit
+or portmanteau, weighing fifteen kilograms. The price of each place is 1
+franc, 50 centimes per post, and 75 centimes per post to the guard.
+
+There are mails on the following roads:--From Paris to Caen; Calais;
+Lille; Valenciennes; Mezières; Strasbourg, through Metz, and through
+Nancy; Belfort; Besançon; Lyons, through Châlons, and through Moulins;
+Toulouse, Bordeaux; Nantes, through le Mans, and through Vendôme, and
+Brest.
+
+Also from Tours to Havre, from Lyon to Strasbourg, and to Marseilles;
+from Avignon to Toulouse; from Toulouse to Bayonne; from Bordeaux to
+Bayonne and to Toulouse; from Limoges to Bordeaux; from
+Châlons-sur-Marne to Metz, from Bonnières to Rouen; and from Troyes to
+Mulhausen.
+
+
+DILIGENCE.--A conductor is attached to each machine: his proper business
+is to take care of the baggage, and this duty he discharges with the
+strictest integrity. When the traveller's portmanteau or parcels have
+once been consigned to him, every fear with regard to their safety may
+be dismissed. He usually presides at the dinner table of the passengers,
+and does full justice to what is provided. He accompanies the diligence
+through the whole of the journey, and at the close of it expects a
+gratuity of four or five francs. The latter sum includes the driver.
+
+Fifteen pounds of luggage are allowed, and twenty-one francs per cent is
+charged for the overplus. The usual charges for meals to the passengers
+in the diligence are, for dinner 4 fr.; for supper 3-1/2 fr; for
+breakfast 3-1/2 fr. The average expense of travelling by the diligence,
+including the pour-boire of the coachman and conductor, is about 75
+centimes per league. They usually travel about two leagues an hour.
+
+Offices in Paris from which the Tours diligences set out.--Rue du
+Bouloy, Nos 9 and 24--Rue N.-D. des Victoires, Nº 22.
+
+On travellers arriving in Paris we would strongly recommend Lawson's
+Bedfort hotel N. 323 rue St-Honoré and N. 24 rue Rivoli where they will
+meet with every attention and English comforts at reasonable charges. It
+is situated in the most agreeable part of Paris adjacent to the palace
+and garden of the Tuileries. Apartments may be had by the day, week, or
+month; breakfasts are served in the coffee-room or in private
+apartments, and visitors may dine at the table-d'hôte or in their own
+rooms. The greatest regularity prevails in forwarding and delivering
+letters, parcels, and information of every kind is furnished.
+
+
+DILIGENCES start every day from Tours, to Paris, Bordeaux, la Rochelle,
+Poitiers, Nantes, le Mans, Caen, Chartres, Chinon, Orléans, Laval, and
+Mayenne.
+
+The principal hotels in Tours are, the Boule d'Or; the Faisan; Hotel de
+Londres; Hotel d'Angleterre; and Saint-Julien.
+
+
+
+
+DISTANCE TABLES.
+
+The following tables have been expressly calculated to give the exact
+distance and intermediate distances, with reference to posting between
+Havre and Tours, on some of the routes referred to in the Memoranda.
+
+FROM HAVRE TO TOURS, THROUGH ROUEN.
+
+                    ------------------------------------
+                    | M |   |    |   |    |   |        |
+                    | y | K |    | F |    |   |        |
+                    | r | i | M  | u | Y  |   |   I    |
+                    | i | l | i  | r | a  | F |   n    |
+                    | a | o | l  | l | r  | e |   c    |
+                    | m | m | e  | o | d  | e |   h    |
+                    | è | è | s  | n | s  | t |   e    |
+                    | t | t | .  | g | .  | . |   s    |
+                    | r | r |    | s |    |   |   .    |
+                    | e | e |    | . |    |   |        |
+    _Havre to_,     | . | . |    |   |    |   |        |
+                    |----------------------------------|
+    La Botte        | 1 | 6 |    |   |    |   |        |
+    Lillebonne      | 1 | 9 |    |   |    |   |        |
+    Caucleber       | 1 | 5 |    |   |    |   |        |
+    Duclair         | 1 | 6 |    |   |    |   |        |
+    Rouen           | 2 |   | 53 | 0 | 22 | 1 | 10-1/3 |
+    Grande Couronne | 1 | 2 |    |   |    |   |        |
+    Bourg Theroulde | 1 | 5 |    |   |    |   |        |
+    Brionne         | 1 | 8 |    |   |    |   |        |
+    Bernay          | 1 | 5 |    |   |    |   |        |
+    Broglie         | 1 | 1 |    |   |    |   |        |
+    Monnai          | 1 | 6 |    |   |    |   |        |
+    Gacé            | 1 | 4 |    |   |    |   |        |
+    Nonant          | 1 | 2 |    |   |    |   |        |
+    Séez            | 1 | 2 |    |   |    |   |        |
+    Alençon         | 2 | 1 | 90 | 2 | 18 | 2 |  4-1/3 |
+    Le Mans         | 5 | 0 | 31 | 0 | 69 | 1 |  9     |
+    Tours           | 8 | 1 | 50 | 2 | 59 | 2 |  9-1/3 |
+                    |----------------------------------|
+                    |36 | 3 |224 | 4 |171 | 2 |  9     |
+                    ------------------------------------
+
+
+FROM HAVRE TO TOURS, THROUGH HONFLEUR.
+
+   _Havre to Honfleur|Myria-|Kilo- |miles.|Furlongs.|Yards.|Feet.|Inches.|
+    by steam packet, |mètre.|mètre.|      |         |      |     |       |
+    Honfleur to,_    |      |      |      |         |      |     |       |
+                     |------|------|------|---------|------|-----|-------|
+    Pont-Lévêque     |  1   |  7   |      |         |      |     |       |
+    Lisieux          |  1   |  7   |      |         |      |     |       |
+    Linarot          |  1   |  8   |      |         |      |     |       |
+    Nimoutier        |      |  9   |      |         |      |     |       |
+    Gacé             |  1   |  8   |      |         |      |     |       |
+    Nonant           |  1   |  2   |      |         |      |     |       |
+    Séez             |  1   |  2   |      |         |      |     |       |
+    Alençon          |  2   |  1   |  76  |    5    | 181  |  1  |  1-1/3|
+    Le Mans          |  5   |  0   |  31  |    0    |  69  |  1  |  9    |
+    Tours            |  8   |  1   |  50  |    2    |  59  |  2  |  9-1/3|
+                     |______|______|______|_________|______|_____|_______|
+                     | 25   |  5   | 158  |    0    |  80  |  2  |  7-2/3|
+
+
+FROM HAVRE TO TOURS, THROUGH CAEN.
+
+   _Havre to Caen per|Myria-|Kilo- |miles.|Furlongs.|Yards.|Feet.|Inches.|
+    steam packet,_   |mètre.|mètre.|      |         |      |     |       |
+                     |______|______|______|_________|______|_____|_______|
+    Langannerie      |   2  |  1   |      |         |      |     |       |
+    Falaise          |   1  |  4   |      |         |      |     |       |
+    Argentan         |   2  |  2   |      |         |      |     |       |
+    Séez             |   2  |  3   |      |         |      |     |       |
+    Alençon          |   2  |  1   |  62  |    5    | 131  |  2  |  3-1/3|
+    La Hutte         |   1  |  4   |      |         |      |     |       |
+    Beaut-sur-Sarthe |      |  9   |      |         |      |     |       |
+    Bazoge           |   1  |  5   |      |         |      |     |       |
+    Le Mans          |   1  |  2   |  31  |    0    |  69  |  1  |  9    |
+    Ecommoy          |   2  |  1   |      |         |      |     |       |
+    Château-du-Loir  |   1  |  9   |      |         |      |     |       |
+    La Roue          |   2  |      |      |         |      |     |       |
+    Tours            |   2  |  1   |  50  |    2    |  59  |  2  |  9-1/3|
+                     |______|______|______|_________|______|_____|_______|
+                     |  23  |  2   | 144  |    0    |  41  |  0  |  9-1/3|
+
+12 Inches, 1 foot.--3 Feet, 1 Yard, 220 Yards 1 Furlong, 8 Furlongs 1
+Mile.
+
+
+TABLES OF FRENCH AND ENGLISH LONG MEASURE.
+
+                        +----------------------------------+
+                        |  K |  H |  D |    |  D |  C |  m |
+                        |  i |  e |  é |    |  é |  e |  i |
+                        |  l |  c |  c |  m |  c |  n |  l |
+                        |  o |  t |  a |  è |  i |  t |  l |
+                        |  - |  o |  - |  t |  - |  i |  i |
+    _English measure_.  |  m |  - |  m |  r |  m |  - |  - |
+                        |  è |  m |  è |  e |  è |  m |  m |
+                        |  t |  è |  t |  . |  t |  è |  è |
+                        |  r |  t |  r |    |  r |  t |  t |
+                        |  e |  r |  e |    |  e |  r |  r |
+                        |  . |  e |  . |    |  . |  e |  e |
+                        |    |  . |    |    |    |  . |  . |
+                        |----|----|----|----|----|----|----|
+     One mile           |  1 |  6 |  1 |  0 |  4 |  0 |  0 |
+     Do. furlong        |    |  2 |  0 |  1 |  3 |  0 |  0 |
+     Do. yard           |    |    |    |    |  9 |  1 |  5 |
+     Do. foot           |    |    |    |    |  3 |  0 |  5 |
+     Do. inch           |    |    |    |    |    |  2 |  5 |
+     ------------------------------------------------------|
+       _French_   |  _Quantity_.   |     _English_.        |
+      _measure_.  |                |                       |
+         -----    |     -----      |-----------------------|
+                  |                |   | F |   |   |       |
+                  |                | m | u | Y |   |   I   |
+                  |                | i | r | a | F |   n   |
+                  |                | l | l | r | e |   c   |
+                  |                | e | o | d | e |   h   |
+                  |                | s | n | s | t |   e   |
+                  |                | . | g | . | . |   s   |
+                  |                |   | s |   |   |   .   |
+                  |                |   | . |   |   |       |
+                  |----------------|---|---|---|---|------ |
+     Myria-mètre. |10,000 mètres.  | 6 | 1 |145| 2 |9      |
+     Kilo-mètre.  | 1,000 do.      |   | 4 |212| 1 |9-1/3  |
+     Hecto-mètre. |   100 do.      |   |   |109| 0 |9-1/3  |
+     Déca-mètre.  |    10 do.      |   |   | 10| 2 |9-1/3  |
+     Mètre.       |Unity of length |   |   |   | 3 |3-1/3  |
+     Déci-mètre.  | Tenth part of  |   |   |   |   |3-15/16|
+                  |    a mètre.    |   |   |   |   |       |
+     Centi-mètre. |  Hundredth     |   |   |   |   |       |
+                  |part of a mètre.|   |   |   |   |       |
+     Milli-mètre. |  Thousandth    |   |   |   |   |       |
+                  |part of a mètre.|   |   |   |   |       |
+                                   +-----------------------+
+
+On the Loire, the Rhone, the Seine, Garonne, and other large Rivers in
+France, steamers called _Coches d'Eau_, are established; the average
+expense of which conveyances is about 15 centimes per league.
+
+The _Seine_ has become a favorite route to _Paris_,--by way of Havre,
+Honfleur, Rouen, etc.
+
+
+
+
+EXPENSE OF LIVING
+
+IN FRANCE.
+
+
+The vicinity of Paris is, of course, dearer than other parts of France,
+but families in good circumstances, who wish to be near the metropolis,
+should fix themselves at Versailles or St.-Germain.
+
+Persons who wish to economize must resort to the banks of the Loire and
+Lower Normandy, which are both much frequented by the English, who may
+here enjoy the comforts of life at a third less than in one of the
+provincial towns of their own country. A still greater reduction of
+expense will be found in the retired parts of Brittany, or in the towns
+of Saumur and Avranches, where living is one-fourth cheaper than at Caen
+or Tours. These situations are, however, inconvenient, as there are
+neither good schools nor genteel society.
+
+Rouen, Dieppe, Boulogne, are little cheaper than Paris.
+
+From the following statement, some idea may be formed of the expenses
+likely to be incurred by a family, residing in Tours or any of the towns
+in the central and Northern parts of France:
+
+RENT. An unfurnished house, of eight or ten rooms, with a garden, may be
+had from 30 l. to 50 l. a year.
+
+TAXES. Payable by the tenant, about 5 l. a year.
+
+FUEL. Three fires in winter, and a fire in the kitchen throughout the
+year, will cost 25 l. to 30 l. a year. The usual fuel is wood: coals may
+be had in some districts. They are in use in Tours, but are expensive;
+coke is however to be obtained at more reasonable prices.
+
+MEAT.--Beef, mutton, veal, 4 d. to 5 d.; pork, 5 d. to 6 d. per pound.
+
+POULTRY. Fowls, 1 s. 6 d. to 3 s. the couple; a goose or turkey, from 2
+s. to 4 s.
+
+EGGS. About 5 d. a dozen.
+
+BUTTER. Fresh, in summer, from 9 d. to 1 s.
+
+MILK. From 2 d. to 3 d. a quart.
+
+BREAD. Generally very good, about 1-1/2 d. the pound.
+
+FISH. Near the coast, is plentiful and cheap.
+
+GROCERY. Is much the same as in England.
+
+TEA. Is rather cheaper, and sugar rather dearer.
+
+WAGES. A man servant, 10 l. or 12 l. a year; a woman Cook, 8 l. to 12
+l.; a house maid, 6 l. to 8 l. A mechanic 2 s. to 2 s. 6 d. per day; a
+labourer, 1 s. to 1 s. 3 d.
+
+CLOTHES. Linens and silks cheaper; cottons dearer than in England;
+wollen articles dearer.
+
+EDUCATION. Boarding-schools from 25 l. to 35 l. a year including extras.
+Board in a Family, with private tuition, boys 50 l. per year; girls from
+35 l. to 40 l. Private lessons by the hour, in French, 2 s. to 4 s.; in
+music, 2 s. 6 d. to 5 s.
+
+In the south of France wine is much cheaper, but other provisions are
+charged much the same as in the north and central parts. The brandy of
+the country, may be purchased in Tours for 1 s. 6 d. per bottle, and
+_Cognac_ of the best quality for 2 s. 6. d. per bottle.
+
+The _city of Tours_,--which contains upwards of 28,000 inhabitants,--is
+at all times most abundantly supplied with the common necessaries and
+the luxuries of life. It has two market days, Wednesday and Saturday;
+the latter at all seasons presents an extremely animated and bustling
+appearance, it being frequented by great numbers of the surrounding
+rural population, who bring in vast quantities of marketable commodities
+from the adjacent districts. Such as fruit, vegetables, game, fowls,
+turkeys, geese, etc.; the latter being supplied in such abundance as to
+enable the venders after the ordinary sales of the market, to send off
+weekly, considerable quantities to Havre, Rouen, Paris, and other large
+towns.
+
+Beef, mutton, and pork is also extremely plentiful and of very superior
+quality.
+
+
+END.
+
+
+Tours.--Printed by A. Mame and Co.
+
+
+
+
+ERRATA.
+
+(corrected in this etext)
+
+
+Page 7, _for_ constitued, _read_ constituted.
+
+--15, _for_ continuous, _read_ continued.
+
+--21, _for_ Farehenit, _read_ Fahrenheit.
+
+--77, _for_ Family, _read_ Families.
+
+--94, _for_ Gramina, _read_ Graminaceæ.
+
+--119, _for_ thinks, _read_ things.
+
+--136, _for_ Fxt: _read_ Ext:.
+
+--110, _for_ ascending other, _read_ ascending order.
+
+--120, _for_ stalagmitical, _read_ stalactical.
+
+--135, _for_ rhumatism, _read_ rheumatism.
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[A] See the meteorological Register.
+
+[B] See Table of alcoholic strength of wines and liquors. As also the
+classification of french wines.
+
+[C] See distance Table.
+
+[D] The _faluns_ may be seen to advantage near _Manthelan_, and
+Semblançay.
+
+[E] Claret, from the French _Clairet_, signifying red or rose coloured,
+is a manufactured wine, being a mixture of several sorts, often of Beni
+Carlos and Bordeaux, and sometimes Hermitage or Alicant with Bordeaux.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Memoranda on Tours, Touraine and
+Central France., by J. H. Holdsworth
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MEMORANDA ON TOURS ***
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