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diff --git a/33473-h/33473-h.htm b/33473-h/33473-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8b8449b --- /dev/null +++ b/33473-h/33473-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,5357 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" +"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> + <head> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> +<title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of Memoranda on Tours, Touraine, by J. H. Holdsworth, M. D. +</title> +<style type="text/css"> + p {margin-top:.75em;text-align:justify;margin-bottom:.75em;text-indent:2%;} + +p.messrs {margin-left:20%;text-indent:0%;} + +p.winey {margin:8% auto 8% auto;} + +.c {text-align:center;text-indent:0%;} + +.cb {text-align:center;text-indent:0%;font-weight:bold;} + +.hang {text-indent:-2%;margin-left:2%;} + + h1,h2 {text-align:center;clear:both;} + + h4 {text-align:center;clear:both;margin:10% auto 5% auto;} + + h3 {margin-top:15%;text-align:center;clear:both;} + +.top5 {margin-top:5%;} + +.top15 {margin-top:15%;} + + hr {width:10%;margin:2em auto 2em auto;clear:both;color:black;} + + hr.full {width:90%;margin:5% auto 5% auto;border:2px solid gray;} + + table {margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;border:none;text-align:left;} + +td.lft {border-left:1px solid black;} + +td.rdoub {border-left:1px solid black; border-right:4px double black;} + +.sml {width:1px;border-top:1px solid black;border-bottom:1px solid black;border-left:1px solid black;} + + body{margin-left:10%;margin-right:10%;background:#fdfdfd;color:black;font-family:"Times New Roman", serif;font-size:medium;} + +.ov {text-decoration:overline;} + +a:link {background-color:#ffffff;color:blue;text-decoration:none;} + + link {background-color:#ffffff;color:blue;text-decoration:none;} + +a:visited {background-color:#ffffff;color:purple;text-decoration:none;} + +a:hover {background-color:#ffffff;color:#FF0000;text-decoration:underline;} + +.smcap {font-variant:small-caps;font-size:95%;} + + img:hover {border:3px solid #804000;} + + img {border:none;} + + sup {font-size:75%;} + + sub {font-size:75%;} + +.figcenter {margin:15% auto auto auto;text-align:center;} + +.footnotes {border:solid 1px gray;margin-top:15%;clear:both;} + +.footnote {width:95%;margin:auto 3% 1% auto;font-size:0.9em;position:relative;} + +.label {position:relative;left:-.5em;top:0;text-align:left;font-size:.8em;} + +.fnanchor {vertical-align:30%;font-size:.8em;} +</style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Memoranda on Tours, Touraine and Central +France., by J. H. Holdsworth + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Memoranda on Tours, Touraine and Central France. + Including remarks on the climate with a sketch of the + Botany And Geology of the Province also on the Wines and + Mineral Waters of France The maladies to which they are + applicable, and their effects upon the constitution. To + which is added an appendix containing a variety of useful + information to The Tourist. + +Author: J. H. Holdsworth + +Release Date: August 20, 2010 [EBook #33473] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MEMORANDA ON TOURS *** + + + + +Produced by Chuck Greif and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<table border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" summary="note" +style="background-color:#DEE6C9"> +<tr align="center"><td>Aside from the correction of obvious typographical errors, the text has +not been modernized; the original (some archaic) spellings have been retained +(Maderia for Madiera; marjorem for marjoram; Marsilles for Marsailles; horison for horizon). [Note of etext transcriber.]</td></tr> +</table> + +<h3>MEMORANDA</h3> + +<p class="cb">ON</p> + +<h1>TOURS, TOURAINE</h1> + +<p class="cb">AND</p> + +<p class="cb">CENTRAL FRANCE.</p> + +<p class="c ov top5"> + + + + + + +Tours.—Printed by <span class="smcap">A. Mame</span> and Co. + + + + + + + </p> +<h1 class="top15">MEMORANDA<br /> + +<span style="font-size:50%;">ON</span><br /> + +TOURS AND TOURAINE<br /> +<span style="font-size:50%;">INCLUDING</span><br /> +<span style="font-size:70%;">REMARKS ON THE CLIMATE<br /> +with a sketch</span><br /> +<span style="font-size:50%;">OF THE</span><br /> +<span style="font-size:70%;">BOTANY AND GEOLOGY OF THE PROVINCE</span><br /> +<span style="font-size:50%;">ALSO ON THE</span><br /> +<span style="font-size:80%;">WINES</span><br /> +<span style="font-size:50%;">AND</span><br /> +<span style="font-size:80%;letter-spacing:2px;">MINERAL WATERS</span><br /> +<span style="font-size:50%;">OF</span><br /> +<span style="font-size:80%;">FRANCE</span></h1> +<p class="cb">The maladies to which they are applicable, and their effects upon the constitution.<br /> +To which is added an appendix containing a variety of useful information to<br /><br /> +THE TOURIST<br /> <br /> +<span style="font-size:70%;">BY</span></p> + +<h2>J. H. HOLDSWORTH, M. D.</h2> + +<p class="cb">TOURS,<br /> +A. AIGRE, rue Royale.</p> + +<p class="messrs">Messrs. CALIGNANIS, No 18, rue Vivienne, <span class="smcap">Paris</span>;<br /> +<span class="smcap">Henry</span> RENSHAW, No 356, Strand, <span class="smcap">London</span>;<br /> +And all other Booksellers.</p> + +<p class="cb">1842</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Shakspeare" +style="margin-top:15%;"> +<tr><td align="left">«Thou, nature, art my Goddess; to thy law my services are bound.»</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"><span class="smcap">Shakspeare.</span></td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="cb top15"> +TO<br /> +<br /> +<span style="font-size:large;">LAWSON CAPE, M. D.</span><br /> +<br /> +Lecturer at Saint-Thomas's Hospital<br /> +<br /> +THIS SMALL VOLUME<br /> +<br /> +IS INSCRIBED<br /> +<br /> +As a slight testimony of friendship and esteem<br /> +<br /> +BY THE<br /> +<br /> +AUTHOR.<br /> +</p> +<h3><a name="PREFACE" id="PREFACE"></a>PREFACE.</h3> +<p>The author of the present little volume in offering it to the public is +sensible how crude and imperfect is its form. The haste with which from +unavoidable circumstances, it has been composed and the difficulties he +has had to contend with in printing it in a foreign country will, he +trusts, be considered an excuse, however insufficient, for errors which +would otherwise be unpardonable.</p> + +<p>His object has been to convey information on subjects new to the +generality of those who resort to France for the restoration of their +health. In England, independent of the valetudinarian, not only the man +of wealth and fashion, but the economist of time and means,—in these +days of locomotive mania,—deem a visit to the continent almost +indispensable; and in the majority of cases, after the resolution to +take a trip abroad is formed the resolvent with a perfect indifference +as to <i>route</i> or <i>locality</i>, becomes anxious to obtain information +concerning such places as may in reality be most calculated to conduce +to his health, pleasure, instruction or amusement,—either <i>en route</i>, +or as a temporary place of residence.</p> + +<p>Under a due consideration of these circumstances the author trusts +having endeavoured to blend information with utility and amusement in +so unpretending and general a form; he may be deemed to have +accomplished the ends to which he has humbly aspired. And should his +professional occupations at some future period, permit him to revise his +work, he will render its style more worthy of the reader.</p> + +<p> +Tours, september 1842.<br /> +</p> +<hr /> + +<h3><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS"></a>CONTENTS.</h3> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="contents"> +<tr><td align="right" colspan="2">Page</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Description of the scenery of Touraine</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_001">1</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Remarks on the climate of Touraine</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_008">8</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Beneficial effects of the climate considered</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_013">13</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Directions for invalid travellers</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_025">25</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Hydropathic treatment</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_032">32</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Wines of France</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_034">34</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Description of various routes to Tours</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_042">42</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Notices respecting Tours and its neighbourhood</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_049">49</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Sporting</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_054">54</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Ancient Châteaux of Touraine</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_055">55</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Mettray Colony</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_073">73</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Remarks on society at Tours</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_081">81</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Botany of Touraine</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_088">88</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Information respecting the growth and varieties of the vine</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_097">97</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Geology of Touraine</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_105">105</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Spas of France</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_123">123</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Spas of central France, their respective localities, medicinal virtues, diseases to which they are applicable, etc.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_139">139</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Classification of French wines, places where grown, character, comparative qualities, etc., etc.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_186">186</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Alcoholic strength of various wines and liquors</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_192">192</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Meteorological Register for Tours</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_194">194</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Reaumur's Thermometric scale turned into Fahrenheit's</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_208">208</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Appendix.—Passports, Cash, Coinage</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_209">209</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Useful information for travellers, etc., etc.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_217">217</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Expense of living in France, etc.</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_230">230</a></td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 550px;"> +<a href="images/ill_001.png"> +<img src="images/cover.jpg" width="550" height="196" +id="coverpage" +alt="VUE DE TOURS +Lith. CLAREY-MARTINEAU. r de la harpe 16, TOURS." title="VUE DE TOURS" /></a></div> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="vue de tours"> +<tr style="font-size:50%;"><td align="left">Lith. CLAREY-MARTINEAU. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + </td><td align="right">r de la harpe 16, TOURS.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center" colspan="2" style="font-size:70%;">VUE DE TOURS</td></tr> +</table> +<p><a name="page_001" id="page_001"></a></p> +<hr /> + +<h3>MEMORANDA</h3> + +<p class="cb">OF</p> + +<h2>TOURS, TOURAINE,</h2> + +<p class="cb">AND</p> + +<p class="cb">CENTRAL FRANCE.</p> +<hr /> + +<h3><a name="CHARACTER_OF_THE_SCENERY_OF_TOURAINE" id="CHARACTER_OF_THE_SCENERY_OF_TOURAINE"></a>CHARACTER OF THE SCENERY OF TOURAINE.</h3> +<p>Although there is little that can be denominated bold, or strikingly +romantic, in the general aspect of the country around Tours, it +nevertheless, possesses charms of a peculiar and novel nature, alike +calculated to gratify a lover of the<a name="page_002" id="page_002"></a> picturesque, tranquillize the +mind, and renovate the enfeebled energies of the valetudinarian.</p> + +<p>Hence it has long been famed as a favourite resort, more especially, of +these classes of British Tourists, etc.; many adopting it as a temporary +place of residence, whilst others have permanently established +themselves in some of the beautiful sylvan retreats which characterize +the more immediate vicinity of the city.</p> + +<p>Throughout a vast area, the surface of the surrounding country is +pleasingly diversified by gentle undulations, considerable tracts of +which are adorned by dense masses of foliage, occasionally presenting +deeply indented vistas, embosoming some modern country house or ancient +Château, with its spacious,<a name="page_003" id="page_003"></a> but somewhat formal pleasure grounds. Many +picturesque vales with their meandering streams, verdant meadows, and +towering poplars, also present themselves to the eye of the traveller, +but the characteristic rural features of this portion of France are its +wide spread <i>vineyards</i>, which may almost be said to occupy every slope, +and crown every upland.</p> + +<p>As throughout nearly the whole of these extensive tracts of fluttering +verdure, the walnut, the apple, and in many instances the peach, +apricot, cherry and almond, with innumerable elms, oaks, and gigantic +specimens of the Lombardy poplar are thickly and pretty uniformly +interspersed, the whole country assumes a remarkably foreign and sylvan +character; the peaceful<a name="page_004" id="page_004"></a> beauty of which is much heightened by the +sequestered and vine clad abodes of the rural population, of the +majority of which, it may almost literally be said, that they are +surrounded by a terrestrial paradise, teeming with the most luscious and +grateful productions of all bounteous nature.</p> + +<p>Although such is the agreeable aspect of much of what may be termed the +table lands of Touraine, the picturesque character of the landscape is +much enhanced as we gradually descend into the capacious valley of the +Loire.</p> + +<p>On approaching the <i>Barrière de la Tranchée</i>, the ancient and handsome +city of Tours, with the dome capped towers of its magnificent cathedral, +and other churches, presents itself full in view, occupying a +considerable area on the<a name="page_005" id="page_005"></a> opposite banks of the river, and being +encircled by a girdle of luxuriant foliage formed by its celebrated +<i>Mall (le Mail)</i>, a spacious avenue of fine elms; beyond which, a +fertile plain of about two miles broad extends to the Cher; which is +immediately succeeded by the richly wooded southern slopes of the vale, +thickly bespangled with the handsome white residences of the French +noblesse.</p> + +<p>The broad and voluminous waters of the Loire, are here, as in many other +localities, adorned by two rather large and well planted islands, +between which the noble bridge with its fifteen elliptic arches +stretches across the stream; opening a direct communication with the +spacious Rue Royale, said to be one of the handsomest streets in Europe.</p> + +<p>The two opposite slopes of the beautiful<a name="page_006" id="page_006"></a> vale of the Loire, which are +sometimes deeply furrowed or intersected by denudated vallies, being +thickly studded with pretty villas, surrounded by ornamental grounds, +and intersected by thriving vineyards, with their sequestered villages, +sometimes alone detectable by the tall taper mineret of the Parish +church, piercing through the sombre masses of foliage that occasionally +project far into the hurrying current, or abruptly recede to crown some +bold projection of the adjacent heights, necessarily present, many +exceedingly interesting views, whose charming realities can alone be +correctly depicted by the pencil of the artist, and many of which do in +fact, merit to be delineated by the genius of a Claude.</p> + +<p>The expansive plain through which<a name="page_007" id="page_007"></a> this noble river gracefully +serpentines, possesses an exceedingly fertile alluvial soil on a +substratum of gravel, and is chiefly devoted to agricultural purposes; +but, occasionally contains extensive tracts of pasture land, which +fattens the majority of the cattle consumed in the adjacent districts. +The soils of the table lands are comparatively poor and infertile, being +for the most part constituted of a light sandy loam and tenaceous +calcareous marl, in which frequently a gravelly debris prevails, or +innumerable flint stones are interspersed.</p> + +<p>The subformations of the country being chiefly composed of sandstone and +porous calcareous and siliceous rocks, renders the thin soils on these +higher tracts extremely dry and arid. And perhaps this is more +particularly the case<a name="page_008" id="page_008"></a> where the white sandstone forms extensive mural +terraces along the northern borders of the vale of the Loire. At <i>la +Tranchée</i> this rock being barely covered, and where it happens to be so +to any depth, by a porous loamy and gravelly deposit only,—this fact is +peculiarly and very happily demonstrated by the healthiness of the +place.</p> +<hr /> + +<h3><a name="CLIMATE_OF_TOURAINE_ETC" id="CLIMATE_OF_TOURAINE_ETC"></a>CLIMATE OF TOURAINE, ETC.</h3> +<p>A characteristic freedom from terreous moisture and aqueous exhalations, +tends in no small degree to augment the natural salubrity of the +Tourainean climate, and perhaps it is mainly indebted to its<a name="page_009" id="page_009"></a> peculiar +geological structure, which we shall presently consider more in detail, +for the preference awarded to certain of its localities by invalids, +over the somewhat milder but generally speaking more humid resorts of +southern France.</p> + +<p>The topographical situation also of Tours secures to it some +advantageous peculiarities not possessed by many of the frequented +places of the south. Pau in the south-west of France, one of its most +formidable rivals, is, in consequence of its proximity to the Pyrenees, +subject to considerable variations of temperature, and although a +considerable distance from the coast, is very much under the influence +of the Atlantic. All the changes though in some degree modified to which +it gives rise extending as far as that place. These effects cannot<a name="page_010" id="page_010"></a> be +properly said to reach Tours, which is situated in a fine campaign +country, and is at least twice the distance of Pau from the sea, or +about one hundred and fifty miles; the temperature however of Tours is +subject to rather frequent but decidedly not great vicissitudes, the +thermometer being rarely above 80° in summer or below 40° in winter.</p> + +<p>The comparative statements given by D<sup>r</sup> Playfair respecting the +climates of several places in the north and south of Europe, may +somewhat serve to illustrate that of Tours with regard to those +respective localities:<a name="FNanchor_A_1" id="FNanchor_A_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> «The mean annual temperature of Pau is 4½° +higher than that of London, and about 3° higher than that of Penzance; +it is about<a name="page_011" id="page_011"></a> 5° lower than that of Marsilles, Nice, and Rome, and 10° +lower than that of Maderia. In winter it is 2° warmer than London, 3° +colder than Penzance, 6° colder than Nice and Rome, and 18° colder than +Maderia. But in <i>spring</i> Pau is 6° warmer than London, and 5° warmer +than Penzance; only 2½° colder than Marsilles and Rome, and 7° colder +than Maderia.</p> + +<p>The range of temperature, between the warmest and coldest months at Pau +is 32°; this at London, and likewise at Rome is 26°; at Penzance it is +only 18°, and at Maderia 14°. The daily range of temperature at Pau is +7½°, at Penzance it is 6½°, at Nice 8½°, at Rome 11°.»</p> + +<p>At Tours the prevailing winds are south westerly. Between however the<a name="page_012" id="page_012"></a> +vernal equinox (the 21<sup>st</sup> of march and the latter part of april), +easterly winds are rather frequent, but the city is pretty effectually +protected from the effects of these and the north winds by the high +range of country which stretches out from nearly east to west along the +northern banks of the Loire. The long succession of handsome villas +pleasantly situated opposite Tours at the base of these high grounds, +occasionally climbing their slopes, and which are chiefly occupied by +English families, being entirely protected from them.</p> + +<p>The autumn which is peculiarly mild and may be said to be here +exceedingly charming,—especially where the red tinted leaves of the +vine impart a glowing richness to the vineyard clad landscape,—advances +with an agreeable<a name="page_013" id="page_013"></a> and smiling aspect into the more dreary month of +december, when cold weather may, generally speaking, be said to have +commenced; though the middle of most days is still cheered by a warm and +genial sunshine. A good deal of heavy rain usually falls about the +autumnal equinox, but is quickly absorbed by the porous soil and +prevailing arenaceous formations of the neighbourhood, consequently, the +atmosphere is particularly free from humidity.</p> + +<p>A peculiar absence from cold winds may be strictly said to prevail the +greater portion of the year, but perhaps the characteristic qualities of +the climate are the equability of its seasons, and the comparative +mildness of its spring. Constituting in a high degree, that healthful +atmosphere so indispensable to the preservation<a name="page_014" id="page_014"></a> and improvement of our +native energies both physical and mental.</p> + +<p>In all chronic pulmonary affections, the quality of the air which is +inspired into the lungs is well known to be a point of the most vital +consequence, and therefore invalids affected by inflammatory affections +of that organ experience much benefit by repairing to a climate like +this, more particularly during the vernal exacerbations of the disease. +Indeed experience has proved the climate of Tours to be peculiarly +efficacious in bronchial affections, being very beneficial in almost all +cases of irritation of the air passages, whether or not accompanied by +increased secretion.</p> + +<p>The mild equable temperature of the Touraine climate is peculiarly +adapted to afford essential relief to persons<a name="page_015" id="page_015"></a> predisposed to phthisis +or consumption, and those suffering from laryngeal, bronchial, and +catarrhal affections, assimulating that disease. Also to invalids +labouring under chronic dyspepsia, gout, and rheumatic affections, a +<i>winter's</i> residence particularly, in Tours, has frequently proved +highly serviceable, and no inconsiderable benefit is experienced by +persons who have contracted local disease from a residence in a tropical +or unhealthy climate.</p> + +<p>Most of the above mentioned diseases being generally induced by a +continued subjection to the suddenness and excess of atmospherical +vicissitudes, and which the efforts of medicine alone too frequently +fail to eradicate or alleviate, it is sufficiently evident, that a +removal to localities where these causes can be in a<a name="page_016" id="page_016"></a> great measure +obviated, is in most cases, the more commendable course the afflicted +can pursue, as the one assuredly the most calculated to expedite the +remedial skill of the Physician through the renovating virtues of those +powerful and efficient agents, travelling and <i>change of air</i>.</p> + +<p>When it is considered how much the natural character of the subtle and +elastic fluid which surrounds the earth is changed and modified in +different localities by the geographical position and physical +peculiarities so variously distinguishing the respective regions of the +globe, it will, we trust, readily be conceived from what has been stated +of such circumstances, respecting Tours and its neighbourhood, that its +prevailing climatic qualities cannot<a name="page_017" id="page_017"></a> fail to be of a highly healthful +tendency.</p> + +<p>Tours, we have intimated, is too remote from the Ocean, to be +prejudicially affected by its mutable influences, or by the vast stream +of aqueous vapours perpetually arising from the great western +waters;—it is environed by moderately elevated <i>absorbing</i> +formations,—it is situated in a broad and extensive vale, whose fertile +soils are based upon a thick alluvial deposit of gravel;—while its +walls are bathed by the purifying waters of a wide, rapid and limpid +river.</p> + +<p>It is from such a happy combination of natural circumstances that its +atmosphere possesses the transparency and elasticity which so strikingly +characterizes it; and on which of course its<a name="page_018" id="page_018"></a> peculiar adaptation for +the due and healthful performance of the animal functions mainly +depends.</p> + +<p>Lord Bacon thinks the best air is to be met with in open campaign +countries; where the soil is dry, not parched or sandy, and +spontaneously produces wild thyme, wild marjorem, and the like sweet +scented plants.</p> + +<p>It is in fact sufficiently obvious, that wherever the aerial currents +have a free and unobstructed circulation those injurious mixtures, in +the form of vapour known under the name of <i>miasmata</i>, cannot +disseminate their baneful seeds, the whole ingredients of the atmosphere +being thereby continually amalgamated together.</p> + +<p>The greater portion indeed of central France, it may justly be said, has +as<a name="page_019" id="page_019"></a> strong and palpable claims to a genial and equable climate, as the +province of Touraine, with all its acknowledged local advantages. The +winters are of very short duration, and a powerful sun during the +greater part of the year dispenses heat and life through a cloudless and +lucid atmosphere.</p> + +<p>The present winter (1842), like its immediate predecessor has been +somewhat remarkable for an unusual though partial severity. This was +only experienced at Tours during the month of January, when a keen but +dry atmosphere prevailed. The cold about this period however, seems to +have been severely felt in the south of Europe generally, and in +countries where the temperature is usually very mild. At <i>Rome</i> on the +ninth January 1842, there<a name="page_020" id="page_020"></a> was a fall of snow which remained on the +ground several hours, and on the thirteenth the hills of Albano and +Tusculum were still covered with snow. The cold was twenty two degrees +below freezing point, which is a very rare circumstance in the Roman +states. At <i>Carthagena</i>, where severe cold is seldom known, the +thermometer fell for the first time to a degree and a half below zero. +The hills for the first time for many years were covered with snow. At +<i>Madrid</i>, the great basin of the Buen-Retiro was covered with ice +several inches thick, and two sentinels of the queen's palace were +frozen to death at their posts. At <i>Valencia</i> the thermometer fell seven +degrees below freezing point. At <i>Burgois</i>, <i>Barcelona</i>, and <i>Cordova</i>, +the weather was equally<a name="page_021" id="page_021"></a> severe. Even the shores of <i>Africa</i> experienced +a similar visitation;—at <i>Algiers</i> the thermometer stood at three +degrees below zero. So low a temperature had not been experienced for +twenty years. At <i>Trieste</i> on the third of January, the roads were +blocked up with snow, and the Mails from France and Italy were two days +in arrears.</p> + +<p>During the same month at <i>Tours</i>, but a few very slight falls of snow +were experienced, and which throughout the whole winter, with the +exception of one or two days, did not cover the ground for more than a +few hours duration.</p> + +<p>On the third, the thermometer here, stood at thirty-six degrees of +Farenhenit in the shade, on the ninth at 24°, the<a name="page_022" id="page_022"></a> thirteenth at 31°, +the fifteenth at 39°, the twentieth at 34°, and on the twenty-fifth at +forty-six degrees; the latter being the highest point the mercury +attained during the month, and seventeen at nine o'clock in the morning +of the tenth, the lowest, and which at midday rose to twenty-five +degrees. There were thirteen clear, sunny days, and but six in which +rain or snow fell. The north east winds prevailed until the tenth, when +west and south west winds set in, and continued until the end of the +month. The average daily range of temperature was four and a half.</p> + +<p>The weather of the succeeding month rapidly became still more +propitious, and the many days which a genial sun shone forth in +uninterrupted splendour,<a name="page_023" id="page_023"></a> produced a very sensible effect upon +vegetation, the swelling buds of many of the deciduous trees, appeared +on the eve of expanding into full form and beauty, while the green +mantle of the plain assumed a lively and luxurious appearance.</p> + +<p>During the month of march the thermometer continues generally to range +between forty and fifty degrees; the vegetable world now resumes its +wonted vigour and activity with astonishing rapidity, and the whole face +of nature begins to wear a smiling and cheerful aspect. The warm glowing +sunshine of April completes the lovely picture, the tender plant is no +longer held in bondage by the opposing elements, a thousand pretty +odoriferous harbingers on every side remind us that the season of +universal<a name="page_024" id="page_024"></a> florescence is at hand, regenerated, benificent nature, +rejoices beneath a serene and cloudless sky, and whilst a magical +brilliancy illumines the new born verdure, the embryo bud, the expanded +blossom, and the vigorous plant of spring, silently but eloquently give +joyful promise of the abundant fruits of Autumn.</p> + +<p>This is a pleasing but not overwrought picture of the forwardness and +redundant beauty of the springs of central France:—</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="poetry"> +<tr><td align="left">Where the resplendant orb of day</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Imparts the magic of his ray</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Een'through the wintry blast!</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">And dormant nature forthwith springs,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Mounting to life with vig'rous wings</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Triumphant oer the past.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">For now the rural gods do reign,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Oer vine-clad hill and verdant plain,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">To grace the teemful earth;<a name="page_025" id="page_025"></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">The clear, <i>elastic</i> air is fill'd,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">With sweets the flowerets have distill'd,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">To consecrate their birth.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Redolent zephyrs play around,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">And <i>health</i> inspiring hills abound,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Beneath these bright blue skies;</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">New energy, new life to man they give,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Bidding his drooping spirit live,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">And taste the <i>new-born-joys</i>.</td></tr> +</table> + +<hr /> + +<h3>DIRECTIONS FOR INVALID TRAVELLERS.</h3> + +<p>It being a matter of the first importance to the valetudinarian to adopt +every precaution against the atmospheric effects to which he is +necessarily exposed in his transit from place to place, and also of +great consequence to<a name="page_026" id="page_026"></a> be provided with such comforts and necessaries as +are probably not to be obtained in his route through the country; a few +observations on this point may here with propriety be introduced, and +which we think cannot be more judiciously stated than in the words, of a +popular writer, who has spent many years in travelling on the continent. +«It will add materially to the comforts and advantage of invalids who +travel <i>en poste</i>, to have a courier who rides before, to avoid the +delays at the post-stations, at frontiers, etc., and to have apartments +at the hotels ready prepared on the arrival of his employers, as these +circumstances often occasion a good deal of discomfort and annoyance to +persons in bad health. An easy English-built carriage from a maker's on +whom<a name="page_027" id="page_027"></a> reliance can be placed, fitted up with conveniences, and springs +and wheels suited to the continental roads, is requisite for those who +wish to travel in comfort. Many of the roads are paved, which sometimes +occasions considerable fatigue. For elderly and delicate persons who are +liable to be affected by the transitions of temperature, a post-chariot +is the best: for others a light travelling britscka, or <i>chaise de +poste</i> will best answer the purpose.</p> + +<p>It is very advisable for invalids, as well as persons in health, not to +sit too long at a time in the carriage, but to get out now and then to +walk up the hills, or at the post-stations, as by so doing the fatigue +consequent upon the muscles being kept long in the same position will be +avoided.<a name="page_028" id="page_028"></a></p> + +<p>Those persons who labour under affections of the air passages should be +provided with a Jeffrey's respirator, though its too frequent use is not +to be recommended, as tending to render the respiratory organs more +susceptible. A pair of leather sheets may be placed beneath the +seat-cushions, as a precaution against damp beds, which, however, are +seldom met with in France or Italy. Essence of ginger is a useful +stimulant, and a teaspoonful in a cup of tea on arriving after a days +journey is very refreshing. Those who are in weak health, and travellers +in general, should eat very sparingly of animal food when on a journey, +as it tends to produce heat and flushing. Black tea is one of the most +useful articles travellers can be provided with, as it is seldom<a name="page_029" id="page_029"></a> good +in small towns or at inns on the road. As an evening meal, tea, with a +little cold meat or chicken, is much preferable to a hot dinner or +supper, which not unfrequently is a cause of sleeplessness. Those who +are subject to cold feet should be provided with short boots of coarse +cloth, to slip on and off, over their ordinary boots, as occasion may +require, and a small feet-warmer should be placed in the carriage. A +large medicine chest, which is a constant companion of many families, +will be cumbersome and unnecessary, as almost all medicines of good +quality may be obtained in all the towns frequented by invalids. A small +chest containing a few articles likely to be required at out of the way +places (as lint, soap-plaster, James's powder, a small quantity of<a name="page_030" id="page_030"></a> +calomel, laudanum, extracts of henbane and colocynth, a box of aperient +pills, spirits of ammonia, tartarised antimony, castor oil, rhubarb, +weights and scales,) will, however, be a useful precautionary addition +to the luggage.»</p> + +<p>The cheering and beneficial influence of travelling through a succession +of novel and agreeable scenes, to a mind under the distressing moral +influences of grief, anxiety, or disappointment,—so frequently the +precursors of disease,—is too apparent to need any expatiatory remarks +on the subject; but we would particularly remind the valetudinarian who +naturally, may be tempted to a frequent enjoyment of the prevailing +sunshine of the winters of Touraine, that more, than an apparently +sufficient warmth of clothing is necessary for such<a name="page_031" id="page_031"></a> occasions; for, +when the still powerful rays of the sun occasionally become suddenly +obscured by clouds, or after that luminary has disappeared below the +horizon, a rather formidable transition from a comparatively high to a +low temperature is here the common result. The proper time for such +persons to take exercise at this season of the year, is between twelve +and three o'clock.</p> + +<p>Nothing conduces more to a healthful action of the digestive functions, +a free circulation of the blood, and the due performances of the various +secretions, than a sufficiency of <i>daily walking exercise</i>, indeed than +the neglect of it, a more common predisposing cause of disease does not +exist:—a congestive state of particular organs, an impaired action of +the muscles of respiration<a name="page_032" id="page_032"></a> thereby inducing a tendency to consumption; +and habitual cold feet, are among the multitudinous evils emanating from +a listless and sedentary mode of life.</p> + +<p>To persons addicted to travelling or who are necessarily much exposed to +atmospheric vicissitudes, we would particularly recommend the +hydropathic treatment, or perhaps more properly, what Dr Johnson terms +the «<i>Calido-frigid sponging, or lavation</i>.»</p> + +<p>This consists in sponging the face, throat, and upper part of the chest, +night and morning, with <i>hot</i> water, and then immediately with <i>cold</i> +water. Children also should be habituated to this sponging all over the +body, as the means of inuring them to, and securing them from, the +injuries produced by atmospheric vicissitudes. It is the best<a name="page_033" id="page_033"></a> +preservative against face-aches, toothaches (hot and cold water being +alternately used to rinse the mouth), earaches, catarrhs, etc., so +frequent and distressing in England. But its paramount virtue is that of +preserving many a constitution from pulmonary consumption, the causes of +which are often laid in repeated colds, and in the susceptibility to +atmospheric impressions.</p> + +<p>Invalids, on their arrival, should also pay great attention to their +diet and regimen.<a name="page_034" id="page_034"></a></p> +<hr /> + +<h3><a name="WINES" id="WINES"></a>WINES.</h3> +<p>The wines of this country, should at first be but sparingly taken, for, +on account of their acidity, an ordinary use of them at the outset, will +frequently occasion considerable derangement of the digestive functions, +but when persons become sufficiently accustomed to them, they constitute +a light and wholesome beverage.</p> + +<p>It is indeed worthy of remark that the wines of France, rank before +those of other countries for their <i>Purely vinous</i> qualities, and so +multitudinous are their diversities, that it is confidently affirmed +there is no variety in the world which might not find an approximation +to<a name="page_035" id="page_035"></a> some one or another of her growths, and which invariably are +manufactured according to well-fixed scientific principles.</p> + +<p>The wines grown near Tours, are divided into three classes, namely, what +is called <i>rouge noble</i>, <i>vin du Cher</i>, and <i>rouge commun</i>.</p> + +<p>Those of Saint-Nicolas-de-Bourgueil, Joué, Saint-Cyr, Chambray, and +Saint-Avertin, are the most esteemed growths of Touraine.</p> + +<p>The <i>Champigny</i> of Richelieu, and <i>Clos-Baudouin</i> of Vouvray and +Rochecorbon, are also much in request. These red wines if of a genuine +quality, are remarkable for their flavour and soft bouquet, which is +balmy to the palate, and moderately taken are wholesome and +exhilarating.</p> + +<p>The price of the best Bourgueil is from<a name="page_036" id="page_036"></a> one hundred and thirty francs +to one hundred and fifty francs per barique, of about three hundred and +fifty bottles; and the Joué and Chambray from eighty to ninety francs +per barique. Some tolerable effervescing white wines are produced in the +neighbourhood of Tours, the prices of which are a little under the red, +but they are for the most part heady and treacherous, and want the +perfume and vinosity of Champagne.</p> + +<p>The highly esteemed rose coloured champagne may be purchased for seven +francs per bottle, very tolerable may be had for three francs, and the +recently, and most successfully <i>Champagnized</i> red Joué for two francs. +A very good effervescing wine is grown on an extensive scale at +Villandry, about twelve miles<a name="page_037" id="page_037"></a> from Tours, and which is exported in +large quantities to Russia.</p> + +<p>Of the sounder, most delicate and <i>recherché</i> of the red wines to be +readily obtained at Tours, we may particularly enumerate Bordeaux—which +even when prepared for the English markets, still possesses the fine +qualities of the pure wine;—and Burgundy, of which, the Romanée +Saint-Vivant, and Romanée Conti, are the best and most perfect. It may +also be observed that the <i>vin crémant d'Ay</i> which is the least frothy +and fullest bodied of the effervescing wines, is held in high repute, +being grateful and stomachic.</p> + +<p>The Champagne wines are divided into sparkling (<i>mousseux</i>), demi +sparkling (<i>demi-mousseux</i>), and still wines (<i>non mousseux</i>). Their +effervescence is<a name="page_038" id="page_038"></a> owing to the <i>carbonic acid gas</i>, produced in the +process of fermentation. And we are told that as this gas is produced in +the cask or (as more quickly) in the bottle, the saccharine and +tartarous principles are decomposed.</p> + +<p>If the latter principle predominates, the wine effervesces strongly, but +is weak; if the saccharine principle be considerable and the alcohol +found in sufficient quantity to limit its decomposition, the quality is +good. Wine of moderate effervescence is invariably selected by +connoisseurs in Champagne, and such wine carries the best price.</p> + +<p>Of the still class, a wine put into bottles when about ten or twelve +months old designated, <i>ptisannes</i> of Champagne, is greatly recommended +as aperient and diuretic.<a name="page_039" id="page_039"></a></p> + +<p>The champagne wines are light in quality in respect to spirit, the +average of alcohol in the generality of them, according to professor +Brande, being but 12.61 per cent.</p> + +<p>It is a remarkable and well ascertained fact, that the alcohol in wine +combined in the <i>natural way</i>, when drank in that state, is not +productive of those complaints of the liver, and other diseases, which +arise from drinking the brandied wines of Portugal, in which the <i>spirit +is foreign</i>. The union of the alcohol, being mingled with the other +ingredients of the wine by artificial means, is never perfect, and is +beyond calculation more pernicious than the strongest natural product.</p> + +<p>The light wines of France may not on first acquaintance prove so +relishing or<a name="page_040" id="page_040"></a> pleasant to the English palate accustomed to adulterated +or brandied wines; they however in reality, not only impart a +cheerfulness and exhilaration, a kind of pleasant easy buoyancy entirely +different from what arises from the use of port, or the spirituous +heavier wines but have when taken largely a much less injurious effect +upon the constitution.</p> + +<p>This remark would perhaps seem more strictly to apply to the wines made +for home consumption, as a small per centage of Brandy and syrup of +raisins are generally mingled with the French wines to please the +foreign palate.</p> + +<p>The generous juice of the grape, was undoubtedly bestowed upon man by +his benificent Creator, to impart health and vigour to his physical +energies, and a<a name="page_041" id="page_041"></a> wholesome cheerfulness to his soul; and if he would +wish to avoid enervating the one or brutalizing the other, he will do +well to eschew all «mixed wine», which before the period of its +scriptural denunciation to the present, has ever and anon manifested +itself in the «living temples» of its besotted votaries in the character +of indigestion, apoplexy, dropsy, gout, delirium, tremours, and a long +train of diseases.</p> + +<p>«Strong drink is raging, and whosoever is deceived thereby is not wise»; +but <i>pure</i> wine upon a <i>healthy</i> stomach, is grateful and precious as +the light of truth and the exercise of discretion, to a sound and +well-regulated mind.<a name="FNanchor_B_2" id="FNanchor_B_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_B_2" class="fnanchor">[B]</a><a name="page_042" id="page_042"></a></p> +<hr /> + +<h3><a name="ROUTES" id="ROUTES"></a>ROUTES.</h3> +<p>Such are the facilities for travelling afforded by the two countries, +that a journey may now be performed with ease and comfort between London +and Tours, in the short space of fifty hours! being a distance of about +four hundred miles. This is to be effected by the railway from the +metropolis to Southampton, and thence by the splendid steam packets to +Hâvre, from which place a well appointed <i>malle-poste</i> daily runs to +Tours.<a name="FNanchor_C_3" id="FNanchor_C_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_C_3" class="fnanchor">[C]</a></p> + +<p>The nearest way from Hâvre to Tours, being a distance of about one +hundred and sixty miles, is by Honfleur, Lizieux,<a name="page_043" id="page_043"></a> Alençon and Le Mans, +which diligences regularly perform. But perhaps the most picturesque +routes are by way of Rouen. The post road from Hâvre to Rouen, along the +northern banks of the Seine, frequently presents the most beautiful and +varied prospects; but if possible, the picturesque scenery which +successively presents itself in an ascent by steam vessel up the Seine +to Rouen is of a more exquisitely charming character. Passing between +Harfleur and Honfleur, which are pleasantly situated on the opposite +elevated slopes, near the mouth of the river, a small but most beautiful +bay presents itself bounded by a series of gently rising, well wooded +hills, occasionally decorated with a spacious mansion, or bespangled +with neat cottages and elegant villas. On approaching<a name="page_044" id="page_044"></a> Quillebeuf, near +which there is a spot, said to exceed in picturesque beauty the banks of +the Rhine, the river becomes narrower, and as we continue to follow its +exceedingly tortuous course, a rapid succession of lovely sylvan scenery +gratifies the eye.</p> + +<p>The heights which border the Seine, and which are constituted of the +chalk formation, are deeply furrowed by a continuous series of +transverse vallies, forming a succession of rounded elevations, which +together, present a remarkable natural phenomena, well worthy the +particular attention of the speculative geologist. Many of these heights +are clad with a rich garb of foliage, as are also most of their +concomitant vales, in some of which a pretty neat village is +sequesteredly ensconced, while<a name="page_045" id="page_045"></a> its neighbouring hills are adorned by a +château, or the semblance of some noble ruin, in the bold indentations +of a grey rocky precipice peering through dense masses of foliage.</p> + +<p>As the vicinity of Rouen is approached, the opposite hills gradually +expand, leaving at their base an extensive plain of luxuriant pastures +and waving corn fields, around which the Seine winds in graceful folds, +till, on reaching the environs of Rouen, it encircles islands of the +richest verdure. At this point, the ancient capital of Normandy appears +in view, with its venerable temples, noble buildings, quays, and hosts +of sea and river craft; the whole being surrounded by an expansive +amphitheatre of thickly timbered hills.</p> + +<p>The distance from Hâvre to Rouen<a name="page_046" id="page_046"></a> by land is fifty-three miles, but up +the Seine it is about eighty miles; the extra length however of the +journey occasioned by the extremely indirect course of the river, is +amply compensated for by the exquisite and ever varying prospects +afforded by the passage up the Seine.</p> + +<p>Another extremely interesting and convenient route to Tours might be +pointed out, to such as could bear the fatigues of a lengthened voyage +and long land trip, by way of the channel islands to Saint-Malo, and +thence by diligence, through the romantic primary districts of Britanny, +to Rennes and Nantes, the chief place of the department of +Loire-Inférieure, and one of the richest and most commercial towns of +France; it is situated on the right banks of the Loire, at the +confluence of the<a name="page_047" id="page_047"></a> Indre and the Severe. From this place the traveller +may reach Tours by the regular conveyances, through Angers and Saumur; +or, by ascending the Loire in one of the neat steam packets which +perform regular trips between Nantes and Orléans: the fare by which to +Tours is but twelve francs, though the distance thus performed is +upwards of one hundred and forty miles. The land journey which is about +one hundred and thirty miles, is extremely diversified and pleasing, but +that by water is of surpassing beauty; the delighted voyager wends his +way where many a verdant isle smiles amid the stream, through an endless +variety of lake-like scenery, enriched on either hand in the highest +degree by rocky escarpments, and gently rising grounds clad with +vineyards,<a name="page_048" id="page_048"></a> and numerous other choice productions of the vegetable +kingdom, now receding so as to form an expansive plain of verdant +pastures, and anon abruptly projecting with their lovely sylvan burdens +into the very centre of the broad and glittering stream.</p> + +<p>In closing these few descriptive remarks on the character of the most +prominent routes to Tours, from northern France, we must not omit to +remind the invalided especially, that the one from Dover to Calais, or +to Boulogne, and thence to Paris, Orléans, and Blois, is perhaps in many +cases, to be preferred on account of the <i>shortness</i> of the sea passage; +and although one of a circuitous character, it necessarily presents many +natural and artificial features of stirring interest and beauty.<a name="page_049" id="page_049"></a></p> +<hr /> + +<h3><a name="TOURS" id="TOURS"></a>TOURS.</h3> +<p>The city of Tours, may be divided into two compartments, the <i>ancient</i> +and the modern.</p> + +<p>The modern portion is no less distinguished for its neatness and +elegance, than is the ancient for its antique character, and the number +of monuments it contains, illustrative of the histories of remote ages.</p> + +<p>Tours, now head quarters of the department of Indre-et-Loire, was before +the revolution, the capital of Touraine, and the seat of the governors; +it is one of the most ancient archbishoprics of France, and the station +of the fourth military division.<a name="page_050" id="page_050"></a></p> + +<p>Chroniclers have never been able to give a precise date and name to the +foundation and the founder of Tours.</p> + +<p>When <i>Cæsar</i> made his expedition into Gaul, it was the <i>Civitas Turonum</i> +so often mentioned in the commentaries of the conquering historian. +Conquest, however, gave the city another name, and the Romans called it +Cessarodunum. It fell alternately into the power of the Goths and the +Francs. In 732 Charles-Martel gained under its walls a celebrated +victory over the Saracens, who attracted by the <i>mildness of the +climate</i> tried to fix their wandering tents in its smiling plains: but +it was only in 1202 after having suffered all the miseries of barbarism +that Tours was at last reunited to the crown of France.</p> + +<p>This city was become so important<a name="page_051" id="page_051"></a> by its central position and the +resources of its environs, that in the space of less than a century, +from 1470 to 1506, the states general assembled in it three times. Henry +3<sup>rd</sup>, pressed by the League, transferred the parliament to it in 1587. +If we believe the ancient chroniclers whom Froissart and Monstrelet +copied, the city of Tours had a much more ancient origin. It is to a +great prince named Turnus, who after the siege of Troy came into Gaul +and died not far from this city, where, say these chroniclers, his tomb +has long been seen, that Tours owes its origin and its name.</p> + +<p>Tours and its neighbourhood afford many resources for the active and +agreeable employment of the mind. It has long been pre-eminently +distinguished for the <i>agrémens</i> of its society.<a name="page_052" id="page_052"></a> Elegance and urbanity +characterize the demeanour of the native noblesse; the British residents +and visitants are composed of the most respectable grades, amongst whom, +a reciprocation of friendly intercourse is cherished with perhaps more +than the ordinary assiduity so generally productive of affable +association among the English abroad.</p> + +<p>The French language is considered to be spoken in its greatest purity in +Touraine, a desideratum of much consequence to persons who resort to +France for the education of their children, and it may also be proper to +remark that there is a classical establishment for young gentlemen in +the immediate vicinity of the city. Tours also possesses a library +containing some valuable MSS., some of which are of the sixth century,<a name="page_053" id="page_053"></a> +a museum of painting and natural history, a college, a society of +agriculture, science, art, and belles-lettres, a theatre, excellent +baths, and extensive umbrageous promenades. There are two English +episcopal chapels, one in Tours, and the other but recently opened is +situated on the Tranchée; an English club has long been established; +which is now supported with great spirit and liberality, affording all +the usual attractions of such institutions, and where many of the +English newspapers are daily received.</p> + +<p>The theatre is frequently open, and balls and routs prevail during the +winter season. The hôtels are replete with every comfort and +accommodation.</p> + +<p>Tours also possesses an excellent English boarding house; and elegant<a name="page_054" id="page_054"></a> +houses, villas and châteaux, well furnished, are to be readily obtained +in the town and its environs. All kinds of provisions are exceedingly +plentiful, which with the numerous fruits and wines are to be obtained +at very moderate prices.</p> +<hr /> + +<h3><a name="SPORTING" id="SPORTING"></a>SPORTING.</h3> +<p>The lovers of rural sports and pastimes, may find much to interest them +in this and the neighbouring departments. The Loire and the Cher afford +excellent diversion to the angler, and occasionally to the fowler, being +during the autumnal and winter months sometimes frequented by large +flocks of<a name="page_055" id="page_055"></a> aquatic birds. The wild boar and the <i>chevreuil</i>, a small but +elegant species of deer, are to be found in the forest; the vast +intermediate tracts of arable land are however for the most part but +thinly stocked with game.</p> +<hr /> + +<h3><a name="CHATEAUX" id="CHATEAUX"></a>CHATEAUX.</h3> +<p>The ancient châteaux within an easy distance of Tours merit the +attention of the antiquarian, some of them possessing historical +associations of a highly interesting character. The principal are the +chateaux of Loches, Chenonceaux, Chinon, and Amboise; of which +respectively, for the gratification of those who feel a<a name="page_056" id="page_056"></a> pleasure in +journeying to gaze upon these sombre and for the most part dilapidated +monitors of the «instability of all sublunary things,» we will proceed +to enter upon a brief description.</p> +<h4>LOCHES.</h4> + +<p>The vast fortress of Loches,—which is twenty five miles from +Tours,—has been the residence of many of the kings of France, since it +was occupied by Philip Augustus.</p> + +<p>Within the range of its former precincts the Tomb of the famous Agnès +Sorel in black marble may still be seen. As may also the dungeon in +which Ludovico Sforce duke of Milan was confined in 1500.<a name="page_057" id="page_057"></a></p> + +<p>The castle, or rather prison, which it is said was founded during the +Roman domination in this part of the country, presents some striking +specimens of its pristine magnificence.</p> + +<p>We are informed that in this abode of terror, there were dungeons under +dungeons, some of them unknown even to the keepers themselves; men were +frequently doomed to pass the remainder of their lives here, breathing +impure air and subsisting on bread and water. At this formidable castle +were also those horrible places of confinement called <i>cages</i>, in which +the wretched prisoner could neither stand upright nor stretch himself at +length.</p> + +<p>The celebrated cardinal Balue was confined here by order of Louis +11<sup>th</sup>, for many years in one of these cages. The<a name="page_058" id="page_058"></a> Duke of Alençon, +Charles de Melun and Philippe de Commines were also imprisoned in this +fortress. It was successively occupied by Charles 7<sup>th</sup>, Louis 11<sup>th</sup>, +Charles 8<sup>th</sup>, Louis 12<sup>th</sup>, Francis 1<sup>st</sup>, Henry 2<sup>nd</sup> and Charles +9<sup>th</sup>.</p> +<h4>CHINON.</h4> + +<p><span class="smcap">The chateau of Chinon</span>, which in ancient times was a place of great +strength, it is said was once composed of three distinct castles, +erected at three different epochs. Ten kings of France had occasionally +made it their place of residence. Henry the second, and Richard the +First died here. Joan of Arc had an interview with Charles the 7<sup>th</sup> at +this place; the remains of the<a name="page_059" id="page_059"></a> room in which it occurred are still +shewn. But a few dismantled towers and dilapidated walls now alone +remain to mark the elevated site of the magnificent superstructure, +which in days of yore proudly towered above the lovely sylvan scenery of +the fertile vale of the Vienne.</p> + +<p>Chinon is about thirty miles from Tours.</p> +<h4>AMBOISE.</h4> + +<p><span class="smcap">The castle of Amboise</span> is a noble structure of great antiquity; and from +the beauty of its elevated situation on the southern banks of the Loire, +and the drive to it from Tours, of about twelve miles, being of a +romantic and very interesting character, it is an object<a name="page_060" id="page_060"></a> of much +attraction to the general Tourist.</p> + +<p>Constantine rebuilt the fort soon after its destruction by Diocletian. +Charles the 8<sup>th</sup>, resided at this his birth place many years prior to +his ascending the French throne; and in 1498 he here expired.</p> + +<p>The two large towers which form a protected communication between the +castle and the town below, were built by this monarch. One of the towers +is remarkable for its internal spiral roadway, up which cavalry may +ascend four abreast.</p> + +<p>Louis 12<sup>th</sup>, Francis 1<sup>st</sup>, Henry 2<sup>nd</sup>, and Francis 2<sup>nd</sup> +respectively contributed towards the improvement and adornment of the +castle, and which by an act of Louis 16<sup>th</sup>, became the property of the +Orléans family.<a name="page_061" id="page_061"></a></p> + +<p>The small detached chapel dedicated to St.-Hubert is much admired for +its sculptural embellishments in alto-relievo.</p> + +<p>The pleasure grounds attached to the castle which are partially laid out +in the English fashion, are extensive and diversified, and the view of +the adjacent country from the terraces is remarkable for its picturesque +beauty.</p> + +<p>The glittering waters of the princely Loire studded with its numerous +little green Isles, and white sails of commerce, are seen rapidly +coursing in intricate windings through the broad, rich plain of +corn-fields, for many miles in extent, both to the east and west, and +which is bordered by bold elevations, and cliffs of chalk and calcareous +sandstone, surmounted by a succession of beautiful vineyards. And<a name="page_062" id="page_062"></a> +perhaps the most singular feature in this varied landscape, is the vast +chain of human habitations, which, like a whitened irregular stratum may +be seen stretching out as far as the eye can reach in opposite +directions, along the whole slope of the southern elevations just +adverted to. They contain a large population, principally constituted of +the cultivators of the adjacent plain and hills, the slopes being +chiefly occupied by pretty white villas belonging to the better classes, +while in the abrupt intermediate precipices of rock, the poor have +scooped out their indestructible dwellings. And which, certainly possess +some considerable advantages over those of their more pretending +neighbours, being warm in winter, cool in summer, and dry in all +seasons. These subterranean<a name="page_063" id="page_063"></a> abodes, together present an exceedingly +curious and novel spectacle. Sometimes the excavations are continued a +considerable height up the cliff, and the numerous doors and windows in +the face of it, apprize the spectator that, his species here literally +«live and have their being» in the foundations of the earth! A kind of +fret work or fantastically wrought sculpture not unfrequently +over-arches the entrance, or hangs like an ornamental frieze above +entire dwellings, which on a close inspection we discover to be the +mystical workings and embellishments of nature herself, being actually +constituted of a bed of fossil zoophytes, which in the very spot they +now occupy, vegetated at the bottom of the antediluvian Ocean! How +strange the transformation! How<a name="page_064" id="page_064"></a> astounding the physical revolutions +time has here effected!—The identical <i>bed of coral</i>, over which the +turbulent waves of the Ocean rolled for centuries, and amid which the +finny tribe disported, now, in its pristine position, forms a roof for +the permanent dwellings of man! Which, with their fruitful vines +flourishing around the doors, and the smoke from the domestic hearth +rising in graceful curls through the submarine production, or as +sometimes seen, peering through some verdant knoll, present a singular, +but pleasing picture of humble contentment security and peace.</p> + +<p>Near the western visible extremity of these thickly peopled hills, the +lofty turrets of Tours cathedral are distinctly visible in the horison.</p> + +<p>But in our enumeration of the more<a name="page_065" id="page_065"></a> striking features of this +interesting panorama, we must not omit to mention the long island in the +middle of the river, immediately below the castle, and which +communicates with the town by a stone bridge of ten arches, and with the +opposite bank by a curiously constructed wooden bridge of eleven arches. +The portion of the island above the bridges, being covered with a +verdant turf, and tall trees, affords a very agreeable and favourite +promenade, while the part contiguous to the bridges being entirely +occupied by houses, presents the curious appearance of a small town +floating as it were on the hurrying current.</p> + +<p>Visitors from Tours to this place sometimes extend their drive on the +same day to Chenonceaux, a distance of ten<a name="page_066" id="page_066"></a> miles through the extensive +forest of Amboise, and return from thence to the city, a drive of twenty +miles, along the interesting banks of the river Cher.</p> +<h4>CASTLE OF CHENONCEAUX.</h4> + +<p>This a large and majestic structure, and being built upon arches +constructed across the Cher exhibits a singular appearance, and its +approach through a noble avenue of trees is one of striking beauty.</p> + +<p>This beautiful chateau, supposed to have been erected in the thirteenth +century, became crown property in 1535.</p> + +<p>It was greatly improved and embellished by Diana of Poitiers, mistress +of Henry 2<sup>nd</sup> who however was afterwards<a name="page_067" id="page_067"></a> compelled by Catherine de +Médicis to exchange this splendid gift of her munificent lord, for +Chaumont-sur-Loire.</p> + +<p>Its extensive picture gallery contains a considerable variety of +interesting paintings and ancient portraits. In short the general +character and internal decorations of this spacious and antique +building, its neat and extensive pleasure grounds, with the pretty +sylvan park attached thereto, together render the place an object of +very general interest.</p> +<h4>PLESSIS-LES-TOURS.</h4> + +<p>In the plain, about a mile to the west-ward of Tours, a few +comparatively inconsiderable remains of the royal Castle and appendages +of Plessis-les-<a name="page_068" id="page_068"></a>Tours, are still to be seen; they consist of an +extensive wall about 15 feet high enclosing about 60 acres of arable +land, an uninteresting habitable portion of the ancient structure, and a +remnant of the once famous and beautiful Saint Hubert's Chapel. These +solitary relics in fact barely suffice to attest the spot where high in +the air, arose the noble and massive pile, which during the feudal times +of darkness and of danger, was watched and defended with the most +extreme and jealous care.</p> + +<p>This castle was the favourite residence of Louis XI, and many were the +strange and plotting scenes enacted here during the period it was +dignified by the presence of his mysterious court. He is said to have +been excessively superstitious, crafty, vindictive and cruel,<a name="page_069" id="page_069"></a> and the +vigilance and surveillance he caused to be exercised in the vicinity of +his palace, by his not over scrupulous agents, continually filled the +surrounding neighbourhood with awe and apprehension.</p> + +<p>A vast enclosed chase, termed in latin of the middle ages, <i>Plexitium</i>, +encircled the external enclosures surrounding the open esplanade which +sloped up to the castle walls, rendering the precincts of the Royal +domain as sombre and portentous in aspect, as were the dark and +multiplied battlements which frowned above the monarchs of the +surrounding forests.</p> + +<p>The cruel and treacherous cardinal La Balue was a great favourite at +this court, and for a considerable period basked in the smiles of +royalty at Plessis-<a name="page_070" id="page_070"></a>les-Tours, but Louis having strong grounds for +suspecting that he had been mainly instrumental in betraying him to the +duke of Burgundy,—his feuds with whom were highest about 1460—he +ultimately caused him to be immured in one of the iron cages, we have +referred to in our notice of Loches. In this horrid den, the invention +of which some ascribe to Balue himself, he was confined eleven years, +principally it is said at Plessis-les-Tours, nor did Louis permit him to +be liberated till his last illness.</p> + +<p>Such are a few of the historical facts associated with the crumbling +memento which as yet remain of this favourite and beautiful demesne of a +great and powerful monarch. All its proud bulwarks have long since +fallen beneath<a name="page_071" id="page_071"></a> the ruthless hand of time, and its noble and extensive +forests been laid prostrate by the active axe of the cultivator, while +the march of rural improvement which has entirely renewed the face of +the plain, will ere long have swept every ancient vestige away leaving +the antiquary to search for the locality of Plessis-les-Tours, alone in +the page of History.</p> + +<p>But what reasonable and enlightened mind will regret even such a +consummation, for, as moral improvement advances towards the climax of +perfection, we every day see the face of nature rejoicing in its +progress, and her children enjoying the fruits of their industry in the +fullness of freedom and of unrestricted liberty.</p> + +<p>The clustering vine and the golden<a name="page_072" id="page_072"></a> waving corn, now deck the place of +the arbitrary halls, and the dismal dungeons of the castle, the peaceful +hamlet with its neat and assiduously cultivated gardens, covers no +inconsiderable portion of the once exclusive and lordly precincts, while +its unsophisticated population pursue their daily avocations in +fearlessness and in peace.</p> + +<p>Old tottering ruins and dismantled Towers may of themselves under many +circumstances be justly deemed very picturesque objects, and merit to be +valued accordingly, but to preserve and venerate <i>all</i> solely for their +historical associations, which at best, are but too frequently the dark +and ignominious doings of a clandestine and barbarous age, would seem to +argue a morbid sensibility, more befitting the devoted<a name="page_073" id="page_073"></a> and infatuated +antiquarian, than the true and enlightened philosopher who sees +"language in stones and God in everything."</p> + +<p>There are a few other ancient Châteaux and some inconsiderable +architectural remains in the arrondisement, but as they present few or +no features of general interest, it would be a work of supererogation to +particularize them; we cannot however close these brief notices without +particularly adverting to a very laudable and attractive modern +institution, situated at the pretty sequestered village of Mettray, +about three miles from Tours. And this we shall do with the more +pleasure, as its philanthropic object, judicious development of its +practical plans, moral and religious administration,<a name="page_074" id="page_074"></a> would do honor to +any nation in the world.</p> + +<p>The purport of this Institution, which is denominated an "Agricultural +Colony", is to reform juvenile delinquents; and by the inculcation of +moral and religious principles, aided by sober methodical and +industrious habits, to effect the great work of penitentiary reform. The +founders and devoted benefactors of the colony are Mr de Metz and +viscount de Bretignères. These benevolent gentlemen took the sublime +idea of such a project from the reform colony founded by the worthy and +excellent Hickerr, at Horn near Hambourg in 1834. And they have so +zealously and skilfully executed their designs, as to have already +realized in all essential particulars, a beautiful<a name="page_075" id="page_075"></a> model of their +admirable prototype.</p> + +<p>The colony is composed of a certain number of uniformly built +houses;—Each house contains forty children, divided into two sections, +and forming one family, headed by a chief, who has subject to his orders +two under teachers.</p> + +<p>The first Sunday of each month, a colonist is elected in the respective +sections, who takes the title of elder Brother; and serves as mediator +between the masters and the pupils. The houses are erected (30 feet) +distant from each other, and are united by sheds. The ground floor of +the "Maison de la Ville de Paris" occupied by the family A,—is +organized like the work shops at Horn, it contains work rooms of +tailors, shoemakers, saddlers, etc.,<a name="page_076" id="page_076"></a> and the rest are arranged in +nearly the same manner. The house of Count d'Aurches on the ground floor +contains six prison cells on the first story, the director's room, and +that of the agent of the agricultural works. On the second story, the +office and the lodging room of the accountable agent,—a forge and a +braziers work shop for the service of the house, are established under +the fourth shed. The adjacent large building is intended for a class of +300 scholars; the chaplain and the professor of gymnastics occupy the +house opposite those of the colonists. A handsome chapel has recently +been added to the establishment.</p> + +<p>The instruction given to the colonists is regulated by the station they +are likely to fill in the world.<a name="page_077" id="page_077"></a></p> + +<p>For the suppression of vice, a tribunal composed of the colonists +inscribed on the honourable list, is deputed to try serious offences, +the directors reserving to themselves the right of softening those +judgments which may be too severe.</p> + +<p>The heads of each family (young men of irreproachable conduct, selected +on the formation of the colony from poor but respectable familyies) +conduct their children to the fields, and the work rooms, which are +separated into several divisions by a partition of a yard in height; by +the manner of which distribution a single chief can at the same time +overlook the works of the whole. After the ordinary occupations of the +day, the children return to their respective families, where it is +sought to<a name="page_078" id="page_078"></a> instil in their hardened minds those affections and good +feelings which the carelessness or depravity of their parents had +blighted.</p> + +<p>When a fresh pupil arrives at the establishment, he is placed under the +peculiar care of an intelligent person who studies his disposition, and +who each day gives to the director an account of the results of his +observations; after a certain period of trial, the child is admitted in +a family, where is performed a religious ceremony, and a sermon preached +to prove the blessing of finding a safe asylum after many +temptations;—it is then the new comer is reinstated in the eyes of the +colony and its directors; who take it on themselves, if he conducts +himself well, to place him, and to appoint him<a name="page_079" id="page_079"></a> a zealous patron who +enjoys public esteem.</p> + +<p>Such is the philanthropic nature of the system adopted in this admirable +institution, already productive of the happiest results; and so +judiciously and efficaciously have the economical and industrial +departments been conducted, that it is confidently expected, the colony +will in two years support itself.</p> + +<p>The visitor will he highly gratified by a trip to this establishment, +the <i>tout ensemble</i> of which on a fine summer's day, particularly, is +one of surpassing loveliness. Its pretty white Swisslike buildings are +completely environed by woods, groves, vineyards, and tastefully +decorated pleasure grounds, which, viewed as the hallowed precincts of +practical humanity and piety, are<a name="page_080" id="page_080"></a> highly calculated to inspire the +reflective mind with the most pleasing thoughts and emotions.</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="poetry"> +<tr><td align="left">Peaceful abode! with rural beauty rife,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">And charms that smooth the rugged paths of life;</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Here human aid assumes a power divine,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">And <i>Virtue's</i> fix'd her gentle, hallowed shrine;</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Erring, untutor'd youth, enraptur'd pause</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Mid wild career, to recognize her laws.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>Vice</i> with her direful train abash'd retires,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Nor dares to light her soul-consuming fires;</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>Industry</i> with her sober, powerful arm,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Guards the young mind, and keeps the passions calm:</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">While benign <i>religion</i>, with sweet controul,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Gently compels, the wild and wayward soul</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">To taste the various joys her truths impart,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">And kiss the rod that rectifies the heart.</td></tr> +</table> + +<p>The customary paved roads having in this department as in many other +provinces of France been broken up, and superseded by well formed +macadamized<a name="page_081" id="page_081"></a> ones, trips into the surrounding country can be performed +with as much ease and facility as is afforded by the unequalled highways +of England.</p> + +<p>The steam packets which navigate the river as far down as Nantes, and up +to Orléans, offer every facility for agreeable excursions.</p> +<hr /> + +<h3><a name="SOCIETY" id="SOCIETY"></a>SOCIETY.</h3> +<p>It is presumed that in closing these multifarious notices, a few words +touching the social habits and condition of the little <i>coterie</i> of +English located at Tours, may prove acceptable to the general reader, as +well as to persons<a name="page_082" id="page_082"></a> who contemplate an abode within its interesting +precincts.</p> + +<p>The established etiquette is, for those who have resolved on a period of +residence, <i>first</i> to call upon such of the British residents as they +may feel disposed to visit, which acts of courtesy, are, generally +speaking, the prelude to a reciprocity of agreeable and social +intercourse.</p> + +<p>An air of high respectability, and elegance, is characteristic of the +Anglo-French circle of acquaintance pervading Tours and its environs; +the newly arrived man of social habits and fashion, may if he chooses, +soon possess the happy consciousness of feeling, that, though distant +from friends and native land, he has his customary social comforts, and +habitual pleasures and refinements<a name="page_083" id="page_083"></a> of life, completely at his command.</p> + +<p>It is true, these enjoyments exist in a limited and circumscribed form, +but for this very reason, facility of intercourse and goodfellowship, +are distinguished by an acuteness of character, rarely to be found in +the far more expansive arrondisements of English society at home.</p> + +<p>The warm, generous heart of the Englishman, like the concentrated rays +of the genial orb of day, here, glows with the greater intensity on all +who come within the sphere of its vivifying influence.</p> + +<p>Behold him seated at his hospitable board, which groans beneath the +cheapened luxuries and substantial fare, alike of his native and his +adopted land, and<a name="page_084" id="page_084"></a> gladdened by the presence of his selected countrymen, +who perhaps like himself, have quitted their native shores, to seek for +renewed pleasure, wonted repose, health, or it may be economy, abroad. +The sparkling champagne speedily thaws the icy formula which too often +envelopes and conceals the best, inherent feelings of his nature, and in +the exuberance of his zeal for the universal cultivation of the <i>social +principle</i>, and his lively sense of national toleration and liberality, +he rises to toast, with equal sincerity, the beloved Queen of old +England, or the citizen King of France.</p> + +<p>And in what a pretty sylvan retreat has he snugly domiciled +himself!—his white freestone villa, which presents a pleasing display +of architectural elegance,<a name="page_085" id="page_085"></a> is replete with every internal comfort; a +smiling <i>parterre</i>, decked with many a fine specimen of the stately +cypress, a garden stored with rare and luscious fruits, and the generous +vine every where hanging in graceful festoons, are the most prominent +adjuncts of his sequestered retirement.</p> + +<p>There is in short, an exclusiveness, a completeness, spaciousness and +peacefulness, about this his foreign abode, which comports well with his +native feelings, and closely assimilates with the home of his childhood.</p> + +<p>Such are the brighter parts of a pleasing picture, and it would hardly +appear fair, were we to recount them without a glance at its darker +shades, which, circumscribed like some of the former; are also of an +intense character, and<a name="page_086" id="page_086"></a> in the busy workings of the ill disposed +curiosity monger, often appear, as the concentrated essence of bold +conjecture. In plain terms, here, as in other small communities, the +condition, and character of individuals, are constantly subjected to the +microscopic investigations of the vigilant, and not over scrupulous +retailers of flying news, and <i>interesting on dits</i>.</p> + +<p>The good feeling of the well-bred, and liberal minded Frenchman, is ever +here, manifested towards the English, in a variety of pleasing +demonstrations, constituting a series of practical illustrations of that +native politeness, for which he is pre-eminently distinguished.</p> + +<p>And no one can, we think, be a spectator of these mutual good offices, +and growing interchange of kindly feeling,<a name="page_087" id="page_087"></a> between the subjects of two +nations which have so long been led to regard each other as inveterate +foes,—without rejoicing at the liberal and peaceful policy which +maintains inviolate the present order of things. Beneath its fostering +and genial sway, the acceleration of the respective national interests +and energies, the reciprocal cultivation of the arts and sciences, the +advancement of true religion and benevolence, and the consolidation of +domestic happiness, though amongst the most prominent, are but a meagre +catalogue of the mutual benefits, which the two neighbouring nations, +cannot fail to realize, as the blessings of a <i>permanent peace</i>.<a name="page_088" id="page_088"></a></p> +<hr /> + +<h3><a name="BOTANY_OF_TOURAINE" id="BOTANY_OF_TOURAINE"></a>BOTANY OF TOURAINE.</h3> +<p>In this rapid enumeration of the more prominently interesting features +of Indre-et-Loire, it would appear unpardonable were we to pass over +wholly unnoticed, the Botanical productions of the department, the great +variety and successful culture of which, have long since obtained for it +the enviable <i>sobriquet</i> of the <i>garden of France</i>. And perhaps it +behoves us the more especially to glance at it in an essay of this +character, as the study of Botany has become so favorite and fashionable +a pursuit, that scarcely a person of any pretensions to elegant taste, +or to refined intellectual occupations, traverses a<a name="page_089" id="page_089"></a> new or distant +region without endeavouring to increase the interesting riches of his +<i>Hortus siccus</i>: or at least to bestow some attention to its natural +floral and arborescent productions.</p> + +<p>It is justly observed that a Botanical taste, of all sources of +amusement, is, to an invalid, perhaps the most desirable. When exercise +is the only object it becomes irksome even in the loveliest scenery; the +Botanist is however beguiled onwards with a never ceasing fascination, +yet so leisurely as not to induce fatigue; and when his strength is +unequal to excursions of higher attainment, he can find beauties in the +humblest paths.</p> + +<p>Frenchmen take much delight in their gardens, which are often very +extensive and characterized by great neatness and uniformity, indeed in +the majority of<a name="page_090" id="page_090"></a> instances regularity is carried to excess;—clipped +hedges, alleys laid out in straight lines, flower beds tortured into +fantastic shapes, trees cut in the form of pyramids, birds, animals, +etc., are the order of the day. The principles of good taste are however +beginning to manifest themselves in the adoption of a more natural and +elaborate style in the laying out of grounds which surround many of the +more modern mansions, etc. And they are frequently enriched by choice +and rare collections of exotic plants. Among the most conspicuous of the +arborescent kinds, which adorn the pleasure grounds of such +establishments, may be named the cypress de la Louisiane, the Pinus +Silvestris, the graceful Weeping-willow, and Acacia, which here grow to +great perfection; the Arbutus,<a name="page_091" id="page_091"></a> Bay tree, Laurel, Fig tree, Chesnut, and +Majestic Cedar of Lebanon. They also frequently contain some fine +specimens of the beautiful family of mimosas, a variety of Pelargoniums, +with the elegant Coronille, and Annas.</p> + +<p>Between four hundred and five hundred plants are said to be cultivated +in the gardens. And upwards of twelve hundred wild plants have been +enumerated as belonging to Touraine, besides the <i>cryptogamia</i>, such as +the mosses, ferns, liverworts, and mushrooms.</p> + +<p>In the woods and forests are found from one hundred and fifty to two +hundred plants; amongst which may be mentioned the genera <i>Amentaceæ</i>, +which flower and blossom. In the month of April the woods are bespangled +with the violet. <i>Viola.</i> Ficaria. Wind-flower.<a name="page_092" id="page_092"></a> <i>Anemone nemorosa.</i> +Lung-wort. <i>Pulmonaria Officinalis.</i> etc. In May and June we there also +find the <i>Orchis. Mellitis.</i> Periwinkle. <i>Vinca Major.</i> Hyacinth or Blue +Bell. <i>Hyacinthus non-scriptus.</i> Hare Bell. <i>Campanula rotundifolia.</i> +St. John's Wort. <i>Hypericum-pulchrum.</i> Crane's Bill. <i>Geranium Molle.</i> +Bitter vetch. <i>Orobus tuberosus.</i> Strawberry leaved cinque-foil. +<i>Potentilla Frargariastrum.</i> Wood Angelica. <i>Angelica Sylvestris.</i> The +star of Bethlehem. <i>Ornithogalum pyrenaicum.</i> Black centaury. <i>Centaurea +Nigra.</i> Forget me not. <i>Myosotis palustris.</i> The above are to be found +in the Woods of Chatenay, etc. in the immediate neighbourhood of Tours.</p> + +<p>On the commons and higher arid tracts, are seen the cross leaved Heath.<a name="page_093" id="page_093"></a> +<i>Erica Tetralix.</i> Fine leaved Heath. <i>Erica cineria.</i> Male Fern. +<i>Aspidium Felix Mas.</i> Common Broom. <i>Sparticum scoparium.</i> And the +Furze. <i>Ulex Europæus.</i> When these hardy natives of the wold and the +waste, happen to be grouped together, which is very commonly the case, +the varied and vivid hues of their blossoms, present a striking +contrast, and a very pleasing appearance.</p> + +<p>Between two hundred and three hundred plants are common to the +cultivated fields, of which, may be named, the Corn Blue Bottle. +<i>Centaurea cyanus.</i> Red Poppy. <i>Papaver Rhœa.</i> Venus's Mirror. +<i>Campanula speculum.</i> Corn Cockle. <i>Agrostemma Githago.</i> Corn Spurrey. +<i>Spergula Arvensis.</i> Common yellow Rattle. <i>Rhinanthus Crista-Galli.</i> +Great White Ox Eye. <i>Chrysanthemum</i><a name="page_094" id="page_094"></a> <i>Leucanthemum.</i> All flowering in +July and August.</p> + +<p>In the meadows which occupy the vales, subject to occasional +inundations, a very great variety of plants luxuriate, consisting for +the most part of the Family <i>Graminaceæ</i> amongst them may be seen +shining the Pile-wort. <i>Ranunculus Ficaria.</i> Crow-foot. <i>Ranunculus +sceleratus.</i> And many others of this genus. The Cuckoo flower. +<i>Cardamime Pratensis.</i> Ragged Robin. <i>Lychnis Floscuculi.</i> White +Campion. <i>Lichnis vespertina.</i> Tale Red Rattle. <i>Pedicularis palustris.</i> +Queen of the Meadows. <i>Spiræa Ulmaria.</i> <i>Upatoria Cannabinum.</i> Common +Loosestrife. <i>Lysimachia vulgaris.</i> Also the <i>Parnassia Palustris.</i>, +<i>Gentiana cruciata</i>, and <i>Colchicum Autumnale.</i><a name="page_095" id="page_095"></a></p> + +<p>On the surface of the Pools and Brooks, many beautiful specimens of the +<i>Nymphæa</i> are to be seen reposing, as those of the white water Lilly. +<i>Nymphæa Alba</i>, and yellow water Lilly. <i>Nymphæa Lutea.</i> On their banks +may also be found the Water Iris, or Flower de Luce. <i>Iris +Pseudacorus.</i>—The emblem of France. The Flowering Rush. <i>Butomus +umbellatus.</i> Arrow Head. <i>Sagittaria sagittifolia</i>, and Water +ranunculus. <i>Ranunculus aquatilis.</i></p> + +<p>Our limits will not admit of a further enumeration, but perhaps +sufficient has been stated to signify the interesting character of the +Botanical productions of the Province, and to induce the scientific +visitor, or the lover of nature, to prosecute his researches through its +sequestered glades and rural retreats; where in fact,<a name="page_096" id="page_096"></a> he may on every +hand, behold prolific nature displaying her exquisite charms, in +elaborate perfections, rich profusion, and endless diversities.</p> + +<p>Of cultivated Fruit trees, the Pear, Peach, and Prune, are justly famed +for their size and richness of flavour; the Meddlar, Quince, and a great +variety of choice Apple trees are thickly dispersed throughout the +vineyards; some of the latter of which during the winter, present a very +singular appearance, from their being often thickly studded over with +the sombre tufts of the parasitical <i>Viscus</i>, or Misleto. A considerable +quantity of excellent cyder is made in the neighbourhood of Tours.</p> + +<p>The vineyards which occupy so large a portion of this district, contain +a great many varieties of the vine, which circumstance,<a name="page_097" id="page_097"></a> together with +the prevailing difference of <i>soil</i> and <i>aspect</i>, naturally produces +wines of very various flavour and opposite qualities.</p> + +<p>It is affirmed, that the first requisite to make good wine seems to be a +peculiar quality in the soil in which the fruit is grown, more than in +the species of vine itself; the second requisite to good wine is the +species of plant, aided by a judicious mode of training and cultivation. +It would naturally be supposed that the wine is excellent in proportion +to the size and luxuriance of the plant, but such is not the case, on +the contrary, good rich soils invigorating the growth of the tree never +produce even tolerable wine, but it is best as the soil is lighter and +drier;—sandy, calcareous, stony and porous soils are<a name="page_098" id="page_098"></a> found to be most +friendly to the growth of the vine. The chalky soils particularly +produce wines of great freshness and lightness.</p> + +<p>Hence we may in a great degree account for the superiority of many of +the vinous productions of the neighbourhood of Tours; on both sides of +the vale of the Loire, the denudated or furrowed elevations naturally +afford many genial sites, whose southern aspects are always exposed to +the direct rays of the sun and which favoured situations are perhaps +more prevalent on the northern banks of the river; where, as on the +opposite slopes, the rather lofty chalky elevations, are mostly covered +by deep accumulations of adventitious and heterogeneous materials, +principally constituted of the debris of<a name="page_099" id="page_099"></a> that cretaceous formation, and +partly composing the extensive deposit termed the argile et poudinge.</p> + +<p>It moreover appears, that the species of plant which is a favourite in +one district is discarded in another; and also that very celebrated +wines are produced in vineyards where the species of plant is by no +means held in high repute; but the most inexplicable circumstance +respecting the culture of the vine, is the fact, that the most delicious +wine is sometimes grown on one little spot only, in the midst of +vineyards which produce no others but of the ordinary quality: while in +another place the product of a vineyard, in proportion to its surface, +shall be incredibly small, yet of exquisite quality, at the same time, +in the soil, aspect, treatment as<a name="page_100" id="page_100"></a> to culture, and species of plant, +there shall be no perceptible difference to the eye of the most +experienced wine grower. Possibly this may in some measure be accounted +for by the peculiar nature of the substratum which the roots of the +respective vines may chance to penetrate.</p> + +<p>The grape called <i>caux</i> or <i>cos</i>, common on the banks of the Cher, +imparts colour and body to the red wines.</p> + +<p>The best vines for the more valuable white wines, are the species +denominated <i>sauvignon</i>, <i>semilion</i>, <i>rochalin</i>, <i>blanc doux</i>, +<i>pruneras</i>, <i>muscade</i>, and <i>blanc auba</i>. The <i>semilion</i> should form +two-thirds of a vineyard consisting of these seven species of plants.</p> + +<p>Red Hermitage is produced from two varieties of plants named the little +and<a name="page_101" id="page_101"></a> great <i>Scyras</i>. White Hermitage is produced from the greater and +lesser <i>Rousanne</i> grape.</p> + +<p>The esteemed red wines of Saumur, are made from the <i>pineau</i> plant. The +Haut Rhin is classed under the generic title of the <i>gentil</i>. Some +excellent black wines are produced from a grape named <i>côte-rouge</i>, as +also from <i>auxerrois</i>, or <i>pied de perdrix</i> grape, so called because its +stalk is red.</p> + +<p>The best Bordeaux wine <i>de côtes</i> is made with the grape called <i>noir de +pressac</i>, the <i>bochet</i>, and the <i>merlot</i>.</p> + +<p>The first class Burgundies, called <i>les têtes de cuves</i>, are from the +choicest vines, namely; the <i>noirien</i> and <i>pineau</i>, grown on the best +spots of the vineyards having the finest aspect.</p> + +<p>The black grape called the «golden<a name="page_102" id="page_102"></a> plant» (<i>plant doré</i>,) is cultivated +in all the most distinguished vineyards of Champagne, and from which is +produced the finest of those celebrated wines.</p> + +<p>The vines called the <i>semilion</i> and <i>muscat-fou</i> are very extensively +cultivated, those most noted are the black <i>morillon</i>, of two varieties, +the <i>madaleine</i> and the vine of Ischia; the latter produces fine fruit +as high as north lat. 48°.</p> + +<p>The bloom upon the grape, which so delicately tints the skin, is +considered in proportion to its prevalence a proof of attention or +negligence in the culture.</p> + +<p>The age of which the vine bears well, is from sixty to seventy years, or +more, but in the common course of things it<a name="page_103" id="page_103"></a> is six or seven years +before it is in full bearing. The vines are pruned three times before +they bear fruit, when this operation is again repeated. In France the +vine is propagated by layers of buds, which are taken up after the +vintage, and by slips chosen from among the cuttings; vines from the +latter live longest and bear most fruit, though those from the layers +shoot earliest. The general method of training the vine in France, is +the «<i>tinge bas</i>» or low stem training, the young shoots of the year +being tied to stakes from four to five feet in height.</p> + +<p>The season of the vintage is one of stirring interest and alacrity, the +merry groups of grape gatherers now to be seen in almost every field, +commence their employment as early as possible<a name="page_104" id="page_104"></a> after the sun has +dissipated the dew, and the gathering is uniformly continued with as +much rapidity as possible, if the weather continue fair, so as to +terminate the pressing in one day.</p> + +<p>In concluding this subject, we may very well exemplify the general +distribution of the vegetable tribes in this part of France, by +observing that merry <i>Bacchus</i> presides over the cheerful hills, <i>Flora</i> +and <i>Pomona</i> grace the laughing vallies and the sylvan shades, while the +bountiful <i>Ceres</i> extends her dominion over the upland plains, and the +smiling prairies of the fertilizing Cher and Loire.<a name="page_105" id="page_105"></a></p> +<hr /> + +<h3><a name="GEOLOGY_OF_TOURAINE" id="GEOLOGY_OF_TOURAINE"></a>GEOLOGY OF TOURAINE.</h3> +<p><i>The GEOLOGY of Touraine</i>, being of a nature particularly worthy the +attention of the scientific enquirer, we may properly close these +restricted remarks, by a few cursory observations on so interesting a +subject. In contemplating the geognostic structure of this department, +the eye of the investigator encounters none of those strikingly bold and +sublime operations of nature, almost every where to be met with in the +primitive and volcanic regions of the globe.</p> + +<p>Here with but a few solitary exceptions, the whole surface of the +province presents a continuous series of rounded and gentle undulations, +exhibiting to<a name="page_106" id="page_106"></a> the careless glance of the unobservant, and to the +uninitiated, one vast homogeneous mass of earthy and stony materials.</p> + +<p>But when this wide spread, and apparently uninvestigable aggregation of +particles, comes under the scrutinizing <i>eye of science</i>, a beautiful +and systematic arrangement of undigenous formations are clearly +developed. Individually containing within themselves the marvellous and +decisive evidence of their comparative existence, in their present +relative positions.</p> + +<p>Those «<i>medallions of Nature</i>,» the fossils which they contain not only +furnishing us with a chronological knowledge of the progressive +formation of the Earth's crust, but recording in language the most +intelligible, what were<a name="page_107" id="page_107"></a> the peculiar states, and characteristics of +animal and vegetable existences at the distinct, and distant epochs of +the World.</p> + +<p>By the aid of these silent but eloquent intelligencers, we discover that +the strata which now constitute the table lands of Touraine, were among +the last, in the whole geological series, that emerged from the waves of +the Ocean. That, that grand instrument of transposition and renovation, +has in a general sense, ever since been restrained within its mighty +confines. And that at the time its waters last prevailed over these +regions now high and dry, many of the types of living testacea, etc. +were become identical with those of existing species.</p> + +<p>Touraine, or the department of Indre-et-Loire, may be said to be the +grand<a name="page_108" id="page_108"></a> repository of the <i>tertiary</i> formations of central France. It +constitutes the southern divisions of the great <i>Paris basin</i>, formed by +a vast depression in the chalk, and which is about 180 miles long and 90 +miles broad. This cretaceous or chalk basin terminates to the south a +short distance from Poitiers, where the oolites and certain other +formations older than the chalk, crop out from beneath it, and thence +forward, principally constitute the formations of the more southern +departments of the kingdom: and occasionally extend to the summits of +the gigantic Pyrénées.</p> + +<p>The long range of rocky precipices often constituting rather lofty +escarpments, along the northern borders of the valley of the Loire, are +a portion of the extensive cretaceous formations<a name="page_109" id="page_109"></a> which surround Paris. +In the vicinity of Tours and many other places where its strata are +alike exposed to view, many beautiful specimens of some of its +characteristic fossils may be readily obtained; this formation here also +frequently contains its usual layers of flint, and which often assumes +the exact form of the zoophytes, and other organic structures, into +which it has percolated.</p> + +<p>But in this locality, as also in many instances in the chalk region +south of Angoulême, the mineralogical character of the formation is +often completely altered, chiefly appearing as a fine white calcareous +sandstone, occasionally passing into a compact siliceous limestone, +similar to the <i>calcaire siliceux</i> of the superior freshwater limestone, +but for<a name="page_110" id="page_110"></a> the most part destitute of the small sinuous cavities the +latter commonly contains.</p> + +<p>This calcareous sandstone is directly succeeded, in ascending order, by +the most extensive surface deposit of Touraine, termed by the French +geologist, argile et poudinge; a rather thick argillaceous deposit, in +which flint boulders are sometimes thickly embedded, and on which +reposes the <i>calc d'eau douce</i> or freshwater limestone, both formations +belonging to the uppermost subdivision of the Parisian tertiary strata, +or newer Pliocene deposits.</p> + +<p>Immediately above the freshwater limestone just named, a series of +isolated masses occur, consisting of marine sand and marl, the whole +rarely exceeding fifty feet in thickness, and containing<a name="page_111" id="page_111"></a> for the most +part a different and immense assemblage of fossils. This tertiary +formation which is provincially termed <i>faluns</i>, (broken shells) is +considered to belong to a period intermediate between that of the +Parisian and subapennine strata, and to assimulate in age to the crag +formation of England, which belongs to the Miocene or middle Tertiary.</p> + +<p>M<sup>r</sup> Lyell who has closely examined the <i>faluns</i><a name="FNanchor_D_4" id="FNanchor_D_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_D_4" class="fnanchor">[D]</a>, says that most of +the shells they contain do not depart from the Mediterranean type, +although a few would seem to indicate a tropical climate, among these +may be mentioned some large species of the genera <i>conus</i>, <i>terebra<a name="page_112" id="page_112"></a></i>, +<i>rynula</i>, <i>tasciolaria</i>, <i>cerithium</i> and <i>cardita</i>.</p> + +<p>The species he considers for the most part marine, but that a few of +them belong to land and fluviatile genera. Among the former, <i>helix +turonensis</i> (faluns Touraine) is the most abundant.</p> + +<p>Remains of terrestrial quadrupeds are here and there intermixed, +belonging to the genera mastodon, rhinoceros, hyppopotamus, deer and +others, and these are accompanied by cetacea, such as the lamantine, +morse, sea calf, and dolphin, all of extinct species.</p> + +<p>Out of two hundred and ninety species of shells from the <i>faluns</i> M<sup>r</sup> +Lyell says he found seventy-two identical with recent species, and that +out of the whole three hundred and two in his possession forty-five only +were found to be common<a name="page_113" id="page_113"></a> to the suffolk crag. Nevertheless a similarity +of mineral composition, and the general analogy of the fossil shells and +zoophytes, together with the perfect identity of certain species, +strongly justifies the opinion that has long been pronounced, that the +faluns of Touraine, and the Suffolk crag are nearly contemporaneous.</p> + +<p>To this brief outline of what may properly be termed the regular +stratifications of Touraine, it only remains to be stated, that they are +frequently concealed by considerable deposits of alluvial and diluvian +beds of flinty gravel, sand, and adventitious clays, in some of which +numerous specimens of the rocks and fossils to be found existing in +<i>situ</i> in the neighbourhood are interspersed.<a name="page_114" id="page_114"></a></p> + +<p>It is almost impossible to contemplate even the comparatively scanty +catalogue of geological facts just adverted to, without being forcibly +reminded of the remarkable physical transformations which the surface of +the country must have undergone, at distinct, and incalculably distant +epochs; and to speculate on the causes which effected; and the peculiar +circumstances characterizing those revolutionizing periods.</p> + +<p>Geology, may indeed, be truly said to be an inductive science, and while +pondering over its natural inferences we find ourselves most +marvellously progressing through a long concatenation of pre-existing +realities, which at every remove may be said to assume more and more the +features of romance!</p> + +<p>During the cretaceous period, <i>Touraine<a name="page_115" id="page_115"></a></i> had not emerged from the +Ocean, which here was probably studded with Islands constituted of the +primary rocks of Brittany, and those of the older secondary formations +we have noticed as now principally occupying the more southern +provinces. These lands, we may reasonably infer, were adorned by the +luxuriant vegetation of a tropical climate, the fossil remains of which, +are found abundantly dispersed throughout the first formed members of +the tertiary series.</p> + +<p>Subsequent to the deposition of the chalk, a retiring of the sea from +this region, and a period of repose, are indicated by the presence of +the <i>freshwater formation</i>, but on examining the overlying deposits of +<i>faluns</i>, we have the most indubitable evidence,<a name="page_116" id="page_116"></a> that this quiescent +state, was succeeded by another irruption of the Ocean, which desolated +the land, and deposited the wrecks of its animal and vegetable +productions as now discovered in that formation. As yet, the geologian +maintains, man had not been called into existence, and therefore the +huge quadrupeds whose remains are found in the <i>faluns</i>, unmolestedly +ranged through the umbrageous wilds of nature absolute Lords of the +creation.</p> + +<p>While the imagination is startled at the mystic nature of these +successive cosmological revolutions, it is no less puzzled to account +for the mighty causes which have effected them. The geologist however +has discovered in various parts of the world, the most positive evidence +of the upheaving<a name="page_117" id="page_117"></a> and subsidence of immense tracts of territory, by the +stupendous operations of subterranean convulsions.</p> + +<p>At Alum Bay in the Isle of Wight we have an extraordinary and complete +example of this description; in the remarkable <i>vertical</i> position of +the beautiful and variously coloured arenose stratifications of the +plastic clay, we are enabled to discover that the ponderous substrata of +chalk were uplifted subsequently to the deposition of the tertiary +formation. And it would not be unreasonable to believe that the same, or +a similar convulsion, finally raised the lands of Touraine to their +present elevation above the level of the sea.</p> + +<p>We have however in this country, as in almost every other part of the +globe,<a name="page_118" id="page_118"></a> the most striking proofs of the mighty modifying operations of +the last grand <i>cataclysm</i>, the erosive power of whose turbulent waters +have denudated or scooped out deep vallies, frequently leaving—as +instanced in the faluns detached and widely scattered masses of +pre-existing formations, and heaping up their <i>debris</i> in the vast and +variously shaped accumulations designated as diluvial deposits.</p> + +<p>These popular speculations have been touched upon rather with the view +of exciting the attention of the curious, and inviting the disquisitions +of the able student of nature, than a desire to attach any absolute +importance to existing theories; for in a progressive science like +geology, new and amazing facts are continually being developed, and it<a name="page_119" id="page_119"></a> +is only when an immensely increased accumulation of such existing +evidences has been thoroughly scrutinized by the penetrating and +comprehensive genius of a <i>Newton in geology</i>, that we can hope to +arrive at any thing approaching a correct explication of its remarkable +and interesting phenomena.</p> + +<p>To the commonest observer however the present state of geology presents +an astounding exposition of divine power and goodness, and distinctively +marks the gigantic footsteps of that creative energy, which out of +stupendous confusion and disorder, the rocking earthquake, and the +«wreck of worlds,» has caused to spring forth the existing order of +things; whose beauty, perfection, utility and harmony, charm our senses, +enhance our knowledge, and<a name="page_120" id="page_120"></a> demand for their Creator, the constant +tribute, of our most grateful emanations.</p> + +<p>There are a few Chalybeate, and many calcareous springs in the +department, some of the latter of which incrust every substance over +which they flow, and it is not uncommon to find an assemblage of most +fancifully shaped stalactical incrustations in the caves of the +calcareous freestone, etc., being often singularly imitative of the +works both of nature and of art. Caves of this description known by the +name of the caves gouttières are to be seen near the <i>village of +Savonnières</i> on the road from <i>Tours</i> to Chinon, not far from the banks +of the Cher. But perhaps no less remarkable in the estimation of the +curious are the extraordinary series of excavations ranging nearly +opposite<a name="page_121" id="page_121"></a> Tours. These artificial caverns which are hewn out of the +white calcareous sandstone rocks on the banks of the Loire, frequently +constitute entire dwellings, and are so free from humidity as to be +occupied by the peasantry during summer and winter, while others are +formed into extensive storehouses for the wines of the country.</p> + +<p>From the general and impartial review we have here taken of some of the +more attractive features, climatic advantages, and geological structure +of Touraine, it cannot but be admitted that it possesses inducements of +no ordinary description to the searcher after health or recreation. +Considerations, of more special importance to the hypochondriac and the +valetudinarian, who may feel themselves obliged to abandon<a name="page_122" id="page_122"></a> the soothing +comforts of the domestic circle, for the purpose of obtaining relief +from a temporary residence abroad.</p> + +<p>In our just estimation of any country or locality, much however depends +on the spirit and manner in which we scrutinize its resources, to the +eye of the vacant and unobservant mind, the most beautiful and +soul-stirring facts and scenes possess neither novelty nor charms, while +the attentive and <i>intelligent investigator</i> seldom fails to discover +and appreciate those extraordinary assemblages of creative perfections, +and wonders, with which the all bountiful hand of the Supreme Creator +has most amply stored every portion of the material Universe.<a name="page_123" id="page_123"></a></p> +<hr /> + +<h3><a name="SPAS_OF_FRANCE" id="SPAS_OF_FRANCE"></a>SPAS OF FRANCE.</h3> +<p>A small work of this description will not admit of our entering into a +minute detail of all the mineral waters of France; we shall therefore +merely give a sketch of their physical characters, medicinal properties, +and of the different localities where they are found, to serve as a +superficial guide to Invalids; and conclude by giving a more general +description of the <i>Spas of Central France</i>.</p> + +<p>Mineral waters may be arranged into the four following classes; +<i>Saline</i>; <i>Acidulous</i>; <i>Chalybeate</i>; and <i>Sulphureous</i>.<a name="page_124" id="page_124"></a></p> + +<p><i>Saline.</i> These waters owe their properties altogether to saline +compounds. Those which predominate and give their character to the +waters of this class are either,</p> + +<p>1. Salts, the basis of which is Lime.</p> + +<p>2. Muriate of Soda and Magnesia.</p> + +<p>3. Sulphate of Magnesia.</p> + +<p>4. Alkaline Carbonates, particularly Carbonate of Soda.</p> + +<p>They are mostly purgative, the powers of the salts they contain being +very much increased by the large proportion of water in which they are +exhibited.</p> + +<p>There are but few <i>Cold Saline Springs</i> in France, viz: those of Andabre +or Camares in the department of Aveyron; Jouhe, dep: Jura; Pouillon, +dep: Landes; Niederbronn, dep:<a name="page_125" id="page_125"></a> Lower Rhine. They are employed in +diseases which require continued and moderate intestinal evacuations; +such as dyspepsia hypochondriasis, chronic hepatitis, jaundice and +strumous swellings. They are more grateful to the stomach when carbonic +acid gas is also present; and when they contain Iron as in the springs +of Camarès, their tonic powers combined with their purgative qualities, +render them still more useful in dyspeptic complaints and amenorrhœa.</p> + +<p>To this class the water of the Ocean belongs. The quantity of saline +matter <i>Sea Water</i> contains varies in different latitudes thus, between +10° and 20° it is rather more than <sup>1</sup>/<sub>24</sub>; at the equator it is <sup>1</sup>/<sub>25</sub>; and +at 57° north it is only <sup>1</sup>/<sub>27</sub>. The saline ingredients in<a name="page_126" id="page_126"></a> 10,000 parts of +sea water according to the last analysis of Dr. Murray, are, muriate of +Soda 220.01; muriate of lime, 7.84; muriate of Magnesia, 42.08; and +Sulphate of Soda 33.16. When brought up from a great depth, its taste is +purely saline; but when taken from the surface it is disagreeably +bitter, owing, perhaps, to the animal and vegetable matters suspended in +it. Its specific gravity varies from 1.0269 to 1.0285; and it does not +freeze until cooled down to 28.5° Fahrenheit. Its medicinal properties +are the same as those of the saline purgative waters, but more powerful; +and as a bath, its efficacy is much superior to that of fresh water.</p> + +<p>The general effects of mineral waters are modified by temperature, +whether<a name="page_127" id="page_127"></a> they be taken internally, or applied externally.</p> + +<p>In some <i>Warm Saline Springs</i> as those of Plombières, and Bains, in the +department of Vosges; Luxeuil, dep. Haute Saône; Bourbon-Lancy, dep. +Saône-et-Loire; Bourbonne-les-Bains, dep. Haute-Marne; Chaudes-Aigues, +dep. Cantal; Avène, Balaruc, dep. l'Hérault; La Motte, dep. l'Isère; +Bagnols, dep. l'Orne; Aix-en-Provence; dep. Bouches-du-Rhône; +St.-Laurent-Les-Bains, dep. l'Ardèche; Sylvanès, dep. l'Aveyron; +Cap-Bern, Bagnères, Bigorre, dep. Upper Pyrénées; Encausse, dep. +Haute-Garonne; Néris, dep. l'Allier; their virtues depend principally on +the height of temperature. And in others which have been found to +contain scarcely any foreign matter,<a name="page_128" id="page_128"></a> the simple diluent power of the +pure water seems to produce the benefit that results from drinking them.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Acidulous.</span> Waters of this class owe their properties chiefly to Carbonic +Acid. They sparkle when drawn from the spring, or when poured into a +glass; have an acidulous taste, and become vapid when exposed to the +air. Besides free carbonic acid, on the presence of which these +qualities depend, acidulous waters contain generally carbonates of Soda, +of Lime, of Magnesia, and of Iron; and sometimes muriate of Soda.</p> + +<p>They may be divided into <i>thermal</i> or <i>warm acidulous waters</i>, and <i>cold +acidulous waters</i>.</p> + +<p>The temperature of the former rarely exceeds 72° F. while that of the +latter is generally about 55° F. Of the warm<a name="page_129" id="page_129"></a> acidulous waters are those +of Mont-D'or, Saint Nectaire, Clermont-Ferrand, in the department of +Puy-de-Dôme; Vichy, Bourbon-l'Archambault, dep. l'Allier; Audinac, +Ussat, dep. l'Arriège; Chateauneuf, Saint-Mart, Chatel-guion, dep. +Puy-de-Dôme; Dax, dep. Landes; Saint Alban on the left of the river +Loire.</p> + +<p>Of the <i>cold acidulous waters</i> there is Pougues in the department of +Nièvre; Chateldon, Bar, Saint-Myon, Médague, Vic-le-Comte, dep. +Puy-de-Dôme; Mont-Brison, Saint-Galmier, dep. Loire; Langeac, dep. +Haute-Loire. They are tonic and diuretic; and in large doses produce a +sensible degree of exhilaration.</p> + +<p>They all afford a grateful and moderate stimulus to the stomach, but the +<i>warm acidulous springs</i> are to be preferred<a name="page_130" id="page_130"></a> as there are few of this +kind that do not contain a small portion of Iron and a larger portion of +carbonic acid gas, and are especially useful in all cases of impaired +digestion; while those which contain alkaline carbonates, as Pougues and +Saint-Galmier, are more particularly employed as palliatives in +calculous affections.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Chalybeate.</span> Waters thus named owe their properties to iron in +combination generally with carbonic acid; and as the latter is usually +in excess, they are often acidulous as well as chalybeate. The metal is +found also in the form of a sulphate, but the instances of this are very +rare.</p> + +<p>Chalybeate waters have a styptic or inky taste: they are, when fresh +drawn, transparent, but become black when<a name="page_131" id="page_131"></a> mixed with tincture of +nut-galls; but an ochery sediment soon falls, and the water loses its +taste. If the iron be in the state of sulphate, however, no sediment +falls; and the black colour is produced by the above test, even after +the water has been boiled and filtered. Chalybeate springs are very +numerous in France, some of the following are much frequented: +Rennes-Les-bains, in the department of l'Aude; Saint-Honoré, Passy, near +Paris; Forges, Aumale, Rouen, dep. Seine-inférieure; Contrexeville, dep. +Vosges; Bussang, Provins, dep. Seine-et-Marne; La Chapelle-Godefroi, +dep. of l'Aube; Saint-Gondon, Noyers, dep. Loiret; Fontenelle, dep. +Vendée; Watweiler, Upper-Rhine; Cransac, dep. l'Aveyron; Sainte-Marie, +dep. Cantal; Sermaise, dep.<a name="page_132" id="page_132"></a> Marne; Ferrières, Segray, dep. Loiret; +Alais, dep. Gard; Boulogne-sur-Mer, dep. Pas-de-Calais; Vals, dep. +l'Ardèche.</p> + +<p>Chalybeate waters are powerful tonics, and are employed in dyspepsia, +scrofulous affections, cancer, amenorrhœa, chlorosis, and other +diseases of debility for which the artificial preparations of iron are +used. Much of the benefit derived from the use of chalybeate waters +depends on the extreme division of the metalic salts they contain, as +well as the vehicle in which it is held in solution; while at the same +time their operation is much modified by the carbonic acid gas by which +the iron is suspended. When the water is a carbonated chalybeate, it +should be drunk the moment it is drawn from the spring; but the<a name="page_133" id="page_133"></a> same +precaution is not necessary with a water containing sulphate of iron.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sulphureous.</span> Waters classed under this head derive their character +chiefly from sulphureted hydrogen gas; which in some of them is +uncombined, while in others it is united with lime or an alkali. They +are transparent when newly drawn from the spring, and have a fœtid +odour which is gradually lost from exposure to the air, and the water +becomes turbid. When they are strongly impregnated with the gas, they +redden infusion of litmus, and exhibit some other of the characteristics +of acids; and, even in a weak state, they blacken silver and lead.</p> + +<p>Besides containing sulphureted hydrogen gas, they are not unfrequently, +also, impregnated with carbonic acid.<a name="page_134" id="page_134"></a> They generally contain muriate of +Magnesia or other saline matters, which modify their powers as a remedy.</p> + +<p>The <i>warm sulphureous springs</i> in France are those of Barèges, +Saint-Sauveur, dep. Upper Pyrénées; Cauterets, Bonnes, Cambo, dep. Lower +Pyrénées; Bagnères-de-Luchon, dep. Haute-Garonne; Ax, dep. l'Arriège; +Gréoult, Digne, dep. Lower Alpes; Castera-Verduzan, dep. Gers; Bagnols, +dep. Lozère; Évaux, dep. Creuse; Saint-Amand, dep. Nord; Loèche, right +of the Rhône; Aix-la-Chapelle. The <i>cold sulphureous waters</i> are those +of Enghien-les-Bains, in the department of Seine-et-Oise; La +Roche-Posay, dep. Vienne; Uriage, near Grenoble.</p> + +<p>These waters are resorted to chiefly by patients who labour under +cutaneous<a name="page_135" id="page_135"></a> affections and are applied locally as well as drunk.</p> + +<p>They are slightly sudorific and diuretic, and apt to occasion in some +patients headache of short duration, directly after they are taken.</p> + +<p>They are also employed for curing visceral and scrofulous obstructions, +torpor of the intestines, chronic engorgements of the joints: sprains of +long standing, obstinate catarrhs, rheumatism, etc, and in some +dyspeptic and hypochondriacal cases.</p> + +<p>The <i>warm</i> sulphureous waters are to be preferred; attention however +should be paid to the state of the bowels during their course which +ought to be kept free from any accumulation by the aid of some mild +aperient medicine; Spa Doctors trust almost entirely to the<a name="page_136" id="page_136"></a> aperient +operation of the waters and doubtless, the crises, spa-fevers, and +re-actions described by foreign writers on the spas are often +attributable to the want of combining some mild mercurial alterative and +aperient with the use of the waters, and that many cures are prevented +or rendered ineffectual by the dread of mercury entertained by +continental Physicians. The following what Dr. Johnson terms the +<i>Auxilio-Preservative</i> will be found of essential service taken every +night before drinking the morning waters.</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">R,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Ext: Col: Co:</td><td> </td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Pil: Rhei: Co:</td><td align="left">à à</td><td align="left">gr.</td><td align="left" class="smcap">xl</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">Pil: Hydrarg:</td><td align="left">—</td><td align="left">gr.</td><td align="left" class="smcap">x</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td> +<td align="left"> </td> +<td align="left">Ol: Caryoph:</td> +<td align="left">— </td> +<td align="left">gr.</td> +<td align="left" class="smcap">vi</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center" colspan="6">ft. pil: XX capt. 1 vel: ij hora somni.</td></tr> +</table> +<p>It is however absolutely necessary on patients arriving at any spa, to +consult the resident Physician.</p> + +<p>With respect to the use of mineral waters in general, we consider them +as most important, and extremely beneficial in the treatment of disease; +some of the good effects of all of them however, must be allowed to +proceed from change of air and scene; relaxation from business, +amusement, temperance, and regular hours, and under these circumstances +the drinking the waters at the springs possesses advantages which cannot +be obtained from artificial waters, however excellent the imitations may +be, nor even from the natural water, when bottled and conveyed to a +distance from the springs.</p> + +<p><a name="page_138" id="page_138"></a></p> + +<p><a name="page_139" id="page_139"></a></p> + +<hr /> + +<h2><a name="SPAS" id="SPAS"></a>SPAS</h2> + +<p class="cb">OF</p> + +<h3 class="top5">CENTRAL FRANCE.</h3> + +<hr /> + +<h3 class="top5">THERMAL SALINE WATERS,</h3> +<h4>PLOMBIÈRES.</h4> + +<p><i>Plombiers</i>, a small town in the department of Vosges, twenty-four +leagues from Nancy, is situated between mountains in a deep narrow +valley watered by the Augrome.</p> + +<p>According to a careful analysis made by M. Vauquelin, these waters +contain Subcarbonate of Soda, Sulphate of<a name="page_140" id="page_140"></a> Soda, Chloride of Sodium, +Subcarbonate of Lime, and Silex. He affirms that they also contain an +animal matter greatly resembling gelatine, which performs an important +part in their action upon the animal economy; to this ingredient he +attributes the fetid odour which occasionally arises from the waters.</p> + +<p>The thermal waters of Plombières, are classed as follows:—1<sup>st</sup> The +<i>Bain des Dames</i>; having a heat of 126° Fah<sup>r</sup> 2<sup>nd</sup>—The <i>Source du +Chêne</i>, or <i>du Crucifix</i>; this is the only one of the waters not used +for bathing, but solely for drinking. 3<sup>d</sup>—The <i>source du Grand-Bain</i> +or <i>du milieu</i>, the temperature of the former is 130°: and of the latter +142° Fah. The <i>Grand Bain</i> is called the <i>Bain des pauvres</i>. +4<sup>th</sup>—<a name="page_141" id="page_141"></a>The <i>Bain-tempéré</i>, which is supplied by two sources; one at +90° and the other at 113° Fah. 5<sup>th</sup>—The <i>Petit-Bain</i> or <i>Capucins</i>, +is 113° Fah. Its basin is divided into two parts, the temperature of the +water there being 95° to 97° Fah. 6<sup>th</sup>—The <i>Bain-Neuf</i> or <i>Royal</i>, +has a square basin which receives the waters from a source formerly +called <i>l'enfer</i>, and had originally, a temperature of 153° Fah. being +the hottest of the number. 7<sup>th</sup>—There is another source, called the +source <i>de Bassompierre</i>, situated at the upper part of the town.</p> + +<p>These waters are stimulant, giving increased activity to the +circulation, and in great reputation for the cure of Chlorosis (green +sickness) chronic enteritis, neuralgia, scrofula, and in the chronic<a name="page_142" id="page_142"></a> +and painful stages of gout and rhumatism. Although rarely beneficial in +severe cutaneous diseases they are in much esteem for their unctuous +qualities, which impart softness to the skin and allay superficial +irritations.</p> + +<p>The season for taking these waters is from May to September, and this +place is then much frequented; the accommodations are very good, in the +principal street are arcades built by Stanislaus, king of Poland, under +which the company promenade.</p> +<h4>LUXEUIL.</h4> + +<p>The great esteem in which these waters were anciently held is attested +by the vast ruins and immense number<a name="page_143" id="page_143"></a> of antiquities which have been +found here; at present Luxeuil is a small but agreeable town in the +department of the Haute-Saône, twelve leagues from Besançon, situated in +a plain, and intersected by a street called the <i>rue des Romains</i>. The +bathing establishment, which is much admired, was built about the middle +of the last century, is adorned with a beautiful garden.</p> + +<p>There are five Baths namely the <i>Bain des Femmes</i>; the <i>Bain des +Hommes</i>; the <i>Bain Neuf</i>; the <i>Grand-Bain</i>; the <i>Petit-Bain</i>.</p> + +<p>The analysis of these waters is very incomplete; they are stated to +contain muriate of Soda, Lime, sulphate of Potash and a small portion of +Iron.</p> + +<p>They have proved very beneficial in chronic rheumatism, paralysis, +chronic<a name="page_144" id="page_144"></a> catarrh, alterations in the abdominal viscera, and in some +nervous affections. As these waters are less exciting than those of +Plombières, they are more suitable to persons of a feeble and delicate +constitution.</p> + +<p>The Baths are under the superintendance of a medical practitioner. A +Hotel, called the Lion d'Or, affords ample accommodation for persons who +come for the benefit of the waters. This place has been much frequented +of late.</p> +<h4>BOURBON-LANCY.</h4> + +<p>The mineral waters of this place, containing a population of 2700, are +in the department of Saône-et-Loire, twelve<a name="page_145" id="page_145"></a> leagues from Autun and +eighty from Paris.</p> + +<p>D<sup>r</sup> de Verchère, a talented and philanthropic man, who long had the +establishment under his management, reports numerous cures having been +effected by the waters.</p> + +<p>Their celebrity is of ancient date, and they have at various times been +visited by several kings of France.</p> + +<p>The town of Bourbon-Lancy is placed on the side of a hill, and +constitutes a striking feature in a beautiful landscape. The air is +extremely salubrious, and the place has long been remarkable for its +freedom from epidemics.</p> + +<p>It abounds in the comforts and luxuries of life, and commodious +accommodations are provided for visitors, near the Baths.<a name="page_146" id="page_146"></a></p> + +<p>The <i>Bread</i> made here is said to be of a very superior quality, which +the inhabitants attribute to its being kneaded with the mineral waters.</p> + +<p>Numerous kinds of excellent fish are furnished by the Loire.</p> + +<p>The mineral waters of Bourbon-Lancy have apparently one common source +but appear at the surface of the earth in seven distinct springs. The +1<sup>st</sup> is called <i>le Lymbe</i>, from its great heat, as much as 135° Fah. +2<sup>nd</sup> The <i>Fontaine de Saint-Léger</i> temperature 100° Fah. 3<sup>rd</sup> The +<i>Fontaine de la Reine</i> temp: 108° Fah. 4<sup>th</sup> The <i>Fontaine des Ecures</i>, +which take its name from the person who discovered the spring in 1600. +temp: 140° Fah. 5<sup>th</sup> The <i>Bain Royal</i>, temp: 104° Fah.</p> + +<p>M<sup>r</sup> Jacquemont's analysis of these<a name="page_147" id="page_147"></a> waters exhibits the presence of +Carbonic Acid, and Muriate of Soda in excess, also the Sulphate of Soda, +Carbonate of Lime, Oxide of Iron and Silex.</p> + +<p>It is to be regretted that a more minute analysis of the waters has not +been effected, for their continual boiling, and the saline efflorescence +which forms upon the sides of the pipes, would seem to indicate the +prevalence of fixed and volatile principles, the proportions of which it +would be important to demonstrate.</p> + +<p>Their heat and stimulating qualities peculiarly adapt them for the cure +of obstinate chronic rheumatism, diseases of the lymphatics, chlorosis, +incipient disorganization of the stomach, bowels, and other abdominal +viscera. They have<a name="page_148" id="page_148"></a> also been found highly beneficial in old gun shot +wounds.</p> + +<p>The Bourbon waters are administered in different doses, according to the +constitution of the patient, and the nature of the disease, it is usual +to take several glasses in the morning at intervals of a quarter of an +hour.</p> + +<p>The Baths varying in temperature from 90° to 104° Fah. are the most +commonly used, and with the greatest success. But the most active baths +are those varying from 113° to 122° Fah. but they require great caution +in their administration.</p> + +<p>There are several kinds of douches at Bourbon as the ascending, +descending, fumigating, which are frequently used in torpidity of the +intestines and obstinate constipations; resource is also had<a name="page_149" id="page_149"></a> to them in +some affections of the uterus and urinary organs. There are also <i>mud</i> +baths at this place.</p> +<h4>BAGNOLES.</h4> + +<p>Bagnoles is a village in the department of l'Orne, the efficacy of the +mineral waters at this place, was discovered by the following singular +circumstance. An old horse having a disease of the skin, being covered +all over with sores, was about to be delivered up to the knacker when +his master calling to mind his good qualities, resolved upon turning him +into the <i>Coppice of Roches-Noires</i>. Two months after happening to pass +through the end of the valley, he descried an animal<a name="page_150" id="page_150"></a> which he thought +much resembled his own discarded steed. The horse trotted up, approached +him familiarly, and though fat and sleek, was speedily recognised by his +owner, who wishing to ascertain the cause of such an unexpected and +astonishing cure, carefully watched the animal's movements, and +presently saw him roll himself with much apparent satisfaction in a +neighbouring bog, which upon putting his hand into it, he found to +contain much internal heat. This circumstance occasioned the clearing +out of the bog, when the source of a hot spring very limpid and very +abundant was discovered.</p> + +<p>This cure, originated the idea of forming the present establishment +which since 1812 has been rapidly increasing in reputation. It stands at +the foot of a<a name="page_151" id="page_151"></a> mountain between two rocky escarpments, in one of the +most beautiful and picturesque vallies in France.</p> + +<p>Through this, winds the little river <i>la Vée</i>, the banks of which, +adjacent to the Baths, are prettily planted, and intersected with +numerous gravel walks, forming shady and agreeable promenades. The +luxuriance of the trees and meadows which adorn this fertile valley, +contrasted with the savage aspect of the vast rugged rocks by which it +is bordered, together with the pretty scattered villas, and the +salubrity of the air form a <i>tout ensemble</i> rarely to be witnessed, and +which contributes not a little to the recovery of the numerous visitors +who resort to this fine establishment.</p> + +<p>The mineral springs are received<a name="page_152" id="page_152"></a> into a square cistern from whence they +are conducted into the bathing rooms; they are extremely clear, unctuous +to the touch, taste slightly acid, and emit a sulphureted hydrogen +odour: air bubbles continually ascend with the water, and break as they +reach the surface. The waters are found on analysis to contain carbonic +acid, and muriate of Soda, in excess; a very small quantity of sulphate +and muriate of lime, and muriate of Barytes. The sediment of the general +receptacle contains some sulphur and Iron.</p> + +<p>The Bagnoles waters are at once tonic and purgative; they excite the +appetite, giving more activity to the digestive system, and have a +general tendency favourable to the promotion of healthy secretions and +excretions; particularly<a name="page_153" id="page_153"></a> of the skin kidneys and glandular organs +generally.</p> + +<p>Administered as Baths, they have a very salutary action upon the skin, +imparting to it a remarkable flexibility and softness.</p> + +<p>M. Piette, who was forty years physician to this establishment, +published a report upon the efficacy of these waters, in obstinate +rheumatism, chronic catarrh, paralysis, chlorosis, leucorrhœa, +chronic gastritis, etc. After enumerating their other virtues he says: +«On lit dans les vieilles chroniques que les dames de la Normandie +allaient autrefois à Bagnoles pour porter remède à leur stérilité.»</p> + +<p>From three to six glasses constitute a dose of the waters, they are +taken in the morning.<a name="page_154" id="page_154"></a></p> + +<p>The Bath rooms and appendages are judiciously arranged; when the natural +heat of the water—(from 82° to 90° Fah.) is deemed insufficient by the +physician, it can easily be increased by the aid of artificial heat, +without materially deteriorating the medicinal virtues of the water.</p> + +<p>Many Spa Doctors however assert (D<sup>r</sup> Granville amongst the number) +«that the <i>caloric</i> of mineral waters is of a <i>specific</i> kind, analogous +to the heat of the body.» A heat incorporated with the water by a +chemico-vital process. And as no external warmth can supply the body +with <i>vital</i> heat, so no artificially created temperature can be a real +substitute for the natural heat of thermal springs.</p> + +<p>The temperature of the water of<a name="page_155" id="page_155"></a> Bagnoles being about that of the +blood—98° Fah. immersion in it produces but a slight sensation of heat; +the temperature of our bodies being below that of our blood. The +sensation is that of comfort.</p> + +<p>Bagnoles is sixty leagues from Paris, and one league from the high road +leading from Alençon to Domfront, lying nearly on the route from Havre +to Tours.</p> +<h4>CHAUDES-AIGUES.</h4> + +<p>This is a small town in the department of Cantal, six leagues from +Saint-Flour, on the road between Clermont and Toulouse, and derives its +name from its thermal waters, which were<a name="page_156" id="page_156"></a> much resorted to in the +fifteenth century, and then called <i>Calentes Baiæ</i>.</p> + +<p>The temperature of the springs vary from 167° to 189° Fah. The resident +poor turn this high temperature to many economical purposes, frequently +cooking their entire meals by the natural heat of the waters; an egg is +boiled hard by five minutes immersion.</p> + +<p>The waters are extensively used by Curriers, Tanners, stuff and Flannel +manufacturers, etc, their alkaline principles being found peculiarly +adapted to many essential processes in these respective trades; to +coloured articles, they are considered to give brilliancy and permanence +to the dyes.</p> + +<p>The <i>Belle Fontaine du Parc</i>, the highest in temperature of the spring,<a name="page_157" id="page_157"></a> +contains muriate of Soda, carbonate of lime; carbonate of Iron, and +Silex.</p> + +<p>These waters were held in high repute by the Romans and are particularly +mentioned by one of their historians; «Calentes nunc te Baiæ, et scabris +cavernatim ructata pumicibus aqua sulfuris atque jecorosis ac +phthisiscentibus languidis medicabilis piscina delectat.»</p> + +<p>They have an <i>alterative</i> or <i>deobstruent</i> action, are therefore +applicable to a long catalogue of maladies arising from congestion and +obstructions of the abdominal viscera.<a name="page_158" id="page_158"></a></p> +<hr /> + +<h3><a name="WARM_ACIDULOUS_AND_GASEOUS_WATERS" id="WARM_ACIDULOUS_AND_GASEOUS_WATERS"></a>WARM ACIDULOUS AND GASEOUS WATERS,</h3> +<h4>VICHY.</h4> + +<p>Vichy is situated in the department of the Allier, 87 leagues from +Paris, fifteen from Moulins and thirty two from Lyon, in a valley +surrounded by beautiful and fertile hills. The excellent roads which +lead to this town, the purity of the air, the comfort and amusement +which may be found in it combine to render it one of the most frequented +watering places in France.</p> + +<p>Its mineral waters were known to the Romans, and vestiges of ancient +baths, coins etc. have frequently been found<a name="page_159" id="page_159"></a> here. In the 14<sup>th</sup> +century a monastery of the order of Celestins was founded at Vichy by +Louis 2<sup>nd</sup> Duke of Bourbon, and in the following century, during the +wars of the Praguerie this town was beseiged by Charles the 7<sup>th</sup>, and +although fortified, taken by him in 1440.</p> + +<p>Both Madame de Sévigné and the famous Fléchier speak in the highest +terms of the charms of this delightful place and vie with each other in +its praise. It was visited in 1814 by the duchess of Angoulême, since +which it has rapidly risen into notice, and owing to the exertions of +the inhabitants to accommodate the numbers who now flock to these justly +celebrated waters, few towns offer more resources to the invalid than +Vichy.<a name="page_160" id="page_160"></a></p> + +<p>The names of the principal Baths are,</p> + +<p>1<sup>st</sup>—The <i>Grande-Grille</i>, temperature 104° to 108° Fah:</p> + +<p>2<sup>nd</sup>—The <i>Petit-Puits carré</i>, temp. 113° Fah:</p> + +<p>3<sup>rd</sup>—The <i>Grande-Puits carré</i>, 113° Fah: which supplies the Baths. +These three springs are in the Bath house, under the gallery where +persons taking the waters promenade.</p> + +<p>4<sup>th</sup>—The <i>Petit-Boulet</i>, temp. 95° Fah:</p> + +<p>5<sup>th</sup>—The <i>Gros-Boulet</i> or the <i>Hôpital</i>, temp. 99° Fah:</p> + +<p>6<sup>th</sup>—The <i>source Lucas</i>, temp. 97°</p> + +<p>7<sup>th</sup>—The <i>Fontaine des Célestins</i>, temp. 74° Fah:</p> + +<p>All situated in a neat building near the Allier, and at the foot of a +mountain.</p> + +<p>The following is an analysis of the <i>Grande-Grille</i>;—free carbonic +acid,<a name="page_161" id="page_161"></a> carbonate of Soda, carbonate of Lime, carbonate of Magnesia, +muriate of Soda, sulphate of Soda, oxide of Iron and Silex.</p> + +<p>The other Baths contain the same ingredients, but the proportions +slightly differ; from all the water presents nearly the same appearance. +It is clear and colourless, and filled with a great quantity of bubbles +rising continually to its surface: its taste is sharp and slightly +acidulated.</p> + +<p>The waters of Vichy are recommended in most chronic affections, +particularly of the stomach, congestions of the liver and abdominal +organs generally; hæmorrhoids, leucorrhœa, engorgements and +indurations of the uterus, ovaries, etc; colic, cramps and epigastric +pains; disorders of the urinary organs, nervous and intermittent fevers<a name="page_162" id="page_162"></a> +of long standing. Having a tranquillizing effect upon the nervous +system, they are peculiarly adapted to cases of hypochondriasis, +neuralgia, chorea, etc.</p> + +<p>The season at Vichy begins on the 13<sup>th</sup> of May, and finishes on the +20<sup>th</sup> of September, but precaution must be used in taking these waters +during excessively hot or stormy weather. Their general effects upon the +constitution are said to be very analogous to those of the celebrated +waters of Carlsbad in Germany.</p> +<h4>SAINT-ALBAN.</h4> + +<p>This small hamlet two leagues from Roanne on the left bank of the Loire, +is much indebted to being situated in the vicinity of Lyon, for the +celebrity<a name="page_163" id="page_163"></a> the waters have attained, and still maintain. Those invalids +who come for the purpose of drinking the waters will find good +accommodation.</p> + +<p>These mineral waters are pungent and acidulous to the taste, and very +limpid, the presence of carbonic acid is perceptible every moment by the +immense quantity of bubbles which break on the surface of the water. +Their temperature is 65° Fah:</p> + +<p>Their analysis demonstrates the presence of nitrate of Lime, carbonate +of Soda, sulphate of Lime, carbonate of Lime and oxide of Iron. Of the +volatile principles carbonic acid gas predominates.</p> + +<p>The waters are found very beneficial in almost all chronic diseases, +they are taken chiefly in the spring, and are heated to be used as +Baths.<a name="page_164" id="page_164"></a></p> +<hr /> + +<h3><a name="COLD_ACIDULOUS_AND_GASEOUS_WATERS" id="COLD_ACIDULOUS_AND_GASEOUS_WATERS"></a>COLD ACIDULOUS AND GASEOUS WATERS,</h3> +<h4>POUGUES.</h4> + +<p>Pougues is a small well built town, upon the high road leading from +Paris to Lyons by Moulins; it is situated between Nevers and +Charité-sur-Loire, in a fine rich valley a quarter of a league long. The +air is very salubrious, and the neighbouring vineyards produce excellent +wine.</p> + +<p>The accommodations for visitors are on an extensive scale, and from its +proximity to Nevers, every necessary of life can be readily obtained.</p> + +<p>The waters of this place greatly resemble<a name="page_165" id="page_165"></a> those of Spa and Seltzer; +they are received into two fountains, called <i>Saint-Léger</i> and +<i>Saint-Marcel</i> which are surrounded by a prettily laid out garden and a +covered promenade.</p> + +<p>The mineral waters of Pougues have been analyzed several times, but the +preference is given to that of <i>Hassenfratz</i>, who shows the presence of +free carbonic acid, carbonate of Lime, carbonate of Soda, muriate of +Soda, carbonate of Magnesia, Alum, Silex, and the oxide of Iron.</p> + +<p>Monsieur le docteur Martin affirms that these waters are essentially +tonic and purgative, that they are suitable in all cases of debility of +the digestive organs, in affections of the liver and spleen, in +inveterate jaundice, irregular menstruation, nephritic complaints,<a name="page_166" id="page_166"></a> +removing heat of the kidneys and bladder and in expelling gravel.</p> + +<p>These waters may be beneficially taken in various forms of dyspepsia, +proceeding from a sedentary life, from torpor of the bowels; etc; also +by corpulent persons who indulge too much in the pleasures of the table, +taking but little exercise; and in obstinate constipations as they +invigorate the primæ viæ, and dislodge from them all accumulations and +impurities.</p> + +<p>From four to six glasses of the waters constitute a dose, which should +be taken fasting early in the morning; twenty or thirty days are +considered necessary for a complete course.<a name="page_167" id="page_167"></a></p> +<h4>SAINT-GALMIER.</h4> + +<p>A small village situated upon the side of a hill near de la Coyse, in +the department of the Loire, and three leagues from Mont-Brison. Its +mineral spring is called <i>Font-Forte</i>.</p> + +<p>The water is limpid and has a very agreeable vinous flavour, there arise +from the spring, large bubbles of air which sparkle at the surface of +the water, the source of which is lost in the little Brook <i>Couasse</i>.</p> + +<p>The proportion of carbonic acid which the waters of Saint-Galmier +contain is very considerable, one portion is found free, and the other +combined with an alkaline base, which appears<a name="page_168" id="page_168"></a> to be the carbonate of +Soda a small trace of sulphate of Lime is also found.</p> + +<p>The medical men who have observed the effects of these waters speak +highly of their salutary action in chronic catarrhal diseases of old +men, in calculous affections of the kidneys, and in Polysarcia, +(Obesity).</p> + +<p>They administer a pint in the morning for a dose, in lithontriptic +complaints; it is commonly mixed with the wine drank at meals.<a name="page_169" id="page_169"></a></p> +<hr /> + +<h3><a name="CHALYBEATE_WATERS" id="CHALYBEATE_WATERS"></a>CHALYBEATE WATERS,</h3> +<h4>SAINT-HONORÉ.</h4> + +<p>Saint-Honoré is a small town agreeably situated in the hills of Morvan, +thirteen leagues from Nevers, eight from Autun, and four from +Chateau-Chinon. The inhabitants of this district are remarkable for +their stature and their robust and healthy constitutions.</p> + +<p>In ancient times the Baths of this place enjoyed great reputation. The +Romans formed some magnificent establishments here, which have however +long since disappeared.</p> + +<p>M<sup>r</sup> Vauquelin's analysis of these waters exhibits the presence of the +carbonates<a name="page_170" id="page_170"></a> of Lime, Iron, and Magnesia, and the subcarbonate of Lime, +muriate of Soda, and some Silex. As also a quantity of imponderable +sulphur, and vegeto-animal matter.</p> + +<p>The ordinary temperature of the Baths is 70° Fah:</p> + +<p>The waters are successfully employed in chronic diseases of the +abdominal organs, spasmodic asthma, rheumatism and gout. Besides their +internal use, they are advantageously applied, in common, vapour, and +shower Baths.</p> +<h4>PASSY.</h4> + +<p>Passy which has long been distinguished for its mineral waters is +situated contiguous to one of the barrières of<a name="page_171" id="page_171"></a> Paris, on the right bank +of the River Seine.</p> + +<p>This water is remarkably clear and has a chalybeate taste. It contains +sulphate of Lime, proto-sulphate of Iron, sulphate of Magnesia, muriate +of Soda, Alum, carbonate of Iron, carbonic acid and some traces of +bituminous matter.</p> + +<p>Owing to the very large proportion of sulphate of Iron and the saline +substances, which are found in it, this water is seldom administered +internally until it has been allowed to deposit for some time, it is +then given in obstructions of the viscera, in dyspepsia, inappetence, +hypochondriasis, and in all relaxed and cachectic states of the +constitution. D<sup>r</sup> Alibert who has frequently prescribed it in debility +of the digestive<a name="page_172" id="page_172"></a> organs, chlorosis and in passive hæmorrhages, +considers it may be classed amongst the most powerful of Chalybeate +waters.</p> + +<p>The dose is from two to three glasses daily, it is purgative when taken +in a large quantity.</p> + +<p>When used as Baths it is transported to the bathing establishment, or +<i>maison de santé</i>, at a short distance from the spring.</p> +<h4>ROUEN.</h4> + +<p>Chief town of the department of the Seine-Inférieure, thirty leagues +from Paris.</p> + +<p>Mineral springs of a ferruginous and<a name="page_173" id="page_173"></a> calcareous nature, abound in the +town and neighbourhood.</p> + +<p>Those of the <i>Fontaine Marecquérie</i> are the most common in use. The +three sources which supply these fountains are respectively designated;</p> + +<p>The <i>Royale</i>, the <i>Dauphine</i>, and the <i>Reinette</i>.</p> + +<p>The waters have been analyzed by M<sup>r</sup> Duboc of Rouen, who thereby +demonstrates that every pint of the <i>Marecquérie</i> water, contains one +grain of carbonate of Iron, three grains of muriate of Lime, three +fourths of a grain of carbonate of Soda, two grains of a vegetable +extractive matter, and carbonic acid gas.</p> + +<p>Several of the medical practitioners in Rouen, strongly recommend these +waters in obstinate intermittent fevers,<a name="page_174" id="page_174"></a> engorgements of the Liver, +uterus and in leucorrhœa depending on general debility, and some +cutaneous eruptions.</p> + +<p>Three or four glasses constitute a dose of the waters of the +<i>Marecquérie</i>, they should be drank at the fountain, as they soon become +tainted.</p> +<h4>SAINT-GONDON.</h4> + +<p>A small town in the department of Loiret, near the banks of the Loire, +three leagues from Sully; its mineral waters rise a short distance from +the town.</p> + +<p>The analysis of these waters is very incomplete, besides containing a +little<a name="page_175" id="page_175"></a> carbonic acid gas, they hold in solution the carbonates of Iron, +Lime, Magnesia, etc.</p> + +<p>The action of the Saint-Gondon mineral waters seem to affect more +particularly the urinary organs, the secretions of which, they increase +in a marked degree; they may be advantageously used in feebleness of the +bladder, as also in chronic catarrh which attacks this organ in old men.</p> + +<p>In some cases they are purgative. One pint every morning is the +customary dose.</p> +<h4>FORGES.</h4> + +<p>A small town in the department of the Seine-Inférieure, situated on a<a name="page_176" id="page_176"></a> +height; twenty-five leagues from Paris, and nine from Rouen.</p> + +<p>Its mineral waters, which have their source in the pleasant valley of +Bray, were celebrated as far back as the time of Louis 13<sup>th</sup> who with +the cardinal Richelieu, derived signal benefit from their use.</p> + +<p>There are three springs called the <i>Reinette</i>, the <i>Royale</i>, and the +<i>Cardinale</i>.</p> + +<p>M. Robert who analyzed these waters demonstrates that they contain in +different proportions, according to their source, Carbonic Acid, +Carbonate of Lime, Carbonate of Iron, Muriate of Soda, Sulphate of Lime, +Muriate of Magnesia, Sulphate of Magnesia, and Silex.</p> + +<p>The waters are under the superintendance<a name="page_177" id="page_177"></a> of a physician. They are an +excellent tonic, and administered in leucorrhœa, dropsy, engorgements +of the abdominal organs, paralysis, and sterility.</p> + +<p>We think this water might be prescribed with much advantage in all cases +of pure debility, unattended with fever or local inflammation; and in +leucoplegmatic constitutions; the pallid female affected with complaints +peculiar to her sex, may reasonably anticipate the glow of health, and a +return of bodily strength to result from a proper course of these +waters.</p> + +<p>General preference is given to the <i>Reinette</i> spring, but when it is +desired to produce a more powerful effect upon the system, as in +paralysis, the <i>Cardinale</i> is recommended, and which must<a name="page_178" id="page_178"></a> be commenced +with by taking one glass only. The season for taking these waters is +from July to the middle of September.<a name="page_179" id="page_179"></a></p> +<hr /> + +<h3><a name="SULPHUREOUS_WATERS" id="SULPHUREOUS_WATERS"></a>SULPHUREOUS WATERS,</h3> +<h4>LA ROCHE-POSAY.</h4> + +<p>These mineral waters are situated in the department of the Vienne, five +leagues from Châtellerault, nine from Poitiers and sixty-six from Paris.</p> + +<p>The springs of which there are three rise at the foot of a small +mountain, about a quarter of a league from the town.</p> + +<p>The accommodations for visitors are of a superior description, the +surrounding country exceedingly picturesque, and the air salubrious.<a name="page_180" id="page_180"></a></p> + +<p>According to the analysis of M. le docteur Joslé, the waters contain a +large proportion of sulphureted Hydrogen gas, Sulphate of Lime, +Carbonate of Lime, Muriate of Soda, and Carbonate of Magnesia.</p> + +<p>They are recommended for their utility in rheumatism, scrofula, chronic +affections of the abdominal viscera, leucorrhœa, chlorosis, but more +particularly in diseases of the skin.</p> + +<p>D<sup>r</sup> Johnson observes that the French and Germans are universally +imbued with the doctrine that the repression of a certain malady which +has got the musical sobriquet of (<i>Scotch-Fiddle</i>) is the cause of half +the evils which flesh is heir to. On this account the continental folks +have a great longing (or rather a violent itching) for sulphureous +waters,<a name="page_181" id="page_181"></a> and hence the slightest odour of sulphureted hydrogen gas in a +newly discovered spring is considered a real treasure, and in the old +ones it is sure to preserve a reputation for endless ages!</p> + +<p>The sulphureous and alkaline properties of the waters of Roche-Posay may +enable them to resolve obstructions, and free the functions of the skin, +kidneys, and other secreting organs, to correct morbid bile as well as +acidities, thus proving mildly aperient. Much benefit may also be +expected to result from their use in cutaneous complaints.</p> + +<p>The waters are drank at their source by the glass, the dose is from +eight ounces to two pints; and some persons take them mixed with the +wine drank during their repast.<a name="page_182" id="page_182"></a></p> +<h4>ENGHIEN-LES-BAINS.</h4> + +<p>This village four leagues north of Paris is situated in a district +remarkable for its beautiful scenery on the banks of the lake of St. +Gratien, between the heights of Montmorency and the wood of St. Gratien.</p> + +<p>The sulphureous spring to which it owes its celebrity as a bathing +place, was discovered in 1766, by Pere Cotte, the learned rector of +Montmorency.</p> + +<p>The celebrated Fourcroy ascertained by analysis, that the waters contain +sulphureted Hydrogen gas, Carbonic acid gas, Sulphate of Lime, Sulphate +of Magnesia crystalized, Carbonate of Lime, Carbonate of Magnesia, +Muriate<a name="page_183" id="page_183"></a> of Magnesia crystalized, Muriate of Soda, Silicium and +Extractive matter.</p> + +<p>The usual temperature of these waters is 59° Fah: but they may be heated +to a much higher degree without materially losing their properties.</p> + +<p>These waters are stimulating causing an abundant perspiration, and an +increased secretion of urine. They are employed both internally and +externally in many cases; in scabious eruptions and many other cutaneous +affections, in chronic catarrhs, when it is necessary to stimulate in a +gentle manner the mucous membrane which lines the bronchial and +pulmonary cells, in the treatment of scrofulous affections, and of +enlargement of the lymphatic glands.</p> + +<p>They are also used with much success in asthma, particularly where this +state<a name="page_184" id="page_184"></a> depends upon latent gout, rheumatism, or repelled cutaneous +affections, and in intestinal chronic affections, chlorosis, and nervous +disorders.</p> + +<p>Their alkaline properties empower them to resolve obstructions, and free +the functions of the skin, kidneys etc. and to correct acidities, their +intimate connexion with sulphureted Hydrogen and Carbonic acid gas +enables them to give activity to the secreting vessels and evacuate +unhealthy humours, while at the same time they give vigour to the whole +organism oppressed by chronic disease.</p> + +<p>Visitors will find ample accommodation in the commodious establishments, +which are formed on the border of the lake, especially at the <i>Hôtel des +quatre Pavillons</i>, the <i>Hotel des Cygnes</i>,<a name="page_185" id="page_185"></a> the <i>Bain de la Pêcherie</i>: +besides these are several good boarding houses, as well as public +gardens and places of amusement. On the lake of St.-Gratien, in the +centre of which is a small and pretty Island with a kiosk upon it, those +fond of aquatic excursions will find boats adapted for sailing or +rowing. Horses and Asses are kept ready saddled for those who may be +inclined to visit the several delightful villages in the neighbourhood, +and the balls which are given here during the season attract the +Parisians in great numbers. The baths of Enghien are every year +increasing in repute.</p> +<hr /> + +<p><a name="page_186" id="page_186"></a></p> + +<h3><a name="CLASSIFICATION_OF_FRENCH_WINES" id="CLASSIFICATION_OF_FRENCH_WINES"></a>CLASSIFICATION OF FRENCH WINES.</h3> + +<h4>WINES OF THE FIRST CLASS.</h4> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="WINES OF THE FIRST CLASS"> +<tr align="center"> +<td style="border-top:double black 5px; +border-bottom:1px black solid;">WINES.</td> + +<td class="lft" style="border-top:double black 5px; +border-bottom:1px black solid;"> </td> + +<td style="border-top:double black 5px; +border-bottom:1px black solid;">PLACE.</td> + + +<td class="lft" style="border-top:double black 5px; +border-bottom:1px black solid;"> </td> + +<td style="border-top:double black 5px; +border-bottom:1px black solid;">CHARACTER.</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="5"> </td></tr> + +<tr><td>Romanée Conti </td><td class="sml" +rowspan="8"> </td> +<td>Côte-d'Or.</td> + +<td class="sml" rowspan="8"></td> + +<td rowspan="8"> The first and most delicate<br /> +red wines in the<br /> +world, full of rich perfume,<br /> +of exquisite bouquet<br /> +and fine purple colour,<br /> +light, yet with body<br /> +and spirit sufficient to<br /> +render them pleasant and<br /> +healthful in use.</td></tr> + +<tr><td>Chamberlin</td> +<td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Richebourg</td> +<td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Clos Vougeot</td> +<td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Romanée St.-Vivant</td> +<td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td>La Tache</td> +<td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td>St.-Georges</td> +<td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Corton</td> +<td>Ditto.</td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td>First growths of Prémaux</td> + + +<td class="sml" rowspan="7"> </td> +<td>Ditto.</td> + +<td class="sml" rowspan="7"> </td> +<td rowspan="7"> Burgundies, closely<br /> +resembling the above<br /> +growths in aroma, and<br /> +in all their other qualities.</td></tr> + +<tr><td>Musigny</td> +<td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Clos du Tart.</td> +<td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Saint-Jean</td> +<td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Perrière</td> +<td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Veroilles</td> +<td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Morgeot</td> +<td>Ditto.</td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td>Mont Rachet</td><td class="sml"> </td> +<td>Ditto.</td><td class="sml"> </td> +<td> White, high perfume<br /> +and nutty flavor.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td>Lafitte</td> + +<td rowspan="4" class="sml"> </td> + +<td>Gironde.</td> + +<td rowspan="4" class="sml"> </td> + +<td rowspan="4"> Fine colour and delicate<br /> +flavour, light, less<br /> +warm than Burgundy,<br /> +with a violet perfume,<br /> +and rich purple hue.</td></tr> + +<tr><td>Latour</td> +<td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Château Margaux</td> +<td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Haut Brion</td> +<td>Ditto.</td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td>Beaume</td> + +<td class="sml" rowspan="5"> </td> +<td>La Drôme.</td> +<td class="sml" rowspan="5"> </td> +<td rowspan="5"> Wines of the Rhône,<br /> +darker in colour than the<br /> +preceding. Red Hermitage<br /> +the most noted of these<br /> +of good body, and a fine<br /> +flavour of the rasberry.</td></tr> + +<tr><td>Muret</td> +<td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Bessas, Burges, Landes</td> +<td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Méal and Gréfieux</td> +<td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Racoule, Guionière</td> +<td>Ditto.</td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td>Sillery</td><td class="sml"> </td> +<td>Marne.</td><td class="sml"> </td> +<td> White, still, dry; of an<br /> +amber colour; generally<br /> +iced for drinking.</td></tr> + +<tr><td> <a name="page_187" id="page_187"></a></td></tr> + +<tr><td>Ay.</td><td class="sml"> </td> +<td>Marne.</td><td class="sml"> </td> +<td> Fine effervescing wine,<br /> +bright in colour, slightly<br /> +frothing.</td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td></tr> + +<tr valign="middle"> +<td>Mareuil</td> +<td rowspan="5" class="sml"> </td> +<td>Ditto.</td> +<td rowspan="5" class="sml"> </td> +<td rowspan="5"> The best of the white<br /> +wines of Champagne,<br /> +being all of the first<br /> +quality, but differing a<br /> +little in colour and<br /> +effervescence.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Hautvilliers</td> +<td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Pierry</td> +<td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Dizy</td> +<td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Epernay «Closet»</td> +<td>Ditto.</td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td>Saint-Bris</td><td rowspan="5" class="sml"> </td> +<td>Gironde.</td> +<td rowspan="5" class="sml"> </td> +<td rowspan="5"> Fine white wines of<br /> +excellent quality, lightish<br /> +brown in colour, aroma<br /> +most agreeable, and<br /> +some of rather sweet taste.</td></tr> + +<tr><td>Carbonnieux</td> +<td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Pontac</td> +<td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Sauterne</td> +<td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Barsac</td> +<td>Ditto.</td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td></tr> + + +<tr><td>Preignac and Beaumes</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="sml"> </td> + +<td>Ditto.</td> +<td rowspan="2" class="sml"> </td> +<td rowspan="2"> Description resembles<br /> +the preceding.</td></tr> + +<tr><td>Château Grillet</td> + +<td>La Loire.</td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td></tr> + + + + +<tr><td>Hermitage</td><td class="sml"> </td> +<td>Rhône.</td><td class="sml"> </td> +<td> Full of body, spirit,<br /> +and perfume. The finest<br /> +of all white wines.</td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td>Rivesaltes</td><td class="sml"> </td> +<td>Pyrénées<br />orientales.</td><td class="sml"> </td> +<td> A rich muscadine.</td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td>Colmar, Olwiller<br /> +Kaiserberg</td><td class="sml"> </td> +<td>Haut-Rhin.</td><td class="sml"> </td> +<td> Straw wines, rich and<br /> +luscious.</td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td>Kientzheim, Ammerschwin</td><td class="sml"> </td> +<td>Ditto.</td><td class="sml"> </td> +<td>Ditto.</td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td>Hermitage de Paille</td><td class="sml"> </td> +<td>Rhône.</td><td class="sml"> </td> +<td>Ditto.</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="5" style="border-bottom:double 5px black;"> </td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="winey">The dry wines of the first class will bear no mixture, except with their +own growths; are too delicate to be adulterated without instant +detection; are the pure offspring of the grape, and rank nearest to +perfection of any known wines, of ancient or modern times.</p> + +<h4>WINES OF THE SECOND CLASS.<a name="page_188" id="page_188"></a></h4> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="WINES OF THE SECOND CLASS"> +<tr align="center"> +<td style="border-top:double black 5px; +border-bottom:1px black solid;">WINES.</td> + +<td class="lft" style="border-top:double black 5px; +border-bottom:1px black solid;"> </td> + +<td style="border-top:double black 5px; +border-bottom:1px black solid;">PLACE.</td> + + +<td class="lft" style="border-top:double black 5px; +border-bottom:1px black solid;"> </td> + +<td style="border-top:double black 5px; +border-bottom:1px black solid;">CHARACTER.</td></tr> + + +<tr><td colspan="5"> </td></tr> + +<tr><td><p class="hang">Verzy, Verzenay, Mailly,<br /> +St.-Basle, Bouzy,<br /> +St.-Thierry</p></td><td class="sml"> </td> +<td>Marne.</td> +<td class="sml"> </td> +<td> Red wines of Champagne.</td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td><p class="hang">Vosne, Nuits, Chambolle, <br /> +Volnay, Pomard,<br /> +Beaune, Morey, Savigny,<br /> +Meursalt</p></td> +<td class="sml"> </td> +<td>Côte-d'Or.</td> +<td class="sml"> </td> +<td> Excellent red Burgundies,<br /> +very little inferior<br /> +to first growths.</td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td><p class="hang">Olivotes, Pitoy, Perrière</p></td> +<td class="sml" rowspan="2"> </td> +<td>Yonne</td> +<td class="sml" rowspan="2"> </td> + +<td rowspan="2"> Good wines.</td></tr> + +<tr><td><p class="hang">Préaux, Chainette,<br /> +Migrenne</p></td> +<td> Ditto.</td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td><p class="hang">Moulin à Vent, Torins,<br />Thénas</p></td> +<td class="sml"> </td> +<td>Saône-et-Loire<br />Rhône.</td> +<td class="sml"> </td> +<td> Red.</td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td><p class="hang">Hermitage, 2.d growths.</p></td> +<td class="sml" rowspan="2"> </td> +<td>Rhône.</td> +<td class="sml" rowspan="2"> </td> +<td> Red.</td></tr> +<tr><td><p class="hang">Côte Rôtie</p></td> +<td>Ditto.</td> +<td> Red.</td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td><p class="hang">Rozan, Gorze, Léoville,<br /> +Larose, Branne-Mouton,<br /> +Pichon-Longueville,<br /> +Calon</p></td><td class="sml"> </td> +<td>Gironde.</td><td class="sml"> </td> +<td> Red.</td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td><p class="hang">Côteau Brûlé</p></td> + +<td class="sml" rowspan="2"> </td> + +<td>Vaucluse.</td> +<td class="sml" rowspan="2"> </td> +<td> Red.</td></tr> +<tr><td><p class="hang">Jurançon, Gan</p></td> + +<td>Basses-Pyrénées.</td> + +<td> Red.</td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td><p class="hang">Rousillon, Bagnols,<br /> +Cosperon, Collioure,<br /> +Torémila, Terrats</p></td> +<td class="sml"> </td> +<td>Pyrénées orientales.</td><td class="sml"> </td> +<td> Red.</td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td><p class="hang">Cramant, Avize, Oger,<br />Menil</p></td> +<td class="sml"> </td> +<td>Marne.</td> +<td class="sml"> </td> +<td> White champagne wines,<br />of good quality.</td> +</tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td><p class="hang">La Perrière, Combotte,<br /> +Goutte d'Or, Genevrière,<br /> +Charmes et Meursalt</p></td> +<td class="sml"> </td> +<td>Côte-d'Or.</td> +<td class="sml"> </td> +<td> White Burgundies, of<br />high repute in France.</td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td><p class="hang">Guebwillers, Turkeim,<br /> +Wolxheim, Molsheim,<br /> +and Rangen, in Belfont</p></td> +<td class="sml"> </td> +<td>Haut-Rhin.<br />Bas-Rhin.</td> +<td class="sml"> </td> +<td> Dry, white, and <i>vins de<br />paille</i>, of good repute.</td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td><p class="hang">Arbois, Pupillin, +Château Châlons</p></td> +<td class="sml"> </td> +<td>Jura.</td> +<td class="sml"> </td> +<td> Good wine, <i>mousseux</i><br />and still.</td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td><p class="hang">Coudrieu</p></td> +<td class="sml"> </td> +<td>Rhône.</td> +<td class="sml"> </td> +<td> A white wine, which keeps<br /> +long, of fine <i>sève</i><br /> +and perfume.</td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td><p class="hang">Langon, Cerons,<br />Podensac.</p></td> +<td class="sml"> </td> +<td>Gironde.</td> +<td class="sml"> </td> +<td> White wines capable of<br /> +endurance.</td></tr> + +<tr><td> <a name="page_189" id="page_189"></a></td></tr> + +<tr><td><p class="hang">Montbazillac, Teaulet,<br /> +Raulis, Suma, Sancé.</p></td> +<td class="sml"> </td> +<td>Dordogne.</td> +<td class="sml"> </td> +<td> Good white wines of<br />the country.</td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td><p class="hang">Buzet, Amazon, Vianne.</p></td> +<td class="sml"> </td> +<td>Lot-et-Garonne.</td> +<td class="sml"> </td> +<td> Generous white wines,<br />of good body.</td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td><p class="hang">St.-Peray, St.-Jean</p></td> +<td class="sml"> </td> +<td>Ardèche.</td> +<td class="sml"> </td> +<td> Delicate <i>mousseux</i> and<br /> +<i>non mousseux</i>, of agreeable<br />flavour.</td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td><p class="hang">Jurançon</p></td> +<td class="sml"> </td> +<td>Basses-Pyrénées.</td> +<td class="sml"> </td> +<td> White, with an agreeable<br />perfume of the truffle.</td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td><p class="hang">Frontignan, and Lunel Mazet</p></td> +<td class="sml"> </td> +<td>Hérault.</td> +<td class="sml"> </td> +<td> Sweet, rich, and luscious;<br />white.</td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td><p class="hang">Bagnols, Collioure,<br /> +Rodez</p></td> +<td class="sml"> </td> +<td>Pyrénées Orientales.</td> +<td class="sml"> </td> +<td> Red, styled de <i>Grenache</i>,<br />rich and sweet.</td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td><p class="hang">Maccabeo of Salces</p></td> +<td class="sml"> </td> +<td>Ditto.</td> +<td class="sml"> </td> +<td> Sweet, <i>vins de liqueur</i>.</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="5" style="border-bottom:double 5px black;"> </td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="winey"> </p> + +<p class="cb">WINES OF THE THIRD CLASS.</p> +<table border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr align="center"> +<td style="border-top:double black 5px; +border-bottom:1px black solid; +border-right:1px solid black;">WINES.</td> + +<td style="border-top:5px double black; +border-bottom:1px solid black;"> </td> + +<td style="border-top:double black 5px; +border-bottom:1px black solid;">PLACE.</td> + + +<td style="border-top:5px double black; +border-bottom:1px solid black;"> </td> + +<td class="lft" style="border-top:double black 5px; +border-bottom:1px black solid;">CHARACTER.</td></tr> + +<tr> <td colspan="4"> </td></tr> + +<tr> +<td><p class="hang">Hautvilliers, Mareuil,<br /> +Dizy, Pierry, Epernay,<br /> +Taisy, Ludes, Chigny,<br /> +Villers-Allerand,<br /> +Cumières</p></td> + +<td class="sml"> </td> +<td>Marne.</td><td class="sml"> </td> +<td> Red Champagne wines<br /> +of the second quality;<br /> +light and agreeable.</td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td></tr> + + +<tr><td><p class="hang">Ricey, Avirey, Bagneux<br /> +la Fosse</p></td> +<td class="sml"> </td> +<td>Aube.</td><td class="sml"> </td> +<td> Resembling the preceding.</td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td><p class="hang">Gevrey, Chassagne,<br /> +Aloxe, Savigny sous<br /> +Beaune, Blagny, Santenay,<br /> +Chenôve</p></td> + +<td class="sml"> </td> +<td>Côte-d'Or.</td><td class="sml"> </td> +<td> Good Burgundies of the<br /> +third quality.</td></tr> + + +<tr><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td><p class="hang">Clarion, Bonvin</p></td> +<td class="sml"> </td> +<td>Yonne.</td><td class="sml"> </td> +<td> Ditto.</td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td><p class="hang">Fleury, Romanèche,<br /> +Chapelle, Guinchay</p></td><td class="sml"> </td><td>Saône-et-Loire</td><td class="sml"> </td> +<td> Ditto.</td></tr> + + +<tr><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td><p class="hang">Chantergues, Montjuset.</p></td> +<td class="sml"> </td> +<td>Puy-de-Dôme.</td><td class="sml"> </td> +<td> Not wines of note; red.</td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td><p class="hang">Crozes, Mercurol,<br /> +Gervant</p></td> +<td class="sml"> </td> +<td>Drôme.</td><td class="sml"> </td> +<td> Resembling red Hermitage,<br /> +a little less full<br /> +and fine, might be called<br /> +Hermitage of the third<br /> +quality.</td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td><p class="hang">Seyssuel, Revantin</p></td> +<td class="sml"> </td> +<td>Isère.</td><td class="sml"> </td> +<td> Red wines, very middling<br />of the class.</td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td>Verinay</td> +<td class="sml"> </td> +<td>Rhône.</td><td class="sml"> </td> +<td> Resembling Côte Rôtie.</td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td><p class="hang">Pouillac, Margaux,<br /> +Pessac, St.-Estèphe,<br /> +St.-Julien, Castelnau de<br /> +Médoc, Cantenac, Talence,<br /> +Merignac, Canon</p></td> +<td class="sml"> </td> +<td>Gironde.</td><td class="sml"> </td> +<td> Pouillac, Saint-Estèphe, +good light red wines;<br /> +Castelnau mediocre; the<br /> +other growths agreeable.</td></tr> + + +<tr><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td><p class="hang">Farcies, Terrasse,<br /> +Campreal</p></td> +<td class="sml"> </td> +<td>Dordogne.</td><td class="sml"> </td> +<td> Resembling St-Emilion; keeping well.</td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td><p class="hang">Cape Breton, Soustons</p></td> +<td class="sml"> </td> +<td>Landes.</td><td class="sml"> </td> +<td>Red; light coloured,<br />with a harsh taste.</td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td><p class="hang">Chuzelan, Travel,<br /> +St.-Genies, Virac,<br /> +Ledenon,<br /> +St.-Laurent-des-Arbres</p></td> +<td class="sml"> </td> +<td>Gard.</td> +<td class="sml"> </td> +<td> Red wines grown on<br />the banks of the Rhône;<br />will not keep good more<br />than six years.</td></tr> + + +<tr><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td><p class="hang">Chateauneuf</p></td> +<td class="sml"> </td> + +<td>Vaucluse.</td><td class="sml"> </td> +<td> Good red wines; keep<br />well.</td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td><p class="hang">Riceys</p></td> +<td class="sml"> </td> +<td>Aube.</td><td class="sml"> </td> +<td> Champagne, light and<br />agreeable, white.</td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td><p class="hang">Rougeot de Meursalt</p></td> +<td class="sml"> </td> + +<td>Côte-d'Or.</td><td class="sml"> </td> +<td> Tolerable wine; not<br />exported.</td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td><p class="hang">Vaumorillon, Grises,<br /> +Valmure, Grenouille,<br /> +Vaudesir, Bourgereau,<br /> +Mont de Milieu et<br /> +Chablis</p></td> +<td class="sml"> </td> +<td>Yonne.</td><td class="sml"> </td> +<td> In considerable esteem<br /> +in Paris as wines of the<br /> +table.<br /> They are all white.</td></tr> + + +<tr><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td><p class="hang">Pouilly and Fuissé</p></td> +<td class="sml"> </td> +<td>Saône-et-Loire</td><td class="sml"> </td> +<td> Much the same as the<br />preceding.</td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td><p class="hang">Etoile Quintignil</p></td> +<td class="sml"> </td> +<td>Jura.</td><td class="sml"> </td> +<td> White.</td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td><p class="hang">Pujols, Ilats, Landiras,<br /> +Virelade, St.-Croix du<br /> +Mont, Loupiac</p></td> +<td class="sml"> </td> +<td>Gironde.</td><td class="sml"> </td> +<td> Ditto, of middling quality.</td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td><p class="hang">St.-Michel sous Condrieu</p></td> +<td class="sml"> </td> +<td>Loire.</td><td class="sml"> </td> +<td> Ditto; consumed in the<br />country.</td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td><p class="hang">Frontignan and Lunel</p></td> +<td class="sml"> </td> +<td>Hérault.</td><td class="sml"> </td> +<td> Second growths of those<br /> +famous and rich white<br /> +wines.</td></tr> + +<tr><td><p class="hang">Vins de Picardan of<br /> +Marseillan and Pommerols.<br /> +Vins de Calabria, de<br /> +Malaga</p></td> +<td class="sml"> </td> +<td>Hérault.</td><td class="sml"> </td> +<td> Rich luscious sweet<br /> +wines, prepared in the<br /> +department of Hérault;<br /> +and very little exported,<br /> +also muscadines.</td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td><p class="hang">Roquevaire, Cassis,<br /> +Ciotât<br /> +Vins Cuits</p></td> +<td class="sml"> </td> +<td>Bouches-du-Rhône.</td><td class="sml"> </td> +<td> Rich sweet wines, boiled<br /> +wines, and malmseys,<br /> +of good quality.</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="5" style="border-bottom:double 5px black;"> </td></tr> +</table> + + +<p class="winey">The above are the three first classes of French wines, including all +which are commonly exported; there are, according to the best +authorities, six classes of red, seven of white, and four of <i>vins de +liqueur</i>. In these (exclusive of the list above comprising the choicest +kinds), there are two hundred and forty-three white, nine <i>vins de +liqueur</i>, and four hundred and sixty-three red wines classed, commencing +with the fourth. The wines of Champagne descend six degrees in class and +quality, hence the importance of ascertaining the proper class by those +who purchase them.<a name="page_192" id="page_192"></a></p> +<hr /> + +<h3><a name="Alcoholic_strength_of_Wines_and_Liquors_according_to_the_analysis_of" id="Alcoholic_strength_of_Wines_and_Liquors_according_to_the_analysis_of"></a><i>Alcoholic strength of Wines and Liquors; according to<br />the analysis of +professor Brande</i>.</h3> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="alcoholic strength"> +<tr><td style="border-top:4px double black;"> </td><td class="rdoub" align="center" +style="border-top:4px double black;border-bottom:1px solid black;">PURE ALCOHOL<br />PER CENT.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Burgundy, average of four samples</td><td align="right" class="rdoub">14·57</td></tr> +<tr><td>Ditto, lowest of the four</td><td align="right" class="rdoub">11·95</td></tr> +<tr><td>Ditto, highest of ditto</td><td align="right" class="rdoub">16·60</td></tr> +<tr><td>Champagne, four samples; average</td><td align="right" class="rdoub">12·61</td></tr> +<tr><td>Ditto, still</td><td align="right" class="rdoub">13·80</td></tr> +<tr><td>Ditto, mousseux</td><td align="right" class="rdoub">12·80</td></tr> +<tr><td>Côte Rôtie</td><td align="right" class="rdoub">12·32</td></tr> +<tr><td>Frontignan</td><td align="right" class="rdoub">12·79</td></tr> +<tr><td>Red Hermitage</td><td align="right" class="rdoub">12·32</td></tr> +<tr><td>Sauterne</td><td align="right" class="rdoub">14·22</td></tr> +<tr><td>Lunel</td><td align="right" class="rdoub">15·52</td></tr> +<tr><td>White Hermitage</td><td align="right" class="rdoub">17·43</td></tr> +<tr><td>Vin de Grave</td><td align="right" class="rdoub">13·94</td></tr> +<tr><td>Ditto, second sample</td><td align="right" class="rdoub">12·80</td></tr> +<tr><td>Barsac</td><td align="right" class="rdoub">13·86</td></tr> +<tr><td>Rousillon</td><td align="right" class="rdoub">19·00</td></tr> +<tr><td>Ditto, second sample</td><td align="right" class="rdoub">17·26</td></tr> +<tr><td>Claret<a name="FNanchor_E_5" id="FNanchor_E_5"></a> +<a href="#Footnote_E_5" + class="fnanchor">[E]</a></td><td align="right" class="rdoub">17·11</td></tr> +<tr><td>Ditto</td><td align="right" class="rdoub">16·32</td></tr> +<tr><td>Ditto</td><td align="right" class="rdoub">14·08</td></tr> +<tr><td>Ditto</td><td align="right" class="rdoub">12·91</td></tr> +<tr><td>Average</td><td align="right" class="rdoub">15·10</td></tr> +<tr><td>Grenache</td><td align="right" class="rdoub">21·24</td></tr> +<tr><td>Malaga, 1666</td><td align="right" class="rdoub">18·94</td></tr> +<tr><td>Ditto</td><td align="right" class="rdoub">17·26</td></tr> +<tr><td>Sherry; average of four kinds</td><td align="right" class="rdoub">19·17</td></tr> +<tr><td>Teneriffe</td><td align="right" class="rdoub">19·79</td></tr> +<tr><td>Vidonia</td><td align="right" class="rdoub">19·25</td></tr> +<tr><td>Alba Flora</td><td align="right" class="rdoub">17·26</td></tr> +<tr><td>Tent</td><td align="right" class="rdoub">13·20</td></tr> +<tr><td>Hockheimer</td><td align="right" class="rdoub">14·37</td></tr> +<tr><td>Hock</td><td align="right" class="rdoub">13·00</td></tr> +<tr><td>Ditto, old</td><td align="right" class="rdoub"> 8·88</td></tr> +<tr><td>Colares Port</td><td align="right" class="rdoub">19·75</td></tr> +<tr><td>Port; average of seven specimens</td><td align="right" class="rdoub">22·96</td></tr> +<tr><td>Lisbon</td><td align="right" class="rdoub">18·94<a name="page_193" id="page_193"></a></td></tr> +<tr><td>Carcavellos</td><td align="right" class="rdoub">19·20</td></tr> +<tr><td>Ditto</td><td align="right" class="rdoub">18·10</td></tr> +<tr><td>Bucellas</td><td align="right" class="rdoub">18·49</td></tr> +<tr><td>Madeira Malmsey</td><td align="right" class="rdoub">16·40</td></tr> +<tr><td>Madeira Malmsey, red</td><td align="right" class="rdoub">22·30</td></tr> +<tr><td>Ditto</td><td align="right" class="rdoub">18·40</td></tr> +<tr><td>Madeira</td><td align="right" class="rdoub">24·42</td></tr> +<tr><td>Ditto</td><td align="right" class="rdoub">23·93</td></tr> +<tr><td>Sercial</td><td align="right" class="rdoub">21·40</td></tr> +<tr><td>Ditto</td><td align="right" class="rdoub">19·41</td></tr> +<tr><td>Average</td><td align="right" class="rdoub">22·27</td></tr> +<tr><td>Marsala; average of two specimens</td><td align="right" class="rdoub">25·09</td></tr> +<tr><td>Lacryma Christi</td><td align="right" class="rdoub">19·70</td></tr> +<tr><td>Lissa</td><td align="right" class="rdoub">26·47</td></tr> +<tr><td>Ditto</td><td align="right" class="rdoub">24·35</td></tr> +<tr><td>Syracuse</td><td align="right" class="rdoub">15·28</td></tr> +<tr><td>Etna</td><td align="right" class="rdoub">30·00</td></tr> +<tr><td>Aleatico</td><td align="right" class="rdoub">16·20</td></tr> +<tr><td>Constantia, white</td><td align="right" class="rdoub">19·75</td></tr> +<tr><td>Ditto, red</td><td align="right" class="rdoub">18·92</td></tr> +<tr><td>Cape muscat</td><td align="right" class="rdoub">18·25</td></tr> +<tr><td>Ditto Madeira</td><td align="right" class="rdoub">22·94</td></tr> +<tr><td>Average of three samples</td><td align="right" class="rdoub">20·51</td></tr> +<tr><td>Shiraz, white</td><td align="right" class="rdoub">19·80</td></tr> +<tr><td>Ditto, red</td><td align="right" class="rdoub">15·52</td></tr> +<tr><td>Tokay</td><td align="right" class="rdoub"> 9·88</td></tr> +<tr><td>Nice</td><td align="right" class="rdoub">14·63</td></tr> +<tr><td>Raisin wine</td><td align="right" class="rdoub">26·40</td></tr> +<tr><td>Average of three specimens</td><td align="right" class="rdoub">25·12</td></tr> +<tr><td>Currant Wine</td><td align="right" class="rdoub">20·55</td></tr> +<tr><td>Gooseberry</td><td align="right" class="rdoub">11·84</td></tr> +<tr><td>Orange; average of six samples</td><td align="right" class="rdoub">11·26</td></tr> +<tr><td>Elder wine</td><td align="right" class="rdoub"> 9·87</td></tr> +<tr><td>Scotch Whiskey</td><td align="right" class="rdoub">54·32</td></tr> +<tr><td>Irish ditto</td><td align="right" class="rdoub">53·90</td></tr> +<tr><td>Rum</td><td align="right" class="rdoub">53·68</td></tr> +<tr><td>Brandy</td><td align="right" class="rdoub">53·39</td></tr> +<tr><td>Gin</td><td align="right" class="rdoub">51·60</td></tr> +<tr><td>Cider, 9.87 and 5.21 average</td><td align="right" class="rdoub">7·84</td></tr> +<tr><td>Perry; four samples</td><td align="right" class="rdoub"> 7·26</td></tr> +<tr><td>Mead</td><td align="right" class="rdoub"> 7·32</td></tr> +<tr><td>Burton Ale</td><td align="right" class="rdoub"> 8·88</td></tr> +<tr><td>Edinburgh</td><td align="right" class="rdoub"> 6·20</td></tr> +<tr><td>Dorchester</td><td align="right" class="rdoub"> 5·56</td></tr> +<tr><td>London Porter</td><td align="right" class="rdoub"> 4·20</td></tr> +<tr><td>Brown Stout</td><td align="right" class="rdoub"> 6·80</td></tr> +<tr><td>London small Beer</td><td align="right" class="rdoub"> 1·28</td></tr> +</table> +<hr /> + +<p><a name="page_194" id="page_194"></a></p> + +<h3><a name="METEOROLOGICAL_REGISTER" id="METEOROLOGICAL_REGISTER"></a>METEOROLOGICAL REGISTER.</h3> +<p>The annexed tabular statement exhibits the variation of temperature in +the shade, direction of the wind, and state of the atmosphere, for each +day, from February the fourth, 1840, to January the thirty first, 1841, +as carefully noted, and registered, at <span class="smcap">Tours</span>, twice per diem; namely, at +9 o'clock in the morning, and 12 o'clock at noon.<a name="page_195" id="page_195"></a></p> +<h4>FEBRUARY 1840.</h4> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr style="font-size:small;"><td align="center" style="border-top:double 3px black;border-bottom:1px solid black;"> DAYS<br />OF THE MONTH.</td> +<td align="center" class="lft" style="border-top:double 3px black;border-bottom:1px solid black;" colspan="2">FAHRENHEIT'S<br />THERMOMETER.</td> +<td align="center" class="lft" style="border-top:double 3px black;border-bottom:1px solid black;" colspan="2"> DIRECTION<br />OF THE WIND.</td> +<td align="center" class="lft" style="border-top:double 3px black;border-bottom:1px solid black;" colspan="2">STATE OF THE WEATHER.</td></tr> +<tr style="font-size:small;"><td align="left"></td><td align="left" class="lft">9 A.M.</td><td>Mer.</td><td align="left" class="lft"> 9 A.M.</td><td>Mer.</td><td align="left" class="lft"> 9 A. M.</td><td>Meridian.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 4</td><td align="left" class="lft">43°</td><td> 47°</td><td align="left" class="lft"> S. W.</td><td>S. W.</td><td align="left" class="lft"> Showery.</td><td> Showery.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 5</td><td align="left" class="lft">42</td><td>47</td><td align="left" class="lft"> N. W.</td><td>N. W.</td><td align="left" class="lft" style="font-size:small;"> Fair but Cloudy.</td><td> Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 6</td><td align="left" class="lft">41</td><td>49</td><td align="left" class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td> Ditto.</td><td align="left" class="lft"> Clear.</td><td> Cloudy.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 7</td><td align="left" class="lft">48</td><td>53</td><td align="left" class="lft"> S. W.</td><td> W.</td><td align="left" class="lft"> Misty.</td><td> Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 8</td><td align="left" class="lft">45</td><td>50</td><td align="left" class="lft"> W.</td><td> N. W.</td><td align="left" class="lft"> Clear.</td><td> Clear.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 9</td><td align="left" class="lft">41</td><td>51</td><td align="left" class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td> W.</td><td align="left" class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td> Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">10</td><td align="left" class="lft">45</td><td>51</td><td align="left" class="lft"> S. W.</td><td> S. W.</td><td align="left" class="lft"> Cloudy. </td><td>Cloudy.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">11</td><td align="left" class="lft">46</td><td>49</td><td align="left" class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td> Ditto.</td><td align="left" class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td> Clear.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">12</td><td align="left" class="lft">42</td><td>53</td><td align="left" class="lft"> S.</td><td> S. W.</td><td align="left" class="lft"> Clear.</td><td> Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">13</td><td align="left" class="lft">46</td><td>47</td><td align="left" class="lft"> S. W.</td><td> Ditto.</td><td align="left" class="lft"> Rainy.</td><td> Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">14</td><td align="left" class="lft">42</td><td>48</td><td align="left" class="lft"> N. </td><td>N.</td><td align="left" class="lft"> Clear.</td><td> Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">15</td><td align="left" class="lft">39</td><td>41</td><td align="left" class="lft"> N. W.</td><td> N. W.</td><td align="left" class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td> Cloudy.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">16</td><td align="left" class="lft">45</td><td>48</td><td align="left" class="lft"> S. W.</td><td> S. W.</td><td align="left" class="lft"> Cloudy.</td><td> Rainy.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">17</td><td align="left" class="lft">47</td><td>52</td><td align="left" class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td> S. E.</td><td align="left" class="lft"> Rainy.</td><td> Clear.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">18</td><td align="left" class="lft">46</td><td>46</td><td align="left" class="lft"> N. E. </td><td>N. E.</td><td align="left" class="lft"> Clear.</td><td> Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">19</td><td align="left" class="lft">35</td><td>36</td><td align="left" class="lft"> E. </td><td>E.</td><td align="left" class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td> Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">20</td><td align="left" class="lft">27</td><td>29</td><td align="left" class="lft"> N. E.</td><td> N. E.</td><td align="left" class="lft"> Ditto. </td><td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">21</td><td align="left" class="lft">29</td><td>33</td><td align="left" class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td> Ditto.</td><td align="left" class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td> Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">22</td><td align="left" class="lft">23</td><td>25</td><td align="left" class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td> Ditto.</td><td align="left" class="lft"> Sunshine.</td><td> Sunshine.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">23</td><td align="left" class="lft">25</td><td>35</td><td align="left" class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td> Ditto.</td><td align="left" class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td> Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">24</td><td align="left" class="lft">31</td><td>38</td><td align="left" class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td> S. E.</td><td align="left" class="lft"> Cloudy.</td><td> Cloudy.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">25</td><td align="left" class="lft">32</td><td>41</td><td align="left" class="lft"> S. E.</td><td> Ditto.</td><td align="left" class="lft" style="font-size:small;"> Bright sunshine.</td><td style="font-size:small;"> Bright sunshine.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">26</td><td align="left" class="lft">31</td><td>38</td><td align="left" class="lft"> N. E.</td><td> N. E.</td><td align="left" class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td> Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">27</td><td align="left" class="lft">30</td><td>38</td><td align="left" class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td> Ditto.</td><td align="left" class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td> Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">28</td><td align="left" class="lft">30</td><td>38</td><td align="left" class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td> Ditto.</td><td align="left" class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td> Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">29</td><td align="left" class="lft">30</td><td>39</td><td align="left" class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td> Ditto.</td><td align="left" class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td> Ditto.</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><a name="page_196" id="page_196"></a></p> + +<h4>MARCH.</h4> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="march"> +<tr style="font-size:small;"><td align="center" style="border-top:double 3px black;border-bottom:1px solid black;"> DAYS<br />OF THE MONTH.</td> +<td align="center" class="lft" style="border-top:double 3px black;border-bottom:1px solid black;" colspan="2">FAHRENHEIT'S<br />THERMOMETER.</td> +<td align="center" class="lft" style="border-top:double 3px black;border-bottom:1px solid black;" colspan="2"> DIRECTION<br />OF THE WIND.</td> +<td align="center" class="lft" style="border-top:double 3px black;border-bottom:1px solid black;" colspan="2">STATE OF THE WEATHER.</td></tr> +<tr style="font-size:small;"><td align="left"></td><td align="left" class="lft">9 A.M.</td><td>Mer.</td><td align="left" class="lft"> 9 A.M.</td><td>Mer.</td><td align="left" class="lft"> 9 A. M.</td><td>Meridian.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 1</td><td align="left" class="lft">28°</td><td>36°</td><td class="lft">N. E.</td><td>N. E.</td><td class="lft" style="font-size:small;">Bright sunshine.</td><td style="font-size:small;">Bright sunshine.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 2</td><td align="left" class="lft">29</td><td>38</td><td class="lft">Ditto.</td><td>Ditto.</td><td class="lft">Ditto.</td><td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 3</td><td align="left" class="lft">34</td><td>41</td><td class="lft">Ditto.</td><td>Ditto.</td><td class="lft">Ditto.</td><td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 4</td><td align="left" class="lft">35</td><td>45</td><td class="lft">Ditto.</td><td>S. E.</td><td class="lft">Ditto.</td><td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 5</td><td align="left" class="lft">37</td><td>48</td><td class="lft">S. E.</td><td>Ditto.</td><td class="lft">Ditto.</td><td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 6</td><td align="left" class="lft">37</td><td>49</td><td class="lft">Ditto.</td><td>Ditto.</td><td class="lft">Ditto.</td><td> Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 7</td><td align="left" class="lft">36</td><td>48</td><td class="lft">Ditto.</td><td> Ditto.</td><td class="lft">Ditto.</td><td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 8</td><td align="left" class="lft">37</td><td>50</td><td class="lft">Ditto.</td><td> Ditto.</td><td class="lft">Ditto.</td><td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 9</td><td align="left" class="lft">37</td><td>51</td><td class="lft">N. E.</td><td>N. E.</td><td class="lft">Ditto.</td><td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">10</td><td align="left" class="lft">37</td><td>45</td><td class="lft">Ditto.</td><td>Ditto.</td><td class="lft">Cloudy.</td><td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">11</td><td align="left" class="lft">45</td><td>49</td><td class="lft">Ditto.</td><td> Ditto.</td><td class="lft">Clear.</td><td>Clear.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">12</td><td align="left" class="lft">39</td><td>45</td><td class="lft">Ditto.</td><td> Ditto.</td><td class="lft">Ditto.</td><td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">13</td><td align="left" class="lft">43</td><td>46</td><td class="lft">Ditto.</td><td>Ditto.</td><td class="lft">Ditto.</td><td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">14</td><td align="left" class="lft">45</td><td>48</td><td class="lft">N. W.</td><td>N. W.</td><td class="lft">Cloudy.</td><td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">15</td><td align="left" class="lft">46</td><td>51</td><td class="lft">Ditto.</td><td> Ditto.</td><td class="lft">Clear.</td><td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">16</td><td align="left" class="lft">45</td><td>47</td><td class="lft">Ditto.</td><td> N. E.</td><td class="lft">Ditto.</td><td>Cloudy.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">17</td><td align="left" class="lft">40</td><td>46</td><td class="lft">N. E.</td><td> Ditto.</td><td class="lft">Cloudy.</td><td>Clear.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">18</td><td align="left" class="lft">42</td><td> </td><td class="lft">N. E.</td><td> </td><td class="lft">Clear.</td><td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">19</td><td align="left" class="lft">44</td><td> </td><td class="lft">Ditto.</td><td> </td><td class="lft">Ditto.</td><td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">20</td><td align="left" class="lft">38</td><td> </td><td class="lft">Ditto.</td><td> </td><td class="lft">Ditto.</td><td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">21</td><td align="left" class="lft"> </td><td> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">22</td><td align="left" class="lft">44</td><td> </td><td class="lft">Ditto.</td><td> Ditto.</td><td class="lft">Ditto.</td><td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">23</td><td align="left" class="lft">42</td><td>48</td><td class="lft">Ditto.</td><td> Ditto.</td><td class="lft" style="font-size:small;">A few flakes of snow.</td><td> Sunshine.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">24</td><td align="left" class="lft">38</td><td>39</td><td class="lft">Ditto.</td><td> </td><td class="lft" style="font-size:small;">Snowing fast with hail.</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">25</td><td align="left" class="lft">34</td><td> </td><td class="lft">Ditto.</td><td> </td><td class="lft" style="font-size:small;">Snow in the morning.</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">26</td><td align="left" class="lft">33</td><td> </td><td class="lft">Ditto.</td><td> </td><td class="lft">Snowing.</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">27</td><td align="left" class="lft">38</td><td> </td><td class="lft">Ditto.</td><td> </td><td class="lft">Ditto.</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">28</td><td align="left" class="lft">34</td><td> </td><td class="lft">Ditto.</td><td> </td><td class="lft">Clear.</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">29</td><td align="left" class="lft">38</td><td> </td><td class="lft">Ditto.</td><td> </td><td class="lft" style="font-size:small;">Dull and cloudy.</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">30</td><td align="left" class="lft">43</td><td> </td><td class="lft">Ditto.</td><td> </td><td class="lft">Ditto.</td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">31</td><td align="left" class="lft">46</td><td> </td><td class="lft">N. W.</td><td> </td><td class="lft">Ditto.</td><td> </td></tr> +</table> + +<p><a name="page_197" id="page_197"></a></p> + +<h4>APRIL.</h4> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="april"> +<tr style="font-size:small;"><td align="center" style="border-top:double 3px black;border-bottom:1px solid black;"> DAYS<br />OF THE MONTH.</td> +<td align="center" class="lft" style="border-top:double 3px black;border-bottom:1px solid black;" colspan="2">FAHRENHEIT'S<br />THERMOMETER.</td> +<td align="center" class="lft" style="border-top:double 3px black;border-bottom:1px solid black;" colspan="2"> DIRECTION<br />OF THE WIND.</td> +<td align="center" class="lft" style="border-top:double 3px black;border-bottom:1px solid black;" colspan="2">STATE OF THE WEATHER.</td></tr> +<tr style="font-size:small;"><td align="left"></td><td align="left" class="lft">9 A.M.</td><td>Mer.</td><td align="left" class="lft">9 A.M.</td><td>Mer.</td><td align="left" class="lft">9 A. M.</td><td>Meridian.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 1</td><td align="left" class="lft">44°</td><td>56°</td><td align="left" class="lft">S. </td><td> S. W. </td><td align="left" class="lft" style="font-size:small;">Bright sunshine.</td><td style="font-size:small;">Bright sunshine.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 2</td><td align="left" class="lft">47</td><td>60</td><td align="left" class="lft">Ditto.</td><td> S.</td><td align="left" class="lft">Ditto.</td><td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 3</td><td align="left" class="lft">50</td><td>62</td><td align="left" class="lft">E. </td><td> E.</td><td align="left" class="lft">Ditto.</td><td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 4</td><td align="left" class="lft">49</td><td>57</td><td align="left" class="lft">N. E.</td><td> N. E.</td><td align="left" class="lft">Ditto.</td><td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 5</td><td align="left" class="lft">46</td><td>58</td><td align="left" class="lft">Ditto. </td><td> Ditto.</td><td align="left" class="lft">Ditto.</td><td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 6</td><td align="left" class="lft">52</td><td>59</td><td align="left" class="lft">N. W. </td><td> N. W.</td><td align="left" class="lft">Ditto.</td><td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 7</td><td align="left" class="lft">52</td><td>46</td><td align="left" class="lft">W. </td><td> Ditto.</td><td align="left" class="lft">Clear.</td><td> Rainy.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 8</td><td align="left" class="lft">46</td><td>48</td><td align="left" class="lft">N. W. </td><td> Ditto.</td><td align="left" class="lft">Rainy.</td><td> Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 9</td><td align="left" class="lft">44</td><td>47</td><td align="left" class="lft">N. E. </td><td> N. E.</td><td align="left" class="lft">Cloudy.</td><td> Cloudy.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">10</td><td align="left" class="lft">44</td><td>49</td><td align="left" class="lft">Ditto.</td><td> Ditto.</td><td align="left" class="lft">Ditto.</td><td> Clear.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">11</td><td align="left" class="lft">49</td><td>56</td><td align="left" class="lft">Ditto. </td><td> Ditto.</td><td align="left" class="lft">Sunshine.</td><td> Sunshine.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">12</td><td align="left" class="lft">54</td><td>62</td><td align="left" class="lft">Ditto. </td><td> Ditto.</td><td align="left" class="lft">Ditto.</td><td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">13</td><td align="left" class="lft">56</td><td>63</td><td align="left" class="lft">Ditto.</td><td> Ditto.</td><td align="left" class="lft">Ditto.</td><td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">14</td><td align="left" class="lft">51</td><td>62</td><td align="left" class="lft">W. </td><td> S. W.</td><td align="left" class="lft">Cloudy.</td><td> Sunshine.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">15</td><td align="left" class="lft">55</td><td>62</td><td align="left" class="lft">N. W. </td><td> W.</td><td align="left" class="lft">Ditto.</td><td> Sunshine.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">16</td><td align="left" class="lft">59</td><td>70</td><td align="left" class="lft">N. E.</td><td> N. E.</td><td align="left" class="lft">Sunshine.</td><td> Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">17</td><td align="left" class="lft">57</td><td>66</td><td align="left" class="lft">Ditto.</td><td> Ditto.</td><td align="left" class="lft">Ditto.</td><td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">18</td><td align="left" class="lft">58</td><td>67</td><td align="left" class="lft">S. W. </td><td> S. W.</td><td align="left" class="lft">Ditto.</td><td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">19</td><td align="left" class="lft">55</td><td> </td><td align="left" class="lft">S. E. </td><td> S. E.</td><td align="left" class="lft">Dull.</td><td style="font-size:small;"> Rain in the even.g</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">20</td><td align="left" class="lft">62</td><td>69</td><td align="left" class="lft">N. E. </td><td> N. E.</td><td align="left" class="lft">Clear.</td><td> Sunshine.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">21</td><td align="left" class="lft">57</td><td>67</td><td align="left" class="lft">N. W. </td><td> W.</td><td align="left" class="lft">Sunshine.</td><td> Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">22</td><td align="left" class="lft">59</td><td>68</td><td align="left" class="lft">Ditto. </td><td> N. W.</td><td align="left" class="lft">Dull.</td><td> Sunshine.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">23</td><td align="left" class="lft">62</td><td>71</td><td align="left" class="lft">N. E. </td><td> N. E.</td><td align="left" class="lft">Clear.</td><td> Sunshine.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">24</td><td align="left" class="lft">65</td><td>74</td><td align="left" class="lft">E. </td><td> E.</td><td align="left" class="lft">Sunshine.</td><td> Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">25</td><td align="left" class="lft">65</td><td>78</td><td align="left" class="lft">Ditto.</td><td> Ditto.</td><td align="left" class="lft">Ditto.</td><td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">26</td><td align="left" class="lft">69</td><td>78</td><td align="left" class="lft">N. </td><td> N.</td><td align="left" class="lft">Ditto.</td><td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">27</td><td align="left" class="lft">71</td><td>79</td><td align="left" class="lft">N. E. </td><td> N. E.</td><td align="left" class="lft">Ditto.</td><td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">28</td><td align="left" class="lft">72</td><td>82</td><td align="left" class="lft">E. </td><td> E.</td><td align="left" class="lft">Ditto.</td><td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">29</td><td align="left" class="lft">74</td><td>80</td><td align="left" class="lft">N. E. </td><td> Ditto.</td><td align="left" class="lft">Ditto.</td><td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">30</td><td align="left" class="lft">74</td><td>80</td><td align="left" class="lft">E. </td><td> </td><td align="left" class="lft">Ditto.</td><td>Ditto.</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><a name="page_198" id="page_198"></a></p> + +<h4>MAY.</h4> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="may"> +<tr style="font-size:small;"><td align="center" style="border-top:double 3px black;border-bottom:1px solid black;"> DAYS<br />OF THE MONTH.</td> +<td align="center" class="lft" style="border-top:double 3px black;border-bottom:1px solid black;" colspan="2">FAHRENHEIT'S<br />THERMOMETER.</td> +<td align="center" class="lft" style="border-top:double 3px black;border-bottom:1px solid black;" colspan="2"> DIRECTION<br />OF THE WIND.</td> +<td align="center" class="lft" style="border-top:double 3px black;border-bottom:1px solid black;" colspan="2">STATE OF THE WEATHER.</td></tr> +<tr style="font-size:small;"><td align="left"></td><td align="left" class="lft">9 A.M.</td><td>Mer.</td><td align="left" class="lft"> 9 A.M.</td><td>Mer.</td><td align="left" class="lft"> 9 A. M.</td><td>Meridian.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 1</td><td class="lft">71°</td><td> 78°</td><td class="lft">E. </td><td> E.</td><td class="lft">Sunshine. </td><td> Sunshine.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 2</td><td class="lft">70</td><td> 76</td><td class="lft">Ditto.</td><td> Ditto.</td><td class="lft">Ditto. </td><td> Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 3</td><td class="lft">69</td><td> 76</td><td class="lft">Ditto.</td><td> Ditto.</td><td class="lft">Ditto. </td><td style="font-size:small;"> Thunder and rain during the night.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 4</td><td class="lft">64</td><td> 72</td><td class="lft">S. W.</td><td> N. W.</td><td class="lft">Showery. </td><td> Showery.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 5</td><td class="lft">70</td><td> 76</td><td class="lft">N. W.</td><td> W.</td><td class="lft">Clear. </td><td> Sunshine.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 6</td><td class="lft">69</td><td> 76</td><td class="lft">W. </td><td> S. W.</td><td class="lft">Clear. </td><td> Rainy.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 7</td><td class="lft">63</td><td> 62</td><td class="lft">Ditto.</td><td> W.</td><td class="lft">Rainy. </td><td> Rainy.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 8</td><td class="lft">64</td><td> 69</td><td class="lft">Ditto.</td><td> S. W.</td><td class="lft">Clear. </td><td> Sunshine.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 9</td><td class="lft">63</td><td> 65</td><td class="lft">S. W. </td><td> Ditto.</td><td class="lft">Cloudy. </td><td> Cloudy.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">10</td><td class="lft">60</td><td> 68</td><td class="lft">S. </td><td> S.</td><td class="lft">Showery. </td><td> Showery.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">11</td><td class="lft">55</td><td> 62</td><td class="lft">N. W.</td><td> N. W.</td><td class="lft">Ditto. </td><td> Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">12</td><td class="lft">59</td><td> 61</td><td class="lft">S. W.</td><td> S. W.</td><td class="lft">Ditto. </td><td style="font-size:small;"> Continued Rain.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">13</td><td class="lft">60</td><td> 66</td><td class="lft">Ditto.</td><td> Ditto.</td><td class="lft">Cloudy. </td><td> Clear.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">14</td><td class="lft">61</td><td> 65</td><td class="lft">Ditto.</td><td> Ditto.</td><td class="lft">Showery. </td><td> Showery.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">15</td><td class="lft">62</td><td> 66</td><td class="lft">W. </td><td> W.</td><td class="lft">Ditto. </td><td> Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">16</td><td class="lft">60</td><td> 61</td><td class="lft">Ditto.</td><td> Ditto.</td><td class="lft">Ditto. </td><td> Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">17</td><td class="lft">61</td><td> 66</td><td class="lft">Ditto.</td><td> Ditto.</td><td class="lft">Ditto. </td><td style="font-size:small;"> Much rain in the night.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">18</td><td class="lft">55</td><td> 62</td><td class="lft">N. W.</td><td> N. W.</td><td class="lft">Cloudy. </td><td> Clear.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">19</td><td class="lft">57</td><td> 60</td><td class="lft">E. </td><td> E.</td><td class="lft">Clear. </td><td> Rainy.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">20</td><td class="lft">53</td><td> 59</td><td class="lft">N. E.</td><td> N. E.</td><td class="lft">Cloudy. </td><td> Sunshine.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">21</td><td class="lft">55</td><td> 59</td><td class="lft">N. W.</td><td> N. W.</td><td class="lft">Showery. </td><td> Showery.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">22</td><td class="lft">57</td><td> 60</td><td class="lft">Ditto.</td><td> Ditto.</td><td class="lft">Clear. </td><td> Sunshine.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">23</td><td class="lft">61</td><td> 63</td><td class="lft">N. E.</td><td> N. E.</td><td class="lft">Sunshine. </td><td> Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">24</td><td class="lft">66</td><td> 71</td><td class="lft">W. </td><td> W.</td><td class="lft">Sunshine. </td><td> Cloudy.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">25</td><td class="lft">62</td><td> 68</td><td class="lft">Ditto.</td><td> Ditto.</td><td class="lft">Cloudy. </td><td> Cloudy.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">26</td><td class="lft">63</td><td> 70</td><td class="lft">Ditto.</td><td> Ditto.</td><td class="lft">Clear. </td><td> Clear.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">27</td><td class="lft">65</td><td> 70</td><td class="lft">N. W. </td><td> W.</td><td class="lft">Gentle showers. </td><td> Sunshine.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">28</td><td class="lft">71</td><td> 75</td><td class="lft">E. </td><td> E.</td><td class="lft">Clear. </td><td> Clear.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">29</td><td class="lft">67</td><td> 73</td><td class="lft">N. W.</td><td> N. W.</td><td class="lft">Ditto. </td><td> Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">30</td><td class="lft">69</td><td> 72</td><td class="lft">N. </td><td> N. E.</td><td class="lft">Sunshine. </td><td> Sunshine.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">31</td><td class="lft">73</td><td> 75</td><td class="lft">E. </td><td> E.</td><td class="lft">Ditto. </td><td> Ditto.</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><a name="page_199" id="page_199"></a></p> + +<h4>JUNE.</h4> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr style="font-size:small;"><td align="center" style="border-top:double 3px black;border-bottom:1px solid black;"> DAYS<br />OF THE MONTH.</td> +<td align="center" class="lft" style="border-top:double 3px black;border-bottom:1px solid black;" colspan="2">FAHRENHEIT'S<br />THERMOMETER.</td> +<td align="center" class="lft" style="border-top:double 3px black;border-bottom:1px solid black;" colspan="2"> DIRECTION<br />OF THE WIND.</td> +<td align="center" class="lft" style="border-top:double 3px black;border-bottom:1px solid black;" colspan="2">STATE OF THE WEATHER.</td></tr> +<tr style="font-size:small;"><td align="left"></td><td align="left" class="lft">9 A.M.</td><td>Mer.</td><td align="left" class="lft"> 9 A.M.</td><td>Mer.</td><td align="left" class="lft"> 9 A. M.</td><td>Meridian.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 1</td><td align="left" class="lft">76°</td><td>81° </td><td class="lft"> E. </td><td> S. E. </td><td class="lft"> Sunshine. </td><td> Sunshine.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 2</td><td align="left" class="lft">81</td><td>83 </td><td class="lft"> S. W. </td><td> S. W. </td><td class="lft"> Ditto. </td><td style="font-size:small;"> Ditto a thunder storm at 2 P. M.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 3</td><td align="left" class="lft">67</td><td>69 </td><td class="lft"> N. W.</td><td> N. W. </td><td class="lft"> Sunshine. </td><td> Sunshine.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 4</td><td align="left" class="lft">67</td><td>69 </td><td class="lft"> N. </td><td> N. </td><td class="lft"> Ditto. </td><td> Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 5</td><td align="left" class="lft">72</td><td>73 </td><td class="lft"> N. </td><td> E. </td><td class="lft"> Ditto. </td><td> Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 6</td><td align="left" class="lft">75</td><td>75 </td><td class="lft"> S. </td><td> S. W. </td><td class="lft"> Cloudy. </td><td> Gentle rain.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 7</td><td align="left" class="lft">65</td><td>71 </td><td class="lft"> N. W. </td><td> N. W. </td><td class="lft"> Cloudy. </td><td> Sunshine.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 8</td><td align="left" class="lft">74</td><td>74 </td><td class="lft"> N. W. </td><td> S. E. </td><td class="lft"> Sunshine. </td><td> Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 9</td><td align="left" class="lft">74</td><td>72 </td><td class="lft"> S. E. </td><td> W. </td><td class="lft"> Clear. </td><td> Cloudy.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">10</td><td align="left" class="lft">70</td><td>74 </td><td class="lft"> W. </td><td> W. </td><td class="lft"> Cloudy. </td><td> Showery.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">11</td><td align="left" class="lft">67</td><td>71 </td><td class="lft"> N. W.</td><td> N. W. </td><td class="lft"> Cloudy. </td><td> Clear.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">12</td><td align="left" class="lft">72</td><td>76 </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td> Ditto. </td><td class="lft"> Sunshine.</td><td> Sunshine.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">13</td><td align="left" class="lft">73</td><td>76 </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td> Ditto. </td><td class="lft"> Ditto. </td><td> Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">14</td><td align="left" class="lft">78</td><td>81 </td><td class="lft"> E. </td><td> E. </td><td class="lft"> Ditto. </td><td> Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">15</td><td align="left" class="lft">76</td><td>80 </td><td class="lft"> N. </td><td> N. </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td> Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">16</td><td align="left" class="lft">76</td><td>79 </td><td class="lft"> N. W. </td><td> W. </td><td class="lft"> Ditto. </td><td> Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">17</td><td align="left" class="lft">76</td><td>80 </td><td class="lft"> W. </td><td> W. </td><td class="lft"> Ditto. </td><td> Showery.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">18</td><td align="left" class="lft">71</td><td>75 </td><td class="lft"> N. W.</td><td> N. W. </td><td class="lft"> Sunshine. </td><td> Sunshine.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">19</td><td align="left" class="lft">71</td><td>75 </td><td class="lft"> W. </td><td> W. </td><td class="lft"> Ditto. </td><td> Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">20</td><td align="left" class="lft">69</td><td>73 </td><td class="lft"> W. </td><td> N. W. </td><td class="lft"> Cloudy. </td><td> Clear.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">21</td><td align="left" class="lft">74</td><td>81 </td><td class="lft"> W. </td><td> W. </td><td class="lft"> Sunshine.</td><td> Sunshine.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">22</td><td align="left" class="lft">78</td><td>81 </td><td class="lft"> Ditto. </td><td> Ditto. </td><td class="lft"> Ditto. </td><td> Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">23</td><td align="left" class="lft">69</td><td>72 </td><td class="lft"> Ditto. </td><td> Ditto. </td><td class="lft"> Ditto. </td><td> Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">24</td><td align="left" class="lft">67</td><td>69 </td><td class="lft"> Ditto. </td><td> Ditto. </td><td class="lft"> Ditto. </td><td> Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">25</td><td align="left" class="lft">68</td><td>68 </td><td class="lft"> N. W.</td><td> N. W. </td><td class="lft"> Ditto. </td><td> Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">26</td><td align="left" class="lft">68</td><td>72 </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td> Ditto. </td><td class="lft"> Ditto. </td><td> Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">27</td><td align="left" class="lft">71</td><td>74 </td><td class="lft"> E. </td><td> E. </td><td class="lft"> Ditto. </td><td> Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">28</td><td align="left" class="lft">71</td><td>73 </td><td class="lft"> N. E. </td><td> N. E. </td><td class="lft"> Cloudy. </td><td> Sunshine.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">29</td><td align="left" class="lft">72</td><td>74 </td><td class="lft"> N. </td><td> N. </td><td class="lft"> Sunshine. </td><td> Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">30</td><td align="left" class="lft">75</td><td>77 </td><td class="lft"> N. </td><td> N. W. </td><td class="lft"> Ditto. </td><td> Ditto.</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><a name="page_200" id="page_200"></a></p> + +<h4>JULY.</h4> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="july"> +<tr style="font-size:small;"><td align="center" style="border-top:double 3px black;border-bottom:1px solid black;"> DAYS<br />OF THE MONTH.</td> +<td align="center" class="lft" style="border-top:double 3px black;border-bottom:1px solid black;" colspan="2">FAHRENHEIT'S<br />THERMOMETER.</td> +<td align="center" class="lft" style="border-top:double 3px black;border-bottom:1px solid black;" colspan="2"> DIRECTION<br />OF THE WIND.</td> +<td align="center" class="lft" style="border-top:double 3px black;border-bottom:1px solid black;" colspan="2">STATE OF THE WEATHER.</td></tr> +<tr style="font-size:small;"><td align="left"></td><td align="left" class="lft">9 A.M.</td><td>Mer.</td><td align="left" class="lft"> 9 A.M.</td><td>Mer.</td><td align="left" class="lft"> 9 A. M.</td><td>Meridian.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 1</td><td align="left" class="lft">75°</td><td> 79° </td><td align="left" class="lft"> W.</td><td>W. </td><td align="left" class="lft"> Sunshine. </td><td>Sunshine.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 2</td><td align="left" class="lft">73</td><td> 78 </td><td align="left" class="lft"> Ditto. </td><td> Ditto. </td><td align="left" class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 3</td><td align="left" class="lft">69</td><td> 72 </td><td align="left" class="lft"> S. W.</td><td>S. W. </td><td align="left" class="lft"> Cloudy.</td><td style="font-size:small;">Rain-ceased-at 2 P.M.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 4</td><td align="left" class="lft">64</td><td> 69 </td><td align="left" class="lft"> W.</td><td>W. </td><td align="left" class="lft"> Cloudy.</td><td>Cloudy.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 5</td><td align="left" class="lft">66</td><td> 66 </td><td align="left" class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td> Ditto. </td><td align="left" class="lft"> Gentle rain.</td><td>Gentle rain.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 6</td><td align="left" class="lft">68</td><td> 71 </td><td align="left" class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td> Ditto. </td><td align="left" class="lft"> Sunshine.</td><td>Sunshine.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 7</td><td align="left" class="lft">69</td><td> 71 </td><td align="left" class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td> Ditto. </td><td align="left" class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 8</td><td align="left" class="lft">66</td><td> 71 </td><td align="left" class="lft"> Ditto. </td><td> Ditto. </td><td align="left" class="lft"> Sunshine.</td><td>Showery.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 9</td><td align="left" class="lft">65</td><td> 68 </td><td align="left" class="lft"> Ditto. </td><td> Ditto. </td><td align="left" class="lft"> Sunshine.</td><td>Clear.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">10</td><td align="left" class="lft">68</td><td> 70 </td><td align="left" class="lft"> Ditto. </td><td> Ditto. </td><td align="left" class="lft"> Clear.</td><td>Clear.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">11</td><td align="left" class="lft">64</td><td> 68 </td><td align="left" class="lft"> N. W.</td><td>N. W. </td><td align="left" class="lft"> Showery.</td><td>Clear.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">12</td><td align="left" class="lft">65</td><td> 71 </td><td align="left" class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td> Ditto. </td><td align="left" class="lft"> Clear</td><td>Sunshine.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">13</td><td align="left" class="lft">59</td><td> 63 </td><td align="left" class="lft"> N.</td><td>N. W. </td><td align="left" class="lft"> Showery.</td><td>Showery.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">14</td><td align="left" class="lft">63</td><td> 88 </td><td align="left" class="lft"> N. E.</td><td>N. E. </td><td align="left" class="lft"> Sunshine.</td><td>Sunshine.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">15</td><td align="left" class="lft">68</td><td> 72 </td><td align="left" class="lft"> Ditto. </td><td> Ditto. </td><td align="left" class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">16</td><td align="left" class="lft">73</td><td> 78 </td><td align="left" class="lft"> E.</td><td>E. </td><td align="left" class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">17</td><td align="left" class="lft">69</td><td> 78 </td><td align="left" class="lft"> N.</td><td>N. </td><td align="left" class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">18</td><td align="left" class="lft">70</td><td> 76 </td><td align="left" class="lft"> W.</td><td>W. </td><td align="left" class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">19</td><td align="left" class="lft">74</td><td> 79 </td><td align="left" class="lft"> S. W.</td><td>S. W. </td><td align="left" class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Cloudy.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">20</td><td align="left" class="lft">69</td><td> 74 </td><td align="left" class="lft"> W.</td><td>W. </td><td align="left" class="lft"> Sunshine.</td><td>Sunshine.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">21</td><td align="left" class="lft">67</td><td> 69 </td><td align="left" class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td> S. W. </td><td align="left" class="lft"> Clear.</td><td>Cloudy.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">22</td><td align="left" class="lft">69</td><td> 65 </td><td align="left" class="lft"> W.</td><td>S. W. </td><td align="left" class="lft"> Sunshine.</td><td>Thundershowers.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">23</td><td align="left" class="lft">66</td><td> 69 </td><td align="left" class="lft"> S. W.</td><td>Ditto. </td><td align="left" class="lft"> Sunshine.</td><td>Sunshine.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">24</td><td align="left" class="lft">69</td><td> 73 </td><td align="left" class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td> Ditto. </td><td align="left" class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">25</td><td align="left" class="lft">68</td><td> 74 </td><td align="left" class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td> Ditto. </td><td align="left" class="lft"> Cloudy.</td><td>Showery.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">26</td><td align="left" class="lft">63</td><td> 67 </td><td align="left" class="lft"> Ditto. </td><td> W. </td><td align="left" class="lft"> Showery.</td><td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">27</td><td align="left" class="lft">67</td><td> 69 </td><td align="left" class="lft"> N. W.</td><td>N. W. </td><td align="left" class="lft"> Sunshine.</td><td>Clear.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">28</td><td align="left" class="lft">68</td><td> 72 </td><td align="left" class="lft"> W.</td><td>W. </td><td align="left" class="lft"> Sunshine.</td><td>Slight shower.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">29</td><td align="left" class="lft">69</td><td> 76 </td><td align="left" class="lft"> N. W.</td><td>N. W. </td><td align="left" class="lft"> Cloudy.</td><td>Sunshine.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">30</td><td align="left" class="lft">74</td><td> 72 </td><td align="left" class="lft"> N.</td><td>W. </td><td align="left" class="lft"> Sunshine.</td><td>Showery.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">31</td><td align="left" class="lft">71</td><td> 74 </td><td align="left" class="lft"> N.</td><td>N. W. </td><td align="left" class="lft"> Sunshine.</td><td>Sunshine.</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><a name="page_201" id="page_201"></a></p> + +<h4>AUGUST.</h4> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="august"> +<tr style="font-size:small;"><td align="center" style="border-top:double 3px black;border-bottom:1px solid black;"> DAYS<br />OF THE MONTH.</td> +<td align="center" class="lft" style="border-top:double 3px black;border-bottom:1px solid black;" colspan="2">FAHRENHEIT'S<br />THERMOMETER.</td> +<td align="center" class="lft" style="border-top:double 3px black;border-bottom:1px solid black;" colspan="2"> DIRECTION<br />OF THE WIND.</td> +<td align="center" class="lft" style="border-top:double 3px black;border-bottom:1px solid black;" colspan="2">STATE OF THE WEATHER.</td></tr> +<tr style="font-size:small;"><td align="left"></td><td align="left" class="lft">9 A.M.</td><td>Mer.</td><td align="left" class="lft"> 9 A.M.</td><td>Mer.</td><td align="left" class="lft"> 9 A. M.</td><td>Meridian.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 1</td><td align="left" class="lft">66°</td><td> 72° </td><td class="lft"> S. E.</td><td>S. E. </td><td class="lft"> Sunshine.</td><td>Sunshine.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 2</td><td align="left" class="lft">69</td><td> 74 </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto. </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 3</td><td align="left" class="lft">73</td><td> 79 </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto. </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 4</td><td align="left" class="lft">76</td><td> 83 </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto. </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 5</td><td align="left" class="lft">76</td><td> 86 </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto. </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 6</td><td align="left" class="lft">72</td><td> 82 </td><td class="lft"> S. W.</td><td>S. W. </td><td class="lft"> Cloudy.</td><td style="font-size:small;">Sunshine (Thunder in the night.)</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 7</td><td align="left" class="lft">75</td><td> 81 </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto. </td><td class="lft"> Sunshine.</td><td>Sunshine</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 8</td><td align="left" class="lft">68</td><td> 71 </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto. </td><td class="lft"> Cloudy.</td><td>Sunshine</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 9</td><td align="left" class="lft">71</td><td> 77 </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto. </td><td class="lft"> Sunshine.</td><td>Ditto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">10</td><td align="left" class="lft">69</td><td> 78 </td><td class="lft"> E.</td><td>E. </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">11</td><td align="left" class="lft">70</td><td> 76 </td><td class="lft"> S.</td><td>W. </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Cloudy</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">12</td><td align="left" class="lft">67</td><td> 73 </td><td class="lft"> W.</td><td>Ditto. </td><td class="lft"> Sunshine.</td><td>Sunshine</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">13</td><td align="left" class="lft">67</td><td> 71 </td><td class="lft"> S. W.</td><td>S. W. </td><td class="lft"> Showery.</td><td>Showery</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">14</td><td align="left" class="lft">67</td><td> 71 </td><td class="lft"> W.</td><td>W. </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">15</td><td align="left" class="lft">67</td><td> 73 </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto. </td><td class="lft"> Sunshine.</td><td>Sunshine</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">16</td><td align="left" class="lft">67</td><td> 72 </td><td class="lft"> N. W.</td><td>W. </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Clear</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">17</td><td align="left" class="lft">66</td><td> 66 </td><td class="lft"> S. W.</td><td>S. W. </td><td class="lft"> Clear.</td><td>Gentle rain</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">18</td><td align="left" class="lft">64</td><td> 69 </td><td class="lft"> W.</td><td>W. </td><td class="lft"> Showery.</td><td>Clear</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">19</td><td align="left" class="lft">67</td><td> 75 </td><td class="lft"> S. W.</td><td>W. </td><td class="lft"> Gentle rain.</td><td>Showery</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">20</td><td align="left" class="lft">68</td><td> 74 </td><td class="lft"> W.</td><td>W. </td><td class="lft"> Showery.</td><td>Sunshine</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">21</td><td align="left" class="lft">69</td><td> 79 </td><td class="lft"> S. E.</td><td>S. E. </td><td class="lft"> Cloudy.</td><td>Sunshine</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">22</td><td align="left" class="lft">69</td><td> 76 </td><td class="lft"> N. W.</td><td>N. W. </td><td class="lft"> Cloudy.</td><td>Clear</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">23</td><td align="left" class="lft">67</td><td> 74 </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto. </td><td class="lft"> Clear.</td><td>Sunshine</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">24</td><td align="left" class="lft">69</td><td> 76 </td><td class="lft"> N. E.</td><td>N. E. </td><td class="lft"> Sunshine.</td><td style="font-size:small;">Ditto. (Thunder storm in the night)</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">25</td><td align="left" class="lft">70</td><td> 78 </td><td class="lft"> N. W.</td><td>N. W. </td><td class="lft"> Sunshine.</td><td>Sunshine</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">26</td><td align="left" class="lft">70</td><td> 76 </td><td class="lft"> N.</td><td>N. </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">27</td><td align="left" class="lft">73</td><td> 80 </td><td class="lft"> S.</td><td>S. E. </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">28</td><td align="left" class="lft">73</td><td> 80 </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto. </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">29</td><td align="left" class="lft">77</td><td> 85 </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto. </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">30</td><td align="left" class="lft">77</td><td> 86 </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto. </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">31</td><td align="left" class="lft">75</td><td> 83 </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto. </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><a name="page_202" id="page_202"></a></p> + +<h4>SEPTEMBER.</h4> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="september"> +<tr style="font-size:small;"><td align="center" style="border-top:double 3px black;border-bottom:1px solid black;"> DAYS<br />OF THE MONTH.</td> +<td align="center" class="lft" style="border-top:double 3px black;border-bottom:1px solid black;" colspan="2">FAHRENHEIT'S<br />THERMOMETER.</td> +<td align="center" class="lft" style="border-top:double 3px black;border-bottom:1px solid black;" colspan="2"> DIRECTION<br />OF THE WIND.</td> +<td align="center" class="lft" style="border-top:double 3px black;border-bottom:1px solid black;" colspan="2">STATE OF THE WEATHER.</td></tr> +<tr style="font-size:small;"><td align="left"></td><td align="left" class="lft">9 A.M.</td><td>Mer.</td><td align="left" class="lft"> 9 A.M.</td><td>Mer.</td><td align="left" class="lft"> 9 A. M.</td><td>Meridian.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 1</td><td align="left" class="lft">75°</td><td> 80° </td><td class="lft"> E.</td><td>S. </td><td class="lft"> Sunshine.</td><td style="font-size:small;">Clear—Thunder storm P. M.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 2</td><td align="left" class="lft">76</td><td> 81 </td><td class="lft"> S. W.</td><td>S. W. </td><td class="lft"> Sunshine.</td><td>Rain.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 3</td><td align="left" class="lft">61</td><td> 67 </td><td class="lft"> N. W.</td><td>N. W. </td><td class="lft"> Rain.</td><td>Sunshine.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 4</td><td align="left" class="lft">65</td><td> 71 </td><td class="lft"> W.</td><td>W. </td><td class="lft"> Sunshine.</td><td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 5</td><td align="left" class="lft">65</td><td> 69 </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto. </td><td class="lft"> Rainy.</td><td>Cloudy.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 6</td><td align="left" class="lft">67</td><td> 71 </td><td class="lft"> N. E.</td><td>N. E. </td><td class="lft"> Sunshine.</td><td>Sunshine.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 7</td><td align="left" class="lft">63</td><td> 71 </td><td class="lft"> E.</td><td>E. </td><td class="lft"> Sunshine.</td><td>Sunshine.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 8</td><td align="left" class="lft">68</td><td> 72 </td><td class="lft"> N.</td><td>N. W. </td><td class="lft"> Clear.</td><td>Clear.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 9</td><td align="left" class="lft">66</td><td> 74 </td><td class="lft"> N.</td><td>W. </td><td class="lft"> Sunshine.</td><td>Sunshine.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">10</td><td align="left" class="lft">63</td><td> 73 </td><td class="lft"> W.</td><td>W. </td><td class="lft"> Clear.</td><td>Sunshine.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">11</td><td align="left" class="lft">66</td><td> 75 </td><td class="lft"> N.</td><td>N. </td><td class="lft"> Sunshine.</td><td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">12</td><td align="left" class="lft">65</td><td> 71 </td><td class="lft"> N. E.</td><td>N. E. </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Clear.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">13</td><td align="left" class="lft">58</td><td> 61 </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto. </td><td class="lft"> Rain.</td><td>Clear.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">14</td><td align="left" class="lft">50</td><td> 61 </td><td class="lft"> W.</td><td>W. </td><td class="lft"> Clear.</td><td>Cloudy.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">15</td><td align="left" class="lft">58</td><td> 65 </td><td class="lft"> N. W.</td><td>N. W. </td><td class="lft"> Sunshine.</td><td>Sunshine.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">16</td><td align="left" class="lft">59</td><td> 65 </td><td class="lft"> W.</td><td>W. </td><td class="lft"> Rain.</td><td>Sunshine.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">17</td><td align="left" class="lft">56</td><td> 63 </td><td class="lft"> S. W.</td><td>W. </td><td class="lft"> Showery.</td><td>Sunshine.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">18</td><td align="left" class="lft">54</td><td> 55 </td><td class="lft"> N. E.</td><td>N. E. </td><td class="lft" style="font-size:small;"> Heavy showers.</td><td style="font-size:small;">Heavy showers.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">19</td><td align="left" class="lft">55</td><td> 61 </td><td class="lft"> N. W.</td><td>N. W. </td><td class="lft"> Clear.</td><td>Clear.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">20</td><td align="left" class="lft">52</td><td> 61 </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto. </td><td class="lft"> Sunshine.</td><td>Sunshine.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">21</td><td align="left" class="lft">51</td><td> 62 </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td> S. W. </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">22</td><td align="left" class="lft">59</td><td> 63 </td><td class="lft"> S. W.</td><td>S. W. </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Showery.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">23</td><td align="left" class="lft">55</td><td> 57 </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto. </td><td class="lft"> Heavy rain.</td><td>Rain.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">24</td><td align="left" class="lft">55</td><td> 63 </td><td class="lft"> W.</td><td>S. W. </td><td class="lft"> Sunshine.</td><td>Showery.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">25</td><td align="left" class="lft">57</td><td> 61 </td><td class="lft"> W.</td><td>N. W. </td><td class="lft"> Showery.</td><td>Cloudy.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">26</td><td align="left" class="lft">57</td><td> 63 </td><td class="lft"> N. W.</td><td>S. W. </td><td class="lft"> Sunshine.</td><td>Cloudy.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">27</td><td align="left" class="lft">61</td><td> 63 </td><td class="lft"> W.</td><td>W. </td><td class="lft"> Rain.</td><td>Rain.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">28</td><td align="left" class="lft">65</td><td> 68 </td><td class="lft"> W.</td><td>W. </td><td class="lft"> Showery.</td><td>Cloudy.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">29</td><td align="left" class="lft">63</td><td> » </td><td class="lft"> W.</td><td>N. W. </td><td class="lft"> Showery.</td><td>Heavy rain.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">30</td><td align="left" class="lft">57</td><td> 63 </td><td class="lft"> W.</td><td>N. W. </td><td class="lft"> Sunshine.</td><td>Clear.</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><a name="page_203" id="page_203"></a></p> + +<h4>OCTOBER.</h4> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="october"> +<tr style="font-size:small;"><td align="center" style="border-top:double 3px black;border-bottom:1px solid black;"> DAYS<br />OF THE MONTH.</td> +<td align="center" class="lft" style="border-top:double 3px black;border-bottom:1px solid black;" colspan="2">FAHRENHEIT'S<br />THERMOMETER.</td> +<td align="center" class="lft" style="border-top:double 3px black;border-bottom:1px solid black;" colspan="2"> DIRECTION<br />OF THE WIND.</td> +<td align="center" class="lft" style="border-top:double 3px black;border-bottom:1px solid black;" colspan="2">STATE OF THE WEATHER.</td></tr> +<tr style="font-size:small;"><td align="left"></td><td align="left" class="lft">9 A.M.</td><td>Mer.</td><td align="left" class="lft"> 9 A.M.</td><td>Mer.</td><td align="left" class="lft"> 9 A. M.</td><td>Meridian.</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="right"> 1</td><td align="left" class="lft">52°</td><td>62°</td><td class="lft"> N. W.</td><td>N. W. </td><td class="lft"> Sunshine.</td><td>Sunshine.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 2</td><td align="left" class="lft">55</td><td> 63 </td><td class="lft"> N.</td><td>E. </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 3</td><td align="left" class="lft">55</td><td> 57 </td><td class="lft"> N. E.</td><td>N. E. </td><td class="lft"> Clear.</td><td>Clear.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 4</td><td align="left" class="lft">51</td><td> 57 </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto. </td><td class="lft"> Sunshine.</td><td>Cloudy.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 5</td><td align="left" class="lft">51</td><td> 59 </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto. </td><td class="lft"> Sunshine.</td><td>Clear.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 6</td><td align="left" class="lft">51</td><td> 61 </td><td class="lft"> N.</td><td>N. </td><td class="lft"> Sunshine.</td><td>Sunshine.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 7</td><td align="left" class="lft">51</td><td> 61 </td><td class="lft"> E.</td><td>E. </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Clear.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 8</td><td align="left" class="lft">53</td><td> 61 </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto. </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Sunshine.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 9</td><td align="left" class="lft">51</td><td> 57 </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto. </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">10</td><td align="left" class="lft">50</td><td> 59 </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto. </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">11</td><td align="left" class="lft">49</td><td> 57 </td><td class="lft"> N. E.</td><td>N. E. </td><td class="lft"> Clear.</td><td>Clear.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">12</td><td align="left" class="lft">51</td><td> 59 </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto. </td><td class="lft"> Sunshine.</td><td>Sunshine.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">13</td><td align="left" class="lft">51</td><td> 59 </td><td class="lft"> E.</td><td>E. </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">14</td><td align="left" class="lft">50</td><td> 59 </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto. </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">15</td><td align="left" class="lft">50</td><td> 61 </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto. </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">16</td><td align="left" class="lft">46</td><td> 51 </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto. </td><td class="lft"> Clear.</td><td>Hazy.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">17</td><td align="left" class="lft">52</td><td> 58 </td><td class="lft"> W.</td><td>W. </td><td class="lft"> Cloudy.</td><td style="font-size:small;">Rain from 2 P.M.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">18</td><td align="left" class="lft">53</td><td> 60 </td><td class="lft"> N. W.</td><td>N. W. </td><td class="lft"> Sunshine.</td><td>Sunshine.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">19</td><td align="left" class="lft">53</td><td> 58 </td><td class="lft"> W.</td><td>W. </td><td class="lft"> Cloudy.</td><td>Cloudy.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">20</td><td align="left" class="lft">53</td><td> 57 </td><td class="lft"> N. W.</td><td>N. </td><td class="lft"> Sunshine.</td><td>Cloudy.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">21</td><td align="left" class="lft">50</td><td> 55 </td><td class="lft"> N.</td><td>N. E. </td><td class="lft"> Sunshine.</td><td>Sunshine.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">22</td><td align="left" class="lft">49</td><td> 57 </td><td class="lft"> W.</td><td>W. </td><td class="lft"> Showery.</td><td>Showery.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">23</td><td align="left" class="lft">52</td><td> 56 </td><td class="lft"> N. W.</td><td>N. W. </td><td class="lft"> Sunshine.</td><td>Clear.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">24</td><td align="left" class="lft">53</td><td> 55 </td><td class="lft"> W.</td><td>N. W. </td><td class="lft"> Rain.</td><td>Sunshine.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">25</td><td align="left" class="lft">49</td><td> 54 </td><td class="lft"> N. W.</td><td>Ditto. </td><td class="lft"> Sunshine.</td><td>Clear.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">26</td><td align="left" class="lft">43</td><td> 53 </td><td class="lft"> W.</td><td>W. </td><td class="lft"> Sunshine.</td><td>Cloudy.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">27</td><td align="left" class="lft">48</td><td> 53 </td><td class="lft"> S. W.</td><td>S. W. </td><td class="lft"> Rain.</td><td>Rain.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">28</td><td align="left" class="lft">47</td><td> 54 </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto. </td><td class="lft"> Showery.</td><td>Clear.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">29</td><td align="left" class="lft">49</td><td> 54 </td><td class="lft"> E.</td><td>S. </td><td class="lft"> Clear.</td><td>Clear.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">30</td><td align="left" class="lft">45</td><td> 57 </td><td class="lft"> S. E.</td><td>S. </td><td class="lft"> Sunshine.</td><td>Sunshine.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">31</td><td align="left" class="lft">49</td><td> 58 </td><td class="lft"> S. W.</td><td>S. W. </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto.</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><a name="page_204" id="page_204"></a></p> +<h4>NOVEMBER.</h4> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="november"> +<tr style="font-size:small;"><td align="center" style="border-top:double 3px black;border-bottom:1px solid black;"> DAYS<br />OF THE MONTH.</td> +<td align="center" class="lft" style="border-top:double 3px black;border-bottom:1px solid black;" colspan="2">FAHRENHEIT'S<br />THERMOMETER.</td> +<td align="center" class="lft" style="border-top:double 3px black;border-bottom:1px solid black;" colspan="2"> DIRECTION<br />OF THE WIND.</td> +<td align="center" class="lft" style="border-top:double 3px black;border-bottom:1px solid black;" colspan="2">STATE OF THE WEATHER.</td></tr> +<tr style="font-size:small;"><td align="left"></td><td align="left" class="lft">9 A.M.</td><td>Mer.</td><td align="left" class="lft"> 9 A.M.</td><td>Mer.</td><td align="left" class="lft"> 9 A. M.</td><td>Meridian.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 1</td><td align="left" class="lft">47°</td><td>54°</td><td class="lft"> S. E.</td><td>S. E. </td><td class="lft"> Showery.</td><td>High winds.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 2</td><td align="left" class="lft">49</td><td>59 </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto. </td><td class="lft"> Sunshine.</td><td>Sunshine.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 3</td><td align="left" class="lft">53</td><td>61 </td><td class="lft"> Ditto. </td><td> S. </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 4</td><td align="left" class="lft">55</td><td>57 </td><td class="lft"> S. W.</td><td>W. </td><td class="lft"> Clear.</td><td>Rain.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 5</td><td align="left" class="lft">53</td><td>57 </td><td class="lft"> Ditto. </td><td> S. W. </td><td class="lft"> Showery.</td><td style="font-size:small;">Sunshine, rain 4 P.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 6</td><td align="left" class="lft">54</td><td>57 </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td> W. </td><td class="lft"> Rain.</td><td>Showery.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 7</td><td align="left" class="lft">51</td><td>51 </td><td class="lft"> S. W.</td><td>S. W. </td><td class="lft"> Showery.</td><td>Rain.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 8</td><td align="left" class="lft">52</td><td>58 </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto. </td><td class="lft"> Showery.</td><td>Showery.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 9</td><td align="left" class="lft">55</td><td>57 </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td> W. </td><td class="lft"> Clear.</td><td>Showery.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">10</td><td align="left" class="lft">50</td><td>55 </td><td class="lft"> W.</td><td>W. </td><td class="lft"> Showery.</td><td>Showery.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">11</td><td align="left" class="lft">49</td><td>49 </td><td class="lft"> S. W.</td><td>S. W. </td><td class="lft"> Showery.</td><td>Rain.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">12</td><td align="left" class="lft">47</td><td>52 </td><td class="lft"> W.</td><td>W. </td><td class="lft"> Dull.</td><td>Rain.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">13</td><td align="left" class="lft">55</td><td>59 </td><td class="lft"> S. W.</td><td>S. W. </td><td class="lft"> Rain.</td><td>Showery.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">14</td><td align="left" class="lft">49</td><td>55 </td><td class="lft"> W.</td><td>W. </td><td class="lft"> Sunshine.</td><td>Sunshine.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">15</td><td align="left" class="lft">51</td><td>55 </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto. </td><td class="lft"> Rain.</td><td>Rain.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">16</td><td align="left" class="lft">59</td><td>61 </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto. </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">17</td><td align="left" class="lft">61</td><td>66 </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto. </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td style="font-size:small;">Sunshine and showers.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">18</td><td align="left" class="lft">53</td><td>57 </td><td class="lft"> S.</td><td>S. W. </td><td class="lft"> Clear.</td><td>Rain.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">19</td><td align="left" class="lft">54</td><td>55 </td><td class="lft"> S. W.</td><td>Ditto. </td><td class="lft"> Rain.</td><td>Rain.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">20</td><td align="left" class="lft">43</td><td>48 </td><td class="lft"> N. E.</td><td>N. E. </td><td class="lft"> Sunshine.</td><td>Sunshine.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">21</td><td align="left" class="lft">42</td><td>45 </td><td class="lft"> W.</td><td>W. </td><td class="lft"> Cloudy.</td><td>Rain.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">22</td><td align="left" class="lft">48</td><td>53 </td><td class="lft"> N. W.</td><td>N. </td><td class="lft"> Sunshine.</td><td>Showery.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">23</td><td align="left" class="lft">39</td><td>47 </td><td class="lft"> N.</td><td>N. W. </td><td class="lft"> Sunshine.</td><td>Sunshine.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">24</td><td align="left" class="lft">47</td><td>49 </td><td class="lft"> W.</td><td>W. </td><td class="lft"> Foggy.</td><td>Foggy.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">25</td><td align="left" class="lft">46</td><td>49 </td><td class="lft"> E.</td><td>E. </td><td class="lft"> Sunshine.</td><td>Sunshine.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">26</td><td align="left" class="lft">36</td><td>42 </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto. </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">27</td><td align="left" class="lft">38</td><td>41 </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto. </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">28</td><td align="left" class="lft">33</td><td>41 </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto. </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">29</td><td align="left" class="lft">33</td><td>41 </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto. </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">30</td><td align="left" class="lft">32</td><td>41 </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto. </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto.</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><a name="page_205" id="page_205"></a></p> + +<h4>DECEMBER.</h4> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="december"> +<tr style="font-size:small;"><td align="center" style="border-top:double 3px black;border-bottom:1px solid black;"> DAYS<br />OF THE MONTH.</td> +<td align="center" class="lft" style="border-top:double 3px black;border-bottom:1px solid black;" colspan="2">FAHRENHEIT'S<br />THERMOMETER.</td> +<td align="center" class="lft" style="border-top:double 3px black;border-bottom:1px solid black;" colspan="2"> DIRECTION<br />OF THE WIND.</td> +<td align="center" class="lft" style="border-top:double 3px black;border-bottom:1px solid black;" colspan="2">STATE OF THE WEATHER.</td></tr> +<tr style="font-size:small;"><td align="left"></td><td align="left" class="lft">9 A.M.</td><td>Mer.</td><td align="left" class="lft"> 9 A.M.</td><td>Mer.</td><td align="left" class="lft"> 9 A. M.</td><td>Meridian.</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="right"> 1</td><td align="left" class="lft">34°</td><td>39°</td><td class="lft"> E.</td><td>E. </td><td class="lft"> Foggy.</td><td>Clear.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 2</td><td align="left" class="lft">37</td><td>42 </td><td class="lft"> Ditto. </td><td>N. E. </td><td class="lft"> Clear.</td><td>Rain.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 3</td><td align="left" class="lft">38</td><td>42 </td><td class="lft"> N. E.</td><td>Ditto. </td><td class="lft"> Sunshine.</td><td>Sunshine.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 4</td><td align="left" class="lft">37</td><td>41 </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto. </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 5</td><td align="left" class="lft">32</td><td>38 </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto. </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 6</td><td align="left" class="lft">29</td><td>36 </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto. </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 7</td><td align="left" class="lft">32</td><td>32 </td><td class="lft"> S. W.</td><td>S. W. </td><td class="lft"> Cloudy.</td><td>Dull.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 8</td><td align="left" class="lft">35</td><td>41 </td><td class="lft"> S.</td><td>S. </td><td class="lft"> Clear.</td><td>Heavy rain.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 9</td><td align="left" class="lft">33</td><td>40 </td><td class="lft"> W.</td><td>W. </td><td class="lft"> Sunshine.</td><td>Sunshine.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">10</td><td align="left" class="lft">31</td><td>35 </td><td class="lft"> E.</td><td>E. </td><td class="lft"> Fog.</td><td>Fog.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">11</td><td align="left" class="lft">37</td><td>46 </td><td class="lft"> W.</td><td>S. W. </td><td class="lft"> Heavy rain.</td><td>Showery.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">12</td><td align="left" class="lft">41</td><td>39 </td><td class="lft"> N. W.</td><td>N. W. </td><td class="lft"> Dull.</td><td>Cloudy.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">13</td><td align="left" class="lft">31</td><td>31 </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto. </td><td class="lft"> Cloudy.</td><td>Cloudy.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">14</td><td align="left" class="lft">23</td><td>25 </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto. </td><td class="lft"> Sunshine.</td><td>Sunshine.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">15</td><td align="left" class="lft">19</td><td>23 </td><td class="lft"> N. E.</td><td>N. E. </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">16</td><td align="left" class="lft">14</td><td>18 </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto. </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">17</td><td align="left" class="lft">12</td><td>17 </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto. </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">18</td><td align="left" class="lft">19</td><td>25 </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto. </td><td class="lft"> Snow.</td><td>Snow.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">19</td><td align="left" class="lft">36</td><td>37 </td><td class="lft"> E.</td><td>S. E. </td><td class="lft"> Thawing fast.</td><td>Thawing fast.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">20</td><td align="left" class="lft">33</td><td>37 </td><td class="lft"> W.</td><td>W. </td><td class="lft"> Foggy.</td><td>Thawing.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">21</td><td align="left" class="lft">29</td><td>29 </td><td class="lft"> N. E.</td><td>N. E. </td><td class="lft"> Sharp frost.</td><td>Snowing.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">22</td><td align="left" class="lft">27</td><td>33 </td><td class="lft"> E.</td><td>E. </td><td class="lft"> Sunshine.</td><td>Sunshine.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">23</td><td align="left" class="lft">25</td><td>28 </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto. </td><td class="lft"> Clear.</td><td>Clear.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">24</td><td align="left" class="lft">19</td><td>26 </td><td class="lft"> N. E.</td><td>N. E. </td><td class="lft"> Sunshine.</td><td>Sunshine.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">25</td><td align="left" class="lft">26</td><td>34 </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto. </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">26</td><td align="left" class="lft">26</td><td>33 </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto. </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">27</td><td align="left" class="lft">25</td><td>27 </td><td class="lft"> E.</td><td>E. </td><td class="lft"> Clear.</td><td>Clear.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">28</td><td align="left" class="lft">24</td><td>29 </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto. </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">29</td><td align="left" class="lft">33</td><td>39 </td><td class="lft"> Ditto. </td><td> S. E. </td><td class="lft"> Hazy.</td><td style="font-size:small;">Clear and thawing rapidly.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">30</td><td align="left" class="lft">35</td><td>40 </td><td class="lft"> E.</td><td>E. </td><td class="lft"> Thawing.</td><td>Cloudy.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">31</td><td align="left" class="lft">34</td><td>37 </td><td class="lft"> E.</td><td>W. </td><td class="lft"> Snowing.</td><td>Rain.</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><a name="page_206" id="page_206"></a></p> + +<h4>JANUARY 1841.</h4> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="january"> +<tr style="font-size:small;"><td align="center" style="border-top:double 3px black;border-bottom:1px solid black;"> DAYS<br />OF THE MONTH.</td> +<td align="center" class="lft" style="border-top:double 3px black;border-bottom:1px solid black;" colspan="2">FAHRENHEIT'S<br />THERMOMETER.</td> +<td align="center" class="lft" style="border-top:double 3px black;border-bottom:1px solid black;" colspan="2"> DIRECTION<br />OF THE WIND.</td> +<td align="center" class="lft" style="border-top:double 3px black;border-bottom:1px solid black;" colspan="2">STATE OF THE WEATHER.</td></tr> +<tr style="font-size:small;"><td align="left"></td><td align="left" class="lft">9 A.M.</td><td>Mer.</td><td align="left" class="lft"> 9 A.M.</td><td>Mer.</td><td align="left" class="lft"> 9 A. M.</td><td>Meridian.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 1</td><td align="left" class="lft">36°</td><td>38°</td><td class="lft"> N. W.</td><td>N. W. </td><td class="lft"> Clear.</td><td>Hazy.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 2</td><td align="left" class="lft">39</td><td>41 </td><td class="lft"> W.</td><td>N. W. </td><td class="lft"> Fog.</td><td>Clear.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 3</td><td align="left" class="lft">39</td><td>43 </td><td class="lft"> S. W.</td><td>S. W. </td><td class="lft"> Cloudy.</td><td>Snowing.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 4</td><td align="left" class="lft">31</td><td>36 </td><td class="lft"> W.</td><td>S. W. </td><td class="lft"> Sunshine.</td><td>Cloudy.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 5</td><td align="left" class="lft">30</td><td>35 </td><td class="lft"> N. W.</td><td>N. W. </td><td class="lft"> Snowing.</td><td>Sunshine.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 6</td><td align="left" class="lft">31</td><td>33 </td><td class="lft"> S. W.</td><td>S. W. </td><td class="lft"> Cloudy.</td><td>Sleet.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 7</td><td align="left" class="lft">29</td><td>33 </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto. </td><td class="lft"> Cloudy.</td><td>Sunshine.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 8</td><td align="left" class="lft">18</td><td>17 </td><td class="lft"> N. E.</td><td>E. </td><td class="lft"> Sunshine.</td><td>Ditto.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"> 9</td><td align="left" class="lft">24</td><td>28 </td><td class="lft"> S.</td><td>S. </td><td class="lft"> Cloudy.</td><td>Sunshine.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">10</td><td align="left" class="lft">36</td><td>39 </td><td class="lft"> S. W.</td><td>W. </td><td class="lft"> Foggy and Thaw.</td><td>Rain.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">11</td><td align="left" class="lft">39</td><td>41 </td><td class="lft"> W.</td><td>S. W. </td><td class="lft"> Sunshine.</td><td>Sunshine.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">12</td><td align="left" class="lft">38</td><td>41 </td><td class="lft"> W.</td><td>W. </td><td class="lft"> Cloudy.</td><td>Showery.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">13</td><td align="left" class="lft">41</td><td>44 </td><td class="lft"> S.</td><td>S. W. </td><td class="lft"> Rain.</td><td>Rain.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">14</td><td align="left" class="lft">48</td><td>53 </td><td class="lft"> S. W.</td><td>Ditto. </td><td class="lft"> Rain.</td><td>Clear.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">15</td><td align="left" class="lft">45</td><td>49 </td><td class="lft"> W.</td><td>W. </td><td class="lft"> Clear.</td><td>Clear.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">16</td><td align="left" class="lft">49</td><td>52 </td><td class="lft"> S. W.</td><td>S. </td><td class="lft"> Rain.</td><td>Showery.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">17</td><td align="left" class="lft">50</td><td>57 </td><td class="lft"> S. W.</td><td>S. W. </td><td class="lft"> Clear.</td><td>Sunshine.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">18</td><td align="left" class="lft">48</td><td>52 </td><td class="lft"> S. W.</td><td>Ditto. </td><td class="lft"> Clear.</td><td>Clear.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">19</td><td align="left" class="lft">47</td><td>49 </td><td class="lft"> W.</td><td>W. </td><td class="lft"> Clear.</td><td>Showery.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">20</td><td align="left" class="lft">34</td><td>40 </td><td class="lft"> N. W.</td><td>N. W. </td><td class="lft"> Sunshine.</td><td>Sunshine.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">21</td><td align="left" class="lft">32</td><td>37 </td><td class="lft"> N.</td><td>N. E. </td><td class="lft"> Cloudy.</td><td>Cloudy.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">22</td><td align="left" class="lft">37</td><td>41 </td><td class="lft"> N.</td><td>N. W. </td><td class="lft"> Clear.</td><td>Clear.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">23</td><td align="left" class="lft">40</td><td>44 </td><td class="lft"> W.</td><td>W. </td><td class="lft"> Rain.</td><td>Rain.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">24</td><td align="left" class="lft">37</td><td>41 </td><td class="lft"> W.</td><td>S. W. </td><td class="lft"> Rain.</td><td>Stormy.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">25</td><td align="left" class="lft">33</td><td>39 </td><td class="lft"> N. W.</td><td>N. </td><td class="lft"> Clear.</td><td>Sunshine.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">26</td><td align="left" class="lft">35</td><td>41 </td><td class="lft"> W.</td><td>W. </td><td class="lft"> Cloudy.</td><td>Rain.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">27</td><td align="left" class="lft">45</td><td>48 </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto. </td><td class="lft"> Fog.</td><td>Clear.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">28</td><td align="left" class="lft">43</td><td>47 </td><td class="lft"> N. W.</td><td>N. W. </td><td class="lft"> Clear.</td><td>Sunshine.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">29</td><td align="left" class="lft">37</td><td>41 </td><td class="lft"> Ditto.</td><td>Ditto. </td><td class="lft"> Hazy.</td><td>Cloudy.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">30</td><td align="left" class="lft">33</td><td>37 </td><td class="lft"> N. E.</td><td>N. </td><td class="lft"> Sunshine.</td><td>Sunshine.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">31</td><td align="left" class="lft">31</td><td>36 </td><td class="lft"> E.</td><td>E. </td><td class="lft"> Sunshine.</td><td>Frost.</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><a name="page_207" id="page_207"></a></p> + +<p>On a careful inspection of this interesting register, it will appear +sufficiently obvious, that the climate of Touraine, is of a mild and +equable character, and when it is recollected that the winter of 1840, +was almost every where marked by extraordinary vicissitudes of +temperature, and unusual severity, it would hardly appear a fair +criterion of the <i>natural salubrity</i> of the climate of this country.</p> + +<p>A really correct knowledge of the distinguishing characteristics of any +climate can of course, only be obtained by taking the average of +correctly observed and registered, meteorological phenomena of a series +of years; and too much credit cannot be awarded to persons who bestow a +portion of their time and attention in the acquirement of such important +data; which must, ultimately tend to the advancement of science, and +public utility.<a name="page_208" id="page_208"></a></p> +<hr /> + +<h3><a name="Reaumurs_Thermometric_Scale_turned_into_Fahrenheits" id="Reaumurs_Thermometric_Scale_turned_into_Fahrenheits"></a>Réaumur's Thermometric Scale turned into Fahrenheits.</h3> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="reaumeur"> +<tr style="text-align:center;font-weight:bold;border-top:4px double black;"><td>R.</td><td>F.</td><td class="lft">R.</td><td>F.</td><td class="lft">R.</td><td>F.</td><td class="lft">R.</td><td>F.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td>80</td><td align="right">212.00</td><td class="lft" align="right">51</td><td align="right">146.75</td><td class="lft" align="right">23</td><td align="right">83.75</td><td class="lft" align="right"> 5</td><td align="right">20.75</td></tr> +<tr><td>79</td><td align="right">209.75</td><td class="lft" align="right">50</td><td align="right">144.50</td><td class="lft" align="right">22</td><td align="right">81.50</td><td class="lft" align="right"> 6</td><td align="right">18.50</td></tr> +<tr><td>78</td><td align="right">207.50</td><td class="lft" align="right">49</td><td align="right">142.25</td><td class="lft" align="right">21</td><td align="right">79.25</td><td class="lft" align="right"> 7</td><td align="right">16.25</td></tr> +<tr><td>77</td><td align="right">205.25</td><td class="lft" align="right">48</td><td align="right">140.00</td><td class="lft" align="right">20</td><td align="right">77.00</td><td class="lft" align="right"> 8</td><td align="right">14.00</td></tr> +<tr><td>76</td><td align="right">203.00</td><td class="lft" align="right">47</td><td align="right">137.75</td><td class="lft" align="right">19</td><td align="right">74.75</td><td class="lft" align="right"> 9</td><td align="right">11.75</td></tr> +<tr><td>75</td><td align="right">200.75</td><td class="lft" align="right">46</td><td align="right">135.50</td><td class="lft" align="right">18</td><td align="right">72.50</td><td class="lft" align="right">10 </td><td align="right">9.50</td></tr> +<tr><td>74</td><td align="right">198.50</td><td class="lft" align="right">45</td><td align="right">133.25</td><td class="lft" align="right">17</td><td align="right">70.25</td><td class="lft" align="right">11 </td><td align="right">7.25</td></tr> +<tr><td>73</td><td align="right">196.25</td><td class="lft" align="right">44</td><td align="right">131.00</td><td class="lft" align="right">16</td><td align="right">68.00</td><td class="lft" align="right">12 </td><td align="right">5.00</td></tr> +<tr><td>72</td><td align="right">194.00</td><td class="lft" align="right">43</td><td align="right">128.75</td><td class="lft" align="right">15</td><td align="right">65.75</td><td class="lft" align="right">13 </td><td align="right">2.75</td></tr> +<tr><td>71</td><td align="right">191.75</td><td class="lft" align="right">42</td><td align="right">126.50</td><td class="lft" align="right">14</td><td align="right">63.50</td><td class="lft" align="right">14 </td><td align="right">0.50</td></tr> +<tr><td>70</td><td align="right">189.50</td><td class="lft" align="right">41</td><td align="right">124.25</td><td class="lft" align="right">13</td><td align="right">61.25</td><td class="lft" align="right">15 </td><td align="right">1.75</td></tr> +<tr><td>69</td><td align="right">187.25</td><td class="lft" align="right">40</td><td align="right">122.00</td><td class="lft" align="right">12</td><td align="right">59.00</td><td class="lft" align="right">16 </td><td align="right">4.00</td></tr> +<tr><td>68</td><td align="right">185.00</td><td class="lft" align="right">39</td><td align="right">119.75</td><td class="lft" align="right">11</td><td align="right">56.75</td><td class="lft" align="right">17 </td><td align="right">6.25</td></tr> +<tr><td>67</td><td align="right">182.75</td><td class="lft" align="right">38</td><td align="right">117.50</td><td class="lft" align="right">10</td><td align="right">54.50</td><td class="lft" align="right">18 </td><td align="right">8.50</td></tr> +<tr><td>66</td><td align="right">180.50</td><td class="lft" align="right">37</td><td align="right">115.25</td><td class="lft" align="right"> 9</td><td align="right">52.25</td><td class="lft" align="right">19</td><td align="right">10.75</td></tr> +<tr><td>65</td><td align="right">178.25</td><td class="lft" align="right">36</td><td align="right">113.00</td><td class="lft" align="right"> 8</td><td align="right">50.00</td><td class="lft" align="right">20</td><td align="right">13.00</td></tr> +<tr><td>64</td><td align="right">176.00</td><td class="lft" align="right">35</td><td align="right">110.75</td><td class="lft" align="right"> 7</td><td align="right">47.75</td><td class="lft" align="right">21</td><td align="right">15.25</td></tr> +<tr><td>63</td><td align="right">173.75</td><td class="lft" align="right">34</td><td align="right">108.50</td><td class="lft" align="right"> 6</td><td align="right">45.50</td><td class="lft" align="right">22</td><td align="right">17.50</td></tr> +<tr><td>62</td><td align="right">171.50</td><td class="lft" align="right">33</td><td align="right">106.25</td><td class="lft" align="right"> 5</td><td align="right">43.25</td><td class="lft" align="right">23</td><td align="right">19.75</td></tr> +<tr><td>61</td><td align="right">169.25</td><td class="lft" align="right">32</td><td align="right">104.00</td><td class="lft" align="right"> 4</td><td align="right">41.00</td><td class="lft" align="right">24</td><td align="right">22.00</td></tr> +<tr><td>60</td><td align="right">167.00</td><td class="lft" align="right">31</td><td align="right">101.75</td><td class="lft" align="right"> 3</td><td align="right">38.75</td><td class="lft" align="right">25</td><td align="right">24.25</td></tr> +<tr><td>59</td><td align="right">164.75</td><td class="lft" align="right">30</td><td align="right">99.50</td><td class="lft" align="right"> 2</td><td align="right">36.50</td><td class="lft" align="right">26</td><td align="right">26.50</td></tr> +<tr><td>58</td><td align="right">162.50</td><td class="lft" align="right">29</td><td align="right">97.25</td><td class="lft" align="right"> 1</td><td align="right">34.25</td><td class="lft" align="right">27</td><td align="right">28.75</td></tr> +<tr><td>57</td><td align="right">160.25</td><td class="lft" align="right">28</td><td align="right">95.00</td><td class="lft" align="right"> 0</td><td align="right">32.00</td><td class="lft" align="right">28</td><td align="right">31.00</td></tr> +<tr><td>56</td><td align="right">158.00</td><td class="lft" align="right">27</td><td align="right">92.75</td><td class="lft" align="right"> 1</td><td align="right">29.75</td><td class="lft" align="right">29</td><td align="right">33.25</td></tr> +<tr><td>55</td><td align="right">155.75</td><td class="lft" align="right">26</td><td align="right">90.50</td><td class="lft" align="right"> 2</td><td align="right">27.50</td><td class="lft" align="right">30</td><td align="right">35.50</td></tr> +<tr><td>54</td><td align="right">153.50</td><td class="lft" align="right">25</td><td align="right">88.25</td><td class="lft" align="right"> 3</td><td align="right">25.25</td><td class="lft" align="right">31</td><td align="right">37.75</td></tr> +<tr><td>53</td><td align="right">151.25</td><td class="lft" align="right">24</td><td align="right">86.00</td><td class="lft" align="right"> 4</td><td align="right">23.00</td><td class="lft" align="right">32</td><td align="right">40.00</td></tr> +<tr><td>52</td><td align="right">149.00</td><td class="lft"> </td><td align="right"> </td><td class="lft" align="right"> </td><td align="right"> </td><td class="lft" align="right"> </td><td align="right"> </td></tr> +</table> + +<p>The circle is divided by the French into 400 degrees; by the English +into 360. Hence 10 French circular degrees equal 9 English.<a name="page_209" id="page_209"></a></p> +<hr /> + +<h3><a name="APPENDIX" id="APPENDIX"></a>APPENDIX.</h3> + +<h4>A FEW USEFUL HINTS FOR TRAVELLERS.</h4> +<p>Passports.—The office for passports in London is at N<sup>o</sup> 6 Poland +street, Oxford street, where an under-secretary of the embassy attends +daily (generally from one till three.) Applications personal or written +stating the name, profession and nation, is made one day and the +passport is granted (gratis) the following one, on personal applications +only.</p> + +<p>To expedite the procuring of a passport, in a case of emergency, +applications may be made to the French Consul,<a name="page_210" id="page_210"></a> N<sup>o</sup> 3, Copthal +Buildings, where a fee of ten shillings is expected.</p> + +<p>Members of the same family may have their names inserted in the same +passport, but persons travelling in company should provide themselves +with separate passports. Couriers and male servants should each have a +passport.</p> + +<p>A traveller intending to visit any other territory should have the +passports <i>visé</i> (backed) by the Ambassador or Consul of each country +traversed.</p> + +<p>Consuls residing at the outports also give passports, so likewise do +British Consuls resident at foreign seaports.</p> + +<p>The British Ambassador's residence, in Paris, is N<sup>o</sup> 39, rue du +faubourg saint Honoré.</p> + +<p>If the traveller should omit to obtain a passport till he reach Dover, +or<a name="page_211" id="page_211"></a> Brighton, or Southampton, he may procure one from the French Consul +at any one of these places, on the first application, it will cost him +ten shillings.</p> +<p class="top5"><span class="smcap">Cash.</span>—The traveller will find English Bank-Notes, particularly of large +amount the most profitable money he can take to France. The course of +exchange has for several years been about six per cent in favor of +England. Should he however object to carry a large sum with him, he may +take <i>Circular</i> or <i>transferable Exchange notes</i>. The object of these +notes is to supply <i>travellers</i> on the continent with money where they +may require it, without there being any necessity for determining the +route before hand; and<a name="page_212" id="page_212"></a> to supply <i>other individuals</i>, who may have +remittances to make abroad, with bills upon any particular place that +they may desire. For this purpose a correspondence is established with +all the principal places in Europe.</p> + +<p>Notes on this plan may be obtained of Messrs. Coutts and C<sup>o</sup>., Strand; +Foreign Banking Company, (la banque Anglo-Etrangère), 82, Lombard +Street, and of Messrs. Glynn and C<sup>o</sup>., Lombard Street.</p> +<p class="top5"><span class="smcap">Coin.</span>—The modern gold coins of France are pieces of 40 fr. and 20 fr. +The silver coins are 5 fr., 2 fr., 1 fr., ½ fr., ¼ fr.. The coins of +billon (a mixed metal) and copper are pieces of one decime, or 2 sous, +pieces of 6 liards, or 1½ sou, of 5 centimes, or one sou, and<a name="page_213" id="page_213"></a> of one +centime. There are also liards and double liards, which are ¼ and ½ +of a sou.</p> + +<p>In the monetary system of France, the coins, if accurately minted, may +serve also as weights. Thus 5 francs in copper, 50 in billon, 200 in +standard silver, or 3,100 in standard gold, should weigh one kilogramme. +Hence the piece of one fr. weighs 5 grammes, and any other piece in the +above proportion.</p> + +<p>The gold coins of 20 fr. and 40 fr., struck under the government of +Bonaparte, were called napoleons and double-napoleons, and such is the +force of habit, that these, as well as pieces of the same value struck +since 1814, continue to be so called.</p> + +<p>They are also designated pièces de vingt francs and pièces de quarante<a name="page_214" id="page_214"></a> +francs. The silver coins of 5 francs each are frequently called pièces +de cent sous; a piece of 2 francs is called pièce de quarante sous, and +so on.</p> + +<p>The only notes issued by the Bank of France are of 500 fr. and 1,000 fr. +These are changeable into silver at the Bank, without discount, except +the charge of 3 sous for the bag which contains the change; or, at a +premium, into silver or gold, at the different money changers.</p> + +<p>The French money, being divided into decimal parts, in reckoning, +instead of 25 sous it is said 1 fr. 25 centimes, instead of 30 sous, 1 +fr 50 cent., and so on. When the course of exchange is at par between +France and England, 25 fr. are considered equal to the pound sterling.<a name="page_215" id="page_215"></a></p> + +<p>The gold as well as silver coins of France contain 1—10th. alloy.</p> + +<p>Since the English sovereign contains of pure gold 7.318444035 grammes, +and the gold coin of 20 fr. contains of pure gold 5.806449 grammes, +therefore the <i>intrinsic</i> value of the sovereign, in French money, is +25.2079 fr., or 25 fr. 20 c. Hence the respective intrinsic value of the +following coins will be:</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" summary="coin"> +<tr><td align="left">Guinea</td><td align="right">26</td><td align="left">fr.</td><td align="right">47</td><td align="left">c. </td><td align="left" class="lft">Napoléon</td><td align="right">15</td><td align="left">s.</td><td align="right">10¼</td><td align="left">d.</td><td align="right">.9</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Crown</td><td align="right">5</td><td align="left">fr.</td><td align="right">80</td><td align="left">c.</td><td align="left" class="lft">Franc</td><td colspan="2"> </td><td> 9</td><td align="left">d.</td><td align="right">05</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Shilling</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="left">fr.</td><td align="right">16</td><td align="left">c.</td><td colspan="6" class="lft"> </td></tr> +</table> + +<p>The rate of exchange, at Paris and the principal towns of France, is +commonly 25 fr. 50 c. for L. 1 sterling: but it varies, and especially +in the smaller towns, from 25 fr. to 25 fr. 75 c. If we assume it to be +25 fr. to L. 1 sterling, we have an easy proportion, by which we<a name="page_216" id="page_216"></a> may +find the value of the money of either country in the money of the other. +Thus since 25 fr. are equal to 20 shillings, 5 francs are equal to 4 +shillings, and therefore, any number of francs are equal to 4-5ths of +the same number of shillings; and any number of shillings are equal to +5-4ths of the same number of francs. Thus 100 fr. will equal 80 +shillings, or L. 4; and L. 5, or 100 shillings, will equal 125 fr. +Hence.</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="exchange"> +<tr><td align="left">Sovereign</td><td align="left">25</td><td align="left">fr.</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left" class="lft">Napoléon</td><td align="left">16</td><td align="left">s.</td><td align="left">0</td><td align="left">d.</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Crown</td><td align="left">6</td><td align="left">fr.</td><td align="left">25</td><td align="left">c.</td><td align="left" class="lft">Franc</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">9</td><td align="left">d.</td><td align="left">¾</td><td align="left">nearly</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Shilling</td><td align="left">1</td><td align="left">fr.</td><td align="left">25</td><td align="left">c.</td><td align="left" class="lft">Sou</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">½</td><td align="left">nearly.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Penny</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">10</td><td align="left">c. nearly.</td> +<td class="lft"> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td>or</td><td>¼</td><td>9.</td></tr> +</table> + +<p>This rule will be found very useful for all small sums and the common +purposes of life.<a name="page_217" id="page_217"></a></p> +<hr /> + +<h3><a name="TRAVELLING" id="TRAVELLING"></a>TRAVELLING.</h3> +<p><span class="smcap">London to Calais.</span>—Persons who leave London by the evening coaches +abridge their journey by not sleeping at Dover, and are equally in time +for the packet-boats, the coaches always arriving before the packets +sail, early the next morning either to Calais or Boulogne, whence safety +coaches set out twice a day for Paris; by which, according to the +quickness of the passage, the traveller pressed for time may go either +that same evening or early the next morning, and will reach the French +metropolis the day after.</p> + +<p>Considerable saving will be experienced by booking throughout, and the +best<a name="page_218" id="page_218"></a> places secured in the coach. The coaches from the Golden Cross; +41, Regent Circus; and the Cross Keys, Wood-Street, are in connexion +with the Messageries royales, rue Notre-Dame-des-Victoires, at Paris. +Those from the spread Eagle office; Webbs hotel, 220, Piccadilly; and +the Spread Eagle, and Cross Keys, Grace-church-street, are in connexion +with the Messageries générales, Lafitte's company, Nos 9 and 24, rue du +Bouloy, at Paris. Those from the White Bear Piccadilly, are in connexion +with l'Aigle; the Eagle an opposition company, N<sup>o</sup> 23, rue du Bouloy, +Paris. The office at Calais is in rue St.-Michel, that at Boulogne is at +the Hotel du Nord.</p> + +<p>Steam packets go from the Tower stairs to Calais three or four times a<a name="page_219" id="page_219"></a> +week during the summer months, and once or twice during the greater part +of the winter. The passage is generally performed within twelve hours. +Carriages and heavy baggage must be sent by twelve o'clock on the day +previous to starting. The passage from Dover to Calais, is performed in +three hours or three hours and a half.</p> +<p class="top5"><span class="smcap">London to Havre.</span>—The voyage is performed by companies, one French, one +English. Havre is now greatly preferred to Dieppe.</p> +<p class="top5"><span class="smcap">Southampton</span> has become a favourite place for embarkation, owing to the +<i>Railway</i>, the London terminus of which is at nine Elms, near Vauxhall. +Steam-Packets go four times a week,<a name="page_220" id="page_220"></a> during the summer months. They call +off Portsmouth, for passengers, and on their arrival at Havre meet the +steam vessel which plies between that place and <i>Rouen</i>. Further +particulars may be obtained either at N<sup>o</sup> 25, Coventry street; at +Portsmouth, or at Southampton. A sailing vessel also goes every week +from Southampton to Hâvre; distance between the two ports, 139 miles.</p> +<p class="top5"><span class="smcap">Posting.</span> There are three modes of travelling in France: in private +carriages (<i>voitures</i>), a hired carriage (<i>chaise de poste</i>), and the +public diligence. As all English carriages have poles, it will be +advisable, if the company do not exceed three in number, to have their +poles replaced by shafts, by which means one-third of the expense of +posting<a name="page_221" id="page_221"></a> will be saved; for, instead of four horses and two postilions, +they will only pay for three horses and one postilion. If more than +three persons travel in the same cabriolet or limonière, the postmaster +will charge one franc per post extra for each person beyond that number.</p> + +<p>The arrangements for posting are attended to with scrupulous exactness. +There is no competition: and those who arrive first are uniformly first +accommodated.</p> + +<p>A book called the <i>livre de poste</i> is published every year by the French +government containing every information for the traveller which he may +consult at any post-house, as the postmaster is compelled to keep a +copy.<a name="page_222" id="page_222"></a></p> + +<p class="c smcap">Travelling by the mail in france.</p> + +<p>Persons who wish to proceed rapidly may travel by the mails. These light +and commodious vehicles are made to carry four persons, and are supplied +with horses at the post-houses. Each passenger may carry a sac de nuit +or portmanteau, weighing fifteen kilograms. The price of each place is 1 +franc, 50 centimes per post, and 75 centimes per post to the guard.</p> + +<p>There are mails on the following roads:—From Paris to Caen; Calais; +Lille; Valenciennes; Mezières; Strasbourg, through Metz, and through +Nancy; Belfort; Besançon; Lyons, through Châlons, and through Moulins; +Toulouse, Bordeaux; Nantes, through le Mans, and through Vendôme, and +Brest.<a name="page_223" id="page_223"></a></p> + +<p>Also from Tours to Havre, from Lyon to Strasbourg, and to Marseilles; +from Avignon to Toulouse; from Toulouse to Bayonne; from Bordeaux to +Bayonne and to Toulouse; from Limoges to Bordeaux; from +Châlons-sur-Marne to Metz, from Bonnières to Rouen; and from Troyes to +Mulhausen.</p> +<p class="top5"><span class="smcap">Diligence.</span>—A conductor is attached to each machine: his proper business +is to take care of the baggage, and this duty he discharges with the +strictest integrity. When the traveller's portmanteau or parcels have +once been consigned to him, every fear with regard to their safety may +be dismissed. He usually presides at the dinner table of the passengers, +and does full justice to what is provided. He accompanies the diligence<a name="page_224" id="page_224"></a> +through the whole of the journey, and at the close of it expects a +gratuity of four or five francs. The latter sum includes the driver.</p> + +<p>Fifteen pounds of luggage are allowed, and twenty-one francs per cent is +charged for the overplus. The usual charges for meals to the passengers +in the diligence are, for dinner 4 fr.; for supper 3½ fr; for +breakfast 3½ fr. The average expense of travelling by the diligence, +including the pour-boire of the coachman and conductor, is about 75 +centimes per league. They usually travel about two leagues an hour.</p> + +<p>Offices in Paris from which the Tours diligences set out.—Rue du +Bouloy, N<sup>os</sup> 9 and 24—Rue N.-D. des Victoires, N<sup>o</sup> 22.</p> + +<p>On travellers arriving in Paris we<a name="page_225" id="page_225"></a> would strongly recommend Lawson's +Bedfort hotel N. 323 rue St-Honoré and N. 24 rue Rivoli where they will +meet with every attention and English comforts at reasonable charges. It +is situated in the most agreeable part of Paris adjacent to the palace +and garden of the Tuileries. Apartments may be had by the day, week, or +month; breakfasts are served in the coffee-room or in private +apartments, and visitors may dine at the table-d'hôte or in their own +rooms. The greatest regularity prevails in forwarding and delivering +letters, parcels, and information of every kind is furnished.</p> +<p class="top5"><span class="smcap">Diligences</span> start every day from Tours, to Paris, Bordeaux, la Rochelle, +Poitiers, Nantes, le Mans, Caen, Chartres,<a name="page_226" id="page_226"></a> Chinon, Orléans, Laval, and +Mayenne.</p> + +<p>The principal hotels in Tours are, the Boule d'Or; the Faisan; Hotel de +Londres; Hotel d'Angleterre; and Saint-Julien.<a name="page_227" id="page_227"></a></p> +<hr /> + +<h3><a name="DISTANCE_TABLES" id="DISTANCE_TABLES"></a>DISTANCE TABLES.</h3> + +<p>The following tables have been expressly calculated to give the exact +distance and intermediate distances, with reference to posting between +Havre and Tours, on some of the routes referred to in the Memoranda.</p> + +<p><a name="page_228" id="page_228"></a></p> + +<h4>FROM HAVRE TO TOURS, THROUGH ROUEN.</h4> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> + +<tr valign="bottom"> +<td><i>Havre to</i>,</td> +<td align="center" style="border-top:double 4px black; +border-bottom:1px solid black; +border-left:1px solid black;">M<br /> +y<br /> +r<br /> +i<br /> +a<br /> +m<br /> +è<br /> +t<br /> +r<br /> +e<br /> +.</td><td align="center" style="border-top:double 4px black; +border-bottom:1px solid black; +border-left:1px solid black;"> + +K<br /> +i<br /> +l<br /> +o<br /> +m<br /> +è<br /> +t<br /> +r<br /> +e<br /> +.</td><td align="center" style="border-top:double 4px black; +border-bottom:1px solid black; +border-left:1px solid black;"> + +M<br /> +i<br /> +l<br /> +e<br /> +s<br /> +.</td><td align="center" style="border-top:double 4px black; +border-bottom:1px solid black; +border-left:1px solid black;"> + +F<br /> +u<br /> +r<br /> +l<br /> +o<br /> +n<br /> +g<br /> +s<br /> +.</td><td align="center" style="border-top:double 4px black; +border-bottom:1px solid black; +border-left:1px solid black;"> + +Y<br /> +a<br /> +r<br /> +d<br /> +s<br /> +.</td><td align="center" style="border-top:double 4px black; +border-bottom:1px solid black;" class="lft"> +F<br /> +e<br /> +e<br /> +t<br /> +.</td><td align="center" style="border-top:double 4px black; +border-bottom:1px solid black; +border-left:1px solid black; +border-right:4px double black;"> + +I<br /> +n<br /> +c<br /> +h<br /> +e<br /> +s<br /> +.</td></tr> + +<tr><td>La Botte </td><td class="lft"> 1 </td><td class="lft"> 6 </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td> <td class="lft" style="border-right:double 4px black;"> </td></tr> +<tr><td>Lillebonne </td><td class="lft"> 1 </td><td class="lft"> 9 </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td> <td class="lft" style="border-right:double 4px black;"> </td></tr> +<tr><td>Caucleber </td><td class="lft"> 1 </td><td class="lft"> 5 </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td> <td class="lft" style="border-right:double 4px black;"> </td></tr> +<tr><td>Duclair </td><td class="lft"> 1 </td><td class="lft"> 6 </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td> <td class="lft" style="border-right:double 4px black;"> </td></tr> +<tr><td>Rouen </td><td class="lft"> 2 </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> 53 </td><td class="lft"> 0 </td><td class="lft"> 22 </td><td class="lft"> 1 </td><td class="lft" style="border-right:double 4px black;">10⅓</td></tr> +<tr><td>Grande Couronne </td><td class="lft"> 1 </td><td class="lft"> 2 </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td> <td class="lft" style="border-right:double 4px black;"> </td></tr> +<tr><td>Bourg Theroulde </td><td class="lft"> 1 </td><td class="lft"> 5 </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td> <td class="lft" style="border-right:double 4px black;"> </td></tr> +<tr><td>Brionne </td><td class="lft"> 1 </td><td class="lft"> 8 </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td> <td class="lft" style="border-right:double 4px black;"> </td></tr> +<tr><td>Bernay </td><td class="lft"> 1 </td><td class="lft"> 5 </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td> <td class="lft" style="border-right:double 4px black;"> </td></tr> +<tr><td>Broglie </td><td class="lft"> 1 </td><td class="lft"> 1 </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td> <td class="lft" style="border-right:double 4px black;"> </td></tr> +<tr><td>Monnai </td><td class="lft"> 1 </td><td class="lft"> 6 </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td> <td class="lft" style="border-right:double 4px black;"> </td></tr> +<tr><td>Gacé </td><td class="lft"> 1 </td><td class="lft"> 4 </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td> <td class="lft" style="border-right:double 4px black;"> </td></tr> +<tr><td>Nonant </td><td class="lft"> 1 </td><td class="lft"> 2 </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td> <td class="lft" style="border-right:double 4px black;"> </td></tr> +<tr><td>Séez </td><td class="lft"> 1 </td><td class="lft"> 2 </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td> <td class="lft" style="border-right:double 4px black;"> </td></tr> +<tr><td>Alençon </td><td class="lft"> 2 </td><td class="lft"> 1 </td><td class="lft"> 90 </td><td class="lft"> 2 </td><td class="lft"> 18 </td><td class="lft"> 2 </td><td class="lft" style="border-right:double 4px black;"> 4⅓ </td></tr> +<tr><td>Le Mans </td><td class="lft"> 5 </td><td class="lft"> 0 </td><td class="lft"> 31 </td><td class="lft"> 0 </td><td class="lft"> 69 </td><td class="lft"> 1 </td><td class="lft" style="border-right:double 4px black;"> 9 </td></tr> +<tr><td>Tours </td><td class="lft"> 8 </td><td class="lft"> 1 </td><td class="lft"> 50 </td><td class="lft"> 2 </td><td class="lft"> 59 </td><td class="lft"> 2 </td><td class="lft" style="border-right:double 4px black;"> 9⅓ </td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td class="lft" style="border-top:1px solid black; border-bottom:4px double black;">36 </td> +<td class="lft" style="border-top:1px solid black; border-bottom:4px double black;"> 3 </td> +<td class="lft" style="border-top:1px solid black; border-bottom:4px double black;">224 </td> +<td class="lft" style="border-top:1px solid black; border-bottom:4px double black;"> 4 </td> +<td class="lft" style="border-top:1px solid black; border-bottom:4px double black;">171 </td> +<td class="lft" style="border-top:1px solid black; border-bottom:4px double black;"> 2 </td> +<td class="lft" style="border-top:1px solid black; border-bottom:4px double black;border-right:4px double black;"> 9 </td></tr> +</table> + +<h4>FROM HAVRE TO TOURS, THROUGH HONFLEUR.</h4> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr valign="bottom"> +<td><i>Havre to Honfleur<br /> + by steam packet,<br /> + Honfleur to,</i></td> +<td align="center" style="border-top:double 4px black; +border-bottom:1px solid black; +border-left:1px solid black;">M<br /> +y<br /> +r<br /> +i<br /> +a<br /> +m<br /> +è<br /> +t<br /> +r<br /> +e<br /> +.</td><td align="center" style="border-top:double 4px black; +border-bottom:1px solid black; +border-left:1px solid black;"> + +K<br /> +i<br /> +l<br /> +o<br /> +m<br /> +è<br /> +t<br /> +r<br /> +e<br /> +.</td><td align="center" style="border-top:double 4px black; +border-bottom:1px solid black; +border-left:1px solid black;"> + +M<br /> +i<br /> +l<br /> +e<br /> +s<br /> +.</td><td align="center" style="border-top:double 4px black; +border-bottom:1px solid black; +border-left:1px solid black;"> + +F<br /> +u<br /> +r<br /> +l<br /> +o<br /> +n<br /> +g<br /> +s<br /> +.</td><td align="center" style="border-top:double 4px black; +border-bottom:1px solid black; +border-left:1px solid black;"> + +Y<br /> +a<br /> +r<br /> +d<br /> +s<br /> +.</td><td align="center" style="border-top:double 4px black; +border-bottom:1px solid black;" class="lft"> +F<br /> +e<br /> +e<br /> +t<br /> +.</td><td align="center" style="border-top:double 4px black; +border-bottom:1px solid black; +border-left:1px solid black; +border-right:4px double black;"> + +I<br /> +n<br /> +c<br /> +h<br /> +e<br /> +s<br /> +.</td></tr> + +<tr><td>Pont-Lévêque</td><td class="lft"> 1</td><td class="lft"> 7</td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft" style="border-right:4px double black;"> </td></tr> +<tr><td>Lisieux</td><td class="lft"> 1</td><td class="lft"> 7</td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft" style="border-right:4px double black;"> </td></tr> +<tr><td>Linarot</td><td class="lft"> 1</td><td class="lft"> 8</td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft" style="border-right:4px double black;"> </td></tr> +<tr><td>Nimoutier</td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> 9</td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft" style="border-right:4px double black;"> </td></tr> +<tr><td>Gacé</td><td class="lft"> 1</td><td class="lft"> 8</td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft" style="border-right:4px double black;"> </td></tr> +<tr><td>Nonant</td><td class="lft"> 1</td><td class="lft"> 2</td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft" style="border-right:4px double black;"> </td></tr> +<tr><td>Séez</td><td class="lft"> 1</td><td class="lft"> 2</td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft" style="border-right:4px double black;"> </td></tr> +<tr><td>Alençon</td><td class="lft"> 2</td><td class="lft"> 1</td><td class="lft"> 76</td><td class="lft"> 5</td><td class="lft"> 181</td><td class="lft"> 1</td><td class="lft" style="border-right:4px double black;"> 1⅓</td></tr> +<tr><td>Le Mans</td><td class="lft"> 5</td><td class="lft"> 0</td><td class="lft"> 31</td><td class="lft"> 0</td><td class="lft"> 69</td><td class="lft"> 1</td><td class="lft" style="border-right:4px double black;"> 9</td></tr> +<tr><td>Tours</td><td class="lft"> 8</td><td class="lft"> 1</td><td class="lft"> 50</td><td class="lft"> 2</td><td class="lft"> 59</td><td class="lft"> 2</td><td class="lft" style="border-right:4px double black;"> 9⅓</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td class="lft" +style="border-top:1px solid black; + border-bottom:4px double black;"> 25</td><td class="lft" +style="border-top:1px solid black; + border-bottom:4px double black;"> 5</td><td class="lft" +style="border-top:1px solid black; + border-bottom:4px double black;"> 158</td><td class="lft" +style="border-top:1px solid black; + border-bottom:4px double black;"> 0</td><td class="lft" +style="border-top:1px solid black; + border-bottom:4px double black;"> 80</td><td class="lft" +style="border-top:1px solid black; + border-bottom:4px double black;"> 2</td><td class="lft" +style="border-top:1px solid black; + border-bottom:4px double black; +border-right:4px double black;"> 7⅔</td></tr> + +</table> +<h4>FROM HAVRE TO TOURS, THROUGH CAEN.</h4> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr valign="bottom"> +<td><i>Havre to Caen per<br /> + steam packet,</i></td> +<td align="center" style="border-top:double 4px black; +border-bottom:1px solid black; +border-left:1px solid black;">M<br /> +y<br /> +r<br /> +i<br /> +a<br /> +m<br /> +è<br /> +t<br /> +r<br /> +e<br /> +.</td><td align="center" style="border-top:double 4px black; +border-bottom:1px solid black; +border-left:1px solid black;"> + +K<br /> +i<br /> +l<br /> +o<br /> +m<br /> +è<br /> +t<br /> +r<br /> +e<br /> +.</td><td align="center" style="border-top:double 4px black; +border-bottom:1px solid black; +border-left:1px solid black;"> + +M<br /> +i<br /> +l<br /> +e<br /> +s<br /> +.</td><td align="center" style="border-top:double 4px black; +border-bottom:1px solid black; +border-left:1px solid black;"> + +F<br /> +u<br /> +r<br /> +l<br /> +o<br /> +n<br /> +g<br /> +s<br /> +.</td><td align="center" style="border-top:double 4px black; +border-bottom:1px solid black; +border-left:1px solid black;"> + +Y<br /> +a<br /> +r<br /> +d<br /> +s<br /> +.</td><td align="center" style="border-top:double 4px black; +border-bottom:1px solid black;" class="lft"> +F<br /> +e<br /> +e<br /> +t<br /> +.</td><td align="center" style="border-top:double 4px black; +border-bottom:1px solid black; +border-left:1px solid black; +border-right:4px double black;"> + +I<br /> +n<br /> +c<br /> +h<br /> +e<br /> +s<br /> +.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Langannerie</td><td class="lft"> 2</td><td class="lft"> 1</td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft" style="border-right:4px double black;"> </td></tr> +<tr><td>Falaise</td><td class="lft"> 1</td><td class="lft"> 4</td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft" style="border-right:4px double black;"> </td></tr> +<tr><td>Argentan</td><td class="lft"> 2</td><td class="lft"> 2</td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft" style="border-right:4px double black;"> </td></tr> +<tr><td>Séez</td><td class="lft"> 2</td><td class="lft"> 3</td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft" style="border-right:4px double black;"> </td></tr> +<tr><td>Alençon</td><td class="lft"> 2</td><td class="lft"> 1</td><td class="lft"> 62</td><td class="lft"> 5</td><td class="lft"> 131</td><td class="lft"> 2</td><td class="lft" style="border-right:4px double black;"> 3⅓</td></tr> +<tr><td>La Hutte</td><td class="lft"> 1</td><td class="lft"> 4</td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft" style="border-right:4px double black;"> </td></tr> +<tr><td>Beau<sup>t</sup>-sur-Sarthe</td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> 9</td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft" style="border-right:4px double black;"> </td></tr> +<tr><td>Bazoge</td><td class="lft"> 1</td><td class="lft"> 5</td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft" style="border-right:4px double black;"> </td></tr> +<tr><td>Le Mans</td><td class="lft"> 1</td><td class="lft"> 2</td><td class="lft"> 31</td><td class="lft"> 0</td><td class="lft"> 69</td><td class="lft"> 1</td><td class="lft" style="border-right:4px double black;"> 9</td></tr> +<tr><td>Ecommoy</td><td class="lft"> 2</td><td class="lft"> 1</td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft" style="border-right:4px double black;"> </td></tr> +<tr><td>Château-du-Loir</td><td class="lft"> 1</td><td class="lft"> 9</td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft" style="border-right:4px double black;"> </td></tr> +<tr><td>La Roue</td><td class="lft"> 2</td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft" style="border-right:4px double black;"> </td></tr> +<tr><td>Tours</td><td class="lft"> 2</td><td class="lft"> 1</td><td class="lft"> 50</td><td class="lft"> 2</td><td class="lft"> 59</td><td class="lft"> 2</td><td class="lft" style="border-right:4px double black;"> 9⅓</td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td><td class="lft" +style="border-top:1px solid black;border-bottom:4px double black;">23</td><td class="lft" +style="border-top:1px solid black;border-bottom:4px double black;"> 2</td><td class="lft" +style="border-top:1px solid black;border-bottom:4px double black;"> 144</td><td class="lft" +style="border-top:1px solid black;border-bottom:4px double black;"> 0</td><td class="lft" +style="border-top:1px solid black;border-bottom:4px double black;"> 41</td><td class="lft" +style="border-top:1px solid black;border-bottom:4px double black;"> 0</td><td class="lft" style="border-right:4px double black;border-top:1px solid black;border-bottom:4px double black;"> 9⅓</td></tr> +</table> + +<p class="c">12 Inches, 1 foot.—3 Feet, 1 Yard, 220 Yards 1 Furlong, 8 Furlongs 1 +Mile.</p> + +<p><a name="page_229" id="page_229"></a></p> + +<h4>TABLES OF FRENCH AND ENGLISH LONG MEASURE.</h4> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr style="border-top:4px double black;border-bottom:1px solid black;" +align="center"> +<td valign="middle"><i>English measure</i>.</td> +<td class="lft" valign="top">K<br /> +i<br /> +l<br /> +o<br /> +|<br /> +m<br /> +è<br /> +t<br /> +r<br /> +e<br /> +.<br /> +</td> +<td class="lft" valign="top"> +H<br /> +e<br /> +c<br /> +t<br /> +o<br /> +|<br /> +m<br /> +è<br /> +t<br /> +r<br /> +e<br /> +.<br /> +</td> +<td class="lft" valign="top"> +D<br /> +é<br /> +c<br /> +a<br /> +|<br /> +m<br /> +è<br /> +t<br /> +r<br /> +e<br /> +.<br /> +</td> +<td class="lft" valign="top"> +M<br /> +è<br /> +t<br /> +r<br /> +e<br /> +.<br /> +</td> +<td class="lft" valign="top"> +D<br /> +é<br /> +c<br /> +i<br /> +|<br /> +m<br /> +è<br /> +t<br /> +r<br /> +e<br /> +.<br /> +</td> +<td class="lft" valign="top"> +C<br /> +e<br /> +n<br /> +t<br /> +i<br /> +|<br /> +m<br /> +è<br /> +t<br /> +r<br /> +e<br /> +.<br /> +</td> +<td class="lft" style="border-right:4px double black;" valign="top"> +M<br /> +i<br /> +l<br /> +l<br /> +i<br /> +|<br /> +m<br /> +è<br /> +t<br /> +r<br /> +e<br /> +.<br /> +</td></tr> +<tr><td>One mile</td> +<td class="lft"> 1</td> +<td class="lft"> 6</td> +<td class="lft"> 1</td> +<td class="lft"> 0</td> +<td class="lft"> 4</td> +<td class="lft"> 0</td> +<td class="lft" style="border-right:4px double black;"> 0</td></tr> + +<tr><td>Do. furlong</td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> 2</td><td class="lft"> 0</td><td class="lft"> 1</td><td class="lft"> 3</td><td class="lft"> 0</td><td class="lft" style="border-right:4px double black;"> 0</td></tr> +<tr><td>Do. yard</td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> 9</td><td class="lft"> 1</td><td class="lft" style="border-right:4px double black;"> 5</td></tr> +<tr><td>Do. foot</td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> 3</td><td class="lft"> 0</td><td class="lft" style="border-right:4px double black;"> 5</td></tr> +<tr><td>Do. inch</td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft" +> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft" +> 2</td><td class="lft" style="border-right:4px double black;"> 5</td></tr> +</table> +<table border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" summary=""> + +<tr align="center"><td +style="border-top:4px double black;"><i>French<br />measure.</i><br />__</td><td +style="border-top:4px double black;" class="lft"><i>Quantity</i>.<br />__</td><td colspan="5" +style="border-top:4px double black; +border-bottom:4px double black; +border-right:4px double black;" class="lft"><i>English</i>.</td></tr> + +<tr valign="top" align="center"><td> </td><td class="lft"> +</td><td class="lft" +style="border-bottom:1px solid black;"> +M<br /> +i<br /> +l<br /> +e<br /> +s<br /> +.<br /> +</td><td class="lft" +style="border-bottom:1px solid black;"> + +F<br /> +u<br /> +r<br /> +l<br /> +o<br /> +n<br /> +g<br /> +s<br /> +.<br /> +</td><td class="lft" +style="border-bottom:1px solid black;"> + +Y<br /> +a<br /> +r<br /> +d<br /> +s<br /> +.<br /> +</td><td class="lft" +style="border-bottom:1px solid black;"> +F<br /> +e<br /> +e<br /> +t<br /> +.<br /> +</td><td class="lft" +style="border-right:4px double black; +border-bottom:1px solid black;"> +I<br /> +n<br /> +c<br /> +h<br /> +e<br /> +s<br /> +.<br /></td></tr> +<tr><td>Myria-mètre.</td><td class="lft" align="center">10,000 mètres. </td><td class="lft"> 6</td><td class="lft"> 1</td><td class="lft">145</td><td class="lft"> 2</td><td class="lft" style="border-right:4px double black;">9 </td></tr> +<tr><td>Kilo-mètre. </td><td class="lft" align="center"> 1,000 do. </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> 4</td><td class="lft">212</td><td class="lft"> 1</td><td class="lft" style="border-right:4px double black;">9⅓ </td></tr> +<tr><td>Hecto-mètre.</td><td class="lft" align="center"> 100 do. </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft">109</td><td class="lft"> 0</td><td class="lft" style="border-right:4px double black;">9⅓ </td></tr> +<tr><td>Déca-mètre. </td><td class="lft" align="center"> 10 do. </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> 10</td><td class="lft"> 2</td><td class="lft" style="border-right:4px double black;">9⅓ </td></tr> +<tr><td>Mètre. </td><td class="lft" align="center">Unity of length</td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> 3</td><td class="lft" style="border-right:4px double black;">3⅓ </td></tr> +<tr><td>Déci-mètre. </td><td class="lft" align="center"> Tenth part of<br />a mètre.</td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft" style="border-right:4px double black;">3<sup>15</sup>/<sub>16</sub></td></tr> +<tr><td>Centi-mètre.</td><td class="lft" align="center"> Hundredth<br />part of a mètre. </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft"> </td><td class="lft" style="border-right:4px double black;"> </td></tr> +<tr><td>Milli-mètre.</td><td class="lft" align="center">Thousandth<br />part of a mètre.</td><td class="lft" style="border-bottom:4px double black;"> </td><td class="lft" style="border-bottom:4px double black;"> </td><td class="lft" style="border-bottom:4px double black;"> </td><td class="lft" +style="border-bottom:4px double black;"> </td><td class="lft" style="border-right:4px double black;border-bottom:4px double black;"> </td></tr> +</table> +<p>On the Loire, the Rhone, the Seine, Garonne, and other large Rivers in +France, steamers called <i>Coches d'Eau</i>, are established; the average +expense of which conveyances is about 15 centimes per league.</p> + +<p>The <i>Seine</i> has become a favorite route to <i>Paris</i>,—by way of Havre, +Honfleur, Rouen, etc.<a name="page_230" id="page_230"></a></p> +<hr /> + +<h3><a name="EXPENSE_OF_LIVING" id="EXPENSE_OF_LIVING"></a>EXPENSE OF LIVING<br /><br /> +IN FRANCE.</h3> +<p>The vicinity of Paris is, of course, dearer than other parts of France, +but families in good circumstances, who wish to be near the metropolis, +should fix themselves at Versailles or St.-Germain.</p> + +<p>Persons who wish to economize must resort to the banks of the Loire and +Lower Normandy, which are both much frequented by the English, who may +here enjoy the comforts of life at a third less than in one of the +provincial towns of their own country. A still<a name="page_231" id="page_231"></a> greater reduction of +expense will be found in the retired parts of Brittany, or in the towns +of Saumur and Avranches, where living is one-fourth cheaper than at Caen +or Tours. These situations are, however, inconvenient, as there are +neither good schools nor genteel society.</p> + +<p>Rouen, Dieppe, Boulogne, are little cheaper than Paris.</p> + +<p>From the following statement, some idea may be formed of the expenses +likely to be incurred by a family, residing in Tours or any of the towns +in the central and Northern parts of France:</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Rent.</span> An unfurnished house, of eight or ten rooms, with a garden, may be +had from 30 l. to 50 l. a year.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Taxes.</span> Payable by the tenant, about 5 l. a year.<a name="page_232" id="page_232"></a></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Fuel.</span> Three fires in winter, and a fire in the kitchen throughout the +year, will cost 25 l. to 30 l. a year. The usual fuel is wood: coals may +be had in some districts. They are in use in Tours, but are expensive; +coke is however to be obtained at more reasonable prices.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Meat.</span>—Beef, mutton, veal, 4 d. to 5 d.; pork, 5 d. to 6 d. per pound.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Poultry.</span> Fowls, 1 s. 6 d. to 3 s. the couple; a goose or turkey, from 2 +s. to 4 s.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Eggs.</span> About 5 d. a dozen.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Butter.</span> Fresh, in summer, from 9 d. to 1 s.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Milk.</span> From 2 d. to 3 d. a quart.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Bread.</span> Generally very good, about 1½ d. the pound.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Fish.</span> Near the coast, is plentiful and cheap.<a name="page_233" id="page_233"></a></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Grocery.</span> Is much the same as in England.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Tea.</span> Is rather cheaper, and sugar rather dearer.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Wages.</span> A man servant, 10 l. or 12 l. a year; a woman Cook, 8 l. to 12 +l.; a house maid, 6 l. to 8 l. A mechanic 2 s. to 2 s. 6 d. per day; a +labourer, 1 s. to 1 s. 3 d.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Clothes.</span> Linens and silks cheaper; cottons dearer than in England; +wollen articles dearer.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Education.</span> Boarding-schools from 25 l. to 35 l. a year including extras. +Board in a Family, with private tuition, boys 50 l. per year; girls from +35 l. to 40 l. Private lessons by the hour, in French, 2 s. to 4 s.; in +music, 2 s. 6 d. to 5 s.</p> + +<p>In the south of France wine is much<a name="page_234" id="page_234"></a> cheaper, but other provisions are +charged much the same as in the north and central parts. The brandy of +the country, may be purchased in Tours for 1 s. 6 d. per bottle, and +<i>Cognac</i> of the best quality for 2 s. 6. d. per bottle.</p> + +<p>The <i>city of Tours</i>,—which contains upwards of 28,000 inhabitants,—is +at all times most abundantly supplied with the common necessaries and +the luxuries of life. It has two market days, Wednesday and Saturday; +the latter at all seasons presents an extremely animated and bustling +appearance, it being frequented by great numbers of the surrounding +rural population, who bring in vast quantities of marketable commodities +from the adjacent districts. Such as fruit, vegetables, game, fowls, +turkeys, geese, etc.; the latter being supplied<a name="page_235" id="page_235"></a> in such abundance as to +enable the venders after the ordinary sales of the market, to send off +weekly, considerable quantities to Havre, Rouen, Paris, and other large +towns.</p> + +<p>Beef, mutton, and pork is also extremely plentiful and of very superior +quality.</p> + +<p class="cb top15">END.</p> + +<p class="c ov top15">Tours.—Printed by A. Mame and Co.</p> + +<h4>ERRATA.<br /><small>(corrected in this etext)</small></h4> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="ERRATA"> +<tr><td align="left">Page</td><td align="right">7,</td><td> <i>for</i> constitued, <i>read</i> constituted.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">—</td><td align="right">15,</td><td> <i>for</i> continuous, <i>read</i> continued.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">—</td><td align="right">21,</td><td> <i>for</i> Farehenit, <i>read</i> Fahrenheit.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">—</td><td align="right">77,</td><td> <i>for</i> Family, <i>read</i> Families.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">—</td><td align="right">94,</td><td> <i>for</i> Gramina, <i>read</i> Graminaceæ.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">—</td><td align="right">119,</td><td> <i>for</i> thinks, <i>read</i> things.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">—</td><td align="right">136,</td><td> <i>for</i> Fxt: <i>read</i> Ext:.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">—</td><td align="right">110,</td><td> <i>for</i> ascending other, <i>read</i> ascending order.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">—</td><td align="right">120,</td><td> <i>for</i> stalagmitical, <i>read</i> stalactical.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">—</td><td align="right">135,</td><td> <i>for</i> rhumatism, <i>read</i> rheumatism.</td></tr> +</table> + +<div class="footnotes"> + +<h3 class="top5">FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_A_1" id="Footnote_A_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_1"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> See the meteorological Register.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_B_2" id="Footnote_B_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_B_2"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> See Table of alcoholic strength of wines and liquors. As +also the classification of french wines.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_C_3" id="Footnote_C_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_C_3"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> See distance Table.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_D_4" id="Footnote_D_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_D_4"><span class="label">[D]</span></a> The <i>faluns</i> may be seen to advantage near <i>Manthelan</i>, and +Semblançay.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_E_5" id="Footnote_E_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_E_5"><span class="label">[E]</span></a> Claret, from the French <i>Clairet</i>, signifying red or rose +coloured, is a manufactured wine, being a mixture of several sorts, +often of Beni Carlos and Bordeaux, and sometimes Hermitage or Alicant +with Bordeaux.</p></div> + +</div> +<hr class="full" /> + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Memoranda on Tours, Touraine and +Central France., by J. H. 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