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diff --git a/33464.txt b/33464.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9687541 --- /dev/null +++ b/33464.txt @@ -0,0 +1,6654 @@ +Project Gutenberg's Roses and Rose Growing, by Rose Georgina Kingsley + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Roses and Rose Growing + +Author: Rose Georgina Kingsley + +Release Date: August 18, 2010 [EBook #33464] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ROSES AND ROSE GROWING *** + + + + +Produced by Karl Eichwalder, Emmy and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + + + + + + + + + + +ROSES AND ROSE GROWING + +[Illustration: SINGLE HYBRID TEA. + +IRISH ELEGANCE.] + + + + +ROSES AND ROSE GROWING + +BY ROSE G. KINGSLEY + + OFFICIER DE L'INSTRUCTION PUBLIQUE + + AUTHOR OF "EVERSLEY GARDENS," ETC., ETC. + + WITH A CHAPTER ON "HOW TO GROW ROSES FOR + EXHIBITION," BY THE REV. F. PAGE-ROBERTS, + VICE-PRESIDENT NATIONAL ROSE + SOCIETY, F.R.H.S. + + _WITH TWENTY-EIGHT FULL-PAGE COLOURED, AND NINE + HALF-TONE, ILLUSTRATIONS AND DIAGRAMS_ + + WHITTAKER & CO. + 2 WHITE HART STREET, PATERNOSTER SQUARE, LONDON, E.C. + AND 64-66 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK + + + + + RICHARD CLAY & SONS, LIMITED, + BREAD STREET HILL, E.C., AND + BUNGAY, SUFFOLK. + + + + +PREFACE + + +SOME time ago it was suggested, by certain rose-lovers and enthusiasts, +that the practical experience of an amateur, brought up from childhood +to love and cultivate roses, might be of use to other owners of small +gardens, who, like herself, tend their roses themselves. And in the hope +that this might be the case, I undertook to write this little book. My +text-book in this labour of love has been an old copy, which belonged to +my father when he settled at Eversley in 1844, of _The Rose Amateur's +Guide_, by that veteran rose-grower, the late Thomas Rivers. I am also +greatly indebted to the Rev. J. H. Pemberton's learned and admirable +work, _Roses, their History, Development, and Cultivation_, published +early this year; and to the various publications of the National Rose +Society. + +As one branch, however, of the cultivation of roses is a sealed book to +me, for I am only an amateur who does not exhibit, I felt that no work +on rose-growing would be complete without a chapter which should help +those who wish to do so. And here I was indeed fortunate in obtaining +the help of so distinguished an authority as my friend and neighbour, +Rev. F. Page-Roberts, Vice-President of the National Rose Society. My +grateful thanks are due to him for the delightful chapter, the last in +the book, on "How to grow Roses for Exhibition." And I feel that to have +his name on the title-page is an honour of which I cannot be too proud. + +As to the illustrations, it should be borne in mind that they are not +intended to represent exhibition roses, but merely ordinary blooms, +typical of the various kinds of garden roses. The colour prints have +been admirably carried out by Messrs. Swain and Son of Barnet, by their +new process of colour-printing. My friend, Miss Emily Jubb, has supplied +several of the original photographs of roses and of pruning, from +specimens in my own garden; and to her I offer my warm thanks. Thanks +are also due to Mr. Wm. Paul of Waltham Cross nurseries, and to Mr. +Henry Nicholson of New Barnet, for their kindness in furnishing Messrs. +Swain and Son with all the other specimen flowers for the plates. In +fact, without Mr. Nicholson's ready help in a supplying a large +proportion of the subjects from his own garden, it would have been +difficult to carry out the scheme of illustration. + +If this humble record of my own practical experience, its failures, and +its successes, is the means of encouraging others in the cultivation of +roses, I can only wish them the interest, delight, and healthful +relaxation of tired body and mind, which this pursuit has afforded me +for many a long year. + + ROSE G. KINGSLEY + + _Keys, Eversley, + Hants, + Nov. 6, 1908._ + + + + +CONTENTS + + + CHAP. PAGE + I. MAKING AND PLANTING A ROSE GARDEN 1 + II. PRUNING AND PROPAGATING 15 + III. SUMMER-FLOWERING ROSES--OLD AND NEW 37 + IV. CLIMBING ROSES--SUMMER FLOWERING 52 + V. CLIMBING ROSES--AUTUMN FLOWERING 68 + VI. TEA ROSES 80 + VII. HYBRID TEA ROSES 93 + VIII. HYBRID PERPETUALS 111 + IX. BOURBON, CHINA, AND POLYANTHA ROSES 123 + X. ROSE PESTS 136 + XI. HOW TO GROW ROSES FOR EXHIBITION 151 + INDEX 161 + + + + +LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS + + + _To face page_ + ROSE REQUIRING PRUNING 18 + RUGOSA--ROSA ALBA 37 + PROVENCE--CABBAGE 38 + MOSS--COMMON 39 + GALLICA--RED DAMASK (THE APOTHECARY'S ROSE) 40 + CLIMBING DAMASK--MRS. O. G. ORPEN 41 + AUSTRIAN BRIAR--AUSTRIAN COPPER 42 + LORD PENZANCE HYBRID SWEET BRIAR--JEANNIE DEANS 44 + SCOTCH BRIAR--STANWELL PERPETUAL (_2 plates_) 45 + RUGOSA--CONRAD FERDINAND MEYER 46 + AYRSHIRE--RUGA 52 + EVERGREEN--FELICITE ET PERPETUE 53 + CLIMBING POLYANTHA--BLUSH RAMBLER (_2 plates_) 58 + WICHURAIANA--DOROTHY PERKINS 61 + " JERSEY BEAUTY 62 + NOISETTE--WILLIAM ALLEN RICHARDSON 71 + TEA--WHITE MAMAN COCHET 92 + HYBRID TEA--BARDOU JOB 94 + SINGLE HYBRID TEA--IRISH ELEGANCE (_2 plates_) 96 + " " " IRISH GLORY 96 + HYBRID TEA--CAROLINE TESTOUT 97 + " " MADAME RAVARY 98 + " " MARQUISE LITTA 106 + " " MADAME PERNET DUCHER 107 + HYBRID PERPETUAL--FRAU KARL DRUSCHKI 114 + " " ULRICH BRUNNER 115 + " " GUSTAVE PIGANEAU 118 + BOURBON--SOUVENIR DE LA MALMAISON 124 + CHINA--LAURETTE MESSIMY 127 + DWARF POLYANTHA--PERLE D'OR 129 + + + + +ERRATA + +Plates facing p. 45. _For_ Stanwell Perpetual Scots Briar _read_ Scotch +Briar. + +Plate facing p. 53. _For_ Felicite Perpetuee _read_ Felicite et +Perpetue. + + + + +ROSES AND ROSE GROWING + + + + +CHAPTER I + +MAKING AND PLANTING A ROSE GARDEN + + +HAPPY is the rosarian who is free to choose the spot in which to make +his rose garden--to choose the ideal position, with ideal soil, in an +ideal climate. Such fortuitous combinations are possible. But though +they do not fall to the lot of one rose-lover in a hundred, it is still +easy to find a bit of ground in which roses will flourish; for, with +proper care, there are few localities--in England at all events--where +they cannot be made to grow. At the same time, in choosing the position +of our rose garden, certain dangers must be guarded against, as far as +possible. + +=Position.=--First of all I would say, avoid a draughty spot; for +nothing is so bad for roses as a draught. Even an exposed garden, if it +is quite flat and open, is preferable to a draughty one, however +picturesquely shaded it may be. The perfect position should be sheltered +from the north and east: but not closely surrounded by trees. For roses +are lovers of light and sun; and while they enjoy a little shade for a +few hours in the day, they will not flourish in stuffy, closely shadowed +places, where they cannot get enough light and air. + +=Shelter.=--If some sort of shelter is absolutely imperative, there are +various ways of producing it without putting up an unsightly paling, or +building a costly wall in the garden. One of the best is a low hedge +kept closely clipped, of yew, holly, privet, or beech--the first is, of +course, slow in growth. Care, however, must be taken to plant the hedge +at such a distance from the rose beds that its roots shall not suck all +the nourishment from them. But nothing is more charming or suitable than +to give the choice and more tender roses a shelter of roses--planting +the strong-growing Wichuraianas, Ramblers and other vigorous kinds along +a screen of wooden lattice-work. This not only makes a quite sufficient +break to the wind, but forms a delightful background to the beds of +dwarf roses. + +If possible, the ground should slope very gently to south and west. Flat +ground is preferable to any slope steeper than one in fifty. But some +slight fall is extremely advantageous, as it helps drainage. + +=Drainage.=--This is another most important point to be considered. For +whether the soil be light or heavy, it is absolutely essential that a +rose garden should be well drained; as roses so deeply resent wet about +the roots, that they promptly show their displeasure by dying. If, +therefore, on low-lying land--and unfortunately we cannot always avoid +this--there is any suspicion of water within three feet of the surface, +broken crocks, clinkers, wood ashes, and such-like materials, must be +placed at the bottom of the beds to keep the subsoil free in times of +heavy rain and floods; and a good drain of ordinary field pipes must be +run from the beds into the nearest ditch. For let it be remembered that +if we intend to grow good roses, we must be prepared to do our very best +for them, and to spend a little time, a little money, and a good deal of +thought, on preparing the ground they are to grow in, before we dream of +planting them. Far better to begin our garden with a dozen roses well +planted in properly prepared ground, than with a hundred put in anywhere +and anyhow. + +This brings us to the next point-- + +=The Soil=,--which is far more important than even the position of our +garden. If we are so lucky as to be able to choose the soil as well as +the position, then let us choose a rich brown loam; for that is the soil +roses revel in and need but little else to nourish them. Such a soil as +this we find in the famous rose-gardens of Essex, Hertfordshire, +Oxfordshire, and Kent. I have even seen roses growing superbly, without +manure of any kind, in an open field of this rich loam on one of the +most exposed ridges of Warwickshire. But if such natural soil cannot be +had, we must make it, as I know to my cost; for in my own garden the +ground is so poor that every rose-bed has to be made three feet deep. +And nothing in this case produces such excellent results as the top spit +of an old pasture. To get this, the turf should be pared off carefully, +and then the first nine inches of brown fibrous loam beneath taken out. +If the space thus left is filled up with other common soil, the turf can +be relaid, and no harm is done to the meadow. If, on the other hand, the +turf is not needed in the same spot, it may be stacked in a heap--grass +downward--and kept for a couple of years till it has rotted down +completely; when, mixed with manure, it makes perfect potting soil, or +the finest possible dressing for our rose beds. In the neighbourhood of +towns and villages, where building is going on, this turfy loam is often +to be had when new roads are cut out and houses run up. And it is well +worth the rosarian's while to be on the watch for such opportunities, +and secure a few loads of the top spit from the builder, to stack in the +garden against the time it is needed. + +Having provided the requisite soil, we are now ready to begin work by +making the beds. The general arrangement of the garden, the shape and +size of the beds has to be determined. And here, of course, the rosarian +must be guided by his own taste. A few hints, however, from personal +experience may be helpful. As to shape, that is purely a matter of +taste. But whether they be round or square, straight or curved, in size +they should not be too large or too wide to allow of our getting easily +at their precious contents. For _at all times of the year_ roses need +constant and watchful care; and the amateur--especially if a woman, +hampered with tiresome petticoats--must have space in which to move, in +order to pick off caterpillars, cut the flowers whether alive or dead, +and see to all the various needs of the plants, such as weeding, +watering, manuring and pruning. As to width, I find five feet ample in a +small garden; as that allows of three rows of dwarf plants eighteen +inches to two feet apart; and enables me to reach those in the centre +row without injuring the others. + +=Making the Beds.=--Let us therefore suppose we are about to make a +straight bed five feet wide and twelve long, in hitherto unbroken +ground, to contain seventeen roses. The first thing to do is to pare off +the turf. The top spit of some eight or nine inches below it, is sure to +be fairly good soil from the fibrous roots of the grass and clover. We +therefore dig it off a space three feet long and the whole width of the +bed, and wheel it down to the further end. The second spit in such land +as my own garden is much poorer, with a good deal of sandy marl in it. +This is taken right out and heaped at the side of the bed, to be taken +away later on. The third spit, which is now exposed, is a cold, sandy +marl, with many stones. + +We have therefore a hole five feet wide, a yard in length, and two feet +deep. If the marl at the bottom does not show any sign of water, it may +be broken up with the fork, mixing in a little manure at the same time, +and we can leave it as it is. If, on the other hand, it is full of +water, some of it must be carted away, and crocks, stones, clinkers, +wood ashes, and even bits of turf, grass downwards, put in below to +drain it, as I have already said. + +=Bastard Trenching.=--We then begin the regular process of bastard +trenching, digging up the fourth foot of top soil, throwing it into the +hole, mixing it with the broken marl and manure at the bottom, and then +removing the second spit as directed above. This is done along the whole +bed; and at the end we use some of the earth we wheeled down at the +beginning, to fill the hole on the marl at the bottom. + +We thus have a bed five feet by twelve, but some fifteen inches below +the ground. Over the surface of this bed we now spread a coating of good +rotten manure; if we can get it from a cow yard so much the better, as +cow manure is cooler than horse droppings to the roots of the roses. +This must be thoroughly incorporated with the soil already dug in, with +a fork, not a spade, as our object is to keep the earth as friable as we +can. The bed is then filled up with nothing but the turfy loam mixed +with some of the best of the surface soil, till it rises a little above +the level of the surrounding ground; for it will be sure to sink. + +But let no one imagine that this bed is ready for planting. It must be +left for at least a fortnight (a month is better) to settle, and to +mellow and sweeten; while its surface must be left quite rough to aid +the process. If there is a frost during this settling, that will do it +the greatest possible good. + +Let the amateur avoid all artificial manures at first save a dusting of +basic slag (see Chap. XI); for there is no need whatever in preparing a +new rose bed to use any manure except sweet stable and cow manure. This +contains all the qualities needful for newly-planted roses. It should, +however, be so worked into the soil as not to come into actual contact +with their roots, but to lie some two or three inches below them. + +I have, of course, chosen an extreme case here. Better ground only needs +to be thoroughly dug two spits deep, with manure and fibrous loam worked +in. But, even so, I always think it is advantageous to break the ground +at the bottom with a fork. + + +PLANTING. + +When the beds are thoroughly prepared and settled, we may begin to think +about planting them. + +The ideal time for this operation is in November and December. For the +plants, lifted as soon as they have done flowering, and put in their new +quarters with as little delay as possible, have time to settle down +before any very severe weather, and suffer far less than those planted +later in the winter. But roses can be safely planted, if proper +precautions are taken in the process, as late as February and +March--open weather of course being selected for the process; and I have +indeed planted them late in April without damage: but that was of course +taking a big risk as a matter of necessity. + +Whether we get our roses from British or from foreign growers, the +orders should be sent out as early as possible in September and October, +to secure the best plants and to ensure their arrival in good time. + +A mild day, if possible without sun, is best for planting roses. And if +the bundles arrive in a frost it is better not to attempt to open them, +but to put them just as they are into some outbuilding in which the +frost cannot get at them, where they may safely stay for several days. + +=Unpacking.=--When they arrive, the bundles must be opened most +carefully, and the packing removed gently. I have seen valuable roses +badly broken by a careless person, who has pulled them roughly out of +the package instead of quietly disentangling the shoots. If the journey +has been a long one, the plants should be well syringed at once, and the +roots plunged in a bucket of water for half-an-hour before planting. +Great care must also be taken in every case not to leave the roots of +the plants exposed to the air; for if the roots get dried up, a great +and sometimes fatal check is given to the rose. Those which cannot be +planted immediately should be laid along a trench and lightly heeled in +with soil, until they are wanted. And even those which are to be planted +immediately, should have a mat thrown over the roots as they lie beside +the bed waiting their turn, especially if the day is sunny or the wind +cold. Many of the great growers advise dipping the roots in liquid mud +mixed with a little cow manure before planting. + +Each plant must now be carefully examined, and any broken shoot, or +bruised and broken root, cut off with a clean cut. For this I prefer a +secateur to a knife, if the secateur is a very sharp one.[1] A torn, +bruised, or broken root, if left on the plant will decay right up and do +incalculable mischief. Sometimes, in the case of one's own roses grown +from cuttings out of doors, the roots are so rampant that it is well to +shorten them before replanting; but this is not often necessary with new +stock from the growers. + +The holes must now be dug ready for the reception of each plant. In +well-worked ground, such as the new bed described above, a hole eighteen +inches across and eight inches to one foot in depth, is sufficient: but +in this we must be guided by the root habit of each plant. Some have +roots of a spreading nature; others are deep rooting. And the +idiosyncrasy of each individual rose must be studied, if we wish it to +be happy. In an old bed it is well to break the ground all about the +hole with a fork; as the roots can then penetrate the surrounding soil +with ease. And I would repeat that when the hole is made ready for its +occupant, we should see that no manure is on the surface upon which the +roots will lie. + +=Planting=, to be well done, needs two persons. + +When all is ready, the plant, held in the left hand, is set exactly in +the centre of the hole, while with the right the roots are spread out +flat in all directions, so that none are bent or twisted or allowed to +cross, but are so arranged that the rose gets proper support on all +sides. In fact they should be regarded as the guy-ropes of a flagstaff, +intended to hold the plant firm from all points. If a root is too long +to lie at its full length in the hole, instead of trying to fit it in +against its natural inclination by turning it round the side of the +hole, a further little channel must be dug in which it can lie perfectly +flat. And great care must be taken not to injure the little white, +fibrous rootlets, which mean flowering strength for the coming season. + +The collar, or point at which the dwarf rose is budded on to the briar, +should be from one to three inches below the surface of the soil when +the planting is completed. In newly made ground I prefer three inches, +as the soil always sinks a little. This is enough; for the plant should +never be _buried_, and the roots should be kept as near the surface as +possible. But if the collar is above the ground, the stock begins to +throw suckers which take all its strength, and the scion perishes. + +[Illustration: FIG. 1.--Mode of Planting a Standard Rose.] + +When the rose is properly set out and still held firmly in position, the +second planter sprinkles some fine good soil among the roots--I +generally give the plant a little gentle lifting shake at this point, +to allow the fine earth to fall into all the interstices of the roots. +He then fills up the hole gradually, pressing down the soil firmly at +first with the hand, and when all is on treading it down with the foot, +thus making the plant absolutely firm in its place before number one +lets go his hold on it. + +If their roots have been thoroughly soaked and swelled before planting, +the roses need not be watered. But if the weather is dry, yet mild, it +is well to give them a good syringing when they are all in place, +especially if they have come a long journey. This, however, must be done +in the forenoon, to allow them to dry before any chance of a chill +during the night. + +In the case of standards, large bushy plants, or pillar roses, a stake +should be put against them before the hole is filled with earth. This is +far the most satisfactory plan, as it avoids the chance of bruising or +breaking the roots if the stake is forced in among them after planting. +And, as I have said, the more fine fibrous roots the plant can throw, +the better the flowers it will bring. + +Tarred twine, or Raffia tape, are the best materials for tying standard +and pillar roses. The twine should be given a double twist round the +stake and then tied firmly round the stem, but not too tight, so as to +allow room for the stem or branch to swell. + +Under no circumstances must wire be used. + +In the case of roses taken out of pots, the question of spreading the +roots is one of the utmost importance; as, if they have been long in a +pot the roots are interlaced in a perfect ball, and need most careful +handling to avoid breaking them. + +When all are safely in place, the tickets must be taken off and replaced +by labels stuck in the ground beside each plant.[2] Many roses, +especially from abroad, come with labels fastened on with wire. These +should be removed without delay; for the moment the shoots begin to +swell the wire eats into them, and in the course of a few months will +either kill the shoot or break it. This is a most important matter. And +I have had sad experience in it; as owing to carelessness and hurry in +planting a number of extremely good French roses, I overlooked some of +the wired labels. Eight months later, half--and the larger half--of a +fine plant in full flower of the dwarf Polyantha, _Perle des Rouges_, +was broken off on a windy day; and on examination I found that the stem +had swelled to such a size round the corroding wire, that the weight it +was bearing of foliage, flowers, and branches had broken it clean off. +Even a label tied on with a string is injurious, from the constant +chafing of the bark as the wind blows it to and fro and tightens the +knot. + +Our heavy task being now accomplished, we can await the rigours of +winter cheerfully. But let no one persuade us that the newly planted +beds would look better if raked smooth instead of being left quite +rough. A smooth rose bed means that the soil cakes hard, preventing the +rain penetrating in summer, and the frost mellowing the ground in +winter. And from early spring to late autumn the hoe should be kept +constantly at work between the plants; not merely to keep down weeds, +but to keep the surface of the ground open to the influences of rain, +sun, and the watering-pot. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[1] See pruning, p. 17. + +[2] But as these are apt to get moved, whether by human hands, or by +cats and dogs, who take a diabolic pleasure in pulling them out and +knocking them over, it is well to make an exact list of the position of +each rose on paper. + + + + +CHAPTER II + +PRUNING AND PROPAGATING + + +OF all the many toils and anxieties that beset the path of the amateur +rosarian, I think we may safely say pruning is the chief. The rules to +be observed are few. The idiosyncrasies of each rose are many. And the +demands upon one's own judgment and initiative are constant. + +Two things have to be considered before we begin the puzzling task. Are +we growing our roses for exhibition, or at all events for a very few +very perfect blooms? Or are we growing them for quantity, for mere +enjoyment, on the "cut and come again" principle, which enables one not +only to fill the house without robbing the garden, but to fill the hands +of every one who comes into the garden and looks at the masses of +blossom with longing eyes? + +As I do not exhibit, the second plan is the one I have studied most +closely. For the other I must refer my readers to my friend the Rev. F. +Page-Roberts' valuable notes, on how to grow and show roses in Chapter +XI. + +=When to prune.=--The old-fashioned plan of pruning all roses in the +autumn has now been, happily for their well-being, given up in England. +It was owing to this that many of the earlier varieties of Tea roses, +and even some of the Bourbons and Hybrid Perpetuals, were considered 50 +years ago too "tender" to plant freely out of doors. + +Pruning now begins in February, and goes on through March and April. + +In February we begin to prune the _Rugosas_; _Boursaults_; +_Sempervirens_; and _Ayrshires_. + +In February and early March, the _Provence_; _Moss_; _miniature +Provence_; many of the Species, such as _Alpina_, _Moschata_, and +_Bracteata_, and their hybrids. + +In early March the _Gallica_; _Damask_; _Alba_; _Hybrid Chinas_; and +_Sweet Briars_. To be followed by _Hybrid Bourbons_; _Hybrid Noisettes_ +and _Musks_; _Austrian_ and _Scotch Briars_; _Multifloras_; _Ramblers_; +_Wichuraianas_; _Chinas_; _Dijon Teas_; _dwarf Polyanthas_; and dwarf +and standard _Hybrid Perpetuals_ and _Hybrid Teas_. + +Climbing varieties of _Noisettes_, _Teas_, _Hybrid Teas_, and _Hybrid +Perpetuals_, may be thinned out, if necessary, after flowering in +summer. But they must be pruned in March. + +In April the _Teas_ and _Noisettes_, both dwarf and standard, and the +_Banksian roses_ are pruned. + +=How to prune.=--This is a much-disputed subject among rose growers, and +as authorities differ widely with regard to it, some advocating hard +pruning, and others just as strongly swearing by light pruning, so do +they differ as to the instrument to be used. The pruning knife is most +generally recommended; while the secateur, so universally in use on the +Continent, is advised merely for the cutting of dead wood. But the knife +has its disadvantages, especially in the hands of a woman. For not only +may one get an ugly cut with it: but even in a man's hands I have seen +the plant pulled about more than I like, in cutting a tough branch. I am +therefore delighted to find that so great an authority as the Rev. J. H. +Pemberton advocates the use of the secateur for _all_ pruning, as for +many years I have used nothing else. The amount of time and strength it +saves one is infinite, to say nothing of the comfort of so handy a +weapon. + +There are, however, secateurs and secateurs--and a poor one is worse +than useless. Its blades must be as sharp as a razor, and so accurately +set that they make a perfectly clean cut right through, without pinching +the branch or tearing the bark. In choosing one, it is well to try it on +a sheet of tissue paper. If it cuts the paper like a sharp pair of +scissors, it is all right. But if it curls the paper round the blade, +instead of making a clean cut, it is to be avoided. After trying many +different makes, I have found that the _Secateur Montreuil_, which I +have now procured for several years from MM. Vilmorin, Andrieux et Cie., +4, Quai de la Megisserie, Paris, is far the best I can get. It costs 8 +francs, and is made in three sizes. + +As to hard-and-fast rules in pruning, there are but two. + +[Illustration: FIG. 2_a._--Rosebush requiring light pruning--unpruned.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 2_b._--Rosebush requiring light pruning--pruned.] + +[Illustration: 1.--ROSE REQUIRING MODERATE PRUNING. UNPRUNED.] + +[Illustration: 1.--ROSE REQUIRING MODERATE PRUNING. PRUNED.] + +1. Prune weak-growing roses much harder than strong-growing roses. As +the object of pruning is to throw the sap into the young shoots which +will start from the dormant buds or "eyes," in order to make them +flower, a weak-growing rose must be pruned hard so as to concentrate all +the vigour of the plant on the few dormant buds we leave. While if we +prune a strong-growing rose very hard we only make it throw yet longer +shoots, which soon get out of all bounds, and run to wood and not to +blossom. + +2. Always prune to a dormant bud which points outwards. This is done to +keep the centre of the plant comparatively free, by preventing the +shoots crossing and choking each other. + +In pruning we have to keep two objects ever in view. In the first place +we must prune in order to get rid of all dead wood, and weak, unripe and +useless shoots, thus enabling the young healthy wood to take their +place. And secondly we must prune so as to keep the plant in good shape +and good health, by cutting back the strong and healthy wood we leave to +a suitable length. + +If the winter has been mild, we shall find many buds on the upper part +of strong shoots of last year's growth, which are already bursting into +leaf and even showing a flower bud. And it seems so brutal to destroy +these, that I know one is often tempted to leave some to take their +chance, instead of hardening one's heart and sternly cutting down to +just above the first dormant bud. But when the plants really start in +May, we pay for our tender-hearted folly by blind unhealthy shoots which +only disfigure the plant, while the real flower shoots are starting +below and cannot get up to the light and air. Or, again, the unpruned +shoot turns black and begins to die back, and we have to cut it down +much further than would have been necessary had we pruned it at the +right moment. + +In pruning, however, let the amateur remember that until he has gained +considerable experience in the matter, it is far safer to prune too +lightly than to prune in excess. And I must repeat that no rules will +really help us, unless we study the special nature and idiosyncrasy of +each individual plant, exactly as we study the character of the child we +have to deal with. + +With climbing summer-flowering roses very little pruning at all is +required, except slightly shortening the ends of the long rambling +shoots, cutting out all the dead wood, and cutting some of the old +flowering shoots which are worn out, down to the base. + +It must be remembered that Ramblers, Noisettes, and other climbing roses +bear their flowers on the laterals of the long shoots of the former +year. While the Banksias, some of the Multifloras such as _Aglaia_, and +that beautiful rose _Fortune's Yellow_, only flower on the sub-laterals, +_i.e._ on wood three years old. If therefore these shoots are cut back +too hard the plant does not flower. + +One of the finest specimens of _Crimson Rambler_ I have ever seen, was +ruined for several years by an ignorant person who carefully and +triumphantly cut out all the long shoots of the former year, which he +considered mere "sucker rods." And then he was surprised at the plant +bearing no flowers. + +A certain amount of very useful minor pruning can be carried on all +through the summer, by cutting out bits of old wood when they have +flowered, if we see that they have no young shoots on which to bear a +second crop later on. For instance when the newer China roses, such as +_Laurette Messimy_, are in full bloom, we often find a bit of one of +last year's growths which has borne one or two of the earliest flowers +and now merely blocks up the young tender shoots full of buds. This is +the time to cut it out, instead of allowing it to absorb part of the +strength which should go to the new wood. + +=Cutting off dead blooms.=--Though to some it may seem a small matter, +much good may also be done to our plants through the summer by the way +we remove dead flowers. Instead of merely snapping off each blossom +between thumb and finger, it is better to do a little very mild pruning, +by cutting each dead blossom off just above the second leaf below it. +This greatly promotes the autumn blooming of the plants, and keeps them +in good shape. It is a little more trouble, but amply repays us in the +end. + +The precise moment of setting to work must depend to some extent on the +weather. Of course we cannot begin in a heavy frost, as that would be +fatal to the plants. Nor can I go as far as Mr. Pemberton, who with +delightful enthusiasm advises us to choose a cold day with north-east +wind and occasional sleet showers. That is too complete a counsel of +perfection for most mortals; for however much they love their roses, +they equally dread pneumonia for themselves. But certainly a cool, +overcast day is best, as there is less chance of the wood bleeding than +in mild, soft weather. + +Well prepared, therefore, secateur in hand, and knife in pocket in case +of need, with strong gloves and old clothes, and if a woman, with a +housemaid's kneeling pad to kneel on so as to get more easily at the +dwarf plants--for pruning is tiring work in any case, and it is well to +save extra fatigue and backache--we now begin on a late February day, +with + +=Rugosa= Roses.--These need little pruning beyond cutting out the dead +wood, and cutting back some of the old wood almost to the base, when it +will throw up fresh shoots which will bloom late. The suckers which +these roses throw up in numbers, may be cut back to three or four feet +to form a thick bush. + +=Ayrshires= and =Sempervirens=.--Thin out slightly and cut out dead +wood--no further pruning is needed. + +=Boursaults= need no thinning. The flowers are borne on the laterals of +last year's long shoots, which may be left six to ten feet long. + +The =Species= and most of their hybrids need no pruning beyond cutting +out dead wood, and occasionally cutting the young base shoots back to +hard, well-ripened wood, when the tips are touched by frost. + +=Provence= and =Moss= Roses.--Cut out old wood; thin out old shoots, and +out back the young base shoots and laterals to four or six eyes. Some of +the strong-growing moss roses may be left taller. The =Perpetual Moss= +roses are pruned as hybrid perpetuals for garden decoration. + +=Miniature Provence.=--Keep well pruned to within six inches of the +ground, and thin out the centre. + +=Gallica= and =Damask=.--Prune lightly. The strong growers may be kept +as tall bushes or pillars. The dwarf, such as _Red Damask_, and _Rosa +Mundi_ cut back to three feet. Keep the best one- and two-year-old +shoots and laterals, and thin out old and weak wood. + +=Alba.=--Grow as bushes or pillars five to six feet high, cutting out +weak wood, leaving all the laterals on which the flowers are borne, +about eight inches to one foot. + +=Hybrid Chinas=, such as _Charles Lawson_, _Coupe d'Hebe_ and _Madame +Plantier_, should be grown as bushy pillars, leaving the shoots six feet +long. Shorten the laterals on old wood to three or four eyes. _Blairii +No. 2_ should hardly be touched. + +=Sweet Briars.=--Cut out all weak wood and cut old and naked shoots down +to the ground. The Common Sweet Briar should be grown about four feet +high. The Penzance Briars make enormous base shoots, which may be +shortened to ten feet or less according to one's requirements, and some +of the strong laterals of last year shortened back. _Lord_ and _Lady +Penzance_, from their Austrian briar blood, are much less vigorous, and +need far less pruning, only cutting out dead wood. When the Penzance and +Common Sweet Briars are grown as hedges, the base is apt to get bare, +and some of the long shoots must be laid down to keep it clothed, while +the rest are pruned much shorter. + +=Hybrid Bourbons.=--Prune the laterals lightly, and leave the best of +the base shoots. + +=Hybrid Noisettes= and =Musks=.--Thin out old wood and tie in young +shoots. + +=Austrian Briars.=--Only cut out dead wood. _Soleil d'Or_, a hybrid, +flowers on the young wood, and the shoots may be pruned back to two +feet. + +=Scotch Briars.=--No pruning is needed, except cutting out old and dead +wood and shortening back some of the numerous suckers. + +=Climbing Multifloras= need little pruning. When grown as pillars or on +screens they are apt to get bare at the base. Therefore it is well to +cut some of the weaker young shoots back to two or three feet to clothe +the base, leaving the strong ones their full length. With _Crimson +Rambler_ and its class, cut out some of the old wood to make room for +the young shoots and shorten any weak laterals: but leave most of the +strong ones intact, and do not touch the long base shoots of the last +year. + +=Wichuraianas.=--Only cut out old and dead wood. I have seen a beautiful +effect produced with _Dorothy Perkins_ by cutting out _all_ the old wood +in the autumn, and training the long young shoots over wire frames +two-and-a-half feet wide, forming low arches about a yard from the +ground in the centre. The mass of flower shoots standing erect on these +frames makes a most strikingly beautiful object. The Wichuraianas also +form very lovely weeping standards on eight-feet stems. And for tall +pillars and fountain roses they are unequalled. + +=Chinas.=--The old _Blush_ and _Cramoisie Superieure_ should only be +thinned. The newer kinds, such as _Mme. Eugene Resal_, _Laurette +Messimy_, etc., may be cut back to a few eyes from the ground. + +=Bourbons.=--Prune lightly, growing as bold bushes or standards; except +_Hermosa_, which may be pruned back to form a dwarf, spreading, two-feet +bush; while _Mrs. Bosanquet_ is treated like the Chinas. + +=Noisettes= are of two types. The strong growers need hardly any +pruning, except _Marechal Niel_, which must have all cankered and weak +shoots removed after it has flowered. _Lamarque_, _Fortune's Yellow_ +(which must not be pruned at all), and _Jaune Desprez_ need a wall; and +_Celine Forestier_ prefers one. + +The other type, such as _L'Ideal_ and _William Allen Richardson_, may be +pruned fairly close, by cutting back the laterals to a few eyes. All +Noisettes bear their flowers on the laterals; therefore these should be +preserved as much as possible. + +=Dijon Teas.=--These are the climbing and vigorous _Gloire de Dijon_ +and its descendants and allies, such as _Belle Lyonnaise_, _Francois +Crousse_, _Duchesse d'Auerstadt_, _Mme. Berard_, etc. They are all apt +to get bare below. Therefore, while some of the strong shoots from the +base are left almost their full length, others must be cut back, some to +two or three feet, others to four or five feet, in order to keep the +whole surface of the wall, arch, or pillar clothed evenly. The laterals +may be pruned on the same plan. Old worn out wood should be occasionally +cut down to the base to make it start afresh, when the first flowering +is over. + +=Banksia Roses.=--These need no pruning except in the case of a very old +plant, when a shoot that shows weakness may be cut down to the base in +April. But I have pointed out in Chapter IV that the Banksias bear their +flowers on the sub-laterals of the third year. Therefore, for three +years they must not be touched with the knife, and the shoots merely +tied in evenly over the surface of the wall. + +=Dwarf Polyanthas.=--These only need to have the old flower stems cut +out in March. + +=Hybrid Perpetuals= and =Hybrid Teas=, dwarf and standard.--If pruned +for garden purposes or what I call enjoyment, not for exhibition, all +dead wood and weak or unripe shoots must be cut out to the base of the +plant. The centre of the plant must be kept clear by removing shoots +which cross each other. The strong ripe shoots from the base should be +cut back to about twelve inches, and the laterals on the old wood cut +back to about four to six eyes. This is merely a general guide to the +pruning of these two kinds of roses. But the rosarian, as I have said, +will have to study the peculiarities of each individual plant, and to +adapt these instructions to its needs, leaving more shoots on the +stronger roses, and keeping them longer than on the weak-growing +varieties. + +=Teas= and =Noisettes=, both dwarf and standard, are pruned on exactly +the same lines as the _Hybrid Teas_ and _Hybrid Perpetuals_, but must be +pruned in April instead of March. + + +PROPAGATING ROSES. + +The three chief methods of propagating roses are by-- + + 1. Budding on the briar stock. + 2. Cuttings. + 3. Layering. + +=Budding.=--This is the best-known method of propagating. And it is so +widely practised by amateurs and gardeners of all degree, that it is +better to get an object-lesson in the art than to depend on written +instructions. With a little practise any one with neat fingers can bud. +But great care must be taken in the operation, not to bruise the bark of +the bud or "shield" that is to be inserted in the stock. + +The best stocks, whether for dwarfs or standards, are those of the wild +Dog Rose from woods and hedgerows. These should be taken up in October +and November, care being taken that each stock has fair roots, that the +roots are not torn or bruised, and that they are not dry and shrivelled +when planted. In fact, they ought to be treated with just the same care +we bestow on our new roses when we plant them out. The stocks may be at +once shortened, to about three feet for half-standards, and very strong +ones for specimen or weeping roses may be kept six and eight feet long. +But in shortening both, they must always be cut just above a bud. In the +following summer these stocks will have thrown out side-shoots; and it +is in these that the buds are to be inserted. We can tell when "the bark +will run," _i.e._ that it is ready for budding, by trying whether the +thorns break off clean when pushed by the thumb. If the thorn bends and +does not leave the bark, the wood is not ripe enough. If the thorn +sticks tight to the wood, and yet is brittle, the wood is too ripe. + +Dwarf stocks are treated much in the same way, but must be planted +nearer the surface than standards; for when they are budded the earth +must be removed right down to the roots, in order to set the bud as low +as possible, as it is inserted in the stem itself, and not in the young +wood of the year. + +We then choose the "scion"--a twig of the rose we wish to propagate +which has already flowered, with plump but not too large buds behind +each leaf stalk. Inserting the budding-knife about half an inch above +the lowest of these buds or "eyes," we slice down, making a little dip +inwards towards the wood as the knife passes the bud, to nearly an inch +below it, not cutting through the bark, but peeling it off the scion. +The thin slice of wood which adheres to the inside of the strip of bark +containing the bud, is now removed by inserting the knife between it and +the bark, and jerking it out sharply. Nothing should now be left in the +bark save the soft green substance of the "eye." But if this has been +dragged out with the wood, the bud is useless, and must be thrown away. +The shield of bark is then trimmed to a point below. + +The stock is now made ready to receive the bud. At the point we have +chosen for inserting the bud--in standards let it be as close as +possible to the main stem--a perpendicular slit from half an inch to an +inch long is made with the budding-knife, care being taken only to cut +through the bark and not to wound the wood below. A short cross-cut is +made at the top of the slit. Then the bark is gently raised on each side +downwards from this cross-cut, with the flat handle of the knife. + +Into this slit the bud is slipped by putting the pointed lower end into +the cross slit, and pushing it down as far as it will go. We then cut +off any bark at the top of the bud that overlaps the cross-cut, so that +the shield fits in perfectly, when the side flaps of bark are brought +gently over it. + +With a bit of Raffia grass, well moistened in water, we now bind up the +bud; beginning from below with a double turn over one end of the Raffia, +and keeping it quite flat, exactly in the way we put on a surgical +bandage. When we come to the bud itself, the Raffia must be wound +tightly and as close to the eye as possible without actually touching +it. When the whole slit is completely and evenly covered, slip the end +of the Raffia through the last turn and pull it tight. The operation is +now complete. + + +CUTTINGS. + +Roses on their own roots are grown from cuttings, and it is a system +which suits many varieties. + +=How to make a cutting.=--Cuttings are taken from well-ripened twigs +which have already flowered, or from a lateral upon the main flowering +shoot, which has ceased growing without bearing a blossom. They should +be from two to six or seven inches in length, with three to nine buds +upon them. And judgment is needed regarding these buds in choosing the +twig, as we must take one on which they are neither immature nor too +fully developed. In the case of a cutting with ten leaves we cut off the +top a quarter of an inch above the fourth leaf, and the same distance +below the tenth. The four lower leaves are then cut off close to the bud +they cover, and the three upper ones are left on. When the cutting is +planted, two-thirds of it should be in the soil. + +[Illustration: FIG. 3.--Rose cutting with a heel, 4 leaves cut, 2 leaves +left.] + +Cuttings are taken in two ways. + +1. With a heel; that is a small portion of the wood of the stem from +which the twig grows. + +2. Without a heel; being cut through just below a bud. + +[Illustration: FIG. 4.--Rose cutting without a heel, 4 leaves cut, 2 +leaves left.] + +=Cuttings under glass.=--Cuttings of the choice kinds of Teas, Hybrid +Teas, Hybrid Perpetuals, and Chinas are raised under glass, taken from +pot plants as soon as they have flowered in the spring. The cuttings are +put in pots filled with fibrous loam and silver sand, about six in a +five-inch pot. When ready to root at the end of two or three weeks, the +pots are placed in a frame on bottom heat to start growth. The same plan +is pursued in the autumn, with cuttings taken from plants grown out of +doors; but they do not strike as rapidly as those taken from pot plants +earlier. + +=Cuttings in the open ground.=--This is an interesting and easy way of +getting a good stock of many kinds of hardy, strong-growing Perpetuals, +Sweet Briars, Ramblers, etc. And it may be successfully carried on from +early in August to the middle of October. + +Cuttings are inserted three inches apart in rows, leaving some ten +inches between each row. They may be either set in a trench, or dibbled +into a specially prepared bed. I have tried both plans, and find the +following very successful. A bit of ground, partially but not too much +shaded, is forked up; a layer of good rotten manure laid on it; upon +this three inches of leaf mould; on this again three inches of sharp, +sandy road-scrapings--silver sand would be as good or better, but here +the gravel road-grit is handy. The bed is then stamped down as hard as +possible, until it forms a firm solid mass. The cuttings are then +inserted in rows--a hole of the right depth for each being made into the +compost with a smooth sharp-pointed stick the size of a lead pencil--a +long wooden penholder is a good dibble. Into this hole the cutting is +thrust till its base rests firmly on the bottom of the hole, and the +soil is pressed tight round the stem with the fingers. When all are in +place a thorough soaking of water is given them; and except for firming +them in when worms raise the soil about them, they must not be disturbed +until the top leaves begin to fall. We shall then see which are likely +to strike, and can pull out those whose wood has begun to shrivel, as +they are dead. + +Many of these cuttings will show flower the next summer. And by +November--_i.e._ fifteen months after planting--they can be lifted and +planted out in their permanent quarters. + +The other plan is to make a little trench eight inches or so deep in +good loamy soil, with a layer of silver sand at the bottom. The cuttings +are set against the sloped side of the trench, and it is then filled up +with soil and stamped in very firmly. I find this answers best for the +Penzance Sweet Briars; but personally I prefer the former plan for other +roses. + +The cuttings must be well watered and carefully weeded from time to +time, and in the winter must be given slight protection by fronds of +bracken or boughs of evergreens laid lightly over them. + + +LAYERING. + +This is chiefly resorted to when it is wished to increase the stock +rapidly of some very choice rose. It can be carried on in summer and +early autumn. + +The directions given in Mr. Rivers' Rose Amateur's Guide of 1843 are so +admirable that I quote them _in extenso_. + +"About the middle of July in most seasons the shoots will be found about +eighteen inches or two feet in length; from these, two-thirds of the +leaves should be cut off, close to the shoot, beginning at the base, +with a very sharp knife; the shoot must then be brought to the ground, +so as to be able to judge in what place the hole must be made to receive +it; it may be made large enough to hold a quarter of a peck of compost; +in heavy and retentive soils this should be rotten dung and pit sand in +equal quantities, well mixed; the shoot must then be 'tongued,' _i.e._ +the knife introduced just below a bud and brought upwards, so as to cut +about half way through; this must be done at the side or back of the +shoot (not by any means at the front or in the bend), so that the tongue +does not close; to make this certain a small piece of glass or thin +earthenware may be introduced to keep it open. Much nicety is required +to have the tongue at the upper part of the shoot, so as not to be in +the part which forms the bow, as it is of consequence that it should be +within two inches of the surface, so as to feel the effects of +atmospheric heat; unless this is attended to the roots will not be +emitted quickly; the tongued part must be placed in the centre of the +compost, and a moderate-sized stone put on the surface of the ground to +keep the layer in its place. The first week in November the layers may +be taken from the parent plant, and either potted as required, or +planted out where they are to remain. Those shoots not long enough in +July and August may be layered in October, when the layers are taken +from the shoots, and, if any are forgotten, February and March will be +the most favourable month for the operation: as a general rule, July is +the proper season." + +[Illustration: RUGOSA. + +ROSA ALBA.] + + + + +CHAPTER III + +SUMMER-FLOWERING ROSES--OLD AND NEW. + + +LET us now consider those roses which, although their lovely season of +blooming is but short, shed such fragrance and delight on the gardens of +rich and poor. Our oldest favourites first--the Cabbage, sweetest of +all; the Moss; the Maiden's Blush; the Crimson Damask; the Austrian, +Scotch, and Sweet Briars; the tiny _Rose de Meaux_, so seldom seen now +in England that when we find bunches of it on every barrow in the Paris +streets, to be had for a few centimes, we fall upon it as on lost +treasure. + +Then the climbers, the Ayrshires, Banksias, Polyanthas and Evergreen. +And when to these we add all the novelties which Japan has bestowed upon +us in the Rugosas and the Wichuraianas, and those marvels which the +hybridists are deriving from them and introducing every year in such +numbers, we may well consider where best to make a place for these +lovely roses, so that from April till August we can rejoice in their +varied beauty. + +Of the climbing roses I treat in a separate chapter. But if with regard +to the dwarf or bush roses, some may raise objections to massing them +in by themselves, because they are so soon out of flower and leave the +beds bare of bloom for the rest of the summer, the objection--a valid +one--may be overcome in two ways. First, by planting China roses among +them and an edging of the charming Dwarf Polyantha roses round them. +Secondly, by planting lilies and late-flowering perennials with them, +which will be in bloom as soon as they are over. + +But to my mind, the Cabbage, Moss, Provence and Damask roses look most +thoroughly in place in the old-fashioned mixed border along the walk in +the kitchen garden, where they flower after wallflowers, daffodils and +polyanthus, with lilies and pinks, stocks and carnations, and all the +delightful and fragrant odds and ends that, somehow, make it the spot in +the whole garden to which all footsteps turn instinctively. + +[Illustration: PROVENCE. + +CABBAGE.] + + +THE PROVENCE OR CABBAGE ROSE, _R. centifolia_, + +is perhaps the oldest favourite in English gardens; for it was +introduced as far back as 1596. Said to have come originally from the +Caucasus, it may well be, as its Latin and French names suggest, the +Romans' favourite "hundred-leaved-rose" mentioned by Pliny. And as it +was found in Southern France at a very early date, it became known as +the "Provence Rose." In spite of all new comers, beautiful and +attractive as they are, the "Old Cabbage Rose" holds its own to-day in +the garden of every true rose-lover, as unsurpassed in fragrance +and colour. Its pure white variety, the _Rose Unique_, discovered in a +garden in Suffolk, in 1777, is far less common and less vigorous than +the pink Cabbage rose. But if it can be induced to grow it is a very +beautiful object in the summer garden, especially as a standard on the +briar. The tiny _Rose de Meaux_ and _Spong_ are also miniature Provence +roses--and as I have said, ought to be more widely grown in English +gardens. + +[Illustration: MOSS. + +COMMON.] + + +THE MOSS ROSE, _R. Muscosa_, + +originally a sport from the common Provence or Cabbage rose, was also +introduced into England from Holland in 1596; and many varieties have +since been derived from it, some of the newer ones having the additional +merit of being perpetual flowering. The best are the common _Pink Moss_, +_Comtesse Murinais_, _Celina_, _Crested_, _Gloire des Mousseuses_, +_Laneii_, _White Bath_; while there is a delightful little pink, mossed +_Rose de Meaux_. Of the perpetuals, _Blanche Moreau_, _Salet_, +_Perpetual White Moss_, and _Mme. Wm. Paul_ are all good. + +The Old Double Yellow Provence, _Rosa Hemisphaerica_ or _Sulphurea_ is +somewhat rare now, and only found in one or two modern catalogues or in +very old gardens. + + +THE FRENCH ROSE, _R. Gallica_, also called _Rose de Provins_, + +as its name implies, is a native of France; but it is also found in +Italy, Switzerland and Austria. A good deal of confusion reigns on the +subject of this rose and _R. Damascena_; for varieties of both are often +misplaced in each other's classes. For instance, the common red +_Gallica_, the "Apothecary's rose," is usually called the _Red Damask_, +and its many striped varieties, especially _Rosa Mundi_, are mistaken +for the true _York and Lancaster_, which is a true Damask rose. + +[Illustration: GALLICA. + +RED DAMASK + +(THE APOTHECARY'S ROSE.)] + +_Rosa Gallica_, however, is easily distinguished from _Damascena_. Its +flowering shoots are upright, with few prickles, and rigid leaves. It +seeds very freely; and this accounts for the innumerable varieties which +were in vogue fifty or sixty years ago. It is said that one grower near +London had two thousand different sorts. It is still largely grown in +England for distilling purposes, on account of its delicious perfume; +and a field of the "Apothecary's rose" in full flower is a lovely sight +in July. But the chief centre of the industry used to be round Provins, +the old capital of La Brie, about sixty miles from Paris, on the way to +Chalons. Here vast fields were grown, the petals being used not only for +scent, but for conserves and medicinal purposes. + +When well grown, namely well fed and well pruned by cutting out all the +weak wood and shortening back the strong shoots to six or seven eyes, +_Rosa gallica_ is worthy of a choice place as a decorative rose, whether +in the house or on the exhibition bench, when the almost single +flowers open and show their brilliant golden stamens. The best sorts +grown at present are _Oeillet Parfait_, _Perle des Panachees_, _Rosa +Mundi_, _Red Damask_ (the all-red form of this last), _Village Maid_, +and _Tuscany_. + +[Illustration: CLIMBING DAMASK. + +MRS. O. G. ORPEN.] + + +THE DAMASK ROSE, _R. Damascena_. + +This rose was brought from Syria to Europe at the time of the Crusades. +The true _York and Lancaster_ is the best example of the old Damask +rose, and grows into a vigorous bush when well established. _Madame +Hardy_, a cross with the Cabbage rose, is an excellent pure white +variety; and in the last few years some new and admirable Damask roses, +_Lady Curzon_, _Lady Sarah Wilson_, _Lady White_, and the _Single +Crimson Damask_, have been raised by Mr. Turner; while Mr. Orpen, of +Colchester, introduced the beautiful pink climber, _Mrs. O. G. Orpen_, +in 1906. + + +ROSA ALBA, + +the white rose of central Europe, introduced into England about 1597, is +now too often only to be seen in cottagers' gardens. But surely a corner +may be found for the _Maiden's Blush_, for the fine old _Blanche +Belgique_, or for _Celestial_--the roses that used to be seen in our +childhood with a sprig of Southernwood in every village boy's buttonhole +on Sunday. + + +AUSTRIAN BRIAR ROSES, _R. lutea_. + +[Illustration: AUSTRIAN BRIAR. + +AUSTRIAN COPPER.] + +These are among the most brilliant of our early summer roses, and are +distinguished also by their singular and aromatic scent. But their +flowering season is as short as it is vivid. + +The single Austrian Briars, mentioned by John Gerard in 1596, both the +Yellow, and the Copper known in France as _Capucine_, should be found, +if possible, in every garden. But both are of moderate growth; and the +Copper is often troublesome to grow, showing itself as capricious as it +is attractive. For instance, I have tried in vain for eight years to +make it flourish in my garden, while in a cottage garden by the roadside +a quarter of a mile away it flowers so profusely that during its +short-lived season of beauty the passers-by stop to gaze at its +brilliant single blossoms of satiny-yellow lined with vivid copper red. + +The double yellow _Harrisonii_ was raised in America in 1830; and in +1837 Willock introduced the beautiful and fragrant _Persian Yellow_, +which grows so freely wherever it is planted. + +All these Austrian briars have been utilized of late by the hybridists +with most interesting results. In 1900 the famous house of +Pernet-Ducher, of Lyons, succeeded in developing a new race of roses, +which they named _Rosa Pernetiana_, by crossing the _Persian Yellow_ +with _Antoine Ducher_, a hybrid perpetual. The first of these was +_Soleil d'Or_, a large, full, flat flower, varying from gold and +orange yellow to reddish gold shaded with nasturtium red. It is +perfectly hardy, and perpetual flowering. And in 1907 they added a +further seedling, far more amazing in colour, named the _Lyon +Rose_--offspring of a cross between an unnamed seedling of _Soleil d'Or_ +and the hybrid Tea _Mme. Melanie Soupert_. This, judging by the reports +of those who have seen it, is destined to be a most valuable addition to +our gardens. + +Another Pernetiana, _Les Rosati_, has been raised by Gravereaux, from a +cross between _Persian Yellow_ and a hybrid Tea. It is hardy, prolific, +and when I saw it at the end of September, 1907, in MM. Soupert et +Notting's ground, it was covered with brilliant cherry-red flowers on a +yellow base--the outside of the petals pale salmon. _Godfried Keller_, a +cross with Austrian Copper, apricot with the outside of the petals dark +yellow, semi-double and perpetual, and _Parkfeuer_, a shining scarlet +hybrid briar, are both of the same type. + + +LORD PENZANCE'S HYBRID SWEET BRIARS, + +_R. rubiginosa hybrida_. + +These invaluable roses, the result of years of careful hybridizing of +the common Sweet Briar, _R. rubiginosa_, with various old-fashioned +roses, are amongst the greatest gifts of last century to the rosarian, +the amateur, and the cottager. + +[Illustration: LORD PENZANCE HYBRID SWEET BRIAR. + +JEANNIE DEANS.] + +_Lady Penzance_, one of the most attractive, though less hardy and +vigorous than others, resulted from a cross with the Austrian Copper; +_Lord Penzance_ from the Austrian Yellow. This last is extraordinarily +fragrant, the scent of the leaves after rain filling the air to a +considerable distance. The rather small flowers of both these show their +parentage very clearly in colour. But for size of blossom and effect, +none of the fourteen varieties equal the bright pink and white _Flora +McIvor_, the crimson _Meg Merrilies_, and the superb dark crimson _Anne +of Geirstein_. This last is a plant of extraordinary vigour, forming in +a few years huge bushes ten feet high and nearly as many through. For a +high rose hedge or screen these hybrid sweet briars are invaluable, +while they may be also used for pillars and arches. And, with the +exception of _Lord_ and _Lady Penzance_, which are of more moderate +growth, they are easy to propagate, growing readily from cuttings, +which, if put in early in the autumn are in flower the next summer. The +foliage of the common Sweet Briar, however, remains the most fragrant of +all, with a clean, wholesome sweetness that is unsurpassed by its more +showy children, always excepting _Lord Penzance_, which, if possible, +excels it. Therefore let no one discard the old friend, and let them +plant it beside a walk, so that they may give it a friendly pinch as +they pass, to be rewarded by its delicious scent. + +[Illustration: SCOTS BRIAR. + +STANWELL PERPETUAL.] + +[Illustration: SCOTS BRIAR. + +STANWELL PERPETUAL.] + + +THE SCOTCH BRIAR, _R. spinossima_, + +is a most fragrant little rose, its compact bushes forming an excellent +hedge round a rose garden, covered so closely with the sweet little +double, globular flowers that the tiny leaves are almost hidden by the +mass of blossom. They can be had in yellow, white, or many shades of +pink. But none are prettier than the common rose-pink. The yellow is a +hybrid--raised in France early in the nineteenth century. + +The _Stanwell Perpetual_ is a Scotch briar, hybridized most probably +with the Damask Perpetual or some such rose, flesh-coloured and +flowering from May till the autumn. + + +ROSA RUGOSA, THE RAMANAS ROSE OF JAPAN, + +was introduced into England in 1784. But this fact may, I imagine, be as +great a surprise to some of my readers as it was to myself, when I +discovered the statement on unimpeachable authority an hour ago. I well +remember the first plants of the common pinkish-red variety, which I +first saw in 1876. It was then considered something of a novelty; and I +recollect how we all began cultivating it in our gardens, and that we +were enraptured, as were the blackbirds and thrushes, by its large, +handsome bright scarlet fruit in the autumn. + +The varieties in cultivation in those days were _alba_ the single white, +introduced in 1784 by Thunberg, a very lovely flower; and _rubra_, the +single pinkish-red (Cels. 1802). The hybridists began work upon these +some twenty years ago. Paul and Son brought out _America_ in 1895; and +the fine _Atropurpurea_ in 1900, one of the very best singles, deep +glowing crimson with brilliant golden stamens when opening at sunrise, +and turning purple later in the day. Double hybrids were also raised, +the charming white _Mme. Georges Bruant_, 1888; _Blanc double de +Coubert_, 1892; _Belle Poitevin_, 1895, rose-coloured and very fragrant; +and the handsome _Rose a parfum de l'Hay_, 1904, carmine cerise and +deliciously scented. _Fimbriata_, 1891, semi-double, white tinted blush, +the edge of the petals fringed like a dianthus, is perhaps the prettiest +of all, and is specially suited for growing as an isolated bush. + +[Illustration: RUGOSA. + +CONRAD FERDINAND MEYER.] + +But of all the hybrids none can be compared to the superb _Conrad +Ferdinand Meyer_ (Mueller, 1900). This last is said to be crossed with +_Gloire de Dijon_. It certainly possesses just the same rich fragrance +as that invaluable rose, while its beautiful colour, a warm tender pink, +its large size and perfect form, its more than vigorous growth, and its +persistence in blooming--I have it in flower here from the middle of May +till December--render it one of the most valuable additions to the rose +garden of the new century. + +Besides these there are numbers of other varieties, as the continental +growers, such as Bruant, Cochet, Gravereaux, Schwartz, etc., have +paid considerable attention to these roses of late years. But the future +of this race is bound to be a very important one, and so far we have not +in the least realized what its effect may be. + + +PROVENCE ROSES, _R. Centifolia_. + + Cabbage, or Common Provence, 1596. Rosy pink. + + Crested. _Vibert_, 1827. Rosy pink, pale edges. + + Unique, or White Provence. _Grimwood_, 1777. Paper + white. + + Sulphurea, or the Old Yellow Provence. Golden + yellow. + + +Miniature Provence Roses. + + De Meaux, 1814. Rosy lilac. + + Spong. Blush pink. + + White de Meaux. White. + + +MOSS ROSES, _R. Centifolia muscosa_. (Summer flowering.) + + Baron de Wassenaer. _V. Verdier_, 1854. Light + crimson, in clusters. + + Common. _Holland_, 1596. Pale rose. + + Comtesse de Murinais. _Vibert_, 1827. White, large + and double. + + Crested. _Vibert_, 1827. Rosy pink, paler edges. + + Crimson Globe, _Wm. Paul & Son_, 1891. Deep + crimson. + + Celina. _Hardy_, 1855. Rich crimson, shaded + purple. + + Gloire des Moussues. _Robert_, 1852. Rosy blush, + large and full. + + Laneii. _Laffay_, 1846. Rosy crimson, tinted + purple. + + White Bath. _Salter_, 1810. Paper white, large and + beautiful. + + Zenobia. _Wm. Paul & Son._ Fine satin pink. + + +PERPETUAL MOSS ROSES. + + Blanche Moreau. _Moreau Robert_, 1881. Pure white. + + James Veitch. Violet shaded. + + Mme. Edouard Ory. _Robert_, 1856. Bright carmine. + + " Louis Leveque. _Leveque_, 1904. Colour of + _Captain Christy_. + + " Moreau. _Moreau-Robert_, 1873. Vermilion red. + + Mrs. William Paul. _Wm. Paul & Son_, 1870. Very + bright rose. + + Perpetual White Moss. Blooming in clusters. + + Salet. _Lacharme_, 1854. Bright rose, blush edges, + fine. + + Venus. _Welter_, 1905. Fiery red, one of the best. + + +THE FRENCH ROSE, also called "ROSE DE PROVINS," _R. Gallica_. + + Belle des Jardins. _Guillot_, 1873. Bright purple, + striped white. + + Dometile Becard. Flesh, striped rose. + + Oeillet Parfait. Pure white, broad stripes, rosy + crimson. + + Perle des Panachees. _Vibert_, 1845. White, + striped lilac. + + Rosa Mundi. Red, striped white. + + Old Red, the "Apothecary's Rose," often called + "Red Damask." + + Tuscany. Deep claret red. + + Village Maid. White, striped rose or purple. + + +THE DAMASK ROSE, _R. Damascena_. + + Kazanlik. Silver rose. + + La Ville de Bruxelles. Light rose, blush margin. + + Lady Curzon. _Turner_, 1902. Large, single pink. + + Lady Sarah Wilson. _Turner_, 1902. Semi-double, + creamy blush. + + Lady White. _Turner_, 1902. Semi-double, white + tinted pink. + + Leda, or painted Damask. Blush, edged lake. + + Madame Hardy. _Hardy_, 1832. White. + + " Zoetmans. Creamy white. + + Mrs. O. G. Orpen. _Orpen_, 1906. Climbing, large + single, in trusses, rosy pink. + + Single Crimson Damask. _Turner_, 1901. + + York and Lancaster (true). Red and white, in + patches. + + +THE WHITE ROSE, _R. Alba_. + + Blanche Belgique. White. + + Celestial. Flesh colour, tinted delicate pink. + + Felicite. Rosy flesh, margin blush. + + Mme. Audot. Glossy flesh. + + " Legras. Creamy white. + + Maiden's Blush. _Kew_, 1797. Soft blush. + + +AUSTRIAN BRIAR ROSES, _R. lutea_. + + Austrian Copper, or Capucine. _J. Gerard_, 1596. + Single, petals lined copper-red. + + Austrian Yellow. _J. Gerard_, 1596. + + Harrisonii. _Harrison_, 1830. Golden yellow. + + Persian Yellow. _Willock_, 1838. Deep golden + yellow. + + +HYBRIDS. + + Gottfried Keller. _Dr. Mueller_, 1902. Semi-double, + apricot with golden yellow centre. + + Parkfeuer. Single, vivid scarlet. + + Soleil d'Or. _Pernet-Ducher_, 1900. Orange yellow, + gold and nasturtium red, large, double. + + The Lyon Rose. _Pernet-Ducher_, 1907. Coral-red + tinted chrome yellow, new and distinct, double. + + Les Rosati. _Gravereaux_, 1907. Bright carmine, + yellow base. + +These three last are perpetual-flowering, and known as Pernetiana roses. + + +SWEET BRIARS, _R. rubiginosa_. + + Common Sweet briar. Pale pink. + + Double Scarlet. Bright rosy red. + + Hebe's Lip. White, with picotee edge of purple. + + Janet's Pride. White, shaded and tipped with + crimson. + + +LORD PENZANCE'S HYBRIDS, 1894, 1895. + + Amy Robsart. Deep rose. + + Anne of Geirstein. Deep crimson rose. + + Catherine Seyton. Rosy-pink, bright golden + anthers. + + Flora McIvor. Blush rose, white centre. + + Lady Penzance. Soft copper, base of petals bright + yellow. + + Lord Penzance. Fawn, passing to emerald yellow. + + Lucy Bertram. Rich crimson, pure white centre. + + Meg Merrilies. Deep brilliant crimson. + + +SCOTCH BRIAR ROSES, _R. spinossima_. + +Shades of pink, rose, crimson, white, yellow. + + Pimpinellifolia. Blush. + + Stanwell Perpetual. Semi-double rosy blush. + + +RUGOSA OR RAMANAS ROSES, _R. rugosa_. + + America. _Paul & Son_, 1895. Crimson lake. + + Atropurpurea. _Paul & Son_, 1899. Deep crimson, + turning maroon. + + Belle Poitevin. _Bruant_, 1896. Rose, double, very + sweet. + + [A]Blanc double de Coubert. _Cochet-Cochet_, 1894. + Double white. + + Calocarpa. _Bruant_, 1896. Rose, single, fine + tinted autumn foliage. + + [A]Conrad F. Meyer. _Froebel_, 1900. Clear silvery + rose, double, large, very fragrant. + + [A]Delicata. _Cooling_, 1898. Soft rose, double. + + Madame C. F. Worth. _Schwartz_, 1890. Rosy + carmine, semi-double. + + [A]Madame Georges Bruant. _Bruant_, 1888. Clear + white, nearly double. + + Madame Henri Gravereaux. _Gravereaux_, 1905. + White, salmon centre. + + Mrs. Anthony Waterer. _Waterer_, 1898. Deep + crimson, semi-double, large clusters. + + [A]Nova Zembla. _Mees_, 1907. White sport from + _Conrad Meyer_, fine. + + Repens Alba. _Paul & Son_, 1903. Weeping form of + Alba. + + [A]Rose a parfum de l'Hay. _Gravereaux_, 1904. + Carmine cerise, double, fine. + + Rugosa alba. _Thunberg_, 1784. Single, pure white. + + Rugosa rubra. _Cels_, 1802. Pinkish red. + + Rugosa rubra, fl. pl. _Regel._ Purple red. [A] + Rose Apples. _Paul & Son_, 1896. Pale carmine + rose, large clusters. + + +FOOTNOTE: + +[A] Perpetual flowering. + + + + +CHAPTER IV + +CLIMBING ROSES--SUMMER FLOWERING + + +MANY are the races to which our summer gardens owe an almost endless +variety of climbing roses; and each season adds to the bewildering +number. The older types are the Ayrshire, the Evergreen, the Banksia, +the Boursault, the Prairie rose, the Multiflora. And twenty-one years +ago, the Wichuraiana from Japan was introduced, adding a totally new +source from whence to derive precious and beautiful hybrids. + +[Illustration: AYRSHIRE. + +RUGA.] + + +THE AYRSHIRE ROSE + +originated without doubt from the trailing white rose of our hedges and +woodlands, _Rosa arvensis_. In the early years of last century many +popular varieties were developed which are still welcome in our gardens, +such as _Alice Gray_, _Dundee Rambler_, _Ruga_, _Queen of the Belgians_, +_Splendens_ or _Myrrh-scented_. And in 1835, the charming little double +white rose, _Bennett's Seedling_ or _Thoresbyana_, was discovered among +some briars by Lord Manvers' gardener at Thoresby. + +[Illustration: EVERGREEN. + +FELICITE-PERPETUE.] + + +THE EVERGREEN ROSE. + +The parent of the Evergreen roses of our gardens was the climbing wild +rose of Italy, _Rosa Sempervirens_. And the best known, and perhaps the +most valuable of these, is the white _Felicite et Perpetue_, named after +the saints and martyrs Felicitas and Perpetua. This rose and several +other varieties were raised in 1827 by Monsieur Jacques, the +head-gardener at the royal gardens of Neuilly. They bloom in large +clusters of small, very full, double flowers. _Myrianthes renoncule_, +_Leopoldine d'Orleans_, and _Banksiaeflora_ are white; _Princesse Marie_ +and _Flora_ are pink, as is _Williams' Evergreen_. As all these keep +their dark shining foliage until nearly the end of the winter, they are +very valuable on screens and arches. + + +THE BANKSIAN ROSE, _R. Banksia_. + +This persistent foliage is one of the great merits of the large white +Banksian _Fortunei_, called in French catalogues _Banks de Chine_--a +hybrid with the beautiful _Rosa Sinica_. Its handsome green leaves, as I +write in mid-February, are as thick outside my window in spite of twenty +degrees of frost a few weeks back, as they were in the autumn. It will +throw shoots of immense length each year: clothing a wall summer and +winter with its rich green foliage. It is much hardier than the Yellow +and White Banksians. The flowers, large, full, white, and +sweet-scented, grow singly, not in clusters, and are borne like those +of the Yellow and White Banksians on the sub-laterals--_i.e._ the little +flowering stems on the laterals of last year. This habit of growth is +the reason of so many failures in getting the Banksian roses to flower. +An old plant of the Yellow Banksian on the rectory at Strathfieldsaye +had never been known to flower when the Rev. F. Page-Roberts came there. +He, of course, discovered that it had been pruned hard in the usual way. +And after proper attention for two years, it was last year a mass of +bloom, to the surprise of all who saw it.[3] + +The White Banksian was introduced by Mr. William Kerr in 1807, and named +after Lady Banks. The yellow was discovered by Dr. Abel, in 1824, +growing on the walls of Nankin. They are both natives of China: but +require a warm position on a wall in most parts of England. The finest +specimen I have ever seen was a very old plant of the yellow, growing +some years ago inside the courtyard at Chillon. It was one of the most +beautiful objects possible in summer, the grim walls being closely +covered with a sheet of the delicate little blossoms. + + +ROSA SINICA, or LAEVIGATA, + +mentioned above, also known as the "_Cherokee Rose_," is a single white +with yellow stamens, from China. It is a very beautiful species; but +requires, like the Banksians, the shelter of a wall. _Sinica anemone_ +(Schmidt, 1895), silvery-pink shaded rose, is very vigorous, and more +hardy, one of the best single climbing roses. This latter rose must not +be confused with _Anemonaeflora_--a cross between _Banksia_ and +_Multiflora_--with small double white anemone-like flowers. + + +THE BOURSAULT ROSES, _R. Alpina_, + +are hardy, vigorous climbers, flowering in large clusters. They were +raised from the single red Alpine rose. This, by the way, might be more +generally cultivated for its own sake; its smooth red stems and handsome +reddish foliage, which turns a fine colour in autumn, and its single +deep pink flowers with long green bracts, succeeded by small brilliant +hips, make it a charming object both in summer and autumn. M. Boursault, +a famous Parisian rose amateur, gave his name to the group, the first +variety, a double red, being called after him. _Amadis_, or _Crimson_, +is one of the oldest, a deep crimson purple; while _Inermis Morletti_, +an improved _Inermis_, was introduced in 1883 by Morlet. + + +ROSA SETIGERA, THE BRAMBLE-LEAVED OR PRAIRIE ROSE, + +was the parent of several useful climbers raised by Feast, of Baltimore, +and introduced into England in 1803. Of these _Belle of Baltimore_ and +_Queen of the Prairies_ are the best, flowering late in the summer. + + +THE HUNGARIAN CLIMBING ROSES + +appear to be very little known in England. But they are well worth +growing, especially in cold and exposed places, as they are thoroughly +frost-proof. The blossoms are large, very full, and mostly flat in form. +_Decoration de Geschwind_, rich purple-pink with white edges, is a +handsome and effective flower. So are _Gilda_, wine colour, shaded with +violet, and _Chateau Luegg_, deep carmine pink. To what family they are +allied I do not know. They were raised by Geschwind about 1886. I got +them from M. Bernaix of Lyons, and am greatly pleased with them. + + +HYBRIDS OF CHINA, BOURBON, AND NOISETTE ROSES. + +This very beautiful class of summer-flowering climbing or pillar roses, +is too often neglected in these days. They are the result of crosses +between the Gallica, Centifolia, and Damask roses, and the China, +Noisette and Bourbon. For size, form and colour, many of these roses are +still unexcelled. And one regrets they are not more generally grown. + +Whether the seed parent is the perpetual China, Bourbon, or Noisette, +and the pollen parent the French or Provence rose, or _vice versa_, the +result is that, though it grows vigorously, the hybrid does not flower +in the autumn--with the one exception, the beautiful _Gloire de +Rosamenes_. One of the grandest of this class is _Blairii No. 2_ (Blair +1845), blush with rose centre, a very vigorous climber: but it should be +remembered that if pruned it will not flower. This is also the case with +the fine crimson _Brennus_ or _Brutus_. _Coupe d'Hebe_ and _Chenedole_ +are both good roses; while _Charles Lawson_ for a brilliant crimson +pillar rose, and the pure white _Madame Plantier_ for bush or pillar, +are not easily surpassed, as their flowers are borne in immense +quantities. That very brilliant and effective single rose, _Paul's +Carmine Pillar_, is also a hybrid; but its exact parentage is not known. +Messrs. Paul & Son, of Cheshunt, write to me: "We believe it to be, as +far as we can recollect, a hybrid with Boursault blood." This would +explain its coming into flower so early. + + +THE CLIMBING MULTIFLORA OR POLYANTHA ROSES, + +and their hybrids, commonly known as "Rambler roses," have developed of +late years in such amazing numbers, that it is a work of some difficulty +to keep pace with the new varieties which appear each season. The +original Multiflora, known also as _Polyantha simplex_, was introduced +from Japan in 1781 by Thunberg. It is a very vigorous climber with large +bunches of small, single white flowers. From this type rose, which seeds +very freely, numbers of hybrids were raised in Italy early in the +nineteenth century, by crossings with other richly coloured roses. One +of the earliest of these hybrids which still remains is _Laure Davoust_, +with small and very double flowers--pink changing to blush. _Grevillia_ +or the _Seven Sisters_ is another, its flowers changing from crimson to +purplish rose, and then to pale rose. This produces a most quaint +effect, as we have flowers of three colours on the plant at once. _De la +Grifferaie_, 1845, is also deep rose, changing to blush. + +[Illustration: CLIMBING POLYANTHA. + +BLUSH RAMBLER.] + +It was, however, in 1893 that an extraordinary impulse was given to the +culture of these roses, by the introduction of _Turner's Crimson +Rambler_. Two roses which are now classed among the "Ramblers" preceded +it by a few years; Allard's _Daniel Lacombe_, 1886, and the beautiful +_Claire Jacquier_, 1888, raised by Bernaix of Lyons. But the advent of +_Crimson Rambler_ is really the starting point of that enthusiasm which +has reigned ever since 1893 for the Rambler roses, and which has happily +brought many of the old varieties mentioned above into favour once more. +As many versions of the advent of this rose are extant, I wrote to Mr. +Charles Turner to ask him its true history, and in his kind reply of +February 17, 1908, he says, "The rose was brought from Japan with other +plants by an engineer on board a trading vessel for a gentleman living +near Edinburgh. It was grown there for some time, and eventually came +into our possession." + +[Illustration: CLIMBING POLYANTHA. + +BLUSH RAMBLER.] + +This rose is so well known that, like good wine, it needs no bush of +praise or description. And it was quickly followed by other Multifloras +of varying types. In 1896 came Lambert's trio _Euphrosyne_, the +so-called Pink rambler, _Thalia_, the White rambler, and _Aglaia_, the +Yellow rambler; succeeded in 1897 by his _Helene_, pale rose with +yellowish white centre. In 1898 Dawson brought out the _Dawson rose_, +with clusters of semi-double soft-rose flowers. In 1899 came two notable +additions--Paul & Son's _Psyche_; and Schmidt's _Leuchstern_--one of the +most beautiful of the race. The latter grower's invaluable _Rubin_; +Veitch's _Electra_; Paul & Son's _Lion_ followed in 1900; and their +_Wallflower_ in 1901. + +In 1903, Wm. Paul & Son brought out _Waltham Rambler_; B. R. Cant, the +exquisite _Blush Rambler_; and Walsh of Philadelphia the _Philadelphia +Rambler_. In 1904 came Lambert's _Gruss an Zabern_ and _Trier_. In 1905 +Cutbush's _Mrs. F. W. Flight_, considered by some the Queen of ramblers. +And in 1906 Weigand's _Taunusbluemchen_; and Soupert et Notting's +beautiful _Stella_. Last year a rich feast was provided for those who +delight in Ramblers, with Soupert et Notting's fine new _Bar-le-Duc_, +offspring of their famous tea rose _Souv. de Pierre Notting_ and +_Crimson Rambler_; Schmidt's _Tausendschoen_, a cross between _Crimson +Rambler_ and a tea-polyantha; and Wm. Paul & Son's _Kathleen_, a single +flower, rich carmine-rose with a white eye. And this year Soupert et +Notting are sending out their new _Bordeaux_, a seedling from _Crimson +Rambler_ and the dwarf Polyantha _Blanche Rebatel_. + +[Illustration: WICHURIANA. + +DOROTHY PERKINS.] + +Meanwhile, in 1887, the parents of a new race of climbing roses had been +brought to Europe. The Wichuraiana (Species) was introduced from Japan +by Crepin, in 1887. Its small white single flowers with their quaint hay +scent, borne late in the summer, its glossy evergreen leaves, and its +vigorous creeping habit--for it will cover a large space on a bank in +twelve months--proclaimed a new and valuable species. And in America, +Manda was quick to see its value as the parent of a new race, by +crossing it with tea roses. Ten years later, in 1897, he brought out +_Manda's Triumph_; in 1899, the charming _Gardenia_, _Jersey Beauty_, +_May Queen_, _Pink Roamer_, _South Orange Perfection_, _Universal +Favourite_; and in 1900, _Evergreen Gem_, one of the very best. The next +year Jackson and Perkins introduced the incomparable _Dorothy Perkins_. +And Walsh, another American grower, followed in 1902 with _Debutante_, +and in 1905 with _Hiawatha_ and _Lady Gay_. + +Meanwhile in France, M. Barbier had been devoting himself to these +charming hybrids; and began his long list of beautiful varieties in 1900 +with _Alberic Barbier_, _Rene Andre_, and the single _Wichuraiana +rubra_; to be followed by numbers of others. + +One of the charms of these roses, and they have many, is that they are +to all intents and purposes evergreen. Another is, that although they +are not perpetual, _i.e._ flowering twice in the season, the hybrids +often take after their parent the type Wichuraiana, whose flowering +season is very late--last autumn I gathered a few flowers from it the +third week in December. Therefore, many of them come into bloom just as +the Multifloras are going over, thus prolonging the season of summer +climbing roses till the end of August. + +For every purpose they are of use. They may be planted to cover an +unsightly bit of bank, or to climb over a stump, to wreath themselves +into the branches of a tree, or to form a dense covering of shining +leaves and innumerable flowers on fence or trellis or screen. They are +even more charming on pillars and arches, when the full beauty of their +blossoms can be seen from all sides; for while many have a pendant +habit, the main flower heads, of _Dorothy Perkins_ for instance, are +carried erect above the pink foam of the laterals that clothe the +graceful hanging shoots below. + +A Wichuraiana hybrid--for choice the dainty _rubra_, _Dorothy Perkins_ +or _Hiawatha_--grown as a tall, weeping standard seven feet high, is an +object of such beauty that if once seen it cannot be forgotten. Or these +charming roses may be trained round a large balloon, in the same fashion +as the _Crimson Rambler_ in the Royal Gardens at Windsor, figured in +"The Garden," December 30, 1905. + +[Illustration: WICHURIANA. + +JERSEY BEAUTY.] + +Planted on a terraced slope the Wichuraianas are most effective. In one +instance, _Gardenia_, _Evergreen Gem_, _Alberic Barbier_ and others were +planted along a steep grass bank below a terrace walk. A flat shelf four +feet wide had been cut half way down the bank, and there the roses were +put in some ten or twelve feet apart. By the next summer they had joined +hands; and whether from below, or looking down on them from the terrace +above, the huge wreath with masses of flowers among the glossy foliage +made a most exquisite display. + +In fact there is no limit to the uses to which this delightful family +may be put. And we may believe that there is no limit either to its +future developments in the hands of the hybridists, whose patient +research will, I have no doubt, give us before many years are over, +perpetual flowering, evergreen Wichuraianas of every hue. + + +AYRSHIRE ROSES, _R. Arvensis_. + + Alice Gray. White edged pink. + + Bennett's Seedling or Thoresbyana. _Bennett_, + 1835. Double White. + + Dundee Rambler. White, semi-double. + + Queen of the Belgians. Creamy white, large, + double. + + Ruga. Pale flesh, large, double. + + Repens flore pleno. White, very abundant bloomer. + + Splendens, or myrrh-scented. Flesh colour, large, + double. + + +EVERGREEN ROSES, _R. Sempervirens_. + + Banksiaeflora. White, centre pale yellow. + + Felicite et Perpetue. _Jacques_, 1827. Creamy + white, full. + + Flora. Rosy flesh, full. + + Leopoldine d'Orleans. _Jacques._ White, tipped + red. + + Myrianthes renoncule. Blush edged rose. + + Princesse Marie. _Jacques._ Clear pink. + + Williams' Evergreen. _Williams_, 1855. Yellowish + white, pink centre. + + +BANKSIAN ROSES, _R. Banksiae_. + + Alba. _Kerr_, 1807. Small double white. + + Lutea. _Royal Horticultural Soc._, 1824. Small + double yellow. + + Fortunei. (Hybrid) white, large double flowers. + + +SINICA ROSES, _R. Sinica_ or _Laevigata_. + + Sinica (Species). The Cherokee rose. Single white, + yellow stamens. + + Sinica Anemone. _F. Schmidt_, 1895. Single, + silvery pink, shaded rose. + + +BOURSAULT ROSES, _R. Alpina_. + + Amadis. Deep purple crimson. + + Blush or Boursault Florida. Blush, large + semi-single. + + Elegans. Vivid crimson. + + Gracilis. 1796. Bright, rosy red. + + Inermis or Boursault pleine. Bright red. + + Inermis Morletti. _Morlet_, 1883. Light, rosy + pink. + + +THE BRAMBLE-LEAVED OR PRAIRIE ROSE, _Rosa Setigera_. + + Belle of Baltimore. _Feast_, 1803. White, shaded + yellow. + + Queen of the Prairies. _Feast_, 1803. Pink, very + full. + + +HYBRID MUSK, Summer flowering. + + Madame d'Arblay. Flesh, changing to white. + + The Garland. Blush, changing to white. + + +HUNGARIAN CLIMBING ROSES. + + Aurelia Liffa. Scarlet crimson. + + Chateau Leugg. Deep carmine pink. + + Decoration de Geschwind. Deep violet red, white + edges. + + Gilda. Dark wine colour, shaded violet. + + Mercedes. Carmine, lilac, pink. + + Meteor. Carmine red, bright shading. + + Souvenir de Brood. Flat shape, full, purple or + violet. + + +HYBRID CHINA AND BOURBON. + + Acidalie. _Rousseau_, 1838. White. + + Blairii, No. 2. _Blair_, 1845. Blush pink, rose + centre. + + Brennus or Brutus. Deep carmine. + + Charles Lawson. _Lawson_, 1853. Very bright + crimson. + + Chenedole. Light vivid crimson. + + Coupe d'Hebe. _Laffay_, 1840. Vivid rose, shaded. + + Fulgens. Bright crimson. + + Madame Plantier. Pure white, very fine. + + Paul Ricaut. _Portemer_, 1845. Brilliant carmine. + + Paul's Carmine Pillar. _Paul & Son_, 1896. Large + single carmine. + + +POLYANTHA, RAMBLER ROSES, _R. Multiflora_. + + Aglaia. _Lambert_, 1896. Trusses of canary yellow. + + Bar le Duc. _Soupert et Notting_, 1907. Clear + brick-red, reverse of petals bright copper. + + Blush Rambler. _B. R. Cant_, 1903. Large clusters + of soft blush flowers. + + Bordeaux. _Soupert et Notting_, 1908. Claret + colour, very fine. + + Claire Jacquier. _Bernaix_, 1888. Nankeen yellow. + + Crimson Rambler. _Turner_, 1893. Bright crimson. + + Crimson Rambler ne plus ultra. _Weigand_, 1905. + Bright, deep crimson. + + Daniel Lacombe. _Allard_, 1886. Chamois yellow, + turning to white. + + Electra. _Veitch_, 1900. Lemon, shaded orange and + white. + + Euphrosyne. _Lambert_, 1896. Pinkish rose, small + double flowers. + + Frau Lina Strassheim. _Strassheim_, 1907. Salmon + red and flesh, very large clusters. + + Goldfinch. _Paul & Son_, 1907. Deep golden buds, + opening pale yellow, shaded violet and white. + + Gruss an Zabern. _Lambert_, 1904. Large trusses, + snow white. + + Helene. _Lambert_, 1897. Pale mauve with yellow + base. + + Kathleen. _Wm. Paul & Son_, 1907. Single, soft + carmine-rose, white eye. + + Leuchstern. _Schmidt_, 1899. Bright rose, large + white eye. + + Mrs. F. W. Flight. _Cutbush_, 1905. Bright pink. + + Philadelphia Rambler. _Walsh_, 1903. Much like + Crimson Rambler; said to be mildew proof. + + Psyche. _Paul & Son_, 1899. Pale rosy pink, salmon + yellow base. + + Queen Alexandra. _Veitch_, 1901. Rich rose colour. + + Rubin. _Schmidt_, 1900. Deep crimson, fine reddish + foliage. + + Stella. _Soupert et Notting._ Vivid carmine, + stamens forming a golden star on white centre. + + Tausendschoen. _Schmidt_, 1906. Pink turning to + bright rose, sweet-scented. + + Taunusbluemchen. _Weigand_, 1906. Pink fragrant + flowers like Crimson Rambler. + + Thalia. _Lambert_, 1896. Small double white + flowers in cluster. + + Thalia. Perpetual flowering, pure white. + + The Dawson Rose. _Dawson_, 1898. Pale rose. + + The Lion. _Paul & Son_, 1900. Single flowers, + vivid crimson. + + Trier. _Lambert_, 1904. Creamy white. + + Wallflower. _Paul & Son_, 1901. Light crimson + flowers. + + Waltham Bride. _Wm. Paul & Son._ Pure white. + + Waltham Rambler. _Wm. Paul & Son._ Single, rosy + pink, pale centre. + + +WICHURAIANA ROSES. + + Alberic Barbier. _Barbier_, 1901. Creamy white, + canary centre, tea scent. + + Auguste Barbier. _Barbier_, 1901. Violet lilac, + white centre. + + Debutante. _Walsh_, 1902. Large clusters, soft + pink, very fragrant. + + Dorothy Perkins. _Jackson & Perkins_, 1901. Bright + rose pink, large clusters. + + Edmond Proust. _Barbier_, 1903. Pink, centre + shaded carmine. + + Elisa Robichon. _Barbier_, 1903. Salmon buff, base + of petals yellow. + + Evangeline. _Walsh_, 1906. Large single flowers, + white, tipped pink. + + Evergreen Gem. _Manda_, 1900. Buff changing to + white, double. + + Francois Foucard. _Barbier_, 1902. Yellow, turning + creamy white. + + Gardenia. _Manda_, 1899. Bright yellow in bud, + changing to cream. + + Hiawatha. _Walsh_, 1905. Single, bright crimson, + white eye. + + Jersey Beauty. _Manda_, 1899. Single, pale yellow, + bright yellow stamens. + + Lady Gay. _Walsh_, 1905. Deep rose pink, large + clusters. + + Lady Godiva. _Paul & Son_, 1907. Pale flesh pink, + sport from Dorothy Perkins. + + Manda's Triumph. _Manda_, 1897. Pure white, + double. + + May Queen. _Manda_, 1899. Coral red, large + flowers. + + Minnehaha. _Walsh_, 1907. Satin pink, double, + large clusters. + + Paradise. _Walsh_, 1907. Single, pink and white. + + Paul Transon. _Barbier_, 1902. Large panicles, + double rose, tea rose scent. + + Pink Pearl. Buds deep pink, changing to pearly + pink. + + Pink Roamer. _Manda_, 1899. Bright rose, white + eye, semi-double. + + Rene Andre. _Barbier_, 1901. Creamy white, yellow + centre, tea scented. + + Rubra. _Barbier_, 1900. Single, bright red, white + centre. + + Ruby Queen. Brilliant carmine, large clusters, + double. + + South Orange Perfection. _Manda_, 1899. Clear + rose. + + The Farquhar. _Farquhar_, 1904. Pale rose turning + white. + + Universal Favorite. _Manda_, 1899. Porcelain rose. + +FOOTNOTE: + +[3] See pruning, p. 26. + + + + +CHAPTER V + +CLIMBING ROSES--AUTUMN FLOWERING + + +WHILE many of the beautiful roses enumerated in the last chapter are +indispensable in our gardens for covering pillars, arches, screens, +walls, fences and pergolas, an end comes all too soon to their flowering +season. And when it comes we feel the need of other climbers to carry on +the succession of blossom until the frosts cut all off. A pergola, for +instance, planted with nothing but summer flowering roses, is but a +sorry sight in August and September. While if we have been wise, and +have made a judicious mixture of these and perpetual roses, it remains a +delight till November. + +For vigorous climbers of this second section none excel + + +THE NOISETTE ROSE, _R. Noisettiana_. + +This invaluable race was originated by M. Philippe Noisette in America, +by fertilizing the Musk rose, _R. Moschata_, with the Common Blush +China, _R. Indica_ (not the Blush Tea rose, _R. Indica Odorata_). In +1817 he sent the "_Blush Noisette_" to his brother M. Louis Noisette, a +well-known nurseryman in Paris. And its advent was hailed with +enthusiasm by all rose-lovers in France; for it was recognized as a new +break in climbing roses. In this, and in many of the seedlings which +were raised from it, the influence of its Musk rose parent was very +strong, the flowers being borne in large clusters, and fragrant with its +delicious musky scent. But as time went on, crossings with Tea roses +somewhat changed one of the early characteristics of the Noisette, and +it approached more closely to the Tea rose--bearing flowers +singly--instead of in the large clusters characteristic of the Musk +rose. + +_Aimee Vibert_ (Vibert, 1828) is one of those early Noisettes which +holds its own everywhere. But how seldom do we see that most vigorous +and most fragrant of all, _Jaune Desprez_ (Desprez, 1828). Grown against +a west wall here, it covered a space some 20 x 20 feet in three years, +throwing laterals, five feet and more long every summer; and from the +ends of these in late autumn the great heads of bloom hang down, filling +the whole air with fragrance; in one cluster alone I have counted +seventy-two blossoms, soft sulphur, salmon, and red. This variety, and +the beautiful white _Lamarque_ (Marechal, 1830), both need the shelter +of a wall in a warm, dry position. + +[Illustration: NOISETTE. + +WILLIAM ALLEN RICHARDSON.] + +That singularly beautiful rose _Fortune's Yellow_ or _Beauty of +Glazenwood_ (Fortune, 1845), which is classed among the Noisettes, +though it has nothing but its beauty in common with them--for it is not +perpetual, and its foliage is quite different from theirs--also requires +a very dry, warm situation, when, _if it is never pruned_, it will +flower abundantly. I have a plant on a very dry border at the S.W. +corner of my house, which has scrambled up to the eaves and is now +making efforts to reach the chimneys. The reason that this rose so often +fails to bear blossoms is, that being an untidy grower it is pruned. And +any one who has once tried to do so should be glad to know that pruning +is as fatal to the rose as to the unhappy pruner, for it is armed with +the most cruel prickles, like small fish-hooks, of any member of the +rose tribe. The flowers, like those of the Banksia roses, being borne on +the small twigs growing from the laterals of the second year, any +pruning which destroys these destroys all chance of blossom. And this +rule holds good with most of the Noisettes. + +_Ophirie_ (Goubault, 1841), with its rather small nankeen and copper-red +flowers and glossy leaves, is also glad of a little shelter. While the +delightful _Celine Forestier_ (Trouillard, 1842) will flourish in almost +any situation, though it prefers a wall. + +Later on, the influence of crossings between the Noisette and the pure +Tea instead of the China rose, is very evident in such superb roses as +_Marechal Niel_, _L'Ideal_, _Wassily Chludoff_--an admirable rose, by +the way--the invaluable _Reve d'Or_, which seldom bears a cluster of +more than three flowers, and others. But though that universal +favourite, _William Allen Richardson_, is, alas! scentless, its habit +has more in common with the Noisettes. _Reve d'Or_ is one of the most +useful and hardy of the race, a rampant grower, with buff yellow +blossoms borne in immense numbers both in summer and autumn, while its +rich red shoots and reddish-green foliage make it a beautiful object +before and after it blooms. It strongly resents any pruning beyond +shortening its vigorous summer shoots. + +Among the Hybrid Noisettes--_i.e._ those crossed with the Hybrid +perpetual--_Boule de Neige_, a dwarf, and _Madame Alfred Carriere_, a +rampant climber, are the best. The latter is certainly one of the best +white climbing roses we have, its white blossoms, which some liken to +the porcelain roses manufactured abroad, are borne singly on the stalks, +and last long in water, while it is never out of flower from June to +November. + + +THE MUSK ROSE, _R. Moschata_, + +seed parent of the Noisette, is perhaps more widely spread than any +other rose over the face of the earth. From Madeira through Africa and +Persia to Far Cathay it blooms, and sheds its delicious musky scent in +the evening air. That it has been prized in the West for centuries we +know--for Shakespeare's Titania promises the ass to "stick Musk roses in +thy sleek smooth head." Hakluyt says that "Of later times was procured +out of Italy the Muske rose plant." And Bacon declares that while the +white double Violet is the sweetest of all, "next to that is the Musk +rose." + +The original Musk rose bearing large bunches of single white flowers, is +now seldom seen except in very old gardens where it attains a great +size. Mr. Rivers, in the _Amateur's Rose Guide_, 1843, says that +"Olivier who travelled in the first six years of the French Republic, +mentions a rose tree at Ispahan, called the 'Chinese Rose Tree,' fifteen +feet high, formed by the union of several stems, each four or five +inches in diameter. Seeds from this tree were sent to Paris, and +produced the common Musk Rose." But wherever it can be found it should +be cherished for the sake of its scent, which is strongest in the +evening, especially after rain, filling the whole air with its +fragrance. + +_Himalayica_ is a fine single white form of Moschata; and so is _Nivea_, +a large single variety from Nepaul, white, tinged with pink. Of the +double and semi-double hybrids, the _Fringed Musk_, a very old favourite +still in cultivation, _Rivers' Musk_, pink, shaded buff, and the +charming _Princesse de Nassau_, straw colour and very sweet, are all +good roses, coming into flower very late in the season, and lasting on +through the autumn. For pillars they are excellent subjects. + +_Madame d'Arblay_ and _The Garland_ are hybrids of the Musk rose, which +only bloom in summer. + + +THE HIMALAYAN BRIAR, _Rosa Brunonis_, + +is sometimes classed with the Musk roses: but this is an error, as it is +a distinct species, and is also only summer flowering. With its double +variety, it is a beautiful rose for pillar, arch, or pergola; the white +flowers are very sweet and borne in clusters. But it should be planted +where it can get plenty of sun to ripen the wood. + + +THE MACARTNEY ROSE, _R. bracteata_, + +was brought from China in 1795 by Lord Macartney. The handsome shiny +evergreen foliage and large solitary white flowers with a mass of golden +stamens, make it a beautiful object. It does best, as do its hybrids, on +a wall in a warm dry position: but it will not flower until it is +thoroughly established. _Maria Leonida_ is a hybrid of the early +nineteenth century, very beautiful when its very full white flowers, +slightly flushed in the centre with pink, open properly. But they need +plenty of sun and a sheltered position to do so in perfection. _Rosa +Lucida_ and _Lucida plena_ are two rose-coloured hybrids with handsome +reddish foliage. + +With the Noisettes, Musk, and Macartney roses, we have only touched the +fringe of autumn flowering climbers. And three most important classes +remain to be noticed. These are-- + + +CLIMBING HYBRID PERPETUALS, TEAS, AND HYBRID TEAS. + +Among the Hybrid Perpetuals there are several line climbing roses, as +well as climbing sports of well-known dwarfs, which are valuable to this +class. While roses of specially vigorous growth, but not usually counted +as climbers, such as _Magna Charta_, _Margaret Dickson_, _Pierre +Notting_, and others, make admirable pillars. + +But it is among the Tea and Hybrid Tea roses that we find our richest +harvest of autumn flowering climbers. Some of these are pure climbers, +such as the noble _Gloire de Dijon_ and its descendants; and _Cheshunt +Hybrid_, _Reine Marie Henriette_, _Reine Olga de Wurtemberg_, _Belle +Lyonnaise_, etc. Many of these and others do grandly as tall standards, +making fine heads covered with bloom. And many more can be grown as +isolated bush roses, planted out singly with plenty of space round them. +_Gruss an Teplitz_, _Gustave Regis_, _Mme. Jules Gravereaux_, the +exquisite _Lady Waterlow_, and Cooling's _Apple Blossom_, are specially +suited to this form of growth. + +In the following lists of these three groups of roses, I have, for +convenience sake, placed Teas and Hybrid Teas together. + + +NOISETTE ROSES, _R. Noisettiana_. + + Aimee Vibert. _Vibert_, 1828. White, climbing; + there is also a dwarf form. + + Alister Stella Gray. _Gray_, 1895. Pale yellow, + orange centre. + + Bouquet d'Or. _Ducher_, 1873. Pale yellow, centre + copper. + + Celine Forestier. _Trouillard_, 1842. Pale yellow. + + Cloth of Gold. _Coquereau_, 1843. Golden yellow, + sulphur edges. + + Crepuscule. _Dubreuil_, 1905. Rich copper yellow + and nasturtium red. + + Fellenberg. _Fellenberg_, 1857. Rosy crimson, + suitable for a dwarf wall, or pillar. + + Fortune's Yellow. _Fortune_, 1845. Orange yellow, + shaded metallic red, summer flowering. + + Jaune Desprez. _Desprez_, about 1825. Buff, pink, + sulphur and red, variable. + + Lamarque. _Marechal_, 1830. White, shaded lemon. + + L'Ideal. _Nabonnand_, 1887. Metallic red, tinted + yellow. + + Madame Carnot. _Moreau-Robert_, 1890. Golden + yellow, coppery centre. + + Madame Caroline Kuster. _Pernet_, 1873. Pale + yellow. + + Madame Pierre Cochet. _Cochet_, 1892. Deep orange + yellow, dwarf wall. + + Marechal Niel. _Pradel_, 1864. Deep golden yellow. + + Marie Therese Dubourg. _Godard_, 1889. Coppery + golden yellow. + + Ophirie. _Goubault_, 1841. Nankeen and copper. + + Reve d'Or. _Ducher_, 1870. Coppery buff yellow. + + Solfaterre. _Boyeau_, 1843. Fine sulphur yellow. + + Souv. de Prince C. d'Arenberg. _Soupert et + Notting_, 1897. Canary yellow. + + Triomphe de Rennes. _Eug. Verdier_, 1857. Canary + yellow. + + Wasily Chludoff. Coppery red, tinted yellow. + + William Allen Richardson. _Ducher_, 1878. Fine + orange yellow. + + +HYBRID PERPETUALS, CLIMBING. + + Ards Rover. _Alex. Dickson_, 1896. Deep crimson. + + Brightness of Cheshunt. _Paul & Son_, 1882. Brick + red. + + Climbing Bessie Johnson. _Paul & Son_, 1899. + White, tinged pink. + + " Captain Hayward. _Paul & Son_, 1906. + + " Charles Lefebvre. + + " Eugenie Verdier. _Paul & Son._ + + " Frau Carl Druschki. Lawrenson, 1906. + + " Glory of Cheshunt. _Paul & Son._ + + " Hippolyte Jamain. _Paul & Son_, 1887. + + " Jules Margottin. + + " Pride of Waltham. _Wm. Paul & Son_, 1887. + + " Suzanne Marie Rodocanachi. _Paul & Son._ + + " Victor Verdier. _Paul & Son_, 1872. + + Gloire de Margottin. _Margottin_, 1888. Bright + cherry red. + + Glory of Waltham. Wm. _Paul & Son._ Crimson, very + sweet. + + Madame Edmee Cocteau. Colour of Captain Christy. + + Marechal Vaillant. Purplish red. + + Paul's Single White. _Paul & Son._ Pure white, + single. + + Princess Louise Victoria. _Knight_, 1872. Carmine + shading to peach. + + NOTE.--Where no colours are indicated, the + climbing sports are exactly like the dwarf roses + of the same name. + + +TEAS AND HYBRID TEAS, CLIMBING. + +Pink and Rose. + + Apple Blossom. _Cooling_, 1906. Colour of apple + blossoms, pillar or bush. + + Climbing Captain Christy. _Ducher_, 1881. Even + finer than the dwarf. + + " Belle Siebrecht (syn. Mrs. W. J. Grant). _Wm. + Paul & Son_, 1899. + + " Caroline Testout. _Chauvry_, 1902. + + " La France. _P. Henderson_, 1893. + + " Mme. de Watteville. _Fauque-Laurent_, 1902. + + Dawn. _Paul & Son_, 1898. Large semi-double, rosy + pink. + + England's Glory. _Wood_, 1902. Flesh with pink + centre. + + Lady Waterlow. _Nabonnand_, 1902. Clear salmon + pink, large petals edged crimson. + + Madame Charles Monnier. _Pernet-Ducher_, 1902. + Rosy flesh, shaded salmon. + + Madame Jules Gravereaux. _Soupert et Notting_, + 1901. Buff, shaded peach. + + Madame Marie Lavalley. _Nabonnand_, 1880. Bright + rose, reflexed white. + + Papillon. _Nabonnand_, 1882. Pink and white, + shaded copper. + + Pink Rover. _Wm. Paul & Son_, 1890. Pale pink, + very fragrant. + + Princess May. _Wm. Paul & Son._ Soft opaque pink. + + +TEA AND HYBRID TEA CLIMBING ROSES. Salmon, orange, yellow. + + Billiard et Barre. _Pernet-Ducher_, 1899, golden + yellow. + + Bouquet d'Or. _Ducher_, 1872. Yellow, coppery + centre. + + Climbing Perle des Jardins. _J. Henderson_, 1891. + + Comte de Torres. _A. Schwartz_, 1906. Salmon + white, pink centre. + + Duchesse d'Auerstadt. _Bernaix_, 1887. Pure yellow + bud, shaded nankeen. + + E. Veyrat Hermanos. _Bernaix_, 1895. Apricot, + reflexed deep red. + + Germaine Trochon. Salmon flesh, centre nankeen + yellow. + + Gloire de Dijon. _Jacotot_, 1853. Buff or salmon + yellow, centre orange. + + Gustave Regis. _Pernet-Ducher_, 1890. Nankeen + yellow, pillar or bush. + + Henriette de Beauveau. _Lacharme_, 1887. Clear + yellow. + + Kaiserin Friedrich. _Drogemuller_, 1890. Bright + yellow. + + Le Soleil. _Dubreuil_, 1892. Chrome and canary. + + Mme. Auguste Choutet. Yellow or deep orange. + + Mme. Barthelemy Levet. _Levet pere_, 1880. Canary + yellow. + + Mme. Berard. _Levet_, 1872. Fawn, touched red. + + Mme. Chauvry. _Bonnaire_, 1887. Nankeen yellow. + + Mme. Eugene Verdier. _Levet_, 1882. Deep chamois + yellow. + + Mme. Hector Leuillot. _Pernet-Ducher_, 1904. + Golden yellow, tinted carmine. + + Mme. Moreau. _Moreau_, 1890. Coppery yellow, + deeper centre, reverse apricot. + + Marechal Niel. See Noisette roses. + + Souv. de L. Viennot. _Bernaix_, 1897. Jonquil + yellow, shaded china rose. + + +White and Lemon. + + Belle Lyonnaise. _Levet_, 1869. Canary yellow and + white. + + Climbing Devoniensis. _Pavitt_, 1858. + + Climbing Kaiserin Augusta Victoria. _Alex. + Dickson_, 1897. + + Climbing Niphetos. _Keynes & Co._ 1889. + + (These three last roses need a very warm wall, and + are best under glass.) + + Gloire des Blanches. _Vigneron_, 1905. Pure white. + + Mme. Jules Siegfried. Creamy white shaded flesh. + + Valentine Altermann. Pure white, semi-double. + + +Red. + + Ards Pillar. _Alex. Dickson_, 1902. Rich velvety + crimson. + + Cheshunt Hybrid. _Paul & Son_, 1873. Cherry red. + + Climbing Meteor. + + Climbing Papa Gontier. _Goubault_, 1903. + + Climbing Souv. de Wootton. + + Dr. Rouges. _Vve. Schwartz_, 1894. Red, yellowish + centre, irregular form. + + Francois Crousse. _Guillot_, 1900. Fiery crimson + red. + + Gruss an Teplitz. _Geschwind_, 1897. Brightest + scarlet crimson. + + Lina Schmidt-Michel, 1906. Bright lake rose. + + Longworth Rambler. Liabaud, 1880. Light crimson, + semi-double. + + Mohrenkoenig. + + Monsieur Desir. _Pernet pere_, 1889. Crimson. + + Morgenroth. _P. Lambert_, 1903. Bright crimson, + white centre, single. + + Noella Nabonnand. _Nabonnand_, 1900. Velvety + crimson. + + Progress. Bright carmine, semi-double. + + Reine Marie Henriette. _Levet_, 1873. Deep cherry + red. + + Reine Olga de Wurtemburg. _Nabonnand_, 1881. Vivid + red. Semi-double. + + Souv. de Madame Metral. _Bernaix_, 1888. Cherry + red. + + Waltham Climbers. 1. 2. 3. _Wm. Paul & Son_, 1885. + Shades of crimson; 1, brightest, 3, darkest. + + + + +CHAPTER VI + +TEA ROSES, _R. Indica odorata_. + + +THE popular fallacy which universally prevailed forty to fifty years ago +with regard to the extreme delicacy of Tea roses, has happily been +exploded by the experience of later years. It was then supposed that no +Tea rose could possibly stand the English winter if planted out of +doors. And so firmly was this belief fixed in the minds of all amateurs, +that if they were so reckless (in their own eyes) as to plant a Tea rose +anywhere except in a greenhouse, the careful treatment they bestowed on +the unfortunate specimen went far to prove the rule. For not only was it +pruned in the autumn: but so coddled and smothered up in straw and +matting that it could not breathe; and as every bud was made doubly +tender by this means, when at last it saw the light again it was pretty +sure to die of absolute anaemia. The older gardeners of the fifties would +look in amaze on our glorious beds of Tea roses, flowering in some cases +up to Christmas, and beginning again as happily as ever the next June. +While to us of the present day, a rose garden without Tea roses would be +no garden at all. + +It is not that the modern Tea rose is hardier than its ancestors; for +some of the old ones, such as _Souvenir d'un Ami_, grow as cheerfully in +the garden as a Hybrid Perpetual. But experience has shown that Tea +roses, with a very few exceptions, may be safely grown in the open +ground, if a few simple precautions are observed in their treatment. + +The first of these is, of course, that no pruning should be done till +April. + +The second, that a few fronds of bracken should be drawn through the +branches. This in most cases will be found quite sufficient to ward off +frost. But as an extra precaution in the event of very severe weather, +the earth may be drawn up some four or five inches round the stems, so +that if by chance a hard frost should cut the upper part of the shoots, +the base may still be kept alive. Great care, however, must be exercised +in uncovering the plants, the protecting material being removed +gradually, so that growth may not be unduly forced on--only to be cut by +the first cold wind--or, on the other hand, that the plant may not +receive a shock by sudden and complete exposure. + +Standard Tea roses may be protected by straw tied lightly round the +heads, care being taken not to break the shoots by tying them in too +tightly. + +The history of the Tea rose in Europe began just 100 years ago. The +original "Blush tea-scented rose," _R. Indica odorata_, was brought from +China in 1810. In 1824, the "Yellow China or Tea rose" was introduced +from China by Mr. Parkes. And the French growers at once began to raise +seedlings from these fruitful parents; for both in France and Italy the +Yellow Tea rose seeded freely, which was not the case in England. By +about 1830 the reputation of the Tea rose was firmly established; and in +the next twenty years many varieties were raised: but mainly in France, +though the finest of all, _Devoniensis_, was raised by Mr. Foster of +Plymouth in 1838. The real culture of the Tea rose by English growers, +however, did not assume much importance until a far later period. + +Some few of these early Tea roses still hold their own among the host of +their brilliant successors--_Bougere_, 1832; _Adam_, 1833; _Le +Pactole_--now extremely difficult to procure; _Devoniensis_, 1838; +_Safrano_, 1839; _Mme. Willermoz_, 1843; _Niphetos_, 1844; _Souv. d'un +Ami_, 1846; _Mme. Bravy_, 1846. But of some dozen or more others in Mr. +Rivers' list of 1843, not a trace remains. + +In 1853 a great development took place, when Jacotot introduced an +absolutely new type into the race with his _Gloire de Dijon_. This rose +is so distinct, with its strong constitution, vigorous growth, and large +foliage, that one cannot but imagine some other strain, such as the +Noisette, must have helped in fertilizing the seed parent of _Gloire de +Dijon_. + +Since that notable date, the raising of new Tea roses in England, France +and Luxembourg, has developed in an extraordinary manner. And in the +last few years Germany and America have added many fine novelties to the +bewildering list. Among the chief growers in England who have devoted +themselves in the last fifty years to the production of Tea roses, we +find Messrs. Wm. Paul & Son, of Waltham Cross; Ben Cant, of Colchester; +Paul, of Cheshunt; Prince, of Oxford; Frank Cant, of Colchester; Alex. +Dickson, of Newtownards; Piper, Bennett, etc. + +In France, Luxembourg and Germany, the famous houses of Pernet-Ducher, +Nabonnand, Bernaix, Bonnaire, Cochet, Chatenay, Guillot, Verdier, Levet, +Chauvry, Dubreuil, Godard, Mari, Lacharme, Leveque, Soupert et Notting, +Lambert, Schwartz, etc., are now household words among rose lovers. + +The influence of the old Yellow Tea is to be found among a large +proportion of these lovely roses, in the golden and sulphur base which +adds such richness to the endless shades of pink, crimson, copper and +white. But a pure yellow Tea rose is still a rarity. And its production +is the goal towards which many of the greatest rose-growers are still +working. + +What we all desire is a Tea rose for bedding of as pure a yellow as the +dear old _Persian Briar_, or _Marechal Niel_, and one that will stand, +as that glorious rose does, the hot rays of the sun without changing +colour. For, charming as many of the so-called Yellow Tea roses are when +they are in bud, the open flower quickly turns white in the sun. + +To this object, as I have said, some of the greatest rose-growers have +been devoting their energies for years; while others are striving as +eagerly and with far greater success, after the development of deep +crimson and scarlet Tea roses. And though they may not yet have attained +the absolute perfection they were seeking, both sets of experiments have +resulted of late in some truly magnificent roses, of various rich shades +undreamt of even twenty years ago. + +In the following lists the roses will be found grouped in colour, as +this may be useful to amateurs who are unacquainted with some of the +names. Many of those mentioned, while they are not included in the +National Rose Society's list, are still well worthy of cultivation in +our gardens; and others, hardly known in England as yet, have proved +most valuable in my own Hampshire collection and perfectly hardy. + +Among roses that are little known in English gardens are _Baronne de +Hoffmann_, a vigorous grower, vivid copper-red, with yellow base; and +the invaluable _M. Tillier_, which I first saw in the Paris Exhibition +of 1900. I have grown it largely since, and every one is attracted by +the bushes, set thickly with medium-sized imbricated flowers of carmine +and brick-red, borne on upright stems in such numbers that they make a +brilliant mark in the garden from a distance. It is perfectly hardy, and +I have gathered good blooms at Christmas. _Amabilis_ is a useful china +pink rose for decorative purposes, either in the garden or to cut for +the house; it is strong and hardy. So is _Marquise de Querhoent_, a +strong grower, of vivid coppery salmon and china red. Ducher's _Coquette +de Lyon_ is another admirable bedding rose, which is not much grown in +England. The flowers which cover the plant are full, well-shaped, of +medium size, a pale canary yellow, and last long in water. + +I would also call attention to other roses which, though well known to +collectors and exhibitors, might be more generally cultivated by the +ordinary amateur. + +These are the delightful _G. Nabonnand_, _Duchesse Marie Salviati_, +_Mrs. B. R. Cant_--an admirable rose--_Madame Constant Soupert_, a new +and most brilliant variety; _Souvenir de Pierre Notting_--best on a +standard, but excellent in every way; _General Schablikine_, absolutely +invaluable, as it is covered with bloom from June to November; _Innocent +Pirola_, one of the best creamy whites; _Peace_, a newer and very +beautiful rose, pale lemon, carrying its fine flowers singly on strong +erect stalks; and the older _Souv. de S. A. Prince_, a pure white sport +from _Souv. d'un Ami_. + +The climbing Tea roses will be found in another chapter. + + +PINK, ROSE, SALMON, PEACH. + + Archiduchesse Marie Immaculata. _Soupert et + Notting_, 1887. Brick red. + + Adam. _Adam_, 1833. Rose, shaded salmon. + + Baronne H. de Loew. _Nabonnand_, 1889. Tender + rose, yellow centre. + + Boadicea. _W. Paul & Son_, 1901. Pale peach, + tinted rose. + + Bridesmaid. _May_, 1893. Clear pink. + + Catherine Mermet. _J. B. Guillot fils_, 1869. + Light rosy flesh. + + Cecile-Charles. _Schwartz_, 1907. Pale rosy + salmon, edged carmine, fragrant. + + Comtesse de Breteuil. _Pernet-Ducher_, 1893. + Salmon rose, peach centre. + + Comtesse de Nadaillac. _Guillot_, 1871. Peach, + shaded apricot, salmon base; an exhibitor's rose. + + Dr. Grill. _Bonnaire_, 1886. Clear rose, centre + salmon. + + Duchesse Maria Salviati. _Soupert et Notting_, + 1890. Rosy flesh, shaded chrome, fragrant. + + Ernest Metz. _Guillot_, 1889. Soft carmine-rose, + reverse of petals deeper. + + Ethel Brownlow. _Alex. Dickson_, 1887. Bright + salmon-pink, yellow base. + + Franciska Kruger. _Nabonnand_, 1879. Copper, + shaded peach. + + G. Nabonnand. _Nabonnand_, 1889. Pale flesh, + shaded yellow. + + Homere. _Robert_, 1859. Rose-edged, salmon centre. + + Jean Ducher. _Ducher_, 1874. Salmon yellow, shaded + peach. + + Lena. _Alex. Dickson_, 1906. Glowing apricot. + + Madame Antoine Mari. _Mari_, 1902. Rose, washed + with white. + + Madame Cusin. _Guillot_, 1881. Rose, lighter + centre. + + Madame Georges Durrschmidt. _Peletier_, 1895. + China rose, cerise centre, fragrant. + + Madame Lambard. _Lacharme_, 1877. Bright rose. + + Madame Jules Gravereaux. _Soupert et Notting_, + 1901. Chamois yellow, rosy peach centre. + + Madame Philemon Cochet. Clear rose, shaded salmon. + + Maman Cochet. _Cochet_, 1893. Carmine, shaded + salmon-yellow. + + Mathilde Liegeard. _Nabonnand_, 1907. Pearly rose, + touched carmine. + + Mrs. B. R. Cant. _B. R. Cant_, 1901. Deep rose + outer petals, inner petals silvery rose. + + Mrs. Edward Mawley. _Alex. Dickson_, 1899. Bright + carmine, shaded salmon. + + Morning Glow. _Wm. Paul & Son_, 1902. Rosy + crimson, suffused orange and fawn. + + Nellie Johnstone. _Paul & Son_, 1906. Pure rose + pink. + + Paul Nabonnand. _Nabonnand_, 1878. Hydrangea pink. + + Rainbow. _Sievers_, 1891. Sport from Papa Gontier, + pink, striped crimson. + + Rose d'Evian. _Bernaix_, 1895. China rose outside, + lined carmine. + + Souvenir d'un Ami. _Defougere_, 1846. Salmon-rose. + + Souvenir de Paul Neyron. _Levet_, 1872. Salmon, + edged rose. + + Souvenir de William Robinson. _Bernaix_, 1900. + Fawn, shaded pink and yellow. + + Sunrise. _Piper_, 1899. Outer petals carmine, + shading to pale fawn and salmon within. + + +YELLOW, BUFF, AND APRICOT. + + Alexandra. _Wm. Paul & Son_, 1901. Copper yellow, + streaked with orange. + + Anna Olivier. _Ducher_, 1872. Buff, flushed pink. + + Antoine Devert. _Gonod_, 1881. Clear straw colour. + + Belle Lyonnaise. _Levet_, 1869. Deep lemon, + climbing. + + Billiard et Barre. _Pernet-Ducher_, 1899. Deep + golden yellow. + + Blumenschmidt, _J. C. Schmidt_, 1907. Bright lemon + yellow, edged pink. + + Comtesse Alexandra Kinsky. _Soupert et Notting_, + 1905. White, centre apricot yellow. + + Comtesse de Frigneuse. _Guillot_, 1886. Fine + canary yellow. + + Georges Schwartz. _Schwartz_, 1900. Deep canary + yellow. + + Goldquelle. _Lambert_, 1899. Clear golden yellow. + + Harry Kirk. _Alex. Dickson_, 1907. Deep sulphur + yellow. + + Hugo Roller. _Wm. Paul & Son_, 1907. Lemon yellow, + edged crimson. + + J. F. Giraud. _Ketter_, 1907. Golden yellow, + centre saffron. + + Jean Pernet. _Pernet_, 1869. Clear yellow. + + Lady Mary Corry. _Alex. Dickson_, 1900. Deep + golden yellow. + + Lena. _Alex. Dickson_, 1906. Glowing apricot, + edged primrose. + + Madame Barthelemy Levet. _Levet pere_, 1880. + Canary yellow, climbing. + + Madame Chauvry. _Bonnaire_, 1887. Nankeen yellow. + + Madame Chedanne Guinoisseau. _Leveque_, 1880. + Clear bright yellow. + + Madame C. P. Strassheim. _Soupert et Notting_, + 1898. Yellowish-white in summer, turning sulphur + and buff in autumn. + + Madame Constant Soupert. _Soupert et Notting_, + 1906. Dark golden-yellow, strongly-tinted + peach-pink. + + Madame Edmond Sablayrolles. _Bonnaire_, 1907. + Clear yellow, orange centre. + + Madame Falcot. _Guillot_, 1858. Deep apricot + yellow. + + Madame Pol Varin-Bernier. _Soupert et Notting_, + 1907. Melon-yellow shaded; a "yellow Richmond." + + Mrs. Dudley Cross. _Wm. Paul & Son_, 1907. Pale + chamois yellow, with touches of rose and crimson + in autumn. + + Perle de Lyon. _Ducher_, 1873. Deep yellow. + + Perle des Jardins. _Levet_, 1874. Deep + straw-colour. + + Perle des Jaunes. _Reymond_, 1904. Deep orange + yellow, tinted salmon. + + Rose Gubert. _Nabonnand_, 1907. Tender bright + yellow, deep centre. + + Safrano. _Beauregard_, 1839. Bright apricot. + + Souvenir de Pierre Notting. _Soupert et Notting_, + 1903. Apricot-yellow, blended copper-yellow. + + Souvenir de Stella Gray. _Alex. Dickson_, 1907. + Deep orange, veined yellow, apricot, and crimson. + + Sulphurea. _Wm. Paul & Son_, 1902. Sulphur yellow. + + Sunset. _Henderson_, 1884. Deep apricot. + + +CRIMSON AND COPPER-RED. + + Albert Durand. _Schwartz_, 1906. Coppery carmine, + shaded flesh. + + Amabilis. China red. + + Bardou Job. _Nabonnand_, 1887. Glowing crimson. + + Baronne de Hoffmann, _Nabonnand_, 1887. Copper and + crimson. + + Baronne Henriette Snoy. _Bernaix_, 1898. Petals + carnation inside, outside carmine pink. + + Beaute Inconstante. _Pernet-Ducher_, 1893. + Coppery-red, shaded carmine and yellow. + + Betty Berkeley. _Bernaix_, 1904. Bright red, + shading to crimson. + + Christine de Noue. _Guillot fils_, 1891. Deep + purple red, shaded pink. + + Corallina. _Wm. Paul & Son_, 1900. Deep rose. + + Empress Alexandra of Russia. _Wm. Paul & Son_, + 1898. Lake, shaded orange and crimson. + + Francois Dubreuil. _Dubreuil_, 1895. Deep crimson. + + Frau Dr. Thelka Schlegelmilch. _Welter_, 1902. + Bright red, shaded velvet crimson. + + Freiherr von Marschall. _Lambert_, 1903. Dark + carmine. + + General Schablikine. _Nabonnand_, 1879. + Coppery-red. + + Lady Roberts. _Frank Cant_, 1902. Rich apricot, + copper-red base. + + L'Ideal. _Nabonnand_, 1887. Yellow and metallic + red. + + Ma Capucine. _Levet_, 1871. Bronzy yellow, shaded + red. + + Monsieur Desir. _Pernet pere_, 1889. Crimson. + + Monsieur Tillier. _Bernaix_, 1892. Carmine and + brick-red. + + Mrs. Reynolds Hole. _Nabonnand_, 1900. Dark purple + pink, centre crimson. + + Papa Gontier. _Nabonnand_, 1883. Rosy crimson. + + Princesse de Sagan. _Dubreuil_, 1887. Deep cherry + red, shaded maroon. + + Salmonea. _Wm. Paul & Son_, 1902. Bright crimson + with light salmon centre. + + Souvenir de Catherine Guillot. _Guillot_, 1896. + Coppery carmine, and orange. + + Souvenir J. B. Guillot. _Guillot_, 1897. + Nasturtium-red, shaded to crimson and rose. + + Souvenir Therese Levet. _Levet_, 1882. Brownish + crimson. + + +WHITE AND PALE LEMON. + + Caroline Kuster. _Pernet_, 1872. Pale yellow. + + Chateau des Bergeries. _Ledechaux_, 1886. Very + pale canary yellow, centre darker. + + Comtesse Eva de Starhemberg. _Soupert et Notting_, + 1891. Cream, centre ochre. + + Comtesse de Saxe. _Soupert et Notting_, 1905. + Porcelain white. + + Coquette de Lyon. _Pernet Ducher_, 1872. Pale + canary yellow. + + Devoniensis. _Foster_, 1838. White, touched lemon. + Tender. + + Enchantress. _Wm. Paul & Son_, 1896. Creamy white. + + Etoile de Lyon. _Guillot_, 1881. Deep lemon. + + Grand Duchess Olga. _Leveque_, 1897. Creamy white. + + Golden Gate. _Dingee & Conard_, 1892. Creamy + white, yellow base. + + Hon. Edith Gifford. _Guillot_, 1882. White, centre + flesh. + + Innocent Pirola. _Ducher_, 1878. Creamy white, + shaded yellow. + + Isabella Sprunt. _Verchaffelt_, 1866. Pale + sulphur. + + Ivory. _America Rose Co._, 1902. Ivory-white sport + from Golden Gate. + + Le Pactole. Sulphur yellow, pointed buds. + + Madame Bravy. _Guillot_, 1846. White, centre + tinted pink. + + Madame Carnot. _Pernet_, 1894. Yellowish white on + deep yellow ground. + + Madame Hoste. _Guillot_, 1887. Primrose yellow. + + Madame de Watteville. _Guillot_, 1883. Salmon + white, petals edged bright rose. + + Marie Van Houtte. _Ducher_, 1871. Canary yellow, + petals tipped rose. + + Marquis de Moustier. _Dubreuil_, 1906. Ivory, + reflexed pearly white. + + Medea. _Wm. Paul & Son_, 1891. Lemon yellow, + canary centre. + + Mrs. Miles Kennedy. _Alex. Dickson_, 1906. Silvery + white, shaded buff, pink centre. + + Muriel Grahame. _Alex. Dickson_, 1898. Pale cream, + flushed rose. + + Niphetos. _Bougere_, 1844. Pure white. + + Peace. _Piper_, 1902. Pale lemon. + +[Illustration: TEA. + +WHITE MAMAN COCHET.] + + Reine Natalie de Serbie. _Soupert et Notting_, + 1886. Creamy flesh. + + Rubens. _Robert_, 1859. White, delicately tinted + rose. + + Souvenir d'Elise Vardon. _Marest_, 1854. Creamy + white. + + Souvenir de Gabrielle Drevet. _Guillot_, 1865. + Salmon white. + + Souvenir de S. A. Prince. _Prince_, 1889. Pure + white sport from Souv. d'un Ami. + + The Bride. _May_, 1885. White sport from Catherine + Mermet. + + White Maman Cochet. _Cook_, 1898. White sport from + Maman Cochet. + + + + +CHAPTER VII + +HYBRID TEA-ROSES, _R. indica odorata hybrida_ + + +OF all gracious gifts that the patient science of hybridists has +bestowed on rose-lovers, the development of the Hybrid Tea is perhaps +the greatest. For here we have a rose with the substance and vigorous +constitution of the Hybrid Perpetual, one of its parents, and the varied +and delicate colours of its other parent, the Tea rose. Whether for the +garden, to keep it brilliant with blossom from early summer to latest +autumn, or to deck the exhibition bench with largest and most lovely +blooms, the Hybrid Tea stands unrivalled. And yet in 1867 there was but +one solitary specimen of the race in existence, and that one was not +recognized as being the forerunner of a new family, or distinct in any +way, except in its beauty. For the noble rose _La France_, which M. +Guillot sent out in that year, was classed then, and for many years +after, as a Hybrid Perpetual. + +It was not until 1873 that Messrs. Paul & Son, of Cheshunt, sent out the +first so-called Hybrid Tea, the _Cheshunt Hybrid_. Though in the same +year Lacharme introduced that priceless rose _Captain Christy_: but +this, like _La France_, was for many years classed with the Hybrid +Perpetuals. + +[Illustration: HYBRID TEA. + +BARDOU JOB.] + +Other new roses of this new race followed slowly--very slowly--till +1890. I have just gone carefully through the catalogues of the chief +English and foreign rose-growers; and find that in 1889 only twenty-four +Hybrid Teas were known. There were some truly admirable roses among +them. _Camoens_ came in 1881. _Lady Mary Fitzwilliam_, one of the most +valuable, 1882. Delightful _Papa Gontier_, 1883. _Grace Darling_ and +_Gloire Lyonnaise_, 1884--the latter a rose which is not as generally +cultivated as it should be; for grown as a bush it is the perfection of +an autumn rose. _Viscountess Folkestone_, 1886. _Bardou Job_, 1887--a +slightly capricious rose in some places: but so beautiful with its great +semi-double flowers of scarlet-crimson flaked with velvety-black, that +one bears with its little ways patiently, rejoicing when it condescends +to respond to one's care. In 1888 came Bennett's _The Meteor_. In 1889 +_Augustine Guinoisseau_, invaluable for massing. And either that year or +the next, the gorgeous and thorny _Marquise de Salisbury_. + +But the real development of the race began in 1890. And since then each +year has seen one superb rose after another produced in such numbers, +that it is as difficult to keep count of them as to determine which of +the magnificent novelties should be picked out for special mention. + +It must be noted that there has been rather too great a tendency to +raise enormous roses of slightly pale colouring, and among them many are +merely fit for exhibition and of little use to the amateur for garden +purposes. But of late these faint shades have been successfully fought +against; and while size has been preserved the colours are growing +deeper and richer each year. So that we are surely drawing nearer the +not impossible day when we may get Hybrid Tea roses as brilliant a red +or yellow as _Duke of Edinburgh_ or _Marechal Niel_, as large as _Frau +Karl Druschki_, and as fragrant, let us hope, as _La France_. As it is, +it is difficult to imagine anything much more vivid than the orange, +deep salmon-pink, copper-red, and rosy-apricot of some of the novelties +of 1906-7-8. Among them may be noted Messrs. Alex. Dickson & Son's +_Dorothy Page-Roberts_, _Souvenir de Stella Gray_; Messrs. Wm. Paul's +_Warrior_; MM. Soupert et Notting's magnificent _Mme. Segond Weber_, +_Mme. J. W. Budde_, _Marichu Zayas_; M. Pernet-Ducher's _Mme. Maurice de +Luze_, and _Mrs. Aaron Ward_. + +These roses, as I have said, are the result of crossings between the +Hybrid Perpetual and the Tea rose. And if we think for a moment how +these two families came into existence, we shall see what a curious and +interesting blending of many different strains has been needed to +develop this beautiful and valuable race. But the end has not come yet +to what may be accomplished. And there can be no doubt that many +remarkable developments in the history of rose-growing still lie before +us and succeeding generations, when the results of fresh experiments +with the Wichuraiana, the Rugosa, and other roses are made known. + +[Illustration: SINGLE HYBRID TEA. + +IRISH ELEGANCE.] + +[Illustration: SINGLE HYBRID TEA. + +IRISH GLORY.] + +One most interesting and valuable development of the race has already +been made, and must not be passed over in silence. I mean the single +Irish roses of Messrs. Alex. Dickson & Sons, which form a little class +to themselves. These roses are most attractive, as they are densely +covered through the whole season with flowers of varied and vivid +colours, pure white, coral pink, brilliant crimson, bronzy-scarlet, +old-gold and rose, saffron and rose. And when we add to these beautiful +shades their fragrance, their handsome glossy foliage, their bushy +growth, and their vigorous hardy constitution, it is not surprising that +since their first appearance in 1900 they have rushed into favour, and +received many cards of commendation from the N. R. S. + +With such a wealth of fine varieties to choose from, it is a little +difficult to make a selection of the very best. But the surest guide is +the judges' verdict at recent shows for exhibition roses and those of +the decorative class, as shown in the admirable analysis drawn up by Mr. +Edward Mawley, the distinguished honorary secretary of the National Rose +Society. To this analysis I have added a few of my own favourites, and +some of the very newest roses which have hardly yet found their place in +English shows. + +[Illustration: HYBRID TEA. + +CAROLINE TESTOUT.] + +PINK AND ROSE HYBRID TEAS.--I rejoice to see that my own selection +almost heads the list--the beautiful _Caroline Testout_; for this is a +rose suited to every purpose, whether for exhibition, massing in the +garden, or growing as a noble standard. _Mrs. W. J. Grant_ (_syn._ Belle +Siebrecht) stands next; followed by _La France_, _Lady Ashtown_, +_Killarney_--but let this be grown quite by itself, as it is one of the +worst roses for mildew--_Gustave Gruenerwald_, a rose I have not yet +grown, but one of the most satisfactory; _Countess of Caledon_, _Mrs. +Theodore Roosevelt_, _Gladys Harkness_, _William Shean_, _Mme. Abel +Chatenay_, _Mme. Jules Grolez_, one of the most useful of rose colour, +_Papa Lambert_, _Robert Scott_. Others of the newest pink roses are +_Celia_, _Gabrielle Pierrette_, _Hon. Ina Bingham_, _H. Armytage Moore_, +_Maria Girard_. + +Among crimsons the best are the well known and beautiful _Liberty_, +_Marquise de Salisbury_, _Hugh Dickson_, _J. B. Clark_, _Richmond_, _C. +J. Grahame_, _Reine Olga de Wurtemburg_, _Etoile de France_, _Lady +Rossmore_, _Triumph_, _Gruss an Teplitz_, _Morgenrot_, _Bardou Job_, +_The Dandy_, _Warrior_, and two grand novelties, the American rose +_General Mac Arthur_, and _John Laing Paul_, little known as yet, but +certain to be widely grown, as is _Ecarlate_, said to be an even better +rose than _Liberty_ and _Richmond_. + +[Illustration: HYBRID TEA. + +MADAME RAVARY.] + +In those remarkable shades of apricot, salmon, coppery-pink and carmine, +upon a yellow or orange base, the choice is very considerable. And +although it is as yet almost unknown in England, having only been sent +out this spring (1908), I venture to predict a leading position in the +near future for MM. Soupert et Notting's grand salmon-pink novelty, +_Mme. Segond Weber_, which, for shape, size, colour and delicious +fragrance is perhaps the finest rose I know. _Betty_ is one of those +vivid modern roses whose colour, coppery-rose shaded gold, is as hard to +describe as it is beautiful. While _Dorothy Page-Roberts_, _Souv. de +Stella Gray_, _Marquise de Sinety_, _Mme. Maurice de Luze_, _Edu Meyer_, +_Countess Annesley_, _Mrs. Harvey Thomas_, and _Souv. de Maria Zozaya_, +are all remarkable for their strong and brilliant colouring. + +Among the yellow shades from palest lemon to deep orange, the choice is +not so great; but there are many good roses to choose from, beginning +with the two novelties, of 1907--Pernet-Ducher's great Indian yellow +rose, _Mrs. Aaron Ward_, which promises well, and Alex. Dickson & Son's +brilliant yellow _Harry Kirk_. Of older roses few are better than the +noble _Madame Ravary_, _Ferdinand Batel_, the delightful _Gustave +Regis_, _Gloire Lyonnaise_, _Duchess of Portland_, and _Kaiserin Augusta +Victoria_. _Mrs. Peter Blair_, 1906, is one of the most effective +yellows for the garden; and I cannot speak too highly of that little +known but very beautiful rose _Peace_, raised by Piper in 1903, its pale +lemon yellow flowers borne on long upright stalks are invaluable for +cutting throughout the whole season. + +White and blush hybrid Teas are many. And the famous _Bessie Brown_, +_Alice Grahame_, _Mildred Grant_, _Florence Pemberton_, _Alice Lindsell_ +and _White Lady_ are to be seen at every show: but they are all +exhibition roses except _Florence Pemberton_. + +_Augustine Guinoisseau_, however, is as good a white garden rose as +heart can desire; so is _Lady Quartus Ewart_; and as _Kaiserin Augusta +Victoria_ and _Peace_ are so faintly lemon as to be nearly white, there +is no difficulty in making a bed of white Hybrid Teas. + + + + +HYBRID TEA ROSES + + +PINK AND ROSE. + + Aimee Cochet. _Soupert et Notting_, 1902. Flesh, + with rosy peach centre. + + Angel Peluffo. _Soupert et Notting_, 1905. + Interior of petals rosy flesh, centre rose. + + Baronin Armgard von Biel. _Welter_, 1906. Satin + pink; a brighter La France. + + Belle Siebrecht. (See Mrs. W. J. Grant.) + + Camoens. _Schwartz_, 1882. Bright rich China rose. + + Captain Christy. _Lacharme_, 1873. Flesh colour, + deeper pink centre. + + Caroline Testout. _Pernet-Ducher_, 1890. Bright + clear rose. + + Celia. _Wm. Paul & Son_, 1906. Bright satin pink, + darker centre. + + Countess of Caledon. _Alex. Dickson_, 1897. + Carmine rose. + + Denmark. _Ziener Lassen_, 1890. Colour of La + France. + + David Harum. _E. G. Hill & Co._, 1904. Rose peach + pink. + + Daisy. _Alex. Dickson_, 1898. Rosy pink, suffused + silvery pink. + + Duchess of Albany. _Wm. Paul & Son_, 1888. Fine + deep pink. + + England's Glory. _J. Wood & Son_, 1902. Flesh, + satin pink centre. + + Farbenkoenigen. _Hinner_, 1901. Imperial pink. + + Frau Peter Lambert. _Walter_, 1902. Rose, marbled + pink. + + Gladys Harkness. _Alex. Dickson_, 1900. Deep + salmon pink, silvery reverse. + + Gustave Gruenerwald. _P. Lambert_, 1903. Carmine + pink. + + H. Armytage Moore. _Hugh Dickson_, 1907. Petals + rosy pink outside, silvery inside. + + Helene Welter. _Guillot_, 1903. Brilliant rose. + + Hon. Ina Bingham. _Alex. Dickson_, 1905. Pure + pink. + + Johanna Sebus. _Dr. Mueller_, 1900. Rosy cerise. + + John Ruskin. _Alex. Dickson_, 1902. Rosy carmine. + + Killarney. _Alex. Dickson_, 1898. Flesh, suffused + shell pink. + + Koenigin Carola. _Turke_, 1904. Rose pink. + + Lady Ashtown. _Alex. Dickson_, 1904. Deep pink. + + Lady Moyra Beauclerk. _Alex. Dickson_, 1901. + Madder rose, with silvery reflexes. + + Lady Mary Fitzwilliam. _Bennett_, 1882. Rosy + flesh. + + Lady Helen Vincent. _Alex. Dickson_, 1907. Shell + pink, base peach yellow. + + Lady Wenlock. _Bernaix_, 1905. Pink, shaded fawn. + + La France. _Guillot_, 1867. Bright rose pink. + + La Tosca. _Vve. Schwartz_, 1901. Silvery pink, + deeper centre. + + Laure Watinne. _Soupert et Notting_, 1902. Bright + rose. + + Lina Schmidt-Michel. _Lambert_, 1905. Madder pink, + reverse of petals carmine. + + Lohengrin. _Schmidt_, 1903. Silvery pink, deeper + centre. + + Mme. Abel Chatenay. _Pernet-Ducher_, 1895. Carmine + rose, shaded salmon. + + Mme. Edmee Metz. _Soupert et Notting_, 1901. Rosy + carmine, shaded salmon. + + Mme. Jules Grolez. _Guillot_, 1897. Beautiful + China rose. + + Mme. Eugene Jombart. _Schwartz_, 1905. Pale pink, + centre carmine. + + Mme. Leonie Moissy. _Vilin_, 1907. Pale rosy + salmon, deeper centre. + + Marichu Zayas. _Soupert et Notting_, 1907. + Strawberry and cream, shaded rose. + + Maimie. _Alex. Dickson_, 1901. Rose carmine, + yellow base. + + Marianne Pfitzer. _Jacobs_, 1903. Rosy flesh, + tinted red. + + Max Hesdorffer. _Jacobs_, 1903. Deep rose, + bordered silvery rose. + + Monsieur Paul Lede. _Pernet-Ducher_, 1903. + Cinnamon pink, passing lighter. + + Mrs. E. G. Hill. _Soupert et Notting_, 1906. Coral + red, white centre. + + Mrs. G. W. Kershaw. _Alex. Dickson_, 1906. Deep + rose pink. + + Mrs. W. J. Grant (_syn._ Belle Siebrecht). _Alex. + Dickson_, 1895. Imperial pink. + + Nance Christy. _B. R. Cant_, 1906. Delicate salmon + pink, semi-double. + + Olympiada. _Soupert et Notting_, 1904. Satiny + rose. + + Papa Lambert. _P. Lambert_, 1899. Rose pink, + deeper centre. + + Princesse Charles de Ligne. _Soupert et Notting_, + 1903. Silvery pink, carmine centre. + + Reine Carola de Saxe. _Gamon_, 1903. Flesh pink. + + Robert Scott. _Robert Scott & Son_, 1901. Clear + rosy pink, shading to flesh on outer petals. + + Rosel Klemm. _Hinner_, 1905. Rose, with silvery + reflex. + + Shandon. _Alex. Dickson_, 1899. Bright rose. + + Sheila. _Alex. Dickson_, 1895. Bright rose. + + Souvenir de Maria de Zayas. _Soupert et Notting_, + 1906. Vivid carmine, with deeper shading. + + Souvenir de Maria Zozaya. _Soupert et Notting_, + 1904. Petals coral red outside, silvery rose + inside. + + William Askew. _Guillot_, 1902. Bright pink, + shaded delicate pink. + + William Notting. _Soupert et Notting_, 1904. + Salmon pink, reverse of petals coral. + + William Shean. _Alex. Dickson_, 1906. Pure pink, + veined ochre; a grand rose. + + +SALMON AND COPPER PINK. + + Antoine Rivoire. _Pernet-Ducher_, 1896. Rosy flesh + on yellow ground. + + Betty. _Alex. Dickson & Sons_, 1905. Coppery rose, + shaded yellow. + + Countess Annesley. _Alex. Dickson_, 1905. Rosy + salmon, suffused old gold. + + Dean Hole. _Alex. Dickson_, 1904. Silvery carmine, + shaded salmon. + + Dr. J. Campbell Hall. _Alex. Dickson_, 1904. Coral + rose, suffused white. + + Dorothy Page-Roberts. _Alex. Dickson_, 1907. + Coppery pink. + + Earl of Warwick. _Paul & Son_, 1904. Salmon pink, + shaded vermilion. + + Edu Meyer. _Lambert_, 1904. Copper red and yellow, + with orange shading. + + Elizabeth Barnes. _Alex. Dickson_, 1907. Salmon + rose, fawn centre, outside of petals deep rose. + + Frau Burgermeister Kirchstein. _Jacob_, 1907. + Carmine, shaded salmon. + + Frau Ernst Borsig. _P. Lambert_, 1907. Rosy + yellowish carmine. + + Frau Otto Evertz. _N. Welter_, 1907. Salmon pink + and yellow. + + Friedrich Schroeder. _Hinner_, 1904. Rose, suffused + yellow. + + Herman Rane. _Lambert_, 1905. Varying from salmon + rose to yellowish red. + + Herzog Friedrich von Anhalt. _Welter_, 1907. + Salmon carmine, centre copper red. + + Jeanne Bariaz. _Pierre Guillot_, 1907. Pale + salmon, centre vivid salmon on yellow. + + Joseph Hill. _Pernet-Ducher_, 1904. Pink, shaded + salmon copper. + + Kathleen. _Alex. Dickson_, 1895. Coral-pink + suffused rose, yellow base. + + Mme. Cadeau-Ramey. _Pernet-Ducher_, 1897. Rosy + flesh, shaded yellow, carmine edges. + + Mme. Eugene Boullet. _Pernet-Ducher_, 1898. + Yellow, shaded carmine. + + Mme. Leon Pain. _Guillot_, 1904. Silvery salmon, + centre orange, petals outside salmon pink. + + Mme. Melanie Soupert. _Pernet-Ducher_, 1906. + Salmon yellow, suffused carmine. + + Mme. Paul Olivier. _Pernet-Ducher_, 1903. Deep + salmon yellow, shaded rosy carmine. + + Mme. Segond Weber. _Soupert et Notting_, 1908. + Rich salmon pink, very fine and distinct. + + Marguerite Poiret. _Soupert et Notting_, 1902. + Bright china rose, yellow reflexes. + + Marquise de Sinety. _Pernet-Ducher_, 1906. Orange + yellow, shaded fiery red. + + Monsieur Joseph Hill. _Pernet-Ducher_, 1903. + Salmon pink, shaded yellow. + + Mrs. Harvey Thomas. _Bernaix_, 1906. Carmine, + shaded copper red and yellow. + + Mrs. John Bateman. _Alex. Dickson_, 1905. Deep + china rose, yellow base. + + Peggy. _Alex. Dickson_, 1905. Claret, smeared + saffron yellow and primrose, semi-double. + + Pierre Wattinne. _Soupert et Notting_, 1902. + Cerise, shaded yellow and salmon. + + Pribislav. _O. Jacobs_, 1902. Orange carmine, + pencilled scarlet. + + Prince de Bulgarie. _Pernet-Ducher_, 1902. Deep + rosy flesh, shaded salmon. + + Professor Fritz Rober. _Welter_, 1906. Salmon, + shaded yellow and rose. + + Renee Wilmart-Urban. _Pernet-Ducher_, 1907. Salmon + flesh, bordered carmine. + + Rosalind Orr-English. _E. G. Hill & Co._, 1905. + Bright salmon pink. + + Senateur Belle. _Pernet-Ducher_, 1903. Salmon + pink, yellow centre. + + Senateur Saint Romme. _Schwartz_, 1905. Rosy + salmon, shaded yellow. + + +CRIMSON AND CARMINE. + + Avoca. _Alex. Dickson_, 1907. Crimson scarlet. + + Anne Marie Soupert. _Soupert et Notting_, 1904. + Reddish carmine. + + Baldwin. _Lambert_, 1898. Pure carmine. + + Baron Lade. _Welter_, 1904. Bright carmine. + + Charles. J. Grahame. _Alex. Dickson_, 1905. Very + bright scarlet crimson. + + Cherry Ripe. _Paul & Son_, 1905. Light cherry + crimson. + + Comtesse Icy Hardegg. _Soupert et Notting_, 1908. + Deep red. + + Crimson Crown. _Alex. Dickson_, 1905. Glowing dark + crimson, flowers in clusters. + + Ecarlate. _Boytard_, 1907. Scarlet crimson, + brighter than Liberty. + + Etoile de France. _Pernet-Ducher_, 1905. Velvety + crimson, centre cerise. + + Exquisite. _Paul & Son_, 1899. Bright crimson, + shaded magenta. + + General MacArthur. _Hill_, 1905. Bright crimson. + + George Laing Paul. _Soupert et Notting_, 1904. + Reddish crimson. + + Grossherzog von Oldenburg. _Welter_, 1904. Dark + poppy, red. + + Gruss an Sangerhausen. _Dr. Mueller_, 1905. + Brilliant scarlet, centre crimson. + + Herzogin Victoria Adelheid. _Welter_, 1906. Clear + brilliant red. + + J. B. Clark. _Hugh Dickson_, 1905. Deep scarlet, + heavily shaded black crimson. + + Lady Battersea. _Paul & Son_, 1901. Fine cherry + crimson. + + Lady Rossmore. _Dr. Campbell Hall_, 1906. Reddish + crimson, claret shading. + + Liberty. _Alex. Dickson_, 1900. Brilliant velvety + crimson. + + Ma Tulipe. _Bonnaire_, 1900. Deep crimson. + + Mme. J. W. Budde. _Soupert et Notting_, 1907. + Brilliant carmine. + + Marquise de Salisbury. _Pernet pere_, 1889. Bright + velvety red. + + Marquise Litta. _Pernet-Ducher_, 1894. Carmine + rose, vermilion centre. + + Mrs. A. M. Kirker. _Hugh Dickson_, 1906. Bright + cerise. + + Reine Marguerite d'Italie. _Soupert et Notting_, + 1905. Shining carmine, centre vermilion. + + Rev. David R. Williamson. _Alex. Dickson_, 1904. + Dark crimson, shaded maroon. + + Richmond. _Hill & Co._, 1905. Pure red scarlet. + + Rosomane E. P. Roussel. _Guillot_, 1907. Brilliant + crimson. + + Sarah Bernhardt. _Dubreuil_, 1907. Scarlet + crimson. + + Stadtrat F. Kahler. _Geduldig_, 1907. Brilliant + fiery red. + + The Dandy. _Paul & Son_, 1905. Glowing maroon + crimson, miniature flowers. + + Triumph. _J. G. Hill & Co._, 1907. Deep carmine + and crimson. + + Warrior. _Wm. Paul & Son_, 1906. Buds blood red, + opening vivid scarlet crimson. + +[Illustration: HYBRID TEA. + +MARQUISE LITTA.] + + +YELLOW. + + Amateur Teyssier. _Gamon_, 1900. Dark saffron + yellow, changing to white. + + Auguste van der Heede. _Welter_, 1901. Saffron + yellow. + + Duchess of Portland. _Alex. Dickson_, 1901. Pale + sulphur yellow, with an occasional tinge of Eau de + Nil. + + Ferdinand Batel. _Pernet-Ducher_, 1897. Varying + from pale rosy flesh on yellow nankeen, to yellow + nankeen orange. + + Franz Deegen. _Hinner_, 1901. Pale yellow, centre + golden yellow. + +[Illustration: HYBRID TEA. + +MADAME PERNET DUCHER.] + + Friedrich Harms. _Welter_, 1901. Pale yellow, with + deep yellow centre. + + Gloire Lyonnaise. _Guillot_, 1884. Very pale + lemon. + + Goldelse. _Hinner_, 1902. Pale yellow, with deeper + yellow centre. + + Grossherzogin Alexandra. _Jacobs-Welter_, 1906. + Clear golden yellow. + + Gustave Regis. _Pernet-Ducher_, 1891. Canary + yellow, with orange centre. + + Gustave Sobry. _Welter_, 1902. Golden yellow, + passing to clear yellow. + + Harry Kirk. _Alex. Dickson_, 1907. Deep sulphur + yellow, lighter edges. + + Hofgarten-director Graebener. _P. Lambert_, 1900. + Rosy yellow and coppery yellow. + + Instituteur Sirday. _Pernet-Ducher_, 1906. Deep + golden yellow. + + Jakobs Perle. _Jakobs_, 1904. Canary yellow. + + Kaiserin Augusta Victoria. _Lambert & Reiter_, + 1891. Beautiful primrose. + + Le Progres. _Pernet-Ducher_, 1904. Nankeen yellow, + lighter when fully expanded. + + Madame Jenny Guillemot. _Pernet-Ducher_, 1905. + Deep saffron yellow. + + Madame Pernet-Ducher. _Pernet-Ducher_, 1892. + Canary yellow. + + Madame Philippe Rivoire. _Pernet-Ducher_, 1905. + Apricot yellow, with lighter centre. + + Madame Ravary. _Pernet-Ducher_, 1900. Beautiful + orange yellow. + + Mrs. David M'Kee. _Alex. Dickson_, 1904. Creamy + yellow. + + Mrs. Peter Blair. _Alex. Dickson_, 1906. Lemon + chrome, with golden yellow centre. + + Peace. _Piper_, 1903. Pale lemon yellow. + + +WHITE AND BLUSH. + + Admiral Dewey. _Dingee & Conard_, 1899. Light + blush. + + Alice Grahame. _Alex. Dickson_, 1903. Ivory white, + tinted salmon. + + Alice Lindsell. _Alex. Dickson_, 1902. Creamy + white, with pink centre. + + Augustine Guinoisseau. _Guinoisseau_, 1889. White, + slightly tinted with flesh. + + Bessie Brown. _Alex. Dickson_, 1899. Creamy white. + + Comte de Torres. _Schwartz_, 1906. Salmon white, + with yellow salmon centre. + + Direcktor W. Cordes. _P. Lambert_, 1904. Creamy + white, with yellowish centre. + + Edelstein. _Welter_, 1904. Pure white. + + Edmund Deshayes. _Bernaix_, 1902. Creamy white, + with flesh centre. + + Ellen Willmot. _Bernaix_, 1899. Pale flesh white. + + Florence Pemberton. _Alex. Dickson_, 1903. Creamy + white, suffused pink. + + Frau Lilla Rautenstrauch. _P. Lambert_, 1903. + Silvery white, tinted rose. + + Gardenia. _Soupert et Notting_, 1899. White, + suffused pale blush. + + Grace Darling. _Bennett_, 1884. Creamy white, + shaded peach. + + Helene Guillot. _J. B. Guillot_, 1902. Pure white + to salmon white, tinted carmine. + + Irene. _Wm. Paul & Son_, 1904. Silvery white, + sometimes faintly touched with pink. + + Lady Clanmorris. _Alex. Dickson_, 1900. Creamy + white, delicate salmon centre. + + Lady Quartus Ewart. _Hugh Dickson_, 1904. Paper + white. + + Ligne-Arenberg. _Soupert et Notting_, 1903. Creamy + white, pink edge. + + L'Innocence. _Pernet-Ducher_, 1898. Pure white. + + Madame Joseph Combet. _J. Bonnaire_, 1894. Creamy + white. + + Madame Maria Capalet. _Schwartz_, 1905. Rosy + white, tinted salmon, centre rosy yellowish + salmon. + + Mdlle. Pauline Bersez. _Pernet-Ducher_, 1900. + Creamy white, with yellow centre. + + Mdlle. Alice Furon. White, shaded lemon. + + Marjorie. _Alex. Dickson_, 1895. White, suffused + with salmon pink. + + Marguerite Guillot. _P. Guillet_, 1903. Pure + white. + + Marie Girard. _Buatois_, 1899. White, shaded + salmon yellow. + + Marquise Jeanne de la Chataigneraye. _Soupert et + Notting_, 1902. Silvery white, centre yellow. + + Mildred Grant. _Alex. Dickson_, 1901. Silvery + white, edge of petals shaded and bordered with + pink. + + Mrs. Conway Jones. _Alex. Dickson_, 1904. Creamy + white, flushed salmon pink. + + Mrs. Theodore Roosevelt. _Hill & Co._, 1903. + Creamy white, centre rose. + + Pharisaeer. _W. Hinner_, 1903. Rosy white, shaded + salmon. + + Pie X. _Soupert et Notting_, 1906. Creamy white, + suffused pale rose. + + Robert Baessler. _Hinner_, 1904. White, edge of + petals tinted rose. + + Rosomane Gravereux. _Soupert et Notting_, 1899. + White, with tinge of pink. + + Souv. de Madame Eugenie Verdier. _Pernet-Ducher_, + 1895. Electric white, shaded saffron yellow. + + White Lady. _Wm. Paul & Son_, 1890. Creamy white. + + Yvonne Vacherot. _Soupert et Notting_, 1906. + Porcelain white, suffused pink. + + +IRISH SINGLE ROSES. + +Alex. Dickson & Sons. + + Irish Beauty, 1900. Pure white, bright golden + anthers. + + Irish Brightness, 1903. Vivid crimson, shading to + pink base. + + Irish Elegance, 1905.[4] Buds bronzy + orange-scarlet, opening to apricot, a very + beautiful rose. + + Irish Engineer, 1904. Bright scarlet, large + flowers. + + Irish Glory, 1900. Petals silvery marbled pink, + flamed outside with crimson. + + Irish Harmony, 1904. Variable, saffron-yellow + veined claret. + + Irish Modesty, 1900. Coral pink, ecru base to + petals. + + Irish Pride, 1903. Ecru, suffused old rose and + gold. + + Irish Star, 1903. Rose du Barri, with lemon star + centre. + + +FOOTNOTE: + +[4] See Illustration. + + + + +CHAPTER VIII + +HYBRID PERPETUALS + + +MR. THOMAS RIVERS, that father of scientific rose culture in England, +gives a most interesting account in his famous book, _The Rose Amateur's +Guide_, 1840, of the origin of the Hybrid Perpetual rose. + +"_The Crimson Perpetual_, _Rose du Roi_, or _Lee's Crimson +Perpetual_,[5] ... was raised from seed, in 1812, in the gardens of the +Palace of St. Cloud, then under the direction of Le Comte Lelieur, and +named by him Rose du Roi.... It is asserted it was raised from the _Rosa +Portlandica_, a semi-double bright-coloured rose, much like the rose +known in this country as the _Scarlet Four-seasons_ or _Rosa Paestana_. + +"Every gentleman's garden ought to have a large bed of Crimson Perpetual +Roses, to furnish bouquets during August, September, and October; their +fragrance is so delightful, their colour so rich, and their form so +perfect." + +What would that great pioneer say to our Crimson Perpetuals of to-day? + +But though this rose was the first, and probably the parent of many of +the earlier Hybrid Perpetuals, the true development of this glorious +race took place by other means. The Hybrid Chinas,[6] such as _Blairii +No. 2_, _Chenedole_, _Brennus_, and many others, now, as I have said, +most unjustly neglected, were the offspring of the China rose, _R. +Indica_, crossed with the Provence and other hardy summer flowering +roses. These were not perpetual, with the notable exception of _Gloire +de Rosamenes_. But several of them bore seed freely. These fertile +varieties were again crossed with different kinds of China and Bourbon +roses. And their seed produced the new race of strong, hardy roses, the +Hybrid Perpetuals, flowering through the whole summer and autumn. + +Of those early parents of this fine race but very few are known now. +_Gloire de Rosamenes_ (Vibert, 1823) is still in cultivation. But in +vain I search English and French catalogues for those marked by my +father in 1844 in Mr. Rivers' book. Where is _Mme. Laffay_, 1839, with +its fine foliage and rosy-crimson, highly fragrant flowers; or +_Fulgorie_; or _Rivers_, with its large red flowers "produced in +clusters of great beauty"; or _La Reine_, 1843; or _William Jesse_? +Probably they still exist as "old and nameless roses" in my own and many +other gardens. Yet one would like to give them back the names and +honourable places they possessed in one's childhood, and compare them +with their splendid descendants. In fragrance they would certainly hold +their own; for the fragrance of their Damask grandparent was stronger in +them than in too many of the modern Hybrid Perpetuals. + +The great development in the race began in the fifties, and was at its +height in the sixties and seventies: but for the last fifteen years and +more the tide has turned in favour of the Hybrid Teas; and comparatively +few new Hybrid Perpetuals are raised each year. In 1853, Margottin gave +the enchanted rose-world _Jules Margottin_, parent of many most +excellent roses. And in the same year the delightful _General +Jacqueminot_ was raised by Roussel, and became the parent of many of our +finest deep reds. Then in 1859 came Lacharme's famous _Victor Verdier_, +a rose still in favour, and one to which the class owes, perhaps, more +than any other as a parent. And in 1861 came _Charles Lefebvre_; also +raised by Lacharme. + +From that date new and magnificent roses were sent out in numbers every +year by the well-known French and Continental houses of Lacharme, +Verdier, Pernet, Gautreau, Liabaud, Guillot, Postans, Levet, Margottin, +Rambaud, Leveque, Jamain, Schwartz, Soupert et Notting. And in England +by Messrs. Wm. Paul & Son, B. R. Cant & Sons, Bennett, Laxton, Paul & +Son, Cocker, Alex. Dickson & Sons, Turner, Hugh Dickson, Cooling, +Harkness, Ward, etc. While, in 1901, Lambert produced that grandest of +white roses, _Frau Karl Druschki_. + +[Illustration: HYBRID PERPETUAL. + +FRAU KARL DRUSCHKI.] + +The pure pinks, and the rich crimsons and scarlets of the Hybrid +Perpetuals are of surpassing beauty. And though there is a craze just +now for Hybrid Teas, the Hybrid Perpetual must for ever hold its own in +the garden on its own lines. For it will flourish where the more tender +race would die; and its magnificent size, colour, strong growth, and +rich foliage, must always render it indispensable for decoration and as +a cut flower. + +As with the Teas and Hybrid Teas, these roses create their finest effect +in the garden when grouped together in beds of one colour. And if we +wish to specialize yet further in the matter of colours, they may be +graduated from dark to light, or light to dark, with admirable success. +A magnificent bed may be filled with such crimsons, scarlets, and cherry +reds as the following, beginning with dark and medium crimsons, _A. K. +Williams_, _Duke of Edinburgh_, _Duke of Wellington_, _Dr. Andry_, +_Charles Lefebvre_, _Countess of Oxford_, _Fisher Holmes_, _Louis Van +Houtte_, _Mrs. Harry Turner_, _Victor Hugo_; and the lighter crimsons, +_Alfred Colomb_, _Beauty of Waltham_, _Captain Hayward_, _Duchess of +Bedford_, _Duke of Teck_, _Dupuy Jamain_, _General Jacgueminot_, _Gloire +de Margottin_, _Hugh Dickson_, _Marie Baumann_, _Senateur Vaisse_, +_Star of Waltham_, _Ulrich Brunner_. + +[Illustration: HYBRID PERPETUAL. + +ULRICH BRUNNER.] + +Other yet darker crimson roses, with maroon or purple shading, are _Abel +Carriere_, _Black Prince_, _Prince Camille de Rohan_, _Xavier Olibo_. + +For a very effective rose-pink and carmine bed we may use _Francois +Michelon_, _Helen Keller_, _John Hopper_, _Jules Margottin_, _Magna +Charta_, _Marquise de Castellane_, _Suzanne Marie Rodocanachi_, _Victor +Verdier_. + +An pure pink bed is most attractive, when filled with such lovely roses +as _Baroness Rothschild_, _Mdlle. Eugenie Verdier_, _Mrs. Sharman +Crawford_, _Mrs. John Laing_, _Pride of Waltham_. And although _Captain +Christy_ is now, wisely, called a Hybrid Tea, it has so much the habit +of the Hybrid Perpetuals, that it really goes better in a bed with them +than among the more delicate-foliaged Teas. + +For a white and pale blush bed we have the pure white _Boule de Neige_, +_Coquette des Blanches_ (both Dwarf Hybrid Noisettes), _Frau Karl +Druschki_, and _Marchioness of Londonderry_, which is very beautiful +when it does well, though this is not always the case. + +And for white with a faint blush, _Margaret Dickson_ and _Merveille de +Lyon_, though these are sadly given to mildew. But for sheer effect and +mass of bloom, a bed of _Frau Karl Druschki_ is unequalled. If the long +shoots are pegged down every bud upon them will throw a flower-shoot, +producing a sheet of blossom throughout the whole season. + +Another very effective arrangement may be made by gradating a broad +border from a white centre, through clear pinks on either side to bright +scarlets, and ending at each extremity with deepest crimsons. This I +have seen carried out successfully with a central group of _Frau Karl +Druschki_, flanked on either side by the clear pinks of _Mrs. Sharman +Crawford_ and _Mrs. John Laing_, and beyond them, right and left, +_General Jacqueminot_, _Francois Michelon_, _Prince Camille de Rohan_, +_Fisher Holmes_, _Duke of Edinburgh_, _Mrs. Harry Turner_, _Dr. Andry_, +_Duke of Wellington_, _Victor Hugo_, _Captain Hayward_, _Duke of Teck_, +_Horace Vernet_. + +As standards many of the Hybrid Perpetuals make grand heads, their +sturdy constitution being particularly suitable to this form of growth. + +Among the best for this purpose are, _Captain Hayward_, _Charles +Lefebvre_, _Clio_, _Dr. Andry_, _Duke of Edinburgh_, _Dupuy Jamain_, +_Ferdinand de Lesseps_, _Fisher Holmes_, _Frau Karl Druschki_, _General +Jacqueminot_, _Gloire de Margottin_, _Heinrich Schultheis_, _Hugh +Dickson_, _Mme. Gabriel Luizet_, _Mme. Victor Verdier_, _Margaret +Dickson_, _Marie Baumann_, _Mrs. Cocker_, _Mrs. John Laing_, _Mrs. R. G. +Sharman Crawford_, _Paul Jamain_, _Pride of Waltham_, _Prince Arthur_, +_Prince Camille de Rohan_, _Senateur Vaisse_, _Suzanne Marie +Rodocanachi_, _Ulrich Brunner_. + +Besides those dwarfs I have enumerated as particularly good for massing +in colour, many other excellent roses for general use will be found in +the following lists. + + +HYBRID PERPETUAL ROSES + +RED. + + Abel Carriere. _E. Verdier_, 1875. Purple crimson, + fiery red centre. + + Alfred Colomb. _Lacharme_, 1865. Bright carmine + red. + + Alfred K. Williams. _Schwartz_, 1877. Bright + carmine red; an exhibitor's rose. + + Baron de Bonstetten. _Liabaud_, 1871. Blackish + crimson. + + Ben Cant. _B. R. Cant & Sons_, 1902. Deep crimson. + + Beauty of Waltham. _Wm. Paul & Son_, 1862. Rosy + crimson. + + Black Prince. _Wm. Paul & Son_, 1866. Deep + blackish crimson. + + Camille Bernadin. _Gautreau_, 1865. Light crimson, + paler edges. + + Captain Hayward. _Bennett_, 1893. Scarlet crimson, + sweet scented. + + Charles Darwin. _Laxton_, 1879. Brownish crimson. + + Charles Lefebvre. _Lacharme_, 1861. Brilliant + velvety crimson. + + Commandant Felix Faure. _Boutigny_, 1902. Crimson, + flushed lake. + + Comte de Raimbaud. _Roland_, 1867. Clear crimson. + + Comtesse de Ludre. _V. Verdier_, 1880. Light + crimson. + +[Illustration: HYBRID PERPETUAL. + +GUSTAVE PIGANEAU.] + + Countess of Oxford. _Guillot_, 1869. Bright + carmine red. + + Dr. Andry. _E. Verdier_, 1864. Deep carmine red. + + Dr. Sewell. _Turner_, 1879. Maroon crimson, + reflexes bright red. + + Duchess of Bedford. _Postans_, 1879. Velvety + crimson, suffused scarlet. + + Duke of Connaught. _Paul & Son_, 1876. Bright + velvety crimson. + + Duke of Edinburgh. _Paul & Son_, 1868. Scarlet + crimson. + + Duke of Teck. _Paul & Son_, 1880. Bright crimson + scarlet. + + Duke of Wellington. _Granger_, 1864. Velvet red, + shaded crimson. + + Dupuy Jamain. _Jamain_, 1868. Very bright cerise. + + Earl of Dufferin. _Alex. Dickson_, 1887. Rich + velvety crimson. + + Eclair. _Lacharme_, 1883. Vivid fiery red. + + Etienne Levet. _Levet_, 1871. Carmine red. + + E. Y. Teas. _E. Verdier_, 1874. Very bright red. + + Fisher Holmes. _E. Verdier_, 1865. Shaded crimson + scarlet. + + General Jacqueminot. _Roussel_, 1853. Brilliant + scarlet crimson; a noble old rose. + + Gustave Piganeau. _Pernet-Ducher_, 1889. Brilliant + shaded carmine; chiefly an exhibitor's rose. + + Horace Vernet. _Guillot_, 1866. Crimson scarlet, + dark shading. + + Hugh Dickson. _Hugh Dickson_, 1904. Crimson, + shaded scarlet. + + Hugh Watson. _Alex. Dickson_, 1904. Crimson, + shaded carmine. + + J. B. Clark. _Hugh Dickson_, 1905. Deep scarlet, + shaded plum. + + Jean Soupert. _Lacharme_, 1876. Deep velvety + purple. + + Jules Margottin. _Margottin_, 1853. Bright cherry + red. + + Lady Helen Stewart. _Alex. Dickson_, 1887. Bright + crimson, shaded scarlet. + + Le Havre. _Eude_, 1871. Vermilion red. + + Louis Ricard. _Boutigny_, 1902. Velvet crimson, + shaded vermilion and black. + + Louis Van Houtte. _Lacharme_, 1869. Deep crimson, + shaded maroon. + + Madame Crapelet. _Fontaine_, 1859. Beautiful light + crimson. + + Madame Victor Verdier. _E. Verdier_, 1863. Bright + cherry red; still one of the best. + + Maharajah. _B. R. Cant & Sons_, 1904. Large single + flowers, deep velvet crimson; a very fine pillar + rose. + + Marie Baumann. _Baumann_, 1863. Soft carmine red. + + Marie Rady. _Fontaine_, 1865. Brilliant red. + + Maurice Bernadin (_syn._ Exposition de Brie). + _Granger_, 1861. Shaded crimson. + + M. H. Walsh. _Alex. Dickson_, 1905. Velvety + crimson, suffused scarlet. + + Oberhofgartener A. Singer. _P. Lambert_, 1904. + Pure carmine, darker centre. + + Prince Arthur. _B. R. Cant_, 1875. Rich deep + crimson. + + Prince Camille de Rohan. _E. Verdier_, 1861. + Crimson maroon. + + Reynolds Hole. _Paul & Son_, 1873. Maroon, shaded + crimson; an exhibitor's rose. + + Ruhm der Gartenwelt. _Jacobs_, 1904. Dark pure + red. + + Senateur Vaisse. _Guillot_, 1859. Fine dazzling + red; one of the best still. + + Sir Rowland Hill. _Mack_, 1888. Rich port wine, + shaded maroon. + + Star of Waltham. _Wm. Paul & Son_, 1875. Deep + crimson. + + T. B. Haywood. _Paul & Son_, 1895. Crimson + scarlet, dark shading. + + Tom Wood. _Alex. Dickson_, 1896. Cherry red. + + Ulrich Brunner. _Levet_, 1881. Bright cherry red; + fragrant, excellent. + + Urania. _Walsh_, 1906. Cherry crimson. + + Victor Hugo. _Schwartz_, 1884. Dazzling crimson. + + Xavier Olibo. _Lacharme_, 1864. Velvety black, + shaded amaranth. + + +ROSE. + + American Beauty. _Bancroft_, 1886. Deep rose; + needs fine weather. + + Annie Laxton. _Laxton_, 1872. Clear rose, flushed + cherry. + + Countess of Rosebery. _Postans_, 1879. Deep salmon + rose. + + David R. Williamson. _Wm. Paul & Son_, 1905. Soft + rich carmine rose. + + Duchesse de Morny. _E. Verdier_, 1863. Delicate + bright rose. + + Francois Michelon. _Levet_, 1871. Deep rose, + reverse of petals silver. + + Heinrich Schultheis. _Bennett_, 1882. Delicate + pinkish rose. + + Helen Keller. _Alex. Dickson_, 1895. Rose cerise. + + John Hopper. _Ward_, 1862. Bright rose, reverse + pale lilac. + + Madame Eugene Verdier. _E. Verdier_, 1878. Bright + silvery rose. + + Magna Charta. _Wm. Paul & Son_, 1876. Bright + rose. + + Marie Finger. _Rambaud_, 1873. Light salmon rose, + deeper centre. + + Marie Verdier. _E. Verdier_, 1877. Pure rose. + + Marquise de Castellane. _Pernet_, 1869. Bright + clear rose. + + Suzanne Marie Rodocanachi. _Leveque_, 1883. + Glowing rose; one of the best. + + Ulster. _Alex. Dickson_, 1899. Salmon pink. + + +PINK. + + Baroness Rothschild. _Pernet_, 1867. Light pink. + + Clio. _Wm. Paul & Son_, 1894. Pale flesh, deeper + centre. + + Dr. William Gordon. _Wm. Paul & Son_, 1905. + Brilliant satin pink. + + Her Majesty. _Bennett_, 1885. Pale rose pink. + + Jeannie Dickson. _Alex. Dickson_, 1890. Rosy pink, + edged silvery pink. + + Lady Overtown. _H. Dickson_, 1906. Pale salmon + pink, centre silvery pink. + + Laurence Allen. _Cooling_, 1896. Clear soft pink, + lighter shading. + + Madame Gabriel Luizet. _Liabaud_, 1877. Light + silvery pink. + + Marchioness of Downshire. _Alex. Dickson_, 1894. + Beautiful satin pink. + + Mrs. Cocker. _Cocker_, 1899. Soft pink. + + Mrs. John Laing. _Bennett_, 1887. Soft pink; one + of the best. + + Mrs. R. G. Sharman Crawford. _Alex. Dickson_, + 1894. Clear rosy pink; one of the best. + + Mrs. Rumsey. _Rumsey_, 1897. Rosy pink. + + Pride of Waltham. _Wm. Paul & Son_, 1881. Delicate + flesh, shaded bright rose pink. + + Rosslyn. _Alex. Dickson_, 1900. Delicate rosy + flesh. + + +WHITE AND BLUSH. + + Bertha Giemen. _Wm. Paul & Son_, 1899. Creamy + white sport from Marchioness of Dufferin. + + Boule de Neige (Noisette). _Lacharme_, 1867. Pure + white. + + Frau Karl Druschki. _Lambert_, 1900. Snow white. + + Mabel Morrison. _Broughton_, 1878. Pure white, not + much substance. + + Mademoiselle Renee Denis. _Chedane_, 1907. White, + shaded rose. + + Marchioness of Londonderry. _Alex. Dickson_, 1893. + Ivory white. + + Margaret Dickson. _Alex. Dickson_, 1891. White, + pale flesh centre. + + Merveille de Lyon. _Pernet_, 1882. White, centre + slightly rosy peach. + + Perfection des Blanches. _Schwartz_, 1873. Pure + white. + + White Baroness. _Paul & Son_, 1883. Pure white. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[5] This rose, which belongs to the group of Damask Perpetual roses, _R. +Damascena_, is still cultivated under the same name. Messrs. Wm. Paul & +Son say "this was formerly a favourite group of autumnal roses." + +[6] See p. 57. + + + + +CHAPTER IX + +BOURBON, CHINA, AND POLYANTHA ROSES + + +BESIDES the three great races of perpetual flowering Roses, the Teas, +Hybrid Teas, and Hybrid Perpetuals, on which the chief interest of the +modern rose-world is centred at the present time, there are other +perpetual flowering roses, which are of great importance both for their +value in the past and their beauty in the present. For although the +modern hybrids have somewhat obscured the fame of their ancestors, many +of them owe their origin to the Bourbon and China roses, which, in the +early years of the nineteenth century, before the advent of Hybrid +Perpetuals, were almost the only autumn flowering roses on which to +depend. + + +THE BOURBON ROSE, _R. Bourboniana_. + +According to that invaluable book,[7] to which I owe an untold debt of +gratitude since first I began to study rose-growing seriously--the +original Bourbon, "a beautiful semi-double rose, with brilliant +rose-coloured flowers, prominent buds, and nearly evergreen foliage," +was discovered in the Isle of Bourbon. + +[Illustration: BOURBON. + +SOUVENIR DE LA MALMAISON.] + +It appears that the land there was--probably is still--enclosed by +"hedges made of two rows of roses, one row of the common China Rose, the +other of the Red Four Seasons, the Perpetual Damask." In planting one of +these hedges, a proprietor found a rose quite different in appearance to +the rest of his young plants, and transferred it to his garden. Here it +flowered, and proved to be a new type, evidently a seedling from the two +sorts, which were the only ones known in the island. "M. Breon arrived +at Bourbon in 1817, as botanical traveller for the Government of France, +and curator of the Botanical and Naturalization Garden there. He +propagated this rose very largely; and sent plants and seeds of it in +1822 to Monsieur Jacques, gardener at the Chateau de Neuilly, near +Paris, who distributed it among the rose cultivators of France. M. Breon +named it 'Rose de l'Isle Bourbon,' and is convinced that it is a hybrid +from one of the above roses, and a native of the island." + +The true Bourbon roses are thoroughly perpetual, with rose, blush, or +white flowers, smooth solid stems, and dark, almost evergreen, foliage. +One has only to mention the well-known and well-beloved _Souvenir de la +Malmaison_ to recall the type. _Gloire de Rosamenes_[8] is a hybrid, as +I have said: but _Hermosa_, or _Armosa_ (1840), and the charming +_Mrs. Bosanquet_ (1832), often classed among the China roses, are pure +Bourbons, and so are _Mme. Isaac Pereire_, _Mrs. Paul_ (1891), _Queen of +the Bourbons_, _Boule de Neige_, _Setina_ a climbing form of _Hermosa_, +and _Zephirine Drouhin_ (1873), a good climbing rose. _Hermosa_, which +is constantly mistaken for a very full, globular pink China, is an +excellent rose for massing in the garden, as it is in continuous bloom +from spring till late autumn, the dwarf, bushy plants being covered with +flowers. The charming hybrid Tea rose, _Camoens_, which resembles it in +habit, but is a rather larger flower of a rich China pink, may also be +used in the same way. A group of small beds arranged in a simple +geometrical pattern, and planted with either or both these roses, is an +extremely pretty feature in the garden. _Hermosa_ has been for years +largely used in this way on the Continent and in England; for instance, +20,000 have been planted in the Sandringham gardens alone. But I was +told last year in Luxembourg, that in Holland, where it is most popular, +_Camoens_ is almost superseding it; one Dutch lady who had a large +portion of her garden planted with nothing but _Hermosa_, is now using +hundreds of _Camoens_ in the same way, as it is equally generous in +bloom, richer in colour, and as neat and strong in growth. + +[Illustration: CHINA. + +LAURETTE MESSIMY.] + + +THE CHINA ROSE, _R. Indica_. + +THE CRIMSON CHINA ROSE, _R. Semperflorens_. + +These old favourites were introduced into England in the eighteenth +century. The _Old Blush Monthly_ came first, in 1718; and in 1789 the +_Old Crimson_ (_R. Semperflorens_), a much less vigorous plant, arrived. +It is not surprising that both should have found instant popularity; for +roses which in warm situations are practically in flower the whole year +through, must indeed have been precious adjuncts to the gardens of those +days. In England they were popularly known as "Monthly roses"; while in +France they are known as _Rosiers du Bengal_. + + +THE "COMMON" CHINA, OR MONTHLY ROSE (1796), + +though it has many newer rivals, is one of those which has never gone +out of favour, and justly so; for what can be more pure and lovely than +it is when well grown. Either as a bedder, or a bush in the herbaceous +border, or, still more, when grown as a dwarf hedge, its fresh +loveliness is a never-ending delight. Indeed, one wonders why it is not +more generally used in England in this last manner; for both in the +South of France and Switzerland, hedges of the pink Monthly rose are +common, and of exceeding beauty. _Cramoisie Superieure_ (1834), a form +of the Crimson China, should be grown in masses, as its weak and +straggling growth is unsuited to the above purposes. But many of the +newer varieties are admirable in whatever way they are used. _Laurette +Messimy_ (1887), rose, shaded yellow, and _Madame Eugene Resal_ (1895), +copper and bright China-rose, are two of the very best of these, and are +brilliantly effective as bedding roses. So are the rosy-apricot _Queen +Mab_ (1906), and the yellow-apricot and orange _Arethusa_ (1903). +_Comtesse du Cayla_ (1902) is a fine carmine crimson, with orange on the +outer petals, varying to orange-yellow shaded carmine. _Cora_ is a +pretty clear yellow, often tinted carmine, a rose of a charming habit. +_Le Vesuve_ bears some flowers rich crimson and some rosy pink. _Ducher_ +(1869) is the best white; _Frau Syndica Roeloffs_, yellow, shaded +coppery-red and peach; _Nabonnand_, a large flower, velvety purple-red, +shaded coppery-yellow. _Souvenir d'Aimee Terrel des Chenes_ is a small, +beautiful, and well-shaped flower, coppery-pink, shaded carmine, the +pointed buds being golden yellow. _Climbing Cramoisie Superieure_ and +_Field Marshal_ are both deep crimson climbers, but the last does best +under a glass or in a warm position out of doors. + + * * * * * + +We now come to a quite modern class of perpetual flowering roses, which +is as yet too little known, except among those ardent rose-growers who +keep closely in touch with the marvels of modern hybridization. And this +special race is indeed one of its most extraordinary results. For + + +THE DWARF POLYANTHA ROSES, _R. Multiflora_, + +are derived from the summer flowering, climbing _Multiflora_, and in +them we get a first cousin of, say, _Crimson Rambler_, so dwarf as to +make a charming two-feet high edging to an ordinary rose-bed, and so +thoroughly perpetual, that from May to December it is thickly covered +with its hundreds of miniature flowers in clusters. How these tiny +roses, which remind one of the "Fairy Rose" of long-ago nursery days, +came into being is not exactly known. But they were evidently the result +of crossings with the Tea rose strain. M. J. B. Guillot developed the +first, _Ma Paquerrette_, pure white, flowering in large bunches, in +1875. In 1879, Rambaux followed with the charming _Anna Maria de +Montravel_, one of the best known of the class. The next year Ducher +brought out the lovely _Cecile Brunner_, blush, shaded pink, and the +race was fully recognized. Since then nearly every year has seen fresh +varieties; and the charming little plants are growing in favour. + +[Illustration: DWARF POLYANTHA. + +PERLE D'OR.] + +These roses may be roughly divided into two classes: one showing the +Polyantha blood very strongly; the other the Tea blood. + +In the first, the flowers, whether double or single, are borne in dense +upright clusters, after the manner of the true _Multiflora_. Some of the +best of these are _Gloire des Polyantha_; _Schneewittchen_; the fine +_Mme. N. Levavasseur_, really a miniature _Crimson Rambler_; the even +more attractive _Mrs. W. H. Cutbush_, a bright pink _Crimson Rambler_; +and the exquisite little _Baby Dorothy_, which has created such a +sensation as a pot plant since it was shown in the spring of 1907. These +are all admirably fitted for planting in masses. In the famous +Pepiniere, or Public Gardens of Nancy, beds of _Madame N. Levavasseur_ +last autumn (1907) were remarkably effective. In one the ground was +thickly covered among the plants with a very dwarf grey-blue Ageratum; +and the effect of the erect crimson clusters of the rose over the soft +grey flowers was most striking; while another bed of the same rose was +edged with a dwarf bronze-foliaged fibrous Begonia. Even more charming +was a whole bed of _Mrs. W. H. Cutbush_, which I saw in MM. Soupert et +Notting's garden at Luxembourg, the rich rosy colour being much finer. + +In the other class the Tea blood is shown as strongly; the flowers are +borne singly, or at most in heads of four or five, on smooth and +delicate yet firm little stalks; while the foliage is that of a +miniature Tea rose. These as to the actual blossoms are perhaps even +more attractive. For what can be prettier than a perfectly formed flower +the size of a Fairy rose--and sweetly scented too--such as those of +_Etoile d'Or_, lemon shaded with sulphur; or _Perle d'Or_, nankeen +yellow with orange centre; or _Eugenie Lamesch_, coppery pink; or the +beautiful _Cecile Brunner_, its well-shaped flowers blush with a deeper +pink centre? + +In one or two we get an example of the double strain. For the velvety +crimson flowers of _Perle des Rouges_ are borne in clusters, though in +substance and foliage the plant appears to take after the Tea rose. + +But I deprecate the tendency which I see among some varieties, to +produce much larger flowers such as those of _Clothilde Soupert_ and +_Georges Pernet_. This quite alters the character of the pretty little +plants; giving us a rose that is neither one thing or another, neither a +fine bedding rose or a miniature edging rose. + + +BOURBON ROSES, _R. Bourboniana_. + + Baron Gonella. _Guillot pere_, 1839. Violet rose. + + Baronne de Maynard. One of the best white roses. + + Catherine Guillot. _Guillot fils_, 1861. Purple + red. + + Comtesse de Barbantane. _Guillot pere_, 1859. + Flesh colour. + + Gloire de Rosamenes. _Vibert_, 1825. Scarlet + crimson, semi-double. + + Hermosa (Armosa). _Marcheseau_, 1840. Deep pink. + J. B. M. Camm. Pale salmon pink. + + Kronprinsessin Victoria. _L. Spaeth_, 1888. Milky + white outside, sulphur-yellow centre. + + Lorna Doone. _Wm. Paul & Son._ Magenta carmine, + shaded scarlet. + + Madame Isaac Pereire. _Margottin_, 1880. Rosy + carmine. + + Madame Pierre Oger. _Oger_, 1879. Cream white, + shaded and edged lilac. + + Marie Pare. _Pavie_, 1880. Flesh colour, deeper + centre. + + Mrs. Allen Chandler. _Chandler_, 1904. Pure white + sport from Mrs. Paul. + + Mrs. Bosanquet. _Laffay_, 1832. Salmon white. + + Mrs. Paul. _Paul & Son_, 1852. Pinkish white; a + fine rose. + + Paxton. _Laffay_, 1852. Fiery rose. + + Philemon Cochet. _Cochet_, 1896. Bright rose. + + Queen of the Bourbons. _Mauger_, 1852. Salmon + rose. + + Queen of Bedders. _Nobbe_, 1878. Deep crimson. + + Reine Victoria. _Schwartz_, 1878. Bright rose, + perfect form. + + Setina. _Henderson_, 1879. Pink, a climbing + Hermosa. + + Souv. de la Malmaison. _Beluze_, 1843. Tender + flesh white. + + Souv. de la Malmaison rose. _Verschaffelt_, 1862. + Fine rose colour. + + Zephirine Drouhin. _Bizot_, 1873. Bright silvery + pink. + + +CHINA OR BENGAL ROSES, _R. Indica_. + +_R. Semperflorens._ + + Abbe Cretin. _Mille-Toussaint_, 1906. Light rose, + shaded salmon. + + Alexina. _Beluze_, 1854. Almost pure white. + + Alice Hamilton. _Nabonnand_, 1904. Bright velvety + crimson reflexed madder. + + Antoinette Cuillerat. _Buatois_, 1898. Electric + white on copper base. + + Arethusa. _Wm. Paul & Son_, 1903. Yellow, tinted + apricot. + + Aurore. _Schwartz_, 1897. Creamy yellow, tinted + salmon rose. + + Baronne Piston de St. Cyr. Pale flesh, distinct + and attractive. + + Bebe Fleuri. _Dubreuil_, 1907. Varying from China + rose to currant red. + + Cardinal. _Welter_, 1904. Dark red, centre yellow. + + Common (old Blush Monthly). _Parsons_, 1796. Pale + pink. + + Comtesse du Cayla. _Guillot_, 1902. + Coppery-carmine, shaded orange and yellow. + + Cora. _Vve. Schwartz_, 1899. Clear yellow, tinted + carmine. + + Cramoisi Superieur. _Coquereau_, 1832. Velvety + crimson, large clusters. + + Cramoisi Superieur. A climbing sport. + + Crimson China (Sanguinea). _Evans_, 1810. Dark + crimson. + + Ducher. _Ducher_, 1869. Pure white. + + Duke of York. _Wm. Paul & Son_, 1894. Variable + from white to red. + + Eugene de Beauharnais. _Fellemberg_, 1838. + Amaranth. + + Fabvier. _Laffay._ Scarlet crimson, finest of its + colour. + + Field Marshall. _Wm. Paul & Son._ Blood crimson, + shaded amaranth. + + Frau Syndica Roeloffs. _Lambert_, 1900. Bright + yellow, shaded copper red. + + Irene Watts. _P. Guillot_, 1896. White, tinted + salmon pink. + + Jean Bach Sisley. _Dubreuil_, 1899. Silvery rose, + outer petals salmon-rose, veined carmine. + + Le Vesuve. _Sprunt_, 1858. Bright red and pink. + + Madame Eugene Resal. _Guillot_, 1894. Nasturtium + red or bright red, on yellow base. + + Madame H. Montefiore. _Bernaix_, 1900. Salmon + yellow, shaded apricot and carmine. + + Madame Laure Dupont. _Schwartz_, 1907. Vivid + carmine, reflexed silver rose. + + Madame Laurette Messimy. _Guillot fils_, 1887. + China rose, shaded yellow. + + Martha. _P. Lambert_, 1906. Copper red, flowers in + large corymbs. + + Queen Mab. _Wm. Paul & Son_, 1896. Rosy apricot, + shaded orange and rose. + + Red Pet. _Paul & Son_, 1888. Miniature rose, deep + crimson. + + Souv. d'Aimee Terrel des Chenes. _Schwartz_, 1897. + Coppery rose, shaded carmine. + + Unermuedliche. _Lambert_, 1904. Crimson, shaded + red, always in bloom. + + +DWARF POLYANTHA ROSES, _R. Multiflora._ + + Aennchen Mueller. _J. C. Schmidt_, 1907. Large + clusters, brilliant rose. + + Amelie-Suzanne Morin. _Soupert et Notting_, 1899. + White, yellow centre. + + Anne-Marie de Montravel. _Rambaux_, 1879. Pure + white, immense cluster. + + Aschenbrodel. _Lambert_, 1903. Peach, centre + salmon. + + Bebe Leroux. _Soupert et Notting_, 1901. White, + centre canary yellow. + + Blanche Rebatel. _Bernaix_, 1889. Bright carmine, + reverse white. + + Canarienvogel. _Welter_, 1904. Golden yellow, + flaked orange and rose. + + Cecile Brunner. _Ducher_, 1881. Bright rose, + yellowish centre. + + Clara Pfitzer. _Soupert et Notting_, 1889. Light + carmine. + + Clotilde Soupert. _Soupert et Notting_, 1890. + Pearly white, rose centre, rather large flowers. + + Dr. Ricaud. _Corboeuf-Marsault_, 1907. Rosy + salmon, copper base. + + Etoile de Mai. _Gamon_, 1893. Nankeen yellow, + rather large. + + Etoile d'Or. _Dubreuil_, 1889. Citron yellow, + shaded sulphur. + + Eugenie Lamesch. _Lambert_, 1900. Orange yellow, + passing to clear yellow, shaded rose. + + Filius Strassheim. _Soupert et Netting_, 1893. + Rosy cream, orange base. + + Georges Pernet. _Pernet-Ducher_, 1888. Rather + large, bright rose, shaded yellow. + + Gloire des Polyanthas. _Guillot fils_, 1887. + Bright rose, white centre. + + Golden Fairy. _Bennett_, 1889. Clear buff, yellow + and white. + + Hermine Madele. _Soupert et Notting_, 1888. Cream, + reflexed yellow. + + Katherine Ziemet. _Lambert_, 1901. Pure white, + very fragrant. + + Kleiner Alfred. _Lambert_, 1904. Ground colour + red, suffused ochre yellow. + + Le Bourguignon. _Buatois_, 1901. Electric madder + yellow. + + Leonie Lamesch. _Lambert_, 1900. Bright copper + red, golden centre. + + Liliput. _Paul & Son_, 1897. Cerise carmine, + flushed crimson. + + Little Dot. _Bennett_, 1889. Soft pink, flaked + deeper on outside petals. + + Madame E. A. Nolte. _Bernaix_, 1892. Buff yellow, + passing to rosy white. + + Madame N. Levavasseur. _Levavasseur_, 1904. Bright + carmine red; the dwarf Crimson Rambler. + + Madame Zelia Bourgeois. _Vilin_, 1907. Small + double white flowers. + + Ma Fillette. _Soupert et Notting_, 1898. Peach + rose, yellow ground. + + Ma Petite Andree. _Chauvry_, 1899. Deep carmine + red. + + Marie Pavie. _Alegatiere_, 1889. White, rose + centre, large. + + Martha. _Lambert_, 1906. Strawberry pink, coppery + buds. + + Maxime Buatois. Copper yellow, changing to carmine + yellow. + + Mignonette. _Guillot_, 1881. Soft rose, changing + to white. + + Mosella. _Lambert & Reiter_, I 896. Yellowish + white, centre rose. + + Mrs. W. H. Cutbush. _Levavasseur_, 1907. A pink + Mme. N. Levavasseur. + + Paquerette. _Guillot fils_, 1875. Pure white; + flowers in immense panicles. + + Perle d'Or. _Dubreuil_, 1883. Nankeen yellow, + orange centre. + + Perle des Rouges. _Dubreuil_, 1896. Velvety + crimson, reflexes bright cerise. + + Petit Constant. _Soupert et Notting_, 1900. Deep + nasturtium red. + + Petite Leonie. _Soupert et Notting_, 1893. Rosy + white, carmine centre. + + Philipine Lambert. _Lambert_, 1903. Silvery pink, + centre deep flesh. + + Primula. _Soupert et Notting_, 1901. Bright China + rose, centre snow white. + + Rosalind. _Paul & Son_, 1907. Bright pink, with + deeper buds. + + Rosel Dach. 1907. Bright cherry rose. + + Schneewittchen. _Lambert_, 1901. Creamy white, + passing to snow white. + + Schneekopf. _Lambert_, 1903. Snow white, in large + clusters. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[7] Rivers' _Rose Amateur's Guide_. + +[8] See p. 57. + + + + +CHAPTER X + +ROSE PESTS + + +THE enemies of the rose are many. They are of two classes; the insect +foes, and diseases caused by Fungi. And their prevention and destruction +are tasks, as every rose-grower knows only too well, which call for +ceaseless vigilance and constant work, more especially in the early +months of the season. For if remedies are applied in good time, the +pests of both kinds give comparatively little trouble after May and June +until the early autumn, when a fresh crop of both appears. + +No such powerful weapon has ever before been put in the hand of the +rose-grower, as the remarkable handbook on the _Enemies of the Rose_, +published this spring (1908) by the National Rose Society. For here the +veriest tyro can recognize the diseases which puzzle him and the insects +which drive him to despair in all stages of their mischievous existence, +figured in exquisitely drawn and coloured plates; while in the terse and +admirable letter-press he is told how to combat their destructive ways. +This little book can be obtained by non-members of the Society for +2_s._ 6_d._, through any member; and it ought to find a place on the +shelf of every rose lover. + + +=Mildew=, of all Fungoid diseases, is the worst we have to contend with. +Some roses, such as the lovely _H. T. Killarney_, the _Crimson Rambler_, +the _H. P. Margaret Dickson_, and others, are specially subject to this +pest; and unless measures are taken against it when the very first sign +appears, it quickly spreads to other roses. Two seasons ago a plant of +_Margaret Dickson_ had it badly in my garden, and infected its +neighbour, _Frau Karl Druschki_, to an alarming extent. + +This odious disease, though more or less always present in the garden, +appears generally in marked strength twice in the season--first in +spring, when the foliage is just fully developed, and secondly after the +midsummer shoots are grown. + +It must be attacked early before it gets any hold, in fact, before it +actually shows, if we have reason to suspect its presence. _Flowers of +Sulphur_ is the most usual and effective preventive. It is blown over +the plants with bellows made specially for the purpose. Floating like a +fine cloud all over the garden it settles on every part of the plant. +The early morning before the dew is gone is the time to apply it, as the +evaporation of the dew has some subtle effect on the sulphur which +greatly increases its efficacy. Rev. F. Page-Roberts strongly +recommends _Black Sulphur_ instead of the ordinary yellow, used with one +of the "Ideal" Powder Bellows, made by W. Wood & Son, Wood Green. + +Another preventive, which is advised in the National Rose Society's +handbook as extremely efficacious, is syringing with _Potassium +Sulphide_, _Liver of Sulphur_--half an ounce to a gallon of water. The +handbook advises adding a tablespoonful of liquid glue, or the whites of +two eggs to every gallon of water, as this causes the solution to adhere +better to the foliage. If thoroughly and carefully applied with a very +fine syringe, such as the Abol Syringe, using the bend attached to get +at the under-side of the leaves where the fungus first appears, this +wash acts rapidly upon the pests. + +_Mo-Effic_, a new preparation, has been highly recommended in the last +two years. I have not tested it myself. But Mr. Mawley considers it most +successful. + +=Black Spot= is another troublesome pest. It attacks the foliage alone, +and not only spoils the appearance of the leaves, but so injures them +that they fall off prematurely. The disease can be best checked by +spraying with the _Liver of Sulphur_ wash, beginning early in the spring +and going on at intervals. + +=Rose Rust= and =Rose Leaf Scorch= may also be combated with _Liver of +Sulphur_ wash. + +But in all these three last diseases, it is a matter of the greatest +importance to collect the badly diseased leaves on the plant, and +especially to pick up every one lying on the ground, and to see that +they are burnt at once and not thrown on the rubbish heap, where they +will only infect the soil. + +=Sooty Mould=, the unsightly black stuff which often covers the foliage, +is a parasitic fungus not upon the leaf itself but upon the "honey dew" +deposited by Green Fly. If therefore the honey dew is kept off by +destroying the Aphides which secrete it, _Sooty Mould_ will not appear. + + +INSECT PESTS. + +=Green Fly=, or =Rose Aphis=, is alas! too well known in every garden to +need much description. But the reason why it is so difficult sometimes +to get rid of this pest is not so commonly known. The Aphides breathe +through pores at the sides of their bodies. And in order to kill them, +some substance must be used which will close these pores. Therefore +syringing with water or any clear liquid is absolutely useless; for if a +few Green Fly are knocked off one shoot they will only settle on some +other. We often hear people say after a thunderstorm, "This will clean +the roses and wash off the Green Fly nicely." Far from it. They only +increase the faster; while the caterpillars rejoice, and flaunt +themselves openly on every bush. Then in despair some one uses paraffin +or some violently caustic wash for spraying the Green Fly, and destroys +his roses thereby. + +Nature has mercifully provided some enemies to prey on the Green +Fly--and these help in some small degree to keep the pest down. The +chief of these is the Ladybird, which both in its adult and in its +larval state devours them ceaselessly. The pretty green Lace-wing Fly or +Aphis Lion is also useful, as its larvae are provided with "large +sickle-shaped jaws for picking the Green Fly off the plants." + +The Hover Fly--which looks like a small, slim two-winged bee or +wasp--lays its eggs in the thick of a mass of Green Fly, and its green +and grey leech-like maggots feed upon them. And the Ichneumon and +Chalcid Flies lay their eggs in the bodies of the Aphides and their +maggots feed on them from within. + +But all these are of comparatively little help to the unhappy rosarian, +who must therefore devise unnatural means to clear his plants. + +As far as I know, with the exception of an Aphis brush--a useful +invention, but one which needs very gentle handling--there are only two +safe remedies for this universal plague. The usual one is a wash of +soft-soap and quassia, in these proportions-- + + Best soft-soap 1 lb. + Quassia chips 21/2 lb. + Water 25 gallons. + +Even this wash, excellent as it is, will sometimes fail to get rid of +the scourge in a bad year. But I have found "Abol, White's Superior," a +never-failing remedy. It is also much easier to use, as one only has to +mix it with cold water according to the directions on each can, and it +is ready in a minute. + +If either of these remedies are used the moment the Green Fly appears, +and the dose repeated a couple of days later in order to kill any that +may have escaped the first spraying, we have very little more trouble +until the second crop of Green Fly appears in September. It is well to +syringe the plants thoroughly with pure water a few days after the +second dose of either of these washes, as this knocks off the dead +Aphides, and leaves the foliage clean and sweet. + +Although paraffin in various forms is often recommended, let me urge +upon my readers that it is a most dangerous substance to use upon the +rose--a naturally delicate plant--as any remedy of a caustic nature is +sure to do it far more harm than good. + +Tobacco wash is recommended by the Continental rose-growers for Aphis, 1 +part of tobacco-juice to 15 parts of water. If a little soft-soap is +added it makes a better wash. This is also a good wash for + +=Cuckoo Spit= or =Frog-Fly=.--This frothy substance if washed off will +be found to contain a yellow creature, often closely wedged into the +angle of leaf and shoot, or at the base of a flower bud. This is a +"nymph" or young Frog-Fly--a most destructive insect--and unless removed +it will so quickly suck the sap of the leaf and bud that it dies and +falls off. + +To get rid of them requires patience. We must either hand-pick the +roses--or if we spray with the tobacco wash it is necessary to syringe +the plant with plain water first, using some force, to wash off the +white froth--and then spray with the tobacco wash to kill the "nymph." + +This leads us to the more active and the worst of all the pests we have +to fight against. + + +BEETLES, BEES, FLIES, AND MOTHS, + +which either in their adult form or as maggots and caterpillars prey +upon the rose. + +Four Beetles are among the enemies of the rose. The beautiful green +=Rose Beetle= or =Rose Chafer= does harm in both stages. As a grub it +feeds underground on the roots; and as a beetle eats the foliage and the +petals and anthers of the flowers. I find it is particularly fond of the +delicate blossoms of the _Yellow Persian Briar_. + +The =Cock Chafer= also eats the foliage, and its large white grubs +devour the roots of the roses to such an extent that they often kill the +plant. As the grubs remain for three years in the ground the damage they +can do is incalculable; and they attack other plants besides roses. +Among the roots of a herbaceous Spiraea I lifted this last winter, I +caught forty of these grubs, and found they had so honey-combed the +roots that the plant had to be burnt. + +The =Summer Chafer= and =Garden Chafer= also attack roses. + +Where these four chafers are prevalent there is no cure but +hand-picking. The beetles must be collected off the bushes; and the +grubs carefully picked out of the roots, if we have reason to think they +are present from the rose appearing unhealthy. Or they may be tempted +out of the soil by placing grass turves upside down close to the plants, +when they can be picked out and killed with a little boiling water. + +The =Rose Leaf-cutting Bee= spoils the foliage by cutting semi-circular +pieces out of the leaves to line its nest. A few years ago I found that +a fine young plant of _Tea Rambler_ was so relished by this bee that +hardly a leaf was left intact. There is no cure but to watch the bee +going into her nest and there to destroy it after dusk. + + * * * * * + +Of all pests that the rose-grower has to fight against + + +CATERPILLARS AND MAGGOTS + +are the very worst. For there is no real remedy against their endless +and varied depredations save hand-picking; or as some one has tersely +put it, "just a little gentle washing with non-caustic substances, and +just a lot of finger-and-thumb work." This is tedious, and often +disgusting; but it is the only way. + +These loathsome pests are the larvae of certain flies and many kinds of +moths. + +=Sawflies=, the little black and shiny flies which infest the roses in +May and June, are a terrible pest, as the eggs they lay on the leaves +turn quickly into small, green larvae. There are several kinds of +sawflies, and their destructive methods vary. The Leaf-rolling Sawfly, +whose larvae roll the rose-leaves like paper spills, has become a serious +pest among garden roses of late years, and if these rolls are carefully +unfolded the little green maggot will be found in one of them. It must +be caught with care, as it is very lively, and if allowed to fall to the +ground will remain there, and produce a fresh brood in the next year. + +The =Rose Slugworm= is much more common, and most destructive, eating +the upper surface of the leaves and leaving the lower to shrivel up. It +has two broods in the year. + +The =Rose Emphytus= is another of the sawflies, and one of the worst. +Its larva eats the whole leaf away, beginning at the mid rib, and also +works its way into a cell in the branches till the next spring, thus +killing the tender growths above. This is the green caterpillar which we +find coiled up on the under-side of the rose-leaves, or in early morning +and late evening curled round the base of a rose-bud, working its way +through the calyx into the heart of the flower. It is far easier to +catch, as it is somewhat sluggish in movement, clean and hard in +substance--and therefore less disgusting to touch than others that +squash in one's fingers. The best remedies for these pests are: first, +prevention, by spraying with hellebore wash, which I have found most +useful. Second, by careful hand-picking when the larvae appear. And +third, by removing the surface soil in which the cocoons are buried, and +all dead wood, during the winter. + +Hellebore wash is made in the following proportion-- + + 1 oz. fresh-ground hellebore powder. + 2 oz. flour. + 3 gallons of water. + +Mix the hellebore and flour with a little water till dissolved; then +stir into the rest of the water and apply with a fine Abol Syringe. + +=Caterpillars= of many moths are among the most deadly foes of the rose. +Some eat the foliage--such as the Buff Tip and Vapourer Moths; others +tunnel into the leaves. But the worst of all are the Tortrix Moths or +Rose Maggots, whose repulsive grubs eat the unopened blossoms and spin +the delicate young leaves together, destroying the whole top of the new +shoots. There are many varieties of Tortrix, which are all quite small +moths, and their caterpillars or "Maggots" are the most unpleasant and +destructive of all we have to deal with. The worst of all are the Red +and the Brown Rose Maggots. These creatures are dirty red or brown, with +black heads; they are soft, and grow very fat, and when full grown are +half an inch long. They spin the leaves together at the top of the +tender young flowering shoots, often bending the top down; and not only +eat the leaves in the midst of this filthy fortress, but eat their way +into the buds and destroy them. + +Other Tortrix Moths have green and yellow-green maggots. The worst is +the Green Rose Maggot--bluish-green with a black head. It also spins the +leaves together, and grows nearly as large as the brown. It is extremely +active, and very soft and slimy. + +These all turn to pupae among the leaves instead of in the soil; and any +left in the foliage must be picked out and burnt. If we wait until the +shoots and buds are eaten and the foliage spoilt--nay, till often the +whole of our early flowers are ruined--the only remedy is to pinch the +leaves which conceal the maggot, if we have courage to do so, or to +hand-pick every one we see. But happily a way exists of preventing these +loathsome pests from destroying our roses. And this is to spray the +plants from the middle of April to early in May with _arsenate of +lead_.[9] This should be done twice, and will prevent many other +caterpillars from feeding on the foliage. + +=The Vapourer Moth=, the little golden brown moth with a tiny white +crescent on each wing, is unfortunately common everywhere, in town as +well as country; and its caterpillars are as destructive as they are +beautiful. These caterpillars are found in great masses upon the +hawthorn and fruit trees, and attack the rose as well. They are +handsome, hairy creatures, spotted thickly with bright pink-red +tubercles, with four erect tufts of yellow hairs on the back, and five +longer tufts of darker hairs, two pointing forwards, one backwards over +the tail, and two at the sides. + +If there are too many to be hand-picked the bushes must be sprayed with +_arsenate of lead_. + +=The Buff Tip Moth= does most harm in the autumn, when its caterpillars, +yellow and green, with longitudinal black lines divided by yellow bands, +appear in colonies, feeding upon the surface of the leaves. They should +be picked off at once, before they grow large, as they reach a length of +two inches when full grown, and disperse, feeding singly. If very +plentiful, spraying with _arsenate of lead_ will destroy them. + +=The Winter Moth=, which is such a serious pest among fruit trees, also +attacks roses. The caterpillar is hatched very early, in the end of +March and beginning of April. It is a "Looper," greyish at first and +turning green later, and nearly an inch long when full grown. + +The grease bands we use on fruit trees to catch the wingless female as +she creeps up in the autumn to lay her eggs on the bark, would be +difficult to use for rose-bushes. The only plan therefore is to spray +very early in the season with _arsenate of lead_ wash.[10] + +Another "Looper" found early on the roses is that of the =Mottled Umber +Moth=. It is brown with yellowish sides, looks almost like a twig, and +is over an inch long. It must be hand-picked. + +The =Dagger Moth's= caterpillar--a long, grey-black creature with a +yellow line along the back, a large black hump on the shoulder and a +small one at the tail, is most destructive when it appears in late +summer and early autumn. It is generally found singly; but one specimen +will strip a whole shoot of leaves, leaving only the mid rib. +Hand-picking is the only remedy. + +These are the chief of the pests which we have to fight against. And if +we desire to keep our roses in health and beauty we must remember that +prevention is better than cure, and begin our treatment in good time, +before the many enemies of the rose get too firm a hold. + + +REMEDIES FOR ROSE PESTS + +WASHES, ETC. + +For Aphis or Green Fly. + + 1. _Abol._ _White's Superior_-instructions with + each can. + + + 2. _Soft soap and Quassia Wash._ + + Best soft soap 1 lb. + Quassia chips 21/2 lb. + Water 25 gallons. + +Dissolve the soap in boiling (soft) water. Boil the chips or simmer for +twelve hours, adding water from time to time to cover them. Strain off +the liquid, mix it with the dissolved soap, stirring them together +thoroughly, then add the water. + + + 3. _Tobacco Wash_--also useful for Cuckoo Spit, + Thrips and Leaf-Hoppers. + + 1 part tobacco juice. + 15 parts water. + Add a little dissolved soft soap. + + + 4. _Hellebore Wash_ for Sawflies. + + Fresh-ground hellebore 1 oz. + Flour 2 oz. + Water 3 gallons. + +Mix the flour and hellebore powder with a little water. Then add the +rest of the water. It must be kept stirred, and used with a fine spray. +_Hellebore is poison._ + + + 5. _Arsenate of Lead_ for Caterpillars. + +This is a poisonous wash, but the only one that can be used without +hurting the roses. It is made with the paste known as _Swift's Arsenate +Paste_, mixed with water. + + 6. _Flowers of Sulphur_ blown over the plants for + Mildew. + +_Liver of Sulphur Wash_ for Mildew and other fungi, and for Red Spider. + + Liver of sulphur 1 oz. + Water 10 gallons. + +Powdered hellebore may be dusted over the bushes for Sawflies, but the +hellebore wash is best. + +All these washes can be used with the Abol Syringe. And in large gardens +Vermorel's Knapsack Sprayer is almost indispensable, as it does equally +well for roses and fruit trees. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[9] p. 149. + +[10] p. 149. + + + + +CHAPTER XI + +HOW TO GROW ROSES FOR EXHIBITION + +(_By the_ REV. F. PAGE-ROBERTS, _Vice-President National Rose Society_, +_F.R.H.S._) + + + +IN writing this chapter my purpose is to tell, in a few clear words, the +way to grow fine roses, whether they be for exhibition or for private +delight; for the method and culture are identical, if the blooms are to +be worth looking at. + +First, then, as to situation and soil. If possible, choose a position +for the beds sheltered from strong winds, yet not near large trees, or +hedges; for the roots will enter the beds and rob them of moisture and +nutriment. Buildings and walls are the best shelters. + +Make the beds, if possible, in the highest part of the garden, and not +the lowest; roses like an open situation, though they need shelter from +strong winds, and shade, if possible, from the midday sun. In writing +these notes I do not wish to say anything that will discourage any one +from trying to grow exhibition roses; for they can be grown, more or +less well, in almost any situation, and any soil. Those who can choose +both are to be envied. + +Then as to soil; some varieties, the H. Ps., will only give the finest +blooms in heavy loam; the H. Teas in a less heavy; and the Teas, the +most beautiful, though perhaps not so popular as the dark H. Ps., in +quite light sandy soil. So the grower must decide according to his +situation and soil what varieties to grow, remembering that the Teas are +liable to suffer from severe frost. + +I make my beds three feet deep and three feet wide,[11] allowing for two +rows of roses, and a grass path about thirty inches wide between the +beds, grass being more sightly than gravel, and pleasanter to walk on. +The beds, if the soil is heavy, will be all the better for being raised +a little above the level of the paths; the roots do not like stagnant +water. The beds should be prepared in the autumn, a few weeks before the +end of October, that the soil may settle. The manure should be below the +roots, not touching them; the roots will find it, and it is better for +them to go down, than to come to the surface and suffer if the season be +dry. A good sprinkling of bone meal spread over the top soil before +planting (with a dusting of basic slag, three to four ounces per square +yard) will be all that is necessary at this time. Covering the beds with +manure in the winter is not recommended; and digging, or even turning it +in, in the spring, is not advisable, however carefully it is done, as +some of the roots must suffer, and, besides, manure does not protect the +roots. The beds should never be disturbed more than the depth that a hoe +will do it. The beds for H. Ts. and Teas should be prepared in the same +way. Beds wide enough for two rows are more easily managed than wider +ones, there being no need to tread on the soil when attending to the +plants, and they can be more easily hoed. + +When selecting varieties, consult an expert, or better still, if you are +not a subscriber to the N. R. S. (and this all rosarians should be), get +a copy of the N. R. S. official catalogue of Roses, which can be +obtained by non-members through a member, price 2_s._ 6_d._ This will +give you all the information desired. A list of good roses for +exhibition is given at the end of this chapter. It is advisable to order +the plants early, as nurserymen execute orders in the order in which +they are received, and planting should be done during the end of October +and November; if not done then it must be deferred till February or +March. + +The distance of plants from each other depends a good deal upon the +varieties. Strong growers should be planted wider apart than small +growers; one foot apart is about the usual distance in the rows. + +There are some varieties like _A. K. Williams_, _Mrs. W. J. Grant_, and +_Horace Vernet_, that do not transplant well. These ought to be budded, +and not moved, if possible. Dwarf-rooted stocks can be bought of the +nurserymen at a small cost; and the Standard stocks, the best for Tea +roses, can be usually got in the neighbouring hedges. + +=Pruning.=[12]--The object of pruning is to give increased vigour to the +plant, and to keep it within bounds; to make, if possible, a new plant +each year, a new top to the old roots. And to do this, severe pruning is +absolutely necessary. The harder the pruning, the stronger the growth. +Each variety should be pruned according to its growth. If very vigorous, +they require less cutting back than those of moderate, or weakly growth. + +H. Ps. will be pruned harder than either H. Ts. or Teas; the latter, on +account of frost, will sometimes do with little pruning beyond cutting +out all dead and weakly shoots, and shortening slightly the long +straggling ones. In all cases do not allow the centre of the plant to be +crowded. The H. Ps. as a rule, may be cut down to two or three eyes, +leaving the very vigorous shoots of some kinds even five or six eyes; +but all weak shoots must be cut down to the base of the plant. This +pruning should be done in March, leaving the Teas till April. If in +pruning the pith be found to be dark in colour, the shoot must be cut +back. Sometimes it will be necessary to cut it quite away, if no +light-coloured pith can be seen. Then a certain amount of pruning or +thinning of the shoots is necessary in the spring, after the roses have +started growing; three to six shoots only, according to the variety, +should be left. A thinning again in autumn, of the shoots that have done +their work, will give the later shoots a better chance of ripening. + +=Manuring.=--Farmyard dung is the best of all fertilisers, and this +should be used, as has been pointed out,[13] when the beds are being +made, so that there is plenty of good nutriment below the roots. Nitrate +of soda and Guano, both soluble, may be sprinkled on the surface +alternately once a week after the plants have begun to grow, and hoed +in. Manure put on for a mulch in winter does little or no good. The very +best and only mulch, winter and summer, is a loose soil surface; and for +this the hoe must be kept at work, especially after rain or watering. A +good liquid manure is made by putting a barrowful of fresh cow manure +into a large barrel, _a big wine pipe_ is the thing; add soft water to +thin it, put in a bag of soot, and fill up with rain-water. After +settling, this will be ready for use. Liquid manure must not be given +when the soil is dry, but only after rain or a good watering. Soot +dusted over the beds is beneficial, and may also destroy a certain +amount of Mildew. The drainage from the farmyard should not be allowed +to waste, as is so often the case; but if well diluted it makes a good +liquid manure. Do not apply the fertiliser close to the stem, but +distribute over the whole ground. Remember when giving liquid manure the +same rule holds good, "Strong meat for men, milk for babes." + +Strong growing varieties will stand more than weak ones, and no liquid +manure should be given to newly planted trees. A dressing of Basic Slag +in the autumn is recommended. + +=Pests.=[14]--These are many, and the remedies are few and simple. +Caterpillars, large and small, must be hunted for daily and killed with +finger and thumb from April to July, however unpleasant the process may +be, or the most promising buds will be spoiled. For destroying Aphis, +which are very troublesome some years, a solution made by boiling +Quassia chips in water, and adding soft soap when cooling, is often +used; though "finger and thumb" drawn gently up the stem when the insect +is first seen, puts an end to those on the shoot; and finger and thumb +is even recommended for destroying Mildew on its first appearance, +though this cannot be done when there is a bad attack. + +Nothing in my experience equals Flowers of Sulphur for Mildew, when +distributed by an "Ideal" powder bellows. This should be done quite +early in the morning, when there is a promise of a hot, sunny day. If +the wind is not too strong, the Sulphur will float through the plants +like a cloud of smoke, searching into every part. This should be +repeated once a week, and even before there is a sign of Mildew on the +leaves, prevention being better than cure. But I know no remedy that +will quite destroy it. + + * * * * * + +=Exhibiting.=--If the grower wishes to exhibit his flowers, he should +follow the instructions here given; and I would also advise the reading +of the late Rev. A. Foster Melliar's book on exhibiting, and the Rev. J. +H. Pemberton's--both most excellent books--which enter more fully into +particulars than space allows me to do. + +The number of shoots having been reduced,[15] it will soon be time to +gradually take away all the buds, except the centre bud and one other. +This also must be taken away, as soon as the centre bud looks healthy +and free from damage. Very strong growers, like _Florence Pemberton_, +and those varieties having a great number of petals, will do better if +the buds are not much thinned, or they will be coarse. + +The N.R.S. definition of a good rose is: "The highest type of bloom is +one which has form, size, brightness, substance, and good foliage, and +which is at the time of judging in the most perfect phase of its +possible beauty." + +It will be necessary in the case of Hybrid Perpetuals to select the bud, +which should be about three-quarters open, two days before the show +(four or even five days for Teas), and to tie up, not tightly, the +centre of the flower with Berlin wool, leaving the outer petals free, +taking care that it is not wet with rain, or even dew. Bend the shoot +down, if possible, and cover with a shade; some clean litter spread +under dwarfs on the ground will keep the flower from being splashed by +heavy rains. Teas are improved if covered with a cone of butter paper, +as well as the shade; and some may be cut two days before the show, and +if put in a dry, dark cellar, will remain in good condition. _Marechal +Niel_ will improve in colour by being kept in the dark. The best time +for cutting H. Ps. is from four to seven o'clock the evening before the +show; they will lose a little in colour, but will stand longer than if +cut before six o'clock on the morning of the show. Use garden scissors +in preference to a knife. When getting the blooms, cut the stem five or +six inches long, and remove the lower leaves, which only fill up the +tube and do no good to the flower, and do not add to its appearance in +the box. A receptacle with water should be taken round when cutting, and +the flowers put in immediately and never allowed to become dry (the +water must not be cold). The name should be attached at once. + +The regulation size of the N. R. S. for rose boxes is "4 inches high in +front and 18 inches wide, and of the following lengths (all outside +measurements). For 24 blooms, 3 ft. 6 ins. long; for 18 blooms, 2 ft. 9 +ins. long; for 12 blooms, 2 ft. long; for 9 blooms, 1 ft. 6 ins. long; +for 6 blooms, 1 ft. long; for 8 trebles, 3 ft. 6 ins. long; for 6 +trebles, 2 ft. 9 ins. long; for 4 trebles, 2 ft. long." The lid should +have a depth of 9 inches to allow room for the blooms. Boxes are +supplied at a moderate price by John Pinches, 3 Crown Buildings, Crown +Street, Camberwell, who also supplies tubes, wire holders, and shades; +they can also be obtained from horticultural firms. The tray of the box +should be covered with moss. When the roses are all arranged for the +night, give a little air by putting a prop under the lid, and leave the +box in a cool place. When the boxes are placed on the show tables, lift +the lids sufficiently high to get at the flowers. Each tube should be +lifted and the rose raised, taking care that the stem is in the water. +All damaged outer petals must be removed, and the flower if full with +substance in it, may have the wool removed. Assist the opening of the +blooms with a camel's hair brush. A gentle puff with the mouth at the +centre will loosen tightly packed petals. Care must be taken when +"dressing" a bloom, not to alter its character; for this, according to +N. R. S., "shall count as a bad bloom." The ties must not be removed +from the thin ones (those with few petals) until the last minute, when +it is time to remove the lids. It will be necessary to take a few extra +blooms in different stages of growth, to replace any in the box that +have expanded; for a rose showing an eye gains no point. Care must be +taken that there are no duplicates, but all distinct according to +"schedule." Once exhibit at an important show, and many lessons will be +learnt which can only be learnt there and then. + + +A SELECTION OF THE BEST EXHIBITION ROSES + +_Hybrid Perpetuals._ + + Alfred Colomb + A. K. Williams + Bob Davison + Captain Hayward + Charles Lefebvre + Commandant Felix Faure + Comte Raimbaud + Dr. Andry + Duke of Wellington + Dupuy Jemain + Fisher Holmes + Francois Michelon + Frau Karl Druschki + Helen Keller + Horace Vernet + Hugh Dickson + Hugh Watson + Marie Baumann + Mrs. Cocker + Mrs. John Laing + Mrs. Sharman Crawford + Prince Arthur + Suzanne Marie Rodocanachi + Ulrich Brunner + Victor Hugo + + +_Hybrid Teas._ + + Bessie Brown + Caroline Testout + C. J. Grahame + Countess of Derby + Countess of Gosford + Dean Hole + Earl of Warwick + Florence Pemberton + George Laing Paul + J. B. Clarke + Kaiserin Augusta Victoria + Killarney + La France + Lady Ashtown + Lady Helen Vincent + Lady Moyra Beauclerk + Mme. Melanie Soupert + Marquise Litta + Mildred Grant + Mrs. G. W. Kershaw + Mrs. John Bateman + Mrs. Theodore Roosevelt + Mrs. W. J. Grant + Perle von Godesberg + Princesse Marie Mertchersky + Queen of Spain + William Shean + Yvonne Vacherot + + +_Teas._ + + Anna Olivier + Auguste Comte + Bridesmaid + Catherine Mermet + Cleopatra + Comtesse de Nadaillac + Ernest Metz + Innocent Pirola + Mme. Constant Soupert + Mme. Cusin + Mme. de Watteville + Mme. Hoste + Mme. Jules Gravereaux + Maman Cochet + Marechal Niel + Medea + Mrs. Edward Mawley + Mrs. Myles Kennedy + Muriel Grahame + Souv. d'Elise Vardon + Souv. de Pierre Notting + Souv. de S. A. Prince + Souv. d'un Ami + The Bride + White Maman Cochet + +FOOTNOTES: + +[11] See Chapter I, "Making the Beds." + +[12] See Chapter II. + +[13] See Chapter I, and above, p. 152. + +[14] See Chapter X. + +[15] See above. + + + + +INDEX + + + A. + + Abol syringe, 138, 148. + + Abol, White's Superior, 141, 148. + + Aphis. + _See_ Green Fly. + + Aphis Lion, 140. + + Arsenate of lead, 146-9. + + + B. + + Beds, depth, 6, 152. + -- size of, 5, 152. + + Bee, leaf cutting, 143. + + Beetles, 142-3. + + Black spot, 138. + + Black sulphur, 138. + + Budding, 27-30. + + + C. + + Caterpillars, 143-8, 156. + + Chalcid fly, 140. + + Cock chafer, 142. + + Cuckoo spit, 141-2. + + Cuttings, 30-34. + -- under glass, 32. + -- open ground, 33-4. + + Cutting dead blooms, 21. + + + D. + + Drainage, 2-3, 152. + + Draughts, danger of, 1-2. + + + E. + + "Enemies of the Rose," 136. + + Exhibiting, 157. + -- arranging at the show, 159. + -- cutting the blooms, 158. + -- disbudding, 157. + -- rose boxes, 158-9. + -- rose tubes, 159. + -- shading, 158. + + Exhibiting, selecting the bud, 157. + -- thinning the shoots, 154. + -- tying the blooms, 157. + + Exhibition roses-- + -- -- beds for, 151-2. + -- -- distance of plants, 153. + -- -- manures, 152, 155. + -- -- pruning, 154. + -- -- selecting varieties, 153. + -- -- soil, 152. + + + F. + + Flowers of sulphur, 137, 150, 156. + + Frog fly. + _See_ Cuckoo spit. + + Fungi, 136-9. + + + G. + + Green fly, 139-41. + -- -- remedies for, 148-9, 156. + + + H. + + Heeling in roses, 9. + + Hellebore wash, 145, 149. + + Hoeing, importance of, 14, 155. + + Hover fly, 140. + + + I. + + Ichneumon fly, 140. + + "Ideal" powder bellows, 138, 156. + + + L. + + Labels, 13. + + Ladybirds, 140. + + Layering, 34-6. + + Liver of sulphur, 138, 150. + + + M. + + Manures-- + -- Basic slag, 7, 156. + + Manures, farm yard, 6-7, 155. + -- Guano, 155. + -- liquid, 155-6. + -- Nitrate of soda, 155. + + Mildew, 137-141, 155-6. + -- remedies for, 137-8, 150, 156. + + Mo-Effic, 138. + + + N. + + National Rose Society, 136, 153, 157-8-9. + + Noisette, Philippe, 68. + + + P. + + Paraffin, danger of, 140-1. + + Planting, 10-14. + -- dates for, 7, 153. + -- depth, 9-10. + + Potassium sulphide. + _See_ Liver of Sulphur. + + Position, 1, 151. + + Propagating, 27. + + Provins, 40. + + Pruning, 14-27. + -- Banksia roses, 26, 54. + -- dates for, 16. + -- directions for, 22-7. + -- for exhibition, 154. + -- Fortune's Yellow, 26. + -- Noisettes, 20. + -- object of, 19, 154. + -- Ramblers, 20. + + + R. + + Raffia, 12, 30. + + Rivers, Mr. Thomas, 111. + -- Amateur's Rose Guide, 35-6, 72, 82, 112, 123. + + Rose, Apothecary's, 40. + -- Blush tea-scented, 81. + -- Camoens, 125. + -- Caroline Testout, 97. + -- Cherokee, 54, 63. + -- Conrad F. Meyer, 46. + -- Crimson Perpetual, 111. + -- Crimson Rambler, 58. + -- de Meaux, 23, 37, 39. + -- de Provins, 39. + -- Devoniensis, 82. + -- Fortune's Yellow, 20, 69-70. + -- Frau Karl Druschki, 114. + -- General Schablikine, 85. + -- Gloire de Dijon, 82. + -- -- -- Rosamenes, 112, 124. + -- Jaune Desprez, 69. + -- La France, 93. + -- Lyon, 43. + -- Mme. Constant Soupert, 85. + -- Mme. Segond Weber, 95, 98. + -- M. Tillier, 84. + -- Peace, 85, 99. + -- Perpetual Damask, 124. + -- Reve d'Or, 71. + -- Souv. d'un Ami, 81. + -- Yellow China, 81. + + Rose-chafer, 143. + -- Leaf scorch, 138. + -- Pests, 136-50, 156. + -- -- remedies for, 148-150, 156. + -- roots, care of, 8-9. + -- -- and manure, 7, 10, 152. + + Roses-- + -- arrangements in colour, 114-16. + -- Alba, 41, 48. + -- Austrian briars, 42, 49. + -- Autumn flowing climbers, 68-79. + -- Ayrshire, 52, 62. + -- Banksian, 53-4, 63. + -- Bourbon, 123, 130. + -- Boursault, 55, 63. + -- Brunonis, 73. + -- Cabbage or Provence, 38, 47. + -- China, 126, 131. + -- Damask, 41, 48. + -- Dwarf Polyantha, 128, 133. + -- Evergreen, 53, 63. + -- French or Gallica, 39-40, 48. + -- Hungarian, 56, 64. + -- Hybrid China, 56-7, 64, 112. + -- Hybrid Perpetual, 111-122. + -- -- -- climbing, 74, 76. + -- Hybrid Tea, 92-110. + -- -- -- climbing, 76-9. + -- Irish single, 90, 110. + -- Macartney, 73. + -- Moss, 39, 47-8. + -- Multiflora or Rambler, 57-9, 65-6. + -- Musk, 71-3. + -- Noisette, 68-71, 74-5. + -- Pernetiana, 42-3, 50. + -- Prairie, 55, 64. + -- Rugosa or Ramanas, 45-7, 50-1. + -- Scotch briar, 45, 50. + -- Sinica, 54, 63. + -- Summer-flowering dwarf, 36-51. + -- -- climbing, 52-67. + -- Sweet briar, 44, 50. + -- -- -- Penzance, 43-4, 50. + -- Tea, 80-92. + -- -- climbing, 70-9. + -- Wichuraiana, 60-2, 66-7. + + + S. + + Sawflies, 144-5. + + Secateurs, 9, 17. + + Shades for rose blooms, 159. + + Shelter, 2, 151. + + Size of beds, 5, 152. + + Soil, 3-5, 152. + + Soot, use of, 155. + + Sooty mould, 139. + + Standards, 116, 154. + -- budding, 28. + -- planting, 12. + + + T. + + Tarred twine, 12. + + Trenching, 6. + + + U. + + Unpacking new roses, 8. + + + W. + + Washes-- + -- Abol, White's Superior, 148. + -- Arsenate of lead, 146-9. + -- Hellebore, 145, 149. + -- Liver of sulphur, 138, 150. + -- Soft soap and Quassia, 140, 149, 156. + -- Tobacco, 141-2, 149. + + Wire, danger of, 12-13. + + + + + RICHARD CLAY & SONS, LIMITED, + BREAD STREET HILL, E.C., AND + BUNGAY, SUFFOLK. + + + + +H. LANE & SON. + +_The Nurseries_, + +BERKHAMSTED, + +BEG TO OFFER + + 12 Best Selected Standard H.P. Roses for =15/-= + 100 " " Dwarf " " " =60/-= + 12 " " " " " " =9/-= + 12 " " Climbing Roses " =10/-= + 12 " " Standard Tea & H.T. Roses =21/-= + 12 " " Dwarf " " " =12/-= + + * * * * * + + 10 Selected Pyramid Plums, best Dessert for =15/-= + 10 " " " " Kitchen " =15/-= + 10 " " Pears, best vars. " =15/-= + 10 " " Apples " Dessert " =15/-= + 10 " " " " Kitchen " =15/-= + Standard Fruit Trees from =18/-= to =30/-= doz. + Grape Vines, from =5/-= to =15/-= each. + Dwarf-trained Plums, Pears, Apples and Cherries + =2/6= to =3/6= each. + " Peaches, Nectarines, and Apricots, + =5/-= each. + Gooseberries and Currants =4/-= to =6/-= doz. + Specimen Trees, Conifers, &c. from =2/6= to =42/-= each. + 100 Flowering Shrubs in Variety for =40/-= + Rhododendrons, from =18/-= doz. + + Forest Trees, Evergreen Shrubs, all sizes and + prices. Climbers, &c. + + * * * * * + + All our Trees are well grown and very hardy. + + * * * * * + + _=Write for Catalogue "L," free on Application.=_ + + * * * * * + + _=Established 130 Years.=_ + + Telephone: 18 Berkhamsted. Telegrams: "Lane, Berkhamsted." + + +[Illustration: WEEDY LAWNS TRANSFORMED TENNIS COURTS. BOWLING GREENS +ETC] + +BY "CLIMAX" LAWN SAND + +which destroys Moss, Daisies, Plantains, and other disfiguring weeds on +lawns and greens, at the same time so promoting the growth of the finer +grasses that spaces previously occupied by weeds are quickly covered by +a sward of fine close-growing grass which will preserve its good colour +under conditions of continuous use and drought. It may be applied during +dry weather at almost any season of the year. + +=THE EFFECT= of an application is apparent within a few hours. The weeds +blacken and die, but the grass soon recovers its colour. + +=QUANTITY REQUIRED= 28 lbs. will dress from 100 to 150 square yards, +according to the number and variety of weeds. + +=PRICES.= CARRIAGE PAID. Packages free; sample tin =1/3=; 7 lbs., =2/-=; +14 lbs., =3/6=; 28 lbs., =6/-=; 56 lbs., =11/-=; 1 cwt., =20/-=; 5 cwt., +=90/-=; 10 cwt., =170/-=; 20 cwt., =L16-10-0=. + + + + +EVERY WEED DESTROYED ROOT AND BRANCH + + + ON CARRIAGE DRIVES, ROADS, PATHS, Etc., + BY A SINGLE APPLICATION OF + "CLIMAX" WEED KILLER. + +The use of which dispenses with hoeing and weeding, and keeps the +surface bright and firm. It does not burn, stain or smell offensively. +Used in every County during the last fifteen years by Municipal Bodies, +surveyors, estate agents, etc. + +=LIQUID WEED KILLER.= One gall. makes 51 galls. sufficient for 160 to +200 square yards. PRICES (carriage paid) Drums and Casks Free: 1/2-gall. +=2/3=; 1 gall. =3/6=; 5 galls. =15/-=; 10 galls. =26/-=; 20 galls. +=50/-=; 40 galls. =90/-=; + +=POWDER WEED KILLER.= Packed in air-tight tins. Mixes readily in cold +water without heat or fumes. Equal in effectiveness to the liquid. +Convenient to store and handle, it will keep for an indefinite period. +Measure to make small quantities enclosed with each order. + +=PRICES= Carriage Paid Tins Free. =No. 1 Tin= makes 25 galls. to dress +80 to 100 yards, =2/-=; 2 tins =3/6=; 12 tins =20/-=. =No. 2 Tin= makes +100 galls. to dress 320 to 400 square yards, =6/6=; 2 tins =12/6=; 5 +tins =28/-=; 10 tins =55/-=; 20 tins =100/-=. + + + + +SLUGS, ANTS, DESTROYED WIREWORM WOODLICE ETC. QUICKLY + + +BY 'ALPHOL' =WHICH IN ADDITION TO PROMOTING THE GROWTH OF PLANTS WILL +ALSO DESTROY EVERY VARIETY INSECT INFESTING THE SOIL=. + +It is a dry non-poisonous powder which should be freely dug into the +soil to destroy wireworm and other larvae, while for Ants, Slugs, and +Woodlice, a light sprinkling on the surface is sufficient. When making +up potting soil, manure or leaf mould, an occasional sprinkling will +increase the manurial value and also destroy the worms and other +insects. By use of '=ALPHOL=', ground which previously teemed with +insect life will grow splendid crops. + +=CATS WILL NOT SCRATCH WHERE ALPHOL HAS BEEN USED.= + +=QUANTITY REQUIRED= On medium and heavy land 28 lbs. will dress 250 +square yards, or 5 cwt. will dress an acre; on light sandy land, 25% +more will be required; for compost and manure heaps 7 to 14 lbs. to each +ton. + +=PRICES.= CARRIAGE PAID. 7 lbs. =2/-=; 14 lbs. =3/-=; 28 lbs =5/-=; 56 +lbs. =8/6=; 1 cwt. =15/-=; 5 cwt. =75/-=; 10 cwt. =L7=; 20 cwt. +=L13-10.= (Sample Tin =1/3= post free) + +=NOTE.--"ALPHOL" IS ALSO AN EFFICIENT MANURE.= + + + THE BOUNDARY CHEMICAL Co Ltd., Cranmer St., Liverpool. + SEND FOR A COPY OF "RELIABLE GARDEN HELPS." + + + +ROSES! + + +Indispensable to all lovers of a garden are our Rose and BULB +CATALOGUES, containing 100 unpublished Illustrations. + +FULL CULTURAL DIRECTIONS sent free on application by + +GEMEN & BOURG, LUXEMBOURG, Grand Duchy. + + =The Largest Rose Growers and Bulb Importers of + the Continent. Orders from L1 sent free of + charge.= + +Our products are Stronger, Hardier and Cheaper than anywhere else. + + * * * * * + +=Artistic Garden Trellis, Arches, Pergolas, Arbours, and similar goods +for training Climbing Roses.= + +[Illustration] + + =WALTERS & Co., + 16 Water Lane, + Great Tower Street, + LONDON, E.C.= + +=MAKERS OF HIGH-CLASS GARDEN FURNITURE. PRICE LISTS FREE.= + + +ROSES + + One of the most complete Collections on the Globe. + First-class Plants Unsurpassed. + Export trade all over the world. + Raisers of famous Novelties. + All best New Roses of British, American and Continental raisers. + + SOUPERT & NOTTING + + LUXEMBOURG, Grand Duchy. + + Rose Growers by Royal Appointment. Established Half a Century. + + Illustrated Catalogue Gratis + and Post Free on application. + + +All Strong and Home-grown Plants. + +ROSE + +[Illustration] + +Collection "C" Garden Roses. + +The Finest selection of =25 Garden Roses= possible in dwarf plants for +=15s.= (with Acme Labels, =17s. 6d.=), carriage and packing free for +cash with order. Full details on application + +Send for Catalogue No. 28, giving full details, and is also a full +descriptive list of Roses, Fruits, Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, and Plants, +post free on application to-- + + Messrs. H. MERRYWEATHER & SONS, Ltd. + Garden Specialists, + + _SOUTHWELL, + NOTTS._ + + * * * * * + +Transcriber's Notes: + +Obvious punctuation errors repaired. Text uses: Eugene Verdier; Eugenie +Verdier, and Eugene Verdier. This was retained. Unless a large majority +was noticed, accents, except where noted, were left as in the original. + +Page 40, Illustration caption, "Apothecaries'" changed to "Apothecary's" +to match text (Apothecary's Rose) + +Page 51, "rosy" changed to "Rosy" (1890. Rosy carmine) + +Page 53, Illustration caption, "ELICITE" changed to "FELICITE" +(FELICITE-PERPETUE) + +Page 56, "he" changed to "the" (the Prairies) + +Page 57, "Hebe" changed to "Hebe" (_Coupe d'Hebe_ and) + +Page 62, "dou le" changed to "double" (white, large, double) + +Page 66, "Debutante" changed to "Debutante" (Debutante. _Walsh_) + +Page 77, "Barre" changed to "Barre" (Billiard and Barre) + +Page 78, "pere" changed to "pere" (_Levet pere_, 1880) + +Page 88, "Lady Mary Corry" was moved above "Lena" to maintain +alphabetical order of list. + +Page 94, "Camoeens" changed to "Camoens" (them. _Camoens_) + +Page 97, "Grunerwald" changed to "Gruenerwald" (Gustave Gruenerwald) + +Page 124, "Chateau" changed to "Chateau" (Chateau de Neuilly, near) + +Page 164, "SUFFOK" changed to "SUFFOLK" (BUNGAY, SUFFOLK) + + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Roses and Rose Growing, by Rose Georgina Kingsley + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ROSES AND ROSE GROWING *** + +***** This file should be named 33464.txt or 33464.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/3/4/6/33464/ + +Produced by Karl Eichwalder, Emmy and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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