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+
+
+<div lang="en" class="tei tei-text" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em" xml:lang="en">
+  <div class="tei tei-front" style="margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 2.00em">
+    <div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+      <div id="pgheader" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em">The Project Gutenberg EBook of Harper's New Monthly Magazine, No. V, October, 1850, Volume I.</p></div><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost
+          and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it,
+          give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project
+          Gutenberg License <a href="#pglicense" class="tei tei-ref">included with this
+          eBook</a> or online at <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/license" class="tei tei-xref">http://www.gutenberg.org/license</a></p></div><pre class="pre tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em">Title: Harper's New Monthly Magazine, No. V, October, 1850, Volume I.
+
+
+
+Release Date: August 17, 2010 [Ebook #33452]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HARPER'S NEW MONTHLY MAGAZINE, NO. V, OCTOBER, 1850, VOLUME I.***
+</pre></div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+      
+    </div>
+
+    <hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+      <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.73em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Harper's</span></p>
+      <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.73em"><span style="font-size: 173%">New Monthly Magazine</span></p>
+      <p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.73em"><span style="font-size: 173%">No. V.—October, 1850.—Vol. I.</span></p>
+    </div>
+    <hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+      <h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Contents</span></h1>
+      <ul class="tei tei-index tei-index-toc"><li><a href="#toc1">Wordsworth—His Character
+And Genius.</a></li><li><a href="#toc3">Sidney Smith. By George Gilfillan.</a></li><li><a href="#toc5">Thomas Carlyle. By George Gilfillan.</a></li><li><a href="#toc7">The Gentleman Beggar. An Attorney's Story.
+(From Dickens's Household Words.)</a></li><li><a href="#toc9">Singular Proceedings Of The
+Sand Wasp. (From Howitt's Country Year-Book.)</a></li><li><a href="#toc11">What Horses Think Of Men.
+From The Raven In The Happy Family.
+(From Dickens's Household Words.)</a></li><li><a href="#toc13">The Quakers During The American
+War. (From Howitt's Country Year-Book.)</a></li><li><a href="#toc15">A Shilling's Worth Of Science.
+(From Dickens's Household Words.)</a></li><li><a href="#toc17">A Tuscan Vintage.</a></li><li><a href="#toc19">How To Make Home Unhealthy.
+By Harriet Martineau.</a></li><li><a href="#toc21">Sorrows And Joys.
+(From Dickens's Household Words.)</a></li><li><a href="#toc23">Maurice Tiernay, The Soldier Of Fortune.
+(From the Dublin University Magazine)</a></li><li><a href="#toc25">The Enchanted Rock.
+(From Chambers's Edinburgh Journal.)</a></li><li><a href="#toc27">The Force Of Fear.
+(From Chambers's Edinburgh Journal.)</a></li><li><a href="#toc29">Lady Alice Daventry; Or, The
+Night Of Crime.
+(From the Dublin University Magazine.)</a></li><li><a href="#toc31">Mirabeau. An Anecdote Of His Private Life.
+(From Chambers's Edinburgh Journal.)</a></li><li><a href="#toc33">Terrestrial Magnetism.
+(From Chambers's Edinburgh Journal.)</a></li><li><a href="#toc35">Early History Of The Use Of Coal.
+(From Chambers's Edinburgh Journal.)</a></li><li><a href="#toc37">Jenny Lind.
+By Fredrika Bremer.</a></li><li><a href="#toc39">My Novel; Or, Varieties In English Life.
+By Pisistratus Caxton.
+(From Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine.)</a></li><li><a href="#toc41">The Two Guides Of The Child.
+(From Dickens's Household Words.)</a></li><li><a href="#toc43">The Laboratory In The Chest.
+(From Dickens's Household Words.)</a></li><li><a href="#toc45">The Steel Pen.
+An Illustration Of Cheapness.
+(From Dickens's Household Words.)</a></li><li><a href="#toc47">Snakes And Serpent Charmers.
+(From Bentley's Miscellany.)</a></li><li><a href="#toc49">The Magic Maze.
+(From Colburn's Monthly Magazine.)</a></li><li><a href="#toc51">The Sun.
+(From Chambers's Edinburgh Journal.)</a></li><li><a href="#toc53">The Household Jewels.
+(From Dickens's Household Words.)</a></li><li><a href="#toc55">The Tea-Plant.
+(From Hogg's Instructor.)</a></li><li><a href="#toc57">Anecdotes Of Dr. Chalmers.</a></li><li><a href="#toc59">The Pleasures Of Illness.
+(From the People's Journal.)</a></li><li><a href="#toc61">Obstructions To The Use Of The
+Telescope.</a></li><li><a href="#toc63">Monthly Record Of Current Events.</a></li><li><a href="#toc65">Literary Notices.</a></li><li><a href="#toc67">Autumn Fashions.</a></li><li><a href="#toc69">Footnotes</a></li></ul>
+    </div>
+
+  </div>
+<div class="tei tei-body" style="margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 6.00em">
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page577">[pg 577]</span><a name="Pg577" id="Pg577" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc1" id="toc1"></a>
+<a name="pdf2" id="pdf2"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Wordsworth—His Character
+And Genius.</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+  </p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 60%; text-align: center"><img src="images/p577.png" alt="Illustration: Wordsworth." /></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In a late article on Southey, we alluded to
+the solitary position of Wordsworth in that
+lake country where he once shone the brightest
+star in a large galaxy. Since then, the star of
+Jove, so beautiful and large, has gone out in
+darkness—the greatest laureate of England has
+expired—the intensest, most unique, and most
+pure-minded of our poets, with the single exceptions
+of Milton and Cowper, is departed.
+And it were lesemajesty against his mighty
+shade not to pay it our tribute while yet his
+memory, and the grass of his grave, are green.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It is singular, that only a few months have
+elapsed since the great antagonist of his literary
+fame—Lord Jeffrey (who, we understand, persisted
+to the last in his ungenerous and unjust
+estimate), left the bench of human, to appear
+at the bar of Divine justice. Seldom has the
+death of a celebrated man produced a more
+powerful impression in his own city and circle,
+and a less powerful impression on the wide
+horizon of the world. In truth, he had outlived
+himself. It had been very different had he
+passed away thirty years ago, when the <span class="tei tei-q">“Edinburgh
+Review”</span> was in the plenitude of its influence.
+As it was, he disappeared like a star at
+midnight, whose descent is almost unnoticed
+while the whole heavens are white with glory,
+not like a sun going down, that night may come
+over the earth. One of the acutest, most accomplished,
+most warm-hearted, and generous
+of men, Jeffrey wanted that stamp of universality,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page578">[pg 578]</span><a name="Pg578" id="Pg578" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+that highest order of genius, that depth
+of insight, and that simple directness of purpose,
+not to speak of that moral and religious consecration,
+which <span class="tei tei-q">“give the world assurance of a
+man.”</span> He was the idol of Edinburgh, and the
+pride of Scotland, because he condensed in himself
+those qualities which the modern Athens
+has long been accustomed to covet and admire—taste
+and talent rather than genius—subtlety
+of appreciation rather than power of origination—the
+logical understanding rather than the inventive
+insight—and because his name <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">had</span></em> sounded
+out to the ends of the earth. But nature and
+man, not Edinburgh Castle, or the Grampian
+Hills merely, might be summoned to mourn in
+Wordsworth's departure the loss of one of their
+truest high-priests, who had gazed into some
+of the deepest secrets of the one, and echoed
+some of the loftiest aspirations of the other.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+To soften such grief, however, there comes
+in the reflection, that the task of this great poet
+had been nobly discharged. He <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">had</span></em> given the
+world assurance, full, and heaped, and running
+over, of what he meant, and of what was meant
+by him. While the premature departure of a
+Schiller, a Byron, or a Keats, gives us emotions
+similar to those wherewith we would behold
+the crescent moon, snatched away as by some
+<span class="tei tei-q">“insatiate archer,”</span> up into the Infinite, ere it
+grew into its full glory—Wordsworth, like Scott,
+Goethe, and Southey, was permitted to fill his
+full and broad sphere.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+What Wordsworth's mission was, may be,
+perhaps, understood through some previous remarks
+upon his great mistress—Nature, as a
+poetical personage.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+There are three methods of contemplating
+nature. These are the material, the shadowy,
+and the mediatorial. The materialist looks upon
+it as the great and only reality. It is a vast
+solid fact, for ever burning and rolling around,
+below and above him. The idealist, on the
+contrary, regards it as a shadow—a mode of
+mind—the infinite projection of his own thought.
+The man who stands <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">between</span></em> the two extremes,
+looks on nature as a great, but not ultimate or
+everlasting scheme of mediation, or compromise,
+between pure and absolute spirit and humanity—adumbrating
+God to man, and bringing man
+near to God. To the materialist, there is an
+altar, star-lighted heaven-high, but no God.
+To the idealist, there is a God, but no altar.
+He who holds the theory of mediation, has the
+Great Spirit as his God, and the universe as the
+altar on which he presents the gift of his poetical
+(we do not speak at present so much of his
+theological) adoration.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It must be obvious, at once, which of those
+three views of nature is the most poetical. It
+is surely that which keeps the two principles of
+spirit and matter distinct and unconfounded—preserves
+in their proper relations—the soul and
+the body of things—God within, and without the
+garment by which, in Goethe's grand thought,
+<span class="tei tei-q">“we see him by.”</span> While one party deify, and
+another destroy matter, the third impregnate,
+without identifying it with the Divine presence.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The notions suggested by this view, which is
+that of Scripture, are exceedingly comprehensive
+and magnificent. Nature becomes to the
+poet's eye <span class="tei tei-q">“<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">a great sheet let down from God out
+of heaven</span></em>,”</span> and in which there is no object
+<span class="tei tei-q">“common or unclean.”</span> The purpose and the
+Being above cast such a grandeur over the pettiest
+or barest objects, as did the fiery pillar
+upon the sand, or the shrubs of the howling
+desert of its march. Every thing becomes valuable
+when looked upon as a communication
+from God, imperfect only from the nature of the
+material used. What otherwise might have
+been concluded discords, now appear only stammerings
+or whisperings in the Divine voice;
+thorns and thistles spring above the primeval
+curse, the <span class="tei tei-q">“meanest flower that blows”</span> gives
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Thoughts that do often lie too deep for tears.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The creation is neither unduly exalted nor contemptuously
+trampled under-foot, but maintains
+its dignified position, as an embassador from
+the Divine King. The glory of something far
+beyond association—that of a divine and perpetual
+presence—is shed over the landscape,
+and its golden-drops are spilled upon the stars.
+Objects the most diverse—the cradle of the
+child, the wet hole of the centipede, the bed of
+the corpse, and the lair of the earthquake, the
+nest of the lark, and the crag on which sits,
+half asleep, the dark vulture, digesting blood—are
+all clothed in a light the same in kind,
+though varying in degree—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">A light which never was on sea or shore.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In the poetry of the Hebrews, accordingly,
+the locusts are God's <span class="tei tei-q">“great army;”</span>—the
+winds are his messengers, the thunder his voice,
+the lightning a <span class="tei tei-q">“fiery stream going before him,”</span>
+the moon his witness in the heavens, the sun a
+strong man rejoicing to run his race—all creation
+is roused and startled into life through him—its
+every beautiful, or dire, or strange shape in
+the earth or the sky, is God's movable tent; the
+place where, for a season, his honor, his beauty,
+his strength, and his justice dwell—the tenant
+not degraded, and inconceivable dignity being
+added to the abode.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+His mere <span class="tei tei-q">“tent,”</span> however—for while the
+great and the infinite are thus connected with
+the little and the finite, the subordination of the
+latter to the former is always maintained. The
+most magnificent objects in nature are but the
+mirrors to God's face—the scaffolding to his future
+purposes; and, like mirrors, are to wax dim;
+and, like scaffolding, to be removed. The great
+sheet is to be <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">received up</span></em> again into heaven.
+The heavens and the earth are to pass away,
+and to be succeeded, if not by a purely mental
+economy, yet by one of a more spiritual materialism,
+compared to which the former shall no
+more be remembered, neither come into mind.
+Those frightful and fantastic forms of animated
+life, through which God's glory seems to shine
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page579">[pg 579]</span><a name="Pg579" id="Pg579" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+with a struggle, and but faintly, shall disappear—nay,
+the worlds which bore, and sheltered
+them in their rugged dens and eaves, shall flee
+from the face of the regenerator. <span class="tei tei-q">“A milder
+day”</span> is to dawn on the universe—the refinement
+of matter is to keep pace with the elevation
+of mind. Evil and sin are to be eternally
+banished to some Siberia of space. The word
+of the poet is to be fulfilled,
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">And one eternal spring encircles all!</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The mediatorial purpose of creation, fully subserved,
+is to be abandoned, that we may see
+<span class="tei tei-q">“eye to eye,”</span> and that God may be <span class="tei tei-q">“all in all.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+That such views of matter—its present ministry—the
+source of its beauty and glory—and
+its future destiny, transferred from the pages of
+both Testaments to those of our great moral
+and religious poets, have deepened some of their
+profoundest, and swelled some of their highest
+strains, is unquestionable. Such prospects as
+were in Milton's eye, when he sung,
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 7.20em"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Thy Saviour and thy Lord</span></span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">Last in the clouds from heaven to be revealed,</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">In glory of the Father to dissolve</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">Satan with his perverted world; then raise</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">From the conflagrant mass, purged and refined,</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">New heavens, new earth, ages of endless date,</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+may be found in Thomson, in his closing Hymn
+to the Seasons, in Coleridge's <span class="tei tei-q">“Religious Musings,”</span>
+(in Shelley's <span class="tei tei-q">“Prometheus”</span> even, but
+perverted and disguised), in Bailey's <span class="tei tei-q">“Festus”</span>
+(cumbered and entangled with his religious
+theory); and more rootedly, although less theologically,
+than in all the rest, in the poetry of
+Wordsworth.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The secret of Wordsworth's profound and
+peculiar love for Nature, even in her meaner
+and minuter forms, may lie, perhaps, here.
+De Quincey seeks for it in a peculiar conformation
+of the eye, as if he actually did see more in
+the object than other men—in the rose a richer
+red, in the sky a deeper azure, in the broom a
+yellower gold, in the sun a more dazzling ray,
+in the sea a finer foam, and in the star a more
+sparkling splendor, than even Nature's own
+<span class="tei tei-q">“sweet and cunning”</span> hand put on; but the
+critic has not sought to explain the rationale of
+this peculiarity. Mere acuteness of vision it
+can not have been, else the eagle might have
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">felt</span></em>, though not written, <span class="tei tei-q">“The Excursion”</span>—else
+the fact is not accountable why many of
+weak sight, such as Burke, have been rapturous
+admirers of Nature; and so, till we learn that
+Mr. De Quincey has looked through Wordsworth's
+eyes, we must call this a mere fancy.
+Hazlitt again, and others since, have accounted
+for the phenomenon by association—but this
+fails, we suspect, fully to explain the deep,
+native, and brooding passion in question—a
+passion which, instead of being swelled by the
+associations of after life, rose to lull stature in
+youth, as <span class="tei tei-q">“Tintern Abbey”</span> testifies. One
+word of his own, perhaps, better solves the
+mystery—it is the one word <span class="tei tei-q">“consecration”</span>—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">The </span><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">consecration</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%"> and the poet's dream.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+His eye had been anointed with eye-salve, and
+he saw, as his poet-predecessors had done, the
+temple in which he was standing, heard in every
+breeze and ocean billow the sound of a temple-service,
+and felt that the grandeur of the ritual,
+and of its recipient, threw the shadow of their
+greatness upon every stone in the corners of the
+edifice, and upon every eft crawling along its
+floors. Reversing the miracle, he saw <span class="tei tei-q">“trees
+as men walking”</span>—heard the speechless sins,
+and, in the beautiful thought of <span class="tei tei-q">“the Roman,”</span>
+caught on his ear the fragments of a <span class="tei tei-q">“divine
+soliloquy,”</span> filling up the pauses in a universal
+anthem. Hence the tumultuous, yet awful joy
+of his youthful feelings to Nature. Hence his
+estimation of its lowliest features; for does not
+every bush and tree appear to him a <span class="tei tei-q">“pillar in
+the temple of his God?”</span> The leaping fish
+pleases him, because its <span class="tei tei-q">“cheer”</span> in the lonely
+tarn is of praise. The dropping of the earth on
+the coffin lid, is a slow and solemn psalm, mingling
+in austere sympathy with the raven's
+croak, and in his <span class="tei tei-q">“Power of sound”</span> he proceeds
+elaborately to condense all those varied voices,
+high or low, soft or harsh, united or discordant,
+into one crushing chorus, like the choruses of
+Haydn, or of heaven. Nature undergoes no
+outward change to his <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">eye</span></em>, but undergoes a far
+deeper transfiguration to his spirit—as she
+stands up in the white robes, and with the
+sounding psalmodies of her mediatorial office,
+between him and the Infinite <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">i am</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Never must this feeling be confounded with
+Pantheism. All does not seem to him to be
+God, nor even (strictly speaking) divine; but
+all seems to be immediately <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">from</span></em> God—rushing
+out from him in being, to rush instantly back to
+him in service and praise. Again the natal
+dew of the first morning is seen lying on bud
+and blade, and the low voice of the first evening's
+song becomes audible again. Although
+Coleridge in his youth was a Spinozist, Wordsworth
+seems at once, and forever, to have recoiled
+from even his friend's eloquent version
+of that creedless creed, that baseless foundation,
+that system, through the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">phenomenon</span></em> of which
+look not the bright eyes of Supreme Intelligence,
+but the blind face of irresponsible and infinite
+necessity. Shelley himself—with all the power
+his critics attribute to him of painting night,
+animating Atheism, and giving strange loveliness
+to annihilation—has failed in redeeming
+Spinoza's theory from the reproach of being as
+hateful as it is false; and there is no axiom we
+hold more strongly than this—that the theory
+which can not be rendered poetical, can not be
+true. <span class="tei tei-q">“Beauty is truth, and truth is beauty,”</span>
+said poor Keats, to whom time, however, was
+not granted to come down from the first glowing
+generalization of his heart, to the particular
+creeds which his ripened intellect would have,
+according to <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">it</span></em>, rejected or received.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Nor, although Wordsworth is a devoted lover
+of Nature, down to what many consider the
+very blots—or, at least, dashes and commas in
+her page, is he blind to the fact of her transient
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page580">[pg 580]</span><a name="Pg580" id="Pg580" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+character. The power he worships has his
+<span class="tei tei-q">“dwelling in the light of setting suns,”</span> but
+that dwelling is not his everlasting abode. For
+earth, and the universe, a <span class="tei tei-q">“<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">milder day</span></em>”</span> (words
+certifying their truth by their simple beauty) is
+in store when <span class="tei tei-q">“the monuments”</span> of human
+weakness, folly, and evil, shall <span class="tei tei-q">“all be over-grown.”</span>
+He sees afar off the great spectacle
+of Nature retiring before God; the embassador
+giving place to the King; the bright toys of
+this nursery—sun, moon, earth, and stars—put
+away, like childish things; the symbols of the
+Infinite lost in the Infinite itself; and though he
+could, on the Saturday evening, bow before the
+midnight mountains, and midnight heavens, he
+could also, on the Sabbath morn, in Rydal
+church, bow as profoundly before the apostolic
+word, <span class="tei tei-q">“All these things shall be dissolved.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+With Wordsworth, as with all great poets,
+his poetical creed passes into his religious. It
+is the same tune with variations. But we confess
+that, in his case, we do not think the variations
+equal. The mediation of Nature he understands,
+and has beautifully represented in his
+poetry; but that higher mediation of the Divine
+Man between man and the Father, does not lie
+fully or conspicuously on his page. A believer
+in the mystery of godliness he unquestionably
+was; but he seldom preached it. Christopher
+North, many years ago, in <span class="tei tei-q">“Blackwood,”</span>
+doubted if there were so much as a Bible in
+poor Margaret's cottage (Excursion). We
+doubt so, too, and have not found much of the
+<span class="tei tei-q">“true cross”</span> among all his trees. The theologians
+divide prayer into four parts—adoration,
+thanksgiving, confession, and petition. Wordsworth
+stops at the second. No where do
+we find more solemn, sustained, habitual, and
+worthy adoration, than in his writings. The
+tone, too, of all his poems, is a calm thanksgiving,
+like that of a long blue, cloudless sky,
+coloring, at evening, into the hues of more fiery
+praise. But he does not weep like a penitent,
+nor supplicate like a child. Such feelings seem
+suppressed and folded up as far-off storms, and
+the traces of past tempests are succinctly inclosed
+in the algebra of the silent evening air. And
+hence, like Milton's, his poetry has rather tended
+to foster the glow of devotion in the loftier
+spirits of the race—previously taught to adore—than
+like that of Cowper and Montgomery, to
+send prodigals back to their forsaken homes;
+Davids, to cry, <span class="tei tei-q">“Against thee only have I
+sinned;”</span> and Peters, to shriek in agony, <span class="tei tei-q">“Lord,
+save us, we perish.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+To pass from the essential poetic element in
+a writer of genius, to his artistic skill, is a felt,
+yet necessary descent—like the painter compelled,
+after sketching the man's countenance,
+to draw his dress. And yet, as of some men
+and women, the very dress, by its simplicity,
+elegance, and unity, seems fitted rather to garb
+the soul than the body—seems the soul made
+visible—so is it with the style and manner of
+many great poets. Their speech and music
+without are as inevitable as their genius, or as
+the song forever sounding within their souls.
+And why? The whole ever tends to beget a
+whole—the large substance to cast its deep, yet
+delicate shadow—the divine to be like itself in
+the human, on which its seal is set. So it is
+with Wordsworth. That profound simplicity—that
+clear obscurity—that night-like noon—that
+noon-like night—that one atmosphere of overhanging
+Deity, seen weighing upon ocean and
+pool, mountain and mole-hill, forest and flower—that
+pellucid depth—that entireness of purpose
+and fullness of power, connected with fragmentary,
+willful, or even weak execution—that
+humble, yet proud, precipitation of himself,
+Antæus-like, upon the bosom of simple scenes
+and simple sentiments, to regain primeval vigor—that
+obscure, yet lofty isolation, like a tarn,
+little in size, but elevated in site, with few visitors,
+but with many stars—that Tory-Radicalism,
+Popish-Protestantism, philosophical Christianity,
+which have rendered him a glorious
+riddle, and made Shelley, in despair of finding it
+out, exclaim,
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">No Deist, and no Christian he,</span></span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">No Whig, no Tory.</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">He got so subtle, that to be</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><em class="tei tei-emph" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nothing</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%"> was all his glory,</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—</span></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+all such apparent contradictions, but real unities,
+in his poetical and moral creed and character,
+are fully expressed in his lowly but aspiring
+language, and the simple, elaborate architecture
+of his verse—every stone of which is lifted up
+by the strain of strong logic, and yet laid to
+music; and, above all, in the choice of his subjects,
+which range, with a free and easy motion,
+up from a garden spade and a village drum, to
+the <span class="tei tei-q">“celestial visages”</span> which darkened at the
+tidings of man's fall, and to the <span class="tei tei-q">“organ of eternity,”</span>
+which sung pæans over his recovery.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+We sum up what we have further to say of
+Wordsworth, under the items of his works, his
+life and character, his death; and shall close by
+inquiring, Who is worthy to be his successor?
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+His works, covering a large space, and
+abounding in every variety of excellence and
+style, assume, after all, a fragmentary aspect.
+They are true, simple, scattered, and strong, as
+blocks torn from the crags of Helvellyn, and
+lying there <span class="tei tei-q">“low, but mighty still.”</span> Few even
+of his ballads are wholes. They leave too
+much untold. They are far too suggestive to
+satisfy. From each poem, however rounded,
+there streams off a long train of thought: like
+the tail of a comet, which, while testifying its
+power, mars its aspect of oneness. The <span class="tei tei-q">“Excursion,”</span>
+avowedly a fragment, seems the splinter
+of a larger splinter; like a piece of Pallas,
+itself a piece of some split planet. Of all his
+poems, perhaps, his sonnets, his <span class="tei tei-q">“Laodamia,”</span>
+his <span class="tei tei-q">“Intimations of Immortality,”</span> and his verses
+on the <span class="tei tei-q">“Eclipse in Italy,”</span> are the most complete
+in execution, as certainly they are the
+most classical in design. Dramatic power he
+has none, nor does he regret the want. <span class="tei tei-q">“I
+hate,”</span> he was wont to say to Hazlitt, <span class="tei tei-q">“those
+interlocutions between Caius and Lucius.”</span> He
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page581">[pg 581]</span><a name="Pg008" id="Pg008" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+sees, as <span class="tei tei-q">“from a tower, the end of all.”</span> The
+waving lights and shadows, the varied loopholes
+of view, the shiftings and fluctuations of feeling,
+the growing, broadening interest of the drama,
+have no charm for him. His mind, from its
+gigantic size, contracts a gigantic stiffness. It
+<span class="tei tei-q">“moveth altogether, if it move at all.”</span> Hence,
+some of his smaller poems remind you of the
+dancing of an elephant, or of the <span class="tei tei-q">“hills leaping
+like lambs.”</span> Many of the little poems which
+he wrote upon a system, are exceedingly tame
+and feeble. Yet often, even in his narrow bleak
+vales, we find one <span class="tei tei-q">“meek streamlet—only one”</span>—beautifying
+the desolation; and feel how
+painful it is for him to become poor, and that,
+when he sinks, it is with <span class="tei tei-q">“compulsion and laborious
+flight.”</span> But, having subtracted such
+faults, how much remains—of truth—of tenderness—of
+sober, eve-like grandeur—of purged
+beauties, white and clean as the lilies of Eden—of
+calm, deep reflection, contained in lines
+and sentences which have become proverbs—of
+mild enthusiasm—of minute knowledge of
+nature—of strong, yet unostentatious sympathy
+with man—and of devout and breathless communion
+with the Great Author of all! Apart
+altogether from their intellectual pretensions
+Wordsworth's poems possess a moral clearness,
+beauty, transparency, and harmony, which connect
+them immediately with those of Milton:
+and beside the more popular poetry of the past
+age—such as Byron's, and Moore's—they remind
+us of that unplanted garden, where the
+shadow of God united all trees of fruitfulness,
+and all flowers of beauty, into one; where the
+<span class="tei tei-q">“large river,”</span> which watered the whole, <span class="tei tei-q">“ran
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page582">[pg 582]</span><a name="Pg582" id="Pg582" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+south,”</span> toward the sun of heaven—when compared
+with the gardens of the Hesperides,
+where a dragon was the presiding deity, or
+with those of Vauxhall or White Conduit-house,
+where Comus and his rabble rout celebrate
+their undisguised orgies of miscalled and miserable
+pleasure.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+  </p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 50%; text-align: center"><img src="images/p581.png" alt="Illustration." title="Wordsworth's Home at Rydal Mount." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Wordsworth's Home at Rydal Mount.</div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+To write a great poem demands years—to
+write a great undying example, demands a lifetime.
+Such a life, too, becomes a poem—higher
+far than pen can inscribe, or metre make
+musical. Such a life it was granted to Wordsworth
+to live in severe harmony with his verse—as
+it lowly, and as it aspiring, to live, too,
+amid opposition, obloquy, and abuse—to live,
+too, amid the glare of that watchful observation,
+which has become to public men far more
+keen and far more capacious in its powers and
+opportunities, than in Milton's days. It was
+not, unquestionably, a perfect life, even as a
+man's, far less as a poet's. He did feel and
+resent, more than beseemed a great man, the
+pursuit and persecution of the hounds, whether
+<span class="tei tei-q">“gray”</span> and swift-footed, or whether curs of
+low degree, who dogged his steps. His voice
+from his woods sounded at times rather like the
+moan of wounded weakness, than the bellow
+of masculine wrath. He should, simply, in reply
+to his opponents, have written on at his
+poems, and let his prefaces alone. <span class="tei tei-q">“If they
+receive your first book ill,”</span> wrote Thomas Carlyle
+to a new author, <span class="tei tei-q">“write the second better—so
+much better as to shame them.”</span> When
+will authors learn that to answer an unjust
+attack, is, merely to give it a keener edge, and
+that all injustice carries the seed of oblivion and
+exposure in itself? To use the language of
+the masculine spirit just quoted, <span class="tei tei-q">“it is really a
+truth, one never knows whether praise be really
+good for one—or whether it be not, in very
+fact, the worst poison that could be administered.
+Blame, or even vituperation, I have
+always found a safer article. In the long run,
+a man <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">has</span></em>, and <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">is</span></em>, just what
+he <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">is</span></em> and <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">has</span></em>—the
+world's notion of him has not altered him at all,
+except, indeed, if it have poisoned him with self-conceit,
+and made a <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">caput mortuum</span></span> of him.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The sensitiveness of authors—were it not
+such a <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">sore</span></em> subject—might admit of some
+curious reflections. One would sometimes fancy
+that Apollo, in an angry hour, had done to his
+sons, what fable records him to have done
+to Marsyas—<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">flayed</span></em> them alive. Nothing has
+brought more contempt upon authors than this—implying,
+as it does, a lack of common courage
+and manhood. The true son of genius
+ought to rush before the public as the warrior
+into battle, resolved to hack and hew his way to
+eminence and power, not to whimper like a
+schoolboy at every scratch—to acknowledge
+only home thrusts—large, life-letting-out blows—determined
+either to conquer or to die, and,
+feeling that battles should be lost in the same
+spirit in which they are won. If Wordsworth
+did not fully answer this ideal, others have sunk
+far more disgracefully and habitually below it.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In private, Wordsworth, we understand, was
+pure, mild, simple, and majestic—perhaps somewhat
+austere in his judgments of the erring,
+and, perhaps, somewhat narrow in his own
+economics. In accordance, we suppose, with
+that part of his poetic system, which magnified
+mole-heaps to mountains, <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">pennies</span></em> assumed the
+importance of <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">pounds</span></em>. It is ludicrous, yet
+characteristic, to think of the great author of the
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Recluse,”</span> squabbling with a porter about the
+price of a parcel, or bidding down an old book
+at a stall. He was one of the few poets who
+were ever guilty of the crime of worldly prudence—that
+ever could have fulfilled the old
+parodox, <span class="tei tei-q">“A poet has built a house.”</span> In his
+young days, according to Hazlitt, he said little
+in society—sat generally lost in thought—threw
+out a bold or an indifferent remark occasionally—and
+relapsed into reverie again. In
+latter years, he became more talkative and
+oracular. His health and habits were always
+regular, his temperament happy, and his heart
+sound and pure.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+We have said that his life, <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">as a poet</span></em>, was far
+from perfect. Our meaning is, that he did not
+sufficiently, owing to temperament, or position,
+or habits, sympathize with the on-goings of
+society, the fullness of modern life, and the
+varied passions, unbeliefs, sins, and miseries of
+modern human nature. His soul dwelt apart.
+He came, like the Baptist, <span class="tei tei-q">“neither eating nor
+drinking,”</span> and men said, <span class="tei tei-q">“he hath a demon.”</span>
+He saw at morning, from London bridge, <span class="tei tei-q">“all
+its mighty heart”</span> lying still; but he did not at
+noon plunge artistically into the thick of its
+throbbing life; far less sound the depths of its
+wild midnight heavings of revel and wretchedness,
+of hopes and fears, of stifled fury and
+eloquent despair. Nor, although he sung the
+<span class="tei tei-q">“mighty stream of tendency”</span> of this wondrous
+age, did he ever launch his poetic craft upon it,
+nor seem to see the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">witherward</span></em> of its swift and
+awful stress. He has, on the whole, stood
+aside from his time—not on a peak of the past—not
+on an anticipated Alp of the future, but
+on his own Cumberland highlands—hearing the
+tumult and remaining still, lifting up his life as
+a far-seen beacon-fire, studying the manners of
+the humble dwellers in the vales below—<span class="tei tei-q">“piping
+a simple song to thinking hearts,”</span> and
+striving to waft to brother spirits, the fine infection
+of his own enthusiasm, faith, hope, and
+devotion. Perhaps, had he been less strict and
+consistent in creed and in character, he might
+have attained greater breadth, blood-warmth, and
+wide-spread power, have presented on his page
+a fuller reflection of our present state, and
+drawn from his poetry a yet stronger moral, and
+become the Shakspeare, instead of the Milton,
+of the age. For himself, he did undoubtedly
+choose the <span class="tei tei-q">“better part;”</span> nor do we mean to
+insinuate that any man ought to contaminate
+himself for the sake of his art, but that the poet
+of a period will necessarily come so near to its
+peculiar sins, sufferings, follies, and mistakes,
+as to understand them, and even to feel the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page583">[pg 583]</span><a name="Pg583" id="Pg583" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+force of their temptations, and though he should
+never yield to, yet must have a <span class="tei tei-q">“fellow-feeling”</span>
+of its prevailing infirmities.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The death of this eminent man took few by
+surprise. Many anxious eyes have for a while
+been turned toward Rydal mount, where this
+hermit stream was nearly sinking into the ocean
+of the Infinite. And now, to use his own grand
+word, used at the death of Scott, a <span class="tei tei-q">“trouble”</span>
+hangs upon Helvellyn's brow, and over the
+waters of Windermere. The last of the Lakers
+has departed. That glorious country has become
+a tomb for its more glorious children.
+No more is Southey's tall form seen at his library
+window, confronting Skiddaw—with a port as
+stately as its own. No more does Coleridge's
+dim eye look down into the dim tarn, heavy laden,
+too, under the advancing thunder-storm. And
+no more is Wordsworth's pale and lofty front
+shaded into divine twilight, as he plunges at
+noon-day amidst the quiet woods. A stiller,
+sterner power than poetry has folded into its
+strict, yet tender and yearning embrace, those
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Serene creators of immortal things.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Alas! for the pride and the glory even of the
+purest products of this strange world! Sin and
+science, pleasure and poetry, the lowest vices,
+and the highest aspirations, are equally unable
+to rescue their votaries from the swift ruin
+which is in chase of us all.
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Golden lads and girls all must</span></span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">Like chimney-sweepers come to dust.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+But Wordsworth has left for himself an epitaph
+almost superfluously rich—in the memory of his
+private virtues—of the impulse he gave to our
+declining poetry—of the sympathies he discovered
+in all his strains with the poor, the neglected,
+and the despised—of the version he furnished
+of Nature, true and beautiful as if it
+were Nature <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">describing herself</span></em>—of his lofty and
+enacted ideal of his art and the artist—of the
+<span class="tei tei-q">“thoughts, too deep for tears,”</span> he has given to
+meditative and lonely hearts—and, above all, of
+the support he has lent to the cause of the
+<span class="tei tei-q">“primal duties”</span> and eldest instincts of man—to
+his hope of immortality, and his fear of God.
+And now we bid him farewell, in his own
+words—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Blessings be with him, and eternal praise,</span></span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">The </span><em class="tei tei-emph" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">poet</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%">, who on earth has made us heirs</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">Of truth and pure delight, by heavenly lays.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Although, as already remarked, not the poet of
+the age—it has, in our view, been, on the
+whole, fortunate for poetry and society, that for
+seven years William Wordsworth has been
+poet-laureate. We live in a transition state in
+respect to both. The march and the music are
+both changing—nor are they yet fully attuned
+to each other—and, meanwhile, it was desirable
+that a poet should preside, whose strains formed
+a fine <span class="tei tei-q">“musical confusion,”</span> like that of old in
+the <span class="tei tei-q">“wood of Crete”</span>—of the old and the new—of
+the Conservative and the Democratic—of
+the golden age, supposed by many to have existed
+in the past, and of the millennium, expected
+by more in the future—a compromise of the
+two poetical styles besides—the one, which
+clung to the hoary tradition of the elders, and
+the other, which accepted innovation because it
+was new, and boldness because it was daring,
+and mysticism because it was dark—not truth,
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">though</span></em> new; beauty, <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">though</span></em> bold; and insight,
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">though</span></em> shadowy and shy. Nay, we heartily
+wish, had it been for nothing else than this, that
+his reign had lasted for many years longer, till,
+perchance, the discordant elements in our creeds
+and literature, had been somewhat harmonized.
+As it is, there must now be great difficulty
+in choosing his successor to the laureateship;
+nor is there, we think, a single name in our
+poetry whose elevation to the office would give
+universal, or even general, satisfaction.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Milman is a fine poet, but not a great one.
+Croly is, or ought to have been, a great poet;
+but is not sufficiently known, nor <span lang="fr" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="fr"><span style="font-style: italic">en rapport</span></span>
+with the spirit of the time. Bowles is dead—Moore
+dying. Lockhart and Macaulay have
+written clever ballads; but no shapely, continuous,
+and masterly poem. John Wilson, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">alias</span></span>
+Christopher North, has more poetry in his eye,
+brow, head, hair, figure, voice, talk, and the
+prose of his <span class="tei tei-q">“Noetes,”</span> than any man living;
+but his verse, on the whole, is mawkish—and
+his being a Scotchman will be a stumbling-block
+to many, though not to us; for, had
+Campbell been alive, we should have said at
+once, let him be laureate—if manly grace, classic
+power, and genuine popularity, form qualifications
+for the office. Tennyson, considering
+all he has done, has received his full meed
+already. Let him and Leigh Hunt repose under
+the shadow of their pensions. Our gifted
+friends, Bailey, of <span class="tei tei-q">“Festus,”</span> and Yendys, of the
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Roman,”</span> are yet in blossom—though it is a
+glorious blossom. Henry Taylor is rather in
+the sere and yellow leaf—nor was his leaf ever,
+in our judgment, very fresh or ample: a masterly
+builder he is, certainly, but the materials
+he brings are not highly poetical. When Dickens
+is promoted to Scott's wizard throne, let
+Browning succeed Wordsworth on the forked
+Helvellyn! Landor is a vast monumental
+name; but, while he has overawed the higher
+intellects of the time, he has never touched the
+general heart, nor <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">told</span></em> the world much, except
+his great opinion of himself, the low opinion he
+has of almost every body else, and the very
+learned reasons and sufficient grounds he has
+for supporting those twin opinions. Never was
+such power so wasted and thrown away. The
+proposition of a lady laureate is simply absurd,
+without being witty. Why not as soon have
+proposed the Infant Sappho? In short, if we
+ask again, <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Where</span></em> is the poet worthy to wear
+the crown which has dropped from the solemn
+brow of <span class="tei tei-q">“old Pan,”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“sole king of rocky
+Cumberland?”</span>—Echo, from Glaramara, or
+the Langdale Pikes, might well answer,
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Where?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page584">[pg 584]</span><a name="Pg584" id="Pg584" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+We have, however, a notion of our own,
+which we mean, as a close to the article, to
+indicate. The laureateship was too long a sop
+for parasites, whose politics and poetry were
+equally tame. It seems now to have become
+the late reward of veteran merit—the Popedom
+of poetry. Why not, rather, hang it up as a
+crown, to be won by our rising bards—either
+as the reward of some special poem on an
+appointed subject, or of general merit? Why
+not delay for a season the bestowal of the
+laurel, and give thus a national importance to
+its decision?
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc3" id="toc3"></a>
+<a name="pdf4" id="pdf4"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Sidney Smith. By George Gilfillan.</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+  </p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 50%; text-align: center"><img src="images/p584.png" alt="Illustration." title="Sidney Smith." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Sidney Smith.</div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It is melancholy to observe how speedily, successively,
+nay, almost simultaneously, our
+literary luminaries are disappearing from the
+sky. Every year another and another member
+of the bright clusters which arose about the
+close of the last, or at the beginning of this
+century, is fading from our view. Within nineteen
+years, what havoc, by the <span class="tei tei-q">“insatiate archer,”</span>
+among the ruling spirits of the time! Since
+1831, Robert Hall, Andrew Thomson, Goethe,
+Cuvier, Mackintosh, Crabbe, Foster, Coleridge,
+Edward Irving, Sir Walter Scott, Charles Lamb,
+Southey, Thomas Campbell, &amp;c., have entered
+on the <span class="tei tei-q">“silent land;”</span> and latterly has dropped
+down one of the wittiest and shrewdest of them
+all—the projector of the <span class="tei tei-q">“Edinburgh Review”</span>—the
+author of <span class="tei tei-q">“Peter Plymley's Letters”</span>—the
+preacher—the politician—the brilliant converser—the
+<span class="tei tei-q">“mad-wag”</span>—Sidney Smith.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It was the praise of Dryden that he was the
+best reasoner in verse who ever wrote; let it
+be the encomium of our departed Sidney that,
+he was one of the best reasoners in wit of whom
+our country can boast. His intellect—strong,
+sharp, clear, and decided—wrought and moved
+in a rich medium of humor. Each thought, as
+it came forth from his brain, issued as <span class="tei tei-q">“in dance,”</span>
+and amid a flood of inextinguishable laughter.
+The march of his mind through his subject
+resembled the procession of Bacchus from the
+conquest of India—joyous, splendid, straggling—to
+the sound of flutes and hautboys—rather a
+victory than a march—rather a revel than a
+contest. His logic seemed always hurrying
+into the arms of his wit. Some men argue in
+mathematical formulæ; others, like Burke, in
+the figures and flights of poetry; others in the
+fire and fury of passion; Sidney Smith in exuberant
+and riotous fun. And yet the matter of
+his reasoning was solid, and its inner spirit earnest
+and true. But though his steel was strong
+and sharp, his hand steady, and his aim clear,
+the management of the motions of his weapon
+was always fantastic. He piled, indeed, like a
+Titan, his Pelion on Ossa, but at the oddest of
+angles; he lifted and carried his load bravely,
+and like a man, but laughed as he did so; and
+so carried it that beholders forgot the strength
+of the arm in the strangeness of the attitude.
+He thus sometimes disarmed anger; for his
+adversaries could scarcely believe that they had
+received a deadly wound while their foe was
+roaring in their face. He thus did far greater
+execution; for the flourishes of his weapon might
+distract his opponents, but never himself, from
+the direct and terrible line of the blow. His
+laughter sometimes stunned, like the cachination
+of the Cyclops, shaking the sides of his cave.
+In this mood—and it was his common one—what
+scorn was he wont to pour upon the opponents
+of Catholic emancipation—upon the enemies
+of all change in legislation—upon any
+individual or party who sought to obstruct
+measures which, in his judgment, were likely
+to benefit the country. Under such, he could
+at any moment spring a mine of laughter; and
+what neither the fierce invective of Brougham,
+nor the light and subtle raillery of Jeffrey could
+do, his contemptuous explosion effected, and,
+himself crying with mirth, saw them hoisted
+toward heaven in ten thousand comical splinters.
+Comparing him with other humorists of a similar
+class, we might say, that while Swift's ridicule
+resembles something between a sneer and
+a spasm (half a sneer of mirth, half a spasm
+of misery)—while Cobbett's is a grin—Fonblanque's
+a light but deep and most significant
+smile—Jeffrey's a sneer, just perceptible on his
+fastidious lip—Wilson's a strong, healthy, hearty
+laugh—Carlyle's a wild unearthly sound, like
+the neighing of a homeless steed—Sidney Smith's
+is a genuine guffaw, given forth with his whole
+heart, and soul, and mind, and strength. Apart
+from his matchless humor, strong, rough, instinctive,
+and knotty sense was the leading feature of
+his mind. Every thing like mystification, sophistry,
+and humbug, fled before the first glance
+of his piercing eye; every thing in the shape of
+affectation excited in him a disgust <span class="tei tei-q">“as implacable”</span>
+as even a Cowper could feel. If possible,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page585">[pg 585]</span><a name="Pg585" id="Pg585" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+with still deeper aversion did his manly nature
+regard cant in its various forms and disguises;
+and his motto in reference to it was, <span class="tei tei-q">“spare no
+arrows.”</span> But the mean, the low, the paltry,
+the dishonorable, in nations or in individuals,
+moved all the fountains of his bile, and awakened
+all the energy of his invective. Always
+lively, generally witty, he is never eloquent,
+except when emptying out his vials of indignation
+upon baseness in all its shapes. His is the
+ire of a genuine <span class="tei tei-q">“English gentleman, all of the
+olden time.”</span> It was in this spirit that he recently
+explained, in his own way, the old distinctions
+of Meum and Tuum to Brother Jonathan,
+when the latter was lamentably inclined to forget
+them. It was the same sting of generous
+indignation which, in the midst of his character
+of Mackintosh, prompted the memorable picture
+of that extraordinary being who, by his transcendent
+talents and his tortuous movements—his
+head of gold, and his feet of miry clay—has
+become the glory, the riddle, and the regret
+of his country, his age, and his species.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+As a writer, Smith is little more than a very
+clever, witty, and ingenious pamphleteer. He
+has effected no permanent <span lang="fr" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="fr"><span style="font-style: italic">chef d'oeuvre</span></span>; he has
+founded no school; he has left little behind him
+that the <span class="tei tei-q">“world will not willingly let die;”</span> he
+has never drawn a tear from a human eye, nor
+excited a thrill of grandeur in a human bosom.
+His reviews are not preserved by the salt of
+original genius, nor are they pregnant with
+profound and comprehensive principle; they have
+no resemblance to the sibylline leaves which
+Burke tore out from the vast volume of his mind,
+and scattered with imperial indifference among
+the nations; they are not the illuminated indices
+of universal history, like the papers of Macaulay;
+they are not specimens of pure and perfect English,
+set with modest but magnificent ornaments,
+like the criticism of Jeffrey or of Hall; nor are
+they the excerpts, rugged and rent away by
+violence, from the dark and iron tablet of an
+obscure and original mind, like the reviews of
+Foster; but they are exquisite <span lang="fr" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="fr"><span style="font-style: italic">jeux d'esprit</span></span>,
+admirable occasional pamphlets, which, though
+now they look to us like spent arrows, yet
+assuredly have done execution, and have not
+been spent in vain. And as, after the lapse of
+a century and more, we can still read with
+pleasure Addison's <span class="tei tei-q">“Old Whig and Freeholder,”</span>
+for the sake of the exquisite humor and inimitable
+style in which forgotten feuds and dead
+logomachies are embalmed, so may it be, a century
+still, with the articles on Bentham's Fallacies
+and on the Game Laws, and with the letters
+of the witty and ingenious Peter Plymley. There
+is much at least in those singular productions—in
+their clear and manly sense—in their broad
+native fun—in their rapid, careless, energetic
+style—and in their bold, honest, liberal, and thoroughly
+English spirit—to interest several succeeding
+generations, if not to secure the <span class="tei tei-q">“rare
+and regal”</span> palm of immortality.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Sidney Smith was a writer of sermons as well
+as of political squibs. Is not their memory
+eternized in one of John Foster's most ponderous
+pieces of sarcasm? In an evil hour the
+dexterous and witty critic came forth from behind
+the fastnesses of the Edinburgh Review,
+whence, in perfect security he had shot his
+quick glancing shafts at Methodists and Missions,
+at Christian Observers and Eclectic Reviews,
+at Owens and Styles, and (what the more
+wary Jeffrey, in the day of his power, always
+avoided) became himself an author, and, <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">mirabile
+dictu</span></span>, an author of sermons. It was as if
+he wished to give his opponents their revenge,
+and no sooner did his head peep forth from beneath
+the protection of its shell than the elephantine
+foot of Foster was prepared to crush it in
+the dust. It was the precise position of Saladin
+with the Knight of the Leopard, in their memorable
+contest near the Diamond of the Desert.
+In the skirmish Smith had it all his own way;
+but when it came to close quarters, and when
+the heavy and mailed hand of the sturdy Baptist
+had confirmed its grasp on his opponent,
+the disparity was prodigious, and the discomfiture
+of the light horseman complete. But
+why recall the memory of an obsolete quarrel
+and a forgotten field? The sermons—the
+<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">causa belli</span></span>—clever but dry, destitute of
+earnestness and unction—are long since dead and
+buried; and their review remains their only
+monument.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Even when, within his own stronghold, our
+author intermeddled with theological topics, it
+was seldom with felicity or credit to himself.
+His onset on missions was a sad mistake; and
+in attacking the Methodists, and poor, pompous
+John Styles, he becomes as filthy and foul-mouthed
+as Swift himself. His wit forsakes
+him, and a rabid invective ill supplies its place;
+instead of laughing, he raves and foams at the
+mouth. Indeed, although an eloquent and popular
+preacher, and in many respects an ornament
+to his cloth, there was one radical evil
+about Smith; <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">he had mistaken his profession</span></em>.
+He was intended for a barrister, or a literary
+man, or a member of parliament, or some occupation
+into which he could have flung his whole
+soul and strength. As it was, but half his heart
+was in a profession which, of all others, would
+require the whole. He became consequently a
+rather awkward medley of buffoon, politician,
+preacher, literateur, divine, and diner-out. Let
+us grant, however, that the ordeal was severe,
+and that, if a very few have weathered it better,
+many more have ignominiously broken down.
+No one coincides more fully than we do with
+Coleridge in thinking that every literary man
+should have a profession; but in the name of
+common sense let it be one fitted for him, and
+for which he is fitted—one suited to his tastes
+as well as to his talents—to his habits as well
+as to his powers—to his heart as well as to his
+head.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+As a conversationist, Sidney Smith stood high
+among the highest—a Saul among a tribe of
+Titans. His jokes were not rare and refined,
+like those of Rogers and Jekyll; they wanted
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page586">[pg 586]</span><a name="Pg586" id="Pg586" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+the slyness of Theodore Hook's inimitable equivoque;
+they were not poured forth with the
+prodigal profusion of Hood's breathless and
+bickering puns; they were rich, fat, unctuous,
+always bordering on farce, but always avoiding
+it by a hair's-breadth. No finer cream, certes,
+ever mantled at the feasts of Holland House
+than his fertile brain supplied; and, to quote
+himself, it would require a <span class="tei tei-q">“forty-parson power”</span>
+of lungs and language to do justice to his convivial
+merits. An acquaintance of ours sometimes
+met him in the company of Jeffrey and
+Macaulay—a fine concord of first-rate performers,
+content, generally, to keep each within his
+own part, except when, now and then, the
+author of the <span class="tei tei-q">“Lays”</span> burst out irresistibly, and
+changed the concert into a fine solo.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Altogether <span class="tei tei-q">“we could have better spared a
+better man.”</span> Did not his death <span class="tei tei-q">“eclipse the
+gayety of nations?”</span> Did not a Fourth Estate
+of Fun expire from the midst of us? Did not
+even Brother Jonathan drop a tear when he
+thought that the scourge that so mercilessly
+lashed him was broken? And shall not now
+all his admirers unite with us in inscribing upon
+his grave—<span class="tei tei-q">“Alas! poor Yorick!”</span>
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc5" id="toc5"></a>
+<a name="pdf6" id="pdf6"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Thomas Carlyle. By George Gilfillan.</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+  </p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 50%; text-align: center"><img src="images/p586.png" alt="Illustration." title="Thomas Carlyle." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Thomas Carlyle.</div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Thomas Carlyle was born at Ecclefechan,
+Annandale. His parents were <span class="tei tei-q">“good
+farmer people,”</span> his father an elder in the Secession
+church there, and a man of strong native
+sense, whose words were said to <span class="tei tei-q">“nail a subject
+to the wall.”</span> His excellent mother still lives,
+and we had the pleasure of meeting her lately
+in the company of her illustrious son; and beautiful
+it was to see his profound and tender regard,
+and her motherly and yearning reverence—to
+hear her fine old covenanting accents, concerting
+with his transcendental tones. He studied
+in Edinburgh. Previous to this, he had become
+intimate with Edward Irving, an intimacy which
+continued unimpaired to the close of the latter's
+eccentric career. Like most Scottish students,
+he had many struggles to encounter in the course
+of his education; and had, we believe, to support
+himself by private tuition, translations for
+the booksellers, &amp;c. The day star of German
+literature arose early in his soul, and has been
+his guide and genius ever since. He entered
+into a correspondence with Goethe, which lasted,
+at intervals, till the latter's death. Yet he has
+never, we understand, visited Germany. He
+was, originally, destined for the church. At
+one period he taught an academy in Dysart, at
+the same time that Irving was teaching in Kirkaldy.
+After his marriage, he resided partly at
+Comely Bank, Edinburgh; and, for a year or
+two in Craigenputtock, a wild and solitary
+farm-house in the upper part of Dumfriesshire.
+Here, however, far from society, save that, of
+the <span class="tei tei-q">“great dumb monsters of mountains,”</span> he
+wearied out his very heart. A ludicrous story
+is told of Lord Jeffrey visiting him in this out-of-the-way
+region, when they were unapprized
+of his coming—had nothing in the house fit for
+the palate of the critic, and had, in dire haste
+and pother, to send off for the wherewithal to
+a market town about fifteen miles off. Here,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page587">[pg 587]</span><a name="Pg587" id="Pg587" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+too, as we may see hereafter, Emerson, on his
+way home from Italy, dropped in like a spirit,
+spent precisely twenty-four hours, and then
+<span class="tei tei-q">“forth uprose that lone, wayfaring man,”</span> to return
+to his native woods. He has, for several
+years of late, resided in Chelsea, London, where
+he lives in a plain, simple fashion; occasionally,
+but seldom, appearing at the splendid soirées of
+Lady Blessington, but listened to, when he goes,
+as an oracle; receiving, at his tea-table, visitors
+from every part of the world; forming an amicable
+centre for men of the most opposite opinions
+and professions, Poets and Preachers, Pantheists
+and Puritans, Tennysons and Scotts,
+Cavanaighs and Erskines, Sterlings and Robertsons,
+smoking his perpetual pipe, and pouring
+out, in copious stream, his rich and quaint philosophy.
+His appearance is fine, without being
+ostentatiously singular—his hair dark—his brow
+marked, though neither very broad nor very
+lofty—his cheek tinged with a healthy red—his
+eye, the truest index of his genius, flashing out,
+at times, a wild and mystic fire from its dark
+and quiet surface. He is above the middle size,
+stoops slightly, dresses carefully, but without
+any approach to foppery. His address, somewhat
+high and distant at first, softens into simplicity
+and cordial kindness. His conversation
+is abundant, inartificial, flowing on, and warbling
+as it flows, more practical than you would
+expect from the cast of his writings—picturesque
+and graphic in a high measure—full of the results
+of extensive and minute observation—often
+terribly direct and strong, garnished with French
+and German phrase, rendered racy by the accompaniment
+of the purest Annandale accent,
+and coming to its climaxes, ever and anon, in
+long, deep, chest-shaking bursts of laughter.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Altogether, in an age of singularities, Thomas
+Carlyle stands peculiarly alone. Generally known,
+and warmly appreciated, he has of late become—popular,
+in the strict sense, he is not, and may
+never be. His works may never climb the family
+library, nor his name become a household word;
+but while the Thomsons and the Campbells shed
+their gentle genius, like light, into the hall and
+the hovel—the shop of the artisan and the sheiling
+of the shepherd, Carlyle, like the Landors
+and Lambs of this age, and the Brownes and
+Burtons of a past, will exert a more limited but
+profounder power—cast a dimmer but more
+gorgeous radiance—attract fewer but more devoted
+admirers, and obtain an equal, and perhaps
+more enviable immortality.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+To the foregoing sketch of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Carlyle</span></span>, which is
+from the eloquent critical description of Gilfillan,
+we append the following, which is from a letter
+recently published in the Dumfries and Galloway
+Courier. The writer, after remarking at some
+length upon the <span class="tei tei-q">“Latter Day Pamphlets,”</span> which
+are Carlyle's latest productions, proceeds to give
+this graphic and interesting sketch of his personal
+appearance and conversation:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Passing from the political phase of these
+productions (the <span class="tei tei-q">‘Latter Day Pamphlets’</span>), which
+is not my vocation to discuss, I found for myself
+one very peculiar charm in the perusal of
+them—they seemed such perfect transcripts of
+the conversation of Thomas Carlyle. With
+something more of set continuity—of composition—but
+essentially the same thing, the Latter
+Day Pamphlets' are in their own way a
+<span class="tei tei-q">‘Boswell's Life’</span> of Carlyle. As I read and
+read, I was gradually transported from my club-room,
+with its newspaper-clad tables, and my
+dozing fellow-loungers, only kept half awake by
+periodical titillations of snuff, and carried in
+spirit to the grave and quiet sanctum in Chelsea,
+where Carlyle dispenses wisdom and hospitality
+with equally unstinted hand. The long, tall,
+spare figure is before me—wiry, though, and
+elastic, and quite capable of taking a long,
+tough spell through the moors of Ecclefechan,
+or elsewhere—stretched at careless, homely
+ease in his elbow-chair, yet ever with strong
+natural motions and starts, as the inward spirit
+stirs. The face, too, is before me—long and
+thin, with a certain tinge of paleness, but no
+sickness or attenuation, form muscular and vigorously
+marked, and not wanting some glow of
+former rustic color—pensive, almost solemn, yet
+open, and cordial, and tender, very tender. The
+eye, as generally happens, is the chief outward
+index of the soul—an eye is not easy to describe,
+but <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">felt</span></em> ever after one has looked thereon and
+therein. It is dark and full, shadowed over by
+a compact, prominent forehead. But the depth,
+the expression, the far inner play of it—who
+could transfer that even to the eloquent canvas,
+far less to this very <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">in</span></em>-eloquent paper? It is
+not brightness, it is not flash, it is not power
+even—something beyond all these. The expression
+is, so to speak, heavy laden—as if be-tokening
+untold burdens of thought, and long,
+long fiery struggles, resolutely endured—endured
+until they had been in some practical
+manner overcome; to adopt his own fond epithet,
+and it comes nearest to the thing, his is the
+heroic eye, but of a hero who has done hard
+battle against Paynim hosts. This is no dream
+of mine—I have often heard this peculiarity
+remarked. The whole form and expression
+of the face remind me of Dante—it wants the
+classic element, and the mature and matchless
+harmony which distinguish the countenance
+of the great Florentine; but something in the
+cast and in the look, especially the heavy laden,
+but dauntless eye, is very much alike. But he
+speaks to me. The tongue has the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">sough</span></em> of
+Annandale—an echo of the Solway, with its compliments
+to old Father Thames. A keen, sharp,
+ringing voice, in the genuine Border key, but
+tranquil and sedate withal—neighborly and
+frank, and always in unison with what is uttered.
+Thus does the presence of Thomas Carlyle
+rise before me—a <span class="tei tei-q">‘true man’</span> in all his
+bearings and in all his sayings. And in this
+same guise do I seem to hear from him all those
+<span class="tei tei-q">‘Latter Day Pamphlets.’</span> Even such in his
+conversation—he sees the very thing he speaks
+of; it breathes and moves palpable to him, and
+hence his words form a picture. When you
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page588">[pg 588]</span><a name="Pg588" id="Pg588" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+come from him, the impression is like having
+seen a great brilliant panorama; every thing
+had been made visible and naked to your sight.
+But more and better far than that; you bear
+home with you an indelible feeling of love for
+the man—deep at the heart, long as life. No
+man has ever inspired more of this personal
+affection. Not to love Carlyle when you know
+him is something unnatural, as if one should say
+they did not love the breeze that fans their
+cheek, or the vine-tree which has refreshed them
+both with its leafy shade and its exuberant
+juices. He abounds, himself, in love and in
+good works. His life, not only as a <span class="tei tei-q">‘writer of
+books,’</span> but as a man among his fellows, has
+been a continued shower of benefits. The young
+men, more especially, to whom he has been the
+good Samaritan, pouring oil upon their wounds,
+and binding up their bruised limbs, and putting
+them on the way of recovery of health and useful
+energy—the number of such can scarcely
+be told, and will never be known till the great
+day of accounts. One of these, who in his orisons
+will ever remember him, has just read to
+me, with tears of grateful attachment in his
+eyes, portions of a letter of counsel and encouragement
+which he received from him in
+the hour of darkness, and which was but the
+prelude to a thousand acts of substantial kindness
+and of graceful attention. As the letter
+contains no secret, and may fall as a fructifying
+seed into some youthful bosom that may be entering
+upon its trials and struggles, a quotation
+from it will form an appropriate <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">finale</span></span> at this
+time. He thus writes: <span class="tei tei-q">‘It will be good news,
+in all times coming, to learn that such a life as
+yours unfolds itself according to its promise,
+and <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">becomes</span></em> in some tolerable degree what it is
+capable of being. The problem is your own, to
+make or to mar—a great problem for you, as
+the like is for every man born into this world.
+You have my entire sympathy in your denunciation
+of the <span class="tei tei-q">“explosive”</span> character. It is frequent
+in these times, and deplorable wherever
+met with. Explosions are ever wasteful, woeful;
+central fire should not explode itself, but
+lie silent, far down at the centre; and make all
+good fruits <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">grow</span></em>! We can not too often repeat
+to ourselves, <span class="tei tei-q">“Strength is seen, not in spasms,
+but in stout bearing of burdens.”</span> You can take
+comfort in the meanwhile, if you need it, by the
+experience of all wise men, that a right heavy
+burden is precisely the thing wanted for a young
+strong man. Grievous to be borne; but bear
+it well, you will find it one day to have been
+verily blessed. <span class="tei tei-q">“I would not, for any money,”</span>
+says the brave Jean Paul, in his quaint way.
+<span class="tei tei-q">“I would not, for any money, have had money
+in my youth!”</span> He speaks a truth there, singular
+as it may seem to many. These young
+obscure years ought to be incessantly employed
+in gaining knowledge of things worth knowing,
+especially of heroic human souls worth knowing.
+And you may believe me, the obscurer such
+years are, it is apt to be the better. Books are
+needful; but yet not many books; a few well
+read. An open, true, patient, and valiant soul
+is needed; that is the one thing needful.’</span> ”</span>
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc7" id="toc7"></a>
+<a name="pdf8" id="pdf8"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">The Gentleman Beggar. An Attorney's Story.
+(From Dickens's Household Words.)</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+One morning, about five years ago, I called
+by appointment on Mr. John Balance, the
+fashionable pawnbroker, to accompany him to
+Liverpool, in pursuit for a Levanting customer—for
+Balance, in addition to pawning, does
+a little business in the sixty per cent. line. It
+rained in torrents when the cab stopped at the
+passage which leads past the pawning boxes to
+his private door. The cabman rang twice, and
+at length Balance appeared, looming through
+the mist and rain in the entry, illuminated by
+his perpetual cigar. As I eyed him rather impatiently,
+remembering that trains wait for no
+man, something like a hairy dog, or a bundle
+of rags, rose up at his feet, and barred his passage
+for a moment. Then Balance cried out
+with an exclamation, in answer apparently to a
+something I could not hear, <span class="tei tei-q">“What, man alive!—slept
+in the passage!—there, take that, and
+get some breakfast, for Heaven's sake!”</span> So
+saying, he jumped into the <span class="tei tei-q">“Hansom,”</span> and we
+bowled away at ten miles an hour, just catching
+the Express as the doors of the station were
+closing. My curiosity was full set—for although
+Balance can be free with his money, it is not
+exactly to beggars that his generosity is usually
+displayed; so when comfortably ensconced in a
+<span lang="fr" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="fr"><span style="font-style: italic">coupé</span></span>, I finished with—
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“You are liberal with your money this morning:
+pray, how often do you give silver to street
+cadgers?—because I shall know now what walk
+to take when flats and sharps leave off buying
+law.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Balance, who would have made an excellent
+parson if he had not been bred to a case-hardening
+trade, and has still a soft bit left in his heart
+that is always fighting with his hard head, did
+not smile at all, but looked as grim as if squeezing
+a lemon into his Saturday night's punch.
+He answered slowly, <span class="tei tei-q">“A cadger—yes; a beggar—a
+miserable wretch, he is now; but let me
+tell you, Master David, that that miserable bundle
+of rags was born and bred a gentleman; the
+son of a nobleman, the husband of an heiress,
+and has sat and dined at tables where you and
+I, Master David, are only allowed to view the
+plate by favor of the butler. I have lent him
+thousands, and been well paid. The last thing
+I had from him was his court suit; and I hold
+now his bill for one hundred pounds that will be
+paid, I expect, when he dies.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Why, what nonsense you are talking! you
+must be dreaming this morning. However, we
+are alone, I'll light a weed, in defiance of Railway
+law, you shall spin that yarn; for, true
+or untrue, it will fill up the time to Liverpool.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“As for yarn,”</span> replied Balance, <span class="tei tei-q">“the whole
+story is short enough; and as for truth, that you
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page589">[pg 589]</span><a name="Pg589" id="Pg589" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+may easily find out if you like to take the trouble.
+I thought the poor wretch was dead, and I own
+it put me out meeting him this morning, for I
+had a curious dream last night.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Oh, hang your dreams! Tell us about this
+gentleman beggar that bleeds you of half-crowns—that
+melts the heart even of a pawnbroker!”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Well, then, that beggar is the illegitimate
+son of the late Marquis of Hoopborough by a
+Spanish lady of rank. He received a first-rate
+education, and was brought up in his father's
+house. At a very early age he obtained an
+appointment in a public office, was presented
+by the marquis at court, and received into the
+first society, where his handsome person and
+agreeable manners made him a great favorite.
+Soon after coming of age, he married the
+daughter of Sir E. Bumper, who brought him a
+very handsome fortune, which was strictly settled
+on herself. They lived in splendid style, kept
+several carriages, a house in town, and a place
+in the country. For some reason or other,
+idleness, or to please his lady's pride, he resigned
+his appointment. His father died and
+left him nothing; indeed, he seemed at that
+time very handsomely provided for.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Very soon Mr. and Mrs. Molinos Fitz-Roy
+began to disagree. She was cold, correct—he
+was hot and random. He was quite dependent
+on her, and she made him feel it. When he
+began to get into debt, he came to me. At
+length some shocking quarrel occurred; some
+case of jealousy on the wife's side, not without
+reason, I believe; and the end of it was, Mr.
+Fitz-Roy was turned out of doors. The house
+was his wife's, the furniture was his wife's,
+and the fortune was his wife's—he was, in fact,
+her pensioner. He left with a few hundred
+pounds ready money, and some personal jewelry,
+and went to an hotel. On these and credit he
+lived. Being illegitimate, he had no relations;
+being a fool, when he spent his money he lost
+his friends. The world took his wife's part,
+when they found she had the fortune, and the
+only parties who interfered were her relatives,
+who did their best to make the quarrel incurable.
+To crown all, one night he was run over
+by a cab, was carried to a hospital, and lay there
+for months, and was during several weeks of
+the time unconscious. A message to the wife,
+by the hands of one of his debauched companions,
+sent by a humane surgeon, obtained an
+intimation that <span class="tei tei-q">‘if he died, Mr. Croak, the undertaker
+to the family, had orders to see to the
+funeral,’</span> and that Mrs. Molinos was on the point
+of starting for the Continent, not to return for
+some years. When Fitz-Roy was discharged,
+he came to me limping on two sticks, to pawn
+his court suit, and told me his story. I was
+really sorry for the fellow, such a handsome,
+thoroughbred-looking man. He was going then
+into the west somewhere, to try to hunt out a
+friend. <span class="tei tei-q">‘What to do, Balance,’</span> he said, <span class="tei tei-q">‘I don't
+know. I can't dig, and unless somebody will
+make me their gamekeeper, I must starve, or
+beg, as my Jezebel bade me when we parted!’</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“I lost sight of Molinos for a long time, and
+when I next came upon him it was in the Rookery
+of Westminster, in a low lodging-house,
+where I was searching with an officer for stolen
+goods. He was pointed out to me as the <span class="tei tei-q">‘gentleman
+cadger,’</span> because he was so free with his
+money when <span class="tei tei-q">‘in luck.’</span> He recognized me, but
+turned away then. I have since seen him, and
+relieved him more than once, although he never
+asks for any thing. How he lives, Heaven
+knows. Without money, without friends, without
+useful education of any kind, he tramps the
+country, as you saw him, perhaps doing a little
+hop-picking or hay-making, in season, only happy
+when he obtains the means to get drunk. I
+have heard through the kitchen whispers, that
+you know come to me, that he is entitled to
+some property; and I expect if he were to die
+his wife would pay the hundred pound bill I
+hold; at any rate, what I have told you I know
+to be true, and the bundle of rags I relieved
+just now is known in every thieves' lodging in
+England as the <span class="tei tei-q">‘gentleman cadger.’</span> ”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This story produced an impression on me—I
+am fond of speculation, and like the excitement
+of a legal hunt as much as some do a fox-chase:
+A gentleman a beggar, a wife rolling in wealth,
+rumors of unknown property due to the husband:
+it seemed as if there were pickings for
+me amidst this carrion of pauperism.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Before returning from Liverpool, I had purchased
+the gentleman beggar's acceptance from
+Balance. I then inserted in the <span class="tei tei-q">“Times”</span> the
+following advertisement: <span class="tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Horatio Molinos Fitz-Roy</span></span>.—If
+this gentleman will apply to David Discount,
+Esq., Solicitor, St. James's, he will hear
+of something to his advantage. Any person
+furnishing Mr. F.'s correct address, shall receive
+1£. 1<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">s.</span></span> reward. He was last seen,”</span> &amp;c. Within
+twenty-four hours I had ample proof of the
+wide circulation of the <span class="tei tei-q">“Times.”</span> My office
+was besieged with beggars of every degree,
+men and women, lame and blind, Irish, Scotch,
+and English, some on crutches, some in bowls,
+some in go-carts. They all knew him as the
+<span class="tei tei-q">“gentleman,”</span> and I must do the regular fraternity
+of tramps the justice to say, that not one
+would answer a question until he made certain
+that I meant the <span class="tei tei-q">“gentleman”</span> no harm.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+One evening, about three weeks after the
+appearance of the advertisement, my clerk announced
+<span class="tei tei-q">“another beggar.”</span> There came in
+an old man leaning upon a staff, clad in a soldier's
+great coat all patched and torn, with a
+battered hat, from under which a mass of tangled
+hair fell over his shoulders and half concealed
+his face. The beggar, in a weak,
+wheezy, hesitating tone, said, <span class="tei tei-q">“You have advertised
+for Molinos Fitz-Roy. I hope you
+don't mean him any harm; he is sunk, I think,
+too low for enmity now; and surely no one
+would sport with such misery as his.”</span> These
+last words were uttered in a sort of piteous
+whisper.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page590">[pg 590]</span><a name="Pg590" id="Pg590" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I answered quickly, <span class="tei tei-q">“Heaven forbid I should
+sport with misery: I mean and hope to do him
+good, as well as myself.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Then, sir, I am Molinos Fitz-Roy!”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+While we were conversing candles had been
+brought in. I have not very tender nerves—my
+head would not agree with them—but I
+own I started and shuddered when I saw and
+knew that the wretched creature before me was
+under thirty years of age and once a gentleman.
+Sharp, aquiline features, reduced to literal skin
+and bone, were begrimed and covered with dry
+fair hair; the white teeth of the half-open mouth
+shattered with eagerness, and made more hideous
+the foul pallor of the rest of the countenance.
+As he stood leaning on a staff half bent, his
+long, yellow bony fingers clasped over the
+crutch-head of his stick, he was indeed a picture
+of misery, famine, squalor, and premature
+age, too horrible to dwell upon. I made him
+sit down, and sent for some refreshment which
+he devoured like a ghoul, and set to work to
+unravel his story. It was difficult to keep him
+to the point; but with pains I learned what
+convinced me that he was entitled to some
+property, whether great or small there was no
+evidence. On parting, I said, <span class="tei tei-q">“Now, Mr. F.,
+you must stay in town while I make proper
+inquiries. What allowance will be enough to
+keep you comfortably?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+He answered humbly, after much pressing,
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Would you think ten shillings too much?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I don't like, if I do those things at all, to do
+them shabbily, so I said, <span class="tei tei-q">“Come every Saturday
+and you shall have a pound.”</span> He was profuse
+in thanks, of course, as all such men are as long
+as distress lasts.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I had previously learned that my ragged
+client's wife was in England, living in a splendid
+house in Hyde Park Gardens, under her
+maiden name. On the following day the Earl
+of Owing called upon me, wanting five thousand
+pounds by five o'clock the same evening. It
+was a case of life or death with him, so I made
+my terms, and took advantage of his pressure to
+execute a <span lang="fr" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="fr"><span style="font-style: italic">coup de main</span></span>. I proposed that he
+should drive me home to receive the money,
+calling at Mrs. Molinos in Hyde Park Gardens,
+on our way. I knew that the coronet and liveries
+of his father, the marquis, would insure me
+an audience with Mrs. Molinos Fitz-Roy.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+My scheme answered. I was introduced into
+the lady's presence. She was, and probably is,
+a very stately, handsome woman, with a pale
+complexion, high solid forehead, regular features,
+thin, pinched, self-satisfied mouth. My
+interview was very short, I plunged into the
+middle of the affair, but had scarcely mentioned
+the word husband, when she interrupted me
+with, <span class="tei tei-q">“I presume you have lent this profligate
+person money, and want me to pay you.”</span> She
+paused, and then said, <span class="tei tei-q">“He shall not have a
+farthing.”</span> As she spoke, her white face became
+scarlet.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“But, madam, the man is starving. I have
+strong reasons for believing he is entitled to
+property, and if you refuse any assistance, I
+must take other measures.”</span> She rang the bell,
+wrote something rapidly on a card; and, as the
+footman appeared, pushed it toward me across
+the table, with the air of touching a toad, saying,
+<span class="tei tei-q">“There, sir, is the address of my solicitors;
+apply to them if you think you have any claim.
+Robert, show the person out, and take care he
+is not admitted again.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+So far I had effected nothing; and, to tell the
+truth, felt rather crest-fallen under the influence
+of that grand manner peculiar to certain great
+ladies and to all great actresses.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+My next visit was to the attorneys, Messrs.
+Leasem and Fashun, of Lincoln's Inn Square,
+and there I was at home. I had had dealings
+with the firm before. They are agents for half
+the aristocracy, who always run in crowds like
+sheep after the same wine-merchants, the same
+architects, the same horse-dealers, and the same
+law-agents. It may be doubted whether the
+quality of law and land management they get
+on this principle is quite equal to their wine
+and horses. At any rate, my friends of Lincoln's
+Inn, like others of the same class, are
+distinguished by their courteous manners, deliberate
+proceedings, innocence of legal technicalities,
+long credit, and heavy charges. Leasem,
+the elder partner, wears powder and a huge
+bunch of seals, lives in Queen-square, drives a
+brougham, gives the dinners and does the cordial
+department. He is so strict in performing
+the latter duty, that he once addressed a poacher
+who had shot a duke's keeper, as <span class="tei tei-q">“my dear
+creature,”</span> although he afterward hung him.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Fashun has chambers in St. James-street,
+drives a cab, wears a tip, and does the grand
+haha style.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+My business lay with Leasem. The interviews
+and letters passing were numerous. However,
+it came at last to the following dialogue:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Well, my dear Mr. Discount,”</span> began Mr.
+Leasem, who hates me like poison. <span class="tei tei-q">“I'm
+really very sorry for that poor dear Molinos—knew
+his father well; a great man, a perfect
+gentleman; but you know what women are,
+eh, Mr. Discount? My client won't advance a
+shilling; she knows it would only be wasted in
+low dissipation. Now, don't you think (this
+was said very insinuatingly)—don't you think
+he had better be sent to the workhouse; very
+comfortable accommodations there, I can assure
+you—meat twice a week, and excellent soup;
+and then, Mr. D., we might consider about
+allowing you something for that bill.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Mr. Leasem, can you reconcile it to your
+conscience to make such an arrangement?
+Here's a wife rolling in luxury, and a husband
+starving!”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“No, Mr. Discount, not starving; there is
+the workhouse, as I observed before; besides,
+allow me to suggest that these appeals to feeling
+are quite unprofessional—quite unprofessional.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“But, Mr. Leasem, touching this property
+which the poor man is entitled to.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page591">[pg 591]</span><a name="Pg591" id="Pg591" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Why, there again, Mr. D., you must excuse
+me; you really must. I don't say he is; I don't
+say he is not. If you know he is entitled to
+property, I am sure you know how to proceed;
+the law is open to you, Mr. Discount—the law
+is open; and a man of your talent will know
+how to use it.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Then, Mr. Leasem, you mean that I must,
+in order to right this starving man, file a bill of
+discovery, to extract from you the particulars
+of his rights. You have the marriage settlement,
+and all the information, and you decline
+to allow a pension, or afford any information;
+the man is to starve, or go to the workhouse.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Why, Mr. D., you are so quick and violent,
+it really is not professional; but you see (here
+a subdued smile of triumph), it has been decided
+that a solicitor is not bound to afford such information
+as you ask, to the injury of his client.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Then you mean that this poor Molinos may
+rot and starve, while you keep secret from him,
+at his wife's request, his title to an income, and
+that the Court of Chancery will back you in this
+iniquity?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I kept repeating the word <span class="tei tei-q">“starve,”</span> because
+I saw it made my respectable opponent wince.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Well, then, just listen to me. I know that
+in the happy state of your equity law, chancery
+can't help my client; but I have another plan:
+I shall go hence to my office, issue a writ, and
+take your client's husband in execution—as
+soon as he is lodged in jail, I shall file his
+schedule in the Insolvent Court, and when he
+comes up for his discharge, I shall put you in
+the witness-box, and examine you on oath,
+<span class="tei tei-q">‘touching any property of which you know the
+insolvent to be possessed,’</span> and where will be
+your privileged communications then?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The respectable Leasem's face lengthened in
+a twinkling, his comfortable confident air vanished,
+he ceased twiddling his gold chain, and,
+at length, he muttered,
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Suppose we pay the debt?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Why, then, I'll arrest him the day after for
+another.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“But, my dear Mr. Discount, surely such
+conduct would not be quite respectable.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“That's my business; my client has been
+wronged, I am determined to right him, and
+when the aristocratic firm, of Leasem and
+Fashun takes refuge according to the custom of
+respectable repudiators, in the cool arbors of
+the Court of Chancery, why, a mere bill-discounting
+attorney like David Discount need not
+hesitate about cutting a bludgeon out of the
+Insolvent Court.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Well, well, Mr. D., you are so warm—so
+fiery; we must deliberate—we must consult.
+You will give me until the day after to-morrow,
+and then we'll write you our final determination;
+in the meantime, send us a copy
+of your authority to act for Mr. Molinos Fitz-Roy.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Of course, I lost no time in getting the gentleman
+beggar to sign a proper letter.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+On the appointed day came a communication
+with the L. and F. seal, which I opened, not
+without unprofessional eagerness. It was as
+follows:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">In re Molinos Fitz-Roy and Another.</span></span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Sir—In answer to your application on behalf
+of Mr. Molinos Fitz-Roy, we beg to inform
+you that under the administration of a paternal
+aunt who died intestate, your client is entitled
+to two thousand five hundred pounds eight shillings
+and sixpence, Three per Cents.; one thousand
+five hundred pounds nineteen shillings and
+fourpence, Three per Cents. Reduced; one
+thousand pounds, Long Annuities; five hundred
+pounds, Bank Stock; three thousand five hundred
+pounds, India Stock; besides other securities,
+making up about ten thousand pounds,
+which we are prepared to transfer over to Mr.
+Molinos Fitz-Roy's direction forthwith.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Here was a windfall! It quite took away
+my breath.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+At dusk came my gentleman beggar, and
+what puzzled me was, how to break the news
+to him. Being very much overwhelmed with
+business that day, I had not much time for consideration.
+He came in rather better dressed
+than when I first saw him, with only a week's
+beard on his chin; but, as usual, not quite
+sober. Six weeks had elapsed since our first
+interview. He was still the humble, trembling,
+low-voiced creature, I first knew him.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+After a prelude, I said, <span class="tei tei-q">“I find, Mr. F., you
+are entitled to something; pray, what do you
+mean to give me in addition to my bill, for obtaining
+it?”</span> He answered rapidly, <span class="tei tei-q">“Oh, take
+half; if there is one hundred pounds, take
+half; if there is five hundred pounds, take
+half.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“No, no; Mr. F., I don't do business in that
+way, I shall be satisfied with ten per cent.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It was so settled. I then led him out into
+the street, impelled to tell him the news, yet
+dreading the effect; not daring to make the
+revelation in my office, for fear of a scene.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I began hesitatingly, <span class="tei tei-q">“Mr. Fitz-Roy, I am
+happy to say, that I find you are entitled to
+.....ten thousand pounds!”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Ten thousand pounds!”</span> he echoed. <span class="tei tei-q">“Ten
+thousand pounds!”</span> he shrieked. <span class="tei tei-q">“Ten thousand
+pounds!”</span> he yelled, seizing my arm violently.
+<span class="tei tei-q">“You are a brick. Here, cab! cab!”</span>
+Several drove up—the shout might have been
+heard a mile off. He jumped in the first.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Where to?”</span> said the driver.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“To a tailor's, you rascal!”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Ten thousand pounds! ha, ha, ha!”</span> he
+repeated hysterically, when in the cab; and
+every moment grasping my arm. Presently he
+subsided, looked me straight in the face, and
+muttered with agonizing fervor,
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“What a jolly brick you are!”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The tailor, the hosier, the bootmaker, the
+hair-dresser, were in turn visited by this poor
+pagan of externals. As, by degrees, under
+their hands, he emerged from the beggar to the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page592">[pg 592]</span><a name="Pg592" id="Pg592" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+gentleman, his spirits rose; his eyes brightened;
+he walked erect, but always nervously grasping
+my arm; fearing, apparently, to lose sight of
+me for a moment, lest his fortune should vanish
+with me. The impatient pride with which he
+gave his orders to the astonished tradesmen for
+the finest and best of every thing, and the
+amazed air of the fashionable hairdresser when
+he presented his matted locks and stubble chin,
+to be <span class="tei tei-q">“cut and shaved,”</span> may be <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">acted</span></em>—it can
+not be described.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+By the time the external transformation was
+complete, and I sat down in a <span lang="fr" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="fr"><span style="font-style: italic">Café</span></span> in the
+Haymarket, opposite a haggard but handsome,
+thoroughbred-looking man, whose air, with the
+exception of the wild eyes and deeply browned
+face, did not differ from the stereotyped men
+about town sitting around us, Mr. Molinos Fitz-Roy
+had already almost forgotten the past; he
+bullied the waiter, and criticised the wine, as if
+he had done nothing else but dine and drink and
+scold there all the days of his life.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Once he wished to drink my health, and
+would have proclaimed his whole story to the
+coffee-room assembly, in a raving style. When
+I left he almost wept in terror at the idea of
+losing sight of me. But, allowing for these
+ebullitions—the natural result of such a whirl
+of events—he was wonderfully calm and self-possessed.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The next day, his first care was to distribute
+fifty pounds among his friends the cadgers, at a
+house of call in Westminster, and formally to
+dissolve his connection with them; those present
+undertaking for the <span class="tei tei-q">“fraternity,”</span> that, for the
+future, he should never be noticed by them in
+public or private.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I can not follow his career much further.
+Adversity had taught him nothing. He was
+soon again surrounded by the well-bred vampires
+who had forgotten him when penniless;
+but they amused him, and that was enough.
+The ten thousand pounds were rapidly melting
+when he invited me to a grand dinner at Richmond,
+which included a dozen of the most
+agreeable, good-looking, well-dressed dandies
+of London, interspersed with a display of pretty
+butterfly bonnets. We dined deliciously, and
+drank as men do of iced wines in the dog-days—looking
+down from Richmond Hill.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+One of the pink bonnets crowned Fitz-Roy
+with a wreath of flowers; he looked—less the
+intellect—as handsome as Alcibiades. Intensely
+excited and flushed, he rose with a champagne
+glass in his hand to propose my health.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The oratorical powers of his father had not
+descended on him. Jerking out sentences by
+spasms, at length he said, <span class="tei tei-q">“I was a beggar—I
+am a gentleman—thanks to this—”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Here he leaned on my shoulder heavily a
+moment, and then fell back. We raised him,
+loosened his neckcloth—
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Fainted!”</span> said the ladies.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Drunk!”</span> said the gentlemen.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+He was <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">dead!</span></em>
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc9" id="toc9"></a>
+<a name="pdf10" id="pdf10"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Singular Proceedings Of The
+Sand Wasp. (From Howitt's Country Year-Book.)</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In all my observations of the habits of living
+things, I have never seen any thing more curious
+than the doings of one species of these ammophilæ—lovers
+of sand. I have watched them day
+after day, and hour after hour, in my garden,
+and also on the sandy banks on the wastes
+about Esher, in Surrey, and always with unabated
+wonder. They are about an inch long,
+with orange-colored bodies, and black heads and
+wings. They are slender and most active.
+You see them on the warm borders of your garden,
+or on warm, dry banks, in summer, when
+the sun shines hotly. They are incessantly
+and most actively hunting about. They are in
+pursuit of a particular gray spider with a large
+abdomen. For these they pursue their chase
+with a fiery quickness and avidity. The spiders
+are on the watch to seize flies; but here we
+have the tables turned, and these are flies on
+the watch to discover and kill the spiders.
+These singular insects seem all velocity and
+fire. They come flying at a most rapid rate,
+light down on the dry soil, and commence an
+active search. The spiders lie under the leaves
+of plants, and in little dens under the dry little
+clods. Into all these places the sand-wasp pops
+his head. He bustles along here and there,
+flirting his wings, and his whole body all life
+and fire. And now he moves off to a distance,
+hunts about there, then back to his first place,
+beats the old ground carefully over, as a pointer
+beats a field. He searches carefully round every
+little knob of earth, and pops his head into every
+crevice. Ever and anon, he crouches close
+among the little clods as a tiger would crouch
+for his prey. He seems to be listening, or
+smelling down into the earth, as if to discover
+his prey by every sense which he possesses,
+He goes round every stalk, and descends into
+every hollow about them. When he finds the
+spider, he dispatches him in a moment, and
+seizing him by the centre of his chest, commences
+dragging him off backward.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+He conveys his prey to a place of safety.
+Frequently he carries it up some inches into a
+plant, and lodges it among the green leaves.
+Seeing him do this, I poked his spider down
+with a stick after he had left it; but he speedily
+returned, and finding it fallen down, he immediately
+carried it up again to the same place.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Having thus secured his spider, he selects a
+particular spot of earth, the most sunny and
+warm, and begins to dig a pit. He works with
+all his might, digging up the earth with his
+formidable mandibles, and throwing it out with
+his feet, as a dog throws out the earth when
+scratching after a rabbit. Every few seconds
+he ascends, tail first, out of his hole, clears
+away the earth about its mouth with his legs,
+and spreads it to a distance on the surface.
+When he has dug the hole, perhaps two inches
+deep, he comes forth eagerly, goes off for his
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page593">[pg 593]</span><a name="Pg593" id="Pg593" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+spider, drags it down from its lodgment, and
+brings it to the mouth of his hole. He now lets
+himself down the hole, tail first, and then, putting
+forth his head, takes the spider, and turns
+it into the most suitable position for dragging it
+in.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It must be observed that this hole is made
+carefully of only about the width of his body,
+and therefore the spider can not be got into it
+except lengthwise, and then by stout pulling.
+Well, he turns it lengthwise, and seizing it,
+commences dragging it in. At first, you would
+imagine this impossible; but the sand-wasp is
+strong, and the body of the spider is pliable.
+You soon see it disappear. Down into the cylindrical
+hole it goes, and anon you perceive the
+sand-wasp pushing up its black head beside it;
+and having made his way out he again sets to
+work, and pushes the spider with all his force
+to the bottom of the den.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+And what is all this for? Is the spider laid
+up in his larder for himself? No; it is food
+for his children? It is their birth-place, and
+their supply of provision while they are in the
+larva state.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+We have been all along calling this creature
+he, for it has a most masculine look; but it is in
+reality a she; it is the female sand-wasp, and
+all this preparation is for the purpose of laying
+her eggs. For this she has sought and killed
+the spider, and buried it here. She has done it
+all wittingly. She has chosen one particular
+spider, and that only, for that is the one peculiarly
+adapted to nourish her young.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+So here it is safely stored away in her den;
+and she now descends, tail first, and piercing
+the pulpy abdomen of the spider, she deposits
+her egg or eggs. That being done, she carefully
+begins filling in the hole with earth. She
+rakes it up with her legs and mandibles, and fills
+in the hole, every now and then turning round
+and going backward into the hole to stamp down
+the earth with her feet, and to ram it down
+with her body as a rammer. When the hole is
+filled, it is curious to observe with what care
+she levels the surface, and removes the surrounding
+lumps of earth, laying some first over
+the tomb of the spider, and others about, so as
+to make that place look as much as possible
+like the surface all round. And before she has
+done with it—and she works often for ten minutes
+at this leveling and disguising before she is
+perfectly satisfied—she makes the place so exactly
+like all the rest of the surface, that it will
+require good eyes and close observation to recognize
+it.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+She has now done her part, and Nature must
+do the rest. She has deposited her eggs in the
+body of the spider, and laid that body in the
+earth in the most sunny spot she can find. She
+has laid it so near the surface that the sun will
+act on it powerfully, yet deep enough to conceal
+it from view. She has, with great art and
+anxiety, destroyed all traces of the hole, and
+the effect will soon commence. The heat of
+the sun will hatch the egg. The larva, or
+young grub of the sand-wasp, will become
+alive, and begin to feed on the pulpy body of
+the spider in which it is enveloped. This food
+will suffice it till it is ready to emerge to daylight,
+and pass through the different stages of
+its existence. Like the ostrich, the sand-wasp
+thus leaves her egg in the sand till the sun
+hatches it, and having once buried it, most
+probably never knows herself where it is deposited.
+It is left to Nature and Providence
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc11" id="toc11"></a>
+<a name="pdf12" id="pdf12"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">What Horses Think Of Men.
+From The Raven In The Happy Family.
+(From Dickens's Household Words.)</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I suppose you thought I was dead? No such
+thing. Don't flatter yourselves that I haven't
+got my eye upon you. I am wide awake, and
+you give me plenty to look at.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I have begun my great work about you, I
+have been collecting materials from the Horse,
+to begin with. You are glad to hear it, ain't
+you? Very likely. Oh, he gives you a nice
+character! He makes you out a charming set
+of fellows.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+He informs me by-the-by, that he is a distant
+relation of the pony that was taken up in a balloon
+a few weeks ago; and that the pony's
+account of your going to see him at Vauxhall
+Gardens, is an amazing thing. The pony says
+that when he looked round on the assembled
+crowd, come to see the realization of the wood-cut
+in the bill, he found it impossible to discover
+which was the real Mister Green—there
+were so many Mister Greens—and they were
+all so very green!
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+But that's the way with you. You know it
+is. Don't tell me! You'd go to see any thing
+that other people went to see. And don't flatter
+yourselves that I am referring to <span class="tei tei-q">“the vulgar
+curiosity,”</span> as you choose to call it, when
+you mean some curiosity in which you don't
+participate yourselves. The polite curiosity in
+this country is as vulgar as any curiosity in the
+world.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Of course you'll tell me, no it isn't; but I
+say, yes it is. What have you got to say for
+yourselves about the Nepaulese princes, I should
+like to know? Why, there has been more
+crowding, and pressing, and pushing, and jostling,
+and struggling, and striving, in genteel
+houses this last season, on account of those Nepaulese
+princes, than would have taken place in
+vulgar Cremorne Gardens and Greenwich Park,
+at Easter time and Whitsuntide! And what
+for? Do you know any thing about 'em?
+Have you any idea why they came here? Can
+you put your finger on their country in the
+map? Have you ever asked yourselves a dozen
+common questions about its climate, natural
+history, government, productions, customs, religion,
+manners? Not you! Here are a couple
+of swarthy princes very much out of their
+element, walking about in wide muslin trowsers,
+and sprinkled all over with gems (like the clockwork
+figure on the old round platform in the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page594">[pg 594]</span><a name="Pg594" id="Pg594" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+street, grown-up), and they're fashionable outlandish
+monsters, and it's a new excitement for
+you to get a stare at 'em. As to asking 'em
+to dinner, and seeing 'em sit at table without
+eating in your company (unclean animals as
+you are!), you fall into raptures at that. Quite
+delicious, isn't it? Ugh, you dunder-headed
+boobies!
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I wonder what there is, new and strange,
+that you <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">wouldn't</span></em> lionize, as you call it. Can
+you suggest any thing! It's not a hippopotamus,
+I suppose. I hear from my brother-in-law
+in the Zoological Gardens, that you are
+always pelting away into the Regent's Park,
+by thousands, to see the hippopotamus. Oh,
+you're very fond of hippopotami, ain't you?
+You study one attentively, when you <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">do</span></em> see
+one, don't you? You come away so much
+wiser than when you went, reflecting so profoundly
+on the wonders of the creation—eh?
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Bah! You follow one another like wild
+geese; but you are not so good to eat!
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+These, however, are not the observations of
+my friend the Horse. <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">He</span></em> takes you, in another
+point of view. Would you like to read his contribution
+to my Natural History of you? No?
+You shall then.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+He is a cab-horse now. He wasn't always,
+but he is now, and his usual stand is close to
+our proprietor's usual stand. That's the way
+we have come into communication, we <span class="tei tei-q">“dumb
+animals.”</span> Ha, ha! Dumb, too! Oh, the conceit
+of you men, because you can bother the
+community out of their five wits, by making
+speeches!
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Well. I mentioned to this Horse that I
+should be glad to have his opinions and experiences
+of you. Here they are:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“At the request of my honorable friend the
+Raven, I proceed to offer a few remarks in
+reference to the animal called Man. I have
+had varied experience of this strange creature
+for fifteen years, and am now driven by a Man,
+in the hackney cabriolet, number twelve thousand
+four hundred and fifty-two.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The sense Man entertains of his own inferiority
+to the nobler animals—and I am now
+more particularly referring to the Horse—has
+impressed me forcibly, in the course of my
+career. If a man knows a horse well, he is
+prouder of it than of any knowledge of himself,
+within the range of his limited capacity. He
+regards it as the sum of all human acquisition.
+If he is learned in a horse, he has nothing else
+to learn. And the same remark applies, with
+some little abatement, to his acquaintance with
+dogs. I have seen a good deal of man in my time,
+but I think I have never met a man who didn't
+feel it necessary to his reputation to pretend, on
+occasion, that he knew something of horses and
+dogs, though he really knew nothing. As to
+making us a subject of conversation, my opinion
+is that we are more talked about than history,
+philosophy, literature, art, and science, all put
+together. I have encountered innumerable gentlemen
+in the country, who were totally incapable
+of interest in any thing but horses and dogs—except
+cattle. And I have always been given
+to understand that they were the flower of the
+civilized world.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“It is very doubtful to me, whether there is,
+upon the whole, any thing man is so ambitious
+to imitate as an ostler, jockey, a stage coachman,
+a horse-dealer, or dog-fancier. There
+may be some other character which I do not
+immediately remember, that fires him with emulation;
+but if there be, I am sure it is connected
+with horses or dogs, or both. This is
+an unconscious compliment, on the part of the
+tyrant, to the nobler animals, which I consider
+to be very remarkable. I have known lords
+and baronets, and members of parliament, out
+of number, who have deserted every other calling
+to become but indifferent stablemen or kennelmen,
+and be cheated on all hands, by the real
+aristocracy of those pursuits who were regularly
+born to the business.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“All this, I say, is a tribute to our superiority,
+which I consider to be very remarkable.
+Yet, still I can't quite understand it. Man can
+hardly devote himself to us, in admiration of
+our virtues, because he never imitates them.
+We horses are as honest, though I say it, as
+animals can be. If, under the pressure of circumstances,
+we submit to act at a circus, for
+instance, we always show that we are acting.
+We never deceive any body. We would scorn
+to do it. If we are called upon to do any thing
+in earnest, we do our best. If we are required
+to run a race falsely, and to lose when we could
+win, we are not to be relied upon to commit a
+fraud; man must come in at that point, and
+force us to it. And the extraordinary circumstance
+to me is, that man (whom I take to be a
+powerful species of monkey) is always making
+us nobler animals the instruments of his meanness
+and cupidity. The very name of our kind
+has become a byword for all sorts of trickery
+and cheating. We are as innocent as counters
+at a game—and yet this creature <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">will</span></span> play
+falsely with us!</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Man's opinion, good or bad, is not worth
+much, as any rational horse knows. But justice
+is justice; and what I complain of is, that mankind
+talks of us as if we had something to do
+with all this. They say that such a man was
+<span class="tei tei-q">‘ruined by horses.’</span> Ruined by horses! They
+can't be open, even in that, and say he was
+ruined by men; but they lay it at <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">our</span></em> stable-door!
+As if we ever ruined any body, or were
+ever doing any thing but being ruined ourselves,
+in our generous desire to fulfill the useful purposes
+of our existence!</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“In the same way, we get a bad name, as if
+we were profligate company. <span class="tei tei-q">‘So and so got
+among horses, and it was all up with him.’</span>
+Why, <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">we</span></em> would have reclaimed him—<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">we</span></em> would
+have made him temperate, industrious, punctual,
+steady, sensible—what harm would he
+ever have got from <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">us</span></em>, I should wish to ask?</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Upon the whole, speaking of him as I have
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page595">[pg 595]</span><a name="Pg595" id="Pg595" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+found him, I should describe man as an unmeaning
+and conceited creature, very seldom to
+be trusted, and not likely to make advances
+toward the honesty of the nobler animals. I
+should say that his power of warping the nobler
+animals to bad purposes, and damaging their
+reputation by his companionship, is, next to the
+art of growing oats, hay, carrots, and clover,
+one of his principal attributes. He is very unintelligible
+in his caprices; seldom expressing
+with distinctness what he wants of us; and relying
+greatly on our better judgment to find out.
+He is cruel, and fond of blood—particularly at
+a steeple-chase—and is very ungrateful.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“And yet, so far as I can understand, he
+worships us, too. He sets up images of us
+(not particularly like, but meant to be) in the
+streets and calls upon his fellows to admire
+them, and believe in them. As well as I can
+make out, it is not of the least importance what
+images of men are put astride upon these images
+of horses, for I don't find any famous personage
+among them—except one, and <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">his</span></em> image seems
+to have been contracted for by the gross. The
+jockeys who ride our statues are very queer
+jockeys, it appears to me, but it is something
+to find man even posthumously sensible of what
+he owes to us. I believe that when he has
+done any great wrong to any very distinguished
+horse, deceased, he gets up a subscription to
+have an awkward likeness of him made, and
+erects it in a public place, to be generally venerated.
+I can find no other reason for the
+statues of us that abound.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“It must be regarded as a part of the inconsistency
+of man, that he erects no statues to
+the donkeys—who, though far inferior animals
+to ourselves, have great claims upon him. I
+should think a donkey opposite the horse at
+Hyde Park, another in Trafalgar-square, and a
+group of donkeys, in brass, outside the Guild-hall
+of the city of London (for I believe the
+common-council chamber is inside that building)
+would be pleasant and appropriate memorials.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“I am not aware that I can suggest any
+thing more to my honorable friend the Raven,
+which will not already have occurred to his
+fine intellect. Like myself, he is the victim of
+brute force, and must bear it until the present
+state of things is changed—as it possibly may
+be in the good time which I understand is coming,
+if I wait a little longer.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-tb"><hr style="width: 50%" /></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+There! How do you like that? That's the
+Horse! You shall have another animal's
+sentiments, soon. I have communicated with
+plenty of 'em, and they are all down upon you.
+It's not I alone who have found you out. You
+are generally detected, I am happy to say, and
+shall be covered with confusion.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Talking about the horse, are you going to
+set up any more horses? Eh? Think a bit.
+Come! You haven't got horses enough yet,
+surely? Couldn't you put somebody else on
+horseback, and stick him up, at the cost of a
+few thousands? You have already statues to
+most of the <span class="tei tei-q">“benefactors of mankind”</span> (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">see
+Advertisement</span></span>) in your principal cities. You
+walk through groves of great inventors, instructors,
+discoverers, assuagers of pain, preventers
+of disease, suggesters of purifying
+thoughts, doers of noble deeds. Finish the list.
+Come!
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Whom will you hoist into the saddle? Let's
+have a cardinal virtue! Shall it be Faith?
+Hope? Charity? Ay, Charity's the virtue to
+ride on horseback! Let's have Charity!
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+How shall we represent it? Eh? What
+do you think? Royal? Certainly. Duke?
+Of course. Charity always was typified in that
+way, from the time of a certain widow downward.
+And there's nothing less left to put up;
+all the commoners who were <span class="tei tei-q">“benefactors of
+mankind”</span> having had their statues in the public
+places, long ago.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+How shall we dress it? Rags? Low. Drapery?
+Commonplace. Field-Marshal's uniform?
+The very thing! Charity in a Field-Marshal's
+uniform (none the worse for wear)
+with thirty thousand pounds a year, public
+money, in its pocket, and fifteen thousand more,
+public money, up behind, will be a piece of plain,
+uncompromising truth in the highways, and an
+honor to the country and the time.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Ha, ha, ha! You can't leave the memory of
+an unassuming, honest, good-natured, amiable
+old duke alone, without bespattering it with
+your flunkeyism, can't you? That's right—and
+like you! Here are three brass buttons in
+my crop. I'll subscribe 'em all. One, to the
+statue of Charity; one, to a statue of Hope;
+one, to a statue of Faith. For Faith, we'll
+have the Nepaulese Embassador on horseback—being
+a prince. And for Hope, we'll put the
+Hippopotamus on horseback, and so make a
+group.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Let's have a meeting about it!
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc13" id="toc13"></a>
+<a name="pdf14" id="pdf14"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">The Quakers During The American
+War. (From Howitt's Country Year-Book.)</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+George Dilwyn was an American, a
+remarkable preacher among the Quakers.
+About fifty years ago he came over to this
+country, on what we have already said is termed
+a <span class="tei tei-q">“Religious Visit,”</span> and being in Cornwall, when
+I was there, and at George Fox's, in Falmouth—our
+aged relative still narrates—soon became
+an object of great attraction, not only from his
+powerful preaching, but from his extraordinary
+gift in conversation, which he made singularly
+interesting from the introduction of curious passages
+in his own life and experience.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+His company was so much sought after, that
+a general invitation was given, by his hospitable
+and wealthy entertainer, to all the Friends of
+the town and neighborhood to come, and hear,
+and see him; and evening by evening, their
+rooms were crowded by visitors, who sat on
+seats, side by side, as in a public lecture-room.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Among other things, he related, that during
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page596">[pg 596]</span><a name="Pg596" id="Pg596" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+the time of the revolutionary war, one of the
+armies passing through a district in which a
+great number of Friends resided, food was demanded
+from the inhabitants, which was given
+to them. The following day the adverse army
+came up in pursuit, and stripped them of every
+kind of provision that remained; and so great
+was the strait to which they were reduced, that
+absolute famine was before them. Their sufferings
+were extreme, as day after day went
+on, and no prospect of relief was afforded them.
+Death seemed to stare them in the face, and
+many a one was ready to despair. The forests
+around them were in possession of the soldiers,
+and the game, which otherwise might have
+yielded them subsistence, was killed or driven
+away.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+After several days of great distress, they retired
+at night, still without hope or prospect of
+succor. How great, then, was their surprise
+and cause of thankfulness when, on the following
+morning, immense herds of wild deer were
+seen standing around their inclosures, as if driven
+there for their benefit! From whence they
+came none could tell, nor the cause of their
+coming, but they suffered themselves to be taken
+without resistance; and thus the whole people
+were saved, and had great store of provisions
+laid up for many weeks.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Again, a similar circumstance occurred near
+the sea-shore, when the flying and pursuing
+armies had stripped the inhabitants, and when,
+apparently to add to their distress, the wind set
+in with such unusual violence, and the sea drove
+the tide so far inland, that the people near the
+shore were obliged to abandon their houses, and
+those in the town retreat to their upper rooms.
+This also being during the night, greatly added
+to their distress; and, like the others, they were
+ready to despair. Next morning, however, they
+found that God had not been unmindful of them;
+for the tide had brought up with it a most extraordinary
+shoal of mackerel, so that every place
+was filled with them, where they remained ready
+taken, without net or skill of man—a bountiful
+provision for the wants of the people, till other
+relief could be obtained.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Another incident he related, which occurred
+in one of the back settlements, when the Indians
+had been employed to burn the dwellings of the
+settlers, and cruelly to murder the people. One
+of these solitary habitations was in the possession
+of a Friend's family. They lived in such secure
+simplicity, that they had hitherto had no apprehension
+of danger, and used neither bar nor bolt
+to their door, having no other means of securing
+their dwelling from intrusion than by drawing
+in the leathern thong by which the wooden
+latch inside was lifted from without.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Indians had committed frightful ravages
+all around, burning and murdering without mercy.
+Every evening brought forth tidings of horror,
+and every night the unhappy settlers surrounded
+themselves with such defenses as they could
+muster—even then, for dread, scarcely being
+able to sleep. The Friend and his family, who
+had hitherto put no trust in the arm of flesh,
+but had left all in the keeping of God, believing
+that man often ran in his own strength to his
+own injury, had used so little precaution, that
+they slept without even withdrawing the string,
+and were as yet uninjured. Alarmed, however,
+at length, by the fears of others, and by the
+dreadful rumors that surrounded them, they
+yielded to their fears on one particular night,
+and, before retiring to rest, drew in the string,
+and thus secured themselves as well as they
+were able.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In the dead of the night, the Friend, who had
+not been able to sleep, asked his wife if she
+slept; and she replied that she could not, for
+her mind was uneasy. Upon this, he confessed
+that the same was his case, and that he believed
+it would be the safest for him to rise and put
+out the string of the latch as usual. On her
+approving of this, it was done, and the two lay
+down again, commending themselves to the
+keeping of God.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This had not occurred above ten minutes,
+when the dismal sound of the war-whoop echoed
+through the forest, filling every heart with dread,
+and almost immediately afterward, they counted
+the footsteps of seven men pass the window of
+their chamber, which was on the ground-floor,
+and the next moment the door-string was pulled,
+the latch lifted, and the door opened. A debate
+of a few minutes took place, the purport of
+which, as it was spoken in the Indian language,
+was unintelligible to the inhabitants; but that
+it was favorable to them was proved by the door
+being again closed, and the Indians retiring
+without having crossed the threshold.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The next morning they saw the smoke rising
+from burning habitations all around them; parents
+were weeping for their children who were carried
+off, and children lamenting over their parents
+who had been cruelly slain.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Some years afterward, when peace was
+restored, and the colonists had occasion to hold
+conferences with the Indians, this Friend was
+appointed as one for that purpose, and speaking
+in favor of the Indians, he related the above
+incident; in reply to which, an Indian observed,
+that, by the simple circumstance of putting out
+the latch-string, which proved confidence rather
+than fear, their lives and their property had
+been saved; for that he himself was one of that
+marauding party, and that, on finding the door
+open, it was said—<span class="tei tei-q">“These people shall live;
+they will do us no harm, for they put their trust
+in the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Great Spirit</span></span>.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+During the whole American revolution,
+indeed, the Indians, though incited by the
+whites to kill and scalp the enemy, never
+molested the Friends, as the people of Father
+Onas, or William Penn, and as the avowed
+opponents of all violence. Through the whole
+war, there were but two instances to the contrary,
+and they were occasioned by the two
+Friends themselves. The one was a young
+man, a tanner, who went to his tan-yard and
+back daily unmolested, while devastation spread
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page597">[pg 597]</span><a name="Pg597" id="Pg597" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+on all sides; but at length, thoughtlessly carrying
+a gun to shoot some birds, the Indians, in
+ambush, believed that he had deserted his principles,
+and shot him. The other was a woman,
+who, when the dwellings of her neighbors were
+nightly fired, and the people themselves murdered,
+was importuned by the officers of a
+neighboring fort to take refuge there till the
+danger was over. For some time she refused,
+and remained unharmed amid general destruction;
+but, at length, letting in fear, she went
+for one night to the fort, but was so uneasy,
+that the next morning she quitted it to return
+to her home. The Indians, however, believed
+that she too had abandoned her principles, and
+joined the fighting part of the community, and
+before she reached home she was shot by them.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc15" id="toc15"></a>
+<a name="pdf16" id="pdf16"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">A Shilling's Worth Of Science.
+(From Dickens's Household Words.)</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Dr. Paris has already shown, in a charming
+little book treating scientifically of children's
+toys, how easy even <span class="tei tei-q">“philosophy in sport can
+be made science in earnest.”</span> An earlier genius
+cut out the whole alphabet into the figures of
+uncouth animals, and inclosed them in a toy-box
+representing Noah's Ark, for the purpose
+of teaching children their letters. Europe,
+Asia, Africa, and America, have been decimated;
+<span class="tei tei-q">“yea, the great globe itself,”</span> has been
+parceled into little wooden sections, that their
+readjustment into a continuous map might teach
+the infant conqueror of the world the relative
+positions of distant countries. Archimedes
+might have discovered the principle of the lever
+and the fundamental principles of gravity upon
+a rocking-horse. In like manner he might have
+ascertained the laws of hydrostatics, by observing
+the impetus of many natural and artificial
+fountains, which must occasionally have come
+beneath his eye. So also the principles of
+acoustics might even now be taught by the aid
+of a penny whistle, and there is no knowing
+how much children's nursery games may yet be
+rendered subservient to the advancement of
+science. The famous Dr. Cornelius Scriblerus
+had excellent notions on these subjects. He
+determined that his son Martinus should be the
+most learned and universally well-informed man
+of his age, and had recourse to all sorts of devices
+in order to inspire him even unthinkingly
+with knowledge. He determined that every
+thing should contribute to the improvement of
+his mind—even his very dress. He therefore,
+his biographer informs us, invented for him a
+geographical suit of clothes, which might give
+him some hints of that science, and also of the
+commerce of different nations. His son's disposition
+to mathematics—for he was a remarkable
+child—was discovered very early by his
+drawing parallel lines on his bread and butter,
+and intersecting them at equal angles, so as to
+form the whole superficies into squares. His
+father also wisely resolved that he should acquire
+the learned languages, especially Greek—and
+remarking, curiously enough, that young
+Martinus Scriblerus was remarkably fond of
+gingerbread, the happy idea came into his
+parental head that his pieces of gingerbread
+should be stamped with the letters of the Greek
+alphabet; and such was the child's avidity for
+knowledge, that the very first day he eat down
+to <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">iota</span></em>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+When Sir Isaac Newton changed his residence
+and went to live in Leicester-place, his
+next door neighbor was a widow lady, who was
+much puzzled by the little she observed of the
+habits of the philosopher. One of the Fellows
+of the Royal Society called upon her one day,
+when, among other domestic news, she mentioned
+that some one had come to reside in the
+adjoining house, who she felt certain was a
+poor mad gentleman. <span class="tei tei-q">“And why so?”</span> asked
+her friend. <span class="tei tei-q">“Because,”</span> said she, <span class="tei tei-q">“he diverts
+himself in the oddest way imaginable. Every
+morning when the sun shines so brightly that
+we are obliged to draw down the window-blinds,
+he takes his seat on a little stool before a tub of
+soap-suds, and occupies himself for hours blowing
+soap-bubbles through a common clay-pipe,
+which he intently watches floating about until
+they burst. He is doubtless,”</span> she added, <span class="tei tei-q">“now
+at his favorite diversion, for it is a fine day; do
+come and look at him.”</span> The gentleman smiled;
+and they went up-stairs, when after looking
+through the stair-case window into the adjoining
+court-yard, he turned round and said, <span class="tei tei-q">“My
+dear lady, the person whom you suppose to be
+a poor lunatic, is no other than the great Sir
+Isaac Newton studying the refraction of light
+upon thin plates, a phenomenon which is beautifully
+exhibited upon the surface of a common
+soap-bubble.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The principle, illustrated by the examples we
+have given, has been efficiently followed by the
+Directors of the Royal Polytechnic Institution
+in Regent-street, London. Even the simplest
+models and objects they exhibit in their extensive
+halls and galleries, expound—like Sir Isaac
+Newton's soap-bubble—some important principle
+of Science or Art.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+On entering the Hall of Manufactures (as we
+did the other day) it was impossible not to be
+impressed with the conviction that we are in an
+utilitarian age in which the science of Mechanics
+advances with marvelous rapidity. Here we
+observed steam-engines, hand-looms, and machines
+in active operation, surrounding us with
+that peculiar din which makes the air
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Murmur, as with the sound of summer-flies.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Passing into the <span class="tei tei-q">“Gallery in the Great Hall,”</span>
+we did not fail to derive a momentary amusement,
+from observing the very different objects
+which seemed most to excite the attention, and
+interest of the different sight-seers. Here, stood
+obviously a country farmer examining the model
+of a steam-plow; there, a Manchester or Birmingham
+manufacturer looking into a curious
+and complicated weaving machine; here, we
+noticed a group of ladies admiring specimens of
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page598">[pg 598]</span><a name="Pg598" id="Pg598" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+elaborate carving in ivory, and personal ornaments
+esteemed highly fashionable at the antipodes;
+and there, the smiling faces of youth
+watching with eager eyes the little boats and
+steamers paddling along the Water Reservoir
+in the central counter. But we had scarcely
+looked around us, when a bell rang to announce
+a lecture on Voltaic Electricity by Dr. Bachhoffner;
+and moving with a stream of people
+up a short stair-case, we soon found ourselves
+in a very commodious and well-arranged theatre.
+There are many universities and public
+institutions that have not better lecture rooms
+than this theatre in the Royal Polytechnic Institution.
+The lecture was elementary and exceedingly
+instructive, pointing out and showing
+by experiments, the identity between Magnetism
+and Electricity—light and heat; but notwithstanding
+the extreme perspicuity of the Professor,
+it was our fate to sit next two old ladies
+who seemed to be very incredulous about the
+whole business.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“If heat and light are the same thing,”</span>
+asked one, <span class="tei tei-q">“why don't a flame come out at the
+spout of a boiling tea-kettle?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The steam,”</span> answered the other, <span class="tei tei-q">“may
+account for that.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Hush!”</span> cried somebody behind them; and
+the ladies were silent: but it was plain they
+thought Voltaic Electricity had something to do
+with conjuring, and that the lecturer might be
+a professor of Magic. The lecture over, we
+returned to the Gallery, where we found the
+Diving Bell just about to be put in operation.
+It is made of cast iron, and weighs three tons;
+the interior being provided with seats, and
+lighted by openings in the crown, upon which a
+plate of thick glass is secured. The weighty
+instrument suspended by a massive chain to a
+large swing crane, was soon in motion, when
+we observed our skeptical lady-friends join a
+party and enter, in order, we presume, to make
+themselves more sure of the truth of the diving-bell
+than they could do of the identity between
+light and heat. The bell was soon swung round
+and lowered into a tank, which holds nearly ten
+thousand gallons of water; but we confess our
+fears for the safety of its inmates were greatly
+appeased, when we learned that the whole of
+this reservoir of water could be emptied in less
+than one minute. Slowly and steadily was the
+bell drawn up again, and we had the satisfaction
+of seeing the enterprising ladies and their companions
+alight on <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">terra firma</span></span>, nothing injured
+excepting that they were greatly flushed in the
+face. A man, clad in a water-tight dress and
+surmounted with a diving-helmet, next performed
+a variety of sub-aqueous feats, much to the
+amusement and astonishment of the younger
+part of the audience, one of whom shouted as
+he came up above the surface of the water,
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Oh! ma'a! Don't he look like an Ogre!”</span>
+and certainly the shining brass helmet and staring
+large plate-glass eyes fairly warranted such
+a suggestion. The principles of the diving-bell
+and of the diving-helmet are too well known to
+require explanation: but the practical utility of
+these machines is daily proved. Even while
+we now write, it has been ascertained that the
+foundations of Blackfriars Bridge are giving
+way. The bed of the river, owing to the constant
+ebb and flow of its waters, has sunk some
+six or seven feet below its level since the bridge
+was built, thus undermining its foundation; and
+this effect, it is presumed, has been greatly
+augmented by the removal of the old London
+Bridge, the works surrounding which operated
+as a dam in checking the force of the current.
+These machines, also, are constantly used in
+repairing the bottom of docks, landing-piers,
+and in the construction of breakwater works,
+such as those which are at present being raised
+at Dover Harbor.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Among other remarkable objects in the museum
+of natural history we recognized, swimming
+upon his shingly bed under a glass case,
+our old friend the Gymnotus Electricus, or
+Electrical Eel. Truly, he is a marvelous fish.
+The power which animals of every description
+possess in adapting themselves to external and
+adventitious circumstances, is here marvelously
+illustrated, for, notwithstanding this creature is
+surrounded by the greatest possible amount of
+artificial circumstances, inasmuch as instead of
+sporting in his own pellucid and sparkling
+waters of the river Amazon, he is here confined
+in a glass prison, in water artificially heated;
+instead of his natural food, he is here supplied
+with fish not indigenous to his native country,
+and denied access to fresh air, with sunlight
+sparkling upon the surface of the waves—he is
+here surrounded by an impure and obscure atmosphere,
+with crowds of people constantly
+moving to and fro and gazing upon him; yet,
+notwithstanding all these disadvantageous circumstances,
+he has continued to thrive; nay,
+since we saw him ten years ago, he has increased
+in size and is apparently very healthy,
+notwithstanding that he is obviously quite blind.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This specimen of the Gymnotus Electricus
+was caught in the river Amazon, and was
+brought over to this country by Mr. Potter,
+where it arrived on the 12th of August, 1838,
+when he displayed it to the proprietors of the
+Adelaide Gallery. In the first instance, there
+was some difficulty in keeping him alive, for,
+whether from sickness, or sulkiness, he refused
+food of every description, and is said to have
+eaten nothing from the day he was taken, in
+March, 1838, to the 19th of the following October.
+He was confided upon his arrival to the
+care of Mr. Bradley, who placed him in an
+apartment the temperature of which could be
+maintained at about seventy-five degrees Fahrenheit,
+and acting upon the suggestions of
+Baron Humboldt, he endeavored to feed him
+with bits of boiled meat, worms, frogs, fish, and
+bread, which were all tried in succession. But
+the animal would not touch these. The plan
+adopted by the London fishmongers for fattening
+the common eel was then had recourse to; a
+quantity of bullock's blood was put into the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page599">[pg 599]</span><a name="Pg599" id="Pg599" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+water, care being taken that it should be changed
+daily, and this was attended with some beneficial
+effects, as the animal gradually improved in
+health. In the month of October it occurred
+to Mr. Bradley to tempt him with some small
+fish, and the first gudgeon thrown into the
+water he darted at and swallowed with avidity.
+From that period the same diet has been continued,
+and he is now fed three times a day,
+and upon each occasion is given two or three
+carp, or perch, or gudgeon, each weighing from
+two to three ounces. In watching his movements
+we observed, that in swimming about he
+seems to delight in rubbing himself against the
+gravel which forms the bed above which he
+floats, and the water immediately becomes
+clouded with the mucus from which he thus
+relieves the surface of his body.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+When this species of fish was first discovered,
+marvelous accounts respecting them were transmitted
+to the Royal Society: it was even said
+that in the river Surinam, in the western province
+of Guiana, some existed twenty feet long.
+The present specimen is forty inches in length;
+and measures eighteen inches round the body;
+and his physiognomy justifies the description
+given by one of the early narrators, who remarked,
+that the Gymnotus <span class="tei tei-q">“resembles one of
+our common eels, except that its head is flat,
+and its mouth wide, like that of a cat-fish, without
+teeth.”</span> It is certainly ugly enough. On
+its first arrival in England, the proprietors offered
+Professor Faraday (to whom this country
+may possibly discover, within the next five
+hundred years, that it owes something) the
+privilege of experimenting upon him for scientific
+purposes, and the result of a great number
+of experiments, ingeniously devised, and executed
+with great nicety, clearly proved the
+identity between the electricity of the fish and
+the common electricity. The shock, the circuit,
+the spark, were distinctly obtained: the
+galvanometer was sensibly affected; chemical
+decompositions were obtained; an annealed
+steel needle became magnetic, and the direction
+of its polarity indicated a current from the anterior
+to the posterior parts of the fish, through
+the conductors used. The force with which
+the electric discharge is made is also very considerable,
+for this philosopher tells us we may
+conclude that a single medium discharge of the
+fish is at least equal to the electricity of a
+Leyden Battery of fifteen jars, containing three
+thousand five hundred square inches of glass,
+coated upon both sides, charged to its highest
+degree. But great as is the force of a single
+discharge, the Gymnotus will sometimes give a
+double, and even a triple shock, with scarcely
+any interval. Nor is this all. The instinctive
+action it has recourse to in order to augment
+the force of the shock, is very remarkable.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The professor one day dropped a live fish,
+five inches long, into the tub; upon which the
+Gymnotus turned round in such a manner as to
+form a coil inclosing the fish, the latter representing
+a diameter across it, and the fish
+was struck motionless, as if lightning had
+passed through the water. The Gymnotus then
+made a turn to look for his prey, which having
+found, he bolted it, and then went about seeking
+for more. A second smaller fish was then
+given him, which being hurt, showed little signs
+of life; and this he swallowed apparently without
+<span class="tei tei-q">“shocking it.”</span> We are informed by Dr.
+Williamson, in a paper he communicated some
+years ago to the Royal Society, that a fish already
+struck motionless gave signs of returning
+animation, which the Gymnotus observing, he
+instantly discharged another shock, which killed
+it. Another curious circumstance was observed
+by Professor Faraday—the Gymnotus appeared
+conscious of the difference of giving a shock to
+an animate and an inanimate body, and would
+not be provoked to discharge its powers upon
+the latter. When tormented by a glass rod,
+the creature in the first instance threw out a
+shock, but as if he perceived his mistake, he
+could not be stimulated afterward to repeat it,
+although the moment the professor touched him
+with his hands, he discharged shock after shock.
+He refused, in like manner, to gratify the curiosity
+of the philosophers, when they touched
+him with metallic conductors, which he permitted
+them to do with indifference. It is
+worthy of observation, that this is the only specimen
+of the Gymnotus Electricus ever brought
+over alive into this country. The great secret
+of preserving his life would appear to consist in
+keeping the water at an even temperature—summer
+and winter—of seventy-five degrees of
+Fahrenheit. After having been subjected to a
+great variety of experiments, the creature is
+now permitted to enjoy the remainder of its days
+in honorable peace, and the only occasion upon
+which he is now disturbed, is when it is found
+necessary to take him out of his shallow reservoir
+to have it cleaned, when he discharges
+angrily enough shock after shock, which the
+attendants describe to be very smart, even
+though he be held in several thick and well
+wetted cloths, for they do not at all relish the
+job.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Gymnotus Electricus is not the only
+animal endowed with this very singular power;
+there are other fish, especially the Torpedo and
+Silurus, which are equally remarkable, and
+equally well known. The peculiar structure
+which enters into the formation of their electrical
+organs, was first examined by the eminent
+anatomist John Hunter, in the Torpedo; and,
+very recently, Rudolphi has described their
+structure with great exactness in the Gymnotus
+Electricus.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Without entering into minute details, the
+peculiarity of the organic apparatus of the
+Electrical Eel seems to consist in this, that
+it is composed of numerous <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">laminæ</span></span> or thin
+tendinous partitions, between which exists an
+infinite number of small cells filled with a thickish
+gelatinous fluid. These strata and cells are
+supplied with nerves of unusual size, and the
+intensity of the electrical power is presumed to
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page600">[pg 600]</span><a name="Pg600" id="Pg600" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+depend on the amount of nervous energy accumulated
+in these cells, whence it can be
+voluntarily discharged, just as a muscle may be
+voluntarily contracted. Furthermore, there are,
+it would appear, good reasons to believe that
+nervous power (in whatever it may consist) and
+electricity are identical. The progress of science
+has already shown the identity between heat,
+electricity, and magnetism; that heat may be
+concentrated into electricity, and this electricity
+reconverted into heat; that electric force may
+be converted into magnetic force, and Professor
+Faraday himself discovered how, by reacting
+back again, the magnetic force can be reconverted
+into the electric force, and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">vice versâ</span></span>;
+and should the identity between electricity and
+nervous power be as clearly established, one of
+the most important and interesting problems in
+physiology will be solved.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Every new discovery in science, and all improvements
+in industrial art, the principles of
+which are capable of being rendered in the
+least degree interesting, are in this Exhibition
+forthwith popularized, and become, as it were,
+public property. Every individual of the great
+public can at the very small cost of one shilling,
+claim his or her share in the property thus attractively
+collected, and a small amount of previous
+knowledge or natural intelligence will put
+the visitor in actual possession of treasures which
+previously <span class="tei tei-q">“he wot not of,”</span> in so amusing a
+manner that they will be beguiled rather than
+bored into his mind.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc17" id="toc17"></a>
+<a name="pdf18" id="pdf18"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">A Tuscan Vintage.</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+All Tuscany had been busy with the vintage.
+The vintage! Is there a word more rich
+to the untraveled Englishman in picturesque
+significance and poetical associations? All that
+the bright south has of glowing coloring, harmonious
+forms, teeming abundance, and Saturnian
+facility, mixed up in the imagination with
+certain vague visions of bright black eyes and
+bewitching ankles—all this, and more, goes to
+the making up of the Englishman's notion of the
+vintage. Alas! that it should be needful to
+dissipate such charming illusions. And yet it
+is well to warn those who cherish these <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">couleur-de-rose</span></span>
+imaginings, and who would fain shun a
+disagreeable <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">désenchantement</span></span>, that they will do
+wisely in continuing to receive their impressions
+of Italian ruralities from the presentations of our
+theatres, and the description of Mrs. Radcliffe.
+To those inquirers, however, of sterner mould,
+who would find truth, be it ever so disagreeable
+when found, it must be told that a Devonshire
+harvesting is twice as pretty, and a Kentish
+hop-picking thrice as pretty a scene as any
+<span class="tei tei-q">“vindemia”</span> that the vineyards of Italy can show.
+The vine, indeed, as grown in Italy—especially
+when the fruit is ripe, and the leaves begin to
+be tinted with crimson and yellow—is an exceedingly
+pretty object, rich in coloring, and
+elegant in its forms. Nothing but the most
+obsolete and backward agriculture, however,
+preserves these beauties. If good wine and not
+pretty crops be the object in view, the vine
+should be grown as in France—a low dwarf
+plant closely pruned, and raised only two or
+three feet from the ground; and than such a
+vineyard nothing can be more ugly. Classic
+Italy, however, still cultivates her vines as she
+did when the Georgics were written; <span class="tei tei-q">“marries”</span>
+them most becomingly and picturesquely
+to elms or mulberries, &amp;c, and makes of them
+lovely festoons and very acrid wine. Again, it
+must be admitted that a yoke of huge dove-colored
+oxen, with their heavy unwieldy tumbril,
+is a more picturesque object than an English
+wagon and a team of horses. Occasionally, too,
+may be seen bearing not ungracefully a blushing
+burden of huge bunches, a figure, male or female,
+who might have sat for a model to Leopold
+Robert. But despite all this, the process of
+gathering the vintage is any thing but a pleasing
+sight. In one of the heavy tumbrils I have mentioned,
+are placed some twelve or fifteen large
+pails, some three feet deep, and a foot or so in
+diameter. Into these are thrown pell-mell the
+bunches of fruit, ripe and unripe, clean and dirty,
+stalks and all, white and red indiscriminately.
+The cart thus laden, the fifteen pails of unsightly,
+dirty-looking slush, are driven to the <span class="tei tei-q">“fattoria,”</span>
+there to be emptied into vats, which appear,
+both to nose and eye, never to have been cleansed
+since they were made. In performing this operation
+much is of course spilt over the men employed,
+over the cart, over the ground; and
+nothing can look less agreeable than the effect
+thus produced. Sometimes one large tub occupies
+the whole tumbril, the contents of which,
+on reaching the <span class="tei tei-q">“fattoria,”</span> have to be ladled
+out with buckets. Often the contents of the
+vat, trodden in one place—a most unsightly
+process—have to be transported in huge barrels,
+like water-carts, to another place to undergo
+fermentation. And then the thick muddy stream,
+laden with filth and impurities of all sorts, which
+is seen when these barrels discharge their cargo,
+is as little calculated to give one a pleasing idea
+of the <span class="tei tei-q">“ruby wine”</span> which is to be the result of
+all this filthy squash, as can well be imagined.
+Add to this an exceedingly unpleasant smell in
+and about all the buildings in which any part
+of the wine-making process takes place, and the
+constant recurrence of rotting heaps of the refuse
+matter of the pressed grape under every wall
+and hedge in the neighborhood of each <span class="tei tei-q">“fattoria”</span>—and
+the notions connected with the so be-poetized
+vintage, will be easily understood to be none
+of the pleasantest in the minds of those acquainted
+with its sights and smells.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Trollope's Impressions
+of a Wanderer.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page601">[pg 601]</span><a name="Pg601" id="Pg601" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc19" id="toc19"></a>
+<a name="pdf20" id="pdf20"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">How To Make Home Unhealthy.
+By Harriet Martineau.</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Emperor Yao (very many years B.C.)
+established a certain custom, which was
+followed, we are told, by his successors on the
+throne of China. The custom was this. Outside
+the hall-door of his palace, he suspended a
+tablet and a gong; and if one among his subjects
+felt himself able to suggest a good idea to his
+ruler, or wished to admonish him of any error
+in his ways, the critic paid a visit to the palace,
+wrote what he had to say upon the tablet, battered
+at the gong, and ran away. The Emperor
+came out; and then, unless it happened that
+some scapegrace of a schoolboy had annoyed
+him by superadding a fly-away knock to a contemptuous
+hieroglyphic, he gravely profited by
+any hint the tablets might convey. Not unlike
+honest, patriarchal Yao is our British Public. It
+is summoned out to read inscriptions at its door,
+left there by all who have advice to give or
+faults to deprecate. The successors of Yao,
+finding upon their score so many conflicting
+tales, soon substituted for the gong five instruments
+of music. It was required, then, that
+the monitor should distinguish, by the instrument
+upon which he performed his summons, what
+particular department of imperial duties it might
+be to which he desired to call attention. Now
+not five but fifty voices summon <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">our</span></em> royal public.
+One man courts attention with a dulcet strain,
+one brays, one harps upon a string, another
+drums. And among those who have of late been
+busiest in pointing errors out, and drumming at
+the public's door to have them rectified, are they
+who profess concern about the Public Health.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+For the writer who now proposes to address
+to you, O excellent Public, through these pages,
+a Series of Practical Hints as to How to make
+Home Unhealthy, we would not have you
+think that he means to be in any respect so
+troublesome as those Sanitary Instructors. The
+lion on your knocker gives him confidence; he
+will leave no disconcerting messages; he will
+seek to come into your parlor as a friend. A
+friend he is; for, with a polite sincerity, he will
+maintain in all his arguments that what you do
+is what ought always to be done. He knows
+well that you are not foolish, and perceives,
+therefore, what end you have in view. He sees
+that you are impressed deeply with a conviction
+of the vanity of life; that you desire, accordingly,
+to prove your wisdom by exhibiting contempt
+for that which philosopher after philosopher forbids
+a thoughtful man to cherish. You would
+be proud to have Unhealthy Homes. Lusty
+carcases, they are for coarse folk and for the
+heathen; civilization forbids us to promote animal
+development. How can a man look spiritual,
+if he be not sickly? How can a woman—Is
+not Paris the mode? Go, weigh an elegant
+Parisienne against a peasant girl from Normandy.
+It is here proposed, therefore, to honor
+your discretion by demonstrating publicly how
+right you are. Some of the many methods by
+which one may succeed in making Home Unhealthy
+will be here detailed to you, in order
+that, as we go on, you may congratulate yourself
+on feeling how extremely clever you already
+are in your arrangements. Here is a plain purpose.
+If any citizen, listening to such lessons,
+think himself wise, and yet is one who, like good
+M. Jourdain in the comedy, <span lang="fr" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="fr"><span style="font-style: italic">n'applaudit qu'à
+contresens</span></span>—to such a citizen it is enough to say.
+May much good come of his perversity!
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">I. Hints To Hang Up In The Nursery.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In laying a foundation of ill health, it is a
+great point to be able to begin at the beginning.
+You have the future man at excellent advantage
+when he is between your fingers as a baby.
+One of Hoffman's heroines, a clever housewife,
+discarded and abhorred her lover from the moment
+of his cutting a yeast dumpling. There
+are some little enormities of that kind which
+really can not be forgiven, and one such is, to
+miss the opportunity of physicking a baby. Now
+I will tell you how to treat the future pale-face
+at his first entrance into life.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A little while before the birth of any child,
+have a little something ready in a spoon; and,
+after birth, be ready at the first opportunity, to
+thrust this down his throat. Let his first gift
+from his fellow-creatures be a dose of physic—honey
+and calomel, or something of that kind:
+but you had better ask the nurse for a prescription.
+Have ready also, before birth, an abundant
+stock of pins; for it is a great point, in
+putting the first dress upon the little naked body,
+to contrive that it shall contain as many pins as
+possible. The prick of a sly pin is excellent
+for making children cry; and since it may lead
+nurses, mothers, now and then even doctors, to
+administer physic for the cure of imaginary gripings
+in the bowels, it may be twice blessed.
+Sanitary enthusiasts are apt to say that strings,
+not pins, are the right fastening for infants'
+clothes. Be not misled. Is not the pincushion
+an ancient institution? What is to say, <span class="tei tei-q">“Welcome,
+little stranger,”</span> if pins cease to do so?
+Resist this innovation. It is the small end of
+the wedge. The next thing that a child would
+do, if let alone, would be to sleep. I would not
+suffer that. The poor thing must want feeding;
+therefore waken it and make it eat a sop, for
+that will be a pleasant joke at the expense of
+nature. It will be like wakening a gentleman
+after midnight to put into his mouth some pickled
+herring; only the baby can not thank you for
+your kindness as the gentleman might do.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This is a golden rule concerning babies: to
+procure sickly growth, let the child always suckle.
+Attempt no regularity in nursing. It is true
+that if an infant be fed at the breast every four
+hours, it will fall into the habit of desiring food
+only so often, and will sleep very tranquilly
+during the interval. This may save trouble,
+but it is a device for rearing healthy children:
+we discard it. Our infants shall be nursed in
+no new-fangled way. As for the child's crying,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page602">[pg 602]</span><a name="Pg602" id="Pg602" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+quiet costs eighteen-pence a bottle; so that argument
+is very soon disposed of.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Never be without a flask of Godfrey's Cordial,
+or Daffy, in the nursery; but the fact is, that
+you ought to keep a medicine-chest. A good
+deal of curious information may be obtained by
+watching the effects of various medicines upon
+your children.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Never be guided by the child's teeth in weaning
+it. Wean it before the first teeth are cut,
+or after they have learned to bite. Wean all at
+once, with bitter aloes or some similar devices;
+and change the diet suddenly. It is a foolish
+thing to ask a medical attendant how to regulate
+the food of children; he is sure to be over-run
+with bookish prejudices; but nurses are
+practical women, who understand thoroughly
+matters of this kind.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Do not use a cot for infants, or presume beyond
+the time-honored institution of the cradle.
+Active rocking sends a child to sleep by causing
+giddiness. Giddiness is a disturbance of the
+blood's usual way of circulation; obviously,
+therefore, it is a thing to aim at in our nurseries.
+For elder children, swinging is an excellent
+amusement, if they become giddy on the swing.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In your nursery, a maid and two or three
+children may conveniently be quartered for the
+night, by all means carefully secured from
+draughts. Never omit to use at night a chimney
+board. The nursery window ought not to
+be much opened; and the door should be kept
+always shut, in order that the clamor of the
+children may not annoy others in your house.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+When the children walk out for an airing, of
+course they are to be little ladies and gentlemen.
+They are not to scamper to and fro; a little
+gentle amble with a hoop ought to be their
+severest exercise. In sending them to walk
+abroad, it is a good thing to let their legs be
+bare. The gentleman papa, probably, would
+find bare legs rather cold walking in the streets
+of London; but the gentleman son, of course,
+has quite another constitution. Besides, how
+can a boy, not predisposed that way, hope to
+grow up consumptive, if some pains are not
+taken with him in his childhood?
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It is said that of old time children in the
+Balearic Islands were not allowed to eat their
+dinner, until, by adroitness in the shooting of
+stones out of a sling, they had dislodged it from
+a rafter in the house. Children in the British
+Islands should be better treated. Let them not
+only have their meals unfailingly, but let them
+be at all other times tempted and bribed to eat.
+Cakes and sweetmeats of alluring shape and
+color, fruits, and palatable messes, should, without
+any regularity, be added to the diet of a
+child. The stomach, we know, requires three
+or four hours to digest a meal, expects a moderate
+routine of tasks, and between each task
+looks for a little period of rest. Now, as we
+hope to create a weak digestion, what is more
+obvious than that we must use artifice to circumvent
+the stomach? In one hour we must
+come upon it unexpectedly with a dose of fruit
+and sugar; then, if the regular dinner have
+been taken, astonish the digestion, while at work
+upon it, with the appearance of an extra lump
+of cake, and presently some gooseberries. In
+this way we soon triumph over Nature, who, to
+speak truth, does not permit to us an easy victory,
+and does try to accommodate her working
+to our whims. We triumph, and obtain our
+reward in children pale and polite, children with
+appetites already formed, that will become our
+good allies against their health in after life.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Principiis obsta.</span></span> Let us subdue mere nature
+at her first start, and make her civilized in her
+beginnings. Let us wipe the rose-tint out of
+the child's cheek, in good hope that the man
+will not be able to recover it. White, yellow,
+and purple—let us make them to be his future
+tricolor.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">II. The Londoner's Garden.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Brick walls do not secrete air. It comes in
+through your doors and windows, from the streets
+and alleys in your neighborhood; it comes in
+without scraping its feet, and goes down your
+throat, unwashed, with small respect for your
+gentility. You must look abroad, therefore, for
+some elements of an unwholesome home: and
+when, sitting at home, you do so, it is a good
+thing if you can see a burial-ground—one of
+<span class="tei tei-q">“God's gardens,”</span> which our city cherishes.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Now, do not look up with a dolorous face,
+saying, <span class="tei tei-q">“Alas! these gardens are to be taken
+from us!”</span> Let agitators write and let Commissioners
+report, let Government nod its good-will,
+and although all the world may think that
+our London burial-grounds are about to be incontinently
+jacketed in asphalte, and that we
+ourselves, when dead, are to be steamed off to
+Erith—we are content: at present this is only
+gossip.<a id="noteref_1" name="noteref_1" href="#note_1"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">1</span></span></a> On one of the lowest terraces of hell,
+says Dante, he found a Cordelier, who had been
+dragged thither by a logical demon, in defiance
+of the expostulations of St. Francis. The sin
+of that monk was a sentence of advice for which
+absolution had been received before he gave it:
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Promise much, and perform little.”</span> In the
+hair of any Minister's head, and of every Commissioner's
+head, we know not what <span class="tei tei-q">“black
+cherubim”</span> may have entwined their claws.
+There is hope, while there is life, for the old
+cause. But if those who have authority to do
+so really have determined to abolish intramural
+burial, let us call upon them solemnly to reconsider
+their verdict. Let them ponder what follows.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Two or three years ago, a book, promulgating
+notions upon spiritual life, was published in
+London by the Chancellor of a certain place
+across the Channel. It was a clever book; and,
+among other matter, broached a theory. <span class="tei tei-q">“<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Our
+souls,</span></em>”</span> the Rev. Chancellor informed us, <span class="tei tei-q">“<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">consist
+of the essence, extract, or gas contained in
+the human body</span></em>;”</span> and, that he might not be
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page603">[pg 603]</span><a name="Pg603" id="Pg603" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+vague, he made special application to a chemist,
+who <span class="tei tei-q">“added some important observations of his
+own respecting the corpse after death.”</span> But
+we must decorate a great speculation with the
+ornamental words of its propounder.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The gases into which the animal body is
+resolved by putrefaction are ammonia, carbonic
+acid, carbonic oxide, cyanogen, and sulphureted,
+phosphureted, and carbureted hydrogen. The
+first, and the two last-named gases, are most
+abundant.”</span> We omit here some details as to
+the time a body takes in rotting. <span class="tei tei-q">“From which
+it appears, that these noble elements and rich
+essences of humanity are too subtle and volatile
+to continue long with the corpse; but soon disengage
+themselves, and escape from it. After
+which nothing remains but the foul refuse in the
+vat; the mere <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">caput mortuum</span></span> in the crucible;
+the vile dust and ashes of the tomb. Nor does
+inhumation, however deep in the ground, nor
+drowning in the lowest depths and darkest caverns
+of the fathomless abyss, prevent those subtle
+essences, rare attenuate spirits, or gases, from
+escaping; or chain down to dust those better,
+nobler elements of the human body. No bars
+can imprison them; no vessels detain them from
+their kindred element, confine them from their
+native home.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+We are all of us familiar with the more noticeable
+of these <span class="tei tei-q">“essences,”</span> by smell, if not by
+name. Metaphysicians tell us that perceptions
+and ideas <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">will</span></em> follow in a train: perhaps that
+may account for the sudden recollection of an
+old-fashioned story—may the moderns pardon it.
+A young Cambridge student, airing his wisdom
+at a dinner-party, was ingenious upon the Theory
+of Winds. He was most eloquent concerning
+heat and cold; radiation, rarefaction; polar and
+equatorial currents; he had brought his peroration
+to a close, when he turned round upon a
+grave Professor of his College, saying, <span class="tei tei-q">“And
+what, sir, do you believe to be the cause of
+wind?”</span> The learned man replied, <span class="tei tei-q">“Pea-soup—pea-soup!”</span>
+In the group of friends around
+a social soup-tureen, must we in future recognize
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">The feast of reason, and—the flow of soul!</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+How gladly shall we fight the fight of life, hoping
+that, after death, we shall meet in a world
+of sulphureted hydrogen and other gases! And
+where do the Sanitary Reformers suppose that,
+after death, <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">their</span></em> gases will go—they who, in
+life, with asphalte and paving-stones, would have
+restrained the souls of their own fathers from
+ascending into upper air?
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Against us let there be no such reproach.
+Freely let us breathe into our bosoms some portion
+of the spirit of the dead. If we live near
+no church-yard, let us visit one—Mesmerically,
+if you please. Now we are on the way. We
+see narrow streets and many people; most of
+the faces that we meet are pale. Here is a
+walking funeral; we follow with it to the church-yard.
+A corner is turned, and there is another
+funeral to be perceived at no great distance in
+advance. Our walkers trot. The other party,
+finding itself almost overtaken, sets off with a
+decent run. Our party runs. There is a race
+for prior attention when they reach the ground.
+We become interested. We perceive that one
+undertaker wears gaiters, and the other straps.
+We trot behind them, betting with each other,
+you on Gaiters, I on Straps. I win; a <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Deus ex
+machinâ</span></span> saves me, or I should have lost. An
+over-goaded ox rushes bewildered round a
+corner, charges and overthrows the foremost
+coffin; it is broken, and the body is exposed—its
+white shroud flaps upon the mud. This has
+occurred once, I know; and how much oftener,
+I know not. So Gaiters pioneers his party to
+the nearest undertaker for repairs, and we follow
+the triumphant procession to the church-yard.
+The minister there meets it, holding his
+white handkerchief most closely to his nose: the
+mourners imitate him, sick and sorrowful. Your
+toe sticks in a bit of carrion, as we pass near the
+grave and seek the sexton. He is a pimpled man,
+who moralizes much; but his morality is maudlin.
+He is drunk. He is accustomed to antagonize
+the <span class="tei tei-q">“spirits”</span> of the dead with spirits from the
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Pig and Whistle.”</span> Here let the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">séance</span></span> end.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+At home again, let us remark upon a striking
+fact. Those poor creatures whom we saw in sorrow
+by the grave, believed that they were sowing
+flesh to immortality—and so they were.
+They did not know that they were also sowing
+coffee. By a trustworthy informant, I am taught
+that of the old coffin-wood dug up out of the
+crowded church-yards, a large quantity that
+is not burned, is dried and ground; and that
+ground coffee is therewith adulterated in a
+wholesale manner. It communicates to cheap
+coffee a good color; and puts Body into it, there
+can be no doubt of that. It will be a severe
+blow to the trade in British coffees if intramural
+interment be forbidden. We shall be driven to
+depend upon distant planters for what now can
+be produced in any quantity at home.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Remember the largeness of the interests involved.
+Within the last thirty years, a million
+and a half of corpses have been hidden under
+ground, in patches, here and there, among the
+streets of London. This pasturage we have
+enjoyed from our youth up, and it is threatened
+now to put us off our feed.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I say no more, for better arguments than these
+can not be urged on behalf of the maintenance
+of City grave-yards. Possibly these may not
+prevail. Yet never droop. Nevertheless, without
+despairing, take a house in the vicinity of
+such a garden of the dead. If our lawgivers
+should fear the becoming neighborly with Dante's
+Cordelier, and therefore absolutely interdict more
+burials in London, still you are safe. They shall
+not trample on the graves that are. We can
+agitate, and we will agitate successfully against
+their asphalte. Let the City be mindful of its old
+renown; let Vestries rally round Sir Peter Laurie,
+and there may be yet secured to you, for
+seven years to come, an atmosphere which shall
+assist in making Home Unhealthy.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page604">[pg 604]</span><a name="Pg604" id="Pg604" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">III. Spending A Very Pleasant Evening.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+By the consent of antiquity, it is determined
+that Pain shall be doorkeeper to the house of
+Pleasure. In Europe Purgatory led to Paradise;
+and, had St. Symeon lived among us now, he
+would have earned heaven, if the police permitted,
+by praying for it, during thirty years, upon
+the summit of a lamp-post. In India the Fakir
+was beatified by standing on his head, under a
+hot sun, beset with roasting bonfires. In Greenland
+the soul expected to reach bliss by sliding
+for five days down a rugged rock, wounding
+itself, and shivering with cold. The American
+Indians sought happiness through castigation,
+and considered vomits the most expeditious
+mode of enforcing self-denial on the stomach.
+Some tribes of Africans believe, that on the
+way to heaven every man's head is knocked
+against a wall. By consent of mankind, therefore,
+it is granted that we must pass Pain on
+the way to Pleasure.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+What Pleasure is, when reached, none but
+the dogmatical can venture to determine. To
+Greenlanders, a spacious fish-kettle, forever simmering,
+in which boiled seals forever swim, is
+the delight of heaven. And remember that, in
+the opinion of M. Bailly, Adam and Eve gardened
+in Nova Zembla.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+You will not be surprised, therefore, if I call
+upon you to prepare for your domestic pleasures
+with a little suffering; nor, when I tell you what
+such pleasures are, must you exclaim against
+them as absurd. Having the sanction of our
+forefathers, they are what is fashionable now,
+and consequently they are what is fit.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I propose, then, that you should give, for the
+entertainment of your friends, an Evening Party;
+and as this is a scene in which young ladies prominently
+figure, I will, if you please, on this occasion,
+pay particular attention to your daughter.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+O mystery of preparation!—Pardon, sir. You
+err if you suppose me to insinuate that ladies
+are more careful over personal adornment than
+the gentlemen. When men made a display of
+manhood, wearing beards, it is recorded that
+they packed them, when they went to bed, in
+pasteboard cases, lest they might be tumbled in
+the night. Man at his grimmest is as vain as
+woman, even when he stalks about bearded and
+battle-axed. This is the mystery of preparation
+in your daughter's case: How does she breathe?
+You have prepared her from childhood for the
+part she is to play to-night, by training her form
+into the only shape which can be looked at with
+complacency in any ball-room. A machine, called
+stays, introduced long since into England
+by the Normans, has had her in its grip from
+early girlhood. She has become pale, and—only
+the least bit—liable to be blue about the
+nose and fingers.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Stays are an excellent contrivance; they give
+a material support to the old cause, Unhealthiness
+at Home. This is the secret of their excellence.
+A woman's ribs are narrow at the
+top, and as they approach the waist they widen,
+to allow room for the lungs to play within them.
+If you can prevent the ribs from widening, you
+can prevent the lungs from playing, which they
+have no right to do, and make them work. This
+you accomplish by the agency of stays. It fortunately
+happens that these lungs have work to
+do—the putting of the breath of life into the
+blood—which they are unable to do properly
+when cramped for space; it becomes about as
+difficult to them as it would be to you to play
+the trombone in a china closet. By this compression
+of the chest, ladies are made nervous,
+and become unfit for much exertion; they do
+not, however, allow us to suppose that they have
+lost flesh. There is a fiction of attire which
+would induce, in a speculative critic, the belief
+that some internal flame had caused their waists
+to gutter, and that the ribs had all run down
+into a lump which protrudes behind under the
+waistband. This appearance is, I think, a fiction;
+and for my opinion I have newspaper
+authority. In the papers it was written, one
+day last year, that the hump alluded to was
+tested with a pin, upon the person of a lady,
+coming from the Isle of Man, and it was found
+not to be sensitive. Brandy exuded from the
+wound; for in that case the projection was a
+bladder, in which the prudent housewife was
+smuggling comfort in a quiet way. The touch
+of a pin changed all into discomfort, when she
+found that she was converted into a peripatetic
+watering-can—brandying-can, I should have said.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Your daughter comes down stairs dressed, with
+a bouquet, at a time when the dull seeker of
+Health and Strength would have her to go up
+stairs with a bed-candlestick. Your guests arrive.
+Young ladies, thinly clad and packed in
+carriages, emerge, half-stifled; put a cold foot,
+protected by a filmy shoe, upon the pavement,
+and run, shivering, into your house. Well, sir,
+we'll warm them presently. But suffer me to
+leave you now, while you receive your guests.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I know a Phyllis, fresh from the country, who
+gets up at six and goes to bed at ten; who knows
+no perfume but a flower-garden, and has worn
+no bandage to her waist except a sash. She is
+now in London, and desires to do as others do.
+She is invited to your party, but is not yet come;
+it may be well for me to call upon her. Why,
+in the name of Newgate, what is going on?
+She is shrieking <span class="tei tei-q">“Murder!”</span> on the second floor.
+Up to the rescue! A judicious maid directs me
+to the drawing-room: <span class="tei tei-q">“It's only miss a-trying
+on her stays.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Here we are, sir; Phyllis and I. You find
+the room oppressive—'tis with perfume, Phyllis.
+With foul air? ah, your nice country nose detects
+it; yes, there is foul air: not nasty, of
+course, my dear, mixed, as it here is, with eau-de-Cologne
+and patchouli. Pills are not nasty,
+sugared. A grain or two of arsenic in each
+might be not quite exactly neutralized by sugar,
+but there is nothing like faith in a good digestion.
+Why do the gentlemen cuddle the ladies, and
+spin about the room with them, like tee-totums?
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page605">[pg 605]</span><a name="Pg605" id="Pg605" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+Oh, Phyllis! Phyllis! let me waltz with you.
+There, do you not see how it is? Faint, are
+you—giddy—will you fall? An ice will refresh
+you. Spasms next! Phyllis, let me take
+you home.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Now then, sir, Phyllis has been put to bed;
+allow me to dance a polka with your daughter.
+Frail, elegant creature that she is! A glass of
+wine—a macaroon: good. Sontag, yes; and
+that dear novel. That was a delightful dance;
+now let us promenade. The room is close; a
+glass of wine, an ice, and let us get to the delicious
+draught in the conservatory, or by that door.
+Is it not beautiful? The next quadrille—I look
+slily at my watch, and Auber's grim chorus
+rumbles within me, <span class="tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Voici minuit! voici minuit</span></span>!”</span>
+Another dance. How fond she seems
+to be of macaroons! Supper. My dear sir, I
+will take good care of your daughter. One
+sandwich. Champagne. Blanc-mange. Tipsey-cake.
+Brandy cherries. Glass of wine. A
+macaroon. Trifle. Jelly. Champagne. Custard.
+Macaroon. The ladies are being taken
+care of—Yes, now in their absence we will
+drink their health, and wink at each other:
+their and our Bad Healths. This is the happiest
+moment of our lives; at two in the morning,
+with a dose of indigestion in the stomach,
+and three hours more to come before we
+get to bed. You, my dear sir, hope that on
+many occasions like the present you may see
+your friends around you, looking as glassy-eyed
+as you have made them to look now. We will
+rejoin the ladies.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Nothing but Champagne could have enabled
+us to keep up the evening so well. We were
+getting weary before supper—but we have had
+some wine, have dug the spur into our sides,
+and on we go again. At length, even the bottle
+stimulates our worn-out company no more;
+and then we separate. Good-night, dear sir;
+we have spent a Very Pleasant Evening under
+your roof.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+To-morrow, when you depart from a late
+breakfast, having seen your daughter's face, and
+her boiled-mackerel eye, knowing that your
+wife is bilious, and that your son has just gone
+out for soda-water, you will feel yourself to be
+a Briton who has done his duty, a man who has
+paid something on account of his great debt to
+civilized society.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">IV. The Light Nuisance.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Tieck tells us, in his <span class="tei tei-q">“History of the Schildbürger,”</span>
+that the town council of that spirited
+community was very wise. It had been noticed
+that many worthy aldermen and common-councilors
+were in the habit of looking out of window
+when they ought to be attending to their duties.
+A vote was therefore, on one occasion, passed
+by a large majority, to this effect, namely—Whereas
+the windows of the Town-hall are a
+great impediment to the dispatch of public business,
+it is ordered that before the next day of
+meeting they be all bricked up. When the
+next day of meeting came, the worthy representatives
+of Schildbürg were surprised to find
+themselves assembling in the dark. Presently,
+accepting the unlooked-for fact, they settled
+down into an edifying discussion of the question,
+whether darkness was not more convenient for
+their purposes than daylight. Had you and I
+been there, my friend, our votes in the division
+would have been, like the vote in our own
+House of Commons a few days ago, for keeping
+out the Light Nuisance as much as possible.
+Darkness is better than daylight, certainly.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Now this admits of proof. For, let me ask,
+where do you find the best part of a lettuce?—not
+in the outside leaves. Which are the choice
+parts of celery?—of course, the white shoots in
+the middle. Why, sir? Because light has
+never come to them. They become white and
+luxurious by tying up, by earthing up, by any
+contrivance which has kept the sun at bay. It
+is the same with man: while we obstruct the
+light by putting brick and board where glass
+suggests itself, and mock the light by picturing
+impracticable windows on our outside walls—so
+that our houses stare about like blind men with
+glass eyes—while this is done, we sit at home
+and blanch, we become in our dim apartments
+pale and delicate, we grow to look refined, as
+gentlemen and ladies ought to look. Let the
+sanitary doctor, at whose head we have thrown
+lettuces, go to the botanist and ask him, How,
+is this? Let him come back and tell us, Oh,
+gentlemen, in these vegetables the natural juices
+are not formed when you exclude the light. The
+natural juices in the lettuce or in celery are flavored
+much more strongly than our tastes would
+relish, and therefore we induce in these plants
+an imperfect development, in order to make them
+eatable. Very well. The natural juices in a
+man are stronger than good taste can tolerate.
+Man requires horticulture to be fit to come to
+table. To rear the finer sorts of human kind,
+one great operation necessary is to banish light
+as much as possible.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Ladies know that. To keep their faces pale,
+they pull the blinds down in their drawing-rooms,
+they put a vail between their countenances
+and the sun when they go out, and carry, like
+good soldiers, a great shield on high, by name
+a Parasol, to ward his darts off. They know
+better than to let the old god kiss them into
+color, as he does the peaches. They choose to
+remain green fruit: and we all know that to be
+a delicacy.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Yet there are men among us daring to propose
+that there shall no longer be protection
+against light; men who would tax a house by
+its capaciousness, and let the sun shine into it unhindered.
+The so-called sanitary people really
+seem to look upon their fellow-creatures as so
+many cucumbers. But we have not yet fallen
+so far back in our development. Disease is a
+privilege. Those only who know the tender
+touch of a wife's hand, the quiet kiss, the soothing
+whisper, can appreciate its worth. All who
+are not dead to the tenderest emotions will lament
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page606">[pg 606]</span><a name="Pg606" id="Pg606" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+the day when light is turned on without
+limit in our houses. We have no wish to be
+blazed upon. Frequently pestilence itself avoids
+the sunny side of any street, and prefers walking
+in the shade. Nay, even in one building, as in
+the case of a great barrack at St. Petersburg,
+there will be three calls made by disease upon
+the shady side of the establishment for every
+one visit that it pays to the side brightened by
+the sun; and this is known to happen uniformly,
+for a series of years. Let us be warned, then.
+There must be no increase of windows in our
+houses; let us curtain those we have, and keep
+our blinds well down. Let morning sun or
+afternoon sun fire no volleys in upon us. Faded
+curtains, faded carpets, all ye blinds forbid! But
+faded faces are desirable. It is a cheering spectacle
+on summer afternoons to see the bright
+rays beating on a row of windows, all the way
+down a street, and failing to find entrance any
+where. Who wants more windows? Is it not
+obvious that, when daylight really comes, every
+window we possess is counted one too many?
+If we could send up a large balloon into the sky,
+with Mr. Braidwood and a fire-engine, to get the
+flames of the sun under, just a little bit, that
+would be something rational. More light, indeed!
+More water next, no doubt! As if it
+were not perfectly notorious that in the articles
+of light, water, and air, Nature outran the constable.
+We have to keep out light with blinds
+and vails, and various machinery, as we would
+keep out cockroaches with wafers; we keep out
+air with pads and curtains; and still there are
+impertinent reformers clamoring to increase our
+difficulty, by giving us more windows to protect
+against the inroads of those household nuisances.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I call upon consistent Englishmen to make a
+stand against these innovators. There is need
+of all our vigor. In 1848, the repeal of the
+window-tax was scouted from the Commons by
+a sensible majority of ninety-four. In 1850, the
+good cause has triumphed only by a precarious
+majority of three. The exertions of right-thinking
+men will not be wanting, when the
+value and importance of a little energetic labor
+is once clearly perceived.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+What is it that the sanitary agitators want?
+To tan and freckle all their countrywomen, and
+to make Britons apple-faced? The Persian
+hero, Rustum, when a baby, exhausted seven
+nurses, and was weaned upon seven sheep a
+day, when he was of age for spoon-meat. Are
+English babies to be Rustums? When Rustum's
+mother, Roubadah, from a high tower
+first saw and admired her future husband Zal,
+she let her ringlets fall, and they were long,
+and reached unto the ground; and Zal climbed
+up by them, and knelt down at her feet, and
+asked to marry her. Are British ladies to be
+strengthened into Roubadahs, with hair like a
+ship's cable, up which husbands may clamber?
+In the present state of the mania for public
+health, it is quite time that every patriotic man
+should put these questions seriously to his conscience.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+One topic more. Let it clearly be understood,
+that against artificial light we can make
+no objection. Between sun and candle there
+are more contrasts than the mere difference in
+brilliancy. The light which comes down from
+the sky not only eats no air out of our mouths,
+but it comes charged with mysterious and subtle
+principles which have a purifying, vivifying
+power. It is a powerful ally of health, and we
+make war against it. But artificial light contains
+no sanitary marvels. When the gas
+streams through half a dozen jets into your
+room, and burns there and gives light; when
+candles become shorter and shorter, until they
+are <span class="tei tei-q">“burnt out”</span> and seen no more; you know
+what happens. Nothing in Nature ceases to
+exist. Your camphine has left the lamp, but it
+has not vanished out of being. Nor has it
+been converted into light. Light is a visible
+action; and candles are no more converted into
+light when they are burning, than breath is converted
+into speech when you are talking. The
+breath, having produced speech, mixes with the
+atmosphere; gas, camphine, candles, having
+produced light, do the same. If you saw fifty
+wax-lights shrink to their sockets last week in
+an unventilated ball-room, yet, though invisible,
+they had not left you; for their elements were
+in the room, and you were breathing them.
+Their light had been a sign that they were
+combining chemically with the air; in so combining
+they were changed, but they became a
+poison. Every artificial light is, of necessity, a
+little workshop for the conversion of gas, oil,
+spirit, or candle into respirable poison. Let no
+sanitary tongue persuade you that the more we
+have of such a process, the more need we have
+of ventilation. Ventilation is a catchword for
+the use of agitators, in which it does not become
+any person of refinement to exhibit interest.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The following hint will be received thankfully
+by gentlemen who would be glad to merit
+spectacles. To make your eyes weak, use a
+fluctuating light; nothing can be better adapted
+for your purpose than what are called <span class="tei tei-q">“mould”</span>
+candles. The joke of them consists in this,
+they begin with giving you sufficient light; but,
+as the wick grows, the radiance lessens, and
+your eye gradually accommodates itself to the
+decrease: suddenly they are snuffed, and your
+eye leaps back to its original adjustment, there
+begins another slide, and then leaps back again.
+Much practice of this kind serves very well as
+a familiar introduction to the use of glasses.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">V. Passing The Bottle.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A brass button from the coat of Saint Peter,
+was at one time shown to visitors among the
+treasures of a certain church in Nassau; possibly
+some traveler of more experience may have
+met with a false collar from the wardrobe of
+Saint Paul. The intellect displayed of old by
+holy saints and martyrs, we may reasonably
+believe to have surpassed the measure of a
+bishop's understanding in the present day; for
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page607">[pg 607]</span><a name="Pg607" id="Pg607" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+we have the authority of eyesight and tradition
+in asserting that the meanest of those ancient
+worthies possessed not less than three skulls,
+and that a great saint must have had so very
+many heads, that it would have built the fortune
+of a man to be his hatter. Perhaps some of
+these relics are fictitious; nevertheless, they
+are the boast of their possessors; they are exhibited
+as genuine, and thoroughly believed to
+be so. Sir, did your stomach never suggest to
+you that doctored elder-berry of a recent brew
+had been uncorked with veneration at some
+dinner-table as a bottle of old port? Have you
+experience of any festive friend, who can commit
+himself to doubt about the age and genuineness
+of his wine? The cellar is the social
+relic-chamber; every bin rejoices in a most
+veracious legend; and, whether it be over wine
+or over relics that we wonder, equal difficulties
+start up to obstruct our faith.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Our prejudices, for example, run so much in
+favor of one-headed men, that we can scarcely
+entertain the notion of a saint who had six
+night-caps to put on when he went to bed, and
+when he got up in the morning had six beards
+to shave. Knowing that the Russians, by
+themselves, drink more Champagne than France
+exports, and that it must rain grapes at Hockheim
+before that place can yield all the wine we
+English label Hock, and haunted as we are by
+the same difficulty when we look to other kinds
+of foreign wine, we feel a justified suspicion that
+the same glass of <span class="tei tei-q">“genuine old port”</span> can not
+be indulged in simultaneously by ten people.
+If only one man of the number drinks it, what
+is that eidolon which delights the other nine?
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+When George the Fourth was Regent, he
+possessed a small store of the choicest wine, and
+never called for it. There were some gentlemen
+in his establishment acquainted with its
+merits; these took upon themselves to rescue
+it from undeserved neglect. Then the prince
+talked about his treasure—when little remained
+thereof except the bottles; and it was to be produced
+at a forthcoming dinner-party. The gentlemen,
+who knew its flavor, visited the vaults
+of an extensive wine-merchant, and there they
+vainly sought to look upon its like again. <span class="tei tei-q">“In
+those dim solitudes and awful cells”</span> they,
+groaning in spirit, made a confessor of the merchant,
+who, for a fee, engaged to save them from
+the wrath to come. As an artist in wine, having
+obtained a sample of the stuff required, this
+dealer undertook to furnish a successful imitation.
+So he did; for, having filled those bottles
+with a wondrous compound, he sent them to the
+palace just before the fateful dinner-hour, exhorting
+the conspirators to take heed how they
+suffered any to be left. The compound would
+become a tell-tale after twelve hours' keeping.
+The prince that evening enjoyed his wine.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The ordinary manufacture of choice wine for
+people who are not princes, requires the following
+ingredients: for the original fluid, cider, or
+Common cape, raisin, grape, parsnip, or elder
+wine; a wine made of rhubarb (for Champagne);
+to these may be added water. A fit stock having
+been chosen, strength, color, and flavor may
+be grafted on it. Use is made of these materials:
+for color-burnt sugar, logwood, cochineal,
+red sanders wood, or elder-berries. Plain
+spirit or brandy for strength. For nutty flavor,
+bitter almonds. For fruitiness, Dantzic spruce.
+For fullness or smoothness, honey. For port-wine
+flavor, tincture of the seeds of raisins. For
+bouquet, orris root or ambergris. For roughness
+or dryness, alum, oak sawdust, rhatany or
+kino. It is not necessary that an imitation
+should contain one drop of the wine whose name
+it bears; but a skillful combination of the true
+and false is desirable, if price permit. Every
+pint of the pure wine thus added to a mixture
+is, of course, so much abstracted from the stock
+of unadulterated juice.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+You will perceive, therefore, that a free use
+of wine, not highly priced, is likely to assist us
+very much in our endeavors to establish an unhealthy
+home. Fill your cellar with bargains;
+be a genuine John Bull; invite your friends,
+and pass the bottle.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+There is hope for us also in the recollection,
+that if chance force upon us a small stock of
+wine that has not been, in England, under the
+doctor's hands, we know not what may have
+been done to it abroad. The botanist, Robert
+Fortune, was in China when the Americans
+deluged the Chinese market with their orders
+for Young Hyson tea. The Chinese very
+promptly met the whole demand; and Fortune
+in his <span class="tei tei-q">“Wanderings”</span> has told us how. He
+found his way to a Young Hyson manufactory,
+where coarse old Congou leaves were being
+chopped, and carefully manipulated by those
+ingenious merchants the Chinese. But it is in
+human nature for other folks than the Chinese
+to be ingenious in such matters. We may,
+therefore, make up our minds that, since the
+demand for wine from certain celebrated vineyards,
+largely exceeds all possibility of genuine
+supply, since, also, every man who asks is satisfied,
+it is inevitable that the great majority of
+wine-drinkers are satisfied with a factitious
+article. The chances are against our very often
+meeting with a glass of port that has not taken
+physic. So, let us never drink dear wine, nor
+ask a chemist what is in our bottles. Enough
+that they contain for us delightful poison.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+That name for wine, <span class="tei tei-q">“delightful poison,”</span> is
+not new. It is as old as the foundation of Persepolis.
+Jemsheed was fond of grapes, Ferdusi
+tells, and once, when grapes went out of season,
+stored up for himself some jars of grape-juice.
+After a while he went to seek for a refreshing
+draught; then fermentation was in progress;
+and he found his juice abominably nasty. A
+severe stomach-ache induced him to believe that
+the liquor had acquired, in some way, dangerous
+qualities, and, therefore, to avoid accidents, he
+labeled each jar, <span class="tei tei-q">“Poison.”</span> More time elapsed,
+and then one of his wives, in trouble of soul,
+weary of life, resolved to put an end to her existence.
+Poison was handy: but a draught
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page608">[pg 608]</span><a name="Pg608" id="Pg608" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+transformed her trouble into joy; more of it
+stupefied, but did not kill her. That woman
+kept a secret: she alone exhausted all the jars.
+Jemsheed then found them to be empty. Explanations
+followed. The experiment was tried
+once more, and wine, being so discovered, was
+thereafter entitled <span class="tei tei-q">“the delightful poison.”</span>
+What Jemsheed would have said to a bottle of
+port out of our friend Hoggin's cellar—but I
+tread on sacred ground.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Of good wine health requires none, though it
+will tolerate a little. Our prospect, therefore,
+when the bottle passes briskly, is encouraging.
+Is the wine good, we may expect some indigestion;
+is it bad, who can tell what disorders we
+may not expect? Hoggins, I know, drinks
+more than a quart without disordering his
+stomach. He has long been a supporter of the
+cause we are now advocating, and therein finds
+one of his rewards. It is not safe to pinch a
+tiger's tail; yet, when the animal is sick, perhaps
+he will not bite although you tread upon
+it heavily. Healthy men and healthy stomachs
+tolerate no oppression.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+London is full now; elsewhere country folks
+come out of doors, invited by fine weather.
+Walk where you will, in country or in town,
+and look at all the faces that you meet. Traverse
+the Strand, and Regent-street, and Holborn,
+and Cheapside; get into a boat at London
+bridge, steam to Gravesend, and look at your
+fellow-passengers: examine where you will,
+the stamp of our civilization, sickliness, is upon
+nine people in any ten. There are good reasons
+why this should be so, and so let it continue.
+We have excluded sanitary calculations from
+our social life; we have had hitherto unhealthy
+homes, and we will keep them. Bede tells of a
+Mercian noble on his death-bed, to whom a
+ghost exhibited a scrap of paper, upon which
+were written his good deeds; then the door
+opened, and an interminable file of ghosts
+brought in a mile or two of scroll, whereon his
+misdeeds were all registered, and made him
+read them. Our wars against brute health are
+glorious, and we rejoice to feel that of such sins
+we have no scanty catalogue; we are content
+with our few items of mere sanitary virtue.
+As for sanitary reformers, they are a company
+of Danaids; they may get some of us into their
+sieve, but we shall soon slip out again. When
+a traveler proposed, at Ghadames in the Sahara,
+to put up a lantern here and there of nights
+among the pitch-dark streets, the people said
+his notion might be good, but that, as such
+things never had been tried before, it would be
+presumptuous to make the trial of them now.
+The traveler, a Briton, must have felt quite at
+home when he heard that objection. Amen,
+then; with the Ghadamese, we say, Let us
+have no New Lights.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">VI. Art Against Appetite.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The object of food is, to support the body in
+its natural development that it may reach a
+reasonable age without becoming too robust.
+Civilization can instruct us so to manage, that
+a gentle dissolution tread upon the heels of
+growth, that, as Metastasio hath it,
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 14.40em"><span style="font-size: 90%">—</span><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">dalle fasce,</span></span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">Si comincia a morir quando si nasce.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_2" name="noteref_2" href="#note_2"><span class="tei tei-noteref" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">2</span></span></a></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+An infant's appetite is all for milk; but art
+suggests a few additions to that lamentably
+simple diet. A lady not long since complacently
+informed her medical attendant that, for
+the use of a baby, then about eight months old
+she had spent nine pounds in <span class="tei tei-q">“Infant's Preservative.”</span>
+Of this, or of some like preparation,
+the advertisements tells us that it compels Nature
+to be orderly, and that all infants take it with
+greediness. So we have even justice to the child.
+Pet drinks Preservative; papa drinks Port.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Then there is <span class="tei tei-q">“farinaceous food.”</span> Here,
+for a purpose, we must interpolate a bit of
+science. There is a division of food into two
+great classes, nourishment and fuel. Nourishment
+is said to exist chiefly in animal flesh and
+blood, and in vegetable compounds which exactly
+correspond thereto, called vegetable fibrine,
+albumen, and caseine. Fuel exists in whatever
+contains much carbon: fat and starchy vegetables,
+potatoes, gum, sugar, alcoholic liquors. If
+a person take more nourishment than he wants,
+it is said to be wasted; if he take more fuel than
+he wants, part of it is wasted, and part of it the
+body stacks away as fat. These men of science
+furthermore assert, that the correct diet of a
+healthy man must contain eight parts of fuel
+food to one of nourishment. This preserves
+equilibrium, they say—suits, therefore, an adult;
+the child which has to become bigger as it lives
+has use for an excess of nourishment. And so
+one of the doctors, Dr. R.D. Thomson, gives
+this table; it has been often copied. The proportion
+of nourishment to fuel is in
+</p>
+
+<table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class="tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><colgroup span="2"></colgroup><tbody><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Milk (food for a growing animal)</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1 to 2.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Beans</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1 to 2-1/2.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Oatmeal</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1 to 5.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Barley</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1 to 7.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Wheat flour (food for an animal at rest)</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1 to 8.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Potatoes</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1 to 9.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Rice</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1 to 10.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Turnips</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1 to 11.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Arrow-root, tapioca, sago</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1 to 26.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Starch</td><td class="tei tei-cell">1 to 40.</td></tr></tbody></table>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Very well, gentlemen, we take your facts.
+As ægritudinary men, we know what use to
+make of them. We will give infants farinaceous
+food; arrow-root, tapioca, and the like; quite
+ready to be taught by you that so we give one
+particle of nourishment in twenty-six. Tell us,
+this diet is like putting leeches on a child. We
+are content. Leeches give a delicate whiteness
+that we are thankful to be able to obtain with
+out the biting or the bloodshed.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Sanitary people will allow a child, up to its
+seventh year, nothing beyond bread, milk, water,
+sugar, light meat broth, without fat, and fresh
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page609">[pg 609]</span><a name="Pg609" id="Pg609" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+meat for its dinner—when it is old enough to
+bite it—with a little well-cooked vegetable.
+They confine a child, poor creature, to this
+miserable fare; permitting, in due season, only
+a pittance of the ripest fruit.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+They would give children, while they are
+growing, oatmeal and milk for breakfast, made
+into a porridge. They would deny them beer.
+You know how strengthening that is, and yet
+these people say that there is not an ounce of
+meat in a whole bucketful. They would deny
+them comfits, cakes, wine, pastry, and grudge
+them nuts; but our boys shall rebel against all
+this. We will teach them to regard cake as
+bliss, and wine as glory; we will educate them
+to a love of tarts. Once let our art secure over
+the stomach its ascendency, and the civilized
+organ acquires new desires. Vitiated cravings,
+let the sanitary doctors call them; let them say
+that children will eat garbage, as young women
+will eat chalk and coals, not because it is their
+nature so to do, but because it is a symptom of
+disordered function. We know nothing about
+function. Art against Appetite has won the day,
+and the pale face of civilization is established.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Plain sugar, it is a good thing to forbid our
+children; there is something healthy in their
+love of it. Suppose we tell them that it spoils
+the teeth. They know no better; we do. We
+know that the negroes, who in a great measure
+live upon sugar, are quite famous for their sound
+white teeth; and Mr. Richardson tells us of
+tribes among the Arabs of Sahara, whose beautiful
+teeth he lauds, that they are in the habit
+of keeping about them a stick of sugar in a
+leathern case, which they bring out from time
+to time for a suck, as we bring out the snuff-box
+for a pinch. But we will tell our children
+that plain sugar spoils the teeth; sugar mixed
+with chalk or verdigris, or any other mess—that
+is to say, civilized sugar—they are welcome to.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+And for ourselves, we will eat any thing.
+The more our cooks, with spice, with druggery
+and pastry, raise our wonder up, the more we
+will approve their handicraft. We will excite
+the stomach with a peppered soup; we will
+make fish indigestible with melted butter, and
+correct the butter with cayenne. We will take
+sauces, we will drink wine, we will drink beer,
+we will eat pie-crust, we will eat indescribable
+productions—we will take celery, and cheese,
+and ale—we will take liqueur—we will take
+wine and olives and more wine, and oranges
+and almonds, and any thing else that may present
+itself, and we will call all that our dinner,
+and for such the stomach shall accept it. We
+will eat more than we need, but will compel an
+appetite. Art against Appetite forever.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Sanitary people bear ill-will to pie-crust; they
+teach that butter, after being baked therein, becomes
+a compound hateful to the stomach. We
+will eat pies, we will eat pastry, we will eat—we
+would eat M. Soyer himself in a tart, if it
+were possible.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+We will uphold London milk. Mr. Rugg says
+that it is apt to contain chalk, the brains of sheep,
+oxen, and cows, flour, starch, treacle, whiting,
+sugar of lead, arnotto, size, etc. Who cares for
+Mr. Rugg? London milk is better than country
+milk, for London cows are town cows. They
+live in a city, in close sheds, in our own dear
+alleys—are consumptive—they are delightful
+cows; only their milk is too strong, it requires
+watering and doctoring, and then it is delicious
+milk.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Tea we are not quite sure about. Some
+people say that because tea took so sudden a
+hold upon the human appetite, because it spread
+so widely in so short a time, that therefore it
+supplies a want: its use is natural. Liebig
+suggests that it supplies a constituent of bile.
+I think rather that its use has become general
+because it causes innocent intoxication. Few
+men are not glad to be made cheerful harmlessly.
+For this reason I think it is that the use of
+tea and coffee has become popular; and since
+whatever sustains cheerfulness advances health—the
+body working with good will under a
+pleasant master—tea does our service little
+good. In excess, no doubt, it can be rendered
+hurtful (so can bread and butter); but the best
+way of pressing it into employment, as an ægritudinary
+aid, is by the practice of taking it extremely
+hot. A few observations upon the
+temperature at which food is refused by all the
+lower animals, will soon convince you that in
+man—not as regards tea only, but in a great
+many respects—Art has established her own
+rule, and that the Appetite of Nature has been
+conquered.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+We have a great respect for alcoholic liquors.
+It has been seen that the excess of these makes
+fat; they, therefore, who have least need of fat,
+according to our rules, are those who have most
+need of wine and beer.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Of ordinary meats there is not much to say,
+We have read of Dr. Beaumont's servant, who
+had an open musket-hole leading into his stomach,
+through which the doctor made experiments.
+Many experiments were made, and tables drawn
+of no great value on the digestibility of divers
+kinds of meat. Climate and habit are, on such
+points, paramount. Pig is pollution to the
+children of the Sun, the Jew, and Mussulman;
+but children of winter, the Scandinavians, could
+not imagine Paradise complete without it.
+Schrimner, the sacred hog, cut up daily and
+eaten by the tenants of Walhalla, collected his
+fragments in the night, and was in his sty again
+ready for slaughter the next morning. These
+things concern us little, for it is not with plain
+meat that we have here to do, but with the noble
+art of Cookery. That art, which once obeyed
+and now commands our appetite, which is become
+the teacher where it was the taught, we
+duly reverence. When ægritudinary science
+shall obtain its college, and when each Unhealthy
+Course shall have its eminent professor
+to teach Theory and Practice—then we shall
+have a Court of Aldermen for Patrons, a Gravedigger
+for Principal, and a Cook shall be Dean
+of Faculty.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page610">[pg 610]</span><a name="Pg610" id="Pg610" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">VII. The Water Party.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Water rains from heaven, and leaps out of
+the earth; it rolls about the land in rivers, it
+accumulates in lakes; three-fourths of the whole
+surface of the globe is water; yet there are
+men unable to be clean. <span class="tei tei-q">“God loveth the
+clean,”</span> said Mahomet. He was a sanitary
+reformer; he was a notorious impostor; and it
+is our duty to resist any insidious attempt to
+introduce his doctrines.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+There are in London districts of filth which
+speak to us—through the nose—in an emphatic
+manner. Their foul air is an atmosphere of
+charity; for we pass through it pitying the
+poor. Burke said of a certain miser to whom
+an estate was left, <span class="tei tei-q">“that now, it was to be
+hoped, he would set up a pocket-handkerchief.”</span>
+We hope, of the miserable, that when they come
+into their property they may be able to afford
+themselves a little lavender and musk. We
+might be willing to subscribe for the correction
+now and then, with aromatic cachou, of the
+town's bad breath; but water is a vulgar sort
+of thing, and of vulgarity the less we have the
+better.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In truth, we have not much of it. We are
+told that in a great city Water is maid of all
+work; has to assist our manufactures, to supply
+daily our saucepans and our tea-kettles; has to
+cleanse our clothes, our persons, and our houses;
+to provide baths, to wash our streets, and to
+flood away the daily refuse of the people, with
+their slaughter-houses, markets, hospitals, &amp;c.
+Our dozen reservoirs in London yield a supply
+daily averaging thirty gallons to each head—which
+goes partly to make swamps, partly to
+waste, partly to rot, as it is used in tubs or cisterns.
+Rome in her pride used once to supply
+water at the rate of more than three hundred
+gallons daily to each citizen. That was excess.
+In London half a million of people get no water
+at all into their houses; but as those people
+live in the back settlements, and keep out of
+our sight, their dirt is no great matter of concern.
+We, for our own parts, have enough
+to cook with, have whereof to drink, wherewith
+to wash our feet sometimes, to wet our fingers
+and the corner of a towel—we inquire no further.
+Drainage and all such topics involve details
+positively nasty, and we blush for any of
+our fellow-citizens who take delight in chattering
+about them.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+We are told to regard the habits of an infant
+world. London, the brain of a vast empire, is
+advised now to forget her civilization, and to go
+back some thousand years. We are to look at
+Persian aqueducts, attributed to Noah's great-grandson—at
+Carthaginians, Etruscans, Mexicans—at
+what Rome did. It frets us when
+we are thus driven to an obvious reply. Man
+in an unripe and half-civilized condition, has not
+found out the vulgarity of water; for his brutish
+instinct is not overcome. All savages believe
+that water is essential to their life and desire it
+in unlimited abundance. Cultivation teaches
+us another life, in which our animal existence
+neither gets nor merits much attention. As for
+the Romans, so perpetually quoted, it was a
+freak of theirs to do things massively. While
+they were yet almost barbarians, they built that
+Cloaca through which afterward Agrippa sailed
+down to the Tiber in a boat. Who wishes to
+see His Worship the Lord Mayor of London
+emerging in his state barge from a London
+sewer?
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Now here is inconsistency. Thirty million
+gallons of corruption are added daily by our
+London sewers to the Thames: that is one
+object of complaint, good in itself, because we
+drink Thames water. But in the next breath
+it is complained that a good many million gallons
+more should be poured out; that there are
+three hundred thousand cesspools more to be
+washed up; that as much filth as would make
+a lake six feet in depth, a mile long, and a
+thousand feet across, lies under London stagnant;
+and they would wish this also to be
+swept into the river. I heard lately of a gentleman
+who is tormented with the constant fancy
+that he has a scorpion down his back. He asks
+every neighbor to put in his hand and fetch it
+out, but no amount of fetching out ever relieves
+him. That is a national delusion. Our enlightened
+public is much troubled with such
+scorpions. Sanitary writers are infested with
+them.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+They also say, That in one-half of London
+people drink Thames water; and in the other
+half, get water from the Chadwell spring and
+River Lea. That the River Lea, for twenty
+miles, flows through a densely-peopled district.
+and is, in its passage, drenched with refuse
+matter from the population on its banks. That
+there is added to Thames water the waste of
+two hundred and twenty cities, towns, and villages;
+and that between Richmond and Waterloo-bridge
+more than two hundred sewers discharge
+into it their fetid matter. That the
+washing to and fro of tide secures the arrival
+of a large portion of filth from below Westminster,
+at Hammersmith; effects a perfect mixture,
+which is still farther facilitated by the splashing
+of the steamboats. Mr. Hassal has published
+engravings of the microscopic aspect of water
+taken from companies which suck the river
+up at widely-separated stages of its course
+through town—so tested, one drop differs little
+from another in the degree of its impurity. They
+tell us that two companies—the Lambeth and
+West Middlesex—supply Thames Mixture to
+subscribers as it comes to them; but that others
+filter more or less. They say that filtering can
+expurge nothing but mechanical impurities,
+while the dissolved pollution which no filter
+can extract is that part which communicates
+disease. We know this; well, and what then?
+There are absurdities so lifted above ridicule,
+that Momus himself would spoil part of the fun
+if he attempted to trangress beyond a naked
+statement of them. What do the members of
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page611">[pg 611]</span><a name="Pg611" id="Pg611" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+this Water Party want? I'll tell you what I
+verily believe they are insane enough to look
+for.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+They would, if possible, forsake Thames water,
+calling it dirty, saying it is hard. So hard
+they say it is, that it requires three spoonfuls
+of tea instead of two in every man's pot, two
+pounds of soap for one in every man's kitchen.
+So they would fetch soft water from a Gathering
+Ground in Surrey, adopting an example set
+in Lancashire; from rain-fall on the heaths between
+Bagshot and Farnham, and from tributaries
+of the River Wey, they would collect
+water in covered reservoirs, and bring it by A
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">covered Aqueduct</span></span> to London. In London,
+they would totally abolish cisterns, and all intermittence
+of supply. Water in London they
+would have to be, as at Nottingham, accessible
+in all rooms at all times. They would have
+water, at high pressure, climbing about every
+house in every court and alley. They would
+place water, so to speak, at the finger's end,
+limiting no household as to quantity. They
+would enable every man to bathe. They would
+revolutionize the sewer-system, and have the
+town washed daily, like a good Mahometan,
+clean to the finger-nails. They hint that all
+this might not even be expensive; that the cost
+of disease and degradation is so much greater
+than the cost of health and self-respect, as to
+pay back, possibly, our outlay, and then yield a
+profit to the nation. They say that, even if it
+were a money loss, it would be moral gain;
+and they ask whether we have not spent millions,
+ere now, upon less harmless commodities
+than water?
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+An ingenious fellow had a fiddle—all, he said,
+made out of his own head; and wood enough
+was left to make another. He must have been
+a sanitary man; his fiddle was a crotchet. Still
+farther to illustrate their own capacity of fiddle-making,
+these good but misguided people have
+been rooting up some horrible statistics of the
+filth and wretchedness which our back-windows
+overlook, with strange facts anent fever, pestilence,
+and the communication of disease. All
+this I purposely suppress; it is peculiarly disagreeable.
+Delicate health we like, and will
+learn gladly how to obtain it; but results we
+are content with, and can spare the details,
+when those details bring us into contact, even
+upon paper, with the squalid classes.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+If these outcries of the Water Party move
+the public to a thirst for change, it would be
+prudent for us ægritudinary men not rashly to
+swim against the current. Let us adopt a middle
+course, a patronizing tone. It is in our
+favor that a large number of the facts which
+these our foes have to produce, are, by a great
+deal too startling to get easy credit. A single
+Pooh! has in it more semblance of reason than
+a page of facts, when revelations of neglected
+hygiene are on the carpet. If the case of the
+Sanitary Reformers had been only half as well
+made out, it would be twice as well supported.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">VIII. Filling The Grave.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+M. Boutigny has published an account of
+some experiments which go to prove that we
+may dip our fingers into liquid metal with impunity.
+Professor Plücker, of Bonn, has amply
+confirmed Boutigny's results, and in his report
+hints a conclusion that henceforth <span class="tei tei-q">“certain minor
+operations in surgery may be performed
+with least pain by placing the foot in a bath of
+red-hot iron.”</span> Would you not like to see Professor
+Plücker, with his trowsers duly tucked
+up, washing his feet in a pailful of this very
+soothing fluid? And would it not be a fit martyrdom
+for sanitary doctors, if we could compel
+them also to sacrifice their legs in a cause, kin
+to their own, of theory and innovation? As
+Alderman Lawrence shrewdly remarked the
+other day, from his place in the Guildhall, the
+sanitary reform cry is <span class="tei tei-q">“got up.”</span> That is the
+reason why, in his case, it does not go down.
+He, for his own part, did not disapprove the
+flavor of a church-yard, and appeared to see no
+reason why it should be cheated of its due.
+The sanitary partisans, he said, were paid for
+making certain statements. It would be well
+if we could cut off their supply of halfpence, and
+so silence them. Liwang, an ancient Emperor
+of China, fearing insurrection, forbade all conversation,
+even whispering, in his dominions.
+It would be well for us if Liwang lived now as
+our Secretary for the Home Department. There
+is too much talking—is there not, Mr. Carlyle?
+We want Liwang among us. However, as
+matters stand, it is bad enough for the sanitary
+reformers. <span class="tei tei-q">“They drop their arms and tremble
+when they hear,”</span> they are despised by Alderman
+Lawrence.<a id="noteref_3" name="noteref_3" href="#note_3"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">3</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Let us uphold our city grave-yards; on that
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page612">[pg 612]</span><a name="Pg612" id="Pg612" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+point we have already spoken out. Let us not
+cheat them of their pasturage; if any man fall
+sick, when, so to speak, his grave is dug, let us
+not lift him out of it by misdirected care. That
+topic now engages our attention.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+There is a report among the hear-say stories
+of Herodotus, touching some tribe of Scythians,
+that when one of them gets out of health, or
+passes forty years of age, his friends proceed to
+slaughter him, lest he become diseased, tough,
+or unfit for table. These people took their ancestors
+into their stomachs, we take ours into
+our lungs—and herein we adopt the better plan,
+because it is the more unwholesome. We are
+content, also, now and then to let our friends
+grow old, although we may repress the tendency
+to age as much as possible. We do not absolutely
+kill our neighbors when they sicken; yet
+by judicious nursing we may frequently keep
+down a too great buoyancy of health, and check
+recovery. How to produce this last effect I will
+now tell you. Gentle mourners, do not chide
+me as irreverent—
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Auch ich war in Arkadien geboren,</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+bear with me, then, and let me give my hints
+concerning ægritudinary sick-room discipline.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Of the professional nurse I will say nothing.
+You, of course, have put down Mrs. Gamp's
+address.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A sick-room should, in the first place, be
+made dark. Light, I have said before, is, in
+most cases, curative. It is a direct swindling
+of the doctor when we allow blinds to be pulled
+up, and so admit into the patient's room medicine
+for which nobody (except the tax-gatherer)
+is paid.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A sick-room should, in the next place, be
+made sad, obtrusively sad. A smile upon the
+landing must become a sigh when it has passed
+the patient's door. Our hope is to depress, to
+dispirit invalids. Cheerful words and gentle
+laughter, more especially where there is admitted
+sunshine also, are a moral food much too
+nutritious for the sick.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The sick-room, in its furniture as well, must
+have an ominous appearance. The drawers, or
+a table should be decked with physic bottles.
+Some have a way of thrusting all the medicine
+into a cupboard, out of sight, leaving a glass of
+gayly-colored flowers for the wearied eyes to
+rest upon: this has arisen obviously from a sanitary
+crotchet, and is, on no account, to be
+adopted.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Then we must have the sick-room to be hot,
+and keep it close. A scentless air, at summer
+temperature, sanitary people want; a hot, close
+atmosphere is better suited to our view. Slops
+and all messes are to be left standing in the
+room—only put out of sight—and cleared away
+occasionally; they are not to be removed at
+once. The chamber also is to be made tidy
+once a day, and once a week well cleaned: it
+is not to be kept in order by incessant care, by
+hourly tidiness, permitting no dirt to collect.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+There is an absurd sanitary dictum, which I
+will but name. It is, that a patient ought to
+have, if possible, two beds, one for the day, and
+one for night use; or else two sets of sheets,
+that, each set being used one day and aired the
+next, the bed may be kept fresh and wholesome.
+Suppose our friend were to catch cold in consequence
+of all this freshness!
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+No, we do better to avoid fresh air; nor
+should we vex our patient with much washing.
+We will not learn to feed the sick, but send
+their food away when they are unable to understand
+our clumsiness.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Yet, while we follow our own humor in this
+code of chamber practice, we will pay tithes of
+mint and cummin to the men of science. We
+will ask Monsieur Purgon how many grains of
+salt go to an egg; and if our patient require
+twelve turns up and down the room, we will
+inquire with Argan, whether they are to be
+measured by its length or breadth.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+When we have added to our course some
+doses of religious horror, we shall have done as
+much as conscience can demand of us toward
+filling the grave.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I may append here the remark, that if ever
+we do resolve to eat our ancestors, there is the
+plan of a distinguished horticulturist apt for our
+purpose. Mr. Loudon, I believe it was, who
+proposed, some years ago, the conversion of the
+dead into rotation crops—that our grandfathers
+and grandmothers should be converted into corn
+and mangel-wurzel. His suggestion was to
+combine burial with farming operations. A
+field was to be, during forty years, a place of
+interment: then the field adjacent was to be
+taken for that purpose; and so on with others
+in rotation. A due time having been allowed
+for the manure in each field to rot, the dead
+were to be well worked up and gradually disinterred
+in the form of wheat, or carrots, or potatoes.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Nothing appears odd to which we are accustomed.
+We look abroad and wonder, but we
+look at home and are content. The Esquimaux
+believe that men dying in windy weather are
+unfortunate, because their souls, as they escape,
+risk being blown away. Some Negroes do not
+bury in the rainy season, for they believe that
+then the gods, being all busy up above, can not
+attend to any ceremonies. Dr. Hooker writes
+home from the Himalaya mountains, that about
+Lake Yarou the Lamas' bodies are exposed, and
+kites are summoned to devour them by the
+sound of a gong and of a trumpet made out of a
+human thigh-bone. Such notions from abroad
+arrest our notice, but we see nothing when we
+look at home. We might see how we fill our
+sick-rooms with a fatal gloom, and keep our
+dead five or six days within our houses, to bury
+them, side by side and one over another, thousands
+together, in the middle of our cities.
+However, when we do succeed in getting at a
+view of our own life <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">ab extra</span></span>, it is a pleasant
+thing to find that sanitary heresies at any rate
+have not struck deep root in the British soil.
+In an old book of emblems there is a picture of
+Cupid whipping a tortoise, to the motto that
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page613">[pg 613]</span><a name="Pg613" id="Pg613" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+Love hates delay. If lovers of reform in sanitary
+matters hate delay, it is a pity; for our
+good old tortoise has a famous shell, and is not
+stimulated easily.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">IX. The Fire And The Dressing-Room.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Against the weather all men are Protectionists—all
+men account it matter of offense.
+What say the people of the north? A Highland
+preacher, one December Sunday, in the fourth
+hour of his sermon—For be it known to Englishmen
+who nod at church, that in the Highlands,
+after four good hours of prayer and
+psalm, there follow four good hours of sermon.
+And, <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">nota bene</span></span>, may it not be that the shade of
+our King Henry I. does penance among Highland
+chapels now, for having, in his lifetime,
+made one Roger a bishop because he was expert
+in scrambling through the services?—A
+Highland pastor saw his congregation shivering.
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Ah!”</span> he shouted, <span class="tei tei-q">“maybe ye think this a
+cauld place; but, let me tell ye, hell's far
+caulder!”</span> An English hearer afterward reproached
+this minister for his perversion of the
+current faith. <span class="tei tei-q">“Hout, man,”</span> said he, <span class="tei tei-q">“ye
+dinna ken the Hielanders. If I were to tell
+them hell was a hot place, they'd all be laboring
+to go there.”</span> And that was true philosophy.
+Mythologies invented in the north, imagined
+their own climate into future torture. Above,
+in the northern lights, they saw a chase of miserable
+souls, half starved, and hunted to and fro
+by ravens; below, they imagined Nastrond with
+its frosts and serpents. Warmth is delightful,
+certainly. No doubt but sunburnt nations picture
+future punishment as fire. Yes, naturally,
+for it is in the middle region only that we are
+not wearied with extremes. What region shall
+we take? Our own? When is it not too hot,
+too cold, too dry, too wet, or too uncertain?
+Italy? There the sun breeds idle maggots.
+As for the poet's paradise, Cashmere, botanists
+tell us that, although, no doubt, fruits grow luxuriantly
+there, they are extremely flavourless.
+Then it is obvious that to abuse, antagonise,
+defy the weather, is one of the established rights
+of man. Upon our method of defying it, our
+health, in some measure, depends. How is our
+right to be maintained unhealthily?
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Not by blind obedience to nature. We are
+correcting her, and must not let her guide us.
+Nature considers all men savages—and savages
+they would be, if they followed her. What is
+barbarism? Man in a state of nature. Nature,
+I say, treats us almost as if we were unable to
+light fires, or stich for ourselves breeches.
+Nature places near the hand of man in each
+climate a certain food, and tyrannizes over his
+stomach with a certain craving. Whales and
+seals delight the Esquimaux; he eats his blubber
+and defies the frost. So fed, the Esquimaux
+woman can stand out of doors, suckling her infant
+at an open breast, with the thermometer
+40° below zero. As we go south, we pass the
+lands of bread and beef, to reach the sultry
+region wherein nature provides dates, and so
+forth. Even in our own range of the seasons,
+nature seeks to bind us to her own routine; in
+winter gives an appetite for flesh and fat, in
+summer takes a part of it away. We are not
+puppets, and we will not be dictated to; so we
+stimulate the stomach, and allow no brute instinct
+to tamper with our social dietary. We
+do here, on a small scale, what is done, on a
+large scale, by our friends in India, who pepper
+themselves into appetite, that they may eat, and
+drink, and die. We drink exciting beverage in
+summer, because we are hot; we drink it in
+winter, because we are cold. The fact is, we
+are driven to such practices; for if we did not
+interfere to take the guidance of our diet out of
+nature's hands, she would make food do a large
+portion of the service which civilization asks of
+fire and clothing. We should walk about warm
+in the winter, cool in the summer, having the
+warmth and coolness in ourselves. Now, it is
+obvious that this would never do. We must be
+civilized, or we must not. Is Mr. Sangster to
+sell tomahawks instead of canes? Clearly, he
+is not. We must so manage our homes as to
+create unhealthy bodies. If we do not, society
+is ruined; if we do—and in proportion as we
+do so—we become more and more unfit to meet
+vicissitudes of weather. Then we acquire a
+social craving after fires, and coats, and cloaks,
+and wrappers, and umbrellas, and cork soles,
+and muffetees, and patent hareskins, and all the
+blessings of this life, upon which our preservation
+must depend. These prove that we have
+stepped beyond the brute. You never saw a
+lion with cork soles and muffetees. The tiger
+never comes out, of nights, in a great coat.
+The eagle never soars up from his nest with an
+umbrella. Man alone comprehends these luxuries;
+and it is when he is least healthy that he
+loves them best.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In winter, then, it is not diet, and it is not
+exercise, that shall excite in us a vital warmth.
+We will depend on artificial means; we will be
+warmed, not from within, but from without.
+We will set ourselves about a fire, like pies, and
+bake; heating the outside first. Where the
+fire fails, we will depend upon the dressing-room.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+If we have healthy chests, we will encase
+ourselves in flannel; but if we happen to have
+chest complaint, we will use nothing of the sort.
+When we go out, we will empanoply our persons,
+so that we may warm ourselves by shutting
+in all exhalation from our bodies, and by
+husbanding what little heat we permit nature to
+provide for us.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In summer we will eat rich dinners and drink
+wine, will cast off three-fourths of the thickness
+of our winter clothing, and still be oppressed by
+heat. Iced drinks shall take the place of fire.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Civilized people can not endure being much
+wetted. Contact of water, during exercise,
+will do no harm to healthy bodies, but will
+spoil good clothes. We will get damp only
+when we walk out in bad weather; then, when
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page614">[pg 614]</span><a name="Pg614" id="Pg614" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+we come home, we need no change. Evaporation
+from damp clothes—the act of drying—while
+the body cools down, resting, and perhaps
+fatigued, that is what damages the health;
+against that we have no objection.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Hem! No doubt it is taking a great liberty
+with a Briton to look over his wardrobe. I will
+not trespass so far, but, my dear sir, your Hat!
+If we are to have a column on our heads, let it
+be one in which we can feel pride; a miniature
+monument; and we might put a statue on the
+top. Hats, as they are now worn, would not
+fitly support more than a bust. Is not this
+mean? On ægritudinary grounds we will uphold
+a hat. To keep the edifice from taking
+flight before a puff of wind, it must be fitted
+pretty tightly round the head, must press over
+the forehead and the occiput. How much it
+presses, a red ring upon our flesh will often
+testify. Heads are not made of putty; pressure
+implies impediment to certain processes within;
+one of these processes is called the circulation
+of the blood. The brain lies underneath our
+hats. Well, that is as it should be. Ladies do
+not wear hats, and never will, the bonnet is so
+artful a contrivance for encompassing the face
+with ornament; roses and lilies and daffidowndillies,
+which would have sent Flora into fits,
+and killed her long ago, had such a goddess
+ever been.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I said that there was brain under the hat;
+this is not always obvious, but there is generally
+hair. Once upon a time, not very long ago,
+hair was constructed with great labor into a
+huge tower upon every lady's head, pomatum
+being used by way of mortar, and this tower
+was repaired every three weeks. The British
+matron then looked like a <span class="tei tei-q">“mop-headed Papuan.”</span>
+The two were much alike, except in
+this, that while our countrywoman triumphed
+in her art, the Papuan was discontented with
+his nature. The ladies here, whose hair was
+naturally made to fall around the shoulders,
+reared it up on end; but in New Guinea,
+fashionables born with hair that grew of its
+own will into an upright bush, preferred to cut
+it off, and re-arrange it in a wig directed downwards.
+Sometimes they do no more than crop
+it close; and then, since it is characteristic of
+the hair in this race to grow, not in an expanse,
+but in tufts, the head is said by sailors to remind
+them of a worn-out shoe-brush. So, at the
+Antipodes as well as here, Art is an enemy to
+Nature. Hair upon the head was meant originally
+to preserve in all seasons an equable temperature
+above the brain. Emptying grease-pots
+into it, and matting it together, we convert
+it into an unwholesome skull-cap.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The neck? Here sanitary people say, How
+satisfactory it is that Englishmen keep their
+necks covered with a close cravat, and do not
+Byronize in opposition to the climate. That is
+very good; but English women, who account
+themselves more delicate, don't cover their
+necks, indeed they do not at all times cover
+their shoulders. So traveling from top to toe,
+if Englishmen wear thick shoes to protect the
+feet, our English women scorn the weakness,
+and go, except a little fancy covering, bare-footed.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+From this point I digress, to note of other
+garments that the English dress, as now established,
+does on the whole fair credit to society.
+To the good gentlemen who poetize concerning
+grace and the antique, who sigh for togas, stolas,
+and paludaments, I say, Go to. The drapery
+you sigh for was the baby-linen of the human
+race. Now we are out of long-clothes. The
+present European dress is that which offers least
+impediment to action. It shows what a Man is
+like, and that is more than any stranger from
+another world could have detected under the
+upholstery to which our sculptors cling. The
+merest hint of a man—shaped as God shaped
+him—is better than ten miles of folded blanket.
+Artists cry down our costume; forgetting that
+if they have not folds of drapery to paint, that
+is because they have in each man every limb to
+which they may assign its posture. If they can
+put no mind into a statue by the mastery of
+attitude, all the sheets in Guy's Hospital will
+not twist into a fold that shall be worth their
+chiseling.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+With women it is different. They have both
+moral and æsthetic right to drapery; and for the
+fashion of it, we must leave that to themselves.
+They are all licensed to deal in stuffs, colors,
+frippery, and flounce. And to wear rings in
+their ears. If ladies have good taste they can
+not vex us; and that any of them can have bad
+taste, who shall hint? Their stays they will
+abide by, as they love hysterics; them I have
+mentioned. I have before also gone out of my
+way to speak of certain humps carried by
+women on their backs, which are not healthy
+or unhealthy—who shall say what they are?
+Are these humps allegorical? Our wives and
+daughters perhaps wish to hint that they resemble
+camels in their patience; camels who
+bear their burden through a desert world,
+which we, poor folk, should find it quite impossible
+to travel through without them.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">X. Fresh Air.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Philosophers tell us that the breath of man is
+poisonous; that when collected in a jar it will
+kill mice, but when accumulated in a room it
+will kill men. Of this there are a thousand and
+one tales. I decline alluding to the Black Hole
+of Calcutta, but will take a specimen dug up by
+some sanitary gardener from Horace Walpole's
+letters. In 1742 a set of jolly Dogberries, virtuous
+in their cups, resolved that every woman
+out after dark ought to be locked up in the
+round-house. They captured twenty-six unfortunates,
+and shut them in with doors and
+windows fastened. The prisoners exhausted
+breath in screaming. One poor girl said she
+was worth eighteenpence, and cried that she
+would give it gladly for a cup of water. Dogberry
+was deaf. In the morning four were
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page615">[pg 615]</span><a name="Pg615" id="Pg615" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+brought out dead, two dying, and twelve in a
+dangerous condition. This is an argument in
+favor of the new police. I don't believe in
+ventilation; and will undertake here, in a few
+paragraphs, to prove it nonsense.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+At the very outset, let us take the ventilation-mongers
+on their own ground. People of this
+class are always referring us to nature. Very
+well, we will be natural. Do you believe, sir,
+that the words of that dear lady, when she said
+she loved you everlastingly, were poisonous air
+rendered sonorous by the action of a larynx,
+tongue, teeth, palate, and lips? No, indeed;
+ladies, at any rate, although they claim a double
+share of what the cherubs want—and, possibly,
+these humps, now three times spoken of,
+are the concealed and missing portions of the
+cherubim torn from them by the fair sex in
+some ancient struggle. There, now, I am again
+shipwrecked on the wondrous mountains. I
+was about to say, that ladies, who, in some
+things, surpass the cherubs, equal them in
+others; like them, are vocal with ethereal
+tones; their breath is <span class="tei tei-q">“the sweet south, stealing
+across a bed of violets,”</span> and that's not
+poisonous, I fancy. Well, I believe the chemists
+have, as yet, not detected any difference
+between a man's breath, and a woman's; therefore,
+neither of them can be hurtful. But let us
+grant the whole position. Breath is poisonous,
+but nature made it so; nature intended it to be
+so. Nature made man a social animal, and,
+therefore, designed that many breaths should be
+commingled. Why do you, lovers of the natural,
+object to that arrangement?
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Now let us glance at the means adopted to
+get rid of this our breath, this breath of which
+our words are made, libeled as poisonous.
+Ventilation is of two kinds, mechanical and
+physical. I will say something about each.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Mechanical ventilation is that which machinery
+produces. One of the first recorded
+ventilators of this kind, was not much more
+extravagant in its charges upon house-room,
+than some of which we hear in 1850. In
+1663, H. Schmitz published the scheme of a
+great fanner, which, descending through the
+ceiling, moved to and fro pendulum-wise, within
+a mighty slit. The movement of the fanner
+was established by a piece of clockwork more
+simple than compact: it occupied a complete
+chamber overhead, and was set in noisy motion
+by a heavy weight. The weight ran slowly
+down, pulling its rope until it reached the parlor
+floor; so that a gentleman incautiously falling
+asleep under it after his dinner, might
+awake to find himself a pancake. Since that
+time we have had no lack of ingenuity at work
+on forcing pumps, and sucking-pumps, and
+screws. The screws are admirable, on account
+of the unusually startling nature, now and then,
+of their results. Not long ago, a couple of fine
+screws were adapted to a public building; one
+was to take air out, the other was to turn air in.
+The first screw, unexpectedly perverse, wheeled
+its air inward; so did the second, but instead of
+directing its draught upward, it blew down
+with a great gust of contempt upon the horrified
+experimentalist. There is something of a
+screw principle in those queer little wheels
+fastened occasionally in our windows, and on
+footmen's hats—query, are those the ventilating
+hats?—the rooms are as much ventilated by
+these little tins as they would be by an air from
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Don Giovanni.”</span> I will say nothing about
+pumps; nor, indeed, need we devote more
+space to mechanical contrivances, since it is
+from other modes of ventilation that our cause
+has most to fear. Only one quaint speculation
+may be mentioned. It is quite certain that in
+the heats of India, air is not cooled by fanning,
+nor is it cooled judiciously by damping it. Professor
+Piazzi Smyth last year suggested this
+idea: Compress air by a forcing-pump into a
+close vessel, by so doing you increase its heat,
+then suddenly allow it to escape into a room, it
+will expand so much as to be cold, and, mixing
+with the other air in the apartment, cool the
+whole mass. This is the last new theory,
+which has not yet, I think, been tried in practice.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Now, physical ventilation—that which affects
+to imitate the processes of nature—is a more
+dangerously specious business. Its chief agent
+is heat. In nature, it is said, the sun is Lord
+High Ventilator. He rarefies the air in one
+place by his heat, elsewhere permits cold, and
+lets the air be dense; the thin air rises, and the
+dense air rushes to supply its place; so we have
+endless winds and currents—nature's ventilating
+works. It is incredible that sane men should
+have thought this system fit for imitation. It
+is a failure. Look at the hot department,
+where a traveler sometimes has to record that
+he lay gasping for two hours upon his back,
+until some one could find some water for him
+somewhere. Let us call that Africa, and who
+can say that he enjoys the squalls of wind rushing
+toward the desert? Let us think of the
+Persian and the Punic wars, when fleets which
+had not learned to play bo-peep with ventilating
+processes, strewed Mediterranean sands with
+wrecks and corpses. Some day we shall have
+these mimics of Dame Nature content with
+nothing smaller than a drawing-room typhoon
+to carry off the foul air of an evening party;
+dowagers' caps, young ladies' scarfs, cards,
+pocket-handkerchiefs, will whirl upon their blast,
+and then they will be happy. Now their demands
+are modest, but they mean hurricanes rely
+upon it; we must not let ourselves be
+lulled into a false security.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A fire, they say, is in English houses necessary
+during a large part of the year, is constant
+during that season when we are most closely
+shut up in our rooms. The fire, they say, is
+our most handy and most efficacious ventilator.
+Oh, yes, we know something about that: we
+know too well that the fire makes an ascending
+current, and that the cold air rushes from our
+doors and windows to the chimney, as from surrounding
+countries to the burning desert. We
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page616">[pg 616]</span><a name="Pg616" id="Pg616" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+know that very well, because every such current
+is a draught; one cuts into our legs, one gnaws
+about our necks, and all our backs are cold.
+We are in the condition of a pious man in Fox's
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Martyrs,”</span> about whom I used to read with
+childish reverence: that after a great deal of
+frying, during which he had not been turned by
+the Inquisition-Soyer, he lifted up his voice in
+verse:
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">This side enough is toasted;</span></span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.80em"><span style="font-size: 90%">Then turn me, tyrant, and eat,</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">And see whether raw or roasted</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.80em"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">I make the better meat.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+We, all of us, over our Christmas fires, present
+this choice of raw or roast, and we don't thank
+your principles of ventilation for it. Then say
+these pertinacious people, that they also disapprove
+of draughts; but they don't seem to mind
+boring holes in a gentleman's floor, or knocking
+through the sacred walls of home. This is
+their plan. They say, that you should have, if
+possible, a pipe connected with the air without,
+passing behind the cheeks of your stove, and
+opening under your fire, about, on, or close
+before your hearth. They say, that from this
+source the fire will be supplied so well, that it
+will no longer suck in draughts over your
+shoulders, and between your legs, from remote
+corners of the room. They say, moreover, that
+if this aperture be large enough, it will supply
+all the fresh air needed in your room, to replace
+that which has ascended and passed out, through
+a hole which you are to make in your chimney
+near the ceiling. They say, that an up-draught
+will clear this air away so quietly that you will
+not need even a valve; though you may have
+one fitted and made ornamental at a trifling
+cost. They would recommend you to make
+another hole in the wall opposite your chimney,
+near the ceiling also, to establish a more effectual
+current in the upper air. Then, they say,
+you will have a fresh air, and no draughts.
+Fresh air, yes, at the expense of a hole in the
+floor, and two holes in the wall. We might get
+fresh air, gentlemen, on a much larger scale by
+pulling the house down. They say, you should
+not mind the holes. Windows are not architectural
+beauties, yet we like them for admitting
+light; and some day it may strike us that the
+want of ventilators is a neighbor folly to the
+want of windows.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This they suggest as the best method of
+adapting our old houses to their new ideas.
+New houses they would have so built as to
+include this system of ventilation in their first
+construction, and so include it as to make it
+more effectual. But really, if people want to
+know how to build what are called well-ventilated
+houses, they must not expect me to tell
+them; let them buy Mr. Hosking's book on <span class="tei tei-q">“The
+proper Regulation of Buildings in Towns.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Up to this date, as I am glad to know, few
+architects have heard of ventilation. Under
+church galleries we doze through the most
+lively sermons, in public meetings we pant
+after air, but we have architecture; perhaps an
+airy style sometimes attempts to comfort us.
+These circumstances are, possibly, unpleasant
+at the time, but they assist the cause of general
+unhealthiness. Long may our architects believe
+that human lungs are instruments of brass; and
+let us hope that, when they get a ventilating fit,
+they will prefer strange machines, pumping,
+screwing, steaming apparatus. May they dispense
+then, doctored air, in draughts and mixtures.<a id="noteref_4" name="noteref_4" href="#note_4"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">4</span></span></a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Fresh air in certain favored places—as in
+Smithfield, for example—is undoubtedly an object
+of desire. It is exceedingly to be regretted,
+if the rumors be correct, that the result of
+a Commission of Inquiry threatens, by removing
+Smithfield, to destroy the only sound lung this
+metropolis possesses. The wholesome nature
+of the smell of cows is quite notorious. Humboldt
+tells of a sailor who was dying of fever
+in the close hold of a ship. His end being
+in sight, some comrades brought him out to die.
+What Humboldt calls <span class="tei tei-q">“the fresh air”</span> fell upon
+him, and, instead of dying, he revived, eventually
+getting well. I have no doubt that there was
+a cow on board, and the man smelt her. Now,
+if so great an effect was produced by the proximity
+of one cow, how great must be the advantage
+to the sick in London of a central crowded
+cattle-market!
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">XI. Exercise.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+There is a little tell-tale muscle in the inner
+corner of the eye, which, if you question it,
+will deliver a report into your looking-glass
+touching the state of the whole muscular system
+which lies elsewhere hidden in your body.
+When it is pale, it praises you. Muscular development
+is, by all means, to be kept down.
+Some means of holding it in check we have
+already dwelt upon. Muscular power, like all
+other power, will increase with exercise. We
+desire to hold the flesh in strict subjection to the
+spirit. Bodily exercise, therefore, must be
+added to the number of those forces which, by
+strengthening the animal, do damage to the
+spiritual man.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+We must take great pains to choke the
+energy of children. Their active little limbs
+must be tied down by a well-woven system of
+politeness. They run, they jump, turn heels
+over head, they climb up trees, if they attempt
+stillness they are ever on the move, because
+nature demands that while the body grows, it
+shall be freely worked in all its parts, in order
+that it may develop into a frame-work vigorous
+and well proportioned. Nature really is more
+obstinate than usual on this point. So restless
+a delight in bodily exertion is implanted in the
+child, that our patience is considerably tried
+when we attempt to keep it still. Children,
+however, can be tamed and civilized. By
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page617">[pg 617]</span><a name="Pg617" id="Pg617" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+sending them unhealthy from the nursery, we
+can deliver many of them spiritless at school,
+there to be properly subdued. The most unwholesome
+plan is to send boys to one school,
+girls to another; both physically and morally,
+this method gives good hope of sickliness.
+Nature, who never is on our side, will allow
+children of each sex to be born into one family,
+to play together, and be educated at one
+mother's knee. There ought to be—if nature
+had the slightest sense of decency—girls only
+born in one house, boys only in another. However,
+we can sort the children at an early age,
+and send them off to school—girls east, boys
+west.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A girl should be allowed, on no account, to
+climb a tree, or be unladylike. She shall
+regard a boy as a strange, curious monster; be
+forced into flirtation; and prefer the solace of a
+darling friend to any thing that verges on a
+scamper. She shall learn English grammar:
+that is to mean, Lindley Murray's notion of it;
+geography, or the names of capital towns,
+rivers, and mountain ranges; French enough
+for a lady; music, ornamental needlework, and
+the <span class="tei tei-q">“use of the globes.”</span> By-the-by, what a
+marvel it is that every lady has learned in her
+girlhood the use of the globes, and yet you
+never see a lady using them. All these subjects
+she shall study from a female point of view.
+Her greatest bodily fatigue shall be the learning
+of a polka, or the Indian sceptre exercise. Now
+and then, she shall have an iron down her back,
+and put her feet in stocks. The young lady
+shall return from school, able to cover ottomans
+with worsted birds; and to stitch a purse for
+the expected lover about whom she has been
+thinking for the last five years. She is quite
+aware that St. Petersburg is the capital of
+Ireland, and that a noun is a verb-substantive,
+which signifies to be, to do, to suffer.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The boy children shall be sent to school, where
+they may sit during three hours consecutively,
+and during eight or nine hours in the day, forcing
+their bodies to be tranquil. They shall entertain
+their minds by stuttering the eloquence
+of Cicero, which would be dull work to them in
+English, and is not enlivened by the Latin.
+They shall get much into their mouths of what
+they can not comprehend, and little or nothing
+into their hearts, out of the wide stores of information
+for which children really thirst. They
+shall be taught little or nothing of the world
+they live in, and shall know its Maker only as
+an answer to some question in a catechism.
+They shall talk of girls as beings of another
+nature; and shall come home from their school-life,
+pale, subdued, having unwholesome thoughts,
+awkward in using limbs, which they have not
+been suffered freely to develop; and shamefaced
+in the society from which, during their schoolboy
+life, they have been banished.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The older girl shall ape the lady, and the
+older boy shall ape the gentleman; so we may
+speak next of adults.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+No lady ought to walk when she can ride.
+The carriages of many kinds which throng our
+streets, all prove us civilized; prove us, and
+make us weak. The lady should be tired after
+a four-mile walk; her walk ought to be, in the
+utmost possible degree, weeded of energy. It
+should be slow; and when her legs are moved,
+her arms must be restrained from that synchronous
+movement which perverse Nature calls
+upon them to perform. Ladies do well to walk
+out with their arms quite still, and with their
+hands folded before them. Thus they prevent
+their delicacy from being preyed upon by a too
+wholesome exercise, and, what is to us more
+pleasant, they betray their great humility. They
+dare only to walk among us lords of the creation
+with their arms folded before them, that by
+such humble guise they may acknowledge the
+inferiority of their position. An Australian native,
+visiting London, might almost be tempted,
+in sheer pride of heart, to knock some of our
+ladies two or three times about the head with
+that small instrument which he employs for
+such correction of his women, that so he might
+derive the more enjoyment from their manifest
+submissiveness.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The well-bred gentleman ought to be weary
+after six miles of walking, and haughtily stare
+down the man who talks about sixteen. The
+saddle, the gig, the carriage, or the cab, and
+omnibus, must protect at once his delicacy and
+his shoes. The student should confine himself
+to study, grudging time; believing nobody who
+tells him that the time he gives to wholesome
+exercise, he may receive back in the shape of
+increased value for his hours of thought—that
+even his life of study may be lengthened by it.
+Let the tradesman be well-rooted in his shop if
+he desire to flourish. Let the mechanic sit at
+labor on the week-days, and on Sundays let him
+sit at church, or else stop decently at home.
+Let us have no Sunday recreations. It is quite
+shocking to hear sanitary people lecture on this
+topic. Profanely they profess to wonder why
+the weary, toiling family of Christians should
+not be carried from the town, and from that
+hum of society which is not to them very refreshing
+on the day of rest. Why they should
+not go out and wander in the woods, and ask
+their hearts who taught the dragon-fly his dancing;
+who made the blue-bells cluster lovingly
+together, looking so modest; and ask from
+whose Opera the birds are singing their delicious
+music? Why should not the rugged man's
+face soften, and the care-worn woman's face be
+melted into tenderness, and man and wife and
+children cluster as closely as the blue-bells in
+the peaceful wood? What if they there become
+so very conscious of their mutual love,
+and of the love of God, as to feel glad that they
+are not in any other <span class="tei tei-q">“place of worship,”</span> where
+they may hear Roman Catholics denounced, or
+Churchmen scorned, or the Dissenters pounded?
+What if they then come home refreshed in mind
+and body, and begin the week with larger, gentler
+thoughts of God and man? By such means
+may they not easily be led, if they were at any
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page618">[pg 618]</span><a name="Pg618" id="Pg618" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+unwilling, to give praise to God, and learn
+to join—not as a superstitious rite, but as a
+humble duty—in His public worship? So talk
+the sanitary men—here, as in all their doctrines,
+showing themselves little better than materialists.
+The negro notion of a Sabbath is, that
+nobody may fish: our notion is, that nobody may
+stay away from church.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In these remarks on exercise among adults, I
+have confined myself to the plain exercise of
+walking. It may be taken for granted that no
+grown-up person will be so childish as to leap,
+to row, to swim. A few Young Englanders
+may put on, now and then, their white kid
+gloves to patronize a cricket-match; but we
+can laugh at them. In a gentleman it is undignified
+to run; and even walking, at the best,
+is vulgar.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Indeed there is an obvious vulgarity in the
+whole doctrine which would call upon us to
+assist our brute development by the mere exercising
+of ourselves as animals. Such counsel
+offers to degrade us to the low position of the
+race-horse who is trotted to and fro, the poodle
+who is sent out for an airing. As spiritual
+people, we look down with much contempt upon
+the man who would in any thing compare us
+with the lower animals. His mind is mean,
+and must be quite beneath our indignation. I
+will say no more. Why thrash a pickpocket
+with thunder?
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">XII. A Bedroom Paper.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+If you wish to have a thoroughly unhealthy
+bedroom, these are the precautions you should
+take.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Fasten a chimney-board against the fireplace,
+so as to prevent foul air from escaping in the
+night. You will, of course, have no hole through
+the wall into the chimney; and no sane man, in
+the night season, would have a door or window
+open. Use no perforated zinc in paneling;
+especially avoid it in small bedrooms. So you
+will get a room full of bad air. But in the
+same room there is bad, worse, and worst: your
+object is to have the worst air possible. Suffocating
+machines are made by every upholsterer;
+attach one to your bed; it is an apparatus
+of poles, rings, and curtains. By drawing your
+curtains around you before you sleep, you insure
+to yourself a condensed body of foul air over
+your person. This poison vapor-bath you will
+find to be most efficient when it is made of any
+thick material.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+There being transpiration through the skin, it
+would not be a bad idea to see whether this can
+not be in some way hindered. The popular
+method will do very well: smother the flesh as
+much as possible in feathers. A wandering
+princess, in some fairy tale, came to a king's
+house. The king's wife, with the curiosity and
+acuteness proper to her sex, desired to know
+whether their guest was truly born a princess,
+and discovered how to solve the question. She
+put three peas on the young lady's paillasse,
+and over them a large feather-bed, and then
+another, then another—in fact, fifteen feather-beds.
+Next morning the princess looked pale,
+and, in answer to inquiries how she had passed
+the night, said that she had been unable to sleep
+at all, because the bed had lumps in it. The
+king's wife knew then that their guest showed
+her good breeding. Take this high-born lady
+for a model. The feathers retain all heat about
+your body, and stifle the skin so far effectually,
+that you awake in the morning pervaded by a
+sense of languor, which must be very agreeable
+to a person who has it in his mind to be unhealthy.
+In order to keep a check upon exhalation
+about your head (which otherwise
+might have too much the way of Nature), put
+on a stout, closely-woven night-cap. People
+who are at the height of cleverness in this respect
+sleep with their heads under the bed-clothes.
+Take no rest on a hair-mattress; it is
+elastic and pleasant, certainly, but it does not
+encase the body; and therefore you run a risk
+of not awaking languid.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Never wash when you go to bed; you are
+not going to see any body, and therefore there
+can be no use in washing. In the morning,
+wet no more skin than you absolutely must—that
+is to say, no more than your neighbors will
+see during the day—the face and hands. So
+much you may do with a tolerably good will,
+since it is the other part of the surface of the
+body, more covered and more impeded in the
+full discharge of its functions, which has rather
+the more need of ablution; it is therefore fortunate
+that you can leave that other part unwashed.
+Five minutes of sponging and rubbing
+over the whole body in the morning would tend
+to invigorate the system, and would send you
+with a cheerful glow to the day's business or
+pleasure. Avoid it by all means, if you desire
+to be unhealthy. Let me note here, that in
+speaking of the poor, we should abstain from
+ceding to them an exclusive title, as <span class="tei tei-q">“the
+Great Unwashed.”</span> Will you, Mr. N. or M.,
+retire into your room and strip? Examine your
+body; is it clean—was it sponged this morning—is
+there no dirt upon it any where? If it be
+not clean, if it was not sponged, if water would
+look rather black after you had enjoyed a
+thorough scrub in it, then is it not obvious that
+you yourself take rank among the Great Unwashed?
+By way of preserving a distinction
+between them and us, I even think it would be
+no bad thing were we to advocate the washing
+of the poor.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Do not forget that, although you must unfortunately
+apply water to your face you can
+find warrant in custom to excuse you from annoying
+it with soap; and for the water again,
+you are at liberty to take vengeance by obtaining
+compensation damages out of that part of
+your head which the hair covers. Never wash
+it; soil it; clog it with oil or lard—either of
+which will answer your purpose, as either will
+keep out air as well as water, and promote the
+growth of a thick morion of scurf. Lard in the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page619">[pg 619]</span><a name="Pg619" id="Pg619" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+bedroom is called bear's grease. In connection
+with its virtues in promoting growth of hair,
+there is a tale which I believe to be no fiction;
+not the old and profane jest of the man who
+rubbed a deal box with it over-night, and found
+a hair-trunk in the morning. It is said that the
+first adventurer who advertised bear's grease for
+sale, appended to the laudation of its efficacy a
+Nota Bene, that gentlemen, after applying it,
+should wash the palms of their hands, otherwise
+the hair would sprout thence also. I admire
+that speculator, grimly satiric at the expense
+both of himself and of his customers. He jested
+at his own pretensions; and declared, by an
+oblique hint, that he did not look for friends
+among the scrupulously clean.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Tooth-powder is necessary in the bedroom.
+Healthy stomachs will make healthy teeth, and
+then a tooth-brush and a little water may suffice
+to keep them clean. But healthy stomachs also
+make coarse constitutions. It is vexatious that
+our teeth rot when we vitiate the fluid that
+surrounds them. As gentlemen and ladies we
+desire good teeth; they must be scoured and
+hearth-stoned.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Of course, as you do not cleanse your body
+daily, so you will not show favor to your feet.
+Keep up a due distinction between the upper
+and lower members. When a German prince
+was told confidentially that he had dirty hands,
+he replied, with the liveliness of conscious triumph,
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Ach, do you call dat dirty? You should
+see my toes!”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Some people wash them once in every month;
+that will do very well; or once a year, it matters
+little which. In what washing you find
+yourself unable to omit, use only the finest
+towels, those which inflict least friction on the
+skin.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Having made these arrangements for yourself,
+take care that they are adhered to, as far
+is may be convenient, throughout your household.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Here and there, put numerous sleepers into a
+single room; this is a good thing for children,
+if you require to blanch them. By a little perseverance,
+also, in this way, when you have too
+large a family, you can reduce it easily. By
+all means, let a baby have foul air, not only by
+the use of suffocative apparatus, but by causing
+it to sleep where there are four or five others in
+a well-closed room. So much is due to the
+maintenance of our orthodox rate of infant mortality.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Let us admire, lastly, the economy of time in
+great men who have allowed themselves only
+four, five, or six hours, for sleep. It may be
+true that they would have lived longer had they
+always paid themselves a fair night's quiet for
+a fair day's work; they would have lived longer,
+but they would not have lived so fast. It is essential
+to live fast in this busy world. Moreover,
+there is a superstitious reverence for early
+rising, as a virtue by itself, which we shall do
+well to acquire. Let sanitary men say, <span class="tei tei-q">“Roost
+with the lark, if you propose to rise with her.”</span>
+Nonsense. No civilized man can go to bed
+much earlier than midnight; but every man of
+business must be up betimes. Idle, happy
+people, on the other hand, they to whom life is
+useless, prudently remain for nine, ten, or a
+dozen hours in bed. Snug in their corner, they
+are in the way of nobody, except the housemaid.
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-tb"><hr style="width: 50%" /></div>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Now wotte we nat, ne can na see</span></span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">What manir ende that there shall be.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Birth, sickness, burial. Eating, drinking,
+clothing, sleeping. Exercise, and social pleasure.
+Air, water, and light. These are the
+topics upon which we have already touched. A
+finished painting of good ægritudinary discipline
+was not designed upon the present canvas: no
+man who knows the great extent and varied
+surface of the scene which such a picture should
+embrace, will think that there is here even an
+outline finished.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+We might have recommended early marriages;
+and marriage with first cousins. We
+might have urged all men with heritable maladies
+to shun celibacy. We might have praised
+tobacco, which, by acting on the mucous membrane
+of the mouth, acts on the same membrane
+in the stomach also (precisely as disorder
+of the stomach will communicate disorder to the
+mouth), and so helps in establishing a civilized
+digestion and a pallid face.
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">But we woll stint of this matere</span></span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">For it is wondir long to here.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It is inherent in man to be perverse. A drawing-room
+critic, in one of Gait's novels, takes up
+a picture of a cow, holds it inverted, and enjoys
+it as a castellated mansion with four corner
+towers. And so, since <span class="tei tei-q">“all that moveth doth
+mutation love,”</span> after a like fashion, many people,
+it appears, have looked upon these papers.
+There is a story to the point in Lucian. Passus
+received commission from a connoisseur to draw
+a horse with his legs upward. He drew it in the
+usual way. His customer came unannounced,
+saw what had been done, and grumbled fearfully.
+Passus, however, turned his picture up-side
+down, and then the connoisseur was satisfied.
+These papers have been treated like the horse of
+Passus.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Stimatissimo Signor Boswell”</span> says, in his
+book on Corsica, that he rode out one day on
+Paoli's charger, gay with gold and scarlet, and
+surrounded by the chieftain's officers. For a
+while, he says, he thought he was a hero.
+Thus, like a goose on horseback, has our present
+writer visited some few of the chief ægritudinary
+outposts. Why not so? They say there is no
+way impossible. Wherefore an old emblem-book
+has represented Cupid crossing a stream
+which parts him from an altar, seated at ease
+upon his quiver, for a boat, and rowing with a
+pair of arrows. So has the writer floated over
+on a barrel of his folly, and possibly may touch,
+O reader, at the Altar of your Household Gods.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page627">[pg 627]</span><a name="Pg627" id="Pg627" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc21" id="toc21"></a>
+<a name="pdf22" id="pdf22"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Sorrows And Joys.
+(From Dickens's Household Words.)</span></h1>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">Bury thy sorrows, and they shall rise</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">As souls to the immortal skies,</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">And then look down like mothers' eyes.</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">But let thy joys be fresh as flowers,</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">That suck the honey of the showers,</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">And bloom alike on huts and towers.</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">So shall thy days be sweet and bright—</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">Solemn and sweet thy starry night—</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">Conscious of love each change of light.</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">The stars will watch the flowers asleep,</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">The flowers will feel the soft stars weep,</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">And both will mix sensations deep.</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">With these below, with those above,</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">Sits evermore the brooding Dove,</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">Uniting both in bonds of love.</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">Children of Earth are these; and those</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">The spirits of intense repose—</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">Death radiant o'er all human woes.</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">For both by nature are akin;</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">Sorrow, the ashen fruit of sin,</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">And joy, the juice of life within.</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">O, make thy sorrows holy—wise—</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">So shall their buried memories rise,</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">Celestial, e'en in mortal skies.</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">O, think what then had been their doom,</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">If all unshriven—without a tomb—</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">They had been left to haunt the gloom!</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">O, think again what they will be</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">Beneath God's bright serenity,</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">When thou art in eternity!</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">For they, in their salvation, know</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">No vestige of their former woe,</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">While thro' them all the Heavens do flow.</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">Thus art thou wedded to the skies,</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">And watched by ever-loving eyes,</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">And warned by yearning sympathies.</span></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc23" id="toc23"></a>
+<a name="pdf24" id="pdf24"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Maurice Tiernay, The Soldier Of Fortune.
+(From the Dublin University Magazine)</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+(<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Continued from Page</span></span> 499.)
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">Chapter XII. </span><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 144%">“</span><span style="font-size: 144%">A Glance At Staff-Duty.</span><span style="font-size: 144%">”</span></span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Although the passage of the Rhine was
+but the prelude to the attack on the fortress,
+that exploit being accomplished, Kehl was
+carried at the point of the bayonet, the French
+troops entering the outworks pell-mell with the
+retreating enemy, and in less than two hours
+after the landing of our first detachments, the
+<span class="tei tei-q">“tri-color”</span> waved over the walls of the fortress.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Lost amid the greater and more important
+successes which since that time have immortalized
+the glory of the French arms, it is almost
+impossible to credit the celebrity attached at
+that time to this brilliant achievement, whose
+highest merits probably were rapidity and resolution.
+Moreau had long been jealous of the
+fame of his great rival, Bonaparte, whose tactics,
+rejecting the colder dictates of prudent
+strategy, and the slow progress of scientific
+manoeuvres, seemed to place all his confidence
+in the sudden inspirations of his genius, and
+the indomitable bravery of his troops. It was
+necessary, then, to raise the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">morale</span></span> of the army
+of the Rhine, to accomplish some great feat
+similar in boldness and heroism to the wonderful
+achievements of the Italian army. Such
+was the passage of the Rhine at Strasbourg,
+effected in the face of a great enemy, advantageously
+posted, and supported by one of the
+strongest of all the frontier fortresses.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The morning broke upon us in all the exultation
+of our triumph, and as our cheers rose high
+over the field of the late struggle, each heart
+beat proudly with the thought of how that news
+would be received in Paris.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“You'll see how the bulletin will spoil all,”</span>
+said a young officer of the army of Italy, as he
+was getting his wound dressed on the field.
+<span class="tei tei-q">“There will be such a long narrative of irrelevant
+matter—such details of this, that, and
+t'other—that the public will scarce know
+whether the placard announces a defeat or a
+victory.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Parbleu!”</span> replied an old veteran of the
+Rhine army, <span class="tei tei-q">“what would you have? You'd
+not desire to omit the military facts of such an
+exploit?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“To be sure I would,”</span> rejoined the other.
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Give me one of our young general's bulletins,
+short, stirring, and effective—<span class="tei tei-q">‘Soldiers! you
+have crossed the Rhine against an army double
+your own in numbers and munitions of war.
+You have carried a fortress, believed impregnable,
+at the bayonet. Already the great flag of
+our nation waves over the citadel you have won.
+Forward, then, and cease not till it float over
+the cities of conquered Germany, and let the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page628">[pg 628]</span><a name="Pg628" id="Pg628" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+name of France be that of Empire over the
+continent of Europe.’</span> ”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Ha! I like that,”</span> cried I, enthusiastically;
+<span class="tei tei-q">“that's the bulletin to my fancy. Repeat it
+once more, mon lieutenant, that I may write it
+in my note-book.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“What! hast thou a note-book?”</span> cried an
+old staff-officer, who was preparing to mount
+his horse; <span class="tei tei-q">“let's see it, lad.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+With a burning cheek and trembling hand, I
+drew my little journal from the breast of my
+jacket, and gave it to him.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Sacre bleu!”</span> exclaimed he, in a burst of
+laughter, <span class="tei tei-q">“what have we here? Why, this is
+a portrait of old General Morieier, and, although
+a caricature, a perfect likeness. And
+here comes a plan for <span class="tei tei-q">‘manoeuvring a squadron
+by threes from the left.’</span> This is better—it is
+a receipt for an <span class="tei tei-q">‘Omelette à la Hussard;’</span> and
+here we have a love-song, and a mustache-paste,
+with some hints about devotion, and diseased
+frog in horses. Most versatile genius,
+certainly!”</span> And so he went on, occasionally
+laughing at my rude sketches, and ruder remarks,
+till he came to a page headed <span class="tei tei-q">“Equitation,
+as practiced by Officers of the Staff,”</span> and
+followed by a series of caricatures of bad riding,
+in all its moods and tenses. The flush of anger
+which instantly colored his face, soon attracted
+the notice of those about him, and one of the
+bystanders quickly snatched the book from his
+fingers, and, in the midst of a group all convulsed
+with laughter, proceeded to expatiate
+upon my illustrations. To be sure, they were
+absurd enough. Some were represented sketching
+on horseback, under shelter of an umbrella;
+others were <span class="tei tei-q">“taking the depth of a stream”</span> by
+a <span class="tei tei-q">“header”</span> from their own saddles; some,
+again, were <span class="tei tei-q">“exploring ground for an attack in
+line,”</span> by a measurement of the rider's own
+length over the head of his horse. Then there
+were ridiculous situations, such as <span class="tei tei-q">“sitting
+down before a fortress,”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“taking an angle of
+incidence,”</span> and so on. Sorry jests, all of them,
+but sufficient to amuse those with whose daily
+associations they chimed in, and to whom certain
+traits of portraiture gave all the zest of a
+personality.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+My shame at the exposure, and my terror for
+its consequences, gradually yielded to a feeling
+of flattered vanity at the success of my lucubrations;
+and I never remarked that the staff-officer
+had ridden away from the group, till I
+saw him galloping back at the top of his speed.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Is your name Tiernay, my good fellow?”</span>
+cried he, riding close up to my side, and with
+an expression on his features I did not half like.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Yes, sir,”</span> replied I.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Hussar of the Ninth, I believe?”</span> repeated
+he, reading from a paper in his hand.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The same, sir.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Well, your talents as a draughtsman have
+procured you promotion, my friend; I have obtained
+your discharge from your regiment, and
+you are now my orderly—orderly on the staff,
+do you mind? so mount, sir, and follow me.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I saluted him respectfully, and prepared to
+obey his orders. Already I foresaw the downfall
+of all the hopes I had been cherishing, and
+anticipated the life of tyranny and oppression
+that lay before me. It was clear to me, that
+my discharge had been obtained solely as a
+means of punishing me, and that Captain Discau,
+as the officer was called, had destined me
+to a pleasant expiation of my note-book. The
+savage exultation with which he watched me,
+as I made up my kit and saddled my horse—the
+cool malice with which he handed me back
+the accursed journal, the cause of all my disasters—gave
+me a dark foreboding of what was
+to follow; and as I mounted my saddle, my
+woeful face, and miserable look, brought forth a
+perfect shout of laughter from the bystanders.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Captain Discau's duty was to visit the banks
+of the Rhine, and the Eslar island, to take certain
+measurements of distances, and obtain accurate
+information on various minute points
+respecting the late engagement, for, while a
+brief announcement of the victory would suffice
+for the bulletin, a detailed narrative of the event,
+in all its bearings, must be drawn up for the
+minister of war, and for this latter purpose
+various staff-officers were then employed in different
+parts of the field.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+As we issued from the fortress, and took our
+way over the plain, we struck out into a sharp
+gallop; but, as we drew near the river, our
+passage became so obstructed by lines of baggage-wagons,
+tumbrils, and ammunition-carts,
+that we were obliged to dismount and proceed
+on foot; and now I was to see, for the first time,
+that dreadful picture, which, on the day after
+a battle, forms the reverse of the great medal
+of glory. Huge litters of wounded men on
+their way back to Strasbourg, were drawn by
+six or eight horses, their jolting motion increasing
+the agony of sufferings that found their vent
+in terrific cries and screams; oaths, yells, and
+blasphemies, the ravings of madness, and the
+wild shouts of infuriated suffering, filled the air
+on every side. As if to give the force of contrast
+to this uproar of misery, two regiments of
+Swabian infantry marched past as prisoners.
+Silent, crest-fallen, and wretched-looking, they
+never raised their eyes from the ground, but
+moved, or halted, wheeled, or stood at ease, as
+though by some impulse of mechanism; a cord
+coupled the wrists of the outer files, one with
+another, which struck me less as a measure of
+security against escape, than as a mark of indignity.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Carts and charettes with wounded officers,
+in which often-times the uniform of the enemy
+appeared side by side with our own, followed
+in long procession; and thus were these two
+great currents—the one hurrying forward, ardent,
+high-hearted, and enthusiastic; the other
+returning maimed, shattered, and dying!
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It was an affecting scene to see the hurried
+gestures, and hear the few words of adieu, as
+they passed each other. Old comrades who
+were never to meet again, parted with a little
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page629">[pg 629]</span><a name="Pg629" id="Pg629" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+motion of the hand; sometimes a mere look
+was all their leave-taking: save when, now
+and then, a halt would for a few seconds bring
+the two lines together, and then many a bronzed
+and rugged cheek was pressed upon the faces
+of the dying, and many a tear fell from eyes
+bloodshot with the fury of the battle! Wending
+our way on foot slowly along, we at last reached
+the river side, and having secured a small skiff,
+made for the Eslar island; our first business being
+to ascertain some details respecting the intrenchments
+there, and the depth and strength of the
+stream between it and the left bank. Discau,
+who was a distinguished officer, rapidly possessed
+himself of the principal facts he wanted,
+and then, having given me his portfolio, he seated
+himself under the shelter of a broken wagon,
+and opening a napkin, began his breakfast off a
+portion of a chicken and some bread—viands
+which, I own, more than once made my lips
+water as I watched him.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“You've eaten nothing to-day, Tiernay?”</span>
+asked he, as he wiped his lips, with the air of a
+man that feels satisfied.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Nothing, mon capitaine,”</span> replied I.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“That's bad,”</span> said he, shaking his head; <span class="tei tei-q">“a
+soldier can not do his duty, if his rations be neglected.
+I have always maintained the principle:
+Look to the men's necessaries—take care
+of their food and clothing. Is there any thing
+on that bone there?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Nothing, mon capitaine.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“I'm sorry for it; I meant it for you; put
+up that bread, and the remainder of that flask
+of wine. Bourdeaux is not to be had every
+day. We shall want it for supper, Tiernay.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I did as I was bid, wondering not a little
+why he said <span class="tei tei-q">“<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">we</span></em>,”</span> seeing how little a share I
+occupied in the co-partnery.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Always be careful of the morrow on a
+campaign, Tiernay—no squandering, no waste;
+that's one of my principles,”</span> said he, gravely,
+as he watched me while I tied up the bread and
+wine in the napkin. <span class="tei tei-q">“You'll soon see the advantage
+of serving under an old soldier.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I confess the great benefit had not already
+struck me, but I held my peace and waited;
+meanwhile he continued—
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“I have studied my profession from my boyhood,
+and one thing I have acquired, that all
+experience has confirmed, the knowledge, that
+men must neither be taxed beyond their ability
+nor their endurance; a French soldier, after all,
+is human; eh, is't not so?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“I feel it most profoundly, mon capitaine,”</span>
+replied I, with my hand on my empty stomach.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Just so,”</span> rejoined he; <span class="tei tei-q">“every man of sense
+and discretion must confess it. Happily for you,
+too, I know it; ay, Tiernay, I know it, and
+practice it. When a young fellow has acquitted
+himself to my satisfaction during the day—not
+that I mean to say that the performance has not
+its fair share of activity and zeal—when evening
+comes and stable duty finished, arms burnished,
+and accoutrements cleaned, what do you think
+I say to him?—eh, Tiernay, just guess now?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Probably, sir, you tell him he is free to
+spend an hour at the canteen, or take his sweetheart
+to the theatre.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“What! more fatigue! more exhaustion to
+an already tired and worn-out nature!”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“I ask pardon, sir, I see I was wrong; but
+I had forgotten how thoroughly the poor fellow
+was done up. I now see that you told him to
+go to bed.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“To bed! to bed! Is it that he might
+writhe in the nightmare, or suffer agony from
+cramps? To bed after fatigue like this! No,
+no, Tiernay, that was not the school in which <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">I</span></em>
+was brought up; <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">we</span></em> were taught to think of
+the men under our command; to remember that
+they had wants, sympathies, hopes, fears, and
+emotions like our own. I tell him to seat himself
+at the table, and with pen, ink, and paper before
+him, to write up the blanks. I see you don't
+quite understand me, Tiernay, as to the meaning
+of the phrase, but I'll let you into the
+secret. You have been kind enough to give
+me a peep at your note-book, and you shall in
+return have a look at mine. Open that volume,
+and tell me what you find in it.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I obeyed the direction, and read at the top of
+a page, the words <span class="tei tei-q">“Skeleton, 5th Prairial,”</span> in
+large characters, followed by several isolated
+words, denoting the strength of a brigade, the
+number of guns in a battery, the depth of a
+fosse, the height of a parapet, and such like.
+These were usually followed by a flourish of
+the pen, or sometimes by the word <span class="tei tei-q">“Bom.”</span>
+which singular monosyllable always occurred
+at the foot of the pages.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Well, have you caught the key to the
+cipher?”</span> said he, after a pause.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Not quite, sir,”</span> said I, pondering; <span class="tei tei-q">“I can
+perceive that the chief facts stand prominently
+forward, in a fair, round hand; I can also guess
+that the flourishes may be spaces left for detail;
+but this word <span class="tei tei-q">‘Bom.’</span> puzzles me completely.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Quite correct, as to the first part,”</span> said he,
+approvingly; <span class="tei tei-q">“and as to the mysterious monosyllable,
+it is nothing more than an abbreviation
+for <span class="tei tei-q">‘Bombaste,’</span> which is always to be done to
+the taste of each particular commanding officer.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“I perceive, sir,”</span> said I, quickly; <span class="tei tei-q">“like the
+wadding of a gun, which may increase the loudness,
+but never affect the strength of the shot.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Precisely, Tiernay; you have hit it exactly.
+Now I hope that, with a little practice, you may
+be able to acquit yourself respectably in this
+walk; and now to begin our skeleton. Turn
+over to a fresh page, and write as I dictate to
+you.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+So saying, he filled his pipe and lighted it,
+and disposing his limbs in an attitude of perfect
+ease, he began:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“8th Thermidor, midnight—twelve battalions,
+and two batteries of field—boats and rafts—Eslar
+island—stockades—eight guns—Swabian infantry—sharp
+firing, and a flourish—strong current—flourish—detachment of the 28th
+carried down—<span class="tei tei-q">‘Bom.’</span> Let me see it now—all right—nothing
+could be better—proceed. The 10th,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page630">[pg 630]</span><a name="Pg630" id="Pg630" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+45th, and 48th landing together—more firing—flourish—first
+gun captured—Bom.—bayonet
+charges—Bom. Bom.—three guns taken—Bom.
+Bom. Bom.—Swabs in retreat—flourish. The
+bridge eighty toises in length—flanking fire—heavy
+loss—flourish.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“You go a little too fast, mon capitaine,”</span>
+said I, for a sudden bright thought just flashed
+across me.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Very well,”</span> said he, shaking the ashes of
+his pipe out upon the rock, <span class="tei tei-q">“I'll take my doze,
+and you may awaken me when you've filled in
+those details—it will be a very fair exercise for
+you;”</span> and with this he threw his handkerchief
+over his face, and without any other preparation
+was soon fast asleep.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I own that, if I had not been a spectator of
+the action, it would have been very difficult, if
+not impossible, for me to draw up any thing
+like a narrative of it, from the meagre details
+of the captain's note-book. My personal observations,
+however, assisted by an easy imagination,
+suggested quite enough to make at least
+a plausible story, and I wrote away without impediment
+and halt till I came to that part of the
+action in which the retreat over the bridge commenced.
+There I stopped. Was I to remain
+satisfied with such a crude and one-sided explanation
+as the note-book afforded, and merely
+say that the retreating forces were harassed by
+a strong flank fire from our batteries? Was I to
+omit the whole of the great incident, the occupation
+of the <span class="tei tei-q">“Fels Insel,”</span> and the damaging discharges
+of grape and round shot which plunged
+through the crowded ranks, and ultimately destroyed
+the bridge? Could I—to use the phrase
+so popular—could I, in the <span class="tei tei-q">“interests of truth,”</span>
+forget the brilliant achievement of a gallant
+band of heroes who, led on by a young hussar
+of the 9th, threw themselves into the <span class="tei tei-q">“Fels
+Insel,”</span> routed the garrison, captured the artillery,
+and directing its fire upon the retiring
+enemy, contributed most essentially to the victory.
+Ought I, in a word, to suffer a name so
+associated with a glorious action to sink into
+oblivion? Should Maurice Tiernay be lost to
+fame out of any neglect or false shame on my
+part? Forbid it all truth and justice, cried I,
+as I set myself down to relate the whole adventure
+most circumstantially. Looking up
+from time to time at my officer, who slept
+soundly, I suffered myself to dilate upon a
+theme in which somehow, I felt a more than
+ordinary degree of interest. The more I dwelt
+upon the incident, the more brilliant and striking
+did it seem. Like the appetite, which the
+proverb tells us comes by eating, my enthusiasm
+grew under indulgence, so that, had a little
+more time been granted me, I verily believe I
+should have forgotten Moreau altogether, and
+coupled only Maurice Tiernay with the passage
+of the Rhine, and the capture of the fortress of
+Kehl. Fortunately Captain Discau awoke, and
+cut short my historic recollections, by asking
+me how much I had done, and telling me to
+read it aloud to him.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I accordingly began to read my narrative
+slowly and deliberately, thereby giving myself
+time to think what I should best do when I came
+to that part which became purely personal. To
+omit it altogether would have been dangerous,
+as the slightest glance at the mass of writing
+would have shown the deception. There was,
+then, nothing left, but to invent at the moment
+another version, in which Maurice Tiernay never
+occurred, and the incident of the Fels Insel should
+figure as unobtrusively as possible. I was always
+a better improvisatore than amanuensis; so that
+without a moment's loss of time I fashioned a new
+and very different narrative, and detailing the
+battle tolerably accurately, <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">minus</span></em> the share my
+own heroism had taken in it. The captain made
+a few, a very few corrections of my style, in
+which the <span class="tei tei-q">“flourish”</span> and <span class="tei tei-q">“bom,”</span> figured, perhaps,
+too conspicuously; and then told me frankly,
+that once upon a time he had been fool enough
+to give himself great trouble in framing these
+kind of reports, but that having served for a
+short period in the <span class="tei tei-q">“bureau”</span> of the minister of
+war, he had learned better. <span class="tei tei-q">“In fact,”</span> said
+he, <span class="tei tei-q">“a district report is never read! Some
+hundreds of them reach the office of the minister
+every day, and are safely deposited in the <span class="tei tei-q">‘archives’</span>
+of the department. They have all, besides,
+such a family resemblance, that with a
+few changes in the name of the commanding
+officer, any battle in the Netherlands would do
+equally well for one fought beyond the Alps!
+Since I became acquainted with this fact, Tiernay,
+I have bestowed less pains upon the matter,
+and usually deputed the task to some smart orderly
+of the staff.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+So thought I, I have been writing history for
+nothing; and Maurice Tiernay, the real hero of
+the passage of the Rhine, will be unrecorded
+and unremembered, just for want of one honest
+and impartial scribe to transmit his name to
+posterity. The reflection was not a very encouraging
+one; nor did it serve to lighten the
+toil in which I passed many weary hours, copying
+out my own precious manuscript. Again
+and again during that night did I wonder at my
+own diffuseness—again and again did I curse
+the prolix accuracy of a description that cost
+such labor to reiterate. It was like a species
+of poetical justice on me for my own amplifications;
+and when the day broke, and I still sat
+at my table writing on, at the third copy of this
+precious document, I vowed a vow of brevity,
+should I ever survive to indite similar compositions.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">Chapter XIII. A Farewell Letter.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It was in something less than a week after, that
+I entered upon my new career as orderly in the
+staff, when I began to believe myself the most
+miserable of all human beings. On the saddle
+at sunrise, I never dismounted, except to carry
+a measuring-chain, <span class="tei tei-q">“to step distances,”</span> mark
+out intrenchments, and then write away, for
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page631">[pg 631]</span><a name="Pg631" id="Pg631" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+hours, long enormous reports, that were to be
+models of calligraphy, neatness, and elegance—and
+never to be read. Nothing could be less
+like soldiering than the life I led; and were it
+not for the clanking sabre I wore at my side,
+and the jingling spurs that decorated my heels,
+I might have fancied myself a notary's clerk. It
+was part of General Moreau's plan to strengthen
+the defenses of Kehl before he advanced further
+into Germany; and to this end repairs were begun
+upon a line of earth-works, about two leagues
+to the northward of the fortress, at a small village
+called <span class="tei tei-q">“Ekheim.”</span> In this miserable little
+hole, one of the dreariest spots imaginable, we
+were quartered, with two companies of <span class="tei tei-q">“sapeurs”</span>
+and some of the wagon-train, trenching,
+digging, carting earth, sinking wells, and in fact
+engaged in every kind of labor save that which
+seemed to be characteristic of a soldier.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I used to think that Nancy and the riding-school
+were the most dreary and tiresome of all
+destinies, but they were enjoyments and delight
+compared with this. Now it very often happens
+in life, that when a man grows discontented and
+dissatisfied with mere monotony, when he chafes
+at the sameness of a tiresome and unexciting
+existence, he is rapidly approaching to some
+critical or eventful point, where actual peril and
+real danger assail him, and from which he would
+willingly buy his escape by falling back upon
+that wearisome and plodding life he had so often
+deplored before. This case was my own. Just
+as I had convinced myself that I was exceedingly
+wretched and miserable, I was to know there
+are worse things in this world than a life of mere
+uniform stupidity. I was waiting outside my
+captain's door for orders one morning, when at
+the tinkle of his little hand-bell I entered the
+room where he sat at breakfast, with an open
+dispatch before him.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Tiernay,”</span> said he, in his usual quiet tone,
+<span class="tei tei-q">“here is an order from the adjutant-general to
+send you back under an escort to head-quarters.
+Are you aware of any reason for it, or is there
+any charge against you which warrants this?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Not to my knowledge, mon capitaine,”</span> said
+I, trembling with fright, for I well knew with
+what severity discipline was exercised in that
+army, and how any, even the slightest, infractions
+met the heaviest penalties.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“I have never known you to pillage,”</span> continued
+he; <span class="tei tei-q">“have never seen you drink, nor
+have you been disobedient while under my command;
+yet this order could not be issued on
+light grounds; there must be some grave accusation
+against you, and in any case you must
+go; therefore arrange all my papers, put every
+thing in due order, and be ready to return with
+the orderly.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“You'll give me a good character, mon capitaine,”</span>
+said I, trembling more than ever—<span class="tei tei-q">“you'll
+say what you can for me, I'm sure.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Willingly, if the general or chief were here,”</span>
+replied he; <span class="tei tei-q">“but that's not so. General Moreau
+is at Strasbourg. It is General Regnier is in
+command of the army; and unless specially applied
+to, I could not venture upon the liberty of
+obtruding my opinion upon him.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Is he so severe, sir?”</span> asked I, timidly.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The general is a good disciplinarian,”</span> said
+he, cautiously, while he motioned with his hand
+toward the door, and accepting the hint, I retired.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It was evening when I re-entered Kehl, under
+an escort of two of my own regiment, and was
+conducted to the <span class="tei tei-q">“Salle de Police.”</span> At the
+door stood my old corporal, whose malicious
+grin as I alighted revealed the whole story of
+my arrest; and I now knew the charge that
+would be preferred against me—a heavier there
+could not be made—was, <span class="tei tei-q">“disobedience in the
+field.”</span> I slept very little that night, and when
+I did close my eyes, it was to awake with a sudden
+start, and believe myself in presence of the
+court-martial, or listening to my sentence, as
+read out by the president. Toward day, however,
+I sunk into a heavy, deep slumber, from
+which I was aroused by the reveillée of the
+barracks.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I had barely time to dress when I was summoned
+before the <span class="tei tei-q">“Tribunale Militaire”</span>—a
+sort of permanent court-martial, whose sittings
+were held in one of the churches of the town.
+Not even all the terror of my own precarious
+position could overcome the effect of old prejudices
+in my mind, as I saw myself led up the
+dim aisle of the church toward the altar rails,
+within which, around a large table, were seated
+a number of officers, whose manner and bearing
+evinced but little reverence for the sacred character
+of the spot.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Stationed in a group of poor wretches whose
+wan looks and anxious glances told that they
+were prisoners like myself, I had time to see
+what was going forward around me. The
+president, who alone wore his hat, read from a
+sort of list before him the name of a prisoner
+and that of the witnesses in the cause. In an
+instant they were all drawn up and sworn. A
+few questions followed, rapidly put, and almost
+as rapidly replied to. The prisoner was called
+on then for his defense: if this occupied many
+minutes, he was sure to be interrupted by an
+order to be brief. Then came the command to
+<span class="tei tei-q">“stand by;”</span> and after a few seconds consultation
+together, in which many times a burst of
+laughter might be heard, the court agreed upon
+the sentence, recorded and signed it, and then
+proceeded with the next case.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+If nothing in the procedure imposed reverence
+or respect, there was that in the dispatch
+which suggested terror, for it was plain to see
+that the court thought more of the cost of their
+own precious minutes than of the years of those
+on whose fate they were deciding. I was sufficiently
+near to hear the charges of those who
+were arraigned, and, for the greater number,
+they were all alike. Pillage, in one form or
+another, was the universal offending; and from
+the burning of a peasant's cottage, to the theft
+of his dog or his <span class="tei tei-q">“poulet,”</span> all came under this
+head. At last came number 82—<span class="tei tei-q">“Maurice
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page632">[pg 632]</span><a name="Pg632" id="Pg632" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+Tiernay, hussar of the Ninth.”</span> I stepped forward
+to the rails.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Maurice Tiernay,”</span> read the president, hurriedly,
+<span class="tei tei-q">“accused by Louis Gaussin, corporal of
+the same regiment, <span class="tei tei-q">‘of willfully deserting his
+post while on duty in the field, and in the face
+of direct orders to the contrary; inducing others
+to a similar breach of discipline.’</span> Make the
+change, Gaussin.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The corporal stepped forward, and began,
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“We were stationed in detachment on the
+bank of the Rhine, on the evening of the 23d—”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The court has too many duties to lose its
+time for nothing,”</span> interrupted I. <span class="tei tei-q">“It is all
+true. I did desert my post; I did disobey orders;
+and, seeing a weak point in the enemy's
+line, attacked and carried it with success. The
+charge is, therefore, admitted by me, and it only
+remains for the court to decide how far a soldier's
+zeal for his country may be deserving of punishment.
+Whatever the result, one thing is perfectly
+clear, Corporal Gaussin will never be indicted
+for a similar misdemeanor.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A murmur of voices and suppressed laughter
+followed this impertinent and not over discreet
+sally of mine; and the president calling out,
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Proven by acknowledgment,”</span> told me to
+<span class="tei tei-q">“stand by.”</span> I now fell back to my former
+place, to be interrogated by my comrades on
+the result of my examination, and hear their
+exclamations of surprise and terror at the rashness
+of my conduct. A little reflection over
+the circumstances would probably have brought
+me over to their opinion, and shown me that I
+had gratuitously thrown away an opportunity
+of self-defense; but my temper could not brook
+the indignity of listening to the tiresome accusation
+and the stupid malevolence of the corporal,
+whose hatred was excited by the influence I
+wielded over my comrades.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It was long past noon ere the proceedings
+terminated, for the list was a full one, and at
+length the court rose, apparently not sorry to
+exchange their tiresome duties for the pleasant
+offices of the dinner-table. No sentences had
+been pronounced, but one very striking incident
+seemed to shadow forth a gloomy future. Three,
+of whom I was one, were marched off, doubly
+guarded, before the rest, and confined in separate
+cells of the <span class="tei tei-q">“Salle,”</span> where every precaution
+against escape too plainly showed the importance
+attached to our safe keeping.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+At about eight o'clock, as I was sitting on
+my bed—if that inclined plane of wood, worn
+by the form of many a former prisoner, could
+deserve the name—a sergeant entered with the
+prison allowance of bread and water. He placed
+it beside me without speaking, and stood for a
+few seconds gazing at me.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“What age art thou, lad?”</span> said he, in a
+voice of compassionate interest.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Something over fifteen, I believe,”</span> replied I.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Hast father and mother?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Both are dead!”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Uncles or aunts living?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Neither.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Hast any friends who could help thee?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“That might depend upon what the occasion
+for help should prove, for I have one friend in
+the world.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Who is he?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Colonel Mahon, of the Curaissiers.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“I never heard of him—is he here?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“No; I left him at Nancy; but I could write
+to him.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“It would be too late, much too late.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“How do you mean—too late?”</span> asked I,
+tremblingly.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Because it is fixed for to-morrow evening,”</span>
+replied he, in a low, hesitating voice.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“What? the—the—”</span> I could not say the
+word, but merely imitated the motion of presenting
+and firing. He nodded gravely in acquiescence.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“What hour is it to take place?”</span> asked I.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“After evening parade. The sentence must
+be signed by General Berthier, and he will not
+be here before that time.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“It would be too late, then, sergeant,”</span> said I,
+musing, <span class="tei tei-q">“far too late. Still I should like to
+write the letter; I would like to thank him for
+his kindness in the past, and show him, too,
+that I have not been either unworthy or ungrateful.
+Could you let me have paper and
+pen, sergeant?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“I can venture so far, lad; but I can not let
+thee have a light; it is against orders; and
+during the day thou'lt be too strictly watched.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“No matter let me have the paper and I'll
+try to scratch a few lines in the dark; and thou'lt
+post it for me, sergeant? I ask thee as a last
+favor to do this.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“I promise it,”</span> said he, laying his hand on
+my shoulder. After standing for a few minutes
+thus in silence, he started suddenly and left the
+cell.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I now tried to eat my supper; but although
+resolved on behaving with a stout and unflinching
+courage throughout the whole sad
+event, I could not swallow a mouthful. A sense
+of choking stopped me at every attempt, and
+even the water I could only get down by gulps.
+The efforts I made to bear up seemed to have
+caused a species of hysterical excitement that
+actually rose to the height of intoxication, for I
+talked away loudly to myself, laughed, and sung.
+I even jested and mocked myself on this sudden
+termination of a career that I used to anticipate
+as stored with future fame and rewards. At
+intervals, I have no doubt that my mind wandered
+far beyond the control of reason, but as constantly
+came back again to a full consciousness
+of my melancholy position, and the fate that
+awaited me. The noise of the key in the door
+silenced my ravings, and I sat still and motionless
+as the sergeant entered with the pen, ink,
+and paper, which he laid down upon the bed,
+and then as silently withdrew.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A long interval of stupor, a state of dreary
+half consciousness, now came over me, from
+which I aroused myself with great difficulty to
+write the few lines I destined for Colonel Mahon.
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page633">[pg 633]</span><a name="Pg633" id="Pg633" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+I remember even now, long as has been
+the space of years since that event, full as it has
+been of stirring and strange incidents, I remember
+perfectly the thought which flashed across
+me as I sat, pen in hand, before the paper. It
+was the notion of a certain resemblance between
+our actions in this world with the characters I
+was about to inscribe upon that paper. Written
+in darkness and in doubt, thought I, how shall
+they appear when brought to the light! Perhaps
+those I have deemed the best and fairest
+shall seem but to be the weakest or the worst!
+What need of kindness to forgive the errors,
+and of patience to endure the ignorance! At
+last I began: <span class="tei tei-q">“Mon Colonel—Forgive, I
+pray you, the errors of these lines, penned in
+the darkness of my cell, and the night before
+my death. They are written to thank you ere
+I go hence, and to tell you that the poor heart
+whose beating will soon be still throbbed gratefully
+toward you to the last! I have been sentenced
+to death for a breach of discipline of
+which I was guilty. Had I failed in the achievement
+of my enterprise by the bullet of an enemy,
+they would have named me with honor; but I
+have had the misfortune of success, and tomorrow
+am I to pay its penalty. I have the satisfaction,
+however, of knowing that my share in
+that great day can neither be denied nor evaded;
+it is already on record, and the time may yet
+come when my memory will be vindicated. I
+know not if these lines be legible, nor if I have
+crossed or recrossed them. If they are blotted
+they are not my tears have done it, for I have
+a firm heart and a good courage; and when
+the moment comes—”</span>; here my hand trembled
+so much, and my brain grew so dizzy, that I
+lost the thread of my meaning, and merely jotted
+down at random a few words, vague, unconnected,
+and unintelligible, after which, and by an
+effort that cost all my strength, I wrote <span class="tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Maurice
+Tierney</span></span>, late Hussar of the 9th Regiment.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A hearty burst of tears followed the conclusion
+of this letter; all the pent-up emotion with which
+my heart was charged broke out at last, and I
+cried bitterly. Intense passions are, happily,
+never of long duration, and better still, they are
+always the precursors of calm. Thus, tranquil,
+the dawn of morn broke upon me, when the
+sergeant came to take my letter, and apprize
+me that the adjutant would appear in a few moments
+to read my sentence, and inform me when
+it was to be executed.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Thou'lt bear up well, lad; I know thou
+wilt,”</span> said the poor fellow, with tears in his
+eyes. <span class="tei tei-q">“Thou hast no mother, and thou'lt not
+have to grieve for <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">her</span></em>.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Don't be afraid, sergeant; I'll not disgrace
+the old 9th. Tell my comrades I said so.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“I will. I will tell them all! Is this thy
+jacket, lad?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Yes; what do you want it for?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“I must take it away with me. Thou art
+not to wear it more!”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Not wear it, nor die in it; and why not?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“That is the sentence, lad; I can not help it.
+It's very hard, very cruel; but so it is.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Then I am to die dishonored, sergeant; is
+that the sentence?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+He dropped his head, and I could see that he
+moved his sleeve across his eyes; and then,
+taking up my jacket, he came toward me.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Remember, lad, a stout heart; no flinching.
+Adieu—God bless thee.”</span> He kissed me on
+either cheek, and went out.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+He had not been gone many minutes, when
+the tramp of marching outside apprized me of
+the coming of the adjutant, and the door of my
+cell being thrown open, I was ordered to walk
+forth into the court of the prison. Two squadrons
+of my own regiment, all who were not on
+duty, were drawn up, dismounted, and without
+arms; beside them stood a company of grenadiers,
+and a half battalion of the line, the corps
+to which the other two prisoners belonged, and
+who now came forward, in shirt-sleeves like
+myself, into the middle of the court.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+One of my fellow-sufferers was a very old
+soldier, whose hair and beard were white as
+snow; the other was a middle-aged man, of a
+dark and forbidding aspect, who scowled at me
+angrily as I came up to his side, and seemed as
+if he scorned the companionship. I returned a
+glance, haughty and as full of defiance as his
+own, and never noticed him after.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The drum beat a roll, and the word was
+given for silence in the ranks—an order so
+strictly obeyed, that even the clash of a weapon
+was unheard, and stepping in front of the line,
+the Auditeur Militaire read out the sentences.
+As for me, I heard but the words <span class="tei tei-q">“Peine afflictive
+et infamante;”</span> all the rest became confusion,
+shame, and terror co-mingled; nor did I
+know that the ceremonial was over, when the
+troops began to defile, and we were marched
+back again to our prison quarters.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">Chapter XIV. A Surprise And An Escape.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It is a very common subject of remark in
+newspapers, and as invariably repeated with
+astonishment by the readers, how well and
+soundly such a criminal slept on the night before
+his execution. It reads like a wonderful
+evidence of composure, or some not less surprising
+proof of apathy or indifference. I really
+believe it has as little relation to one feeling as
+to the other, and is simply the natural consequence
+of faculties over-strained, and a brain
+surcharged with blood; sleep being induced by
+causes purely physical in their nature. For
+myself, I can say that I was by no means indifferent
+to life, nor had I any contempt for the
+form of death that awaited me. As localities,
+which have failed to inspire a strong attachment,
+become endowed with a certain degree of
+interest when we are about to part from them
+forever, I never held life so desirable as now
+that I was going to leave it; and yet, with all
+this, I fell into a sleep so heavy and profound,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page634">[pg 634]</span><a name="Pg634" id="Pg634" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+that I never awoke till late in the evening.
+Twice was I shaken by the shoulder ere I
+could throw off the heavy weight of slumber;
+and even when I looked up, and saw the armed
+figures around me, I could have laid down once
+more, and composed myself to another sleep.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The first thing which thoroughly aroused
+me, and at once brightened up my slumbering
+senses, was missing my jacket, for which I
+searched every corner of my cell, forgetting that
+it had been taken away, as the nature of my
+sentence was declared <span class="tei tei-q">“infamante.”</span> The next
+shock was still greater, when two sapeurs came
+forward to tie my wrists together behind my
+back; I neither spoke nor resisted, but in silent
+submission complied with each order given
+me.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+All preliminaries being completed, I was led
+forward, preceded by a pioneer, and guarded on
+either side by two sapeurs of <span class="tei tei-q">“the guard;”</span> a
+muffled drum, ten paces in advance, keeping up
+a low monotonous rumble as we went.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Our way led along the ramparts, beside
+which ran a row of little gardens, in which the
+children of the officers were at play. They
+ceased their childish gambols as we drew near,
+and came closer up to watch us. I could mark
+the terror and pity in their little faces as they
+gazed at me; I could see the traits of compassion
+with which they pointed me out to each
+other, and my heart swelled with gratitude for
+even so slight a sympathy. It was with difficulty
+I could restrain the emotion of that moment,
+but with a great effort I did subdue it,
+and marched on, to all seeming, unmoved. A
+little further on, as we turned the angle of the
+wall, I looked back to catch one last look at
+them. Would that I had never done so! They
+had quitted the railings, and were now standing
+in a group, in the act of performing a mimic
+execution. One, without his jacket, was kneeling
+on the grass. But I could not bear the
+sight, and in scornful anger I closed my eyes,
+and saw no more.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A low whispering conversation was kept up
+by the soldiers around me. They were grumbling
+at the long distance they had to march, as
+the <span class="tei tei-q">“affair”</span> might just as well have taken
+place on the glacis as two miles away. How
+different were <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">my</span></em> feelings—how dear to me
+was now every minute, every second of existence;
+how my heart leaped at each turn of the
+way, as I still saw a space to traverse, and some
+little interval longer to live.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“And, mayhap, after all,”</span> muttered one dark-faced
+fellow, <span class="tei tei-q">“we shall have come all this way
+for nothing. There can be no <span class="tei tei-q">‘fusillade’</span> without
+the general's signature, so I heard the adjutant
+say; and who's to promise that he'll be at
+his quarters?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Very true,”</span> said another; <span class="tei tei-q">“he may be
+absent, or at table.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“At table!”</span> cried two or three together;
+<span class="tei tei-q">“and what if he were?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“If he be,”</span> rejoined the former speaker,
+<span class="tei tei-q">“we may go back again for our pains! I
+ought to know him well; I was his orderly for
+eight months, when I served in the <span class="tei tei-q">‘Legers,’</span>
+and can tell you, my lads, I wouldn't be the
+officer who would bring him a report, or a
+return to sign, once he had opened out his napkin
+on his knee; and it's not very far from his
+dinner-hour now.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+What a sudden thrill of hope ran through
+me! Perhaps I should be spared for another
+day.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“No, no, we're all in time,”</span> exclaimed the
+sergeant; <span class="tei tei-q">“I can see the general's tent from
+this; and there he stands, with all his staff
+around him.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Yes; and there go the other escorts—they
+will be up before us if we don't make haste;
+quick-time, lads. Come along, mon cher,”</span> said
+he, addressing me; <span class="tei tei-q">“thou'rt not tired, I hope.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Not tired!”</span> replied I; <span class="tei tei-q">“but remember,
+sergeant, what a long journey I have before
+me.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Pardieu!</span></span> I don't believe all that rhodomontade
+about another world,”</span> said he gruffly;
+<span class="tei tei-q">“the republic settled that question.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I made no reply. For such words, at such
+a moment, were the most terrible of tortures to
+me. And now we moved on at a brisker
+pace, and crossing a little wooden bridge, entered
+a kind of esplanade of closely-shaven turf,
+at one corner of which stood the capacious tent
+of the commander-in-chief, for such, in Moreau's
+absence, was General Berthier. Numbers of
+staff-officers were riding about on duty, and a
+large traveling-carriage, from which the horses
+seemed recently detached, stood before the tent.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+We halted as we crossed the bridge, while
+the adjutant advanced to obtain the signature to
+the sentence. My eyes followed him till they
+swam with rising tears, and I could not wipe
+them away, as my hands were fettered. How
+rapidly did my thoughts travel during those few
+moments. The good old Père Michel came
+back to me in memory, and I tried to think of
+the consolation his presence would have afforded
+me; but I could do no more than think of
+them.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Which is the prisoner Tiernay?”</span> cried a
+young aid-de-camp, cantering up to where I
+was standing.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Here, sir,”</span> replied the sergeant, pushing me
+forward.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“So,”</span> rejoined the officer, angrily, <span class="tei tei-q">“this fellow
+has been writing letters, it would seem,
+reflecting upon the justice of his sentence, and
+arraigning the conduct of his judges. Your
+epistolary tastes are like to cost you dearly, my
+lad; it had been better for you if writing had
+been omitted in your education. Reconduct
+the others, sergeant, they are respited; this
+fellow alone is to undergo his sentence.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The other two prisoners gave a short and
+simultaneous cry of joy as they fell back, and I
+stood alone in front of the escort.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Parbleu! he has forgotten the signature,”</span>
+said the adjutant, casting his eye over the
+paper: <span class="tei tei-q">“he was chattering and laughing all
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page635">[pg 635]</span><a name="Pg635" id="Pg635" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+the time, with the pen in his hand, and I suppose
+fancied that he had signed it.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Nathalie was there, perhaps,”</span> said the aid-de-camp,
+significantly.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“She was, and I never saw her looking better.
+It's something like eight years since I
+saw her last; and I vow she seems not only
+handsomer, but fresher and more youthful to-day
+than then.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Where is she going; have you heard?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Who can tell? Her passport is like a
+firman; she may travel where she pleases. The
+rumor of the day says Italy.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“I thought she looked provoked at Moreau's
+absence; it seemed like want of attention on
+his part, a lack of courtesy she's not used to.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Very true; and her reception of Berthier
+was any thing but gracious, although he certainly
+displayed all his civilities in her behalf.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Strange days we live in!”</span> sighed the other,
+<span class="tei tei-q">“when a man's promotion hangs upon the
+favorable word of a—”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Hush! take care! be cautious!”</span> whispered
+the other. <span class="tei tei-q">“Let us not forget this poor
+fellow's business. How are you to settle it?
+Is the signature of any consequence? The
+whole sentence all is right and regular.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“I shouldn't like to omit the signature,”</span> said
+the other, cautiously; <span class="tei tei-q">“it looks like carelessness,
+and might involve us in trouble hereafter.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Then we must wait some time, for I see
+they are gone to dinner.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“So I perceive,”</span> replied the former, as he
+lighted his cigar, and seated himself on a bank.
+<span class="tei tei-q">“You may let the prisoner sit down, sergeant,
+and leave his hands free; he looks wearied and
+exhausted.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I was too weak to speak, but I looked my
+gratitude; and sitting down upon the grass,
+covered my face, and wept heartily.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Although quite close to where the officers
+sat together chatting and jesting, I heard little
+or nothing of what they said. Already the things
+of life had ceased to have any hold upon me; and
+I could have heard of the greatest victory, or listened
+to a story of the most fatal defeat, without
+the slightest interest or emotion. An occasional
+word or a name would strike upon my ear, but
+leave no impression nor any memory behind it.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The military band was performing various
+marches and opera airs before the tent where
+the general dined, and in the melody, softened
+by distance, I felt a kind of calm and sleepy
+repose that lulled me into a species of ecstasy.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+At last the music ceased to play, and the
+adjutant, starting hurriedly up, called on the
+sergeant to move forward.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“By Jove!”</span> cried he, <span class="tei tei-q">“they seem preparing
+for a promenade, and we shall get into a scrape
+if Berthier sees us here. Keep your party yonder,
+sergeant, out of sight, till I obtain the
+signature.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+And so saying, away he went toward the
+tent at a sharp gallop.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A few seconds, and I watched him crossing
+the esplanade; he dismounted and disappeared.
+A terrible choking sensation was over me, and
+I scarcely was conscious that they were again
+tying my hands. The adjutant came out again,
+and made a sign with his sword.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“We are to move on!”</span> said the sergeant,
+half in doubt.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Not at all,”</span> broke in the aid-de-camp; <span class="tei tei-q">“he
+is making a sign for you to bring up the prisoner!
+There, he is repeating the signal; lead
+him forward.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I knew very little of how—less still of why—but
+we moved on in the direction of the tent,
+and in a few minutes stood before it. The
+sounds of revelry and laughter, the crash of
+voices, and the clink of glasses, together with
+the hoarse bray of the brass band, which again
+struck up, all were co-mingled in my brain, as,
+taking me by the arm, I was led forward within
+the tent, and found myself at the foot of a table
+covered with all the gorgeousness of silver plate,
+and glowing with bouquets of flowers and fruits.
+In the one hasty glance I gave, before my lids
+fell over my swimming eyes, I could see the
+splendid uniforms of the guests as they sat
+around the board, and the magnificent costume
+of a lady in the place of honor next the head.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Several of those who sat at the lower end of
+the table drew back their seats as I came forward,
+and seemed as if desirous to give the general
+a better view of me.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Overwhelmed by the misery of my fate, as I
+stood awaiting my death, I felt as though a
+mere word, a look, would have crushed me but
+one moment back; but now, as I stood there, before
+that group of gazers, whose eyes scanned
+me with looks of insolent disdain, or still more
+insulting curiosity, a sense of proud defiance
+seized me, to confront and dare them with
+glances haughty and scornful as their own. It
+seemed to me so base and unworthy a part to
+summon a poor wretch before them, as if to whet
+their new appetite for enjoyment by the aspect
+of his misery, that an indignant anger took
+possession of me, and I drew myself up to my
+full height, and stared at them calm and steadily.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“So, then!”</span> cried a deep soldier-like voice
+from the far-end of the table, which I at once
+recognized as the general-in-chief's; <span class="tei tei-q">“so, then,
+gentlemen, we have now the honor of seeing
+among us the hero of the Rhine! This is the
+distinguished individual by whose prowess the
+passage of the river was effected, and the
+Swabian infantry cut off in their retreat! Is it
+not true, sir?”</span> said he, addressing me with a
+savage scowl.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“I have had my share in the achievement!”</span>
+said I, with a cool air of defiance.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Parbleu! you are modest, sir. So had
+every drummer-boy that beat his tattoo! But
+yours was the part of a great leader, if I err
+not?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I made no answer, but stood firm and unmoved.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“How do you call the island which you have
+immortalized by your valor?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page636">[pg 636]</span><a name="Pg636" id="Pg636" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The Fels Insel, sir.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Gentlemen, let us drink to the hero of the
+Fels Insel,”</span> said he, holding up his glass for the
+servant to fill it. <span class="tei tei-q">“A bumper—a full, a flowing
+bumper! And let him also pledge a toast,
+in which his interest must be so brief. Give
+him a glass, Contard.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“His hands are tied, mon general.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Then free them at once.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The order was obeyed in a second; and I,
+summoning up all my courage to seem as easy
+and indifferent as they were, lifted the glass to
+my lips, and drained it off.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Another glass, now, to the health of this
+fair lady, through whose intercession we owe
+the pleasure of your company,”</span> said the general.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Willingly,”</span> said I; <span class="tei tei-q">“and may one so beautiful
+seldom find herself in a society so unworthy
+of her!”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A perfect roar of laughter succeeded the insolence
+of this speech; amid which I was half
+pushed, half dragged, up to the end of the table,
+where the general sat.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“How so, Coquin, do you dare to insult a
+French general, at the head of his own staff!”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“If I did, sir, it were quite as brave as to
+mock a poor criminal on the way to his execution!”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“That is the boy! I know him now! the
+very same lad!”</span> cried the lady, as, stooping
+behind Berthier's chair, she stretched out her
+hand toward me. <span class="tei tei-q">“Come here; are you not
+Colonel Mahon's godson?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I looked her full in the face; and whether her
+own thoughts gave the impulse, or that something
+in my stare suggested it, she blushed till
+her cheek grew crimson.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Poor Charles was so fond of him!”</span> whispered
+she in Berthier's ear; and, as she spoke,
+the expression of her face at once recalled where
+I had seen her, and I now perceived that she
+was the same person I had seen at table with
+Colonel Mahon, and whom I believed to be his
+wife.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A low whispering conversation now ensued
+between the general and her, at the close of
+which, he turned to me and said,
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Madame Merlancourt has deigned to take
+an interest in you—you are pardoned. Remember,
+sir, to whom you owe your life, and be
+grateful to her for it.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I took the hand she extended toward me, and
+pressed it to my lips.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Madame,”</span> said I, <span class="tei tei-q">“there is but one favor
+more I would ask in this world, and with it I
+could think myself happy.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“But can I grant it, mon cher,”</span> said she,
+smiling.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“If I am to judge from the influence I have
+seen you wield, madame, here and elsewhere,
+this petition will easily be accorded.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A slight flush colored the lady's cheek, while
+that of the general became dyed red with anger.
+I saw that I had committed some terrible blunder,
+but how, or in what, I knew not.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Well, sir,”</span> said Madame Merlancourt, addressing
+me with a stately coldness of manner
+very different from her former tone, <span class="tei tei-q">“Let us
+hear what you ask, for we are already taking
+up a vast deal of time that our host would prefer
+devoting to his friends, what is it you wish?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“My discharge from a service, madame, where
+zeal and enthusiasm are rewarded with infamy
+and disgrace; my freedom to be any thing but
+a French soldier.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“You are resolved, sir, that I am not to be
+proud of my protégé,”</span> said she, haughtily;
+<span class="tei tei-q">“what words are these to speak in presence of
+a general and his officers?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“I am bold, madame, as you say, but I am
+wronged.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“How so, sir—in what have you been injured?”</span>
+cried the general, hastily, <span class="tei tei-q">“except in
+the excessive condescension which has stimulated
+your presumption. But we are really too
+indulgent in this long parley. Madame, permit
+me to offer you some coffee under the trees.
+Contardo, tell the band to follow us. Gentlemen,
+we expect the pleasure of your society.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+And so saying, Berthier presented his arm to
+the lady, who swept proudly past without deigning
+to notice me. In a few minutes the tent
+was cleared of all, except the servants occupied
+in removing the remains of the dessert, and I
+fell back unremarked and unobserved, to take
+my way homeward to the barracks, more indifferent
+to life than ever I had been afraid of
+death.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+As I am not likely to recur at any length to
+the somewhat famous person to whom I owed
+my life, I may as well state that her name has
+since occupied no inconsiderable share of attention
+in France, and her history, under the title
+of <span class="tei tei-q">“Mémoires d'une Contemporaine,”</span> excited a
+degree of interest and anxiety in quarters which
+one might have fancied far above the reach of
+her revelations. At the time I speak of, I little
+knew the character of the age in which such
+influences were all powerful, nor how destinies
+very different from mine hung upon the favoritism
+of <span class="tei tei-q">“La belle Nathalie.”</span> Had I known these
+things, and still more, had I known the sad fate
+to which she brought my poor friend, Colonel
+Mahon, I might have scrupled to accept my life
+at such hands, or involved myself in a debt of
+gratitude to one for whom I was subsequently
+to feel nothing but hatred and aversion. It was
+indeed a terrible period, and in nothing more so
+than the fact, that acts of benevolence and charity
+were blended up with features of falsehood,
+treachery, and baseness, which made one despair
+of humanity, and think the very worst of their
+species.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">Chapter XV. Scraps Of History.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Nothing displays more powerfully the force of
+egotism than the simple truth that, when any man
+sets himself down to write the events of his life,
+the really momentous occurrences in which he
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page637">[pg 637]</span><a name="Pg637" id="Pg637" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+may have borne a part occupy a conspicuously
+small place, when each petty incident of a
+merely personal nature, is dilated and extended
+beyond all bounds. In one sense, the reader benefits
+by this, since there are few impertinences
+less forgivable than the obtrusion of some insignificant
+name into the narrative of facts that
+are meet for history. I have made these remarks
+in a spirit of apology to my reader; not
+alone for the accuracy of my late detail, but also,
+if I should seem in future to dwell but passingly
+on the truly important facts of a great campaign,
+in which my own part was so humble.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I was a soldier in that glorious army which
+Moreau led into the heart of Germany, and
+whose victorious career would only have ceased
+when they entered the capital of the Empire,
+had it not been for the unhappy mistakes of
+Jourdan, who commanded the auxiliary forces
+in the north. For nigh three months we advanced
+steadily and successfully, superior in
+every engagement; we only waited for the moment
+of junction with Jourdan's army, to declare
+the empire our own; when at last came
+the terrible tidings that he had been beaten, and
+that Latour was advancing from Ulm to turn
+our left flank, and cut off our communications
+with France.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Two hundred miles from our own frontiers—separated
+from the Rhine by that terrible Black
+Forest whose defiles are mere gorges between
+vast mountains—with an army fifty thousand
+strong on one flank, and the Archduke Charles
+commanding a force of nigh thirty thousand on
+the other—such were the dreadful combinations
+which now threatened us with a defeat not less
+signal than Jourdan's own. Our strength, however,
+lay in a superb army of seventy thousand
+unbeaten men, led on by one whose name alone
+was victory.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+On the 24th of September, the order for retreat
+was given; the army began to retire by
+slow marches, prepared to contest every inch
+of ground, and make every available spot a
+battle-field. The baggage and ammunition were
+sent on in front, and two days' march in advance.
+Behind, a formidable rear-guard was ready to
+repulse every attack of the enemy. Before,
+however, entering those close defiles by which
+his retreat lay, Moreau determined to give one
+terrible lesson to his enemy. Like the hunted
+tiger turning upon his pursuers, he suddenly
+halted at Biberach, and ere Latour, who commanded
+the Austrians, was aware of his purpose,
+assailed the imperial forces with an attack
+on right, centre, and left together. Four thousand
+prisoners and eighteen pieces of cannon
+were trophies of the victory.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The day after this decisive battle our march
+was resumed, and the advanced-guard entered
+that narrow and dismal defile which goes by
+the name of the <span class="tei tei-q">“Valley of Hell,”</span> when our
+left and right flanks, stationed at the entrance
+of the pass, effectually secured the retreat against
+molestation. The voltigeurs of St. Cyr crowning
+the heights as we went, swept away the
+light troops which were scattered along the
+rocky eminences, and in less than a fortnight
+our army debouched by Fribourg and Oppenheim
+into the valley of the Rhine, not a gun
+having been lost, not a caisson deserted, during
+that perilous movement.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Archduke, however, having ascertained
+the direction of Moreau's retreat, advanced by
+a parallel pass through the Kinzigthal, and attacked
+St. Cyr at Nauendorf, and defeated him.
+Our right flank, severely handled at Emmendingen,
+the whole force was obliged to retreat
+on Huningen, and once more we found ourselves
+upon the banks of the Rhine, no longer an advancing
+army, high in hope, and flushed with
+victory, but beaten, harassed, and retreating!
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The last few days of that retreat presented a
+scene of disaster such as I can never forget. To
+avoid the furious charges of the Austrian cavalry,
+against which our own could no longer make
+resistance, we had fallen back upon a line of
+country cut up into rocky cliffs and precipices,
+and covered by a dense pine forest. Here, necessarily
+broken up into small parties, we were
+assailed by the light troops of the enemy, led
+on through the various passes by the peasantry,
+whose animosity our own severity had excited.
+It was, therefore, a continual hand-to-hand struggle,
+in which, opposed as we were to over numbers,
+well acquainted with every advantage of
+the ground, our loss was terrific. It is said
+that nigh seven thousand men fell—an immense
+number, when no general action had occurred.
+Whatever the actual loss, such were
+the circumstances of our army, that Moreau
+hastened to propose an armistice, on the condition
+of the Rhine being the boundary between
+the two armies, while Kehl was still to be held
+by the French.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The proposal was rejected by the Austrians,
+who at once commenced preparations for a
+siege of the fortress with forty thousand troops,
+under Latour's command. The earlier months
+of winter now passed in the labors of the siege,
+and on the morning of New Year's Day the first
+attack was made; the second line was carried
+a few days after, and, after a glorious defense
+by Desaix, the garrison capitulated, and evacuated
+the fortress on the 9th of the month. Thus,
+in the space of six short months, had we advanced
+with a conquering army into the very
+heart of the Empire, and now we were back
+again within our own frontier; not one single
+trophy of all our victories remaining, two-thirds
+of our army dead or wounded, more than all, the
+prestige of our superiority fatally injured, and
+that of the enemy's valor and prowess as signally
+elevated.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The short annals of a successful soldier are
+often comprised in the few words which state
+how he was made lieutenant at such a date,
+promoted to his company here, obtained his
+majority there, succeeded to the command of
+his regiment at such a place, and so on. Now
+my exploits may even be more briefly written
+as regards this campaign, for whether at Kehl
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page638">[pg 638]</span><a name="Pg638" id="Pg638" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+at Nauendorf, on the Etz, or at Huningen, I
+ended as I begun—a simple soldier of the ranks.
+A few slight wounds, a few still more insignificant
+words of praise, were all that I brought
+back with me; but if my trophies were small,
+I had gained considerably both in habits of discipline
+and obedience. I had learned to endure,
+ably and without complaining, the inevitable
+hardships of a campaign, and better still, to see,
+that the irrepressible impulses of the soldier,
+however prompted by zeal or heroism, may
+oftener mar than promote the more mature
+plans of his general. Scarcely had my feet once
+more touched French ground, than I was seized
+with the ague, then raging as an epidemic
+among the troops, and sent forward with a large
+detachment of sick to the Military Hospital of
+Strasbourg.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Here I bethought me of my patron, Colonel
+Mahon, and determined to write to him. For
+this purpose I addressed a question to the Adjutant-general's
+office to ascertain the colonel's
+address. The reply was a brief and stunning
+one—he had been dismissed the service. No
+personal calamity could have thrown me into
+deeper affliction; nor had I even the sad consolation
+of learning any of the circumstances of
+this misfortune. His death, even though thereby
+I should have lost my only friend, would
+have been a lighter evil than this disgrace; and
+coming as did the tidings when I was already
+broken by sickness and defeat, more than ever
+disgusted me with a soldier's life. It was then
+with a feeling of total indifference that I heard
+a rumor which at another moment would have
+filled me with enthusiasm—the order for all
+invalids sufficiently well to be removed, to be
+drafted into regiments serving in Italy. The
+fame of Bonaparte, who commanded that army,
+had now surpassed that of all the other generals;
+his victories paled the glory of their successes,
+and it was already a mark of distinction to have
+served under his command.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The walls of the hospital were scrawled over
+with the names of his victories; rude sketches
+of Alpine passes, terrible ravines, or snow-clad
+peaks met the eye every where; and the one
+magical name, <span class="tei tei-q">“Bonaparte,”</span> written beneath,
+seemed the key to all their meaning. With him
+war seemed to assume all the charms of romance.
+Each action was illustrated by feats of valor or
+heroism, and a halo of glory seemed to shine
+over all the achievements of his genius.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It was a clear, bright morning of March,
+when a light frost sharpened the air, and a fair,
+blue sky overhead showed a cloudless elastic
+atmosphere, that the <span class="tei tei-q">“Invalides,”</span> as we were
+all called, were drawn up in the great square of
+the hospital for inspection. Two superior officers
+of the staff, attended by several surgeons
+and an adjutant, sat at a table in front of us, on
+which lay the regimental books and conduct-rolls
+of the different corps. Such of the sick as
+had received severe wounds, incapacitating them
+for further service, were presented with some
+slight reward—a few francs in money, a greatcoat,
+or a pair of shoes, and obtained their freedom.
+Others, whose injuries were less important,
+received their promotion, or some slight
+increase of pay, these favors being all measured
+by the character the individual bore in his regiment,
+and the opinion certified of him by his
+commanding officer. When my turn came and
+I stood forward, I felt a kind of shame to think
+how little claim I could prefer either to honor
+or advancement.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Maurice Tiernay, slightly wounded by a
+sabre at Nauendorf—flesh-wound at Biberach—enterprising
+and active, but presumptuous
+and overbearing with his comrades,”</span> read out
+the adjutant, while he added a few words I
+could not hear, but at which the superior laughed
+heartily.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“What says the doctor?”</span> asked he, after a
+pause.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“This has been a bad case of ague, and I
+doubt if the young fellow will ever be fit for
+active service—certainly not at present.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Is there a vacancy at Saumur?”</span> asked the
+general. <span class="tei tei-q">“I see he has been employed in the
+school at Nancy.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Yes, sir; for the third class there is one.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Let him have it, then. Tiernay, you are
+appointed as aspirant of the third class at the
+College of Saumur. Take care that the report
+of your conduct be more creditable than what is
+written here. Your opportunities will now be
+considerable, and if well employed, may lead to
+further honor and distinction; if neglected or
+abused, your chances are forfeited forever.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I bowed and retired, as little satisfied with
+the admonition as elated with the prospect
+which converted me from a soldier into a
+scholar, and, in the first verge of manhood,
+threw me back once more into the condition of
+a mere boy.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Eighteen months of my life—not the least
+happy, perhaps, since in the peaceful portion I
+can trace so little to be sorry for—glided over
+beside the banks of the beautiful Loire, the intervals
+in the hours of study being spent either
+in the riding-school, or the river, where, in
+addition to swimming and diving, we were
+instructed in pontooning and rafting, the modes
+of transporting ammunition and artillery, and the
+attacks of infantry by cavalry pickets.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I also learned to speak and write English and
+German with great ease and fluency, besides
+acquiring some skill in military drawing and
+engineering.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It is true that the imprisonment chafed sorely
+against us, as we read of the great achievements
+of our armies in various parts of the world; of
+the great battles of Cairo and the Pyramids, of
+Acre and Mount Thabor; and of which a holiday
+and a fête were to be our only share.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The terrible storms which shook Europe from
+end to end, only reached us in the bulletins of
+new victories; and we panted for the time when
+we, too, should be actors in the glorious exploits
+of France.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It is already known to the reader that of the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page639">[pg 639]</span><a name="Pg639" id="Pg639" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+country from which my family came I myself
+knew nothing. The very little I had ever learned
+of it from my father was also a mere tradition;
+still was I known among my comrades only as
+<span class="tei tei-q">“the Irishman,”</span> and by that name was I recognized,
+even in the record of the school, where I
+was inscribed thus: <span class="tei tei-q">“Maurice Tiernay, dit
+l'Irlandais.”</span> It was on this very simple and
+seemingly-unimportant fact my whole fate in
+life was to turn; and in this wise—But the explanation
+deserves a chapter of its own, and
+shall have it.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">(To be continued.)</span></span>
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc25" id="toc25"></a>
+<a name="pdf26" id="pdf26"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">The Enchanted Rock.
+(From Chambers's Edinburgh Journal.)</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+About four miles west-northwest of Cape
+Clear Island and lighthouse, on the south-west
+coast of Ireland, a singularly-shaped rock,
+called the Fastnett, rises abruptly and perpendicularly
+a height of ninety feet above the sea
+level in the Atlantic Ocean. It is about nine
+miles from the mainland, and the country-people
+say it is <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">nine miles</span></em> from <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">every part</span></em> of the
+coast.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Fastnett for ages has been in the undisturbed
+possession of the cormorant, sea-gull,
+and various other tribes of sea-fowl, and was
+also a noted place for large conger eels, bream,
+and pollock; but from a superstitious dread of
+the place, the fishermen seldom fished near it.
+During foggy weather, and when the rock is
+partially enveloped in mist, it has very much
+the appearance of a large vessel under sail—hence
+no doubt the origin of all the wonderful
+tales and traditions respecting the Fastnett
+being enchanted, and its celebrated feats. The
+old people all along the sea-coast are under the
+impression that the Fastnett hoists sails before
+sunrise on the 1st of May in every year, and
+takes a cruise toward the Dursey Islands, at the
+north entrance of Bantry Bay, a distance of
+some forty miles; and that, after dancing several
+times round the rocks known to mariners
+as the Bull, Cow, and Calf, it then shapes its
+homeward course, drops anchor at the spot
+from whence it sailed, and remains stationary
+during the remainder of the year.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Fastnett, however, it appears, is not the
+only enchanted spot in that locality; for at the
+head of Schull Harbor, about nine miles north
+of the rock, on the top of Mount Gabriel—about
+1400 feet above the sea-level—is a celebrated
+lake, which the people say is so deep, that the
+longest line ever made would not reach its bottom.
+It is also stoutly asserted that a gentleman
+once dropped his walking-stick into the
+lake, and that it was afterward found by a fisherman
+near the Fastnett. On another occasion,
+a female wishing to get some water from the
+lake to perform a miraculous cure on one of her
+friends, accidentally let fall the jug into the water,
+and after several months, the identical jug—it
+could not be mistaken, part of the lip being
+broken off—was also picked up near the Fastnett.
+For such reasons the people imagine
+that there is some mysterious connection between
+the rock and the lake, and that they
+have a subterranean passage or means of communication.
+Captain Wolfe, indeed, during his
+survey of the coast in 1848, sounded the mysterious
+pool, and found the bottom with a line
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">seven feet long</span></em>; but the people shake their
+heads at the idea, and say it was all <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">freemasonry</span></em>
+on the part of the captain, and ask how he accounts
+for the affair of the stick and jug? It
+will be some time, I presume, before this puzzling
+question can be solved to the satisfaction
+of all parties; and the traditions of the stick
+and jug, and many other extraordinary occurrences,
+are likely to be handed down to succeeding
+generations. The lake, or bog-hole,
+must therefore be left alone in its glory; but,
+alas! not so with the Fastnett.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+No more will it hoist sail for its Walpurgie
+trip, and cruise to the Durseys, for it is now
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">firmly moored</span></em>; and in the hands of man the
+wonderful Fastnett is reduced to a simple isolated
+rock in the Atlantic Ocean. During the awful
+shipwrecks in the winters of 1846 and 1847,
+but little assistance was derived from the Cape
+Clear light, which is too elevated, and is often
+totally obscured by fog, and this drew attention
+to the Fastnett Rock as a more eligible site for
+a pharos, being in the immediate route of all
+outward and homeward-bound vessels: but the
+great difficulty was to effect a landing, and
+make the necessary surveys; its sides being
+almost perpendicular, and continually lashed by
+a heavy surge or surf. After many attempts.
+Captain Wolfe did effect a landing; and having
+made the necessary survey, and reported favorably
+as to its advantages, it was determined by
+the Ballast Board to erect on it a lighthouse
+forthwith. Operations were commenced in the
+summer of 1847, by sinking or excavating a
+circular shaft about twelve feet deep in the solid
+rock; holes were then drilled, in which were
+fixed strong iron shafts for the framework of the
+house; and then the masons began to rear the
+edifice. The workmen found it pleasant enough
+during the summer and autumn of 1847, and
+lived in tents on the summit of the rock, and
+looked over the mainland with the aid of a glass,
+like so many of their predecessors—the cormorants.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In the spring of 1848, however, when operations
+were resumed, after a cessation of the
+works for the winter, the scene changed. It
+began to blow very hard from the northwest;
+and the men secured their building, which was
+now several feet above the rocks, as well as they
+could, and covered it over with strong and heavy
+beams of timber, leaving a small aperture for
+ingress and egress, and then awaited in silence
+the result. During the night the wind increased,
+and the sea broke with such fury over the whole
+rock, that the men imagined every succeeding
+wave to be commissioned to sweep them into
+the abyss. It only extinguished their fire, however,
+and carried off most of their provisions,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page640">[pg 640]</span><a name="Pg640" id="Pg640" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+together with sundry heavy pieces of cast-iron,
+a large blacksmith's anvil, and the crane with
+which the building materials were lifted on the
+rock. The storm lasted upward of a week,
+during which time no vessel or boat could approach;
+and the crew of this island-ship remained
+drenched with water, and nearly perished
+with cold in a dark hole, with nothing to relieve
+their hunger but water-soaked biscuit. But the
+wind at length suddenly shifted, the sea moderated,
+and they were enabled eventually to crawl
+out of their hole more dead than alive. In a
+few days a boat approached as near as possible,
+and by the aid of ropes fastened round their
+waists, they were drawn one by one from the
+rock through the boiling surf. The men speedily
+recovered, and have since raised the building
+some twenty feet above the ground: the extreme
+height is to be sixty feet. This is the last
+adventure of the Enchanted Rock; but we trust
+a brilliant history is before it, in which, instead
+of expending its energies in idle cruises, it will
+act the part of the beneficent preserver of life
+and property.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc27" id="toc27"></a>
+<a name="pdf28" id="pdf28"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">The Force Of Fear.
+(From Chambers's Edinburgh Journal.)</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+At the close of the winter of 1825-6, about
+dusk in the afternoon, just as the wealthy
+dealers in the Palais Royal at Paris were about
+lighting their lamps and putting up their shutters
+(the practice of the major part of them at
+nightfall), a well-known money-changer sat behind
+his counter alone, surrounded by massive
+heaps of silver and gold, the glittering and sterling
+currency of all the kingdoms of Europe.
+He had well-nigh closed his operations for the
+day, and was enjoying in anticipation the prospect
+of a good dinner. Between the easy-chair
+upon which he reclined in perfect satisfaction,
+and the door which opened into the north
+side of the immense quadrangle of which the
+splendid edifice above-mentioned is composed,
+arose a stout wire partition, reaching nearly to
+the ceiling, and resting upon the counter, which
+traversed the whole length of the room. Thus
+he was effectually cut off from all possibility of
+unfriendly contact from any of his occasional
+visitors; while a small sliding-board that ran
+in and out under the wire partition served as
+the medium of his peculiar commerce. Upon
+this he received every coin, note, or draft presented
+for change; and having first carefully
+examined it, returned its value by the same conveyance,
+in the coin of France, or indeed of any
+country required. Behind him was a door communicating
+with his domestic chambers, and in
+the middle of the counter was another, the upper
+part of which formed a portion of the wire
+partition above described.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The denizen of this little chamber had already
+closed his outer shutters, and was just on
+the point of locking up his doors, and retiring
+to his repast, when two young men entered.
+They were evidently Italians, from their costume
+and peculiar dialect. Had it been earlier
+in the day, when there would have been sufficient
+light to have discerned their features and
+expression, it is probable that our merchant
+would have defeated their plans, for he was
+well skilled in detecting the tokens of fraud
+or design in the human countenance. But they
+had chosen their time too appropriately. One
+of them, advancing toward the counter, demanded
+change in French coin for an English sovereign,
+which he laid upon the sliding board, and
+passed through the wire partition. The moneychanger
+rose immediately, and having ascertained
+that the coin was genuine, returned its proper
+equivalent by the customary mode of transfer.
+The Italians turned as if to leave the apartment,
+when he who had received the money
+suddenly dropped the silver, as though accidentally,
+upon the floor. As it was now nearly
+dark, it was scarcely to be expected that they
+could find the whole of the pieces without the
+assistance of a light. This the unconscious
+merchant hastened to supply; and unlocking,
+without suspicion, the door of the partition between
+them, stooped with a candle over the
+floor in search of the lost coin. In this position
+the unfortunate man was immediately assailed
+with repeated stabs from a poniard, and he at
+length fell, after a few feeble and ineffectual
+struggles, senseless, and apparently lifeless, at
+the feet of his assassins.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A considerable time elapsed ere, by the fortuitous
+entrance of a stranger, he was discovered
+in this dreadful situation; when it was found
+that the assassins, having first helped themselves
+to an almost incredible amount of money, had
+fled, without any thing being left by which a
+clew might have been obtained to their retreat.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The unfortunate victim of their rapacity and
+cruelty was, however, not dead. Strange as it
+may appear, although he had received upward
+of twenty wounds, several of which plainly
+showed that the dagger had been driven to the
+very hilt, he survived; and in a few months
+after the event, was again to be seen in his
+long-accustomed place at the changer's board.
+In vain had the most diligent search been made
+by the military police of Paris for the perpetrators
+of this detestable deed. The villains
+had eluded all inquiry and investigation, and
+would in all probability have escaped undiscovered
+with their booty but for a mutually-cherished
+distrust of each other. Upon the first
+and complete success of their plan, the question
+arose, how to dispose of their enormous plunder,
+amounting to more than a hundred thousand
+pounds. Fearful of the researches of the police,
+they dared not retain it at their lodgings. To
+trust a third party with their secret was not to
+be thought of. At length, after long and anxious
+deliberation, they agreed to conceal the
+money outside the barriers of Paris until they
+should have concocted some safe plan for transporting
+it to their own country. This they accordingly
+did, burying the treasure under a tree
+about a mile from the Barrière d'Enfer. But
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page641">[pg 641]</span><a name="Pg641" id="Pg641" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+they were still as far as ever from a mutual understanding.
+When they separated, on any
+pretense, each returned to the spot which contained
+the stolen treasure, where of course he
+was sure to find the other. Suspicion thus
+formed and fed soon grew into dislike and hatred,
+until at length, each loathing the sight of
+the other, they agreed finally to divide the
+booty, and then eternally to separate, each to
+the pursuit of his own gratification. It then
+became necessary to carry the whole of the
+money home to their lodgings in Paris, in order
+that it might, according to their notions, be
+equitably divided.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The reader must here be reminded that there
+exists in Paris a law relative to wines and
+spirituous liquors which allows them to be retailed
+at a much lower price without the barriers
+than that at which they are sold within
+the walls of the city. This law has given rise,
+among the lower orders of people, to frequent
+attempts at smuggling liquors in bladders concealed
+about their persons, often in their hats.
+The penalty for the offense was so high, that it
+was very rarely enforced, and practically it was
+very seldom, indeed, that the actual loss incurred
+by the offending party was any thing more than
+the paltry venture, which he was generally permitted
+to abandon, making the best use of his
+heels to escape any further punishment. The
+gensdarmes planted at the different barriers
+generally made a prey of the potables which
+they captured, and were consequently interested
+in keeping a good look-out for offenders. It
+was this vigilance that led to the discovery of
+the robbers; for, not being able to devise any
+better plan for the removal of the money than
+that of secreting it about their persons, they
+attempted thus to carry out their object. But
+as one of them, heavily encumbered with the
+golden spoils, was passing through the Barrière
+d'Enfer, one of the soldier-police who was on
+duty as sentinel, suspecting, from his appearance
+and hesitating gait, that he carried smuggled
+liquors in his hat, suddenly stepped behind
+him and struck it from his head with his halberd.
+What was his astonishment to behold,
+instead of the expected bladder of wine or spirits,
+several small bags of gold and rolls of English
+bank-notes! The confusion and prevarication
+of the wretch, who made vain and frantic attempts
+to recover the property, betrayed his
+guilt, and he was immediately taken into custody,
+together with his companion, who, following
+at a very short distance, was unhesitatingly
+pointed out by his cowardly and bewildered
+confederate as the owner of the money. No
+time was lost in conveying intelligence of their
+capture to their unfortunate victim, who immediately
+identified the notes as his own property,
+and at the first view of the assassins swore distinctly
+to the persons of both—to the elder, as
+having repeatedly stabbed him; and to the
+younger, as his companion and coadjutor.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The criminals were in due course of time
+tried, fully convicted, and, as was to be expected,
+sentenced to death by the guillotine; but,
+owing to some technical informality in the proceedings,
+the doom of the law could not be
+carried into execution until the sentence of the
+court had been confirmed upon appeal. This
+delay afforded time and opportunity for some
+meddling or interested individual—either moved
+by the desire of making a cruel experiment, or
+else by the hope of obtaining a reversal of the
+capital sentence against the prisoners—to work
+upon the feelings of the unfortunate money-changer.
+A few days after the sentence of
+death had been pronounced, the unhappy victim
+received a letter from an unknown hand, mysteriously
+worded, and setting forth, in expressions
+that seemed to him fearfully prophetic,
+that the thread of his own destiny was indissolubly
+united with that of his condemned
+assassins. It was evidently out of their power
+to take away <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">his</span></em> life; and it was equally out of
+his power to survive <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">them</span></em>, die by the sentence
+of the law, or how or when they might; it
+became clear—so argued this intermeddler—that
+the same moment which saw the termination
+of their lives, would inevitably be the last
+of his own. To fortify his arguments, the
+letter-writer referred to certain mystic symbols
+in the heavens. Now though the poor man
+could understand nothing of the trumpery diagrams
+which were set forth as illustrating the
+truth of the fatal warning thus conveyed to him,
+and though his friends universally laughed at
+the trick as a barefaced attempt of some anonymous
+impostor to rob justice of her due, it
+nevertheless made a deep impression upon his
+mind. Ignorant of every thing but what related
+immediately to his own money-getting
+profession, he had a blind and undefined awe of
+what he termed the supernatural sciences, and
+he inwardly thanked the kind monitor who had
+given him at least a chance of redeeming his
+days.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+He immediately set about making application
+to the judges, in order to get the decree of death
+changed into a sentence to the galleys for life.
+He was equally surprised and distressed to find
+that they treated his petition with contempt,
+and ridiculed his fears. So far from granting
+his request, after repeated solicitations, they
+commanded him in a peremptory manner to
+appear no more before them. Driven almost to
+despair, he resolved upon petitioning the king;
+and after much expense and toil, he at length
+succeeded in obtaining an audience of Charles X.
+All was in vain. A crime so enormous, committed
+with such cool deliberation, left no opening
+for the plea of mercy: every effort he made
+only served to strengthen the resolution of the
+authorities to execute judgment. Finding all
+his efforts in vain, he appeared to resign himself
+despairingly to his fate. Deprived of all relish
+even for gain, he took to his bed, and languished
+in hopeless misery, and as the time for the execution
+of the criminals approached, lapsed more
+and more into terror and dismay.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It was on a sultry afternoon, in the beginning
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page642">[pg 642]</span><a name="Pg642" id="Pg642" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+of June, 1826, that the writer of this brief
+narrative—then a not too thoughtful lad, in
+search of employment in Paris—hurried, together
+with a party of sight-seeing English
+workmen, to the Place de Grève to witness the
+execution of the two assassins of the money-changer.
+Under the rays of an almost insupportable
+sun, an immense crowd had congregated
+around the guillotine; and it was not
+without considerable exertion, and a bribe of
+some small amount, that standing-places were
+at length obtained within a few paces of the
+deathful instrument, upon the flat top of the low
+wall which divides the ample area of the Place
+de Grève from the river Seine.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Precisely at four o'clock the sombre cavalcade
+approached. Seated upon a bench in a
+long cart, between two priests, sat the wretched
+victims of retributive justice. The crucifix was
+incessantly exhibited to their view, and presented
+to their lips to be kissed, by their ghostly
+attendants. After a few minutes of silent and
+horrible preparation, the elder advanced upon
+the platform of the guillotine. With livid aspect
+and quivering lips, he gazed around in unutterable
+agony upon the sea of human faces; then
+lifting his haggard eyes to heaven, he demanded
+pardon of God and the people for the violation
+of the great prerogative of the former and the
+social rights of the latter, and besought most
+earnestly the mercy of the Judge into whose
+presence he was about to enter. In less than
+two minutes both he and his companion were
+headless corpses, and in a quarter of an hour no
+vestige, save a few remains of sawdust, was
+left of the terrible drama that had been enacted.
+Soon, however, a confused murmur pervaded
+the crowd—a report that the victim of cruelty
+and avarice had realized the dread presentiment
+of his own mind, and justified the prediction
+contained in the anonymous letter he had received.
+On inquiry, this was found to be true.
+As the signal rung out for execution, the unhappy
+man, whom twenty-two stabs of the
+dagger had failed to kill, expired in a paroxysm
+of terror—adding one more to the many examples
+already upon record of the fatal force of
+fear upon an excited imagination.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc29" id="toc29"></a>
+<a name="pdf30" id="pdf30"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Lady Alice Daventry; Or, The
+Night Of Crime.
+(From the Dublin University Magazine.)</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Daventry Hall, near the little village
+of the same name in Cumberland, is the
+almost regal residence of the Cliffords; yet it
+does not bear their name, nor, till within the
+last quarter of a century, had it come into their
+possession. The tragical event which consigned
+it to the hands of a distant branch of the
+Daventry family is now almost forgotten by its
+occupants, but still lingers in the memory of
+some of humbler rank, who, in days gone by,
+were tenants under Sir John Daventry, the last
+of a long line of baronets of that name. Few
+men have entered life under happier auspices:
+one of the oldest baronets in the kingdom, in
+one sense, but just of age, in the other, possessed
+of an unencumbered rent roll of £20,000
+per annum, he might probably have selected
+his bride from the fairest of the English aristocracy;
+but when he was twenty-three he
+married the beautiful and poor daughter of
+an officer residing in his vicinity. It was a
+love-match on his side—one partly of love,
+parly of ambition, on hers; their union was
+not very long, neither was it very happy, and
+when Lady Daventry died, leaving an infant
+daughter to his care, at the expiration of
+his year of mourning he chose as his second
+wife the wealthy and high-born widow of the
+county member. This was a <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">marriage de convenance</span></span>,
+and might have perhaps proved a fortunate
+one, as it secured to Sir John a wife
+suited to uphold his dignity and the style of his
+establishment, at the same time conferring on
+the little Clara the care of a mother, and the
+society of a playmate in the person of Charles
+Mardyn, Lady Daventry's son by her first marriage.
+But the marriage of convenience did
+not end more felicitously than the marriage of
+love—at the end of six months Sir John found
+himself a second time a widower. His position
+was now a somewhat unusual one—at twenty-seven
+he had lost two wives, and was left the
+sole guardian of two children, neither past the
+age of infancy; Clara Daventry was but two
+years old, Charles Mardyn three years her
+senior. Of these circumstances Sir John made
+what he conceived the best, provided attendants
+and governesses for the children, consigned
+them to the seclusion of the Hall, while he
+repaired to London, procured a superb establishment,
+was famed for the skill of his cooks,
+and the goodness of his wines, and for the following
+eighteen years was an <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">habitué</span></span> of the
+clubs, and courted by the élite of London society;
+and this, perhaps, being a perfectly blameless
+course, and inflicting as little of any sort of
+trouble or annoyance as possible, it must needs
+excite our surprise if we do not find it producing
+corresponding fruits. Eighteen years make
+some changes every where. During these,
+Clara Daventry had become a woman, and
+Charles Mardyn, having passed through Eton
+and Cambridge, had for the last two years
+emulated his stepfather's style of London life.
+Mr. Mardyn had left his fortune at the disposal
+of his widow, whom he had foolishly loved, and
+Lady Daventry, at her death, divided the Mardyn
+estates between her husband and son—an
+unfair distribution, and one Charles was not
+disposed to pardon. He was that combination
+so often seen—the union of talent to depravity;
+of such talent as the union admits—talent which
+is never first-rate, though to the many it appears
+so; it is only unscrupulous, and consequently,
+has at its command, engines which
+virtue dares not use. Selfish and profligate,
+he was that mixture of strong passions and indomitable
+will, with a certain strength of intellect,
+a winning manner, and noble appearance.
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page643">[pg 643]</span><a name="Pg643" id="Pg643" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+Clara possessed none of these external gifts.
+Low and insignificant looking, her small, pale
+features, narrow forehead, and cunning gray
+eyes, harmonized with a disposition singularly
+weak, paltry, and manoeuvring. Eighteen years
+had altered Sir John Daventry's appearance less
+than his mind; he had grown more corpulent,
+and his features wore a look of sensual indulgence,
+mingled with the air of authority of one
+whose will, even in trifles, has never been disputed.
+But in the indolent voluptuary of forty-five
+little remained of the good-humored, careless
+man of twenty-seven. Selfishness is an
+ill-weed, that grows apace; Sir John Daventry,
+handsome, gifted with <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">l'air distingué</span></span> and thoroughly
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">répandu</span></span> in society, was a singularly
+heartless and selfish sensualist. Such changes
+eighteen years had wrought, when Clara was
+surprised by a visit from her father. It was
+more than two years since he had been at the
+Hall, and the news he brought was little welcome
+to her. He was about to marry a third
+time—his destined bride was Lady Alice Mortimer,
+the daughter of a poor though noble
+house, and of whose beauty, though now past
+the first bloom of youth, report had reached
+even Clara's ears. From Mardyn, too, she
+had heard of Lady Alice, and had fancied that
+he was one of her many suitors. Her congratulations
+on the event were coldly uttered; in
+truth, Clara had long been accustomed to regard
+herself as the heiress, and eventually, the
+mistress of that princely estate where she had
+passed her childhood; this was the one imaginative
+dream in a cold, worldly mind. She did
+not desire riches to gratify her vanity, or to
+indulge in pleasures. Clara Daventry's temperament
+was too passionless to covet it for
+these purposes; but she had accustomed herself
+to look on these possessions as her right, and to
+picture the day when, through their far extent,
+its tenants should own her rule. Besides, Mardyn
+had awoke, if not a feeling of affection, in
+Clara Daventry's breast, at least a wish to possess
+him—a wish in which all the sensuous part
+of her nature (and in that cold character there
+was a good deal that was sensuous) joined.
+She had perception to know her own want of
+attractions, and to see that her only hope of
+winning this gay and brilliant man of fashion
+was the value her wealth might be of in repairing
+a fortune his present mode of living was likely
+to scatter—a hope which, should her father
+marry, and have a male heir, would fall to the
+ground. In due time the papers announced the
+marriage of Sir John Daventry to the Lady
+Alice Mortimer. They were to spend their
+honeymoon at Daventry. The evening before
+the marriage, Charles Mardyn arrived at the
+Hall; it was some time since he had last been
+there; it was a singular day to select for leaving
+London, and Clara noticed a strange alteration
+in his appearance, a negligence of dress,
+and perturbation of manner unlike his ordinary
+self-possession, that made her think that, perhaps,
+he had really loved her destined step-mother.
+Still, if so, it was strange his coming
+to the Hall. The following evening brought
+Sir John and Lady Alice Daventry to their
+bridal home. The Hall had been newly decorated
+for the occasion, and, in the general confusion
+and interest, Clara found herself degraded
+from the consideration she had before received.
+Now the Hall was to receive a new mistress,
+one graced with title, and the stamp of fashion.
+These are offenses little minds can hardly be
+thought to overlook; and as Clara Daventry
+stood in the spacious hall to welcome her stepmother
+to her home, and she who was hence-forward
+to take the first place there, the Lady
+Alice, in her rich traveling costume, stood before
+her, the contrast was striking—the unattractive,
+ugly girl, beside the brilliant London
+beauty—the bitter feelings of envy and resentment,
+that then passed through Clara's mind
+cast their shade on her after destiny. During
+the progress of dinner, Clara noticed the extreme
+singularity of Mardyn's manner; noticed
+also the sudden flush of crimson that dyed Lady
+Alice's cheek on first beholding him, which was
+followed by an increased and continued paleness.
+There was at their meeting, however, no embarrassment
+on his part—nothing but the well-bred
+ease of the man of the world was observable
+in his congratulations; but during dinner
+Charles Mardyn's eyes were fixed on Lady
+Alice with the quiet stealthiness of one calmly
+seeking to penetrate through a mystery; and,
+despite her efforts to appear unconcerned, it
+was evident she felt distressed by his scrutiny.
+The dinner was soon dispatched; Lady Alice
+complained of fatigue, and Clara conducted her
+to the boudoir designed for her private apartment.
+As she was returning she met Mardyn.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Is Lady Alice in the boudoir?”</span> he asked.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Yes,”</span> she replied, <span class="tei tei-q">“you do not want her?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Without answering, he passed on, and, opening
+the door, Charles Mardyn stood before the
+Lady Alice Daventry, his stepfather's wife.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+She was sitting on a low stool, and in a deep
+reverie, her cheek resting on one of her fairy-like
+hands. She was indeed a beautiful woman.
+No longer very young—she was about thirty,
+but still very lovely, and something almost infantine
+in the arch innocence of expression that
+lighted a countenance cast in the most delicate
+mould—she looked, in every feature, the child
+of rank and fashion; so delicate, so fragile, with
+those <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">petites</span></span> features, and that soft pink flesh,
+and pouting coral lips; and, in her very essence,
+she had all those qualities that belong to a
+spoiled child of fashion—wayward, violent in
+temper, capricious, and volatile. She started
+from her reverie: she had not expected to see
+Mardyn, and betrayed much emotion at his
+abrupt entrance; for, as though in an agony of
+shame, she buried her face in her hands, and
+turned away her head, yet her attitude was
+very feminine and attractive, with the glossy
+ringlets of rich brown hair falling in a shower
+over the fair soft arms, and the whole so graceful
+in its defenselessness, and the forbearance it
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page644">[pg 644]</span><a name="Pg644" id="Pg644" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+seemed to ask. Yet, whatever Mardyn's purpose
+might be, it did not seem to turn him from
+it; the sternness on his countenance increased
+as he drew a chair, and, sitting down close
+beside her, waited in silence, gazing at his
+companion till she should uncover her face.
+At length the hands were dropped, and, with
+an effort at calmness, Lady Alice looked up,
+but again averted her gaze as she met his.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“When we last met, Lady Alice, it was
+under different circumstances,”</span> he said, sarcastically.
+She bowed her head, but made no
+answer.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“I fear,”</span> he continued, in the same tone,
+<span class="tei tei-q">“my congratulations may not have seemed
+warm enough on the happy change in your
+prospects; they were unfeigned, I assure you.”</span>
+Lady Alice colored.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“These taunts are uncalled for, Mardyn,”</span>
+she replied, faintly.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“No; that would be unfair, indeed,”</span> he continued,
+in the same bitter tone, <span class="tei tei-q">“to Lady Alice
+Daventry, who has always displayed such consideration
+for all my feelings.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“You never seemed to care,”</span> she rejoined,
+and the woman's pique betrayed itself in the
+tone—<span class="tei tei-q">“You never tried to prevent it.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Prevent what?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+She hesitated, and did not reply.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Fool!”</span> he exclaimed, violently, <span class="tei tei-q">“did you
+think that if one word of mine could have
+stopped your marriage, that word would have
+been said? Listen, Lady Alice: I loved you
+once, and the proof that I did is the hate I now
+bear you. If I had not loved you, I should now
+feel only contempt. For a time I believed that
+you had for me the love you professed. You
+chose differently; but though that is over, do
+not think that all is. I have sworn to make you
+feel some of the misery you caused me. Lady
+Alice Daventry, do you doubt that that oath
+shall be kept?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+His violence had terrified her—she was deadly
+pale, and seemed ready to faint; but a burst
+of tears relieved her.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“I do not deserve this,”</span> she said; <span class="tei tei-q">“I did love
+you—I swore it to you, and you doubted me.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Had I no reason?”</span> he asked.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“None that you did not cause yourself; your
+unfounded jealousy, your determination to humble
+me, drove me to the step I took.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The expression of his countenance somewhat
+changed; he had averted his face so that she
+could not read its meaning, and over it passed
+no sign of relenting, but a look more wholly
+triumphant than it had yet worn. When he
+turned to Lady Alice it was changed to one of
+mildness and sorrow.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“You will drive me mad, Alice,”</span> he uttered,
+in a low, deep voice. <span class="tei tei-q">“May heaven forgive me
+if I have mistaken you; you told me you loved
+me.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“I told you the truth,”</span> she rejoined, quickly.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“But how soon that love changed,”</span> he said,
+in a half-doubting tone, as if willing to be convinced.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“It never changed!”</span> she replied, vehemently.
+<span class="tei tei-q">“You doubted—you were jealous, and left
+me. I never ceased to love you.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“You do not love me now?”</span> he asked.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+She was silent; but a low sob sounded
+through the room, and Charles Mardyn was
+again at her feet; and, while the marriage-vows
+had scarce died from her lips, Lady Alice
+Daventry was exchanging forgiveness with, and
+listening to protestations of love from the son
+of the man to whom, a few hours before, she
+had sworn a wife's fidelity.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It is a scene which needs some explanation;
+best heard, however, from Mardyn's lips. A
+step was heard along the passage, and Mardyn,
+passing through a side-door, repaired to Clara's
+apartment. He found her engaged on a book.
+Laying it down, she bestowed on him a look of
+inquiry as he entered.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“I want to speak to you, Clara,”</span> he said.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Fixing her cold gray eyes on his face, she
+awaited his questions.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Has not this sudden step of Sir John's surprised
+you?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“It has,”</span> she said, quietly.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Your prospects are not so sure as they
+were?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“No, they are changed,”</span> she said, in the
+same quiet tone, and impassive countenance.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“And you feel no great love to your new
+stepmother?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“I have only seen Lady Alice once,”</span> she
+replied, fidgeting on her seat.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Well, you will see her oftener now,”</span> he
+observed. <span class="tei tei-q">“I hope she will make the Hall
+pleasant to you.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“You have some motive in this conversation,”</span>
+said Clara, calmly. <span class="tei tei-q">“You may trust
+me, I do not love Lady Alice sufficiently to betray
+you.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+And now her voice had a tone of bitterness
+surpassing Mardyn's; he looked steadily at
+her; she met and returned his gaze, and that
+interchange of looks seemed to satisfy both,
+Mardyn at once began:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Neither of us have much cause to like Sir
+John's new bride; she may strip you of a splendid
+inheritance, and I have still more reason to
+detest her. Shortly after my arrival in London,
+I met Lady Alice Mortimer. I had heard
+much of her beauty—it seemed to me to surpass
+all I had heard. I loved her; she seemed
+all playful simplicity and innocence; but I discovered
+she had come to the age of calculation,
+and that though many followed, and praised her
+wit and beauty, I was almost the only one who
+was serious in wishing to marry Lord Mortimer's
+poor and somewhat <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">passée</span></span> daughter. She
+loved me, I believe, as well as she could love
+any one. That was not the love I gave, or
+asked in return. In brief, I saw through her
+sheer heartlessness, the first moment I saw her
+waver between the wealth of an old sensualist,
+and my love. I left her, but with an oath of
+vengeance; in the pursuit of that revenge it will
+be your interest to assist. Will you aid me?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page645">[pg 645]</span><a name="Pg645" id="Pg645" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“How can I?”</span> she asked.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“It is not difficult,”</span> he replied. <span class="tei tei-q">“Lady Alice
+and I have met to-night; she prefers me still.
+Let her gallant bridegroom only know this, and
+we have not much to fear.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Clara Daventry paused, and, with clenched
+hands, and knit brow, ruminated on his words—familiar
+with the labyrinthine paths of the
+plotter, she was not long silent.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“I think I see what you mean,”</span> she said.
+<span class="tei tei-q">“And I suppose you have provided means to
+accomplish your scheme?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“They are provided for us. Where could
+we find materials more made to our hands?—a
+few insinuations, a conversation overheard, a
+note conveyed opportunely—these are trifles,
+but trifles are the levers of human action.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+There was no more said then; each saw
+partly through the insincerity and falsehood
+of the other, yet each knew they agreed in a
+common object. These were strange scenes
+to await a bride, on the first eve in her new
+home.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Two or three months have passed since these
+conversations. Sir John Daventry's manner has
+changed to his bride: he is no longer the lover,
+but the severe, exacting husband. It may be
+that he is annoyed at all his long-confirmed
+bachelor habits being broken in upon, and that,
+in time, he will become used to the change, and
+settle down contentedly in his new capacity;
+but yet something more than this seems to be at
+the bottom of his discontent. Since a confidential
+conversation, held over their wine between
+him and Charles Mardyn, his manner had been
+unusually captious. Mardyn had, after submitting
+some time, taken umbrage at a marked
+insult, and set off for London. On Lady Alice,
+in especial, her husband spent his fits of ill-humor.
+With Clara he was more than ever
+friendly; her position was now the most enviable
+in that house. But she strove to alleviate her
+stepmother's discomforts by every attention a
+daughter could be supposed to show, and these
+proofs of amiable feeling seemed to touch Sir
+John, and as the alienation between him and his
+wife increased, to cement an attachment between
+Clara and her father.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Lady Alice had lately imparted to her husband
+a secret that might be supposed calculated
+to fill him with joyous expectations, and raise
+hopes of an heir to his vast possessions; but the
+communication had been received in sullen
+silence, and seemed almost to increase his
+savage sternness—treatment which stung Lady
+Alice to the quick; and when she retired to her
+room, and wept long and bitterly over this unkind
+reception of news she had hoped would
+have restored his fondness, in those tears mingled
+a feeling of hate and loathing to the author
+of her grief. Long and dreary did the next
+four months appear to the beautiful Lady of
+Daventry, who, accustomed to the flattery and
+adulation of the London world, could ill-endure
+the seclusion and harsh treatment of the
+Hall.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+At the end of that time, Charles Mardyn
+again made his appearance; the welcome he
+received from Sir John was hardly courteous.
+Clara's manner, too, seemed constrained; but his
+presence appeared to remove a weight from Lady
+Alice's mind, and restore her a portion of her
+former spirits. From the moment of Mardyn's
+arrival, Sir John Daventry's manner changed to
+his wife: he abandoned the use of sarcastic
+language, and avoided all occasion of dispute
+with her, but assumed an icy calmness of demeanor,
+the more dangerous, because the more
+clear-sighted. He now confided his doubts to
+Clara; he had heard from Mardyn that his wife
+had, before her marriage, professed an attachment
+to him. In this, though jestingly alluded
+to, there was much to work on a jealous and
+exacting husband. The contrast in age, in
+manner, and appearance, was too marked, not
+to allow of the suspicion that his superiority in
+wealth and position had turned the scale in his
+favor—a suspicion which, cherished, had grown
+to be the demon that allowed him no peace of
+mind, and built up a fabric fraught with wretchedness
+on this slight foundation. All this period
+Lady Alice's demeanor to Mardyn was but too
+well calculated to deepen these suspicions.
+Now, too, had come the time to strike a decisive
+blow. In this Clara was thought a fitting
+instrument.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“You are indeed unjust,”</span> she said, with a
+skillful assumption of earnestness; <span class="tei tei-q">“Lady Alice
+considers she should be a mother to Charles—they
+meet often; it is that she may advise him,
+She thinks he is extravagant—that he spends
+too much time in London, and wishes to make
+the country more agreeable to him.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Yes, Clary, I know she does; she would be
+glad to keep the fellow always near her.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“You mistake, sir, I assure you; I have been
+with them when they were together; their
+language has been affectionate, but as far as the
+relationship authorizes.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Our opinions on that head differ, Clary; she
+deceived me, and by —— she shall suffer for it.
+She never told me she had known him; the
+fellow insulted me by informing me when it was
+too late. He did not wish to interfere—it was
+over now—he told me with a sneer.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“He was wounded by her treatment; so
+wounded, that, except as your wife, and to show
+you respect, I know he would never have
+spoken to her. But if your doubts can not be
+hushed, they may be satisfactorily dispelled.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“How—tell me?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Lady Alice and Charles sit every morning
+in the library; there are curtained recesses
+there, in any of which you may conceal yourself,
+and hear what passes.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Good—good; but if you hint or breathe to
+them—”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“I merely point it out,”</span> she interrupted, <span class="tei tei-q">“as
+a proof of my perfect belief in Charles's principle
+and Lady Alice's affection for you. If a word
+passes that militates against that belief, I will
+renounce it.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page646">[pg 646]</span><a name="Pg646" id="Pg646" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A sneer distorted Sir John's features. When
+not blinded by passion, he saw clearly through
+character and motives. He had by this discerned
+Clara's dislike to Lady Alice, and now felt convinced
+she suggested the scheme as she guessed
+he would have his suspicions confirmed. He
+saw thus far, but he did not see through a far
+darker plot—he did not see that, in the deep
+game they played against him, Charles and
+Clara were confederates.
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-tb"><hr style="width: 50%" /></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+That was a pleasant room; without, through
+bayed windows, lay a wide and fertile prospect
+of sunny landscape; within, it was handsomely
+and luxuriously furnished. There were books
+in gorgeous bindings; a range of marble pillars
+swept its length; stands of flowers, vases of
+agate and alabaster, were scattered on every
+side; and after breakfast Mardyn and Lady
+Alice made it their sitting-room. The morning
+after the scheme suggested by Clara, they
+were sitting in earnest converse, Lady Alice,
+looking pale and care-worn, was weeping convulsively.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“You tell me you must go,”</span> she said; <span class="tei tei-q">“and
+were it a few months later, I would forsake all
+and accompany you. But for the sake of my
+unborn infant, you must leave me. At another
+time return, and you may claim me.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Dear Alice,”</span> he whispered softly, <span class="tei tei-q">“dear,
+dear Alice, why did you not know me sooner?
+Why did you not love me more, and you would
+now have been my own, my wife?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“I was mad,”</span> she replied, sadly; <span class="tei tei-q">“but I have
+paid the penalty of my sin against you. The
+last year has been one of utter misery to me.
+If there is a being on earth I loathe, it is the
+man I must call my husband; my hatred to him
+is alone inferior to my love for you. When I
+think what I sacrificed for him,”</span> she continued,
+passionately, <span class="tei tei-q">“the bliss of being your wife, resigned
+to unite myself to a vapid sensualist, a man
+who was a spendthrift of his passions in youth, and
+yet asks to be loved, as if the woman most lost
+to herself could feel love for him.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It was what he wished. Lady Alice had
+spoken with all the extravagance of woman's
+exaggeration; her companion smiled; she understood
+its meaning.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“You despise, me,”</span> she said, <span class="tei tei-q">“that I could
+marry the man of whom I speak thus.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“No,”</span> he replied; <span class="tei tei-q">“but perhaps you judge
+Sir John harshly. We must own he has some
+cause for jealousy.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Despite his guarded accent, something smote
+on Lady Alice's ear in that last sentence. She
+turned deadly pale—was she deceived? But
+in a moment the sense of her utter helplessness
+rushed upon her. If he were false, nothing but
+destruction lay before her—she desperately closed
+her eyes on her danger.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“You are too generous,”</span> she replied. <span class="tei tei-q">“If
+I had known what I sacrificed—”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Poor, wretched woman, what fear was in her
+heart as she strove to utter words of confidence.
+He saw her apprehensions, and drawing her
+toward him, whispered loving words, and showered
+burning kisses on her brow. She leant
+her head on his breast, and her long hair fell
+over his arm as she lay like a child in his embrace.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A few minutes later the library was empty,
+when the curtains that shrouded a recess near
+where the lovers had sat were drawn back, and
+Sir John Daventry emerged from his concealment.
+His countenance betrayed little of what
+passed within; every other feeling was swallowed
+up in a thirst for revenge—a thirst that would
+have risked life itself to accomplish its object—for
+his suspicions had gone beyond the truth,
+black, dreadful as was that truth to a husband's
+ears, and he fancied that his unborn infant owed
+its origin to Charles Mardyn; when, for that infant's
+sake, where no other consideration could
+have restrained her, Lady Alice had endured her
+woman's wrong, and while confessing her love
+for Mardyn, refused to listen to his solicitations,
+or to fly with him; and the reference she had
+made to this, and which he had overheard, appeared
+to him but a base design to palm the
+offspring of her love to Mardyn as the heir to the
+wealth and name of Daventry.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It wanted now but a month of Lady Alice's
+confinement, and even Mardyn and Clara were
+perplexed and indecisive as to the effect their
+stratagem had upon Sir John. No word or sign
+escaped him to betray what passed within—he
+seemed stricken with sudden age, so stern and
+hard had his countenance become, so fixed his
+icy calmness. They knew not the volcanoes
+that burned beneath their undisturbed surface.
+A sudden fear fell upon them; they were but
+wicked—they were not great in wickedness.
+Much of what they had done appeared to them
+clumsy and ill-contrived; yet their very fears
+lest they might be seen through urged on another
+attempt, contrived to give confirmation to Sir
+John's suspicions, should his mind waver. So
+great at this time was Mardyn's dread of detection
+that he suddenly left the Hall. He know
+Sir John's vengeance, if once roused, would be
+desperate, and feared some attempts on his life.
+In truth his position was a perilous one, and this
+lull of fierce elements seemed to forerun some
+terrible explosion—where the storm might spend
+its fury was as yet hid in darkness. Happy
+was it for the Lady Alice Daventry that she
+knew none of these things, or hers would have
+been a position of unparalleled wretchedness, as
+over the plotters, the deceived, and the foredoomed
+ones, glided on the rapid moments that
+brought them nearer and nearer, till they stood
+on the threshold of crime and death.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+And now, through the dark channels of fraud
+and jealousy, we have come to the eve of that
+strange and wild page in our story, which long
+attached a tragic interest to the hails of Daventry,
+and swept all but the name of that ancient
+race into obscurity.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+On the fifteenth of December, Lady Alice
+Daventry was confined of a son. All the usual
+demonstrations of joy were forbidden by Sir
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page647">[pg 647]</span><a name="Pg647" id="Pg647" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+John, on the plea of Lady Alice's precarious
+situation. Her health, weakened by the events
+of the past year, had nearly proved unequal to
+this trial of her married life, and the fifth morning
+after her illness was the first on which the
+physician held out confident hopes of her having
+strength to carry her through. Up to that time
+the survival of the infant had been a matter of
+doubt; but on that morning, as though the one
+slender thread had bound both to existence,
+fear was laid aside, and calmness reigned through
+the mansion of Daventry. On that morning,
+too, arrived a letter directed to <span class="tei tei-q">“The Lady
+Alice Daventry.”</span> A dark shade flitted over
+Sir John's face as he read the direction; then
+placing it among his other letters reserved for
+private perusal, he left the room.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The day wore on, each hour giving increasing
+strength to the Lady Alice and her boy-heir.
+During its progress, it was noticed, even by
+the servants, that their master seemed unusually
+discomposed, and that his countenance wore an
+expression of ghastly paleness. As he sat alone,
+after dinner, he drank glass after glass of wine,
+but they brought no flush to his cheek—wrought
+no change in his appearance; some mightier
+spirit seemed to bid defiance to the effects of
+drink. At a late hour he retired to his room.
+The physician had previously paid his last visit
+to the chamber of his patient; she was in a
+calm sleep, and the last doubt as to her condition
+faded from his mind, as, in a confident tone, he
+reiterated his assurance to the nurse-tender
+<span class="tei tei-q">“that she might lie down and take some rest—that
+nothing more was to be feared.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-tb"><hr style="width: 50%" /></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The gloom of a December's night had closed,
+dark and dreary, around the Hall, while, through
+the darkness, the wind drove the heavy rain
+against the easements; but, undisturbed by the
+rain and winds, the Lady Alice and her infant
+lay in a tranquil sleep; doubt and danger had
+passed from them; the grave had seemed to yawn
+toward the mother and child, but the clear color
+on the transparent cheek, the soft and regular
+breathing caught through the stillness of the
+chamber, when the wind had died in the distance,
+gave assurance to the nurse that all danger was
+past; and, wearied with the watching of the
+last four nights, she retired to a closet opening
+from Lady Alice's apartment, and was soon
+buried in the heavy slumber of exhaustion.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+That profound sleep was rudely broken
+through by wild, loud cries, reaching over the
+rage of the elements, which had now risen to a
+storm. The terrified woman staggered to the
+bedroom, to witness there a fearful change—sudden,
+not to be accounted for. A night-lamp
+shed its dim light through the apartment on a
+scene of horror and mystery. All was silence
+now—and the Lady Alice stood erect on the
+floor, half shrouded in the heavy curtains of the
+bed, and clasping her infant in her arms. By
+this time the attendants, roused from sleep, had
+reached the apartment, and assisted in taking
+the child from its mother's stiff embrace; it had
+uttered no cry, and when they brought it to the
+light, the blaze fell on features swollen and lifeless—it
+was dead in its helplessness—dead by
+violence, for on its throat were the marks of
+strong and sudden pressure; but how, by whom,
+was a horrid mystery. They laid the mother
+on the bed, and as they did so, a letter fell from
+her grasp—a wild fit of delirium succeeded, followed
+by a heavy swoon, from which the physician
+failed in awaking her—before the night
+had passed, Lady Alice Daventry had been summoned
+to her rest. The sole clew to the events
+of that night was the letter which had fallen
+from Lady Alice; it the physician had picked
+up and read, but positively refused to reveal its
+contents, more than to hint that they betrayed
+guilt that rendered his wife and child's removal
+more a blessing than a misfortune to Sir John
+Daventry. Yet somehow rumors were heard
+that the letter was in Charles Mardyn's hand;
+that it had fallen in Sir John's way, and revealed
+to him a guilty attachment between Mardyn
+and his wife; but how it came into her hands,
+or how productive of such a catastrophe as the
+destruction of her infant, her frenzy, and death,
+remained unknown: but one further gleam of
+light was ever thrown on that dark tragedy.
+The nurse-tender, who had first come to her
+mistress's assistance, declared that, as she entered
+the room, she had heard steps in quick
+retreat along the gallery leading from Lady
+Alice's room, and a few surmised that, in the
+dead of night, her husband had placed that letter
+in her hand, and told her he knew her guilt.
+This was but conjecture—a wild and improbable
+one, perhaps.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Charles Mardyn came not again to the Hall.
+What he and Clara Daventry thought of what
+had passed, was known only to themselves. A
+year went on, and Clara and her father lived
+alone—a year of terror to the former, for from
+that terrible night her father had become subject
+to bursts of savage passion that filled her with
+alarm for her own safety: these, followed by
+long fits of moody silence, rendered her life, for
+a year, harassed and wretched; but then settling
+into confirmed insanity, released her from his
+violence. Sir John Daventry was removed to
+an asylum, and Clara was mistress of the Hall.
+Another year passed, and she became the wife
+of Charles Mardyn. It was now the harvest
+of their labors, and reaped as such harvests
+must be. The pleasures and amusements of a
+London life had grown distasteful to Mardyn—they
+palled on his senses, and he sought change
+in a residence at the Hall; but here greater
+discontent awaited him. The force of conscience
+allowed them not happiness in a place
+peopled with such associations: they were
+childless, they lived in solitary state, unvisited
+by those of their own rank, who were deterred
+from making overtures of intimacy by
+the stories that were whispered affixing discredit
+to his name; his pride and violent temper
+were ill fitted to brook this neglect; in
+disgust, they left Daventry, and went to Mardyn
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page648">[pg 648]</span><a name="Pg648" id="Pg648" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+Park, an old seat left him by his mother, on
+the coast of Dorsetshire. It was wildly situated,
+and had been long uninhabited; and in this
+lonely residence the cup of Clara's wretchedness
+was filled to overflowing. In Mardyn
+there was now no trace left of the man who
+had once captivated her fancy; prematurely
+old, soured in temper, he had become brutal
+and overbearing; for Clara he had cast off
+every semblance of decency, and indifference
+was now usurped by hate and violence; their
+childless condition was made a constant, source
+of bitter reproach from her husband. Time
+brought no alleviation to this state of wretchedness,
+but rather increased their evil passions
+and mutual abhorrence. They had long and
+bitterly disputed one day, after dinner, and each
+reminded the other of their sins with a vehemence
+of reproach that, from the lips of any
+other, must have, overwhelmed the guilty pair
+with shame and terror. Driven from the room
+by Mardyn's unmanly violence and coarse epithets,
+Clara reached the drawing-room, and
+spent some hours struggling with the stings of
+conscience aroused by Mardyn's taunts. They
+had heard that morning of Sir John Daventry's
+death, and the removal of the only being who
+lived to suffer for their sin had seemed but to
+add a deeper gloom to their miserable existence—the
+time was past when any thing could bid
+them hope. Her past career passed through
+the guilty woman's mind, and filled her with
+dread, and a fearful looking out for judgment.
+She had not noticed how time had fled, till she
+saw it was long past Mardyn's hour for retiring,
+and that he had not come up stairs yet.
+Another hour passed, and then a vague fear
+seized upon her mind—she felt frightened at
+being alone, and descended to the parlor. She
+had brought no light with her, and when she
+reached the door she paused; all in the house
+seemed so still she trembled, and turning the
+lock, entered the room. The candles had burnt
+out, and the faint red glare of the fire alone
+shone through the darkness; by the dim light
+she saw that Mardyn was sitting, his arms folded
+on the table, and his head reclined as if in
+sleep. She touched him, he stirred not, and
+her hand, slipping from his shoulder, fell upon
+the table and was wet; she saw that a decanter
+had been overturned, and fancied Mardyn had
+been drinking, and fallen asleep; she hastened
+from the room for a candle. As she seized a
+light burning in the passage, she saw that the
+hand she had extended was crimsoned with
+blood. Almost delirious with terror, she regained
+the room. The light from her hand fell
+on the table—it was covered with a pool of
+blood, that was falling slowly to the floor.
+With a wild effort she raised her husband—his
+head fell on her arm—the throat was severed
+from ear to ear—the countenance set, and distorted
+in death.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In that moment the curse of an offended God
+worked its final vengeance on guilt—Clara Mardyn
+was a lunatic.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc31" id="toc31"></a>
+<a name="pdf32" id="pdf32"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Mirabeau. An Anecdote Of His Private Life.
+(From Chambers's Edinburgh Journal.)</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The public life as well as the private character
+of Mirabeau are universally known,
+but the following anecdote has not, we believe,
+been recorded in any of the biographies. The
+particulars were included in the brief furnished
+to M. de Galitzane, advocate-general in the
+parliament of Provence, when he was retained
+for the defense of Madame Mirabeau in her
+husband's process against her. M. de Galitzane
+afterward followed the Bourbons into exile,
+and returned with them in 1814; and it is on
+his authority that the story is given as fact.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Mirabeau had just been released from the
+dungeon of the castle of Vincennes near Paris.
+He had been confined there for three years and
+a half, by virtue of that most odious mandate,
+a <span lang="fr" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="fr"><span style="font-style: italic">lettre-de-cachet</span></span>. His imprisonment had been
+of a most painful nature; and it was prolonged
+at the instance of his father, the Marquis de
+Mirabeau. On his being reconciled to his
+father, the confinement terminated, in the year
+1780, when Mirabeau was thirty-one years of
+age.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+One of his father's conditions was, that Mirabeau
+should reside for some time at a distance
+from Paris; and it was settled that he should go
+on a visit to his brother-in-law, Count du Saillant,
+whose estate was situated a few leagues
+from the city of Limoges, the capital of the
+Limousin. Accordingly, the count went to
+Vincennes to receive Mirabeau on the day of
+his liberation, and they pursued their journey at
+once with all speed.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The arrival of Mirabeau at the ancient manorial
+château created a great sensation in that
+remote part of France. The country gentlemen
+residing in the neighborhood had often heard
+him spoken of as a remarkable man, not only
+on account of his brilliant talents, but also for
+his violent passions; and they hastened to the
+château to contemplate a being who had excited
+their curiosity to an extraordinary pitch. The
+greater portion of these country squires were
+mere sportsmen, whose knowledge did not extend
+much beyond the names and qualities of
+their dogs and horses, and in whose houses it
+would have been almost in vain to seek for any
+other book than the local almanac, containing
+the list of the fairs and markets, to which they
+repaired with the utmost punctuality, to loiter
+away their time, talk about their rural affairs,
+dine abundantly, and wash down their food with
+strong Auvergne wine.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Count du Saillant was quite of a different
+stamp from his neighbors. He had seen the
+world, he commanded a regiment, and at that
+period his château was perhaps the most civilized
+country residence in the Limousin. People
+came from a considerable distance to visit its
+hospitable owner; and among the guests there
+was a curious mixture of provincial oddities,
+clad in their quaint costumes. At that epoch,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page649">[pg 649]</span><a name="Pg649" id="Pg649" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+indeed, the young Lismousin noblemen, when
+they joined their regiments, to don their sword
+and epaulets for the first time, were very
+slightly to be distinguished, either by their
+manners or appearance, from their rustic retainers.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It will easily be imagined, then, that Mirabeau,
+who was gifted with brilliant natural
+qualities, cultivated and polished by education—a
+man, moreover, who had seen much of the
+world, and had been engaged in several strange
+and perilous adventures—occupied the most conspicuous
+post in this society, many of the component
+members whereof seemed to have barely
+reached the first degrees in the scale of civilization.
+His vigorous frame; his enormous head,
+augmented in bulk by a lofty frizzled <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">coiffure</span></span>;
+his huge face, indented with scars, and furrowed
+with seams, from the effect of small-pox injudiciously
+treated in his childhood; his piercing
+eyes, the reflection of the tumultuous passions
+at war within him; his mouth, whose expression
+indicated in turn irony, disdain, indignation, and
+benevolence; his dress, always carefully attended
+to, but in an exaggerated style, giving him
+somewhat the air of a traveling charlatan decked
+out with embroidery, large frill, and ruffles; in
+short, this extraordinary-looking individual astonished
+the country-folks even before he opened
+his mouth. But when his sonorous voice was
+heard, and his imagination, heated by some interesting
+subject of conversation, imparted a
+high degree of energy to his eloquence, some
+of the worthy rustic hearers felt as though they
+were in the presence of a saint, others in that
+of a devil; and according to their several impressions,
+they were tempted either to fall down
+at his feet, or to exorcise him by making the
+sign of the cross, and uttering a prayer.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Seated in a large antique arm-chair, with his
+feet stretched out on the floor, Mirabeau often
+contemplated, with a smile playing on his lips,
+those men who seemed to belong to the primitive
+ages; so simple, frank, and at the same
+time clownish, were they in their manners. He
+listened to their conversations, which generally
+turned upon the chase, the exploits of their dogs,
+or the excellence of their horses, of whose breed
+and qualifications they were very proud. Mirabeau
+entered freely into their notions; took an
+interest in the success of their sporting projects;
+talked, too, about crops; chestnuts, of which
+large quantities are produced in the Limousin;
+live and dead stock; ameliorations in husbandry;
+and so forth; and he quite won the
+hearts of the company by his familiarity with
+the topics in which they felt the most interest,
+and by his good nature.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This monotonous life was, however, frequently
+wearisome to Mirabeau; and in order to vary
+it, and for the sake of exercise, after being occupied
+for several hours in writing, he was in
+the habit of taking a fowling-piece, according
+to the custom of the country, and putting a
+book into his game-bag, he would frequently
+make long excursions on foot in every direction.
+He admired the noble forests of chestnut-trees
+which abound in the Limousin; the vast meadows,
+where numerous herds of cattle of a superior
+breed are reared; and the running streams
+by which that picturesque country is intersected.
+He generally returned to the château long
+after sunset, saying that night scenery was
+peculiarly attractive to him.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It was during and after supper that those
+conversations took place for which Mirabeau
+supplied the principal and the most interesting
+materials. He possessed the knack of provoking
+objections to what he might advance, in
+order to combat them, as he did with great
+force of logic and in energetic language; and
+thus he gave himself lessons in argument, caring
+little about his auditory, his sole aim being
+to exercise his mental ingenuity and to cultivate
+eloquence. Above all, he was fond of discussing
+religious matters with the curé of the
+parish. Without displaying much latitudinarianism,
+he disputed several points of doctrine and
+certain pretensions of the church so acutely,
+that the pastor could say but little in reply.
+This astonished the Limousin gentry, who, up
+to that time, had listened to nothing but the
+drowsy discourses of their curés, or the sermons
+of some obscure mendicant friars, and who
+placed implicit faith in the dogmas of the
+church. The faith of a few was shaken, but the
+greater number of his hearers were very much
+tempted to look upon the visitor as an emissary
+of Satan sent to the château to destroy them.
+The curé, however, did not despair of eventually
+converting Mirabeau.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+At this period several robberies had taken
+place at no great distance from the château:
+four or five farmers had been stopped shortly
+after nightfall on their return from the market-towns,
+and robbed of their purses. Not one of
+these persons had offered any resistance, for
+each preferred to make a sacrifice rather than
+run the risk of a struggle in a country full of
+ravines, and covered with a rank vegetation
+very favorable to the exploits of brigands, who
+might be lying in wait to massacre any individual
+who might resist the one detached from the
+band to demand the traveler's money or his life.
+These outrages ceased for a short time, but they
+soon recommenced, and the robbers remained
+undiscovered.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+One evening, about an hour after sunset, a
+guest arrived at the château. He was one of
+Count du Saillant's most intimate friends, and
+was on his way home from a neighboring fair.
+This gentleman appeared to be very thoughtful,
+and spoke but little, which surprised every
+body, inasmuch as he was usually a merry companion.
+His gasconades had frequently roused
+Mirabeau from his reveries, and of this he was
+not a little proud. He had not the reputation
+of being particularly courageous, however,
+though he often told glowing tales about his
+own exploits; and it must be admitted that he
+took the roars of laughter with which they were
+usually received very good-humoredly.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page650">[pg 650]</span><a name="Pg650" id="Pg650" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Count du Saillant being much surprised at
+this sudden change in his friend's manner, took
+him aside after supper, and begged that he
+would accompany him to another room. When
+they were there alone, he tried in vain for a
+long time to obtain a satisfactory answer to his
+anxious inquiries as to the cause of his friend's
+unwonted melancholy and taciturnity. At
+length the visitor said—<span class="tei tei-q">“Nay, nay; you would
+never believe it. You would declare that I was
+telling you one of my fables, as you are pleased
+to call them; and perhaps <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">this</span></em> time we might
+fall out.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“What do you mean?”</span> cried Count de Saillant;
+<span class="tei tei-q">“this seems to be a serious affair. Am
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">I</span></em>, then, connected with your presentiments?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Not exactly <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">you</span></em>; but—”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“What does this <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">but</span></em> mean? Has it any
+thing to do with my wife? Explain yourself.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Not the least in the world. Madame du
+Saillant is in nowise concerned in the matter:
+but—”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">But!</span></em>—<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">but!</span></em> you tire me out with your
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">buts</span></em>. Are you resolved still to worry me with
+your mysteries? Tell me at once what has
+occurred—what has happened to you?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Oh, nothing—nothing at all. No doubt I
+was frightened.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Frightened!—and at what? By whom?
+For God's sake, my dear friend, do not prolong
+this painful state of uncertainty.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Do you really wish me to speak out?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Not only so, but I demand this of you as an
+act of friendship.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Well, I was stopped to-night at about the
+distance of half a league from your château.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Stopped! In what way? By whom?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Why, stopped as people are stopped by
+footpads. A gun was leveled at me; I was
+peremptorily ordered to deliver up my purse; I
+threw it down on the ground, and galloped off.
+Do not ask me any more questions.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Why not? I wish to know all. Should
+you know the robber again? Did you notice
+his figure and general appearance?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“It being dark, I could not exactly discover:
+I can not positively say. However, it seems to
+me—”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">What</span></em> seems to you? What or whom do
+you think you saw?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“I never can tell <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">you</span></em>.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Speak—speak; you can not surely wish to
+screen a malefactor from justice?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“No; but if the said malefactor should be—”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“If he were my own son, I should insist upon
+your telling me.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Well, then, it appeared to me that the robber
+was your brother-in-law, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">mirabeau</span></span>! But
+I might be mistaken; and, as I said before,
+fear—”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Impossible: no, it can not be. Mirabeau a
+footpad! No, no. You <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">are</span></em> mistaken, my good
+friend.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Certainly—certainly.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Let us not speak any more of this,”</span> said
+Count du Saillant. <span class="tei tei-q">“We will return to the
+drawing-room, and I hope you will be as gay
+as usual; if not, I shall set you down as a mad-man.
+I will so manage that our absence shall
+not be thought any thing of.”</span> And the gentlemen
+re-entered the drawing room, one a short
+time before the other.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The visitor succeeded in resuming his accustomed
+manner; but the count fell into a gloomy
+reverie, in spite of all his efforts. He could
+not banish from his mind the extraordinary
+story he had heard: it haunted him; and at
+last, worn out with the most painful conjectures,
+he again took his friend aside, questioned him
+afresh, and the result was, that a plan was
+agreed upon for solving the mystery. It was
+arranged that M. De —— should in the course
+of the evening mention casually, as it were,
+that he was engaged on a certain day to meet
+a party at a friend's house to dinner, and that
+he purposed coming afterward to take a bed
+at the château, where he hoped to arrive at
+about nine in the evening. The announcement
+was accordingly made in the course of conversation,
+when all the guests were present—good
+care being taken that it should be heard by
+Mirabeau, who at the time was playing a game
+of chess with the curé.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A week passed away, in the course of which
+a farmer was stopped and robbed of his purse;
+and at length the critical night arrived.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Count du Saillant was upon the rack the
+whole evening; and his anxiety became almost
+unbearable when the hour for his friend's promised
+arrival had passed without his having made
+his appearance. Neither had Mirabeau returned
+from his nocturnal promenade. Presently
+a storm of lightning, thunder, and heavy rain
+came on; in the midst of it the bell at the gate
+of the court-yard rang loudly. The count rushed
+out of the room into the court-yard, heedless
+of the contending elements; and before the
+groom could arrive to take his friend's horse,
+the anxious host was at his side. His guest
+was in the act of dismounting.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Well,”</span> said M. De ——, <span class="tei tei-q">“I have been
+stopped. It is really he. I recognized him
+perfectly.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Not a word more was spoken then; but as
+soon as the groom had led the horse to the
+stables, M. De —— rapidly told the count that,
+during the storm, and as he was riding along,
+a man, who was half-concealed behind a very
+large tree, ordered him to throw down his purse.
+At that moment a flash of lightning enabled
+him to discover a portion of the robber's person,
+and M. De —— rode at him; but the robber
+retreated a few paces, and then leveling his
+gun at the horseman, cried with a powerful
+voice, which it was impossible to mistake, <span class="tei tei-q">“Pass
+on, or you are a dead man!”</span> Another flash of
+lightning showed the whole of the robber's figure:
+it was Mirabeau, whose voice had already
+betrayed him! The wayfarer, having no inclination
+to be shot, put spurs to his horse, and
+soon reached the château.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The count enjoined strict silence, and begged
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page651">[pg 651]</span><a name="Pg651" id="Pg651" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+of his friend to avoid displaying any change in
+his usual demeanor when in company with the
+other guests; he then ordered his valet to come
+again to him as soon as Mirabeau should return.
+Half an hour afterward Mirabeau arrived.
+He was wet to the skin, and hastened to his
+own room; he told the servant to inform the
+count that he could not join the company at the
+evening meal, and begged that his supper might
+be brought to his room; and he went to bed as
+soon as he had supped.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+All went on as usual with the party assembled
+below, excepting that the gentleman who had
+had so unpleasant an adventure on the road appeared
+more gay than usual.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+When his guests had all departed, the master
+of the house repaired alone to his brother-in-law's
+apartment. He found him fast asleep,
+and was obliged to shake him rather violently
+before he could rouse him.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“What's the matter? Who's there? What
+do you want with me?”</span> cried Mirabeau, staring
+at his brother-in-law, whose eyes were flashing
+with rage and disgust.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“What do I want? I want, to tell you that
+you are a wretch!”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“A fine compliment, truly!”</span> replied Mirabeau,
+with the greatest coolness. <span class="tei tei-q">“It was
+scarcely worth while to awaken me only to
+abuse me: go away, and let me sleep.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Can</span></em> you sleep after having committed so
+bad an action? Tell me—where did you pass
+the evening? Why did you not join us at the
+supper-table?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“I was wet through—tired—harassed: I
+had been overtaken by the storm. Are you
+satisfied now? Go, and let me get some sleep:
+do you want to keep me chattering all night?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“I insist upon an explanation of your strange
+conduct. You stopped Monsieur De —— on
+his way hither this evening: this is the second
+time you have attacked that gentleman, for he
+recognized you as the same man who robbed
+him a week ago. You have turned highwayman,
+then!”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Would it not have been all in good time to
+tell me this to-morrow morning?”</span> said Mirabeau,
+with inimitable <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">sang-froid</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-q">“Supposing
+that I <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">did</span></em> stop your friend, what of that?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“That you are a wretch!”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“And that you are a fool, my dear Du Saillant.
+Do you imagine that it was for the sake
+of his money that I stopped this poor country
+squire? I wished to put him to the proof, and
+to put myself to the proof. I wished to ascertain
+what degree of resolution was necessary in
+order to place one's self in formal opposition to
+the most sacred laws of society: the trial was a
+dangerous one; but I have made it several times.
+I am satisfied with myself—but your friend is a
+coward.”</span> He then felt in the pocket of his
+waistcoat, which lay on a chair by his bedside,
+and drawing a key from it, said, <span class="tei tei-q">“Take this
+key, open my <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">scrutoire</span></span>, and bring me the second
+drawer on the left hand.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The count, astounded at so much coolness,
+and carried away by an irresistible impulse—for
+Mirabeau spoke with the greatest firmness—unlocked
+the cabinet, and brought the drawer
+to Mirabeau. It contained nine purses; some
+made of leather, others of silk; each purse was
+encircled by a label on which was written a
+date—it was that of the day on which the owner
+had been stopped and robbed; the sum contained
+in the purse was also written down.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“You see,”</span> said Mirabeau, <span class="tei tei-q">“that I did not
+wish to reap any pecuniary benefit from my
+proceedings. A timid person, my dear friend,
+could never become a highwayman; a soldier
+who fights in the ranks does not require half so
+much courage as a footpad. <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">You</span></em> are not the
+kind of man to understand me, therefore I will
+not attempt to make myself more intelligible.
+You would talk to me about honor—about religion;
+but these have never stood in the way
+of a well-considered and a firm resolve. Tell
+me, Du Saillant, when you lead your regiment
+into the heat of battle, to conquer a province to
+which he whom you call your master has no
+right whatever, do you consider that you are
+performing a better action than mine, in stopping
+your friend on the king's highway, and demanding
+his purse?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“I obey without reasoning,”</span> replied the
+count.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“And I reason without obeying, when obedience
+appears to me to be contrary to reason,”</span>
+rejoined Mirabeau. <span class="tei tei-q">“I study all kinds of social
+positions, in order to appreciate them justly. I
+do not neglect even those positions or cases
+which are in decided opposition to the established
+order of things; for established order is
+merely conventional, and may be changed when
+it is generally admitted to be faulty. Such a
+study is a dangerous, but it is a necessary one
+for him who wishes to gain a perfect knowledge
+of men and things. You are living within the
+boundary of the law, whether it be for good or
+evil. I study the law, and I endeavor to acquire
+strength enough to combat it if it be bad when
+the proper time shall arrive.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“You wish for a convulsion then?”</span> cried the
+count.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“I neither wish to bring it about nor do I
+desire to witness it; but should it come to
+pass through the force of public opinion, I would
+second it to the full extent of my power. In
+such a case you will hear me spoken of. Adieu.
+I shall depart to-morrow; but pray leave me
+now, and let me have a little sleep.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Count du Saillant left the room without saying
+another word. Very early on the following
+morning Mirabeau was on his way to Paris.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc33" id="toc33"></a>
+<a name="pdf34" id="pdf34"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Terrestrial Magnetism.
+(From Chambers's Edinburgh Journal.)</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It is proposed in the following article to give
+the reader some idea of one of the greatest and
+most extensive scientific works going on at the
+present time in this country—namely, the examination
+of the phenomenon of the earth's
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page652">[pg 652]</span><a name="Pg652" id="Pg652" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+magnetism; but before doing so, it will be
+necessary to make a few prefatory observations
+respecting magnetism generally.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The attractive power of the natural magnet
+or loadstone over fragments of iron seems to
+have been known from the remotest antiquity.
+It is distinctly referred to by ancient writers,
+and Pliny mentions a chain of iron rings suspended
+from one another, the first being upheld
+by a loadstone. It is singular that although
+the common properties of the loadstone were
+known, and even studied, during the dark ages,
+its directive power, or that of a needle touched
+or rubbed by it, seems to be the discovery of
+modern times, notwithstanding the claims of the
+Chinese and Arabians to an early acquaintance
+with this peculiarity.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+There is no doubt that the mariner's compass
+was known in the twelfth century, for several
+authors of that period make special allusion to
+it; but centuries elapsed before its variation
+from pointing precisely to the poles became
+noticed. If a magnet be suspended by a thread,
+in such a manner as to enable it to move freely,
+it will, when all other magnetic bodies are entirely
+removed from it, settle in a fixed position,
+which, in this country, is about 25° to the west
+of north; this deviation of the needle from the
+north is called its variation. Again, if, in place
+of suspending a magnetized needle, making it
+move horizontally on a pivot, we balance it upon
+a horizontal axis, as the beam of a pair of scales,
+we shall find that it no longer remains horizontal,
+but that one end will incline downward, or,
+as it is called, <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">dip</span></em>, and this dip or inclination
+from a horizontal line is about 70° in this country.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Thus we are presented with two distinct
+magnetical phenomena: 1. The variation or
+declination of the needle; 2. Its dip or inclination;
+and to these we may add the intensity or
+force which draws the needle from pointing to
+the north, and which varies in different latitudes.
+These phenomena constitute what has been called
+terrestrial magnetism.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Recent writers, and among them the great
+philosopher Humboldt, have shown that in all
+probability the declination or variation of the
+magnet was known as early as the twelfth century;
+but this important discovery has been
+generally ascribed to Columbus. His son Ferdinand
+states that on the 14th September 1492,
+his father, when about 200 leagues from the
+island of Ferro, noticed for the first time the
+variation of the needle. <span class="tei tei-q">“A phenomenon,”</span> says
+Washington Irving, <span class="tei tei-q">“that had never before been
+remarked.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“He perceived,”</span> adds this author,
+<span class="tei tei-q">“about nightfall that the needle, instead of pointing
+to the north star, varied half a point, or between
+five and six degrees, to the northwest,
+and still more on the following morning. Struck
+with this circumstance, he observed it attentively
+for three days, and found that the variation increased
+as he advanced. He at first made no
+mention of this phenomenon, knowing how ready
+his people were to take alarm; but it soon attracted
+the attention of the pilots, and filled
+them with consternation. It seemed as if the
+laws of nature were changing as they advanced,
+and that they were entering another world, subject
+to unknown influences. They apprehended
+that the compass was about to lose its mysterious
+virtues; and without this guide, what
+was to become of them in a vast and trackless
+ocean? Columbus tasked his science and ingenuity
+for reasons with which to allay their
+terrors. He told them that the direction of the
+needle was not the polar star, but to some fixed
+and invisible point: the variation was not caused
+by any failing in the compass, but because this
+point, like the heavenly bodies, had its changes
+and revolutions, and every day described a circle
+round the pole. The high opinion that the pilots
+entertained of Columbus as a profound astronomer
+gave weight to his theory, and their alarm
+subsided.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Thus, although it is possible that the variation
+of the needle had been noticed before the
+time of Columbus, it is evident that he had discovered
+the amount of the variation, and that it
+varied in different latitudes. The great philosopher
+Humboldt observes on this point, that
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Columbus has not only the incontestible merit
+of having first discovered a line without magnetic
+variation, but also of having, by his considerations
+on the progressive increase of westerly
+declination in receding from that line, given the
+first impulse to the study of terrestrial magnetism
+in Europe.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+With respect to the dip or inclination of the
+magnetic needle, which must be regarded as
+the other element of magnetic direction, there
+is little doubt that it was known long before the
+period usually assigned as the date of its discovery—namely,
+in 1576; for it is difficult to
+conceive how the variation of the needle should
+be observed and noted, and not its deviation
+from a horizontal line. In the above year a
+person of the name of Robert Norman, who
+styled himself <span class="tei tei-q">“hydrographer,”</span> published a
+book containing an account of this phenomenon.
+The title of this work is sufficiently curious to
+be quoted. It runs: <span class="tei tei-q">“The New Attractive;
+containing a short Discourse of the Magnes or
+Loadstone, and amongst others his Virtues, of a
+neue discovered Secret and Subtill Propertie,
+concerning the Declination of the Needle touched
+therewith under the Plaine of the Horizon, now
+first found out by Robert Norman, Hydrographer.”</span>
+In the third chapter we are told <span class="tei tei-q">“by what
+meanes the rare and straunge declyning of the
+needle from the plaine of the horison was first
+found.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Having made many and diuers compasses,
+and using always to finish and end them before
+I touched the needle, I found continually that
+after I had touched the yrons with the stone,
+that presently the north point thereof would
+bend or declyne downwards under the horison
+in some quantity, insomuch that I was constrained
+to putt some small piece of waxe in the
+south parts thereof, to counterpoise this declyning,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page653">[pg 653]</span><a name="Pg653" id="Pg653" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+and to make it equal againe. Which
+effecte hauing many times passed my hands
+without any greate regarde thereunto, as ignorant
+of any such properties in the stone, and not
+before hauing heard or read of any such matter,
+it chanced at length that there came to my
+handes an instrument to be made with a needle
+of sixe inches long, which needle, after I had
+polished, cutt off at full length, and made it to
+stand leuel upon the pinn, so that nothing rested
+but only the touching of it with the stone.
+When I hadde touched the same, presently the
+north part thereof declyned down in such sort,
+that being constrained to cut away some of that
+part to make it equall againe in the end, I cut
+it too short, and so spoiled the needle wherein I
+had taken so much paines.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Hereby being straken into some cholar, I
+applyed myself to seek farther into this effecte;
+and making certain learned and expert men, my
+friends, acquainted in this matter, they advised
+me to frame some instrument to make some
+exact triall how much the needle touched with
+the stone would declyne, or what greatest angle
+it would make with the plaine of the horison.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The author then proceeds to give a number
+of experiments which he made with his instrument,
+and which may be regarded as the dipping-needle
+in its first and rudest form. By it
+he found the inclination or dip to be 71° 50'.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It is remarkable, that until within the last
+seventy years, it appears to have been the received
+opinion that the intensity of terrestrial
+magnetism was the same at all parts of the
+earth's surface; or, in other words, that in all
+countries the needle was similarly affected.
+And yet few things are more inconstant; for,
+not only is the magnetic force widely different in
+various parts of our globe, but the magnetic condition
+itself is one of swift and ceaseless change.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The first person who attempted to collect and
+generalize observations on the variation of the
+needle, was Robert Halley, who constructed a
+chart, showing a series of lines drawn through
+the points or places where the needle exhibited
+the same variation. This chart was published
+in 1700, and was preceded by some exceedingly
+curious papers, communicated to the Royal
+Society, in which he expresses his belief that
+he has put it past doubt that the globe of the
+earth is one great magnet, having four magnetic
+poles or points of attraction, two near each
+pole of the equator; and that in those parts of
+the world which lie adjacent to any one of those
+magnetical poles, the needle is chiefly governed
+thereby, the nearest pole being always predominant
+over the more remote.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The great importance of collecting as much
+information as possible respecting the laws of
+magnetism, with a view to the proper understanding
+of its effects, was fully understood by
+Halley, as the following passage, taken from
+one of his papers, read before the Royal Society
+in 1692, singularly attests: <span class="tei tei-q">“The nice determination
+of the variation, and several other particulars
+in the magnetic system, is reserved for
+a remote posterity. All that we can hope to
+do is, to leave behind us observations that may
+be confided in, and to propose hypotheses which
+after-ages may examine, amend, or refute; only
+here I must take leave to recommend to all
+masters of ships, and all others, lovers of natural
+truths, that they use their utmost diligence
+to make, or procure to be made, observations of
+these variations in all parts of the world, as well
+in the north as south latitude, after the laudable
+custom of our East India commanders; and
+that they please to communicate them to the
+Royal Society, in order to leave as complete a
+history as may be to those that are hereafter to
+compare all together, and to complete and perfect
+this abstruse theory.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Halley's theory, or rather hypothesis, which
+regarded our globe as a great piece of clockwork,
+by which the poles of an internal magnet
+were carried round in a cycle of determinate
+but unknown period, was so far confirmed, that
+his variation chart had been hardly forty years
+completed, when, by the effect of these changes,
+it had already become obsolete; and to satisfy
+the requirements of navigation, it became necessary
+to reconstruct it. This was performed by
+the aid of various observations furnished by the
+Commissioners of the Navy, and the East India,
+Africa, and Hudson's Bay Companies. But the
+chart was far from satisfactory, and, in consequence
+of the discordant nature of the observations,
+no dependence could be placed on it.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+No further steps were taken to ascertain the
+magnetism of the earth until the close of the
+last century, when the French government
+undertook the first comprehensive experimental
+inquiry on the subject. When the exploring
+expedition of La Pérouse was organized, the
+French Academy of Sciences prepared instructions
+for the expedition, containing a recommendation
+that observations with the dipping-needle
+should be made at stations widely remote,
+as a test of the equality or difference of the
+magnetic intensity; suggesting also, with a
+sagacity anticipating the result, that such observations
+should particularly be made at those
+parts of the earth where the dip was greatest,
+and where it was least. The experiments,
+whatever their results may have been, which,
+in compliance with this recommendation, were
+made in the expedition of La Pérouse, perished
+in its general catastrophe, neither ships nor
+navigators having ever been heard of; but the
+instructions survived.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Our knowledge of the laws of magnetism was
+not increased until 1811, when, on the occasion
+of a prize proposed by the Royal Danish Academy,
+M. Hansteen, whose attention had for many
+years been turned to magnetic phenomena, undertook
+its re-examination. With indefatigable
+labor M. Hansteen traced back the history of
+the subject, and filled up the interval from Halley's
+time, and even from an earlier epoch
+(1600). The results appeared in his very remarkable
+and celebrated work, published in
+1819, entitled, <span class="tei tei-q">“Upon the Magnetism of the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page654">[pg 654]</span><a name="Pg654" id="Pg654" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+Earth;”</span> in which he clearly demonstrates, by
+a great number of facts, the fluctuation which
+the magnetical element has undergone during
+the last two centuries, confirming in great detail
+the position of Halley—that the whole magnetical
+system is in motion; that the moving
+force is very great, extending its effects from
+pole to pole; and its that motion is not sudden,
+but gradual and regular.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In the magnetic atlas which accompanies M.
+Hansteen's work there is a variation chart for
+1787, showing the magnetic force at that period.
+In this chart the western line of no variation,
+or that which passes through all places on the
+globe when the needle points to the true north,
+begins in latitude 60° to the west of Hudson's
+Bay; proceeds in a southeast direction through
+the North American Lakes, passes the Antilles
+and Cape St. Roque, till it reaches the South
+Atlantic Ocean, when it cuts the meridian of
+Greenwich in about 65° of south latitude. This
+line of no variation is extremely regular, being
+almost straight, till it bends round the eastern
+part of South America, a little south of the
+equator. The eastern line of no variation is
+exceedingly irregular, being full of curves and
+contortions of the most extraordinary kind, indicating
+plainly the action of local magnetic
+forces. It begins in latitude 60° south, below
+New Holland; crosses that island through its
+centre; extends through the Indian Archipelago
+with a double sinuosity, so as to cross the
+equator three times—first passing north of it to
+the east of Borneo, then returning to it, and
+passing south between Sumatra and Borneo, and
+then crossing it again south of Ceylon, from
+which it passes to the east through the Yellow
+Sea. It then stretches along the coast of China,
+making a semicircular sweep to the west, till it
+reaches the latitude of 71°, when it descends
+again to the south, and returns northwards with
+a great semicircular bend, which terminates in
+the White Sea. Thus it is demonstrated that
+in the northern hemisphere the general motion
+of the variation lines is from west to east, in the
+southern hemisphere from east to west.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A great impetus was given to the study of
+terrestrial magnetism by the publication of M.
+Hansteen's labors; and the various arctic expeditions
+sent out by the country did much toward
+making us acquainted with the laws of magnetism
+in the northern regions. One of these expeditions
+led to the discovery of the north magnetic
+pole, or that point where the dipping-needle
+assumes a vertical position. The discovery
+was made by Captain Sir James Ross,
+who sailed with his uncle Sir John Ross, in a
+voyage undertaken in search of a northwest
+passage. He left his uncle's ship with a party
+for the sole purpose of reaching this interesting
+magnetical point, which a series of observations
+assured him could not be very far distant. The
+following extract from his journal communicating
+his discovery will be read with interest.
+Under the date of the 31st of May 1831, he
+writes: <span class="tei tei-q">“We were now within fourteen miles
+of the calculated position of the magnetic pole,
+and my anxiety, therefore, did not permit me to
+do or endure any thing which might delay my
+arrival at the long wished-for spot. I resolved,
+therefore, to leave behind the greater part of
+our baggage and provisions, and to take onward
+nothing more than was strictly necessary,
+lest bad weather or other accidents should be
+added to delay, or lest unforeseen circumstances,
+still more untoward, should deprive me entirely of
+the high gratification which I could not but look to
+in accomplishing this most-desired object. We
+commenced, therefore, a most rapid march,
+comparatively disencumbered as we now were;
+and persevering with all our might, we reached
+the calculated place at eight in the morning of
+the 1st of June. The amount of the dip, as indicated
+by my dipping-needle, was 89° 59',
+being thus within one minute of the vertical;
+while the proximity at least of this magnetic
+pole, if not its actual existence where we stood,
+was further confirmed by the total inaction of
+the several horizontal needles then in my possession.
+These were suspended in the most
+delicate manner possible, but there was not one
+which showed the slightest effort to move from
+the position in which it was placed—a fact
+which even the most moderately-informed of
+readers must know to be one which proves that
+the centre of attraction lies at a very small horizontal
+distance, if at any. The land at this
+place is very low near the coast, but it rises
+into ridges of fifty or sixty feet high about a
+mile inland. We could have wished that a
+place so important had possessed more of mark
+or note. But nature had here erected no monument
+to denote the spot that she had chosen as
+the centre of one of her great and dark powers.
+We had abundance of materials for building in
+the fragments of limestone that covered the
+beach, and we therefore erected a cairn of some
+magnitude, under which we buried a canister
+containing a record of the interesting fact, only
+regretting that we had not the means of constructing
+a pyramid of more importance, and of
+strength sufficient to stand the assaults of time
+and of the Esquimaux.”</span> The latitude of this
+spot is 70° 5' 17", and its longitude 96° 46' 45"
+west. The reader may remember that during
+his late arctic voyage in search of Sir John
+Franklin, Sir James Ross was extremely anxious
+to revisit this interesting locality, which he
+was at one time not very distant from; but
+which, as the places of magnetic intensity are
+continually changing, he would no longer have
+found representing the north magnetic pole.
+It is not a little remarkable that during Sir
+John Ross's voyage, Mr. Barlow, who had been
+long engaged investigating the laws of magnetism,
+had constructed a magnetical map, in which
+he laid down a point which he described as that
+where, in all probability, the dipping-needle
+would be perpendicular, and which is the very
+spot where Sir James Ross ascertained the north
+magnetic pole to exist.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+But valuable and interesting as were the observations
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page655">[pg 655]</span><a name="Pg655" id="Pg655" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+made by navigators in different parts
+if the globe, yet philosophers began to perceive
+that, without some definite plan of proceeding,
+the mere multiplication of random observations
+made here and there at irregular periods was not
+the course most likely to lead to desired results,
+and to make us acquainted with the mysterious
+laws of magnetism. The establishment of national
+observatories for the registration of magnetical
+observations became absolutely necessary;
+and the illustrious Humboldt, to whom
+every branch of science owes so much, gave the
+first impulse to this great undertaking. During
+the course of his memorable voyages and travels
+in various parts of the globe, the observation of
+the magnetic phenomena in all their particulars
+occupied a large portion of his attention; and
+as the commencement of any great work is always
+an epoch of rare and lasting interest, we
+shall give the philosopher's own words on the
+subject: <span class="tei tei-q">“When the first proposal to establish
+a system of observatories forming a network of
+stations, all provided with similar instruments,
+was made by myself, I could hardly entertain
+the hope that I should actually live to see the
+time when, thanks to the united activity of excellent
+physicists and astronomers, and especially
+to the munificent and persevering support of
+two governments—the Russian and the British,
+both hemispheres should be covered with magnetic
+observatories. In 1806 and 1807 my
+friend M. Altmanns and myself frequently observed
+the march of the declination needle at
+Berlin for five or six days and nights consecutively,
+from hour to hour, and often from half hour
+to half hour, particularly at the equinoxes and
+solstices. I was persuaded that continuous uninterrupted
+observations during several days and
+nights were preferable to detached observations
+continued during an interval of many months.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Political disturbances, always ruinous to the
+calm researches of the man of science, for many
+years prevented Humboldt carrying his wishes
+into effect; and it was not until 1828 that he
+was enabled to erect a small observatory at
+Berlin, whose more immediate object was to
+institute a series of simultaneous observations
+at concerted hours at Berlin, Paris, and Freiburg.
+In 1829 magnetic stations were established
+throughout Northern Asia, in connection with
+an expedition to that country which emanated
+from the Russian government; and in 1832 M.
+Gauss, the illustrious founder of a general theory
+of terrestrial magnetism, established a magnetic
+observatory at Göttingen, which was completed
+in 1834, and furnished with his ingenious instruments.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In 1836 Baron Humboldt addressed a long
+and highly-interesting letter to the Duke of
+Sussex, then president of the Royal Society,
+urging the establishment of regular magnetical
+stations in the British possessions in North
+America, Australia, the Cape of Good Hope,
+and between the tropics, not only for the observation
+of the momentary perturbations of the
+needle, but also for that of its periodical and
+secular movements. This appeal was nobly
+responded to.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Royal Society, in conjunction with the
+British Association, called on government to
+advance the necessary funds to establish magnetical
+observatories at Greenwich, and in various
+parts of the British possessions; and in 1839-40
+magnetical establishments were in activity at St.
+Helena, the Cape of Good Hope, Canada, and
+Van Diemen's Land. The munificence of the
+directors of the East India Company founded
+and furnished, at the request of the Royal Society,
+magnetic observatories at Simla, Madras,
+Bombay, and Singapore, and the observations
+will be published in a similar form to those of the
+British observatories. We will now briefly describe
+the scheme of observations, and the manner
+of making them in the different observatories.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Each observatory is supplied with three magnetometers,
+or bars of magnetized steel, delicately
+suspended by threads of raw silk, which
+measure the magnetical declination, horizontal
+intensity, and vertical force—and such astronomical
+apparatus as is required for ascertaining the
+time and the true meridian. To these have also
+been added in each case a most complete and
+perfect set of meteorological instruments, carefully
+compared with the standards in possession
+of the Royal Society, not only for the purpose
+of affording the necessary corrections of the
+magnetic observations, but also with a view to
+obtaining at each station, at very little additional
+cost and trouble, a complete series of meteorological
+observations. In order that the observations
+may be made at the same periods
+of time, it was resolved that the mean time
+at Göttingen should be employed at all the
+stations, without any regard to the apparent
+times of day at the stations themselves. Each
+day is supposed to be divided into twelve equal
+portions of two hours each, commencing at all
+the stations at the same instants of absolute time,
+which are called the magnetic hours. At the
+commencement of each period of two hours
+throughout the day and night, with the exception
+of Sundays, the magnetometers are observed,
+and the meteorological instruments read off. Independently
+of these observations, others are made
+at stated periodical intervals every two minutes
+and a half during twenty-four hours. These are
+known by the name of <span class="tei tei-q">“turn-day observations.”</span>
+Printed forms for registering the observations
+have been prepared with great care, in order
+that a complete form of registry may be preserved—a
+point of great importance, when it is
+remembered that all the observations made at
+the different stations must eventually be reduced
+and analyzed. A singularly felicitous adaptation
+of photography has been carried into effect
+with the magnetometers. By means of mirrors
+attached to their arms, reflected light is cast on
+highly-sensitive photographic paper wound round
+a cylinder moved by clockwork, and the slightest
+variation of the magnets is registered with the
+greatest accuracy.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The period has not yet arrived for reaping
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page656">[pg 656]</span><a name="Pg656" id="Pg656" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+the fruits of all the labor carried on in the magnetic
+observatories at home and abroad, but
+already certain results have been deduced from
+the observations which are highly interesting.
+It appears that if the globe be divided into an
+eastern and a western hemisphere by a plane
+coinciding with the meridians of 100° and 280°,
+the western hemisphere, or that comprising the
+Americas and the Pacific Ocean, has a much
+higher magnetic intensity distributed generally
+over its surface than the eastern hemisphere,
+containing Europe and Africa, and the adjacent
+part of the Atlantic Ocean. The distribution
+of the magnetic intensity in the intertropical
+regions of the globe affords evidence of two
+governing magnetic centres in each hemisphere.
+The highest magnetic intensity which has been
+observed is more than twice as great as the
+lowest. It had long been known that in Europe
+the north end of a magnet suspended horizontally
+(meaning by the north end that which is directed
+toward the north) moves to the east from the
+night until between seven and eight o'clock in
+the morning, when an opposite movement commences,
+and the north end of the magnet moves
+to the west. Recent observations have shown
+that a similar movement takes place at the same
+hours of local time in North America, and that
+it is general in the middle latitudes of the northern
+hemisphere; but to show the capricious
+nature of magnetism, it may be mentioned, that
+although in the southern portion of the globe the
+movement of the magnet in the contrary direction
+is constant throughout the year, yet at St.
+Helena the peculiar feature of the diurnal is, that
+during one half of the year the movement of the
+north end of the magnet corresponds in direction
+with the movement which is taking place in
+the northern hemisphere, while in the other half
+of the year the direction corresponds with that
+which is taking place in the southern hemisphere.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Another striking result of these investigations
+is the estimate of the total magnetic power of
+the earth as compared with a steel bar magnetized
+one pound in weight. This proportion is
+calculated as 8,464,000,000,000,000,000,000 to
+1, which, supposing the magnetic force uniformly
+distributed, will be found to amount to about six
+such bars to every cubic yard of the earth's surface.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Thus measured, it will be seen how tremendously
+mysterious is the power of magnetism,
+and how potent an influence it must possess
+over animate and inanimate nature! And not
+one of its least wonderful mysteries is its singular
+exception to the character of stability and
+permanence. The configuration of our globe,
+the distribution of temperature in its interior, the
+tides and currents of the ocean, the general
+course of winds, and the affections of climate—all
+these are appreciably constant. But magnetism,
+that subtle, undefinable fluid, is perpetually
+undergoing a change, and of so rapid a
+nature, that it becomes necessary to assume
+epochs, which ought not to be more than ten
+years apart, to which every observation should
+be reduced. The extreme importance of knowing
+the exact amount of magnetic variation can
+scarcely be overrated for maritime purposes;
+and the establishment of a complete magnetical
+theory, based on an extensive series of observations,
+must be regarded as a desideratum by
+the first nautical country.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The numerous magnetical surveys that have
+been made by our government, taken in conjunction
+with those in progress on the continent
+of Europe, and particularly in the Austrian
+dominions, give a full promise of the speedy
+realization of M. Humboldt's wish, so earnestly
+expressed, that the materials of the first general
+magnetic map of the globe should be assembled;
+and even permit the anticipation, that the first
+normal epoch of such a map will be but little
+removed from the present year.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc35" id="toc35"></a>
+<a name="pdf36" id="pdf36"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Early History Of The Use Of Coal.
+(From Chambers's Edinburgh Journal.)</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Bituminous matter, if not the carboniferous
+system itself, exists abundantly on the
+banks of the Euphrates. In the basin of the
+Nile coal has been recently detected. It occurs
+sparingly in some of the states of Greece; and
+Theophrastus, in his <span class="tei tei-q">“History of Stones,”</span> refers
+to mineral coal (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">lithanthrax</span></span>) being found in
+Liguria and in Elis, and used by the smiths;
+the stones are earthy, he adds, but kindle and
+burn like wood coals (the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">anthrax</span></em>). But by
+none of the Oriental nations does it appear that
+the vast latent powers and virtues of the mineral
+were thus early discovered, so as to render it
+an object of commerce or of geological research.
+What the Romans termed <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">lapis ampelites</span></span>, is
+generally understood to mean our cannel coal,
+which they used not as fuel, but in making
+toys, bracelets, and other ornaments; while
+their <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">carbo</span></span>, which
+Pliny describes as <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">vehementer
+perlucet</span></span>, was simply the petroleum or naphtha,
+which issues so abundantly from all the tertiary
+deposits. Coal is found in Syria, and the term
+frequently occurs in the Sacred Writings. But
+there is no reference any where in the inspired
+record as to digging or boring for the mineral—no
+directions for its use—no instructions as
+to its constituting a portion of the promised
+treasures of the land. In their burnt-offerings,
+wood appears uniformly to have been employed;
+in Leviticus, the term is used as synonymous
+with fire, where it is said that <span class="tei tei-q">“the priests shall
+lay the parts in order upon the wood”</span>—that is,
+on the fire which is upon the altar. And in the
+same manner for all domestic purposes, wood
+and charcoal were invariably made use of.
+Doubtless the ancient Hebrews would be acquainted
+with <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">natural</span></em> coal, as in the mountains
+of Lebanon, whither they continually resorted
+for their timber, seams of coal near Beirout
+were seen to protrude through the superincumbent
+strata in various directions. Still there are
+no traces of pits or excavations into the rock to
+show that they duly appreciated the extent and
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page657">[pg 657]</span><a name="Pg657" id="Pg657" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+uses of the article.... For many reasons it
+would seem that, among modern nations, the
+primitive Britons were the first to avail themselves
+of the valuable combustible. The word
+by which it is designated is not of Saxon, but
+of British extraction, and is still employed to
+this day by the Irish, in their form of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">o-gual</span></span>,
+and in that of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">kolan</span></span> by the Cornish. In Yorkshire,
+stone hammers and hatchets have been
+found in old mines, showing that the early
+Britons worked coals before the invasion of the
+Romans. Manchester, which has risen upon
+the very ashes of the mineral, and grown to all
+its wealth and greatness under the influence of
+its heat and light, next claims the merit of the
+discovery. Portions of coal have been found
+under, or imbedded in the sand of a Roman
+way, excavated some years ago for the construction
+of a house, and which at the time
+were ingeniously conjectured by the local antiquaries
+to have been collected for the use of the
+garrison stationed on the route of these warlike
+invaders at Mancenion, or the Place of Tents.
+Certain it is that fragments of coal are being
+constantly, in the district, washed out and
+brought down by the Medlock and other streams,
+which break from the mountains through the
+coal strata. The attention of the inhabitants
+would in this way be the more early and readily
+attracted by the glistening substance. Nevertheless,
+for long after, coal was but little valued
+or appreciated, turf and wood being the common
+articles of consumption throughout the
+country. About the middle of the ninth century,
+a grant of land was made by the Abbey
+of Peterborough, under the restriction of certain
+payments in kind to the monastery, among which
+are specified sixty carts of wood, and as showing
+their comparative worth, only twelve carts
+of pit coal. Toward the end of the thirteenth
+century, Newcastle is said to have traded in the
+article, and by a charter of Henry III., of date
+1284, a license is granted to the burgesses to
+dig for the mineral. About this period, coals
+for the first time began to be imported into
+London, but were made use of only by smiths,
+brewers, dyers, and other artisans, when, in
+consequence of the smoke being regarded as
+very injurious to the public health, parliament
+petitioned the king, Edward I., to prohibit the
+burning of coal, on the ground of being an intolerable
+nuisance. A proclamation was granted,
+conformable to the prayer of the petition;
+and the most severe inquisitorial measures were
+adopted to restrict or altogether abolish the use
+of the combustible, by fine, imprisonment, and
+destruction of the furnaces and workshops!
+They were again brought into common use in
+the time of Charles I., and have continued to
+increase steadily with the extension of the arts
+and manufactures, and the advancing tide of
+population, till now, in the metropolis and suburbs,
+coals are annually consumed to the amount
+of about three million of tons. The use of coal
+in Scotland seems to be connected with the rise
+of the monasteries.... Under the regime of
+domestic rule at Dunfermline, coals were worked
+in the year 1291—at Dysart and other places
+along the Fife coast, about half a century later—and
+generally in the fourteenth and fifteenth
+centuries the inhabitants were assessed in coals
+to the churches and chapels, which, after the
+Reformation, have still continued to be paid in
+many parishes. Boethius records that in his
+time the inhabitants of Fife and the Lothians
+dug <span class="tei tei-q">“a black stone,”</span> which, when kindled,
+gave out a heat sufficient to melt iron.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rev.
+Dr. Anderson's Course of Creation.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc37" id="toc37"></a>
+<a name="pdf38" id="pdf38"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Jenny Lind.
+By Fredrika Bremer.</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+There was once a poor and plain little girl
+dwelling in a little room in Stockholm, the
+capital of Sweden. She was a poor little girl
+indeed, then; she was lonely and neglected,
+and would have been very unhappy, deprived
+of the kindness and care so necessary to a child,
+if it had not been for a peculiar gift. The little
+girl had a fine voice, and in her loneliness, in
+trouble or in sorrow, she consoled herself by
+singing. In fact she sang to all she did; at
+her work, at her play, running or resting, she
+always sang.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The woman who had her in care went out
+to work during the day, and used to lock in the
+little girl, who had nothing to enliven her solitude
+but the company of a cat. The little girl
+played with her cat and sang. Once she sat
+by the open window and stroked her cat and
+sang, when a lady passed by. She heard the
+voice and looked up and saw the little singer.
+She asked the child several questions, went
+away, and came back several days later, followed
+by an old music master, whose name
+was Crelius. He tried the little girl's musical
+ear and voice, and was astonished. He took
+her to the director of the Royal Opera of Stockholm,
+then a Count Puhe, whose truly generous
+and kind heart was concealed by rough speech
+and a morbid temper. Crelius introduced his
+little pupil to the count, and asked him to engage
+her as <span class="tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">élève</span></span> for the opera.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“You ask
+a foolish thing!”</span> said the count, gruffly, looking
+disdainfully down on the poor little girl. <span class="tei tei-q">“What
+shall we do with that ugly thing? see what
+feet she has? And then her face? She will
+never be presentable. No, we can not take
+her. Away with her!”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The music master insisted, almost indignantly.
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Well,”</span> exclaimed he at last, <span class="tei tei-q">“if you
+will not take her, poor as I am, I will take her
+myself, and have her educated for the scene;
+such another ear as she has for music is not to
+be found in the world!”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The count relented. The little girl was at
+last admitted into the school for <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">élèves</span></span>, at the
+Opera, and with some difficulty a simple gown
+of black bombazine was procured for her. The
+care of her musical education was left to an
+able master, Mr. Albert Breg, director of the
+song school of the Opera.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page658">[pg 658]</span><a name="Pg658" id="Pg658" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Some years later, at a comedy given by the
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">élèves</span></span> of the theatre, several persons were struck
+by the spirit and life with which a very young
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">élève</span></span> acted the part of a beggar-girl in the
+play. Lovers of genial nature were charmed,
+pedants almost frightened. It was our poor
+little girl, who had made her first appearance,
+now about fourteen years of age, frolicksome
+and full of fun as a child.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A few years still later, a young debutante
+was to sing for the first time before the public
+in Weber's Freischutz. At the rehearsal preceding
+the representation of the evening, she
+sang in a manner which made the members of
+the orchestra at once lay down their instruments
+to clap their hands in rapturous applause. It
+was our poor, plain little girl here again, who
+now had grown up and was to appear before
+the public in the role of Agatha. I saw her
+at the evening representation. She was then
+in the prime of youth, fresh, bright, and serene
+as a morning in May—perfect in form—her
+hands and her arms peculiarly graceful—and
+lovely in her whole appearance, through the
+expression of her countenance, and the noble
+simplicity and calmness of her manners. In
+fact she was charming. We saw not an actress,
+but a young girl full of natural geniality and
+grace. She seemed to move, speak, and sing
+without effort or art. All was nature and harmony.
+Her song was distinguished especially
+by its purity, and the power of soul which
+seemed to swell in her tones. Her <span class="tei tei-q">“mezzo
+voice”</span> was delightful. In the night scene
+where Agatha, seeing her lover come, breathes
+out her joy in rapturous song, our young singer
+on turning from the window, at the back of the
+theatre, to the spectators again, was pale for
+joy. And in that pale joyousness she sang with
+a burst of outflowing love and life that called
+forth, not the mirth, but the tears of the auditors.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+From this time she was the declared favorite
+of the Swedish public, whose musical tastes
+and knowledge are said not to be surpassed.
+And, year after year, she continued so, though,
+after a time, her voice, being overstrained, lost
+somewhat of its freshness, and the public being
+satiated, no more crowded the house when she
+was singing. Still, at that time, she could be
+heard singing and playing more delightfully
+than ever in Pamina (in Zauberflote) or in Anna
+Bolena, though the opera was almost deserted.
+She evidently sang for the pleasure of the song.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+By that time she went to take lessons of
+Garcia, in Paris, and so give the finishing touch
+to her musical education. There she acquired
+that warble in which she is said to have been
+equalled by no singer, and which could be compared
+only to that of the soaring and warbling
+lark, if the lark had a soul.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+And then the young girl went abroad and
+sang on foreign shores and to foreign people.
+She charmed Denmark, she charmed Germany,
+she charmed England. She was caressed and
+courted every where, even to adulation. At
+the courts of kings, the houses of the great and
+noble, she was feasted as one of the grandees of
+nature and art. She was covered with laurels
+and jewels. But friends wrote of her, <span class="tei tei-q">“In the
+midst of these splendors she only thinks of her Sweden,
+and yearns for her friends and her people.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+One dusky October night, crowds of people
+(the most part, by their dress, seemed to belong
+to the upper classes of society) thronged on the
+shore of the Baltic harbor at Stockholm. All
+looked toward the sea. There was a rumor of
+expectance and pleasure. Hours passed away,
+and the crowds still gathered, and waited and
+looked out eagerly toward the sea. At length
+a brilliant rocket rose joyfully, far out at the
+entrance of the harbor, and was greeted with a
+general buzz on the shore.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“There she comes! there she is!”</span> A large
+steamer now came whelming on its triumphant
+way through the flocks of ships and boats lying
+in the harbor, toward the shore of the <span class="tei tei-q">“Skeppsbero.”</span>
+Flashing rockets marked its way in the
+dark as it advanced. The crowds on the shore
+pressed forward as if to meet it. Now the
+leviathan of the waters was heard thundering
+nearer and nearer; now it relented, now again
+pushed on, foaming and splashing; now it lay still.
+And, there on the front of the deck, was seen
+by the light of lamps and rockets, a pale, graceful
+young woman, her eyes brilliant with tears,
+and lips radiant with smiles, waving her handkerchief
+to her friends and countrymen on shore.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It was she again—our poor, plain, neglected
+little girl of former days—who now came back
+in triumph to her fatherland. But no more
+poor, no more plain, no more neglected. She
+had become rich; she had in her slender person
+the power to charm and inspire multitudes.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Some days later, we read in the papers of
+Stockholm, an address to the public written by
+the beloved singer, stating, with noble simplicity,
+that <span class="tei tei-q">“as she once more had the happiness to be
+in her native land, she would be glad to sing
+again to her countrymen, and that the income
+of the operas in which she was this season to
+appear, would be devoted to raise a fund for a
+school where <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">élèves</span></span> for the theatre would be
+educated to virtue and knowledge.”</span> The intelligence
+was received as it deserved, and of
+course the Opera was crowded every night the
+beloved singer sang there. The first time she
+again appeared in Somnambula (one of her
+favorite roles), the public, after the curtain was
+dropped, called her back with great enthusiasm,
+and received her, when she appeared, with a
+roar of hurrahs. In the midst of the burst of
+applause a clear and melodious warbling was
+heard. The hurrahs were hushed instantly.
+And we saw the lovely singer standing with her
+arms slightly extended, somewhat bowing forward,
+graceful as a bird on its branch warbling,
+warbling as no bird ever did, from note to note—and
+on every one a clear, strong, soaring
+warble—until she fell into the retournelle of her
+last song, and again sang that joyful and touching
+strain,
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">No thought can conceive how I feel at my heart.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page659">[pg 659]</span><a name="Pg659" id="Pg659" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc39" id="toc39"></a>
+<a name="pdf40" id="pdf40"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">My Novel; Or, Varieties In English Life.
+By Pisistratus Caxton.
+(From Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine.)</span></h1>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">
+Book I.—Initial Chapter: Showing How My Novel
+Came To Be Written.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Scene</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">the Hall in Uncle Roland's Tower</span></span>;
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Time</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">night</span></span>; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Season</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">winter</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Mr. Caxton is seated before a great geographical
+globe, which he is turning round
+leisurely, and <span class="tei tei-q">“for his own recreation,”</span> as, according
+to Sir Thomas Browne, a philosopher
+should turn round the orb, of which that globe
+professes to be the representation and effigies.
+My mother having just adorned a very small
+frock with a very smart braid, is holding it out
+at arm's length, the more to admire the effect.
+Blanche, though leaning both hands on my
+mother's shoulder, is not regarding the frock,
+but glances toward <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Pisistratus</span></span>, who, seated
+near the fire leaning back in his chair, and his
+head bent over his breast, seems in a very bad
+humor. Uncle Roland, who has become a great
+novel reader, is deep in the mysteries of some
+fascinating Third Volume. Mr. Squills has
+brought <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Times</span></span> in his pocket for his own
+special profit and delectation, and is now bending
+his brows over <span class="tei tei-q">“the state of the money
+market”</span> in great doubt whether railway shares
+can possibly fall lower. For Mr. Squills, happy
+man! has large savings, and does not know
+what to do with his money; or, to use his own
+phrase, <span class="tei tei-q">“how to buy in at the cheapest, in order
+to sell out at the dearest.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Mr. Caxton, musingly.—<span class="tei tei-q">“It must have been
+a monstrous long journey. It would be somewhere
+hereabouts, I take it, that they would
+split off.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+My Mother, mechanically, and in order to
+show Austin that she paid him the compliment
+of attending to his remarks.—<span class="tei tei-q">“Who split off,
+my dear?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Bless me, Kitty,”</span> said my father, in great
+admiration, <span class="tei tei-q">“you ask just the question which it
+is most difficult to answer. An ingenious speculator
+on races contends that the Danes, whose
+descendants make the chief part of our northern
+population (and, indeed, if his hypothesis could
+be correct, we must suppose all the ancient
+worshipers of Odin), are of the same origin as
+the Etrurians. And why, Kitty? I just ask
+you, why?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+My mother shook her head thoughtfully,
+and turned the frock to the other side of the
+light.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Because, forsooth,”</span> cried my father, exploding—<span class="tei tei-q">“because
+the Etrurians called their gods
+<span class="tei tei-q">‘the Æsar,’</span> and the Scandinavians called theirs
+the Æsir, or Aser! And where do you think
+he puts their cradle?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Cradle!”</span> said my mother, dreamily; <span class="tei tei-q">“it
+must be in the nursery.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mr. Caxton</span></span>.—<span class="tei tei-q">“Exactly—in the nursery of
+the human race—just here,”</span> and my father
+pointed to the globe; <span class="tei tei-q">“bounded, you see, by
+the River Helys, and in that region which, taking
+its name from Ees, or As (a word designating
+light or fire), has been immemorially called
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Asia</span></span>. Now, Kitty, from Ees or As, our ethnological
+speculator would derive not only Asia,
+the land, but Æser or Aser, its primitive inhabitants.
+Hence, he supposes the origin of the
+Etrurians, and the Scandinavians. But, if we
+give him so much, we must give him more, and
+deduce from the same origin the Es of the Celt,
+and the Ized of the Persian, and—what will be
+of more use to him, I dare say, poor man, than
+all the rest put together—the Æs of the Romans,
+that is, the God of Copper-Money—a very
+powerful household god he is to this day!”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+My mother looked musingly at her frock, as
+if she were taking my father's proposition into
+serious consideration.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“So, perhaps,”</span> resumed my father, <span class="tei tei-q">“and not
+unconformably with sacred records, from one
+great parent horde came all these various tribes,
+carrying with them the name of their beloved
+Asia; and whether they wandered north, south,
+or west, exalting their own emphatic designation
+of <span class="tei tei-q">‘Children of the Land of Light’</span> into the
+title of gods. And to think (added Mr. Caxton
+pathetically, gazing upon that speck in the
+globe on which his forefinger rested), to think
+how little they changed for the better when
+they got to the Don, or entangled their rafts
+amidst the icebergs of the Baltic—so comfortably
+off as they were here, if they could but have
+staid quiet!”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“And why the deuce could not they?”</span> asked
+Mr. Squills.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Pressure of population, and not enough to
+live upon, I suppose,”</span> said my father.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Pisistratus</span></span>, sulkily.—<span class="tei tei-q">“More probably they
+did away with the Corn Laws, sir.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Papæ!”</span> quoth my father, <span class="tei tei-q">“that throws a
+new light on the subject.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Pisistratus</span></span>, full of his grievances, and not
+caring three straws about the origin of the
+Scandinavians—<span class="tei tei-q">“I know that if we are to lose
+£500 every year on a farm which we hold rent-free,
+and which the best judges allow to be a
+perfect model for the whole country, we had
+better make haste, and turn Æsar, or Aser, or
+whatever you call them, and fix a settlement on
+the property of other nations, otherwise, I suspect,
+our probable settlement will be on the
+parish.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mr. Squills</span></span>, who, it must be remembered,
+is an enthusiastic free-trader—<span class="tei tei-q">“You have only
+got to put more capital on the land.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Pisistratus</span></span>.—<span class="tei tei-q">“Well, Mr. Squills, as you
+think so well of that investment, put <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">your</span></em> capital
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page660">[pg 660]</span><a name="Pg660" id="Pg660" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+on it. I promise that you shall have every
+shilling of profit.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mr. Squills</span></span>, hastily retreating behind <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The
+Times</span></span>—<span class="tei tei-q">“I don't think the Great Western can
+fall any lower: though it <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">is</span></em> hazardous—I can
+but venture a few hundreds—”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Pisistratus</span></span>.—<span class="tei tei-q">“On our land, Squills? Thank
+you.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mr. Squills</span></span>.—<span class="tei tei-q">“No, no—any thing but that—on
+the Great Western.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Pisistratus relapses into gloom. Blanche
+steals up coaxingly, and gets snubbed for her
+pains.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A pause.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mr. Caxton</span></span>.—<span class="tei tei-q">“There are two golden rules
+of life: one relates to the mind, and the other to
+the pockets. The first is—If our thoughts get
+into a low, nervous, aguish condition, we should
+make them change the air; the second is comprised
+in the proverb, <span class="tei tei-q">‘it is good to have two
+strings to one's bow.’</span> Therefore, Pisistratus, I
+tell you what you must do—write a book!”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Pisistratus</span></span>.—<span class="tei tei-q">“Write a book!—Against the
+abolition of the Corn Laws? Faith, sir, the
+mischief's done. It takes a much better pen
+than mine to write down an act of Parliament.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mr. Caxton</span></span>.—<span class="tei tei-q">“I only said, <span class="tei tei-q">‘Write a book.’</span>
+All the rest is the addition of your own headlong
+imagination.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Pisistratus</span></span>, with the recollection of the great
+book rising before him—<span class="tei tei-q">“Indeed, sir, I should
+think that that would just finish us!”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mr. Caxton</span></span>, not seeming to heed the interruption—<span class="tei tei-q">“A
+book that will sell! A book that
+will prop up the fall of prices! A book that
+will distract your mind from its dismal apprehensions,
+and restore your affection to your
+species, and your hopes in the ultimate triumph
+of sound principles—by the sight of a favorable
+balance at the end of the yearly accounts. It is
+astonishing what a difference that little circumstance
+makes in our views of things in general.
+I remember when the bank, in which Squills had
+incautiously left £1000, broke; one remarkably
+healthy year, that he became a great alarmist,
+and said that the country was on the verge of
+ruin; whereas, you see now, when, thanks to a
+long succession of sickly seasons, he has a surplus
+capital to risk in the Great Western—he is
+firmly persuaded that England was never in so
+prosperous a condition.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mr. Squills</span></span>, rather sullenly.—<span class="tei tei-q">“Pooh, pooh.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mr. Caxton</span></span>.—<span class="tei tei-q">“Write a book, my son—write
+a book. Need I tell you that Money or
+Moneta, according to Hyginus, was the mother
+of the Muses? Write a book.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Blanche</span></span> and my
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mother</span></span>, in full chorus.—<span class="tei tei-q">“yes,
+Sisty—a book—a book! you must
+write a book!”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“I am sure,”</span> quoth my Uncle Roland, slamming
+down the volume he had just concluded,
+<span class="tei tei-q">“he could write a devilish deal better book than
+this; and how I come to read such trash, night
+after night, is more than I could possibly explain
+to the satisfaction of any intelligent jury, if I
+were put into a witness-box, and examined in
+the mildest manner by my own counsel.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mr. Caxton</span></span>.—<span class="tei tei-q">“You see that Roland tells us
+exactly what sort of a book it shall be.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Pisistratus</span></span>.—<span class="tei tei-q">“Trash, sir?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mr. Caxton</span></span>.—<span class="tei tei-q">“No—that is not necessarily
+trash—but a book of that class which, whether
+trash or not, people can't help reading. Novels
+have become a necessity of the age. You must
+write a novel.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Pisistratus</span></span>, flattered, but dubious.—<span class="tei tei-q">“A
+novel! But every subject on which novels can
+be written is preoccupied. There are novels
+on low life, novels of high life, military novels,
+naval novels, novels philosophical, novels religious,
+novels historical, novels descriptive of India,
+the Colonies, Ancient Rome, and the Egyptian
+Pyramids. From what bird, wild eagle, or
+barn-door fowl, can I</span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<span class="tei tei-q"><span class="tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Pluck one unwearied plume from Fancy's wing?</span><span style="font-size: 90%">’</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> ”</span></span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mr. Caxton</span></span>, after a little thought.—<span class="tei tei-q">“You
+remember the story which Trevanion (I beg his
+pardon, Lord Ulswater) told us the other night.
+That gives you something of the romance of
+real life for your plot—puts you chiefly among
+scenes with which you are familiar, and furnishes
+you with characters which have been
+very sparingly dealt with since the time of
+Fielding. You can give us the country squire,
+as you remember him in your youth: it is a
+specimen of a race worth preserving—the old
+idiosyncrasies of which are rapidly dying off, as
+the railways bring Norfolk and Yorkshire within
+easy reach of the manners of London. You
+can give us the old-fashioned parson, as in all
+essentials he may yet be found—but before you
+had to drag him out of the great Puseyite sectarian
+bog; and, for the rest, I really think that
+while, as I am told, many popular writers are
+doing their best, especially in France, and perhaps
+a little in England, to set class against
+class, and pick up every stone in the kennel to
+shy at a gentleman with a good coat on his
+back, something useful might be done by a few
+good humored sketches of those innocent criminals
+a little better off than their neighbors,
+whom, however we dislike them, I take it for
+granted we shall have to endure, in one shape
+or another, as long as civilization exists; and
+they seem, on the whole, as good in their present
+shape, as we are likely to get, shake the
+dice-box of society how we will.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Pisistratus</span></span>.—<span class="tei tei-q">“Very well said, sir; but this
+rural country gentleman life is not so new as
+you think. There's Washington Irving—”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mr. Caxton</span></span>.—<span class="tei tei-q">“Charming—but rather the
+manners of the last century than this. You may
+as well cite Addison and Sir Roger de Coverley.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page661">[pg 661]</span><a name="Pg661" id="Pg661" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Pisistratus</span></span>.—<span class="tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tremaine</span></span>
+and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De Vere</span></span>.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mr. Caxton</span></span>.—<span class="tei tei-q">“Nothing can be more graceful,
+nor more unlike what I mean. The Pales
+and Terminus I wish you to put up in the fields
+are familiar images, that you may cut out of
+in oak tree—not beautiful marble statues, on
+porphyry pedestals twenty feet high.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Pisistratus</span></span>.—<span class="tei tei-q">“Miss Austin; Mrs. Gore in
+her masterpiece of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mrs. Armytage;</span></span> Mrs. Marsh,
+too; and then (for Scottish manners) Miss Ferrier!”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mr. Caxton</span></span>, growing cross.—<span class="tei tei-q">“Oh, if you
+can not treat on bucolics but what you must hear
+some Virgil or other cry <span class="tei tei-q">‘Stop thief!’</span> you deserve
+to be tossed by one of your own <span class="tei tei-q">‘short-horns.’</span>
+(Still more contemptuously)—I am sure
+I don't know why we spend so much money on
+sending our sons to school to learn Latin, when
+that Anachronism of yours, Mrs. Caxton, can't
+even construe a line and a half of Phædrus.
+Phædrus, Mrs. Caxton—a book which is in
+Latin what Goody Two Shoes is in the vernacular!”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mrs. Caxton</span></span>, alarmed and indignant.—<span class="tei tei-q">“Fie,
+Austin! I am sure you can construe Phædras,
+dear!”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Pisistratus prudently preserves silence.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mr. Caxton</span></span>.—<span class="tei tei-q">“I'll try him—</span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em">
+
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Sua cuique quum sit animi cogitatio</span></span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">Colorque proprius.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">What does that mean?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Pisistratus</span></span>, smiling.—<span class="tei tei-q">“That every man has
+some coloring matter within him, to give his
+own tinge to—”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“His own novel,”</span> interrupted my father!
+<span class="tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Contentus peragis</span></span>.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+During the latter part of this dialogue,
+Blanche had sewn together three quires of the
+best Bath paper, and she now placed them on a
+little table before me, with her own inkstand
+and steel pen.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+My mother put her finger to her lip, and said,
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Hush!”</span> my father returned to the cradle of
+the Æsar; Captain Roland leant his cheek on
+his hand, and gazed abstractedly on the fire;
+Mr. Squills fell into a placid doze; and, after
+three sighs that would have melted a heart of
+stone, I rushed into—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">my novel</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">Chapter II.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“There has never been occasion to use them
+since I've been in the parish,”</span> said Parson Dale.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“What does that prove?”</span> quoth the Squire,
+sharply, and looking the Parson full in the face.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Prove!”</span> repeated Mr. Dale—with a smile
+of benign, yet too conscious superiority—<span class="tei tei-q">“What
+does experience prove?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“That your forefathers were great blockheads,
+and that their descendant is not a whit
+the wiser.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Squire,”</span> replied the Parson, <span class="tei tei-q">“although that
+is a melancholy conclusion, yet if you mean it
+to apply universally, and not to the family of
+the Dales in particular, it is not one which my
+candor as a reasoner, and my humility as a
+mortal, will permit me to challenge.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“I defy you.”</span> said Mr. Hazeldean, triumphantly.
+<span class="tei tei-q">“But to stick to the subject, which it is
+monstrous hard to do when one talks with a
+parson, I only just ask you to look yonder, and
+tell me on your conscience—I don't even say as
+a parson, but as a parishioner—whether you
+ever saw a more disreputable spectacle?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+While he spoke, the Squire, leaning heavily
+on the Parson's left shoulder, extended his cane
+in a line parallel with the right eye of that disputatious
+ecclesiastic, so that he might guide
+the organ of sight to the object he had thus unflatteringly
+described.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“I confess,”</span> said the Parson, <span class="tei tei-q">“that, regarded
+by the eye of the senses, it is a thing that in
+its best day had small pretensions to beauty,
+and is not elevated into the picturesque even by
+neglect and decay. But, my friend, regarded
+by the eye of the inner man—of the rural philosopher
+and parochial legislator—I say it is by
+neglect and decay that it is rendered a very
+pleasing feature in what I may call <span class="tei tei-q">‘the moral
+topography of a parish.’</span> ”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Squire looked at the Parson as if he
+could have beaten him; and indeed, regarding
+the object in dispute not only with the eye of
+the outer man, but the eye of law and order, the
+eye of a country gentleman and a justice of the
+peace, the spectacle <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">was</span></em> scandalously disreputable.
+It was moss-grown; it was worm-eaten;
+it was broken right in the middle; through its
+four socketless eyes, neighbored by the nettle,
+peered the thistle:—the thistle!—a forest of
+thistles!—and, to complete the degradation of
+the whole, those thistles had attracted the donkey
+of an itinerant tinker; and the irreverent
+animal was in the very act of taking his luncheon
+out of the eyes and jaws of—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Parish
+Stocks</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Squire looked as if he could have beaten
+the Parson; but as he was not without some
+slight command of temper, and a substitute was
+luckily at hand, he gulped down his resentment
+and made a rush—at the donkey!
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Now the donkey was hampered by a rope to
+its forefeet, to the which was attached a billet
+of wood called technically <span class="tei tei-q">“a clog,”</span> so that it
+had no fair chance of escape from the assault its
+sacrilegious luncheon had justly provoked. But,
+the ass turning round with unusual nimbleness
+at the first stroke of the cane, the Squire caught
+his foot in the rope, and went head over heels
+among the thistles. The donkey gravely bent
+down, and thrice smelt or sniffed its prostrate
+foe; then, having convinced itself that it had
+nothing farther to apprehend for the present,
+and very willing to make the best of the reprieve,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page662">[pg 662]</span><a name="Pg662" id="Pg662" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+according to the poetical admonition,
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Gather your rosebuds while you may,”</span> it cropped
+a thistle in full bloom, close to the ear of
+the Squire; so close indeed, that the Parson
+thought the ear was gone; and with the more
+probability, inasmuch as the Squire, feeling the
+warm breath of the creature, bellowed out with
+all the force of lungs accustomed to give a View-hallo!
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Bless me, is it gone?”</span> said the Parson,
+thrusting his person between the ass and the
+squire.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Zounds and the devil!”</span> cried the Squire,
+rubbing himself as he rose to his feet.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Hush,”</span> said the parson gently <span class="tei tei-q">“What a
+horrible oath!”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Horrible oath! If you had my nankeens on,”</span>
+said the Squire, still rubbing himself, <span class="tei tei-q">“and had
+fallen into a thicket of thistles with a donkey's
+teeth within an inch of your ear!”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“It is not gone—then?”</span> interrupted the Parson.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“No—that is, I think not,”</span> said the Squire
+dubiously; and he clapped his hand to the organ
+in question. <span class="tei tei-q">“No! it is not gone!”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Thank Heaven!”</span> said the good Clergyman
+kindly.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Hum,”</span> growled the Squire, who was now
+once more engaged in rubbing himself. <span class="tei tei-q">“Thank
+Heaven indeed, when I am as full of thorns as a
+porcupine! I should just like to know what use
+thistles are in the world.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“For donkeys to eat, if you will let them,
+Squire,”</span> answered the Parson.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Ugh, you beast!”</span> cried Mr. Hazeldean, all
+his wrath reawakened, whether by the reference
+to the donkey species, or his inability to reply to
+the Parson, or perhaps by some sudden prick too
+sharp for humanity—especially humanity in nankeens—to
+endure without kicking; <span class="tei tei-q">“Ugh, you
+beast!”</span> he exclaimed, shaking his cane at the
+donkey, who, at the interposition of the Parson,
+had respectfully recoiled a few paces, and now
+stood switching its thin tail, and trying vainly
+to lift one of its fore legs—for the flies teased
+it.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Poor thing!”</span> said the Parson pityingly.
+<span class="tei tei-q">“See, it has a raw place on the shoulder, and
+the flies have found out the sore.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“I am devilish glad to hear it,”</span> said the
+Squire vindictively.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Fie, fie!”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“It is very well to say <span class="tei tei-q">‘Fie, fie.’</span> It was not
+you who fell among the thistles. What's the
+man about now, I wonder?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Parson had walked toward a chestnut tree
+that stood on the village green—he broke off a
+bough—returned to the donkey—whisked away
+the flies, and then tenderly placed the broad
+leaves over the sore, as a protection from the
+swarms. The donkey turned round its head,
+and looked at him with mild wonder.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“I would bet a shilling,”</span> said the Parson,
+softly, <span class="tei tei-q">“that this is the first act of kindness thou
+hast met with this many a day. And slight
+enough it is, Heaven knows.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+With that the Parson put his hand into his
+pocket, and drew out an apple. It was a fine
+large rose-cheeked apple: one of the last winter's
+store, from the celebrated tree in the parsonage
+garden, and he was taking it as a present
+to a little boy in the village who had notably distinguished
+himself in the Sunday school. <span class="tei tei-q">“Nay,
+in common justice, Lenny Fairfield should have
+the preference,”</span> muttered the Parson. The ass
+pricked up one of its ears, and advanced its head
+timidly. <span class="tei tei-q">“But Lenny Fairfield would be as much
+pleased with twopence: and what could twopence
+do to thee?”</span> The ass's nose now touched
+the apple. <span class="tei tei-q">“Take it in the name of Charity,”</span>
+quoth the Parson, <span class="tei tei-q">“Justice is accustomed to be
+served last.”</span> And the ass took the apple.
+<span class="tei tei-q">“How had you the heart?”</span> said the Parson,
+pointing to the Squire's cane.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The ass stopped munching, and looked askant
+at the Squire.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Pooh! eat on; he'll not beat thee now!”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“No,”</span> said the Squire apologetically. <span class="tei tei-q">“But,
+after all, he is not an Ass of the Parish; he is a
+vagrant, and he ought to be pounded. But the
+pound is in as bad a state as the stocks, thanks
+to your new-fashioned doctrines.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“New-fashioned!”</span> cried the Parson almost
+indignantly, for he had a great disdain of new
+fashions. <span class="tei tei-q">“They are as old as Christianity;
+nay, as old as Paradise, which you will observe
+is derived from a Greek, or rather a Persian
+word, and means something more than <span class="tei tei-q">‘garden,’</span>
+corresponding (pursued the Parson rather
+pedantically) with the Latin
+<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">vivarium</span></span>—viz.
+grove or park full of innocent dumb creatures.
+Depend on it, donkeys were allowed to eat
+thistles there.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Very possibly,”</span> said the Squire drily. <span class="tei tei-q">“But
+Hazeldean, though a very pretty village, is not
+Paradise. The stocks shall be mended to-morrow—ay,
+and the pound too—and the next donkey
+found trespassing shall go into it, as sure as
+my name's Hazeldean.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Then,”</span> said the Parson gravely, <span class="tei tei-q">“I can only
+hope that the next parish may not follow your
+example; or that you and I may never be caught
+straying!”</span>
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">Chapter III.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Parson Dale and Squire Hazeldean parted
+company; the latter to inspect his sheep, the
+former to visit some of his parishioners, including
+Lenny Fairfield, whom the donkey had defrauded
+of his apple.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Lenny Fairfield was sure to be in the way, for
+his mother rented a few acres of grass land from
+the Squire, and it was now hay-time. And
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page663">[pg 663]</span><a name="Pg663" id="Pg663" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+Leonard, commonly called Lenny, was an only
+son, and his mother a widow. The cottage
+stood apart, and somewhat remote, in one of
+the many nooks of the long green village lane.
+And a thoroughly English cottage it was—three
+centuries old at least; with walls of rubble let
+into oak frames, and duly whitewashed every
+summer, a thatched roof, small panes of glass,
+and an old doorway raised from the ground by
+two steps. There was about this little dwelling
+all the homely rustic elegance which peasant
+life admits of: a honeysuckle was trained over
+the door; a few flower-pots were placed on the
+window-sills; the small plot of ground in front
+of the house was kept with great neatness, and
+even taste; some large rough stones on either
+side the little path having been formed into a
+sort of rockwork, with creepers that were now
+in flower; and the potato-ground was screened
+from the eye by sweet peas and lupine. Simple
+elegance all this, it is true; but how well it
+speaks for peasant and landlord, when you see
+that the peasant is fond of his home, and has
+some spare time and heart to bestow upon mere
+embellishment. Such a peasant is sure to be a
+bad customer to the ale-house, and a safe neighbor
+to the Squire's preserves. All honor and
+praise to him, except a small tax upon both,
+which is due to the landlord!
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Such sights were as pleasant to the Parson as
+the most beautiful landscapes of Italy can be to
+the dilettante. He paused a moment at the
+wicket to look around him, and distended his
+nostrils voluptuously to inhale the smell of the
+sweet peas, mixed with that of the new-mown
+hay in the fields behind, which a slight breeze
+bore to him. He then moved on, carefully
+scraped his shoes, clean and well polished as
+they were—for Mr. Dale was rather a beau in
+his own clerical way—on the scraper without
+the door, and lifted the latch.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Your virtuoso looks with artistical delight on
+the figure of some nymph painted on an Etruscan
+vase, engaged in pouring out the juice of
+the grape from her classic urn. And the Parson
+felt as harmless, if not as elegant a pleasure,
+in contemplating Widow Fairfield brimming
+high a glittering can, which she designed
+for the refreshment of the thirsty hay-makers.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Mrs. Fairfield was a middle-aged, tidy woman,
+with that alert precision of movement which
+seems to come from an active orderly mind;
+and as she now turned her head briskly at the
+sound of the Parson's footsteps, she showed a
+countenance prepossessing, though not handsome—a
+countenance from which a pleasant
+hearty smile, breaking forth at that moment
+effaced some lines that, in repose, spoke <span class="tei tei-q">“of
+sorrows, but of sorrows past;”</span> and her cheek,
+paler than is common to the complexions even
+of the fair sex, when born and bred amidst a
+rural population, might have favored the guess
+that the earlier part of her life had been spent
+in the languid air and <span class="tei tei-q">“within-doors”</span> occupation
+of a town.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Never mind me,”</span> said the Parson, as
+Mrs. Fairfield dropped her quick courtesy, and
+smoothed her apron; <span class="tei tei-q">“if you are going into the
+hayfield, I will go with you; I have something
+to say to Lenny—an excellent boy.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Widow</span></span>.—<span class="tei tei-q">“Well, sir, and you are kind to
+say to it—but he is.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Parson</span></span>.—<span class="tei tei-q">“He reads uncommonly well, he
+writes tolerably; he is the best lad in the whole
+school at his catechism and in the Bible lessons;
+and I assure you, when I see his face at church,
+looking up so attentively, I fancy that I shall
+read my sermon all the better for such a listener!”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Widow</span></span>, wiping her eyes with the corner of
+her apron.—<span class="tei tei-q">“'Deed, sir, when my poor Mark
+died, I never thought I could have lived on as I
+have done. But that boy is so kind and good,
+that when I look at him sitting there in dear
+Mark's chair, and remember how Mark loved
+him, and all he used to say to me about him, I
+feel somehow or other as if my goodman smiled
+on me, and would rather I was not with him
+yet, till the lad had grown up, and did not want
+me any more.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Parson</span></span>, looking away, and after a pause.—<span class="tei tei-q">“You
+never hear any thing of the old folks at
+Lansmere?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“'Deed, sir, sin' poor Mark died, they han't
+noticed me, nor the boy; but,”</span> added the widow,
+with all a peasant's pride, <span class="tei tei-q">“it isn't that I wants
+their money; only it's hard to feel strange like
+to one's own father and mother!”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Parson</span></span>.—<span class="tei tei-q">“You must excuse them. Your
+father, Mr. Avenel, was never quite the same
+man after that sad event—but you are weeping,
+my friend, pardon me:—your mother is a
+little proud; but so are you, though in another
+way.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Widow</span></span>.—<span class="tei tei-q">“I proud! Lord love ye, sir, I
+have not a bit of pride in me! and that's the
+reason they always looked down on me.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Parson</span></span>.—<span class="tei tei-q">“Your parents must be well off,
+and I shall apply to them in a year or two on
+behalf of Lenny, for they promised me to
+provide for him when he grew up, as they
+ought.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Widow</span></span>, with flashing eyes.—<span class="tei tei-q">“I am sure, sir,
+I hope you will do no such thing; for I would
+not have Lenny beholden to them as has never
+given him a kind word sin' he was born!”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Parson smiled gravely and shook his head
+at poor Mrs. Fairfield's hasty confutation of her
+own self-acquittal from the charge of pride,
+but he saw that it was not the time or moment
+for effectual peace-making in the most irritable
+of all rancors, viz., that nourished against one's
+nearest relations. He therefore dropped that
+subject, and said, <span class="tei tei-q">“Well, time enough to think
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page664">[pg 664]</span><a name="Pg664" id="Pg664" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+of Lenny's future prospects: meanwhile we are
+forgetting the hay-makers. Come.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The widow opened the back door, which led
+across a little apple orchard into the fields.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Parson</span></span>.—<span class="tei tei-q">“You have a pleasant place here,
+and I see that my friend Lenny should be in no
+want of apples. I had brought him one, but I
+have given it away on the road.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Widow</span></span>.—<span class="tei tei-q">“Oh, sir, it is not the deed—it is
+the will; as I felt when the Squire, God bless
+him! took two pounds off the rent the year he—that
+is, Mark—died.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Parson</span></span>.—<span class="tei tei-q">“If Lenny continues to be such a
+help to you, it will not be long before the
+Squire may put the two pounds on again.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Yes, sir,”</span> said the widow simply; <span class="tei tei-q">“I hope
+he will.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Silly woman!”</span> muttered the Parson. <span class="tei tei-q">“That's
+not exactly what the schoolmistress would have
+said. You don't read nor write, Mrs. Fairfield;
+yet you express yourself with great propriety.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“You know Mark was a schollard, sir, like
+my poor, poor, sister; and though I was a sad
+stupid girl afore I married, I tried to take after
+him when we came together.”</span>
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">Chapter IV.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+They were now in the hayfield, and a boy of
+about sixteen, but like most country lads, to
+appearance much younger than he was, looked
+up from his rake, with lively blue eyes, beaming
+forth under a profusion of brown curly hair.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Leonard Fairfield was indeed a very handsome
+boy—not so stout nor so ruddy as one would
+choose for the ideal of rustic beauty; nor yet
+so delicate in limb and keen in expression as
+are those children of cities, in whom the mind
+is cultivated at the expense of the body; but
+still he had the health of the country in his
+cheeks, and was not without the grace of the
+city in his compact figure and easy movements.
+There was in his physiognomy something interesting
+from its peculiar character of innocence
+and simplicity. You could see that he had been
+brought up by a woman, and much apart from
+familiar contact with other children; and such
+intelligence as was yet developed in him, was
+not ripened by the jokes and cuffs of his coevals,
+but fostered by decorous lecturings from his
+elders, and good little boy maxims in good little
+boy books.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Parson</span></span>.—<span class="tei tei-q">“Come hither, Lenny. You know
+the benefit of school, I see: it can teach you
+nothing better than to be a support to your
+mother.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Lenny</span></span>, looking down sheepishly, and with a
+heightened glow over his face.—<span class="tei tei-q">“Please, sir,
+that may come one of these days.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Parson</span></span>—<span class="tei tei-q">“That's right Lenny. Let me
+see! why, you must be nearly a man. How old
+are you?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Lenny looks up inquiringly at his mother.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Parson</span></span>.—<span class="tei tei-q">“You ought to know, Lenny; speak
+for yourself. Hold your tongue, Mrs. Fairfield.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Lenny</span></span>, twirling his hat, and in great perplexity.—<span class="tei tei-q">“Well,
+and there is Flop, neighbor
+Dutton's old sheep-dog. He be very old now.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Parson</span></span>.—<span class="tei tei-q">“I am not asking Flop's age, but
+your own.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“'Deed, sir, I have heard say as how Flop
+and I were pups together. That is, I—I—”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+For the Parson is laughing, and so is Mrs.
+Fairfield; and the haymakers, who have stood
+still to listen, are laughing too. And poor
+Lenny has quite lost his head, and looks as if
+he would like to cry.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Parson</span></span>, patting the curly locks, encouragingly.—<span class="tei tei-q">“Never
+mind; it is not so badly answered
+after all. And how old is Flop?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Lenny</span></span>.—<span class="tei tei-q">“Why, he must be fifteen year and
+more.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Parson</span></span>.—<span class="tei tei-q">“How old, then, are you?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Lenny</span></span>, looking up with a beam of intelligence.—<span class="tei tei-q">“Fifteen
+year and more!”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Widow sighs and nods her head.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“That's what we call putting two and two
+together,”</span> said the Parson. <span class="tei tei-q">“Or, in other
+words,”</span> and here he raised his eyes majestically
+toward the haymakers—<span class="tei tei-q">“in other words—thanks
+to his love for his book—simple as he
+stands here, Lenny Fairfield has shown himself
+capable of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Inductive Ratiocination</span></span>.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+At those words, delivered <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">ore rotundo</span></span>, the
+haymakers ceased laughing. For even in lay
+matters they held the Parson to be an oracle,
+and words so long must have a great deal in
+them.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Lenny drew up his head proudly.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“You are very fond of Flop, I suppose?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“'Deed he is,”</span> said the widow, <span class="tei tei-q">“and of all
+poor dumb creatures.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Very good. Suppose, my lad, that you had
+a fine apple, and that you met a friend who
+wanted it more than you; what would you do
+with it?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Please you, sir, I would give him half of it.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Parson's face fell. <span class="tei tei-q">“Not the whole,
+Lenny?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Lenny considered. <span class="tei tei-q">“If he was a friend, sir,
+he would not like me to give him all!”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Upon my word, Master Leonard, you speak
+so well, that I must e'en tell the truth. I brought
+you an apple, as a prize for good conduct in
+school. But I met by the way a poor donkey,
+and some one beat him for eating a thistle; so I
+thought I would make it up by giving him the
+apple. Ought I only to have given him the
+half?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Lenny's innocent face became all smile; his
+interest was aroused. <span class="tei tei-q">“And did the donkey
+like the apple?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Very much,”</span> said the Parson, fumbling in
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page665">[pg 665]</span><a name="Pg665" id="Pg665" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+his pocket, but thinking of Leonard Fairfield's
+years and understanding; and moreover, observing,
+in the pride of his heart, that there were
+many spectators to his deed, he thought the
+meditated twopence not sufficient, and he generously
+produced a silver sixpence.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“There, my man, that will pay for the half
+apple which you would have kept for yourself.”</span>
+The Parson again patted the curly locks, and,
+after a hearty word or two with the other haymakers,
+and a friendly <span class="tei tei-q">“Good-day”</span> to Mrs.
+Fairfield, struck into a path that led toward his
+own glebe.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+He had just crossed the stile, when he heard
+hasty but timorous feet behind him. He turned,
+and saw his friend Lenny.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Lenny</span></span>, half crying, and
+holding out the sixpence.—<span class="tei tei-q">“Indeed,
+sir, I would rather not. I
+would have given all to the Neddy.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Parson</span></span>.—<span class="tei tei-q">“Why, then, my man, you have a
+still greater right to the sixpence.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Lenny</span></span>.—<span class="tei tei-q">“No, sir; 'cause you only gave it
+to make up for the half apple. And if I had
+given the whole, as I ought to have done, why,
+I should have had no right to the sixpence.
+Please, sir, don't be offended; do take it back,
+will you?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Parson hesitated. And the boy thrust the
+sixpence into his hand, as the ass had poked his
+nose there before in quest of the apple.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“I see,”</span> said Parson Dale, soliloquizing, <span class="tei tei-q">“that
+if one don't give Justice the first place at the
+table, all the other Virtues eat up her share.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Indeed, the case was perplexing. Charity,
+like a forward impudent baggage as she is,
+always thrusting herself in the way, and taking
+other people's apples to make her own little pie,
+had defrauded Lenny of his due; and now Susceptibility,
+who looks like a shy, blush-faced,
+awkward Virtue in her teens—but who, nevertheless,
+is always engaged in picking the pockets
+of her sisters, tried to filch from him his lawful
+recompense. The case was perplexing; for the
+Parson held Susceptibility in great honor, despite
+her hypocritical tricks, and did not like to give
+her a slap in the face, which might frighten her
+away forever. So Mr. Dale stood irresolute,
+glancing from the sixpence to Lenny, and from
+Lenny to the sixpence.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“<span lang="it" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="it"><span style="font-style: italic">Buon giorno</span></span>—good-day to you,”</span> said
+a voice behind, in an accent slightly but unmistakably
+foreign, and a strange-looking figure presented
+itself at the stile.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Imagine a tall and exceedingly meagre man,
+dressed in a rusty suit of black—the pantaloons
+tight at the calf and ankle, and there forming a
+loose gaiter over thick shoes buckled high at the
+instep; an old cloak, lined with red, was thrown
+over one shoulder, though the day was sultry;
+a quaint, red, outlandish umbrella, with a carved
+brass handle, was thrust under one arm, though
+the sky was cloudless; a profusion of raven hair,
+in waving curls that seemed as fine as silk,
+escaped from the sides of a straw-hat of prodigious
+brim; a complexion sallow and swarthy,
+and features which, though not without considerable
+beauty to the eye of the artist, were not only
+unlike what we fair, well-fed, neat-faced Englishmen
+are wont to consider comely, but exceedingly
+like what we are disposed to regard as awful
+and Satanic—to wit, a long hooked nose, sunken
+cheeks, black eyes, whose piercing brilliancy
+took something wizard-like and mystical from
+the large spectacles through which they shone;
+a mouth round which played an ironical smile,
+and in which a physiognomist would have remarked
+singular shrewdness and some closeness,
+complete the picture: imagine this figure, grotesque,
+peregrinate, and to the eye of a peasant
+certainly diabolical, then perch it on the stile in
+the midst of those green English fields, and in
+sight of that primitive English village; there let
+it sit straddling, its long legs dangling down, a
+short German pipe emitting clouds from one
+corner of those sardonic lips, its dark eyes glaring
+through the spectacles full upon the Parson, yet
+askant upon Lenny Fairfield. Lenny Fairfield
+looked exceedingly frightened.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Upon my word, Dr. Riccabocca,”</span> said Mr.
+Dale, smiling, <span class="tei tei-q">“you come in good time to solve
+a very nice question in casuistry;”</span> and herewith
+the Parson explained the case, and put the question—<span class="tei tei-q">“Ought
+Lenny Fairfield to have the sixpence,
+or ought he not?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“<span lang="it" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="it"><span style="font-style: italic">Cospetto</span></span>!”</span> said the doctor. <span class="tei tei-q">“If the hen
+would but hold her tongue, nobody would know
+that she had laid an egg.”</span>
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">Chapter V.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Granted,”</span> said the Parson; <span class="tei tei-q">“but what follows?
+The saying is good, but I don't see the
+application.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“A thousand pardons!”</span> replied Dr. Riccabocca,
+with all the urbanity of an Italian; <span class="tei tei-q">“but
+it seems to me, that if you had given the sixpence
+to the <span lang="it" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="it"><span style="font-style: italic">fanciullo</span></span>—that is, to this good
+little boy—without telling him the story about the
+donkey, you would never have put him and
+yourself into this awkward dilemma.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“But, my dear sir,”</span> whispered the Parson,
+mildly, as he inclined his lips to the Doctor's
+ear, <span class="tei tei-q">“I should then have lost the opportunity of
+inculcating a moral lesson—you understand.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Dr. Riccabocca shrugged his shoulders, restored
+his pipe to his mouth, and took a long
+whiff. It was a whiff eloquent, though cynical—a
+whiff peculiar to your philosophical smoker—a
+whiff that implied the most absolute but the
+most placid incredulity as to the effect of the
+Parson's moral lesson.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Still you have not given us your decision,”</span>
+said the Parson, after a pause.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The doctor withdrew the pipe. <span class="tei tei-q">“<span lang="it" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="it"><span style="font-style: italic">Cospetto!</span></span>”</span>
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page666">[pg 666]</span><a name="Pg666" id="Pg666" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+said he. <span class="tei tei-q">“He who scrubs the head of an ass
+wastes his soap.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“If you scrubbed mine fifty times over with
+those enigmatical proverbs of yours,”</span> said the
+Parson, testily, <span class="tei tei-q">“you would not make it any the
+wiser.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“My good sir,”</span> said the Doctor, bowing low
+from his perch on the stile, <span class="tei tei-q">“I never presumed
+to say that there were more asses than one in
+the story; but I thought that I could not better
+explain my meaning, which is simply this—you
+scrubbed the ass's head, and therefore you must
+lose the soap. Let the <span lang="it" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="it"><span style="font-style: italic">fanciullo</span></span> have the
+sixpence; and a great sum it is, too, for a little
+boy, who may spend it all upon pocket-money!”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“There, Lenny—you hear?”</span> said the Parson,
+stretching out the sixpence. But Lenny retreated,
+and cast on the umpire a look of great aversion
+and disgust.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Please, Master Dale,”</span> said he, obstinately,
+<span class="tei tei-q">“I'd rather not.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“It is a matter of feeling, you see,”</span> said the
+Parson, turning to the umpire; <span class="tei tei-q">“and I believe
+the boy is right.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“If it is a matter of feeling,”</span> replied Dr.
+Riccabocca, <span class="tei tei-q">“there is no more to be said on it.
+When Feeling comes in at the door, Reason has
+nothing to do but to jump out of the window.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Go, my good boy,”</span> said the Parson, pocketing
+the coin; <span class="tei tei-q">“but stop! give me your hand
+first. <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">There</span></em>—I understand you—good-by!”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Lenny's eyes glistened as the Parson shook
+him by the hand, and, not trusting himself to
+speak, he walked off sturdily. The Parson wiped
+his forehead, and sat himself down on the stile
+beside the Italian. The view before them was
+lovely, and both enjoyed it (though not equally)
+enough to be silent for some moments. On the
+other side the lane, seen between gaps in the old
+oaks and chestnuts that hung over the moss-grown
+pales of Hazeldean Park, rose gentle
+verdant slopes, dotted with sheep and herds of
+deer; a stately avenue stretched far away to the
+left, and ended at the right hand, within a few
+yards of a ha-ha that divided the park from
+a level sward of table-land gay with shrubs
+and flower-plots, relieved by the shade of two
+mighty cedars. And on this platform, only seen
+in part, stood the squire's old-fashioned house,
+red brick, with stone mullions, gable-ends, and
+quaint chimney-pots. On this side the road, immediately
+facing the two gentlemen, cottage
+after cottage whitely emerged from the curves
+in the lane, while, beyond, the ground declining
+gave an extensive prospect of woods and cornfields,
+spires and farms. Behind, from a belt
+of lilacs and evergreens, you caught a peep of
+the parsonage-house, backed by woodlands, and
+a little noisy rill running in front. The birds
+were still in the hedgerows, only as if from the
+very heart of the most distant woods, there came
+now and then the mellow note of the cuckoo.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Verily,”</span> said Mr. Dale softly, <span class="tei tei-q">“my lot has
+fallen on a goodly heritage.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Italian twitched his cloak over him, and
+sighed almost inaudibly. Perhaps he thought
+of his own Summer Land, and felt that amidst
+all that fresh verdure of the North, there was no
+heritage for the stranger.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+However, before the Parson could notice the
+sigh or conjecture the cause, Dr. Riccabocca's
+thin lips took an expression almost malignant.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“<span lang="it" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="it"><span style="font-style: italic">Per Bacco!</span></span>”</span> said he; <span class="tei tei-q">“in every country
+I find that the rooks settle where the trees are the
+finest. I am sure that, when Noah first landed
+on Ararat, he must have found some gentleman
+in black already settled in the pleasantest part
+of the mountain, and waiting for his tenth of the
+cattle as they came out of the ark.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Parson turned his meek eyes to the philosopher,
+and there was in them something so
+deprecating rather than reproachful, that Dr.
+Riccabocca turned away his face, and refilled
+his pipe. Dr. Riccabocca abhorred priests; but
+though Parson Dale was emphatically a parson,
+he seemed at that moment so little of what Dr.
+Riccabocca understood by a priest, that the
+Italian's heart smote him for his irreverent jest
+on the cloth. Luckily at this moment there
+was a diversion to that untoward commencement
+of conversation, in the appearance of no
+less a personage than the donkey himself—I
+mean the donkey who ate the apple.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">Chapter VI.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Tinker was a stout swarthy fellow,
+jovial and musical withal, for he was singing a
+stave as he flourished his staff, and at the end
+of each <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">refrain</span></em> down came the staff on the
+quarters of the donkey. The tinker went behind
+and sung, the donkey went before and was
+thwacked.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Yours is a droll country,”</span> quoth Dr. Riccabocca;
+<span class="tei tei-q">“in mine it is not the ass that walks
+first in the procession, who gets the blows.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Parson jumped from the stile, and, looking
+over the hedge that divided the field from
+the road—<span class="tei tei-q">“Gently, gently,”</span> said he; <span class="tei tei-q">“the sound
+of the stick spoils the singing! O Mr. Sprott,
+Mr. Sprott! a good man is merciful to his
+beast.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The donkey seemed to recognize the voice
+of its friend, for it stopped short, pricked one
+ear wistfully, and looked up.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Tinker touched his hat, and looked up
+too. <span class="tei tei-q">“Lord bless your reverence! he does not
+mind it, he likes it. I vould not hurt thee;
+vould I, Neddy?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The donkey shook his head and shivered;
+perhaps a fly had settled on the sore, which the
+chestnut leaves no longer protected.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“I am sure you did not mean to hurt him,
+Sprott,”</span> said the Parson, more politely, I fear,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page667">[pg 667]</span><a name="Pg667" id="Pg667" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+than honesty—for he had seen enough of that
+cross-grained thing called the human heart,
+even in the little world of a country parish, to
+know that it requires management, and coaxing,
+and flattering, to interfere successfully
+between a man and his own donkey—<span class="tei tei-q">“I am
+sure you did not mean to hurt him; but he has
+already got a sore on his shoulder as big as my
+hand, poor thing!”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Lord love 'un! yes; that vas done a playing
+with the manger, the day I gave 'un oats!”</span>
+said the Tinker.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Dr. Riccabocca adjusted his spectacles, and
+surveyed the ass. The ass pricked up his other
+ear, and surveyed Dr. Riccabocca. In that
+mutual survey of physical qualifications, each
+being regarded according to the average symmetry
+of its species, it may be doubted whether
+the advantage was on the side of the philosopher.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Parson had a great notion of the wisdom
+of his friend, in all matters not immediately
+ecclesiastical.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Say a good word for the donkey!”</span> whispered
+he.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Sir,”</span> said the Doctor, addressing Mr. Sprott,
+with a respectful salutation, <span class="tei tei-q">“there's a great
+kettle at my house—the Casino—which wants
+soldering: can you recommend me a Tinker?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Why, that's all in my line,”</span> said Sprott,
+<span class="tei tei-q">“and there ben't a Tinker in the country that I
+vould recommend like myself, thof I say it.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“You jest, good sir,”</span> said the Doctor, smiling
+pleasantly. <span class="tei tei-q">“A man who can't mend a hole in
+his own donkey, can never demean himself by
+patching up my great kettle.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Lord, sir!”</span> said the Tinker, archly, <span class="tei tei-q">“if I
+had known that poor Neddy had had two sitch
+friends in court, I'd have seen he was a gintleman,
+and treated him as sitch.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“<span lang="it" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="it"><span style="font-style: italic">Corpo di Bacco</span></span>.”</span> quoth the Doctor,
+<span class="tei tei-q">“though that jest's not new, I think the Tinker comes
+very well out of it.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“True; but the donkey!”</span> said the Parson,
+<span class="tei tei-q">“I've a great mind to buy it.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Permit me to tell you an anecdote in point,”</span>
+said Dr. Riccabocca.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Well?”</span> said the Parson, interrogatively.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Once in a time,”</span> pursued Riccabocca, <span class="tei tei-q">“the
+Emperor Adrian, going to the public baths,
+saw an old soldier, who had served under him,
+rubbing his back against the marble wall. The
+emperor, who was a wise, and therefore a curious,
+inquisitive man, sent for the soldier, and
+asked him why he resorted to that sort of friction.
+<span class="tei tei-q">‘Because,’</span> answered the veteran, <span class="tei tei-q">‘I am
+too poor to have slaves to rub me down.’</span> The
+emperor was touched, and gave him slaves and
+money. The next day, when Adrian went to
+the baths, all the old men in the city were to be
+seen rubbing themselves against the marble as
+hard as they could. The emperor sent for them,
+and asked them the same question which he had
+put to the soldier; the cunning old rogues, of
+course, made the same answer. <span class="tei tei-q">‘Friends,’</span> said
+Adrian, <span class="tei tei-q">‘since there are so many of you, you
+will just rub one another!’</span> Mr. Dale, if you
+don't want to have all the donkeys in the county
+with holes in their shoulders, you had better not
+buy the Tinker's!”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“It is the hardest thing in the world to do the
+least bit of good,”</span> groaned the Parson, as he
+broke a twig off the hedge nervously, snapped it
+in two, and flung the fragments on the road—one
+of them hit the donkey on the nose. If the
+ass could have spoken Latin, he would have
+said, <span class="tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Et tu, Brute!</span></span>”</span> As it was, he hung
+down his ears, and walked on.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Gee hup,”</span> said the Tinker, and he followed
+the ass. Then stopping, he looked over his
+shoulder, and seeing that the Parson's eyes
+were gazing mournfully on his <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">protégé</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-q">“Never
+fear, your reverence,”</span> cried the Tinker kindly;
+<span class="tei tei-q">“I'll not spite 'un.”</span>
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">Chapter VII.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Four o'clock,”</span> cried the Parson, looking at
+his watch; <span class="tei tei-q">“half-an-hour after dinner-time, and
+Mrs. Dale particularly begged me to be punctual,
+because of the fine trout the Squire sent
+us. Will you venture on what our homely language
+calls <span class="tei tei-q">‘pot luck,’</span> Doctor?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Now Riccabocca, like most wise men, especially
+if Italians, was by no means inclined to
+the credulous view of human nature. Indeed,
+he was in the habit of detecting self-interest in
+the simplest actions of his fellow-creatures.
+And when the Parson thus invited him to pot
+luck, he smiled with a kind of lofty complacency;
+for Mrs. Dale enjoyed the reputation of having
+what her friends styled <span class="tei tei-q">“her little tempers.”</span>
+And, as well-bred ladies rarely indulge <span class="tei tei-q">“little
+tempers”</span> in the presence of a third person, not
+of the family, so Dr. Riccabocca instantly concluded
+that he was invited to stand between the
+pot and the luck! Nevertheless—as he was
+fond of trout, and a much more good-natured
+man than he ought to have been according to
+his principles—he accepted the hospitality; but
+he did so with a sly look from over his spectacles,
+which brought a blush into the guilty
+cheeks of the Parson. Certainly Riccabocca
+had for once guessed right in his estimate of
+human motives.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The two walked on, crossed a little bridge
+that spanned the rill, and entered the parsonage
+lawn. Two dogs, that seemed to have sate on
+watch for their master, sprung toward him
+barking; and the sound drew the notice of Mrs.
+Dale, who, with parasol in hand, sallied out
+from the sash window which opened on the
+lawn. Now, O reader! I know that in thy secret
+heart, thou art chuckling over the want of
+knowledge in the sacred arcana of the domestic
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page668">[pg 668]</span><a name="Pg668" id="Pg668" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+hearth, betrayed by the author; thou art saying
+to thyself, <span class="tei tei-q">“A pretty way to conciliate little
+tempers indeed, to add to the offense of spoiling
+the fish the crime of bringing an unexpected
+friend to eat it. Pot luck, quotha, when the
+pot's boiled over this half hour!”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+But, to thy utter shame and confusion, O
+reader, learn that both the author and Parson
+Dale knew very well what they were about.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Dr. Riccabocca was the special favorite of
+Mrs. Dale, and the only person in the whole
+country who never put her out, by dropping in.
+In fact, strange though it may seem at first
+glance, Dr. Riccabocca had that mysterious
+something about him which we of his own sex
+can so little comprehend, but which always propitiates
+the other. He owed this, in part, to his
+own profound but hypocritical policy; for he
+looked upon woman as the natural enemy to
+man—against whom it was necessary to be always
+on the guard; whom it was prudent to
+disarm by every species of fawning servility and
+abject complaisance. He owed it also, in part,
+to the compassionate and heavenly nature of the
+angels whom his thoughts thus villainously traduced—for
+women like one whom they can pity
+without despising; and there was something in
+Signor Riccabocca's poverty, in his loneliness,
+in his exile, whether voluntary or compelled,
+that excited pity; while, despite the threadbare
+coat, the red umbrella, and the wild hair, he
+had, especially when addressing ladies, that air
+of gentleman and cavalier which is or was more
+innate in an educated Italian, of whatever rank,
+than perhaps in the highest aristocracy of another
+country in Europe. For, though I grant
+that nothing is more exquisite than the politeness
+of your French marquis of the old <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">régime</span></span>—nothing
+more frankly gracious than the cordial
+address of a highbred English gentleman—nothing
+more kindly prepossessing than the genial
+good-nature of some patriarchal German, who
+will condescend to forget his sixteen quarterings
+in the pleasure of doing you a favor—yet
+these specimens of the suavity of their several
+nations are rare; whereas blandness and polish
+are common attributes with your Italian. They
+seem to have been immemorially handed down
+to him, from ancestors emulating the urbanity
+of Cæsar, and refined by the grace of
+Horace.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Dr. Riccabocca consents to dine with us,”</span>
+cried the Parson, hastily.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“If madame permit?”</span> said the Italian, bowing
+over the hand extended to him, which, however,
+he forebore to take, seeing it was already
+full of the watch.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“I am only sorry that the trout must be quite
+spoiled,”</span> began Mrs. Dale, plaintively.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“It is not the trout one thinks of when one
+dines with Mrs. Dale,”</span> said the infamous dissimulator.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“But I see James coming to say that dinner
+is ready?”</span> observed the Parson.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“He said <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">that</span></em> three quarters of an hour ago,
+Charles dear,”</span> retorted Mrs. Dale, taking the
+arm of Dr. Riccabocca.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">Chapter VIII.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+While the Parson and his wife are entertaining
+their guest, I propose to regale the reader
+with a small treatise apropos of that <span class="tei tei-q">“Charles
+dear,”</span> murmured by Mrs. Dale;—a treatise expressly
+written for the benefit of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Domestic
+Circle</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It is an old jest that there is not a word in the
+language that conveys so little endearment as
+the word <span class="tei tei-q">“dear.”</span> But though the saying itself,
+like most truths, be trite and hackneyed,
+no little novelty remains to the search of the
+inquirer into the varieties of inimical import
+comprehended in that malign monosyllable. For
+instance, I submit to the experienced that the
+degree of hostility it betrays is in much proportioned
+to its collocation in the sentence. When,
+gliding indirectly through the rest of the period,
+it takes its stand at the close, as in that <span class="tei tei-q">“Charles
+dear”</span> of Mrs. Dale—it has spilt so much of its
+natural bitterness by the way that it assumes
+even a smile, <span class="tei tei-q">“amara lento temperet risu.”</span>
+Sometimes the smile is plaintive, sometimes
+arch. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ex. gr.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+(<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Plaintive</span></span>.)
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“I know very well that whatever I do is
+wrong, Charles dear.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Nay, I am only glad you amused yourself
+so much without me, Charles dear.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Not quite so loud! If you had, but my poor
+head, Charles dear,”</span> &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+(<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Arch</span></span>.)
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“If you <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">could</span></em> spill the ink any where but on
+the best table-cloth, Charles dear!”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“But though you must always have your own
+way, you are not <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">quite faultless</span></em>, own, Charles
+dear,”</span> &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In this collocation occur many dears, parental
+as well as conjugal; as—<span class="tei tei-q">“Hold up your head
+and don't look quite so cross, dear.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Be a good boy for once in your life—that's
+a dear,”</span> &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+When the enemy stops in the middle of the
+sentence, its venom is naturally less exhausted.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ex. gr.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Really, I must say, Charles dear, that you
+are the most fidgety person,”</span> &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“And if the house bills were so high last
+week, Charles dear, I should just like to know
+whose fault it was—that's all.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Do you think, Charles dear, that you could put
+your feet any where except upon the chintz sofa?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“But you know, Charles dear, that you care
+no more for me and the children than,”</span> &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+But if the fatal word spring up, in its primitive
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page669">[pg 669]</span><a name="Pg669" id="Pg669" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+freshness, at the head of the sentence, bow
+your head to the storm. It then assumes the
+majesty of <span class="tei tei-q">“my”</span> before it; is generally more
+than simple objurgation—it prefaces a sermon.
+My candor obliges me to confess that this is the
+mode in which the hateful monosyllable is more
+usually employed by the marital part of the one
+flesh; and has something about it of the odious
+assumption of the Petruchian <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">pater-familias</span></span>—the
+head of the family—boding, not perhaps
+<span class="tei tei-q">“peace, and love, and quiet life,”</span> but certainly
+<span class="tei tei-q">“awful rule and right supremacy.”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ex. gr.</span></span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“My dear Jane—I wish you would just put
+by that everlasting tent-stitch, and listen to me
+for a few moments,”</span> &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“My dear Jane—I wish you would understand me for once—don't
+think I am angry—no,
+but I am hurt. You must consider,”</span> &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“My dear Jane—I don't know if it is your
+intention to ruin me; but I only wish you would
+do as all other women do who care three straws
+for their husbands' property,”</span> &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“My dear Jane—I wish you to understand
+that I am the last person in the world to be
+jealous; but I'll be d—d if that puppy, Captain
+Prettyman,”</span> &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Now, if that same <span class="tei tei-q">“dear”</span> could be thoroughly
+raked and hoed out of the connubial
+garden, I don't think that the remaining nettles
+would signify a button. But even as it was,
+Parson Dale, good man, would have prized his
+garden beyond all the bowers which Spenser
+and Tasso have sung so musically, though there
+had not been a single specimen of <span class="tei tei-q">“dear,”</span>
+whether the dear <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">humilis</span></span>, or the
+dear <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">superba</span></span>,
+the dear <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">pallida</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">rubra</span></span>, or
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">nigra</span></span>; the dear <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">umbrosa</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">florens</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">spicata</span></span>; the
+dear <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">savis</span></span>, or the
+dear <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">horrida</span></span>; no, not a single dear in the whole
+horticulture of matrimony which Mrs. Dale had
+not brought to perfection; but this, fortunately,
+was far from being the case. The <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">dears</span></em> of Mrs.
+Dale were only wild flowers, after all.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">Chapter IX.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In the cool of the evening, Dr. Riccabocca
+walked home across the fields. Mr. and Mrs.
+Dale had accompanied him half way; and as
+they now turned back to the Parsonage, they
+looked behind, to catch a glimpse of the tall,
+outlandish figure, winding slowly through the
+path amidst the waves of the green corn.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Poor man!”</span> said Mrs. Dale, feelingly;
+<span class="tei tei-q">“and the button was off his wristband! What
+a pity he has nobody to take care of him! He
+seems very domestic. Don't you think, Charles,
+it would be a great blessing if we could get
+him a good wife?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Um,”</span> said the Parson; <span class="tei tei-q">“I doubt if he
+values the married state as he ought.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“What do you mean, Charles? I never saw
+a man more polite to ladies in my life.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Yes, but—”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“But what? You are always so mysterious,
+Charles dear.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Mysterious! No, Carry; but if you could
+hear what the Doctor says of the ladies sometimes.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Ay, when you men get together, my dear.
+I know what that means—pretty things you say
+of us. But you are all alike; you know you
+are, love!”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“I am sure,”</span> said the Parson, simply, <span class="tei tei-q">“that
+I have good cause to speak well of the sex—when
+I think of you, and my poor mother.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Mrs. Dale, who, with all her <span class="tei tei-q">“tempers,”</span> was
+an excellent woman, and loved her husband
+with the whole of her quick little heart, was
+touched. She pressed his hand, and did not
+call him <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">dear</span></em> all the way home.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Meanwhile the Italian passed the fields, and
+came upon the high-road about two miles from
+Hazeldean. On one side stood an old-fashioned
+solitary inn, such as English inns used to be before
+they became railway hotels—square, solid,
+old-fashioned, looking so hospitable and comfortable,
+with their great signs swinging from some
+elm tree in front, and the long row of stables
+standing a little back, with a chaise or two in
+the yard, and the jolly landlord talking of the
+crops to some stout farmer, who has stopped
+his rough pony at the well-known door. Opposite
+this inn, on the other side the road, stood
+the habitation of Dr. Riccabocca.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A few years before the date of these annals,
+the stage-coach, on its way to London, from a
+seaport town, stopped at the inn, as was its
+wont, for a good hour, that its passengers might
+dine like Christian Englishmen—not gulp down
+a basin of scalding soup, like everlasting heathen
+Yankees, with that cursed railway whistle shrieking
+like a fiend in their ears! It was the best
+dining-place on the whole road, for the trout in
+the neighboring rill were famous, and so was
+the mutton which came from Hazeldean Park.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+From the outside of the coach had descended
+two passengers who, alone, insensible to the
+attractions of mutton and trout, refused to dine—two
+melancholy-looking foreigners, of whom
+one was Signor Riccabocca, much the same as
+we see him now, only that the black suit, was
+less threadbare, the tall form less meagre, and
+he did not then wear spectacles; and the other
+was his servant. They would walk about
+while the coach stopped. Now the Italian's
+eye had been caught by a mouldering dismantled
+house on the other side the road, which
+nevertheless was well situated; half-way up a
+green hill, with its aspect due south, a little
+cascade falling down artificial rock-work, and
+a terrace with a balustrade, and a few broken
+urns and statues before its Ionic portico; while
+on the roadside stood a board, with characters
+already half effaced, implying that the house
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page670">[pg 670]</span><a name="Pg670" id="Pg670" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+was to be <span class="tei tei-q">“Let unfurnished, with or without
+land.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The abode that looked so cheerless, and
+which had so evidently hung long on hand,
+was the property of Squire Hazeldean. It had
+been built by his grandfather on the female
+side—a country gentleman who had actually
+been in Italy (a journey rare enough to boast
+of in those days), and who, on his return home,
+had attempted a miniature imitation of an Italian
+villa. He left an only daughter and sole heiress,
+who married Squire Hazeldean's father; and
+since that time, the house, abandoned by its
+proprietors for the larger residence of the Hazeldeans,
+had been uninhabited and neglected.
+Several tenants, indeed, had offered themselves:
+but your Squire is slow in admitting upon his
+own property a rival neighbor. Some wanted
+shooting. <span class="tei tei-q">“That,”</span> said the Hazeldeans, who
+were great sportsmen and strict preservers,
+<span class="tei tei-q">“was quite out of the question.”</span> Others were
+fine folks from London. <span class="tei tei-q">“London servants,”</span>
+said the Hazeldeans, who were moral and prudent
+people, <span class="tei tei-q">“would corrupt their own, and
+bring London prices.”</span> Others, again, were
+retired manufacturers, at whom the Hazeldeans
+turned up their agricultural noses. In short,
+some were too grand, and others too vulgar.
+Some were refused because they were known
+so well: <span class="tei tei-q">“Friends are best at a distance,”</span> said
+the Hazeldeans. Others because they were not
+known at all: <span class="tei tei-q">“No good comes of strangers,”</span>
+said the Hazeldeans. And finally, as the house
+fell more and more into decay, no one would
+take it unless it was put into thorough repair:
+<span class="tei tei-q">“As if one was made of money!”</span> said the
+Hazeldeans. In short, there stood the house
+unoccupied and ruinous; and there, on its terrace,
+stood the two forlorn Italians, surveying
+it with a smile at each other, as, for the first
+time since they set foot in England, they recognized,
+in dilapidated pilasters and broken statues,
+in a weed-grown terrace and the remains of an
+orangery, something that reminded them of the
+land they had left behind.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+On returning to the inn, Dr. Riccabocca took
+the occasion of learning from the innkeeper
+(who was indeed a tenant of the Squire's) such
+particulars as he could collect; and a few days
+afterward Mr. Hazeldean received a letter from
+a solicitor of repute in London, stating that a
+very respectable foreign gentleman had commissioned
+him to treat for Clump Lodge, otherwise
+called the <span class="tei tei-q">“Casino;”</span> that the said gentleman
+did not shoot—lived in great seclusion—and,
+having no family, did not care about the
+repairs of the place, provided only it were made
+weather-proof—if the omission of more expensive
+reparations could render the rent suitable
+to his finances, which were very limited. The
+offer came at a fortunate moment—when the
+steward had just been representing to the
+Squire the necessity of doing something to keep
+the Casino from falling into positive ruin, and
+the Squire was cursing the fates which had put
+the Casino into an entail—so that he could not
+pull it down for the building materials. Mr.
+Hazeldean therefore caught at the proposal even
+as a fair lady, who has refused the best offers
+in the kingdom, catches at last at some battered
+old captain on half-pay, and replied that, as for
+rent, if the solicitor's client was a quiet respectable
+man, he did not care for that. But that
+the gentleman might have it for the first year
+rent free, on condition of paying the taxes and
+putting the place a little in order. If they
+suited each other, they could then come to
+terms. Ten days subsequently to this gracious
+reply, Signor Riccabocca and his servant arrived;
+and, before the year's end, the Squire
+was so contented with his tenant that he gave
+him a running lease of seven, fourteen, or
+twenty-one years, at a rent nearly nominal, on
+condition that Signor Riccabocca would put and
+maintain the place in repair, barring the roof
+and fences, which the Squire generously renewed
+at his own expense. It was astonishing,
+by little and little, what a pretty place the
+Italian had made of it, and what is more astonishing,
+how little it had cost him. He had indeed
+painted the walls of the hall, staircase,
+and the rooms appropriated to himself, with his
+own hands. His servant had done the greater
+part of the upholstery. The two between them
+had got the garden into order. The Italians
+seemed to have taken a joint love to the place,
+and to deck it as they would have done some
+favorite chapel to their Madonna.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It was long before the natives reconciled
+themselves to the odd ways of the foreign settlers—the
+first thing that offended them was
+the exceeding smallness of the household bills.
+Three days out of the seven, indeed, both man and
+master dined on nothing else but the vegetables
+in the garden, and the fishes in the neighboring
+rill; when no trout could be caught they fried
+the minnows (and certainly, even in the best
+streams, minnows are more frequently caught
+than trouts). The next thing which angered
+the natives quite as much, especially the female
+part of the neighborhood, was the very sparing
+employment the two he creatures gave to the
+sex usually deemed so indispensable in household
+matters. At first indeed, they had no
+woman servant at all. But this created such
+horror that Parson Dale ventured a hint upon
+the matter, which Riccabocca took in very good
+part, and an old woman was forthwith engaged,
+after some bargaining—at three shillings a
+week—to wash and scrub as much as she liked
+during the daytime. She always returned to
+her own cottage to sleep. The man-servant,
+who was styled in the neighborhood <span class="tei tei-q">“Jackeymo,”</span>
+did all else for his master—smoothed his
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page671">[pg 671]</span><a name="Pg671" id="Pg671" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+room, dusted his papers, prepared his coffee,
+cooked his dinner, brushed his clothes, and
+cleaned his pipes, of which Riccabocca had a
+large collection. But, however close a man's
+character, it generally creeps out in driblets;
+and on many little occasions the Italian had
+shown acts of kindness, and, on some more rare
+occasions, even of generosity, which had served
+to silence his calumniators, and by degrees he
+had established a very fair reputation—suspected,
+it is true, of being a little inclined to the Black
+Art, and of a strange inclination to starve
+Jackeymo and himself—in other respects harmless
+enough.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Signor Riccabocca had become very intimate,
+as we have seen, at the Parsonage. But not so
+at the Hall. For though the Squire was inclined
+to be very friendly to all his neighbors—he was,
+like most country gentlemen, rather easily <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">huffed</span></em>.
+Riccabocca had, if with great politeness, still
+with great obstinacy, refused Mr. Hazeldean's
+earlier invitations to dinner, and when the Squire
+found, that the Italian rarely declined to dine at
+the Parsonage, he was offended in one of his
+weak points, viz., his regard for the honor of
+the hospitality of Hazeldean Hall—and he ceased
+altogether invitations so churlishly rejected.
+Nevertheless, as it was impossible for the Squire,
+however huffed, to bear malice, he now and then
+reminded Riccabocca of his existence by presents
+of game, and would have called on him more
+often than he did, but that Riccabocca received
+him with such excessive politeness that the blunt
+country gentleman felt shy and put out, and used
+to say that <span class="tei tei-q">“to call on Riccabocca was as bad
+as going to court.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+But I left Dr. Riccabocca on the high-road.
+By this time he has ascended a narrow path
+that winds by the side of the cascade, he has
+passed a trellis-work covered with vines, from
+the which Jackeymo has positively succeeded
+in making what he calls <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">wine</span></em>—a liquid, indeed,
+that, if the cholera had been popularly known in
+those days, would have soured the mildest member
+of the Board of Health; for Squire Hazeldean,
+though a robust man who daily carried
+off his bottle of port with impunity, having once
+rashly tasted it, did not recover the effect till he
+had had a bill from the apothecary as long as
+his own arm. Passing this trellis, Dr. Riccabocca
+entered upon the terrace, with its stone
+pavement smoothed and trim as hands could
+make it. Here, on neat stands, all his favorite
+flowers were arranged. Here four orange trees
+were in full blossom; here a kind of summer-house
+or Belvidere, built by Jackeymo and himself,
+made his chosen morning room from May
+till October; and from this Belvidere there was
+as beautiful an expanse of prospect as if our
+English Nature had hospitably spread on her
+green board all that she had to offer as a banquet
+to the exile.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A man without his coat, which was thrown over
+the balustrade, was employed in watering the
+flowers; a man with movements so mechanical—with
+a face so rigidly grave in its tawny hues—that
+he seemed like an automaton made out
+of mahogany.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Giacomo,”</span> said Dr. Riccabocca, softly.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The automaton stopped its hand, and turned
+its head.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Put by the watering-pot, and come here,”</span>
+continued Riccabocca in Italian; and, moving
+toward the balustrade, he leaned over it. Mr.
+Mitford, the historian, calls Jean Jacques <span class="tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">John
+James</span></span>.”</span> Following that illustrious example,
+Giacomo shall be Anglified into Jackeymo.
+Jackeymo came to the balustrade also, and stood
+a little behind his master.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Friend,”</span> said Riccabocca, <span class="tei tei-q">“enterprises have
+not always succeeded with us. Don't you think,
+after all, it is tempting our evil star to rent those
+fields from the landlord?”</span> Jackeymo crossed
+himself, and made some strange movement with
+a little coral charm which he wore set in a ring
+on his finger.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“If the Madonna send us luck, and we could
+hire a lad cheap?”</span> said Jackeymo, doubtfully.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“<span lang="it" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="it"><span style="font-style: italic">Piu vale un presente che due futuri</span></span>,”</span>
+said Riccabocca. <span class="tei tei-q">“A bird in the hand is worth two
+in the bush.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“<span lang="it" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="it"><span style="font-style: italic">Chi non fa quondo può, non può fare quondo
+vuole</span></span>”</span>—(<span class="tei tei-q">“He who will not when he may, when
+he will it shall have nay”</span>)—answered Jackeymo,
+as sententiously as his master. <span class="tei tei-q">“And the Padrone
+should think in time that he must lay by for the
+dower of the poor signorina”</span>—(young lady).
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Riccabocca sighed, and made no reply.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“She must be <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">that</span></em> high now!”</span> said Jackeymo,
+putting his hand on some imaginary line a
+little above the balustrade. Riccabocca's eyes,
+raised over the spectacles, followed the hand.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“If the Padrone could but see her here—”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“I thought I did!”</span> muttered the Italian.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“He would never let her go from his side
+till she went to a husband's,”</span> continued Jackeymo.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“But this climate—she could never stand it,”</span>
+said Riccabocca, drawing his cloak round him,
+as a north wind took him in the rear.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The orange trees blossom even here with
+care,”</span> said Jackeymo, turning back to draw
+down an awning where the orange trees faced
+the north. <span class="tei tei-q">“See!”</span> he added, as he returned
+with a sprig in full bud.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Dr. Riccabocca bent over the blossom, and
+then placed it in his bosom.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">other</span></em> one should be there, too,”</span> said
+Jackeymo.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“To die—as this does already!”</span> answered
+Riccabocca. <span class="tei tei-q">“Say no more.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Jackeymo shrugged his shoulders; and then,
+glancing at his master, drew his hand over his
+eyes.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page672">[pg 672]</span><a name="Pg672" id="Pg672" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+There was a pause. Jackeymo was the first
+to break it.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“But, whether here or there, beauty without
+money is the orange tree without shelter. If a
+lad could be got cheap, I would hire the land,
+and trust for the crop to the Madonna.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“I think I know of such a lad,”</span> said Riccabocca,
+recovering himself, and with his sardonic
+smile once more lurking about the corner of his
+mouth—<span class="tei tei-q">“a lad made for us!”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Diavolo!”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“No, not the Diavolo! Friend, I have this
+day seen a boy who—refused sixpence!”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“<span lang="it" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="it"><span style="font-style: italic">Cosa stupenda!</span></span>”</span>—(Stupendous
+thing!) exclaimed Jackeymo, opening his eyes, and letting
+fall the water-pot.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“It is true, my friend.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Take him, Padrone, in Heaven's name, and
+the fields will grow gold.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“I will think of it, for it must require management
+to catch such a boy,”</span> said Riccabocca.
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Meanwhile, light a candle in the parlor, and
+bring from my bedroom—that great folio of
+Machiavelli.”</span>
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc41" id="toc41"></a>
+<a name="pdf42" id="pdf42"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">The Two Guides Of The Child.
+(From Dickens's Household Words.)</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A spirit near me said, <span class="tei tei-q">“Look forth upon
+the Land of Life. What do you see?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Steep mountains, covered by a mighty
+plain, a table-land of many-colored beauty.
+Beauty, nay, it seems all beautiful at first, but
+now I see that there are some parts barren.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Are they quite barren?—look more closely
+still!”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“No, in the wildest deserts, now, I see some
+gum-dropping acacias, and the crimson blossom
+of the cactus. But there are regions that rejoice
+abundantly in flower and fruit; and now,
+O Spirit, I see men and women moving to and
+fro.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Observe them, mortal.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“I behold a world of love; the men have
+women's arms entwined about them; some
+upon the verge of precipices—friends are running
+to the rescue. There are many wandering
+like strangers, who know not their road,
+and they look upward. Spirit, how many, many
+eyes are looking up as if to God! Ah, now I
+see some strike their neighbors down into the
+dust; I see some wallowing like swine; I see
+that there are men and women brutal.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Are they quite brutal—look more closely
+still.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“No, I see prickly sorrow growing out of
+crime, and penitence awakened by a look of
+love. I see good gifts bestowed out of the
+hand of murder, and see truth issue out of lying
+lips. But in this plain, O Spirit, I see regions—wide,
+bright regions—yielding fruit and flower,
+while others seem perpetually vailed with
+fogs, and in them no fruit ripens. I see pleasant
+regions where the rock is full of clefts, and people
+fall into them. The men who dwell beneath
+the fog deal lovingly, and yet they have small
+enjoyment in the world around them, which
+they scarcely see. But whither are these
+women going?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Follow them.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“I have followed down the mountains to a
+haven in the vale below. All that is lovely in
+the world of flowers makes a fragrant bed for
+the dear children; birds singing, they breathe
+upon the pleasant air; the butterflies play with
+them. Their limbs shine white among the
+blossoms, and their mothers come down full of
+joy to share their innocent delight. They pelt
+each other with the lilies of the valley. They
+call up at will fantastic masks, grim giants
+play to make them merry, a thousand grotesque
+loving phantoms kiss them; to each the mother
+is the one thing real, the highest bliss—the
+next bliss is the dream of all the world beside.
+Some that are motherless, all mother's love.
+Every gesture, every look, every odor, every
+song, adds to the charm of love which fills the
+valley. Some little figures fall and die, and on
+the valley's soil they crumble into violets and
+lilies, with love-tears to hang in them like dew.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Who dares to come down with a frown into
+this happy valley? A severe man seizes an
+unhappy, shrieking child, and leads it to the
+roughest ascent of the mountain. He will lead
+it over steep rocks to the plain of the mature.
+On ugly needle-points he makes the child sit
+down, and teaches it its duty in the world
+above.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Its duty, mortal! Do you listen to the
+teacher?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Spirit, I hear now. The child is informed
+about two languages spoken by nations extinct
+centuries ago, and something also, O Spirit,
+about the base of an hypothenuse.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Does the child attend?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Not much; but it is beaten silly, and its
+knees are bruised against the rocks, till it is
+hauled up, woe-begone and weary, to the upper
+plain. It looks about bewildered; all is strange—it
+knows not how to act. Fogs crown the
+barren mountain paths. Spirit, I am unhappy;
+there are many children thus hauled up, and as
+young men upon the plain; they walk in fog,
+or among brambles; some fall into pits; and
+many, getting into flower-paths, lie down and
+learn. Some become active, seeking right, but
+ignorant of what right is; they wander among
+men out of their fog-land, preaching folly. Let
+me go back among the children.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Have they no better guide?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Yes, now there comes one with a smiling
+face, and rolls upon the flowers with the little
+ones, and they are drawn to him. And he has
+magic spells to conjure up glorious spectacles
+of fairy land. He frolics with them, and might
+be first cousin to the butterflies. He wreathes
+their little heads with flower garlands, and with
+his fairy land upon his lips he walks toward
+the mountains; eagerly they follow. He seeks
+the smoothest upward path, and that is but a
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page673">[pg 673]</span><a name="Pg673" id="Pg673" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+rough one, yet they run up merrily, guide and
+children, butterflies pursuing still the flowers as
+they nod over a host of laughing faces. They
+talk of the delightful fairy world, and resting in
+the shady places learn of the yet more delightful
+world of God. They learn to love the
+Maker of the Flowers, to know how great the
+Father of the Stars must be, how good must be
+the Father of the Beetle. They listen to the
+story of the race they go to labor with upon the
+plain, and love it for the labor it has done.
+They learn old languages of men, to understand
+the past—more eagerly they learn the voices of
+the men of their own day, that they may take
+part with the present. And in their study when
+they flag, they fall back upon thoughts of the
+Child Valley they are leaving. Sports and
+fancies are the rod and spur that bring them
+with new vigor to the lessons. When they
+reach the plain they cry, <span class="tei tei-q">‘We know you, men
+and women; we know to what you have aspired
+for centuries; we know the love there is in
+you; we know the love there is in God; we
+come prepared to labor with you, dear, good
+friends. We will not call you clumsy when we
+see you tumble, we will try to pick you up;
+when we fall, you shall pick us up. We have
+been trained to love, and therefore we can aid
+you heartily, for love is labor!’</span> ”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Spirit whispered, <span class="tei tei-q">“You have seen and
+you have heard. Go now, and speak unto your
+fellow-men: ask justice for the child.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+To-day should love To-morrow, for it is a
+thing of hope; let the young Future not be
+nursed by Care. God gave not fancy to the
+child that men should stamp its blossoms down
+into the loose soil of intellect. The child's
+heart was not made full to the brim of love,
+that men should pour its love away, and bruise
+instead of kiss the trusting innocent. Love and
+fancy are the stems on which we may graft
+knowledge readily. What is called by some
+dry folks a solid foundation may be a thing not
+desirable. To cut down all the trees, and root
+up all the flowers in a garden, to cover walks
+and flower-beds alike with a hard crust of well-rolled
+gravel, that would be to lay down your
+solid foundation after a plan which some think
+good in a child's mind, though not quite worth
+adopting in a garden. O, teacher, love the child
+and learn of it; so let it love and learn of you.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc43" id="toc43"></a>
+<a name="pdf44" id="pdf44"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">The Laboratory In The Chest.
+(From Dickens's Household Words.)</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The mind of Mr. Bagges was decidedly
+affected—beneficially—by the lecture on
+the Chemistry of a Candle, which, as set forth
+in a previous number of this journal, had been
+delivered to him by his youthful nephew. That
+learned discourse inspired him with a new feeling;
+an interest in matters of science. He
+began to frequent the Polytechnic Institution,
+nearly as much as his club. He also took to
+lounging at the British Museum; where he
+was often to be seen, with his left arm under
+his coat-tails, examining the wonderful works
+of nature and antiquity, through his eye-glass.
+Moreover, he procured himself to be elected
+a member of the Royal Institution, which became
+a regular house of call to him, so that
+in a short time he grew to be one of the ordinary
+phenomena of the place.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Mr. Bagges likewise adopted a custom of
+giving <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">conversaziones,</span></span> which, however, were
+always very private and select—generally confined
+to his sister's family. Three courses
+were first discussed; then dessert; after which,
+surrounded by an apparatus of glasses and
+decanters, Master Harry Wilkinson was called
+upon, as a sort of juvenile Davy, to amuse his
+uncle by the elucidation of some chemical or
+other physical mystery. Master Wilkinson had
+now attained to the ability of making experiments;
+most of which, involving combustion,
+were strongly deprecated by the young gentleman's
+mamma; but her opposition was overruled
+by Mr. Bagges, who argued that it was
+much better that a young dog should burn
+phosphorus before your face than let off gunpowder
+behind your back, to say nothing of
+occasionally pinning a cracker to your skirts.
+He maintained that playing with fire and water,
+throwing stones, and such like boys' tricks, as
+they are commonly called, are the first expressions
+of a scientific tendency—endeavors and
+efforts of the infant mind to acquaint itself with
+the powers of Nature.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+His own favorite toys, he remembered, were
+squibs, suckers, squirts, and slings; and he was
+persuaded that, by his having been denied them
+at school, a natural philosopher had been nipped
+in the bud.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Blowing bubbles was an example—by-the-by,
+a rather notable one—by which Mr. Bagges,
+on one of his scientific evenings, was instancing
+the affinity of child's play to philosophical
+experiments, when he bethought him Harry
+had said on a former occasion that the human
+breath consists chiefly of carbonic acid, which
+is heavier than common air. How then, it
+occurred to his inquiring, though elderly mind,
+was it that soap-bladders, blown from a tobacco-pipe,
+rose instead of sinking? He asked
+his nephew this.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Oh, uncle!”</span> answered Harry, <span class="tei tei-q">“in the first
+place, the air you blow bubbles with mostly
+comes in at the nose and goes out at the
+mouth, without having been breathed at all.
+Then it is warmed by the mouth, and warmth,
+you know, makes a measure of air get larger,
+and so lighter in proportion. A soap-bubble
+rises for the same reason that a fire-balloon rises—that
+is, because the air inside of it has been
+heated, and weighs less than the same sized
+bubbleful of cold air.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“What, hot breath does!”</span> said Mr. Bagges.
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Well, now, it's a curious thing, when you
+come to think of it, that the breath should be
+hot—indeed, the warmth of the body generally
+seems a puzzle. It is wonderful, too, how the
+bodily heat can be kept up so long as it is.
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page674">[pg 674]</span><a name="Pg674" id="Pg674" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+Here, now, is this tumbler of hot grog—a
+mixture of boiling water, and what d'ye call
+it, you scientific geniuses?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Alcohol, uncle.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Alcohol—well—or, as we used to say,
+brandy. Now, if I leave this tumbler of brandy-and-water
+alone—”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">If</span></em> you do, uncle,”</span> interposed his nephew,
+archly.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Get along, you idle rogue! If I let that
+tumbler stand there, in a few minutes the
+brandy-and-water—eh?—I beg pardon—the
+alcohol-and-water—gets cold. Now, why—why
+the deuce—if the brand—the alcohol-and-water
+cools; why—how—how is it we don't
+cool in the same way, I want to know? eh?”</span>
+demanded Mr. Bagges, with the air of a man
+who feels satisfied that he has propounded a
+<span class="tei tei-q">“regular poser.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Why,”</span> replied Harry, <span class="tei tei-q">“for the same reason
+that the room keeps warm so long as there
+is a fire in the grate.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“You don't mean to say that I have a fire
+in my body?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“I do, though.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Eh, now? That's good,”</span> said Mr. Bagges.
+<span class="tei tei-q">“That reminds me of the man in love crying,
+<span class="tei tei-q">‘Fire! fire!’</span> and the lady said, <span class="tei tei-q">‘Where,
+where?’</span> And he called out, <span class="tei tei-q">‘Here! here!’</span>
+with his hand upon his heart. Eh?—but now
+I think of it—you said, the other day, that
+breathing was a sort of burning. Do you
+mean to tell me that I—eh?—have fire, fire,
+as the lover said, here, here—in short, that
+my chest is a grate or an Arnott's stove?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Not exactly so, uncle. But I do mean to
+tell you that you have a sort of fire burning
+partly in your chest; but also, more or less,
+throughout your whole body.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Oh, Henry!”</span> exclaimed Mrs. Wilkinson,
+<span class="tei tei-q">“How can you say such horrid things!”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Because they're quite true, mamma—but
+you needn't be frightened. The fire of one's
+body is not hotter than from ninety degrees to
+one hundred and four degrees or so. Still it
+is fire, and will burn some things, as you would
+find, uncle, if, in using phosphorus, you were
+to let a little bit of it get under your nail.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“I'll take your word for the fact, my boy,”</span>
+said Mr. Bagges. <span class="tei tei-q">“But, if I have a fire burning
+throughout my person—which I was not
+aware of, the only inflammation I am ever
+troubled with being in the great toe—I say,
+if my body is burning continually—how is it I
+don't smoke—eh? Come, now?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Perhaps you consume your own smoke,”</span>
+suggested Mr. Wilkinson, senior, <span class="tei tei-q">“like every
+well-regulated furnace.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“You smoke nothing but your pipe, uncle,
+because you burn all your carbon,”</span> said Harry.
+<span class="tei tei-q">“But, if your body doesn't smoke, it steams.
+Breathe against a looking-glass, or look at
+your breath on a cold morning. Observe how
+a horse reeks when it perspires. Besides—as
+you just now said you recollected my telling
+you the other day—you breathe out carbonic
+acid, and that, and the steam of the breath
+together, are exactly the same things, you
+know, that a candle turns into in burning.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“But if I burn like a candle—why don't I
+burn <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">out</span></em> like a candle?”</span> demanded Mr. Bagges.
+<span class="tei tei-q">“How do you get over that?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Because,”</span> replied Harry, <span class="tei tei-q">“your fuel is renewed
+as fast as burnt. So perhaps you resemble
+a lamp rather than a candle. A lamp
+requires to be fed; so does the body—as, possibly,
+uncle, you may be aware.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Eh?—well—I have always entertained an
+idea of that sort,”</span> answered Mr. Bagges, helping
+himself to some biscuits. <span class="tei tei-q">“But the lamp
+feeds on train-oil.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“So does the Laplander. And you couldn't
+feed the lamp on turtle or mulligatawny, of
+course, uncle. But mulligatawny or turtle can
+be changed into fat—they are so, sometimes, I
+think—when they are eaten in large quantities,
+and fat will burn fast enough. And most of
+what you eat turns into something which burns
+at last, and is consumed in the fire that warms
+you all over.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Wonderful, to be sure,”</span> exclaimed Mr.
+Bagges. <span class="tei tei-q">“Well, now, and how does this extraordinary
+process take place?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“First, you know, uncle, your food is digested—”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Not always, I am sorry to say, my boy,”</span>
+Mr. Bagges observed, <span class="tei tei-q">“but go on.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Well; when it <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">is</span></em> digested, it becomes a
+sort of fluid, and mixes gradually with the
+blood, and turns into blood, and so goes over
+the whole body, to nourish it. Now, if the
+body is always being nourished, why doesn't it
+keep getting bigger and bigger, like the ghost
+in the Castle of Otranto?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Eh? Why, because it loses as well as
+gains, I suppose. By perspiration—eh—for
+instance?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Yes, and by breathing; in short, by the
+burning I mentioned just now. Respiration, or
+breathing, uncle, is a perpetual combustion.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“But if my system,”</span> said Mr. Bagges, <span class="tei tei-q">“is
+burning throughout, what keeps up the fire in
+my little finger—putting gout out of the question?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“You burn all over, because you breathe all
+over, to the very tips of your fingers' ends,”</span>
+replied Harry.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Oh, don't talk nonsense to your uncle!”</span>
+exclaimed Mrs. Wilkinson.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“It isn't nonsense,”</span> said Harry. <span class="tei tei-q">“The air
+that you draw into the lungs goes more or less
+over all the body, and penetrates into every
+fibre of it, which is breathing. Perhaps you
+would like to hear a little more about the chemistry
+of breathing, or respiration, uncle?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“I should, certainly.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Well, then; first you ought to have some
+idea of the breathing apparatus. The laboratory
+that contains this is the chest, you know.
+The chest, you also know, has in it the heart
+and lungs, which, with other things in it, fill it
+quite out, so as to leave no hollow space between
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page675">[pg 675]</span><a name="Pg675" id="Pg675" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+themselves and it. The lungs are a sort
+of air-sponges, and when you enlarge your
+chest to draw breath, they swell out with it,
+and suck the air in. On the other hand, you
+narrow your chest, and squeeze the lungs, and
+press the air from them;—that is breathing out.
+The lungs are made up of a lot of little cells.
+A small pipe—a little branch of the windpipe—opens
+into each cell. Two blood-vessels, a little
+tiny artery, and a vein to match, run into it
+also. The arteries bring into the little cells
+dark-colored blood, which <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">has been</span></em> all over the
+body. The veins carry out of the little cells
+bright scarlet-colored blood, which <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">is to go</span></em> all
+over the body. So all the blood passes through
+the lungs, and in so doing, is changed from
+dark to bright scarlet.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Black blood, didn't you say, in the arteries,
+and scarlet in the veins? I thought it was just
+the reverse,”</span> interrupted Mr. Bagges.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“So it is,”</span> replied Harry, <span class="tei tei-q">“with all the
+other arteries and veins, except those that circulate
+the blood through the lung-cells. The
+heart has two sides, with a partition between
+them that keeps the blood on the right side
+separate from the blood on the left; both sides
+being hollow, mind. The blood on the right
+side of the heart comes there from all over the
+body, by a couple of large veins, dark, before it
+goes to the lungs. From the right side of the
+heart, it goes on to the lungs, dark still, through
+an artery. It comes back to the left side of the
+heart from the lungs, bright scarlet, through
+four veins. Then it goes all over the rest of
+the body from the left side of the heart, through
+an artery that branches into smaller arteries, all
+carrying bright scarlet blood. So the arteries
+and veins of the lungs on one hand, and of the
+rest of the body on the other, do exactly opposite
+work, you understand.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“I hope so.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Now,”</span> continued Harry, <span class="tei tei-q">“it requires a
+strong magnifying glass to see the lung-cells
+plainly, they are so small. But you can fancy
+them as big as you please. Picture any one of
+them to yourself of the size of an orange, say,
+for convenience in thinking about it; that one
+cell, with whatever takes place in it, will be a
+specimen of the rest. Then you have to imagine
+an artery carrying blood of one color into it, and
+a vein taking away blood of another color from
+it, and the blood changing its color in the cell.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Ay, but what makes the blood change its
+color?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Recollect, uncle, you have a little branch
+from the windpipe opening into the cell which
+lets in the air. Then the blood and the air are
+brought together, and the blood alters in color.
+The reason, I suppose you would guess, is that
+it is somehow altered by the air.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“No very unreasonable conjecture, I should
+think,”</span> said Mr. Bagges.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Well; if the air alters the blood, most likely,
+we should think, it gives something to the
+blood. So first let us see what is the difference
+between the air we breathe <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">in</span></em>, and the air we
+breathe <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">out</span></em>. You know that neither we nor
+animals can keep breathing the same air over
+and over again. You don't want me to remind
+you of the Black Hole of Calcutta, to convince
+you of that; and I dare say you will believe
+what I tell you, without waiting till I can catch
+a mouse and shut it up in an air-tight jar, and
+show you how soon the unlucky creature will
+get uncomfortable, and began to gasp, and that
+it will by-and-by die. But if we were to try
+this experiment—not having the fear of the Society
+for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals,
+nor the fear of doing wrong, before our eyes—we
+should find that the poor mouse, before he
+died, had changed the air of his prison considerably.
+But it would be just as satisfactory, and
+much more humane, if you or I were to breathe
+in and out of a silk bag or a bladder till we could
+stand it no longer, and then collect the air which
+we had been breathing in and out. We should
+find that a jar of such air would put out a candle.
+If we shook some lime-water up with it,
+the lime-water would turn milky. In short,
+uncle, we should find that a great part of the
+air was carbonic acid, and the rest mostly nitrogen.
+The air we inhale is nitrogen and
+oxygen; the air we exhale has lost most of its
+oxygen, and consists of little more than nitrogen
+and carbonic acid. Together with this, we
+breathe out the vapor of water, as I said before.
+Therefore in breathing, we give off exactly what
+a candle does in burning, only not so fast, after
+the rate. The carbonic acid we breathe out,
+shows that carbon is consumed within our bodies.
+The watery vapor of the breath is a proof that
+hydrogen is so, too. We take in oxygen with
+the air, and the oxygen unites with carbon, and
+makes carbonic acid, and with hydrogen, forms
+water.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Then don't the hydrogen and carbon combine
+with the oxygen—that is, burn—in the
+lungs, and isn't the chest the fire-place, after
+all?”</span> asked Mr. Bagges.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Not altogether, according to those who are
+supposed to know better. They are of opinion,
+that some of the oxygen unites with the carbon
+and hydrogen of the blood in the lungs: but
+that most of it is merely absorbed by the blood,
+and dissolved in it in the first instance.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Oxygen, absorbed by the blood? That
+seems odd,”</span> remarked Mr. Bagges. <span class="tei tei-q">“How
+can that be?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“We only know the fact that there are some
+things that will absorb gases—suck them in—make
+them disappear. Charcoal will, for instance.
+It is thought that the iron which the
+blood contains gives it the curious property of
+absorbing oxygen. Well; the oxygen going
+into the blood makes it change from dark to
+bright scarlet; and then this blood containing
+oxygen is conveyed all over the system by the
+arteries, and yields up the oxygen to combine
+with hydrogen and carbon as it goes along.
+The carbon and hydrogen are part of the substance
+of the body. The bright scarlet blood
+mixes oxygen with them, which burns them, in
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page676">[pg 676]</span><a name="Pg676" id="Pg676" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+fact; that is, makes them into carbonic acid and
+water. Of course, the body would soon be consumed
+if this were all that the blood does. But
+while it mixes oxygen with the old substance of
+the body, to burn it up, it lays down fresh material
+to replace the loss. So our bodies are
+continually changing throughout, though they
+seem to us always the same; but then, you
+know, a river appears the same from year's end
+to year's end, although the water in it is different
+every day.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Eh, then,”</span> said Mr. Bagges, <span class="tei tei-q">“if the body
+is always on the change in this way, we must
+have had several bodies in the course of our
+lives, by the time we are old.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Yes, uncle; therefore, how foolish it is to
+spend money upon funerals. What becomes of
+all the bodies we use up during our life-times?
+If we are none the worse for their flying away
+in carbonic acid and other things without ceremony,
+what good can we expect from having a
+fuss made about the body we leave behind us,
+which is put into the earth? However, you
+are wanting to know what becomes of the water
+and carbonic acid which have been made by the
+oxygen of the blood burning up the old materials
+of our frame. The dark blood of the veins absorbs
+this carbonic acid and water, as the blood
+of the arteries does oxygen—only, they say, it
+does so by means of a salt in it, called phosphate
+of soda. Then the dark blood goes back to the
+lungs, and in them it parts with its carbonic acid
+and water, which escapes as breath. As fast as
+we breathe out, carbonic acid and water leave
+the blood; as fast as we breathe in, oxygen enters
+it. The oxygen is sent out in the arteries
+to make the rubbish of the body into gas and
+vapor, so that the veins may bring it back and
+get rid of it. The burning of rubbish by oxygen
+throughout our frames is the fire by which our
+animal heat, is kept up. At least this is what
+most philosophers think; though doctors differ
+a little on this point, as on most others, I hear.
+Professor Liebig says, that our carbon is mostly
+prepared for burning by being first extracted
+from the blood sent to it—(which contains much
+of the rubbish of the system dissolved)—in the
+form of bile, and is then re-absorbed into the
+blood, and burnt. He reckons that a grown-up
+man consumes about fourteen ounces of carbon
+a day. Fourteen ounces of charcoal a day, or
+eight pounds two ounces a week, would keep
+up a tolerable fire.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“I had no idea we were such extensive charcoal-burners,”</span>
+said Mr. Bagges. <span class="tei tei-q">“They say
+we each eat our peck of dirt before we die—but
+we must burn bushels of charcoal.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“And so,”</span> continued Harry, <span class="tei tei-q">“the professor
+calculates that we burn quite enough fuel to
+account for our heat. I should rather think,
+myself, it had something to do with it—shouldn't
+you?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Eh?”</span> said Mr. Bagges; <span class="tei tei-q">“it makes one
+rather nervous to think that one is burning all
+over—throughout one's very blood—in this kind
+of way.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“It is very awful!”</span> said Mrs. Wilkinson.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“If true. But in that case, shouldn't we be
+liable to inflame occasionally?”</span> objected her husband.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“It is said,”</span> answered Harry, <span class="tei tei-q">“that spontaneous
+combustion does happen sometimes; particularly
+in great spirit drinkers. I don't see
+why it should not, if the system were to become
+too inflammable. Drinking alcohol would be
+likely to load the constitution with carbon, which
+would be fuel for the fire, at any rate.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The deuce!”</span> exclaimed Mr. Bagges, pushing
+his brandy-and-water from him. <span class="tei tei-q">“We had
+better take care how we indulge in combustibles.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“At all events,”</span> said Harry, <span class="tei tei-q">“it must be bad
+to have too much fuel in us. It must choke the
+fire, I should think, if it did not cause inflammation;
+which Dr. Truepenny says it does, meaning,
+by inflammation, gout, and so on, you know,
+uncle.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Ahem!”</span> coughed Mr. Bagges.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Taking in too much fuel, I dare say, you
+know, uncle, means eating and drinking to excess,”</span>
+continued Harry. <span class="tei tei-q">“The best remedy,
+the doctor says, for overstuffing is exercise. A
+person who uses great bodily exertion, can eat
+and drink more without suffering from it than
+one who leads an inactive life; a fox-hunter,
+for instance, in comparison with an alderman.
+Want of exercise and too much nourishment
+must make a man either fat or ill. If the extra
+hydrogen and carbon are not burnt out, or otherwise
+got rid of, they turn to blubber, or cause
+some disturbance in the system, intended by
+Nature to throw them off, which is called a disease.
+Walking, riding, running, increase the
+breathing—as well as the perspiration—and
+make us burn away our carbon and hydrogen
+in proportion. Dr. Truepenny declares that if
+people would only take in as much fuel as is
+requisite to keep up a good fire, his profession
+would be ruined.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The good old advice—Baillie's, eh?—or
+Abernethy's—live upon sixpence a day, and earn
+it,”</span> Mr. Bagges observed.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Well, and then, uncle, in hot weather the
+appetite is naturally weaker than it is in cold—less
+heat is required, and therefore less food. So
+in hot climates; and the chief reason, says the
+doctor, why people ruin their health in India is
+their spurring and goading their stomachs to
+crave what is not good for them, by spices and
+the like. Fruits and vegetables are the proper
+things to eat in such countries, because they
+contain little carbon compared to flesh, and they
+are the diet of the natives of those parts of the
+world. Whereas food with much carbon in it,
+meat, or even mere fat or oil, which is hardly
+any thing else than carbon and hydrogen, are
+proper in very cold regions, where heat from
+within is required to supply the want of it without.
+That is why the Laplander is able, as I
+said he does, to devour train-oil. And Dr. Truepenny
+says that it may be all very well for Mr.
+M'Gregor to drink raw whisky at deer-stalking
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page677">[pg 677]</span><a name="Pg677" id="Pg677" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+in the Highlands, but if Major Campbell combines
+that beverage with the diversion of tiger-hunting
+in the East Indies, habitually, the chances
+are that the major will come home with a diseased
+liver.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Upon my word, sir, the whole art of preserving
+health appears to consist in keeping up
+a moderate fire within us,”</span> observed Mr. Bagges.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Just so, uncle, according to my friend the
+doctor. <span class="tei tei-q">‘Adjust the fuel,’</span> he says, <span class="tei tei-q">‘to the
+draught’</span>—he means the oxygen; <span class="tei tei-q">‘keep the
+bellows properly at work, by exercise, and your
+fire will seldom want poking.’</span> The doctor's
+pokers, you know, are pills, mixtures, leeches,
+blisters, lancets, and things of that sort.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Indeed? Well, then, my heart-burn, I suppose,
+depends upon bad management of my
+fire?”</span> surmised Mr. Bagges.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“I should say that was more than probable,
+uncle. Well, now, I think you see that animal
+heat can be accounted for, in very great part at
+least, by the combustion of the body. And then
+there are several facts that—as I remember
+Shakspeare says—</span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 1.80em"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">“ </span><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">‘</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Help
+to thicken other proofs,</span></span></span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">That do demonstrate thinly.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Birds that breathe a great deal are very hot
+creatures; snakes and lizards, and frogs and
+fishes, that breathe but little, are so cold that
+they are called cold-blooded animals. Bears
+and dormice, that sleep all the winter, are cold
+during their sleep, while their breathing and
+circulation almost entirely stop. We increase
+our heat by walking fast, running, jumping, or
+working hard; which sets us breathing faster,
+and then we get warmer. By these means, we
+blow up our own fire, if we have no other, to
+warm ourselves on a cold day. And how is it
+that we don't go on continually getting hotter
+and hotter?”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Ah!”</span> exclaimed Mr. Bagges, <span class="tei tei-q">“I suppose
+that is one of Nature's mysteries.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Why, what happens, uncle, when we take
+violent exercise? We break out into a perspiration;
+as you complain you always do, if
+you only run a few yards. Perspiration is
+mostly water, and the extra heat of the body
+goes into the water, and flies away with it in
+steam. Just for the same reason, you can't
+boil water so as to make it hotter than two
+hundred and twelve degrees; because all the
+heat that passes into it beyond that, unites with
+some of it and becomes steam, and so escapes.
+Hot weather causes you to perspire even when
+you sit still; and so your heat is cooled in summer.
+If you were to heat a man in an oven,
+the heat of his body generally wouldn't increase
+very much till he became exhausted and died.
+Stories are told of mountebanks sitting in ovens,
+and meat being cooked by the side of them.
+Philosophers have done much the same thing—Dr.
+Fordyce and others, who found they could
+bear a heat of two hundred and sixty degrees.
+Perspiration is our animal fire-escape. Heat
+goes out from the lungs, as well as the skin, in
+water; so the lungs are concerned in cooling
+us as well as heating us, like a sort of regulating
+furnace. Ah, uncle, the body is a wonderful
+factory, and I wish I were man enough
+to take you over it. I have only tried to show
+you something of the contrivances for warming
+it, and I hope you understand a little about
+that!”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Well,”</span> said Mr. Bagges, <span class="tei tei-q">“breathing, I
+understand you to say, is the chief source of
+animal heat, by occasioning the combination of
+carbon and hydrogen with oxygen, in a sort of
+gentle combustion, throughout our frame. The
+lungs and heart are an apparatus for generating
+heat, and distributing it over the body by means
+of a kind of warming pipes, called blood-vessels.
+Eh?—and the carbon and hydrogen we have in
+our systems we get from our food. Now, you
+see, here is a slice of cake, and there is a glass
+of wine—Eh?—now see whether you can get
+any carbon and oxygen out of that.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The young philosopher, having finished his
+lecture, applied himself immediately to the performance
+of the proposed experiment, which he
+performed with cleverness and dispatch.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc45" id="toc45"></a>
+<a name="pdf46" id="pdf46"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">The Steel Pen.
+An Illustration Of Cheapness.
+(From Dickens's Household Words.)</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+We remember (early remembrances are more
+durable than recent) an epithet employed
+by Mary Wolstonecroft, which then seemed as
+happy as it was original—<span class="tei tei-q">“The <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">iron</span></em> pen of
+Time.”</span> Had the vindicatress of the <span class="tei tei-q">“Rights
+of Women”</span> lived in these days (fifty years later),
+when the iron pen is the almost universal instrument
+of writing, she would have bestowed upon
+Time a less common material for recording his
+doings.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+While we are remembering, let us look back
+for a moment upon our earliest school-days—the
+days of large text and round hand. Twenty
+urchins sit at a long desk, each intent upon
+making his <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">copy</span></em>. A nicely mended pen has
+been given to each. Our own labor goes on
+successfully, till, in school-boy phrase, the pen
+begins to splutter. A bold effort must be made.
+We leave the form, and timidly address the
+writing-master with—<span class="tei tei-q">“Please, sir, mend my
+pen.”</span> A slight frown subsides as he sees that
+the quill is very bad—too soft or too hard—used
+to the stump. He dashes it away, and snatching
+a feather from a bundle—a poor thin feather,
+such as green geese drop on a common—shapes
+it into a pen. This mending and making process
+occupies all his leisure—occupies, indeed,
+many of the minutes that ought to be devoted
+to instruction. He has a perpetual battle to
+wage with his bad quills. They are the meanest
+produce of the plucked goose.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+And is this process still going on in the many
+thousand schools of our land, where with all
+drawbacks of imperfect education, both as to
+numbers educated and gifts imparted, there are
+about two millions and a half of children under
+daily instruction? In remote rural districts
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page678">[pg 678]</span><a name="Pg678" id="Pg678" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+probably; in the towns certainly not. The
+steam-engine is now the pen-maker. Hecatombs
+of geese are consumed at Michaelmas
+and Christmas; but not all the geese in the
+world would meet the demand of England for
+pens. The supply of <span lang="fr" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="fr"><span style="font-style: italic">patés de foie gras</span></span> will be
+kept up—that of quills, whether known as
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">primes</span></em>, <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">seconds</span></em>, or
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">pinions,</span></em> must be wholly inadequate
+to the wants of a <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">writing</span></em> people.
+Wherever geese are bred in these islands, so
+assuredly, in each succeeding March, will every
+full-fledged victim be robbed of his quills; and
+then turned forth on the common, a very waddling
+and impotent goose, quite unworthy of
+the name of bird. The country schoolmaster,
+at the same spring-time, will continue to buy
+the smallest quills, at a low price, clarify them
+after his own rude fashion, make them into pens,
+and sorely spite the boy who splits them up too
+rapidly. The better quills will still be collected,
+and find their way to the quill dealer, who
+will exercise his empirical arts before they pass
+to the stationer. He will plunge them into
+heated sand, to make the external skin peel off,
+and the external membrane shrivel up; or he
+will saturate them with water, and alternately
+contract and swell them before a charcoal fire;
+or he will dip them in nitric acid, and make
+them of a gaudy brilliancy but a treacherous
+endurance. They will be sorted according to
+the quality of the barrels, with the utmost nicety.
+The experienced buyer will know their value
+by looking at their feathery ends, tapering to a
+point; the uninitiated will regard only the quill
+portion. There is no article of commerce in
+which the market value is so difficult to be determined
+with exactness. For the finest and
+largest quills no price seems unreasonable; for
+those of the second quality too exorbitant a
+charge is often made. The foreign supply is
+large, and probably exceeds the home supply
+of the superior article. What the exact amount
+is we know not. There is no duty now on quills.
+The tariff of 1845—one of the most lasting
+monuments of the wisdom of our great commercial
+minister—abolished the duty of half-a-crown
+a thousand. In 1832 the duty amounted to four
+thousand two hundred pounds, which would show
+an annual importation of thirty-three millions one
+hundred thousand quills; enough, perhaps, for
+the commercial clerks of England, together with
+the quills of home growth—but how to serve a
+letter-writing population?
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The ancient reign of the quill-pen was first
+seriously disturbed about twenty-five years ago.
+An abortive imitation of the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">form</span></em> of a pen was
+produced before that time; a clumsy, inelastic,
+metal tube fastened in a bone or ivory handle,
+and sold for half-a-crown. A man might make
+his mark with one—but as to writing, it was a
+mere delusion. In due course came more carefully
+finished inventions for the luxurious, under
+the tempting names of ruby pen, or diamond pen—with
+the plain gold pen, and the rhodium pen,
+for those who were skeptical as to the jewelry
+of the inkstand. The economical use of the
+quill received also the attention of science. A
+machine was invented to divide the barrel
+lengthwise into two halves; and, by the same
+mechanical means, these halves were subdivided
+into small pieces, cut pen-shape, slit, and
+nibbed. But the pressure upon the quill supply
+grew more and more intense. A new
+power had risen up in our world—a new seed
+sown—the source of all good, or the dragon's
+teeth of Cadmus. In 1818 there were only
+one hundred and sixty-five thousand scholars in
+the monitorial schools—the new schools, which
+were being established under the auspices of the
+National Society, and the British and Foreign
+School Society. Fifteen years afterward, in
+1833, there were three hundred and ninety
+thousand. Ten years later, the numbers exceeded
+a million. Even a quarter of a century
+ago two-thirds of the male population of England,
+and one-half of the female, were learning
+to write; for in the Report of the Registrar-General
+for 1846, we find this passage—<span class="tei tei-q">“Persons
+when they are married are required to sign
+the marriage register; if they can not write
+their names, they sign with a mark: the result
+has hitherto been, that nearly one man in three,
+and one woman in two, married, sign with marks.”</span>
+This remark applies to the period between 1839
+and 1845. Taking the average age of men at
+marriage as twenty-seven years, and the average
+age of boys during their education as ten
+years, the marriage-register is an educational
+test of male instruction for the years 1824-28.
+But the gross number of the population of England
+and Wales was rapidly advancing. In
+1821 it was twelve millions; in 1831, fourteen
+millions; in 1841, sixteen millions; in 1851,
+taking the rate of increase at fourteen per cent.,
+it will be eighteen millions and a half. The
+extension of education was proceeding in a
+much quicker ratio; and we may therefore
+fairly assume that the proportion of those who
+make their marks in the marriage-register has
+greatly diminished since 1844.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+But, during the last ten years, the natural
+desire to learn to write, of that part of the
+youthful population which education can reach,
+has received a great moral impulse by a wondrous
+development of the most useful and pleasurable
+exercise of that power. The uniform
+penny postage has been established. In the
+year 1838, the whole number of letters delivered
+in the United Kingdom was seventy-six
+millions; in this year that annual delivery has
+reached the prodigious number of three hundred
+and thirty-seven millions. In 1838, a Committee
+of the House of Commons thus denounced,
+among the great commercial evils of the high
+rates of postage, their injurious effects upon the
+great bulk of the people. They either act as
+a grievous tax on the poor, causing them to
+sacrifice their little earnings to the pleasure and
+advantage of corresponding with their distant
+friends, or compel them to forego such intercourse
+altogether; thus subtracting from the
+small amount of their enjoyments, and obstructing
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page679">[pg 679]</span><a name="Pg679" id="Pg679" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+the growth and maintenance of their best
+affections. Honored be the man who broke
+down these barriers! Praised be the Government
+that, <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">for once</span></em>, stepping out of its fiscal
+tram-way, dared boldly to legislate for the
+domestic happiness, the educational progress,
+and the moral elevation of the masses! The
+steel pen, sold at the rate of a penny a dozen,
+is the creation, in a considerable degree, of the
+Penny Postage stamp; as the Penny Postage
+stamp was a representative, if not a creation,
+of the new educational power. Without the
+steel pen, it may reasonably be doubted whether
+there were mechanical means within the reach
+of the great bulk of the population for writing
+the three hundred and thirty-seven millions of
+letters that now annually pass through the Post
+Office.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Othello's sword had <span class="tei tei-q">“the ice-brook's temper;”</span>
+but not all the real or imaginary virtues
+of the stream that gave its value to the true
+Spanish blade could create the elasticity of a
+steel pen. Flexible, indeed, is the Toledo. If
+thrust against a wall, it will bend into an arc
+that describes three-fourths of a circle. The
+problem to be solved in the steel-pen, is to convert
+the iron of Dannemora into a substance as
+thin as the quill of a dove's pinion, but as strong
+as the proudest feather of an eagle's wing.
+The furnaces and hammers of the old armorers
+could never have solved this problem. The
+steel pen belongs to our age of mighty machinery.
+It could not have existed in any other
+age. The demand for the instrument, and the
+means of supplying it, came together.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The commercial importance of the steel pen
+was first manifested to our senses a year or two
+ago at Sheffield. We had witnessed all the
+curious processes of <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">converting</span></em> iron into steel,
+by saturating it with carbon in the converting
+furnace; of <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">tilting</span></em> the bars so converted into a
+harder substance, under the thousand hammers
+that shake the waters of the Sheaf and the Don:
+of <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">casting</span></em> the steel thus converted and tilted
+into ingots of higher purity; and, finally, of
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">milling</span></em>, by which the most perfect development
+of the material is acquired, under enormous
+rollers. About two miles from the metropolis
+of steel, over whose head hangs a canopy of
+smoke through which the broad moors of the
+distance sometimes reveal themselves, there is a
+solitary mill where the tilting and rolling processes
+are carried to great perfection. The din
+of the large tilts is heard half a mile off. Our
+ears tingle, our legs tremble, when we stand
+close to their operation of beating bars of steel
+into the greatest possible density; for the whole
+building vibrates as the workmen swing before
+them in suspended baskets, and shift the
+bar at every movement of these hammers of the
+Titans. We pass onward to the more quiet
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">rolling</span></em> department. The bar that has been
+tilted into the most perfect compactness, has
+now to acquire the utmost possible tenuity. A
+large area is occupied by furnaces and rollers.
+The bar of steel is dragged out of the furnace
+at almost a white heat. There are two men at
+each roller. It is passed through the first pair,
+and its squareness is instantly elongated and
+widened into flatness; rapidly through a second
+pair, and a third, and a fourth, and a fifth. The
+bar is becoming a sheet of steel. Thinner and
+thinner it becomes, until it would seem that the
+workmen can scarcely manage the fragile substance.
+It has spread out like a morsel of gold
+under the beater's hammer, into an enormous
+leaf. The least attenuated sheet is only the
+hundredth part of an inch in thickness; some
+sheets are made as thin as the two-hundredth
+part of an inch. And for what purpose is this
+result of the labors of so many workmen, of such
+vast and complicated machinery, destined?—what
+the final application of a material employing
+so much capital in every step, from the
+Swedish mine to its transport by railroad to
+some other seat of British industry? <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">The
+whole is prepared for one steel-pen manufactory
+at Birmingham.</span></em>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+There is nothing very remarkable in a steel-pen
+manufactory, as regards ingenuity of contrivance
+or factory organization. Upon a large
+scale of production, the extent of labor engaged
+in producing so minute an article, is necessarily
+striking. But the process is just as curious and
+interesting, if conducted in a small shop as in a
+large. The pure steel, as it comes from the
+rolling-mill, is cut up into strips about two
+inches and a half in width. These are further
+cut into the proper size for the pen. The
+pieces are then annealed and cleansed. The
+maker's name is neatly impressed on the metal;
+and a cutting-tool forms the slit, although imperfectly
+in this stage. The pen shape is given
+by a convex punch pressing the plate into a
+concave die. The pen is formed when the slit
+is perfected. It has now to be hardened, and,
+finally, cleansed and polished, by the simple
+agency of friction in a cylinder. All the varieties
+of form of the steel pen are produced by
+the punch; all the contrivances of slits and
+apertures above the nib, by the cutting-tool.
+Every improvement has had for its object to
+overcome the rigidity of the steel—to imitate
+the elasticity of the quill, while bestowing upon
+the pen a superior durability.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The perfection that may reasonably be demanded
+in a steel pen has yet to be reached.
+But the improvement in the manufacture is
+most decided. Twenty years ago, to one who
+might choose, regardless of expense, between
+the quill pen and the steel, the best Birmingham
+and London production was an abomination.
+But we can trace the gradual acquiescence
+of most men in the writing implement of
+the multitude. Few of us, in an age when the
+small economies are carefully observed, and
+even paraded, desire to use quill pens at ten or
+twelve shillings a hundred, as Treasury Clerks
+once luxuriated in their use—an hour's work,
+and then a new one. To mend a pen, is troublesome
+to the old, and even the middle-aged
+man who once acquired the art; the young, for
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page680">[pg 680]</span><a name="Pg680" id="Pg680" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+the most part, have not learned it. The most
+painstaking and penurious author would never
+dream of imitating the wondrous man who
+translated Pliny with <span class="tei tei-q">“one gray goose quill.”</span>
+Steel pens are so cheap, that if one scratches or
+splutters, it may be thrown away, and another
+may be tried. But when a really good one is
+found, we cling to it, as worldly men cling to their
+friends: we use it till it breaks down, or grows
+rusty. We can do no more; we handle it as
+Izaak Walton handled the frog upon his hook,
+<span class="tei tei-q">“as if we loved him.”</span> We could almost fancy
+some analogy between the gradual and decided
+improvement of the steel pen—one of the new
+instruments of education—and the effects of
+education itself upon the mass of the people.
+An instructed nation ought to present the same
+gradually perfecting combination of strength with
+elasticity. The favorites of fortune are like the
+quill, ready made for social purposes, with a
+little scraping and polishing. The bulk of the
+community have to be formed out of ruder
+and tougher materials—to be converted, welded,
+and tempered into pliancy. The <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">manners</span></em> of
+the great British family have decidedly improved
+under culture—<span class="tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">emollit mores</span></span>:”</span> may
+the sturdy self-respect of the race never be
+impaired!
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc47" id="toc47"></a>
+<a name="pdf48" id="pdf48"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Snakes And Serpent Charmers.
+(From Bentley's Miscellany.)</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+At the present time there are at the London
+Zoological Gardens two Arabs, who are
+eminently skilled in what is termed <span class="tei tei-q">“Snake-Charming.”</span>
+In this country, happily for ourselves,
+we have but little practical acquaintance
+with venomous serpents, and there is no scope
+for the development of native skill in the art
+referred to; the visit, therefore, of these strangers
+is interesting, as affording an opportunity of
+beholding feats which have hitherto been known
+to us only by description. We propose, therefore,
+to give some account of their proceedings.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Visitors to the Zoological Gardens will remark,
+on the right hand side, after they have
+passed through the tunnel, and ascended the
+slope beyond, a neat wooden building in the
+Swiss style. This is the reptile-house, and
+while our readers are bending their steps
+toward it, we will describe the performance of
+the Serpent Charmers.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The names of these are Jubar-Abou-Haijab,
+and Mohammed-Abou-Merwan. The former is
+an old man, much distinguished in his native
+country for his skill. When the French occupied
+Egypt, he collected serpents for their
+naturalists, and was sent for to Cairo to perform
+before General Bonaparte. He described to us
+the general, as a middle-sized man, very pale,
+with handsome features, and a most keen eye.
+Napoleon watched his proceedings with great
+interest, made many inquiries, and dismissed
+him with a handsome <span class="tei tei-q">“backsheesh.”</span> Jubar
+is usually dressed in a coarse loose bernoose
+of brown serge, with a red cap on his head.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The gift, or craft, of serpent-charming, descends
+in certain families from generation to
+generation; and Mohammed, a smart active
+lad, is the old man's son-in-law, although not
+numbering sixteen years. He is quite an
+Adonis as to dress, wearing a smart, richly
+embroidered dark-green jacket, carried—hussar
+fashion—over his right shoulder, a white loose
+vest, full white trowsers, tied at the knee, scarlet
+stockings and slippers, and a fez or red cap,
+with a blue tassel of extra proportions on his
+head. In his right ear is a ring, so large that
+it might pass for a curtain ring.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Precisely as the clock strikes four, one of the
+keepers places on a platform a wooden box containing
+the serpents, and the lad Mohammed
+proceeds to tuck his ample sleeves as far up as
+possible, to leave the arms bare. He then takes
+off his cloth jacket, and, opening the box, draws
+out a large Cobra de Capello, of a dark copper
+color: this he holds at arm's length by the tail,
+and after allowing it to writhe about in the air
+for some time, he places the serpent on the floor,
+still holding it as described. By this time the
+cobra had raised his hood, very indignant at the
+treatment he is receiving. Mohammed then
+pinches and teases him in every way; at each
+pinch the cobra strikes at him, but, with great
+activity, the blow is avoided. Having thus
+teased the snake for some time, Mohammed
+rises, and placing his foot upon the tail, irritates
+him with a stick. The cobra writhes, and
+strikes sometimes at the stick, sometimes at his
+tormentor's legs, and again at his hands, all
+which is avoided with the utmost nonchalance.
+After the lapse of about ten minutes, Mohammed
+coils the cobra on the floor, and leaves
+him while he goes to the box, and draws out
+another far fiercer cobra. While holding this
+by the tail, Mohammed buffets him on the head
+with his open hand, and the serpent, quite furious,
+frequently seizes him by the forearm.
+The lad merely wipes the spot, and proceeds to
+tie the serpent like a necklace around his neck.
+Then the tail is tied into a knot around the reptile's
+head, and again head and tail into a double
+knot. After amusing himself in this way for
+some time, the serpent is told to lie quiet, and
+stretched on his back, the neck and chin being
+gently stroked. Whether any sort of mesmeric
+influence is produced we know not, but the
+snake remains on its back, perfectly still, as if
+dead. During this time the first cobra has remained
+coiled up, with head erect, apparently
+watching the proceedings of the Arab. After
+a pause, the lad takes up the second cobra, and
+carrying it to the first, pinches and irritates
+both, to make them fight; the fiercer snake
+seizes the other by the throat, and coiling round
+him, they roll struggling across the stage. Mohammed
+then leaves these serpents in charge of
+Jubar and draws a third snake out of the box.
+This he first ties in a variety of apparently impossible
+knots, and then holding him at a little
+distance from his face, allows the snake to strike
+at it, just dodging back each time sufficiently
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page681">[pg 681]</span><a name="Pg681" id="Pg681" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+far to avoid the blow. The serpent is then
+placed in his bosom next his skin, and left there,
+but it is not so easy after a time to draw it out
+of its warm resting-place. The tail is pulled;
+but, no! the serpent is round the lad's body,
+and will not come. After several unsuccessful
+efforts, Mohammed rubs the tail briskly between
+his two hands, a process which—judging
+from the writhings of the serpent, which are
+plainly visible—is the reverse of agreeable.
+At last Mohammed pulls him hand-over-hand—as
+the sailors say—and, just, as the head flies
+out, the cobra makes a parting snap at his tormentor's
+face, for which he receives a smart
+cuff on the head, and is then with the others
+replaced in the box.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Dr. John Davy, in his valuable work on Ceylon,
+denies that the fangs are extracted from the
+serpents which are thus exhibited; and says
+that the only charm employed is that of courage
+and confidence—the natives avoiding the stroke
+of the serpent with wonderful agility; adding,
+that they will play their tricks with any hooded
+snake, but with no other poisonous serpent.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In order that we might get at the truth, we
+sought it from the fountain-head, and our questions
+were thus most freely answered by Jubar-Abou-Haijab,
+Hamet acting as interpreter:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Q.</span></span> How are the serpents caught in the first
+instance?
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A.</span></span> I take this adze (holding up a sort of
+geological hammer mounted on a long handle)
+and as soon as I have found a hole containing a
+cobra, I knock away the earth till he comes
+out or can be got at; I then take a stick in my
+right hand, and seizing the snake by the tail
+with the left, hold it at arm's length. He keeps
+trying to bite, but I push his head away with
+the stick. After doing this some time I throw
+him straight on the ground, still holding him by
+the tail; I allow him to raise his head and try
+to bite, for some time, in order that he may
+learn how to attack, still keeping him off with
+the stick. When this has been done long
+enough, I slide the stick up to his head and fix
+it firmly on the ground; then taking the adze,
+and forcing open the mouth, I break off the
+fangs with it, carefully removing every portion,
+and especially squeezing out all the poison and
+blood, which I wipe away as long as it continues
+to flow; when this is done the snake is
+harmless and ready for use.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Q.</span></span> Do the ordinary jugglers, or only the
+hereditary snake charmers catch the cobras?
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A.</span></span> We are the only persons who dare to
+catch them, and when the jugglers want snakes
+they come to us for them; with that adze
+(pointing to the hammer) I have caught and
+taken out the fangs of many thousands.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Q.</span></span> Do you use any other snakes besides the
+cobras for your exhibitions?
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A.</span></span> No; because the cobra is the only one
+that will fight well. The cobra is always ready
+to give battle, but the other snakes are sluggish,
+only bite, and can't be taught for our exhibitions.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Q.</span></span> What do the Arabs do if they happen to
+be bitten by a poisonous snake?
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A.</span></span> They immediately tie a cord tight round
+the arm above the wound, and cut out the bitten
+part as soon as possible—some burn it; they
+then squeeze the arm downward, so as to press
+out the poison, but they don't suck it, because
+it is bad for the mouth; however, in spite of all
+this, they sometimes die.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Q.</span></span> Do you think it possible that cobras could
+be exhibited without the fangs being removed?
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A.</span></span> Certainly not, for the least scratch of their
+deadly teeth would cause death, and there is not
+a day that we exhibit that we are not bitten
+and no skill in the world would prevent it.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Such were the particulars given us by a most
+distinguished professor in the art of snake-charming,
+and, therefore, they may be relied on
+as correct; the matter-of-fact way in which he
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">acted</span></em>, as well as related the snake-catching,
+bore the impress of truth, and there certainly
+would appear to be far less mystery about the
+craft than has generally been supposed. The
+way in which vipers are caught in this country
+is much less artistic than the Arab mode. The
+viper-catcher provides himself with a cleftstick,
+and stealing up to the reptile when basking,
+pins his head to the ground with the cleft, and
+seizing the tail, throws the reptile into a bag.
+As they do not destroy the fangs, these men are
+frequently bitten in the pursuit of their business,
+but their remedy is either the fat of vipers, or
+salad oil, which they take inwardly, and apply
+externally, after squeezing the wound. We are
+not aware of any well-authenticated fatal case
+in man from a viper bite, but it fell to our lot
+some years ago to see a valuable pointer killed
+by one. We were beating for game in a dry,
+stony district, when suddenly the dog, who was
+running beneath a hedgerow, gave a yelp and
+bound, and immediately came limping up to us
+with a countenance most expressive of pain; a
+large adder was seen to glide into the hedgerow.
+Two small spots of blood on the inner
+side of the left foreleg, close to the body of the
+dog marked the seat of the wound; and we did
+our best to squeeze out the poison. The limb
+speedily began to swell, and the dog laid down,
+moaning and unable to walk. With some difficulty
+we managed to carry the poor animal to
+the nearest cottage, but it was too late. In
+spite of oil and other remedies the body swelled
+more and more, and he died in convulsions some
+two hours after the receipt of the injury.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Reptile-house is fitted up with much
+attention to security and elegance of design;
+arranged along the left side are roomy cages
+painted to imitate mahogany and fronted with
+plate-glass. They are ventilated by perforated
+plates of zinc above, and warmed by hot water
+pipes below. The bottoms of the cages are
+strewed with sand and gravel, and in those which
+contain the larger serpents strong branches of
+trees are fixed. The advantage of the plate-glass
+fronts is obvious, for every movement of
+the reptiles is distinctly seen, while its great
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page682">[pg 682]</span><a name="Pg682" id="Pg682" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+strength confines them in perfect safety. Each
+cage is, moreover, provided with a pan of
+water.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Except when roused by hunger, the Serpents
+are generally in a state of torpor during the day,
+but as night draws on, they, in common with
+other wild denizens of the forest, are roused
+into activity. In their native state the Boas
+then lie in wait, coiled round the branches of
+trees, ready to spring upon the antelopes and
+other prey as they pass through the leafy glades;
+and the smaller serpents silently glide from
+branch to branch in quest of birds on which to
+feed. As we have had the opportunity of seeing
+the Reptile-house by night, we will describe the
+strange scene.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+About ten o'clock one evening during the last
+spring, in company with two naturalists of
+eminence, we entered that apartment. A small
+lantern was our only light, and the faint illumination
+of this, imparted a ghastly character to
+the scene before us. The clear plate-glass
+which faces the cages was invisible, and it was
+difficult to believe that the monsters were in
+confinement and the spectators secure. Those
+who have only seen the Boas and Pythons, the
+Rattlesnakes and Cobras, lazily hanging in festoons
+from the forks of the trees in the dens, or
+sluggishly coiled up, can form no conception of
+the appearance and actions of the same creatures
+at night. The huge Boas and Pythons were
+chasing each other in every direction, whisking
+about the dens with the rapidity of lightning,
+sometimes clinging in huge coils round the
+branches, anon entwining each other in massive
+folds, then separating they would rush over and
+under the branches, hissing and lashing their
+tails in hideous sport. Ever and anon, thirsty
+with their exertions, they would approach the
+pans containing water and drink eagerly, lapping
+it with their forked tongues. As our eyes became
+accustomed to the darkness, we perceived
+objects better, and on the uppermost branch of
+the tree in the den of the biggest serpent, we
+perceived a pigeon quietly roosting, apparently
+indifferent alike to the turmoil which was going
+on around, and the vicinity of the monster whose
+meal it was soon to form. In the den of one of
+the smaller serpents was a little mouse, whose
+panting sides and fast-beating heart showed that
+it, at least, disliked its company. Misery is
+said to make us acquainted with strange bed-fellows,
+but evil must be the star of that mouse
+or pigeon whose lot it is to be the comrade and
+prey of a serpent!
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A singular circumstance occurred not long
+since at the Gardens, showing that the mouse
+at times has the best of it. A litter of rattlesnakes
+was born in the Gardens—curious little
+active things without rattles—hiding under
+stones, or coiling together in complicated knots,
+with their clustering heads resembling Medusa's
+locks. It came to pass that a mouse was put
+into the cage for the breakfast of the mamma,
+but she not being hungry, took no notice. The
+poor mouse gradually became accustomed to its
+strange companions, and would appear to have
+been pressed by hunger, for it actually nibbled
+away great part of the jaw of one of the little
+rattlesnakes, so that it died! perhaps the first
+instance of such a turning of the tables. An
+interesting fact was proved by this, namely, that
+these reptiles when young are quite defenseless,
+and do not acquire either the power of injuring
+others, or of using their rattles until their adolescence.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+During the time we were looking at these
+creatures, all sorts of odd noises were heard; a
+strange scratching against the glass would be
+audible; 'twas the Carnivorous Lizard endeavoring
+to inform us that it was a fast-day with
+him, entirely contrary to his inclination. A
+sharp hiss would startle us from another quarter,
+and we stepped back involuntarily as the lantern
+revealed the inflated hood and threatening action
+of an angry cobra. Then a rattlesnake would
+take umbrage, and, sounding an alarm, would
+make a stroke against the glass, intended for
+our person. The fixed gaze, too, from the
+brilliant eyes of the huge Pythons, was more
+fascinating than pleasant, and the scene, taking
+it all together, more exciting than agreeable.
+Each of the spectators involuntarily stooped to
+make sure that his trowsers were well strapped
+down; and, as if our nerves were jesting, a
+strange sensation would every now and then be
+felt, resembling the twining of a small snake
+about the legs. Just before leaving the house,
+a great dor beetle which had flown in, attracted
+by the light, struck with some force against our
+right ear; startled indeed we were, for at the
+moment our impression was that it was some
+member of the Happy Family around us who
+had favored us with a mark of his attention.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In feeding the larger serpents, the Boas and
+Pythons, some care is necessary lest such an
+accident should occur as that which befell Mr.
+Cops, of the Lion Office in the Tower, some
+years ago. Mr. Cops was holding a fowl to
+the head of the largest of the five snakes which
+were then there kept; the snake was changing
+its skin, consequently, being nearly blind (for
+the skin of the eye is changed with the rest),
+it darted at the fowl but missed it, and seized
+the keeper by the left thumb, coiling round his
+arm and neck in a moment, and fixing itself by
+its tail to one of the posts of its cage, thus
+giving itself greater power. Mr. Cops, who
+was alone, did not lose his presence of mind,
+and immediately attempted to relieve himself
+from the powerful constriction by getting at the
+serpent's head; but the serpent had so knotted
+itself upon its own head, that Mr. Cops could
+not reach it, and had thrown himself upon the
+floor in order to grapple, with greater success,
+with his formidable opponent, when fortunately,
+two other keepers came in and rushed to the
+rescue. The struggle even then was severe,
+but at length they succeeded in breaking the
+teeth of the serpent, and relieving Mr. Cops
+from his perilous situation; two broken teeth
+were extracted from the thumb; the wounds
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page683">[pg 683]</span><a name="Pg683" id="Pg683" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+soon healed, and no further inconvenience followed.
+Still more severe was the contest which
+took place between a negro herdsman, belonging
+to Mr. Abson, for many years Governor at
+Fort William, on the coast of Africa. This man
+was seized by a huge Python while passing
+through a wood. The serpent fixed his fangs
+in his thigh, but in attempting to throw himself
+round his body, fortunately became entangled
+with a tree, and the man being thus preserved
+from a state of compression which would have
+instantly rendered him powerless, had presence
+of mind enough to cut with a large knife which
+he carried about with him, deep gashes in the
+neck and throat of his antagonist, thereby killing
+him, and disengaging himself from his
+frightful situation. He never afterward, however,
+recovered the use of the limb, which had
+sustained considerable injury from the fangs and
+mere force of the jaws, and for many years
+limped about the fort, a living example of the
+prowess of these fearful serpents.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The true <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Boas</span></em>, it is to be observed, are restricted
+to America, the name <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Python</span></em> being given
+to the large serpents of Africa and India. It is
+related by Pliny that the army of Regulus was
+alarmed by a huge serpent one hundred and
+twenty-three feet in length. This account is
+doubtful; but there is a well-authenticated instance
+of the destruction of a snake above sixty-two
+feet long, while in the act of coiling itself
+round the body of a man. The snakes at the
+gardens will generally be found coiled and twined
+together in large clusters, probably for the sake
+of warmth. Dr. Carpenter knew an instance in
+which no less than <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">thirteen hundred</span></em> of our English
+harmless snakes were found in an old lime kiln!
+The <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">battûe</span></span> which ensued can better be imagined
+than described.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The cobras, the puff-adders, and some of the
+other highly-venomous serpents are principally
+found in rocky and sandy places, and very dangerous
+they are. Mr. Gould, the eminent ornithologist,
+had a most narrow escape of his life
+when in the interior of Australia: there is a
+serpent found in those arid wastes, whose bite
+is fatal in an incredibly short time, and it springs
+at an object with great force. Mr. Gould was
+a little in advance of his party, when suddenly
+a native who was with him screamed out, <span class="tei tei-q">“Oh,
+massa! dere big snake!”</span> Mr. Gould started,
+and putting his foot in a hole, nearly fell to the
+ground. At that instant the snake made its
+spring, and had it not been for his stumble,
+would have struck him in the face; as it was,
+it passed over his head, and was shot before it
+could do any further mischief. It was a large
+snake, of the most venomous sort, and the natives
+gathered round the sportsman anxiously inquiring
+if it had bitten him? Finding it had not, all said
+they thought he was <span class="tei tei-q">“good for dead,”</span> when they
+saw the reptile spring.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The expression <span class="tei tei-q">“sting,”</span> used repeatedly by
+Shakspeare, as applied to snakes, is altogether
+incorrect; the tongue has nothing to do with
+the infliction of injury. Serpents bite, and the
+difference between the harmless and venomous
+serpents generally is simply this: the mouths
+of the harmless snakes and the whole tribe of
+boas are provided with sharp teeth, but no
+fangs; their bite, therefore, is innocuous; the
+poisonous serpents on the other hand, have two
+poison-fangs attached to the upper jaw which
+lie flat upon the roof of the mouth when not in
+use, and are concealed by a fold of the skin.
+In each fang is a tube which opens near the
+point of the tooth by a fissure; when the creature
+is irritated the fangs are at once erected.
+The poison bag is placed beneath the muscles
+which act on the lower jaw, so that when the
+fangs are struck into the victim the poison is
+injected with much force to the very bottom of
+the wound.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+But how do Boa Constrictors swallow goats
+and antelopes, and other large animals whole?
+The process is very simple; the lower jaw is
+not united to the upper, but is hung to a long
+stalk-shaped bone, on which it is movable, and
+this bone is only attached to the skull by ligaments,
+susceptible of extraordinary extension.
+The process by which these serpents take and
+swallow their prey has been so graphically
+described in the second volume of the <span class="tei tei-q">“Zoological
+Journal,”</span> by that very able naturalist and
+graceful writer, W. J. Broderip, Esq., F.R.S.,
+that we shall transcribe it, being able, from
+frequent ocular demonstrations, to vouch for its
+correctness. A large buck rabbit was introduced
+into the cage of a Boa Constrictor of
+great size: <span class="tei tei-q">“The snake was down and motionless
+in a moment. There he lay like a log
+without one symptom of life, save that which
+glared in the small bright eye twinkling in his
+depressed head. The rabbit appeared to take
+no notice of him, but presently began to walk
+about the cage. The snake suddenly, but almost
+imperceptibly, turned his head according
+to the rabbit's movements, as if to keep the
+object within the range of his eye. At length
+the rabbit, totally unconscious of his situation,
+approached the ambushed head. The snake
+dashed at him like lightning. There was a
+blow—a scream—and instantly the victim was
+locked in the coils of the serpent. This was
+done almost too rapidly for the eye to follow;
+at one instant the snake was motionless—the
+next he was one congeries of coils round his
+prey. He had seized the rabbit by the neck
+just under the ear, and was evidently exerting
+the strongest pressure round the thorax of the
+quadruped; thereby preventing the expansion
+of the chest, and at the same time depriving
+the anterior extremities of motion. The rabbit
+never cried after the first seizure; he lay with
+his hind legs stretched out, still breathing with
+difficulty, as could be seen by the motion of
+his flanks. Presently he made one desperate
+struggle with his hind legs; but the snake
+cautiously applied another coil with such dexterity
+as completely to manacle the lower extremities,
+and in about eight minutes the rabbit
+was quite dead. The snake then gradually and
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page684">[pg 684]</span><a name="Pg684" id="Pg684" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+carefully uncoiled himself, and finding that his
+victim moved not, opened his mouth, let go his
+hold, and placed his head opposite the fore-part
+of the rabbit. The boa, generally, I have observed,
+begins with the head; but in this instance,
+the serpent having begun with the fore-legs
+was longer in gorging his prey than usual,
+and in consequence of the difficulty presented
+by the awkward position of the rabbit, the dilatation
+and secretion of lubricating mucus were
+excessive. The serpent first got the fore-legs
+into his mouth; he then coiled himself round
+the rabbit, and appeared to draw out the dead
+body through his folds; he then began to dilate
+his jaws, and holding the rabbit firmly in a
+coil, as a point of resistance, appeared to exercise
+at intervals the whole of his anterior muscles
+in protruding his stretched jaws and lubricated
+mouth and throat, at first against, and
+soon after gradually upon and over his prey.
+When the prey was completely engulfed the
+serpent lay for a few moments with his dislocated
+jaws still dropping with the mucus which
+had lubricated the parts, and at this time he
+looked quite sufficiently disgusting. He then
+stretched out his neck, and at the same moment
+the muscles seemed to push the prey further
+downward. After a few efforts to replace the
+parts, the jaws appeared much the same as
+they did previous to the monstrous repast.”</span>
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc49" id="toc49"></a>
+<a name="pdf50" id="pdf50"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">The Magic Maze.
+(From Colburn's Monthly Magazine.)</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Germans are said to be a philosophical
+and sagacious people, with a strong <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">penchant</span></em>
+for metaphysics and mysticism. They
+are certainly a <span lang="de" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="de"><span style="font-style: italic">leichtgläubiges
+Volk</span></span>, but, notwithstanding,
+painstaking and persevering in
+their search after truth. I know not whence it
+arises—whether from temperament, climate, or
+association—but it is very evident that a large
+portion of their studies is recondite and unsatisfactory,
+and incapable of being turned to any
+practical or beneficial account. They meditate
+on things which do not concern them; they
+attempt to penetrate into mysteries which lie
+without the pale of human knowledge. It has
+been ordained, by an inscrutable decree of Providence,
+that there are things which man shall
+not know; but they have endeavored to draw
+aside the vail which He has interposed as a
+safeguard to those secrets, and have perplexed
+mankind with a relation of their discoveries and
+speculations. They have pretended to a knowledge
+of the invisible world, and have assumed a
+position scarcely tenable by the weight of argument
+adduced in its defense. What has puzzled
+the minds of the most erudite and persevering
+men, I do not presume to decide. Instances
+of the re-appearance of persons after
+their decease, may or may not have occurred;
+there may, for aught I know, be good grounds
+for the belief in omens, warnings, wraiths,
+second-sight, with many other descriptions of
+supernatural phenomena. I attempt not to dispute
+the point. The human mind is strongly
+tinctured with superstition; it is a feeling common
+to all nations and ages. We find it existing
+among savages, as well as among people of
+refinement; we read of it in times of antiquity,
+as well as in modern and more enlightened
+periods. This universality betokens the feeling
+to be instinctive, and is an argument in favor of
+the phenomena which many accredit, and vouch
+to have witnessed.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I inherit many of the peculiarities of my
+countrymen. I, too, have felt that deep and
+absorbing interest in every thing appertaining
+to the supernatural. This passion was implanted
+in my breast at a very early age, by an
+old woman, who lived with us as nurse. I
+shall remember her as long as I live, for to her
+may be attributed a very great portion of my
+sufferings. She was an excellent story-teller. I
+do not know whether she invented them herself,
+but she had always a plentiful supply. My
+family resided at that time in Berlin, where,
+indeed, I was born. This old woman, when
+she took me and my sister to bed of an evening,
+kept us awake for hours and hours, by relating
+to us tales which were always interesting, and
+sometimes very frightful. Our parents were
+not aware of this, or they never would have
+suffered her to relate them to us. In the long
+winter nights, when it grew quite dark at four
+o'clock, she would draw her chair to the stove,
+and we would cluster round her, and listen to
+her marvelous stories. Many a time did my
+limbs shake, many a time did I turn as pale as
+death, and cling closely to her from fear, as I
+sat listening with greedy ear to her narratives.
+So powerful an effect did they produce, that I
+dared not remain alone. Even in the broad
+day-light, and when the sun was brightly shining
+into every chamber, I was afraid to go upstairs
+by myself; and so timid did I become,
+that the least noise instantly alarmed me. That
+old woman brought misery and desolation into
+our house; she blasted the fondest hopes, and
+threw a dark and dismal shadow over the
+brightest and most cheerful places. Often and
+often have I wished that she had been sooner
+removed; but, alas! it was ordered otherwise.
+She pretended to be very fond of us, and our
+parents never dreamed of any danger in permitting
+her to remain under their roof. We were
+so delighted and captivated with her narratives,
+that we implicitly obeyed her in every respect;
+but she laid strong injunctions upon us, that we
+were not to inform either our father or mother
+of the nature of them. If we were alarmed at
+any time, we always attributed it to some other
+than the true cause; hence the injury she was
+inflicting upon the family was unperceived. I
+have sometimes thought that she was actuated
+by a spirit of revenge, for some supposed injury
+inflicted upon her, and that she had long contemplated
+the misfortune into which she eventually
+plunged my unhappy parents, and which
+hurried them both to a premature grave.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I will briefly state the cause of the grievous
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page685">[pg 685]</span><a name="Pg685" id="Pg685" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+change in our domestic happiness. My sister
+was a year or two younger than myself, and, at
+the time of which I speak, about seven years of
+age. She had always been a gay, romping
+child, till this old woman was introduced into
+the family, and then she became grave, timid,
+and reserved; she lost all that buoyancy of disposition,
+that joyousness of heart, which were
+common to her before. Methinks I now see
+her as she was then—a rosy-cheeked, fair-haired
+little creature, with soft, blue eyes, that sparkled
+with animation, a mouth pursed into the pleasantest
+smile, and a nose and chin exquisitely formed.
+My sister, as I have already stated, altered much
+after the old woman had become an inmate of
+the family. She lost the freshness of her complexion,
+the bright lustre of her eye, and was
+often dejected and thoughtful. One night (I
+shudder even now when I think of it), the wicked
+old beldame told us, as usual, one of her frightful
+stories, which had alarmed us exceedingly.
+It related to our own house, which she declared
+had at one time been haunted, and that the apparition
+had been seen by several persons still
+living. It appeared as a lady, habited in a green
+silk dress, black velvet bonnet, with black feathers.
+After she had concluded her narrative,
+under some pretense or other, she left the room,
+though we both strenuously implored her to remain;
+for we were greatly afraid, and trembling
+in every limb. She, however, did not heed our
+solicitation, but said she would return in a few
+minutes. There was a candle upon the table,
+but it was already in the socket, and fast expiring.
+Some ten or fifteen minutes elapsed,
+and the chamber-door was quietly thrown open.
+My hand shakes, and my flesh seems to creep
+upon my bones, as I recall that horrid moment
+of my past existence. The door was opened,
+and a figure glided into the room. It seemed
+to move upon the air, for we heard not its footsteps.
+By the feeble and sickly light of the expiring
+taper, we closely examined the appearance
+of our extraordinary visitor. She had on a green
+dress, black bonnet and feathers, and, in a word,
+precisely corresponded with the appearance of
+the apparition described by the wicked old nurse.
+My sister screamed hysterically, and I fell into
+a swoon. The household was disturbed, and in
+a few minutes the servants and our parents were
+by the bed-side. The old woman was among
+them. I described, as well as I was able, what
+had occurred; and my parents, without a moment's
+hesitation, laid the mysterious visitation
+to the charge of the old woman; but she stoutly
+denied it. My belief, however, to this day, is,
+that she was concerned in it. My beloved sister
+became a confirmed idiot, and died about two
+years after that dreadful night.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+My subsequent wretchedness may be traced
+to this female, for she had already instilled into
+my mind a love for the marvelous and supernatural.
+I was not satisfied unless I was
+reading books that treated of these subjects;
+and I desired, like the astrologers of old, to
+read the stars, and to be endowed with the
+power of casting the horoscopes of my fellow-creatures.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+When directed by my guardians to select a
+profession, I chose that of medicine, as being
+most congenial to my taste. I was accordingly
+placed with a respectable practitioner, and in
+due time sent to college, to perfect myself in
+my profession. I found my studies dry and
+wearisome, and was glad to relieve myself with
+books more capable of interesting me than those
+relating to medical subjects.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I had always attached great importance to
+dreams, and to the various coincidences which
+so frequently occur to us in life. I shall mention
+a circumstance or two which occurred about this
+time, and which made a very forcible impression
+upon me. I dreamed one night that an intimate
+friend of mine, then residing in India, had been
+killed by being thrown from his horse. Not
+many weeks elapsed, before I received intelligence
+of his death, which occurred in the very
+way I have described. I was so struck with
+the coincidence, that I instituted further inquiry,
+and ascertained that he had died on the same
+night, and about the same hour on which I had
+dreamed that the unfortunate event took place.
+I reflected a good deal upon this occurrence.
+Was it possible, I asked myself, that his disinthralled
+spirit had the power of communicating
+with other spirits, though thousands of miles
+intervened? An event so strange I could not
+attribute to mere chance. I felt convinced that
+the information had been conveyed by design,
+although the manner of its accomplishment I
+could not comprehend.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A circumstance scarcely less remarkable happened
+to me only a few days subsequently. I
+had wandered a few miles into the country, and
+at length found myself upon a rising eminence,
+commanding a view of a picturesque little village
+in the distance. Although I had at no period
+of my life been in this part of the country, the
+scene was not novel to me. I had seen it before.
+Every object was perfectly familiar. The
+mill, with its revolving wheel—the neat cottages,
+with small gardens in front—and the little stream
+of water that gently trickled past.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+These matters gave a stronger impulse to my
+reading, and I devoured, with the greatest voracity,
+all books appertaining to my favorite subjects.
+Indeed, I became so engrossed in my
+employment, that I neglected my proper studies,
+avoided all society, all exercise, and out-door
+occupation. For weeks and weeks I shut my
+self up in my chamber, and refused to see anybody.
+I would sit for hours of a night, gazing
+upon the stars, and wondering if they exercised
+any control over the destinies of mankind. So
+nervous did this constant study and seclusion
+render me, that if a door were blown open by
+a sudden blast of wind, I trembled, and became
+as pale as death; if a withered bough fell from
+a neighboring tree, I was agitated, and unable
+for some seconds to speak; if a sudden footstep
+was heard on the stairs, I anticipated that my
+chamber-door would be immediately thrown
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page686">[pg 686]</span><a name="Pg686" id="Pg686" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+open, and ere many seconds elapsed to be in the
+presence of a visitor from the dark and invisible
+world of shadows. I became pale and feverish,
+my appetite failed me, and I felt a strong disinclination
+to perform the ordinary duties of life.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+My friends observed, with anxiety and disquietude,
+my altered appearance; and I was
+recommended to change my residence, and to
+withdraw myself entirely from books. A favorable
+locality, combining the advantages of pure
+air, magnificent scenery, and retirement, was
+accordingly chosen for me, in which it was determined
+I should remain during the winter
+months. It was now the latter end of September.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+My future residence lay at the distance of
+about ten German miles from Berlin. It was
+a fine autumnal day, that I proceeded, in the
+company of a friend, to take possession of my
+new abode. Toward the close of the day we
+found ourselves upon an elevated ground, commanding
+an extensive and beautiful view of the
+country for miles around. From this spot we
+beheld the house, or rather castle (for it had
+once assumed this character, although it was
+now dismantled, and a portion only of the eastern
+wing was inhabitable), that I was to occupy.
+It stood in an extensive valley, through which a
+broad and deep stream held its devious course—now
+flowing smoothly and placidly along, amid
+dark, overhanging trees—now dashing rapidly
+and furiously over the rocks, foaming and roaring
+as it fell in the most beautiful cascades.
+The building stood on the margin of the stream,
+and in the midst of thick and almost impenetrable
+woods, that rendered the situation in the
+highest degree romantic and captivating. The
+scene presented itself to us under the most favorable
+aspect. The sun was just setting behind
+the distant hills, and his rays were tinging with
+a soft, mellow light, the foliage of the trees, of
+a thousand variegated colors. Here and there,
+through the interstices of the trees, they fell
+upon the surface of the water, thus relieving the
+dark and sombre appearance of the stream.
+The road we now traversed led, by a circuitous
+route, into the valley. As we journeyed on, I
+was more than ever struck with the beauty of
+the scene. Dried leaves in many places lay
+scattered upon the ground; but the trees were
+still well laden with foliage, although I foresaw
+they would be entirely stripped in a short time.
+The evening was soft and mild; but occasionally
+a gentle breeze would spring up, and cause,
+for a moment, a slight rustling among the
+trees, and then gradually die away. The sky
+above our heads was serene and placid, presenting
+one vast expanse of blue, relieved, here and
+there, by a few light fleecy clouds. As we got
+deeper into the valley, the road became bad and
+uneven, and it was with much difficulty we
+prevented our horses from stumbling. In one
+or two instances we had to dismount and lead
+them, the road in many places being dangerous
+and precipitous. At length we gained the bottom
+of the valley. A rude stone bridge was
+thrown over the stream above described, over
+which we led our steeds. Arrived at the other
+side, we entered a long avenue of trees, sufficient
+to admit of two horsemen riding abreast.
+When we had gained the extremity of the
+avenue, the road diverged to the left, and became
+tortuous and intricate in its windings. It
+was in a bad state of repair, for the building
+had not been inhabited by any body but an old
+woman for a great number of years. We at
+length arrived in front of the entrance. As I
+gazed upon the dilapidated structure, I did not
+for a moment dream of the suffering and misery
+I was to undergo beneath its roof. We dismounted
+and gave our horses into the charge of
+a man who worked about the grounds during
+the day-time. We were no sooner admitted
+into this peculiar-looking place, than a circumstance
+occurred which plunged me into the
+greatest distress of mind, and aroused a host of
+the most painful and agonizing reminiscences.
+I conceived the event to be ominous of disaster;
+and so it proved. I recognized, in the woman
+who admitted us, that execrable being who had
+already so deeply injured my family, and to
+whose infernal machinations I unhesitatingly ascribed
+the idiocy and death of my dearly beloved
+sister. She gazed earnestly upon me, and
+seemed to recognize me. This discovery caused
+me the greatest uneasiness. I hated the sight
+of the woman; I loathed her; I shuddered
+when I was in her presence; and a vague, undefinable
+feeling took possession of me, which
+seemed to suggest that she was something more
+than mortal. I know not what evils I anticipated
+from this discovery. I predicted, however,
+nothing so awful, nothing so horrible, as what
+actually befell me.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I took the earliest opportunity of speaking
+alone with this woman.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“My good woman,”</span> I said to her, <span class="tei tei-q">“I shall
+not suffer you to remain here at night.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Why not, sir?”</span> she asked.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“There are certain insuperable objections,
+the nature of which you may probably surmise.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Indeed, I do not.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Then your memory is short.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“I do not understand you, sir.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“It is not of any consequence.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+After some further altercation, she consented
+to submit to the terms dictated to her.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+On the following day, my friend Hoffmeister
+returned to Berlin, where he had some business
+to transact, on which depended much of his
+future happiness. He promised to pay me
+another visit in the course of a week or ten
+days.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I spent the first three or four days very comfortably,
+though I was still very nervous, and in
+a weak state of health. On the morning of the
+fifth day, the old woman (who had by some
+means discovered my profession) asked me if I
+required a subject for the purpose of dissection.
+This was what I had long been seeking for,
+but my efforts to obtain one had hitherto been
+fruitless. I asked the sex, and she informed
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page687">[pg 687]</span><a name="Pg687" id="Pg687" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+me it was a male. I was delighted with the
+offer, and at once acquiesced in the terms. Toward
+nightfall it was arranged that the corpse
+should be conveyed to the castle.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I know not from what cause, but, during the
+whole of the day, I was in a very abstracted
+and desponding state of mind, and began to regret
+that I had agreed to take the body through
+the mediation of the old woman, whom I almost
+conceived to be in league with Beelzebub himself.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The day had been exceedingly sultry, and toward
+evening the sky became overcast with
+huge masses of dark clouds. The wind, at intervals,
+moaned fitfully, and as it swept through
+the long corridors of the building, strongly resembled
+the mournful and pitiful tones of a
+human being in distress. The trees that stood
+in front of the house ever and anon yielded to
+the intermitting gusts of wind, and bowed their
+heads as though in submission to a superior
+power. There was no human being to be seen
+out of doors, and the cattle, shortly before grazing
+upon some distant hills, had already been
+removed. The river flowed sluggishly past, its
+brawling breaking occasionally upon the ear
+when the wind was inaudible. Suddenly the
+wind ceased, and large drops of rain began to
+fall; presently afterward, it came down in torrents.
+It was a fearful night. Frequent peals
+of thunder smote upon the ear; now it seemed
+to be at a distance, now immediately overhead.
+Vivid flashes of lightning were at intervals
+seen in the distant horizon, illumining for a
+moment, with supernatural brilliancy, the most
+minute and insignificant objects. In the midst
+of the tempest, I fancied I heard a rumbling
+noise at a distance. It grew more distinct; the
+cause of it was rapidly approaching. I looked
+earnestly out of the window, and I thought I
+could discern a moving object between the interstices
+of the trees. I was not mistaken. It
+was the vehicle conveying the dead body. It
+came along at a rapid pace. It was just in the
+act of turning an angle of the road, when a tree,
+of gigantic proportions, was struck by the electric
+fluid to the ground. The horse shied, and
+the car narrowly escaped being crushed beneath
+its ponderous weight. The men drove up to
+the entrance, and speedily took the box containing
+the body from the car, and placed it in a
+room which I showed them into. I directed
+them to take the body out of the box, and place
+it upon a deal board, which I had laid horizontally
+upon a couple of trestles. The corpse was
+accordingly taken out. It was that of a finely-grown
+young man. I laid my hand upon it; it
+was still warm, and I fancied I felt a slight
+pulsation about the region of the heart. Anxious
+to dismiss the men as soon as possible, and
+fearing that the old woman might be imposing
+upon me, I asked the price.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“<span lang="de" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="de"><span style="font-style: italic">Siebzig Thaler, mein Herr</span></span>,”</span> said the man.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“<span lang="de" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="de"><span style="font-style: italic">Danke, danke—tausendmal</span></span>,”</span> said he,
+as I counted the money into his hand.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+At this instant a vivid flash of lightning illumined, for a second or two, the livid and
+ghastly corpse of the man, rendering the object
+horrible to gaze upon.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“<span lang="de" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="de"><span style="font-style: italic">Gott im Himmel! was für ein schrecklicker
+Stürm!</span></span>”</span> exclaimed the man to whom I had
+paid the money.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In a few minutes the men departed, and I
+stood at the window watching them, as they
+drove furiously away. At length they disappeared
+altogether from my view.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I was now alone in the house. The storm
+was as furious as ever. I had never before felt
+so wretched. I was restless and uneasy, and a
+thousand dark thoughts flitted across my distracted
+brain as I wandered from room to room.
+It was already quite dark, and I was at least a
+couple of miles distant from any living soul.
+The frequent flashes of lightning, the loud peals
+of thunder, the dead body of the man, and my
+own nervous and superstitious temperament,
+constituted a multitude of anxieties, fears, and
+apprehensions, that might have caused the stoutest
+heart to quail beneath their influence. I seated
+myself in the sitting-room that had been provided
+for me, and took up my <span lang="de" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="de"><span style="font-style: italic">meerschaum</span></span>, and
+endeavored to compose myself. It was, however,
+in vain. I was exceedingly restless, and
+I know not what vague and indefinable apprehensions
+entered my imagination. Whenever I
+have felt a presentiment of evil, it has invariably
+been followed by some danger or difficulty. It
+was so in the present instance. I drew the
+curtains in front of the windows, for I could not
+bear to look upon the storm that was raging
+with unabated vehemence out of doors, and I
+drew my chair closer to the fire, and sat for a
+considerable time. At length, between ten and
+eleven o'clock, I took from a small cabinet a
+bottle containing some excellent French brandy.
+I poured a portion of it into a tumbler, and diluted
+it with warm water. I took two or three
+copious draughts, which I thought imparted
+new life to my frame.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I was in this way occupied, when a sudden
+noise in a corner of the room caused a feeling
+of horror to thrill through my whole system. I
+sprang upon my legs in a moment; my eyes
+stared wildly, and every limb in my body shook
+as though with convulsions. For a moment, I
+stood still, steadfastly fixing my eyes upon the
+place from whence the noise proceeded. All
+was quiet. I heard nothing save the beating
+of the rain against the windows, and low peals
+of distant thunder. I walked across the room,
+and I discovered that a riding-whip had fallen
+from the nail from which it had been suspended.
+Satisfied that there was no occasion for alarm, I
+resumed my seat, and indulged in fresh draughts
+of brandy-and-water. A few minutes elapsed,
+and a noise similar to the last filled me with
+new apprehensions. I sprang again from my
+seat. The pulses of my heart beat quickly. I
+gazed wildly about me. I could see nothing—hear
+nothing. I walked a few paces, and found
+an empty powder-flask upon the floor; it had
+fallen from a shelf upon which I had placed it
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page688">[pg 688]</span><a name="Pg688" id="Pg688" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+in the morning. I was much alarmed; I reeled
+like a drunken man, and my mind was filled
+with the most horrible forebodings. I drank
+the diluted spirit more freely than usual, and
+stood awaiting the issue. Another article in a
+few minutes fell from the wall. I now knew
+what to expect. I had frequently read of this
+species of disturbance before. It was what, is
+called in Germany the <span lang="de" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="de"><span style="font-style: italic">Poltergeist</span></span>. In a few
+minutes, the greatest uproar manifested itself.
+The pictures fell from the walls, the ornaments
+from the shelves; the jugs, glasses, and bottles
+leaped from the table; the chairs, &amp;c., by some
+unseen and infernal agency, were overturned.
+I ran about like one beside himself; I tore my
+hair with agony; I groaned with mental affliction;
+and my heart cursed the devil incarnate
+that had brought all this misery to pass. It
+was the woman; I was convinced of it. She,
+she alone, could conceive and hatch such monstrous
+and nefarious stratagems. I knew not
+what to do—whither to fly. The uproar continued.
+In my distraction, I ran from place to
+place. I entered the room where the corpse
+lay. Merciful God! I discovered, by the glimmering
+light from the other chamber, that it
+had changed its position. I had laid it upon its
+back. Its face was now turned downward!
+My cup was full—my misery complete. I returned
+to the room I had just quitted. The
+disturbance had in some measure abated. I
+was thankful that it was so, and I proceeded to
+place the tables, chairs, &amp;c., in their usual position.
+While I was thus engaged, the tumult
+commenced afresh. No sooner had I placed a
+chair in an upright direction, than it was immediately
+overturned; no sooner had I suspended
+a picture from the wall, than it was again upon
+the floor. What was I to do? How was I to
+escape the horrible spells with which the archfiend
+had encompassed me? I could not leave
+the place on account of the storm; and even if
+I had done so, it was not possible that I could
+gain admittance into any habitation at that late
+hour of the night. Wretch that I was! What
+crime had I committed, wherein had I erred,
+that I should be visited with so unaccountable
+and terrible a calamity? My presence seemed
+to arouse the malignity of the <span lang="de" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="de"><span style="font-style: italic">Poltergeist</span></span>,
+and I deemed it expedient to leave the room. I was
+afraid to enter that in which the dead (?) man
+lay, lest I should be exposed to further causes
+for alarm. There was certainly a room in the
+higher part of the building in which I had been
+accustomed to sleep; but I dared not venture
+there in my present state of mind. I entered
+an adjourning corridor, and paced up and down
+for a few minutes, but the air was chilly, and I
+was in total darkness. The disturbance ceased
+as soon as I had quitted the room. I could not
+remain where I was, so I re-entered it, but my
+return was only the signal for fresh disasters.
+The uproar was resumed with tenfold energy.
+However much my heart might revolt from it,
+there was no other course open than to go into
+the room where the dead body lay. In the
+condition of one who is driven to the last stage
+of desperation, I walked, with as much fortitude
+as I could command, into that chamber. God
+of Heaven! I had no sooner reached the threshold
+than I started back with affright. I will
+not dwell upon that horrible scene; I will not
+minutely detail the agony I endured. The
+corpse sat upright! I drew the chamber-door
+quickly after me and staggered into the next
+apartment. Powerless and overcome, I fell to
+the ground.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+When I recovered, it was day. The light
+was streaming into the chamber, and the storm
+had subsided. Fresh marvels were to be revealed.
+I was no longer in the room in which
+I had been on the preceding night. I was in
+bed, in the chamber where I had hitherto slept!
+How came I hither? I knew not. I pressed
+my hand to my brow, and strove to collect my
+scattered senses. I was bewildered and confused,
+and could only account for the marvelous
+transition to which I had been exposed, by
+some remarkable agency, altogether intangible
+to my senses, and utterly beyond the power of
+my understanding to comprehend.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I descended, as soon as I was dressed, to
+breakfast, of which I sparingly partook. I was
+pale and agitated. My sitting-room was in its
+usual state of order. I did not venture into
+the other apartment, neither did I speak to the
+woman touching the spectacles I had witnessed.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Hoffmeister returned in the evening, some
+days sooner than he expected. He observed
+my altered appearance, and said—
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“<span lang="de" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="de"><span style="font-style: italic">Was fehlt dir? Du bist krank, nicht
+wahr?</span></span>”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-q">“<span lang="de" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="de"><span style="font-style: italic">Nein; ich bin recht wohl, Gott sei dank</span></span>.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I could not, however, convince Hoffmeister
+that nothing had happened. I was not disposed
+to reveal to him what I had witnessed,
+for I knew he would treat the matter with
+unbecoming levity. His opinions were very
+different from mine upon these subjects.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Hoffmeister appeared much depressed in
+spirits himself. I inquired the cause, but he
+evaded the question. I concluded that his journey
+to Berlin had not been attended with satisfactory
+results, for I could conjecture no other
+cause for his unhappiness. We retired to rest
+early, for Hoffmeister appeared fatigued. I
+proposed that we should sleep together, which
+my friend gladly assented to.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I was much surprised, when I awoke on the
+following morning, to find myself alone. What
+had become of Hoffmeister? Had he, too, been
+under the domination of some evil power?
+I knew he was not an early riser, and his
+absence, therefore, astonished and agitated me.
+I dressed myself hastily, and immediately went
+in search of him. I wandered about the adjacent
+grounds, but he was not there. I could
+not rest till I had found him. I had known
+him for many years, and had always loved and
+esteemed him. He was, till lately, my constant
+companion—my bosom-friend—in a word,
+my <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">alter ego</span></em>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I resolved to extend my search. I swiftly
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page689">[pg 689]</span><a name="Pg689" id="Pg689" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+passed through the avenue of trees, crossed the
+bridge, and it was not long before I had gained
+the summit of the road that led into the valley.
+I stood for a while gazing around me. I gazed
+earnestly at the dilapidated and time-worn walls
+of the old castle, in which I had witnessed so
+many marvelous and horrible sights. I shuddered
+when I reflected upon them. I resumed
+my journey, and at length reached a village a
+few miles distant from my former abode. I
+walked quickly forward, and on my way met
+several persons who saluted me, whom I did
+not remember to have seen before. What could
+they mean by taking such unwarrantable liberties
+with me? They did not appear to be
+drunk, nor to have any intention of insulting
+me. It was odd—unaccountable. I hurried
+on. My head began to swim; my eyes were
+burning hot, and ready to start from their
+sockets. I was wild—frantic.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I reached the shop of an apothecary, and
+stepped in to ask for water, to quench my
+thirst. The man smirked, and asked me how
+I was. I told him, I did not know him; but
+he persisted in saying he had been in my company
+only a night or two before. I was confounded.
+I seized the glass of water he held
+in his hand, and took a hearty draught, and
+precipitately departed. I traveled on. I was
+bewildered—in a maze, from which I found it
+impossible to extricate myself. I made inquiries
+about my friend, but the people stared and
+laughed, as though there was something extraordinary
+about me. I wandered about till nightfall,
+and at last found shelter in a cottage by
+the road-side, which was inhabited by an infirm
+old woman.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The next day I returned to the village. I
+called upon a gentleman with whom I was intimately
+acquainted. I thought he might be
+able to give me some tidings of my friend.
+When I was ushered into his presence he did
+not know me. I was incredulous. Was I no
+longer myself? Had I changed my identity?
+Whence this mystery? I was unable to fathom
+it. I handed my card to him; he looked at it,
+and returned it, saying he did not know Mr.
+Hoffmeister. The card was that of my friend.
+How it had come into my possession I knew not.
+I apologized for the error, and informed him that
+my name was not Hoffmeister, but Heinrich
+Gottlieb Langström. My surprise may be conceived,
+when he informed me Langström—in
+fact, that I myself was dead, and that my body
+had been found in the stream that flowed past
+the village the day previously! I was ready
+to sink through the floor, and could not find
+language to reply to the monstrous falsehood.
+I rushed from his presence, feeling assured that
+some conspiracy was afoot to drive me mad.
+I must have become so, or I never would have
+been exposed to the extraordinary delusion to
+which I afterward became a victim.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I entered a house of public entertainment,
+and determined to solve this dreadful enigma.
+I was, unfortunately, acquainted with the doctrines
+of Pythagoras, and, at the time to which
+I refer, no doubt insane.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I requested to be shown into a room, where I
+could arrange my dress. I was conducted into
+a chamber, in which all things necessary for
+that purpose were provided. My object, however,
+was of greater consequence than this. I
+wished to unravel the strange mystery that surrounded
+me—to discover, in a word, whether
+I were really myself, or some other person.
+There was no way of freeing myself from this
+horrible suspense and uncertainty than by examining
+my features in the looking-glass. There
+was one placed upon a dressing-table, but I
+shrank from it as though it had been a demon.
+I dreaded to approach it; I feared to look into it,
+lest it should confirm all the vague and monstrous
+misgivings that agitated my mind. I
+regarded it as the arbiter of my destiny. It
+possessed the power either to transport me with
+happiness, or to plunge me into utter, irretrievable
+misery. In that brief moment I endured
+an age of agony and suspense. With a faltering
+step, with a whirling brain, I advanced
+toward the glass. I stood opposite to it; I
+looked into it. Distraction! horror of horrors!
+It was not my own face I beheld! I swooned—fell
+backward.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+When I recovered, I found myself in the arms
+of a man, who bathed my temples with water.
+I quickly made my escape from the house. I
+was pale and haggard, like one stricken with
+some sudden and grievous calamity. I fancied,
+as I passed along, that the passengers whom I
+met stared at me, laughed in my face, and
+seemed to consider my misfortune a fit subject
+for their mirth and ridicule. Every hubbub in
+the street, every screeching voice that assailed
+my ear, I conceived to be attributable to my
+horrible transformation. I was afraid to look
+around; I dared not arrest my progress for a
+moment, lest any of the mocking fiends should
+make sport of my unhappy situation, and drive
+me to some act of desperation. On, on, I hurried.
+I gained the fields. Thank Heaven!
+the village lay at a distance behind me. The
+haunts of men were no place for me. I was
+something more than mortal. I had undergone
+a change, of which I had never conceived myself
+susceptible. I sped forward; naught could
+impede my course. My only relief was in action.
+Any thing to dissipate the thoughts that
+flitted across my distracted brain. Bodily pain
+might be endured—fatigue, hunger, any corporeal
+suffering; but to think, was death—destruction.
+Oh! could I have evaded thought
+for one moment, what joy, what transport! I
+fled onward; there was no time to pause—to
+consider. The sun had already sunk behind
+the hills, and night was about to spread her
+mantle o'er the earth, when I threw myself
+down, exhausted and overpowered. Slumber
+sealed my eyes, and I lay upon the ground, an
+outcast of men, an isolated and wretched being,
+to whom the common lot of humanity had been
+denied.
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page690">[pg 690]</span><a name="Pg690" id="Pg690" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+I will hurry this painful narrative to a close.
+I have but a vague idea of the events that occurred
+during the next few weeks. I remember
+being told, as I lay in bed, by a young woman
+who attended me, that I had been found by
+some workpeople, on the night above referred
+to, in the vicinity of my former residence, and
+conveyed thither, and that I had been attacked
+by the brain fever, and that my life had been
+despaired of by my medical attendant.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The body which had been found in the stream,
+and which was supposed to be mine, was that
+of my dear friend, Hoffmeister. In his agitation,
+previously to his committing the dreadful
+act of suicide, he had inadvertently mistaken
+my garments for his own.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+When I became convalescent, I determined
+upon leaving, as soon as possible, the scene of
+my recent suffering. Before doing so, I proceeded
+to the village which I had previously
+visited. I called upon the gentleman who had
+not recognized me on a former occasion; but,
+strange to say, he now remembered me perfectly,
+and received me very kindly indeed. I
+referred to the circumstance of our late interview,
+but he had no recollection of it. While
+we were thus conversing, a third person entered
+the room, the very image of my friend, and
+who, it appeared was his brother. An explanation
+at once ensued.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+These matters I have thought it necessary to
+explain. There are, however, occurrences in
+the narrative, of which I can give no solution,
+though I may premise, that my conviction is,
+that those which took place in the village, arose
+from natural causes, with which I am nevertheless
+unacquainted. The body of the man, who,
+I have reason to believe, was not quite dead
+when he was brought to me, I conveyed with
+me to Berlin. The old woman I never again
+beheld.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc51" id="toc51"></a>
+<a name="pdf52" id="pdf52"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">The Sun.
+(From Chambers's Edinburgh Journal.)</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Of all the links in the stupendous chain of the
+cosmos, the sun, next to our own planet, is
+that which we are most concerned in knowing
+well, while it is precisely that which we know
+the least. This glorious orb has always been
+involved in the deepest mystery. All that had
+been revealed to us concerning it, till very recently,
+was derived from the observations and
+deductions of the elder Herschel. His discovery
+of a double luminous envelopment, at times
+partially withdrawn from various portions of
+the sun's surface, afforded, on the whole, a satisfactory
+explanation of the numerous spots that are
+always seen on his disk. This glimpse merely
+of the external changes which happen on his surface
+made up the sum of our knowledge of that
+great luminary on which the animation of our
+planetary system depends! One main cause
+of this utter ignorance on the subject, besides
+its own intrinsic difficulty, lay in the comparatively
+slight attention it had always received
+from astronomers generally. No individual observer
+ever thought of devoting himself to the
+solar phenomena alone, while the public observatories
+confined themselves to merely observing
+the sun's culmination at noon, or to ascertaining
+the exact duration of its eclipses.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+We knew, from the observations of Cassini
+and Herschel, that the spots on the sun's disk
+are not alike numerous every year; and Kunowsky
+particularly drew the attention of astronomers
+to the fact, that while in the years 1818
+and 1819 very large and numerous ones appeared,
+some visible even to the naked eye, very few, on
+the contrary, and those of but trifling size, were
+seen in the years 1822-1824. But it was reserved
+for the indefatigable Schwabe of Dessau,
+who has devoted himself for a long series of years
+to this one single object, to establish the fact
+of these spots observing a certain periodicity.
+Among the results of his labors—for as yet we
+have only his brief announcements to the scientific
+world in the <span class="tei tei-q">“Astronomical Notices”</span>—are
+the following: 1. That the recurrence of
+the solar spots has a period of about ten years;
+2. That the number of the single groups of one
+year varies at the minimum time from twenty-five
+to thirty, while in the maximum years they
+sometimes rise to above three hundred; 3. That
+with their greater abundance is combined also
+a greater local extension and blackness of the
+spots; 4. That at the maximum time, the sun,
+for some years together, is never seen without
+very considerable spots. The last maximum
+appears to have been of a peculiarly rich character,
+as, from February, 1837, till December,
+1840, solar spots were visible on every day of
+observation; while the number of groups in the
+former of those years amounted to 333.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+But if a single individual, by observations
+continued unbroken for entire decenniums, has
+thus revealed to us the most important fact
+hitherto known relating to the sun, there are
+other questions not less important which can
+only find their solution in the careful observation
+of a rarely-occurring interval of perhaps one or
+two minutes. The splendor of the sun is so
+amazingly great, as to preclude us entirely
+from perceiving any object in his immediate
+proximity unless projected before his disk as a
+darkening object. At ten, or fifteen degrees
+even from the sun, when this luminary is above
+the horizon, all the fixed stars vanish from the
+most powerful telescopes. We are therefore
+in utter ignorance whether the space between
+him and Mercury is occupied or not by some
+other denizen of the planetary system. To
+enable us to explore the sun's immediate proximity,
+we require a body that shall exclude his
+rays from our atmosphere, and yet leave the
+space round the sun open to our view. Such
+an object can of course be neither a cloud nor
+any terrestrial object, natural or artificial, since
+parts of the atmosphere will exist behind it
+which will be impinged on by the sun's rays.
+Only during a total eclipse can these conditions
+be fulfilled, and even then but for a very brief
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page691">[pg 691]</span><a name="Pg691" id="Pg691" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+interval, which may still be lost to the observer
+through unfavorable weather or from too low a
+position of the sun.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Notwithstanding that this rare and precarious
+opportunity is the only possible one we possess
+of becoming better acquainted with the physical
+nature of the great luminary of day, astronomers
+never availed themselves of it for any other
+purpose than the admeasurement of the earth,
+which might have been done as well, if not
+better, during any planetary eclipse. This
+error or indifference, whichever it may have
+been, can not, however, be laid to the charge
+of our living astronomers. The 8th of July,
+1842—the day on which the last total eclipse
+of the sun took place—witnessed the most distinguished
+of these assembled for the purpose
+of making, for the first time, observations calculated
+to afford us some insight into this greatest
+mystery of the celestial world. This eclipse
+was total on a zone which traversed the north
+of Spain, the south of France, the region of the
+Alps and Styria, and a portion of Austria, Central
+Russia and Siberia, terminating in China;
+so that the observatories of Marseilles, Milan,
+Venice, Padua, Vienna, and Ofen, all supplied
+with excellent telescopes, and in full activity,
+came within its range; while many astronomers,
+at whose observatories the eclipse was
+not visible, set out for places situated within
+the zone just described. Thus Arago and two
+of his colleagues repaired to Perpignan, Airy
+to Turin, Schumacker to Vienna, Struve and
+Sehidloffsky to Lipezk, and Stubendorff to
+Koerakow. Most of them were favored by the
+weather. Let us now see what the combined
+endeavors of these practiced and well-furnished
+observers have made us acquainted with.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+First, as regards the obscurity, it was so
+great, that five, seven, and in some cases as
+many as ten stars were visible to the naked
+eye. A reddish light was seen to proceed from
+the horizon—that is, from those regions where
+the darkness was not total—and by this light
+print of a moderate size could, with a little
+difficulty, be read. Such plants as usually
+close their petals at night were seen in most
+places to close them also during the eclipse.
+The thermometer fell from 2 to 3 degrees of
+Reaumur, and in the fields about Perpignan a
+heavy dew fell. A change in the color of the
+light, and consequently of the enlightened objects,
+was noticed by many, although they were
+not agreed in their description of it. But this
+diversity may have been caused by the nature
+of the air at different places being probably different,
+and the degree of obscurity very unequal.
+At Lipezk, where the eclipse lasted the longest,
+being 3 minutes and 3 seconds, a darkness similar
+to that of night set in, and there the eclipse
+began exactly at noon.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The effect of the eclipse on the animal
+creation was similar to what had been observed
+before in the like circumstances: they ceased
+eating; draught animals suddenly stood still;
+domestic birds fled to the stables, or sought
+other places of shelter; owls and bats flew
+abroad, as if night had come on. Of three
+lively linnets, kept in a cage, one dropped down
+dead. The insect world too was greatly affected;
+ants stopped in the midst of their labors,
+and only resumed their course after the reappearance
+of the sun; and bees retreated suddenly
+to their hives. A general restlessness
+pervaded the animal world; and only those
+places which were situated more on the boundary
+of the zone, and where the obscurity was
+consequently less complete, formed an exception.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+During the total eclipse, the dark moon which
+covered the sun's disk appeared surrounded with
+a brilliant crown of light or halo. This halo
+consisted of two concentric belts, of which the
+inner one was the lightest, and the external less
+brilliant, and gradually fading. In the direction
+of the line which connected the point of the
+commencement of the total eclipse with that of
+its termination, two parabolic pencils of light—some
+observers say several—appeared on the
+halo. Within it also light intervolved veins
+were observable. The breadth of the inner
+halo was from 2 to 3 minutes; that of the external
+one from 10 to 15 minutes; the pencils
+of light, on the other hand, extended as far as
+from 1 to 1½ degree; by some they were traced
+even to 3 degrees. The color of the halo was
+of a silvery white, and exhibited a violent undulating
+or trembling motion, its general appearance
+varying in the briefest space. The light
+of the halo was intensest near the covered solar
+rim. Its brilliance at Lipezk was so great, that
+the naked eye could hardly look on it, and some
+of the observers almost doubted whether the sun
+had really altogether disappeared. At Vienna,
+Milan, and Perpignan, on the contrary, the observers
+found the light of the halo resembling
+that of the moon toward its full. Bell, at Verona,
+who found time to estimate its intensity,
+ascertained it to be one-seventh of that of the
+full moon. Its first traces were noticed from 3
+to 5 seconds before the entrance of the entire
+eclipse; in like manner, its last vestiges disappeared
+only some seconds after the eclipse was
+over. Vivid, however, as its light was, the halo
+cast but an extremely faint shadow. Some, indeed,
+who particularly directed their attention
+to it, could not detect any. But this might
+have been owing to those places on which the
+shadows would have fallen being faintly illumined
+by the reddish light of the horizon before
+mentioned. In other respects, during the progress
+of the eclipse, before and after its maximum,
+not the least change was observable in
+the uncovered part of the sun's disk. The cusps
+were as sharp and distinctly-marked as possible,
+the lunar mountains were projected on the sun's
+surface with the most beautiful distinctness and
+precision, and the color and brilliance of his disk,
+in the proximity of the moon's rim, were in no
+way diminished or altered. In short, nothing
+was seen which could be referred in the smallest
+degree to a lunar atmosphere.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+All these phenomena, striking as they were,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page692">[pg 692]</span><a name="Pg692" id="Pg692" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+were such as the assembled observers were prepared
+for; for they were such as had already
+been noticed during previous eclipses of the sun.
+But there was one of quite a different character,
+as mysterious as it was novel to them. This
+was the appearance of large reddish projections
+within the halo on the dark rim. The different
+observers characterized it by the expressions—<span class="tei tei-q">“red
+clouds, volcanoes, flames, fire-sheaves,”</span>
+&amp;c.; terms intended of course merely to indicate
+the phenomenon, and not in any way to
+explain it. The observers differed in their reports
+both with respect to the number of these
+<span class="tei tei-q">“red clouds,”</span> as well as to their apparent heights.
+Arago stated that he observed two rose-colored
+projections which seemed to be unchangeable,
+and a minute high. His two colleagues also
+saw them, but to them they seemed somewhat
+larger. A fourth observer saw one of the projections
+some minutes even after the eclipse was
+over, while others perceived it with the naked
+eye. Petit, at Montpellier remarked <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">three</span></em> protections,
+and even found time to measure one of
+them. It was 1-3/4 minute high. Littrow, at
+Vienna, considered them to be as high again as
+this; and stated <span class="tei tei-q">“that the streaks were visible
+before they became colored, and remained visible
+also after their color had vanished.”</span> The
+light of these projections was soft and quiet, the
+projections themselves sharp, and their form unchanging
+till the moment of their extinction.
+Schidloffsky, at Lipezk, thought he perceived a
+rose-colored border on the moon in places where
+these red clouds did not reach; but could not be
+certain of the fact, on account of the shortness
+of the time.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+These projections or red clouds, mysterious
+and unexpected as they were to men who directed
+their attention for the first time to the
+purely physical phenomena concerned, were in
+fact, after all, nothing altogether new. The
+descriptions given by astronomers of earlier
+eclipses of the sun had been forgotten or overlooked.
+Stannyan, for instance, in his relation
+of that of the 20th May, 1706, says, <span class="tei tei-q">“The
+egress of the sun from the moon's disk was preceded
+on its left rim, during an interval of six
+or seven seconds, by the appearance of a bloodred
+streak;”</span> and Nassenius, during a total eclipse
+of the sun observed on the 13th of May, 1733,
+mentions having seen <span class="tei tei-q">“several red spots, three
+or four in number, without the periphery of the
+moon's disk, one of them being larger than the
+others, and consisting, as it were, of three parallel
+parts inclining toward the moon's disk.”</span> It
+is clear, therefore, that earlier observers had
+witnessed the same phenomenon, although they
+were unable to offer any explanation of it. It
+seems, however, no unreasonable conclusion to
+come to, that these projections or red clouds, as
+well as the halo with its pencils of light before
+spoken of, are something without the proper
+solar photosphere, but not forming, as this does,
+one connected mass of light. What further can
+be known concerning this <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">something</span></em> must be
+left to future ages to discover.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc53" id="toc53"></a>
+<a name="pdf54" id="pdf54"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">The Household Jewels.
+(From Dickens's Household Words.)</span></h1>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">A traveler, from journeying</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">In countries far away,</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">Repassed his threshold at the close</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">Of one calm Sabbath day;</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">A voice of love, a comely face,</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">A kiss of chaste delight,</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">Were the first things to welcome him</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">On that blessed Sabbath night.</span></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">He stretched his limbs upon the hearth,</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">Before its friendly blaze,</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">And conjured up mixed memories</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">Of gay and gloomy days;</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">And felt that none of gentle soul,</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">However far he roam,</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">Can e'er forego, can e'er forget,</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">The quiet joys of home.</span></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Bring me my children!</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> cried the sire,</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">With eager, earnest tone;</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">I long to press them, and to mark</span></span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">How lovely they have grown;</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">Twelve weary months have passed away</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">Since I went o'er the sea,</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">To feel how sad and lone I was</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 3.60em"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">Without my babes and thee.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Refresh thee, as 'tis needful,</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> said</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">The fair and faithful wife,</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">The while her pensive features paled,</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">And stirred with inward strife;</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Refresh thee, husband of my heart,</span></span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">I ask it as a boon;</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">Our children are reposing, love;</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 3.60em"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">Thou shalt behold them soon.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">She spread the meal, she filled the cup,</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">She pressed him to partake;</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">He sat down blithely at the board,</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">And all for her sweet sake;</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">But when the frugal feast was done,</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">The thankful prayer preferred,</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">Again affection's fountain flowed;</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">Again its voice was heard.</span></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Bring me my children, darling wife</span></span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">I'm in an ardent mood;</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">My soul lacks purer aliment,</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">I long for other food;</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">Bring forth my children to my gaze,</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">Or ere I rage or weep,</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">I yearn to kiss their happy eyes</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 3.60em"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">Before the hour of sleep.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">I have a question yet to ask;</span></span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">Be patient, husband dear.</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">A stranger, one auspicious morn,</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">Did send some jewels here;</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">Until to take them from my care,</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">But yesterday he came,</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">And I restored them with a sigh:</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 3.60em"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">—Dost thou approve or blame?</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">I marvel much, sweet wife, that thou</span></span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">Shouldst breathe such words to me;</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">Restore to man, resign to God,</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">Whate'er is lent to thee;</span></div>
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page693">[pg 693]</span><a name="Pg693" id="Pg693" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">Restore it with a willing heart,</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">Be grateful for the trust;</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">Whate'er may tempt or try us, wife,</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 3.60em"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">Let us be ever just.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">She took him by the passive hand.</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">And up the moonlit stair,</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">She led him to their bridal bed,</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">With mute and mournful air;</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">She turned the cover down, and there,</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">In grave-like garments dressed,</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">Lay the twin children of their love,</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">In death's serenest rest.</span></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">These were the jewels lent to me,</span></span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">Which God has deigned to own;</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">The precious caskets still remain,</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">But, ah, the </span><em class="tei tei-emph" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">gems</span></em><span style="font-size: 90%"> are flown;</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">But thou didst teach me to resign</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">What God alone can claim;</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">He giveth and he takes away,</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 3.60em"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">Blest be His holy name!</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">The father gazed upon his babes,</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">The mother drooped apart,</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">While all the woman's sorrow gushed</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">From her o'erburdened heart;</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">And with the striving of her grief,</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">Which wrung the tears she shed.</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">Were mingled low and loving words</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">To the unconscious dead.</span></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">When the sad sire had looked his fill,</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">He vailed each breathless face,</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">And down in self-abasement bowed,</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">For comfort and for grace;</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">With the deep eloquence of woe,</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">Poured forth his secret soul,</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">Rose up, and stood erect and calm,</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">In spirit healed and whole.</span></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Restrain thy tears, poor wife,</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> he said,</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 3.60em"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">I learn this lesson still,</span></span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">God gives, and God can take away,</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">Blest be His holy will!</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">Blest are my children, for they </span><em class="tei tei-emph" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">live</span></em></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">From sin and sorrow free,</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">And I am not all joyless, wife,</span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 3.60em"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">With faith, hope, love, and thee.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc55" id="toc55"></a>
+<a name="pdf56" id="pdf56"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">The Tea-Plant.
+(From Hogg's Instructor.)</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Hid behind the monster wall that screens in
+the land of the Celestials from the prying
+eye of the <span class="tei tei-q">“barbarian,”</span> the Tea-plant, in common
+with many things peculiar to those regions,
+remained long unknown to Europeans, and the
+snatches of information brought home by early
+travelers concerning it, were, in too many cases,
+of that questionable and contradictory kind, so
+characteristic, even in the present day, of the
+writings of those who travel in Eastern lands.
+Tea has now become a general article of domestic
+consumption in every household of our
+country having any pretension to social comfort,
+as well as in that of every other civilized nation,
+and, indeed, the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">tea-table</span></em> has no mean influence
+in refining the manners and promoting the social
+intercourse of a people. Important, however,
+as this universal beverage has become as an
+essential requisite to the social and physical
+comfort of all classes and conditions of civilized
+society, yet our knowledge of the plant from
+which it is produced is still very imperfect;
+and this, notwithstanding the fact that we have
+had tea-plants growing in our hothouses since
+the year 1768. Speaking of the introduction
+of the plant to this country, Hooker says—<span class="tei tei-q">“It
+was not till after tea had been used as a beverage
+for upwards of a century in England, that
+the shrub which produces it was brought alive
+to this country. More than one botanist had
+embarked for the voyage to China—till lately a
+protracted and formidable undertaking—mainly
+in the hope of introducing a growing tea-tree to
+our greenhouses. No passage across the desert,
+no Waghorn-facilities, no steam-ship assisted the
+traveler in those days. The distance to and
+from China, with the necessary time spent in
+that country, generally consumed nearly three
+years! Once had the tea-tree been procured
+by Osbeck, a pupil of Linnæus, in spite of the
+jealous care with which the Chinese forbade its
+exportation; and when near the coast of England,
+a storm ensued, which destroyed the
+precious shrubs. Then the plan of obtaining
+berries was adopted, and frustrated by the heat
+of the tropics, which spoiled the oily seeds, and
+prevented their germination. The captain of a
+Swedish vessel hit upon a good scheme: having
+secured fresh berries, he sowed these on board
+ship, and often stinted himself of his daily allowance
+of water for the sake of the young plants;
+but, just as the ship entered the English Channel,
+an unlucky rat attacked his cherished charge
+and devoured them all!”</span> So much, then, for
+the early attempts to introduce the tea-shrub to
+Europe: often, indeed, is the truth exemplified
+that
+</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">The best laid schemes o' mice an' men</span></span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 5.40em"><span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%">Gang aft a-gee.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Chinese tea-plants are neat-growing
+shrubs, with bright glossy green leaves, not
+unlike those of the bay; or a more exact similitude
+will be found in the garden camellia, with
+the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">leaves</span></em> of which, however, many of our readers
+may not have acquaintance, although the
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">flowers</span></em> are well known, being extensively used
+in decorating the female dress for the ball-room
+in the winter season. The tea-plants are nearly
+allied to the camellia, and belong to the same
+natural order: indeed, one species of the latter—the
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Camellia sasanqua</span></span> of botanists—is cultivated
+in the tea-grounds of China, on account of
+its beautiful flowers, which are said to impart
+fragrance and flavor to other teas.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Comparatively few scientific naturalists have
+had sufficient opportunities of studying the tea-producing
+plants in their native <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">habitats</span></em>, or even
+in the cultivated grounds of China, and consequently
+a great difference of opinion has all
+along existed, as to whether tea is obtained
+from one, two, or more distinct species of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Thea</span></span>.
+This question is getting day by day more involved
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page694">[pg 694]</span><a name="Pg694" id="Pg694" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+as new facts come to light; and, indeed,
+cultivation seems to have altered the original
+character of some forms of the plant so much,
+that the subject bids fair to remain an open
+question among European botanists for ages to
+come. The two tea-plants which have been
+long grown in British gardens, and universally
+supposed, until within the last few years, to be
+the only kinds in existence, are the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Thea bohea</span></span>
+and the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Thea viridis</span></span>. The former was, until
+recently, very generally believed to produce the
+black tea of commerce, and the latter the green
+tea; but recent travelers have clearly shown
+that both <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">black</span></em> and <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">green</span></em> tea may be, and are,
+obtained from the same plant. The difference
+is caused by the mode of preparation; but it
+will be afterward seen that very important discrepancies
+occur between the accounts of this
+operation given by different observers. Certain
+it is, that the extreme caution with which the
+Chinese attempt to conceal a knowledge of their
+peculiar arts and manufactures from European
+visitors—and in none is their anxiety to do so
+more strikingly evinced than in the case of the
+culture and preparation of tea—tends greatly to
+frustrate the endeavors of the scientific traveler
+to acquire accurate information on this point.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In the present state of our knowledge, it is
+quite impossible to say how many species or
+varieties of the tea-plant are grown in China.
+They are now believed to be numerous, although
+the two kinds to which we have referred are
+those most extensively cultivated. They have
+long been allowed to rank as distinct species in
+botanical books, and grown as such in our greenhouses;
+but some acute botanists have, at various
+times, suggested that they might be merely
+varieties of one plant. Such was the opinion of
+the editor of the <span class="tei tei-q">“Botanical Magazine,”</span> when
+he figured and described the Bohea variety
+(t. 998). Professor Balfour (<span class="tei tei-q">“Manual of Botany,”</span>
+§ 793) enumerates three species—the two
+already mentioned, and one called <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Thea Assamica</span></span>,
+being the one chiefly cultivated at the
+tea-grounds of Assam. Most of our readers
+may be aware that the cultivation and manufacture
+of tea has been successfully introduced
+to Northern India. A <span class="tei tei-q">“Report on the Government
+Tea Plantations in Kumaon and Gurwahl,
+by W. Jameson, Esq., the superintendent of the
+Botanical Gardens in the North-Western Provinces,”</span><a id="noteref_5" name="noteref_5" href="#note_5"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">5</span></span></a>
+has just reached us. In that report—to
+which we will have occasion afterward to refer—there
+are <span class="tei tei-q">“two species, and two well marked
+varieties”</span> described. Some of these do not appear
+to have been at all noticed by other writers,
+although, from specimens of the plants, which
+we have examined, from the tea-grounds, they
+appear sufficiently distinct to warrant their being
+ranked as separate species; and there are,
+indeed, some botanists who would at once set
+them down as such.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Having disposed of the question of <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">species</span></em> in
+such manner as the unsatisfactory state of botanical
+knowledge on this point will admit, we shall
+now proceed to communicate some information
+respecting the culture of the tea-plant, and the
+manner in which its leaves are made available
+for the production of the beverage of which the
+female portion of the community, and more particularly
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">old wives</span></em> (of both sexes), are believed
+to be so remarkably fond.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The tea-plants are grown in beds conveniently
+formed for the purpose of irrigating in dry
+weather, and for plucking the leaves when required.
+The Chinese sow the seed thus:
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Several seeds are dropped into holes four or
+five inches deep, and three or four feet apart,
+shortly after they ripen, or in November and
+December; the plants rise up in a cluster when
+the rains come on. They are seldom transplanted,
+but, sometimes, four to six are put
+quite close, to form a fine bush.”</span> In the government
+plantations of Kumaon and Gurwahl, more
+care seems to be bestowed in the raising of the
+plants, whereby the needless expenditure of
+seeds in the above method is saved. The seeds
+ripen in September or October, and in elevated
+districts, sometimes so late as November. In
+his report, Mr. Jameson mentions that, when
+ripe, the seeds are sown in drills, eight to ten
+inches apart from each other, the ground having
+been previously prepared by trenching and
+manuring. If the plants germinate in November,
+they are protected from the cold by a
+<span class="tei tei-q">“<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">chupper</span></em>,”</span> made of bamboo and grass—a small
+kind of bamboo, called the ringal, being found
+in great abundance on the hills, at an elevation
+of 6000 to 7000 feet, and well adapted for the
+purpose; these <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">chuppers</span></em> are removed throughout
+the day, and replaced at night. In April and
+May, they are used for protecting the young
+plants from the heat of the sun, until the rains
+commence. When the plants have attained a
+sufficient size they are transplanted with great
+care, a ball of earth being attached to their roots.
+They require frequent waterings, if the weather
+be dry. During the rains grass springs up
+around them with great rapidity, so as to render
+it impossible, with the usual number of hands,
+to keep the grounds clean. The practice, therefore,
+is merely to make a <span class="tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">golah</span></span>”</span> or clear space
+round each plant, these being connected with
+small water channels, in order to render irrigation
+easy in times of drought. The plants do
+not require to be pruned until the fifth year, the
+plucking of leaves generally tending to make
+them assume the basket shape, the form most to
+be desired to procure the greatest quantity of
+leaves. Irrigation seems absolutely essential
+for the profitable cultivation of the tea-plant,
+although, on the other hand, land liable to be
+flooded during the rains, and upon which water
+lies for any length of time, is quite unsuitable
+for its growth. The plant seems to thrive in a
+great variety of soils, but requires the situation
+to be at a considerable altitude above the sea
+level.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+According to Mr. Jameson, the season for
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page695">[pg 695]</span><a name="Pg695" id="Pg695" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+picking the leaves commences in April and
+continues until October, the number of gatherings
+varying, according to the nature of the
+season, from four to seven. So soon as the new
+and young leaves have appeared in April, the
+first plucking takes place. <span class="tei tei-q">“A certain division
+of the plantation is marked off, and to each man
+a small basket is given, with instructions to
+proceed to a certain point, so that no plant may
+be passed over. On the small basket being
+filled, the leaves are emptied into another large
+one, which is put in some shady place, and in
+which, when filled, they are conveyed to the
+manufactory. The leaves are generally plucked
+with the thumb and forefinger. Sometimes the
+terminal part, of a branch having four or five
+young leaves attached, is plucked off.”</span> The old
+leaves, being too hard to curl, are rejected as of
+no use; but all new and fresh leaves are indiscriminately
+collected.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">manufacture</span></em> of the different varieties of
+tea has been the subject of much difference of
+opinion. It has been supposed by some writers,
+as we have already mentioned, that <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">green</span></em> tea
+was solely obtained from the Thea viridis, and
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">black</span></em> tea from the Thea bohea, while others
+have asserted, that the different kinds of the
+manufactured article are equally produced by
+both plants. Facts seem now to be quite in
+favor of the latter opinion, and, indeed, Mr.
+Fortune, while on his first botanical mission on
+account of the Horticultural Society of London,
+ascertained, by visiting the different parts of the
+coast of China, that the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Bohea</span></span> plant was converted
+into both black and green tea in the south
+of China, but that in all the northern provinces
+he found only <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Thea viridis</span></span> grown, and equally
+converted into both kinds of tea. Mr. Ball (the
+late inspector of teas to the East India Company
+in China), in a work entitled <span class="tei tei-q">“An Account of
+the Cultivation and Manufacture of Tea in
+China,”</span> fully confirms the fact that both the
+green and black teas are prepared from the
+same plant, and that the differences depend
+entirely on the processes of manufacture. It is,
+of course, possible that particular varieties of
+the same plant, grown in certain soils and situations,
+may be preferred by the Chinese manufacturers
+for the preparation of the black and
+green teas, and the various kinds of both known
+in commerce. It has been stated by some that
+the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">young leaves</span></em> are taken for green tea, and
+the older ones for the black varieties; this is the
+popular notion on the subject, but probably it
+has no foundation.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Although it <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">now</span></em> seems somewhat generally
+agreed that both green and black teas are made
+from the leaves of the same plant, yet the various
+writers on the subject are at considerable
+variance as to the mode in which the difference
+of appearance is brought about. Some assert
+that the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">black</span></em> being the natural colored tea, the
+beautiful green tinge is given to the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">green</span></em> tea
+by means of substances used for the purpose of
+dyeing it; while others hold that the green hue
+depends entirely on the method of roasting.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Among the formers Mr. Fortune, whose account
+of the <span class="tei tei-q">“Chinese Method of Coloring Green
+Tea,”</span> as observed by him, is published in a former
+number of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Instructor</span></span> (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">No</span></span>. 240,
+page 91). From that account, it would appear that
+the coloring substances used are gypsum, indigo,
+and Prussian blue, and <span class="tei tei-q">“for every hundred
+pounds of green tea which are consumed in
+England or America, the consumer really eats
+more than half a pound”</span> of these substances.
+We hope now to present our tea-drinking readers
+with a more pleasing picture than this; to
+show that indeed there is not <span class="tei tei-q">“death in the
+cup,”</span> nor aught else to be feared. We therefore
+proceed to explain the modes of manufacture,
+as detailed by Mr. Ball. And, firstly, the
+<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">manufacture</span></em> of <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">black</span></em> tea. The leaves, on being
+gathered, are exposed to the air, until they
+wither and <span class="tei tei-q">“become soft and flaccid.”</span> In this
+state they soon begin to emit a slight degree of
+fragrance, when they are sifted, and then tossed
+about with the hands in large trays. They are
+then collected into a heap, and covered with a
+cloth, being now <span class="tei tei-q">“watched with the utmost
+care, until they become spotted and tinged with
+red, when they also increase in fragrance, and
+must be instantly roasted, or the tea would be
+injured.”</span> In the first roasting, the fire, which
+is prepared with dry wood, is kept exceedingly
+brisk; but <span class="tei tei-q">“any heat may suffice which produces
+the crackling of the leaves described by
+Kæmpfer.”</span> The roasting is continued till the
+leaves give out a fragrant smell, and become
+quite flaccid, when they are in a fit state to be
+rolled. The roasting and rolling are often a
+third, and sometimes even a fourth time repeated,
+and, indeed, the process of rolling is continued
+until the juices can no longer be freely
+expressed. The leaves are then finally dried
+in sieves placed in drying-tubs, over a charcoal
+fire in a common chafing-dish. The heat dissipates
+much of the moisture, and the leaves begin
+to assume their black appearance. Smoke
+is prevented, and the heat moderated, by the
+ash of charcoal or burnt <span class="tei tei-q">“paddy-husk”</span> being
+thrown on the fire. <span class="tei tei-q">“The leaves are then
+twisted, and again undergo the process of drying,
+twisting, and turning as before; which is
+repeated once or twice more, until they become
+quite black, well-twisted, and perfectly dry and
+crisp.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+According to Dr. Royle, there are only two
+gatherings of the leaves of <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">green</span></em> tea in the year;
+the first beginning about the 20th of April, and
+the second at the summer solstice. <span class="tei tei-q">“The green
+tea factors universally agree that the sooner the
+leaves of green tea are roasted after gathering
+the better; and that exposure to the air is unnecessary,
+and to the sun injurious.”</span> The iron
+vessel in which the green tea is roasted is called
+a <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">kuo</span></span>. It is thin, about sixteen inches in diameter,
+and set horizontally (that for Twankey obliquely)
+in a stove of brickwork, so as to have a
+depth of about fifteen inches. The fire is prepared
+with dry wood, and kept very brisk; the
+heat becomes intolerable, and the bottom of the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page696">[pg 696]</span><a name="Pg696" id="Pg696" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+kuo even red-hot, though this is not essential.
+About half a pound of leaves are put in at one
+time, a crackling noise is produced, much steam
+is evolved from the leaves, which are quickly
+stirred about; at the end of every turn they are
+raised about six inches above the surface of the
+stove, and shaken on the palm of the hand, so
+as to separate them, or to disperse the steam.
+They are then suddenly collected into a heap,
+and passed to another man, who stands in readiness
+with a basket to receive them. The process
+of rolling is much the same as that employed
+in the rolling of black tea, the leaves taking
+the form of a ball. After the balls are shaken
+to pieces, the leaves are also rolled between the
+palms of the hands, so that they may be twisted
+regularly, and in the same direction. They are
+then spread out in sieves, and placed on stands
+in a cool room.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+For the second roasting the fire is considerably
+diminished, and charcoal used instead of
+wood, and the leaves constantly fanned by a boy
+who stands near. When the leaves have lost
+so much of their aqueous and viscous qualities
+as to produce no sensible steam, they no longer
+adhere together, but, by the simple action of the
+fire, separate and curl of themselves. When
+taken from the kuo, they appear of a dark olive
+color, almost black; and after being sifted, they
+are placed on stands as before.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+For the third roasting, which is in fact the
+final drying, the heat is not greater than what
+the hand can bear for some seconds without much
+inconvenience. <span class="tei tei-q">“The fanning and the mode of
+roasting were the same as in the final part of the
+second roasting. It was now curious to observe
+the change of color which gradually took place
+in the leaves, for it was in this roasting that they
+began to assume that bluish tint, resembling the
+bloom on fruit, which distinguishes this tea, and
+renders its appearance so agreeable.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The foregoing being the general mode of
+manufacturing green or Hyson tea, it is then separated
+into different varieties, as Hyson, Hyson-skin,
+young Hyson, and gunpowder, by sifting,
+winnowing, and fanning, and some varieties by
+further roasting.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This account of the preparation of green tea
+is directly opposed to that given by Mr. Fortune,
+before referred to, wherein it is mentioned that
+the coloring of green tea is effected by the admixture
+of indigo, gypsum, &amp;c. It would appear
+that both modes are practiced in China;
+and, with the editor of the <span class="tei tei-q">“Botanical Gazette,”</span>
+we may ask, Is it not possible that <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">genuine</span></em> green
+tea is free from artificial coloring matter, and
+that the Chinese, with their usual <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">imitative</span></em> propensity
+(exercised, as travelers tell us, in the
+manufacture of wooden hams, &amp;c, for exportation),
+may prepare an artificial green tea, since
+this fetches a higher price than the black? If
+this be not the case, then we have a difficulty
+in accounting for the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">origin</span></em> of the green teas;
+<span class="tei tei-q">“there must have been green teas for the foreigners
+to become acquainted with and acquire a
+preference for, or there could not have been a
+demand for it.”</span> We think Mr. Jameson throws
+some additional light on the subject when he remarks,
+in the course of his observations on the
+manufacture of green tea, <span class="tei tei-q">“To make the bad or
+light-colored leaves marketable, they undergo
+an artificial process of coloring; but this I have
+prohibited, in compliance with the orders of the
+Court of Directors, and therefore do not consider
+this tea at present fit for the market.”</span> In a foot-note
+he adds, <span class="tei tei-q">“In China, this process, according
+to the statement of the tea-manufacturers, is carried
+on to a great extent.”</span> Whether the process
+of coloring is confined solely to the light-colored
+leaves of green tea, or extended to other inferior
+sorts, we have no means of judging, amid such
+a variety of discordant statements.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+After the tea is thoroughly dried, in the manner
+above detailed, it is carefully hand-picked,
+all the old or badly curled, and also light-colored
+leaves being removed, as well as any leaves of
+different varieties that may have got intermixed
+with it. Being now quite dry, it is ready to be
+packed, which is done in a very careful manner.
+The woods used for making the boxes in Northern
+India (according to Mr. Jameson) are toon,
+walnut, and saul (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Shorea robusta</span></span>), all coniferous
+(pine) woods being unfit for the purpose, on account
+of their pitchy odor. The tea is firmly
+packed in a leaden box, and soldered down, being
+covered with paper, to prevent the action of air
+through any unobserved holes that might exist in
+the lead; this leaden box is contained in the
+wooden one, which it is made exactly to fit.
+The tea being now ready to go into the hands
+of the merchant, we need carry our observations
+no farther, as every housewife will know better
+than we can tell her how to manage her own
+tea-pot. We will, therefore, conclude our remarks
+by submitting the following statistical
+note of the imports of tea into the United Kingdom
+in the year 1846, with the view of showing
+its commercial importance—
+</p>
+
+<table summary="This is a table" cellspacing="0" class="tei tei-table" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><colgroup span="2"></colgroup><tbody><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Black tea, about</td><td class="tei tei-cell">43,000,000 lbs.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Green tea, about</td><td class="tei tei-cell">13,000,000 lbs.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-row"><td class="tei tei-cell">Total</td><td class="tei tei-cell">56,000,000 lbs.</td></tr></tbody></table>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc57" id="toc57"></a>
+<a name="pdf58" id="pdf58"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Anecdotes Of Dr. Chalmers.</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Some curious Anecdotes of Dr. Chalmers are
+given in the new volume of his life, now on
+the point of publication. Immediately upon his
+translation to Glasgow a most enthusiastic attachment
+sprung up between Chalmers, who
+was then some thirty-five years of age, and
+Thomas Smith, the son of his publisher, a young
+man still in his minority. It was more like a
+first love than friendship. The friends met
+regularly by appointment, or in case of absence,
+daily letters were interchanged. The young
+man died in the course of a few months. A
+ring containing his hair was given to Chalmers;
+and it is noted as a singular fact, showing the
+intense and lasting nature of his attachment, that
+the ring, after having been long laid aside, was
+resumed and worn by him a few months before
+his death, a period of more than thirty years....
+</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page697">[pg 697]</span><a name="Pg697" id="Pg697" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+His keen practical talents did not altogether
+shield him from attempts at imposition. <span class="tei tei-q">“On
+one occasion,”</span> he writes, <span class="tei tei-q">“a porter half-drunk
+came up to me, and stated that two men were
+wanting to see me. He carried me to a tavern,
+where it turned out that there was a wager between
+these two men whether this said porter
+was correct in his knowledge of me. I was so
+revolted at his impertinency, that I made the
+ears of all who were in the house ring with a
+reproof well said and strong; and so left them
+a little astounded, I have no doubt.”</span>.... On
+another occasion, while busily engaged one forenoon
+in his study, he was interrupted by the entrance
+of a visitor. The doctor began to look
+grave at the interruption; but was propitiated
+by his visitor telling him that he called under
+great distress of mind. <span class="tei tei-q">“Sit down, sir; be
+good enough to be seated,”</span> said the doctor, looking
+up eagerly, and turning full of interest from
+his writing table. The visitor explained to him
+that he was troubled with doubts about the Divine
+origin of the Christian religion; and being kindly
+questioned as to what these were, he gave among
+others what is said in the Bible about Melchisedec
+being without father and without mother,
+&amp;c. Patiently and anxiously Dr. Chalmers sought
+to clear away each successive difficulty as it was
+stated. Expressing himself as if greatly relieved
+in mind, and imagining that he had gained his
+end—<span class="tei tei-q">“Doctor,”</span> said the visitor, <span class="tei tei-q">“I am in great
+want of a little money at present, and perhaps
+you could help me in that way”</span> At once the
+object of his visit was seen. A perfect tornado
+of indignation burst upon the deceiver, driving
+him in very quick retreat from the study to the
+street door, these words escaping among others—<span class="tei tei-q">“Not
+a penny, sir! not a penny! It's too
+bad! it's too bad! and to haul in your hypocrisy
+upon the shoulders of Melchisedek!....”</span> A
+discussion arose among the superintendents of
+his Sabbath-schools whether punishment should
+ever be resorted to. One of them related an
+instance of a boy whom he had found so restless,
+idle, and mischievous, that he was on the point
+of expelling him, when the thought occurred to
+him to give the boy an office. The candles used
+in the school-room were accordingly put under
+care of the boy; and from that hour he became
+a diligent scholar. Another superintendent then
+related his experience. He had been requested
+to take charge of a school that had become so
+unruly and unmanageable that it had beaten off
+every teacher that had gone to it. <span class="tei tei-q">“I went,”</span>
+said the teacher, <span class="tei tei-q">“and told the boys, whom I
+found all assembled, that I had heard a very bad
+account of them, that I had come out for the
+purpose of doing them good, that I must have
+peace and attention, that I would submit to no
+disturbance, and that, in the first place, we must
+begin with prayer. They all stood up, and I
+commenced, and certainly did not forget the injunction—Watch
+and pray. I had not proceeded
+two sentences, when one little fellow gave his
+neighbor a tremendous <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">dig</span></em> in the side; I instantly
+stepped forward and gave <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">him</span></em> a sound cuff
+on the side of his head. I never spoke a word,
+but stepped back, concluded the prayer, taught
+for a month, and never had a more orderly
+school.”</span> Dr. Chalmers enjoyed the discussion
+exceedingly; and decided that the question as
+to punishment and non-punishment stood just
+where it was before, <span class="tei tei-q">“inasmuch as it had been
+found that the judicious appointment of candle-snuffer-general
+and a good cuff on the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">lug</span></em> had
+been about equally efficacious.”</span>.... Among
+the most ardent admirers of the doctor's eloquence,
+was Mr. Young, professor of Greek.
+Upon one occasion, he was so electrified that he
+leaped up from his seat upon the bench near the
+pulpit, and stood, breathless and motionless,
+gazing at the preacher till the burst was over,
+the tears all the while came rolling down his
+cheeks. Upon another occasion, forgetful of
+time and place—fancying himself perhaps in the
+theatre—he rose and made a loud clapping of
+his hands in an ecstasy of admiration and delight....
+He was no exception to the saying
+that a prophet is not without honor save
+among his own countrymen. When he preached
+in London his own brother James never went to
+hear him. One day, at the coffee-house which
+he frequented, the brother was asked by some
+one who was ignorant of the relationship, if he
+had heard this wonderful countryman and namesake
+of his, <span class="tei tei-q">“Yes,”</span> said James, somewhat drily,
+<span class="tei tei-q">“I have heard him.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“And what did you think
+of him?”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Very little indeed,”</span> was the reply.
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Dear me,”</span> exclaimed the inquirer, <span class="tei tei-q">“When
+did you hear him?”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“About half an hour after
+he was born,”</span> was the cool answer of the brother....
+When he preached at his native place,
+so strong was the feeling of his father against
+attending any but his own parish church, or so
+feeble was his desire to hear his son, that, although
+the churches of the two parishes of
+Eastern and Western Anstruther stood but a
+few hundred yards apart, the old man would not
+cross the separating <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">burn</span></em> in order to hear him.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc59" id="toc59"></a>
+<a name="pdf60" id="pdf60"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">The Pleasures Of Illness.
+(From the People's Journal.)</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Every body knows the pleasures of health;
+but there are very few, if any, who can
+appreciate those of illness. Doubtless many
+people will feel inclined to laugh at the suggestion,
+but we beg that we may not be prejudged.
+There is positive pleasure to be derived even
+from every variety—and there is a choice—of
+sickness, if we would only put faith in the idea,
+and then strive to realize it. You may smile,
+but we are very serious, recollecting especially
+that the subject is rather a painful one, for
+which reason it behoves us to begin by treating
+it philosophically.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The best thing that people can do when they
+are suffering pain, either acute or otherwise, is—if
+they can not readily overcome it—to endeavor
+to forget it; simply because the mere
+effort, earnestly made and persevered in, will
+materially assist whatever more direct and efficient
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page698">[pg 698]</span><a name="Pg698" id="Pg698" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+means may be adopted to get rid of it.
+Brooding over any bodily suffering only gives it
+encouragement, inasmuch as the mind is then
+actively assisting the ailment of the body; but
+let us make the most of a temporary cessation
+from the infliction, and there is a probability of
+its being dispelled altogether. Now the pleasure
+of getting rid of pain is undeniable, and,
+having achieved that, the best thing we can do
+to render the cessation permanent is to enjoy a
+sound sleep, which, though a very simple and
+ordinary gratification at other times, then becomes
+an extreme luxury, such, indeed, as we
+never should have known except through the
+instrumentality of the suffering that preceded it.
+The same may be said of many of the remedies
+that are used for the alleviation of pain: a hot
+bath, local applications of an exceedingly cold
+nature, or a delicious draught for cooling fever
+and quenching thirst—a draught like that of
+hock and soda-water—a draught <span class="tei tei-q">“worthy of
+Xerxes, the great king,”</span> and not to be equaled
+by sherbet <span class="tei tei-q">“sublimed with snow;”</span> but then
+you must (oh, what a pleasure for a king!)
+<span class="tei tei-q">“get very drunk,”</span> says Byron, in order thoroughly
+to enjoy it. You see our author so
+highly appreciated the pleasures of illness that
+he actually advises us to make ourselves ill;
+and that, too, in a most vulgar and degrading
+manner, in order that we may unreservedly
+revel in them. But, perhaps, the poet only
+meant to satirize the excessive proneness of all
+human beings—and kings have been noted for
+this quite as much as any—to bring pain upon
+themselves by some wanton or provoked indiscretion.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+No pleasure can compensate for acute and
+long-endured suffering; but in all eases of illness
+unattended by pain, the pleasure to be derived
+is considerably greater than might be
+imagined. In fact, no one ever thinks of being
+able to enjoy an illness, for which reason we
+shall endeavor to show our readers not only the
+practicability of the idea, but how they are to
+set about realizing it. Let us take the most
+common kind of malady there is unattended by
+actual pain, a cold; a cold all over you, as
+violent as you please—such, in fact, as is <span class="tei tei-q">“not
+to be sneezed at,”</span> one that will confine you to
+your bed, compel you to take medicine, and restrict
+you to broth and barley-water. There
+you are, then, ill; happy fellow! very ill! you
+have not the least conception how much you
+are to be envied. The mere fact of being in
+such a condition, renders you an object of anxiety
+and interest. Every body in the house is
+ready to wait upon you, and all you have to do
+is to lie still and enjoy your bed, while other
+people are bustling about the house, or out of
+doors all day, undergoing the fatigue and irksomeness
+of their ordinary avocations. You are
+ill—you are to do nothing—not even to get up
+to breakfast, but to have it brought to you in
+bed; a luxury which it is probable you may
+have often been tempted to enjoy in the winter,
+though your philosophy enabled you to overcome
+it. Now you are not only compelled to indulge
+in it, but are made an object of sympathy on
+that account; it is so very lamentable to see
+you propped up with pillows, and cosily encased
+in flannel around the throat and shoulders.
+You are not to be hurried over your breakfast,
+there is no office to go to; nothing to be
+thought of but the enjoyment of your tea and
+toast, which you may sip and munch as leisurely
+as you please, while reading a magazine or
+newspaper. At length breakfast is over, and
+you have become tired of reading; down go
+the pillows to their usual position, and after
+some gentle hand has smoothed and placed
+them comfortably, you sink back upon them,
+overwhelmed by a most delightful sense of
+mental and bodily indolence. What a blessing
+it is to have escaped the ordeal of shaving,
+even for one morning! only think of that;
+and remember also how the warmth of the
+bed will encourage the growth of your beard,
+compelling you of course to send for the barber
+when you have got well enough to leave your
+room again. Hark! there's a knock at the
+door—somebody you don't want to see, probably;
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Master's very poorly, and obliged to keep
+his bed.”</span> Ha! ha! Keep his bed, eh?—no
+such thing; it's the bed that keeps him—snug
+and warm, and in a blessed state of exemption
+from all annoyances, and you must not be subjected
+to any such infliction; no, you are very
+ill. You abandon yourself to the idea, nestle
+your head luxuriously in the pillow, pull the bed
+clothes over your chin, and fall into a delightful
+dose. You awake feverish, perhaps, and thirsty.
+Well, there is some barley-water at your bedside,
+delicately flavored with a little lemon juice
+and sugar; a sort of primitive punch, pleasant
+to the palate, and not at all likely to prove provocative
+of headache. You raise a tumblerful
+to your lips, and drink with intense <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">gusto</span></em>. What
+a pleasure it is! well worth coming into the
+world to enjoy, if one was to die the next minute;
+but you are not going to die yet, don't suppose
+it—you are only being favored with an opportunity
+of enjoying the pleasures of illness. But
+you are so feverish, you say; so much the better.
+Now, just endeavor to recall to mind the wildest
+fiction, either in prose or poetry that you have
+ever read, something very pleasing and highly
+imaginative—a fairy tale will be as good as any.
+Go to sleep thinking of it, and you will dream—dream,
+said we? we were wrong, for the fiction
+will become a glorious reality; and so it does!
+but, alas! you awake, once more return to the
+vulgar commonplaces of mundane existence.
+A sharp rap at the bedroom door makes you
+farther conscious that you have only been reveling
+in what is termed a delusion; but never
+mind, here comes some one to console you—another
+corporeality like yourself, intent on feeding
+you with chicken-broth, and batter-pudding;
+much more substantial fare than the fairies would
+have given you, and extremely enjoyable now
+that you are ill, though at any other time you
+would have turned up your nose at it. Oh, it's
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page699">[pg 699]</span><a name="Pg699" id="Pg699" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+a fine thing is illness for teaching people not to
+let the palate become irritated by luxurious
+living! <span class="tei tei-q">“Very nice,”</span> eh, <span class="tei tei-q">“but you would
+have liked a basin of mulligatawny better, and
+some wine-sauce with the pudding?”</span> Shocking
+depravity! the pleasures of illness are simple,
+and you must learn to enjoy <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">them</span></em> as well as
+those of health; it's all habit. Many medicines
+would be found extremely palatable if we were not
+prejudiced against them. Now, black draughts,
+you <span class="tei tei-q">“can't bear them;”</span> and yet they are much
+nicer than castor-oil. Why, what's the matter?
+you've upset all the broth over that beautifully
+white counterpane! Delicate stomach, yours,
+very. Come, try the pudding; and don't let
+your imagination combine any medicinal sauce
+with it. You have eaten it all; that's right.
+Now, allow us to suggest that a little very ripe
+fruit will not hurt you—an orange, or some
+strawberries if in season. But you must not lie
+there and allow your mind to get either into a
+wearisome state of vacuity or unpleasant reflection.
+Send for a book from the library—some
+novel that you have never read; and if it is too
+much trouble to read it yourself, get some one
+to read it to you. It is a capital plan always to
+endeavor to forget an illness by means of some
+quiet and absorbing enjoyment. You are fond
+of music, for instance; and if you hear any good
+band strike up in the street we recommend you
+by all means to detain them. You will get up,
+perhaps, in the evening, and prepare yourself
+for a refreshing night's rest by having your bed
+made; should a friend drop in who can give you
+a game of chess or cribbage be sure to avail
+yourself of the opportunity, if you feel inclined
+for such recreation. Do not sit up late, or get
+into any exciting conversation; but go calmly
+and quietly to bed, take your basin of gruel,
+swallow your pills, lay your head on the pillow,
+and go to sleep. To-morrow it is most probable
+that you will be well, or only sufficiently indisposed
+to render it prudent that you should stop
+at home, when you will indulge in a stronger
+and more relishing diet; pass the day in a dreamy
+state of inactivity, or enjoy yourself vivaciously
+in any reasonable manner you may think
+proper.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Perhaps, gentle reader, you may have endured
+prolonged and severe attacks of bodily
+suffering—perhaps you will tell us that we have
+not been depicting illness at all, but merely indisposition.
+You would have had us pick out
+from the pages of the <span class="tei tei-q">“Lancet”</span> a thrilling account
+of torture under the knife, and then made
+us rack our ingenuity to discover, if possible,
+some pleasure contingent upon that. You might
+as well expect us to write an article on the
+pleasure of being hanged. We will, however,
+say this much as regards every degree of illness:
+that there is scarcely any that does not admit of
+some mitigating gratification. The mere circumstance
+of being watched and most carefully
+tended by those we love, the kindness with which
+they bear our peevishness, and the desire they
+display to do every thing they can either to
+alleviate our pain or to conduce to our convalescence,
+are pleasures such as illness alone can
+afford, and must ever merit the highest appreciation,
+not only because we either are or ought
+to be duly impressed with them at the time, but
+for the farther and more substantial reason that
+they become delightful reminiscences and bonds
+of affection forever after. It is an excellent
+thing, morally and socially, is illness, and only
+requires that we endeavor to make the best instead
+of the worst of it; and therein lies the
+whole serious purport of this paper, which we
+have thought fit to write in as light a style as
+possible, knowing that the subject, though interesting
+to all, is very far from being generally
+palatable.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc61" id="toc61"></a>
+<a name="pdf62" id="pdf62"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Obstructions To The Use Of The
+Telescope.</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It has been long known, both from theory and
+in practice, that the imperfect transparency
+of the earth's atmosphere, and the unequal refraction
+which arises from differences of temperature,
+combine to set a limit to the use of high
+magnifying powers in our telescopes. Hitherto,
+however, the application of such high powers was
+checked by the imperfections of the instruments
+themselves; and it is only since the construction
+of Lord Rosse's telescope that astronomers have
+found that, in our damp and variable climate, it
+is only during a few days of the year that telescopes
+of such magnitude can use successfully
+the high magnifying powers which they are
+capable of bearing. Even in a cloudless sky,
+when the stars are sparkling in the firmament,
+the astronomer is baffled by influences which
+are invisible, and while new planets and new
+satellites are being discovered by instruments
+comparatively small, the gigantic Polyphemus
+lies slumbering in his cave, blinded by thermal
+currents, more irresistible than the firebrand of
+Ulysses. As the astronomer, however, can not
+command a tempest to clear his atmosphere, nor
+a thunder storm to purify it, his only alternative
+is to remove his telescope to some southern
+climate, where no clouds disturb the serenity
+of the firmament, and no changes of temperature
+distract the emanations of the stars. A fact has
+been recently mentioned, which entitles us to
+anticipate great results from such a measure.
+The Marquis of Ormonde is said to have seen
+from Mount Etna, with his naked eye, the satellites
+of Jupiter. If this be true, what discoveries
+may we not expect, even in Europe, from a large
+reflector working above the grosser strata of our
+atmosphere. This noble experiment of sending
+a large reflector to a southern climate has been
+but once made in the history of science. Sir
+John Herschel transported his telescopes and his
+family to the south of Africa, and during a voluntary
+exile of four years' duration he enriched
+astronomy with many splendid discoveries.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sir
+David Brewster</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page700">[pg 700]</span><a name="Pg700" id="Pg700" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc63" id="toc63"></a>
+<a name="pdf64" id="pdf64"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Monthly Record Of Current Events.</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Political Incidents of the past month have
+been interesting and important. Congress,
+after spending eight or nine months in most
+animated discussion of the principles, results,
+and relations of various subjects growing out of
+Slavery in the Southern States, has enacted several
+provisions of very great importance to the
+whole country. The debates upon these topics,
+especially in the Senate, have been exceedingly
+able, and have engrossed public attention to an
+unusual degree. The excitement which animated
+the members of Congress gradually extended
+to those whom they represented, and a
+state of feeling had arisen which was regarded,
+by many judicious and experienced men, as full
+of danger to the harmony and well-being, if not
+to the permanent existence, of the American
+Union. The action of Congress during the
+month just closed, concludes the controversy
+upon these questions, and for the time, at least,
+prevents vigorous and effective agitation of the
+principles which they involved. What that
+action has been we shall state with as much
+detail and precision as our readers will desire.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In the last number of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">New Monthly
+Magazine</span></span>, we chronicled the action of the
+Senate upon several of the bills now referred to.
+They were sent of course to the House of Representatives,
+and that body first took up the
+bill establishing the boundary of Texas, and
+giving her ten millions of dollars in payment of
+her claim to the portion of New Mexico which
+the bill requires her to relinquish. Mr. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Boyd</span></span>,
+of Kentucky, moved as an amendment, to attach
+to it the bills for the government of Utah and
+New Mexico, substantially as they had passed
+the Senate, both being without any anti-slavery
+proviso. He subsequently withdrew that portion
+of the amendment relating to Utah; and
+an effort was made by Mr. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ashmun</span></span> to cut off
+the remainder of the amendment by the previous
+question, but the House refused by a vote
+of 74 ayes to 107 nays. The subject was discussed
+with a good deal of animation for several
+days. On the 4th of September, a motion
+to lay the bill on the table was defeated—ayes
+30, nays 169. A motion to refer the bill to the
+Committee of the Whole, which was considered
+equivalent to its rejection, was then carried—ayes
+109, nays 99;—but a motion to reconsider
+that vote was immediately passed—ayes 104,
+nays 98;—and the House then refused to refer
+the bill to the Committee of the Whole by a
+vote of 101 ayes and 103 nays. Mr. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Clingman</span></span>,
+of North Carolina, moved an amendment to
+divide California, and erect the southern part of
+it into the territory of Colorado;—but this was
+rejected—ayes 69, nays 130. The question
+was then taken on the amendment, organizing
+a territorial government for New Mexico, and
+was lost—ayes 98, nays 106. The question
+then came up on ordering the Texas Boundary
+bill to a third reading, and the House refused
+to do so by a vote of 80 ayes and 126 nays.
+Mr. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Boyd</span></span> immediately moved to reconsider
+that vote, and on the 5th that motion passed—ayes
+131, nays 75. Mr. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Grinell</span></span>, of Massachusetts
+then moved to reconsider the vote by
+which Mr. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Boyd's</span></span> amendment had been rejected,
+and this was carried by a vote of 106 to 99.
+An amendment, offered by Mr. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Featherston</span></span>,
+of Virginia, to strike out all after the enacting
+clause, and to make the Rio Grande, from its
+mouth to its source, the boundary of Texas,
+was rejected by a vote of 71 in favor to 128
+against it. The amendment of Mr. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Boyd</span></span> was
+then passed by a vote of 106 ayes and 99 noes;
+and the question was then taken on ordering
+the bill, as amended, to a third reading. It was
+lost by a vote of 99 ayes to 107 noes. Mr.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Howard</span></span>, of Texas, who had voted against the
+bill, immediately moved a reconsideration of
+the vote. The Speaker decided that the motion
+was not in order, inasmuch as a reconsideration
+had once been had. Mr. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Howard</span></span> appealed
+from the decision, and contended that the former
+vote was simply to reconsider the vote on the
+original bill, whereas this was to reconsider the
+vote on the bill as amended by Mr. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Boyd</span></span>.—On
+the fifth, the House reversed the Speaker's decision,
+123 to 83,—thus bringing up again the
+proposition to order the bill to a third reading.
+Mr. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Howard</span></span> moved the previous question, and
+his motion was sustained, 103 to 91;—and the
+bill was then ordered to a third reading by a
+vote of 108 to 98. The bill was then read a
+third time, and finally passed by a vote of 108
+ayes to 98 nays.—As this bill is one of marked
+importance, we add, as a matter of record, the
+following analysis of the vote upon it:—the
+names of Democrats are in Roman letter, Whigs
+in italics, and members of the Free Soil party
+in small capitals:—
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ayes</span></span>.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Indiana</span></span>, Albertson, W.J. Brown, Dunham,
+Fitch, Gorman, McDonald, Robinson.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Alabama</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Alston</span></span>,
+W.R.W. Cobb, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hilliard</span></span>.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tennessee</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Anderson</span></span>, Ewing,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Gentry</span></span>, I.G. Harris, A. Johnson, Jones, Savage, F.P.
+Stanton, Thomas, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Watkins, Williams</span></span>.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">New YORK</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Anrews,
+Bokee, Briggs, Brooks, Duer, McKissock, Nelson,
+Phænix, Rose, Schermerhorn, Thurman, Underhill, White</span></span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Iowa</span></span>,
+Leffler.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Rhode-Island</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Geo. G. King</span></span>.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Missouri</span></span>,
+Bay, Bowlin, Green, Hall.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Virginia</span></span>, Bayly,
+Beale, Edmunson, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Haymond</span></span>, McDowell, McMullen, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Martin</span></span>,
+Parker.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Kentucky</span></span>, Boyd, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Breck</span></span>, G.A. Caldwell, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">J.L.
+Johnson, Marshall</span></span>, Mason, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">McLean, Morehead</span></span>, R.H.
+Stanton, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">John B. Thompson</span></span>.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Maryland</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bowie</span></span>, Hammond,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Kerr</span></span>, McLane.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Michigan</span></span>, Buel.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Florida</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">E.C.
+Cabell</span></span>.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Delaware</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">J.W. Houston</span></span>.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Pennsylvania</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Chester Butler, Casey, Chandler</span></span>, Dimmick, Gilmore, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Levin</span></span>,
+Job Mann, McLanahan, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pitman</span></span>, Robbins, Ross, Strong,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page701">[pg 701]</span><a name="Pg701" id="Pg701" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+James Thompson.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">North Carolina</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">R.C. Caldwell</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Deherry</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Outlaw</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Shepperd</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Stanly</span></span>.—Ohio, Disney, Hoagland,
+Potter, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Taylor</span></span>, Whittlesey.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Massachusetts</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Duncan</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Eliot</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Grinnell</span></span>.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Maine</span></span>, Fuller, Gerry, Littlefield.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Illinois</span></span>,
+Thomas L. Harris, McClernand, Richardson,
+Young.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">New-Hampshire</span></span>, Hibbard, Peaslee, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Wilson</span></span>.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Texas</span></span>,
+Howard, Kaufman.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Georgia</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Owen</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Toombs</span></span>,
+Welborn.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">New Jersey</span></span>, Wildrick.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Nays</span></span>.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">New York</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Alexander</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bennett</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Burrows</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Clark</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Conger</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Gott</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Holloway</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">W.T. Jackson</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">John A.
+King</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Preston King</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Matteson</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Putnam</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Reynolds</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ramsey</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sackett</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Schoolcraft</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Silvester</span></span>.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Massachusetts</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Allen</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fowler</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Horace Mann</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rockwell</span></span>.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">North Carolina</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Clingman</span></span>, Daniel, Venable.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Virginia</span></span>, Averett, Holiday,
+Mead, Millson, Powell, Seddon.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Illinois</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Baker</span></span>, Wentworth.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Michigan</span></span>,
+Bingham, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Sprague</span></span>.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Alabama</span></span>, Bowdon,
+S.W. Harris, Hubbard, Inge.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mississippi</span></span>, A.G.
+Brown, Featherston, McWillie, Jacob Thompson.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">South
+Carolina</span></span>, Burt, Colcock, Holmes, Orr, Wallace, Woodward,
+McQueen.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Connecticut</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Thomas B. Butler</span></span>, Waldo,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Booth</span></span>.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ohio</span></span>, Cable, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Campbell</span></span>, Cartter, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Corwin</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Crowell</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nathan Evans</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Giddings</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hunter</span></span>, Morris, Olds,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Root</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Schenck</span></span>, Sweetzer, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Vinton</span></span>.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Pennsylvania</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Calvin</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dickey</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Howe</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Moore</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ogle</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Reed</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Thaddeus Stevens</span></span>.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Wisconsin</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cole</span></span>, Doty, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Durkee</span></span>.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Rhode Island</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dìxon</span></span>.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Georgia</span></span>, Haralson, Jos. W. Jackson.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Indiana</span></span>,
+Harlan, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Julian</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">McGaughey</span></span>.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vermont</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hebard</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Henry</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Meacham</span></span>, Peck.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Arkansas</span></span>, Robert W. Johnson.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">New
+Jersey</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">James G. King</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Newell</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Van Dyke</span></span>.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Louisiana</span></span>,
+La Sere, Morse.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Maine</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Otis</span></span>, Sawtelle, Stetson.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Missouri</span></span>,
+Phelps.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">New Hampshire</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">TUCK</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+This analysis shows that there voted
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+For The Bill:<br />
+Northern Whigs: 24<br />
+Southern Whigs: 25-49<br />
+Northern Democrats: 32<br />
+Southern Democrats: 27-59<br />
+Total: 108.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Against The Bill:<br />
+Northern Whigs: 44<br />
+Southern Whigs: 1-45<br />
+Northern Democrats: 13<br />
+Southern Democrats: 30-43<br />
+Total: 98.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The bill thus passed in the House was sent
+to the Senate; and on the 9th that body, by a
+vote of 31 to 10, concurred in the amendment
+which the House had made to it; and it became,
+by the signature of the President, the
+law of the land.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+On Saturday the 7th, the House took up the
+bill from the Senate admitting California into
+the Union. Mr. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Thompson</span></span>, of Mississippi,
+moved an amendment, making the parallel of
+36° 30' the southern boundary of California,
+which was rejected—yeas 71, nays 134. The
+main question was then taken, and the bill, admitting
+California, passed—yeas 150, nays 56.—On
+the same day the bill from the Senate
+organizing a territorial government for Utah
+was taken up, and Mr. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Wentworth</span></span>, of Illinois,
+moved to amend it by inserting a clause prohibiting
+the existence of slavery within the territory.
+This was lost—ayes 69, nays 78. Mr.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Fitch</span></span>, of Indiana, moved an amendment, declaring
+that the Mexican law prohibiting slavery,
+should remain in full force in the territory:
+after some discussion this was rejected—ayes
+51, nays 85. Several other amendments were
+introduced and lost, and the bill finally passed
+by a vote of 97 ayes and 85 nays.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The bill to facilitate the recovery of Fugitive
+slaves was taken up in the Senate on the 20th
+of August. Mr. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dayton</span></span> submitted an amendment
+providing for a trial by jury of the question,
+whether the person who may be claimed, is
+or is not a fugitive slave. After some debate,
+the amendment was rejected by a vote of ayes
+11, nays 27, as follows:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ayes</span></span>—Messrs. Chase, Davis of Massachusetts, Dayton,
+Dodge of Wisconsin, Greene, Hamlin, Phelps, Smith,
+Upham, Walker, Winthrop—11.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Nays</span></span>.—Messrs. Atchison, Badger, Barnwell, Benton,
+Berrien, Butler, Cass, Davis of Mississippi, Dawson,
+Dodge of Iowa, Downs, Houston, Jones, King, Mangum,
+Mason, Morton, Pratt, Rusk, Sebastian, Soulé, Sturgeon,
+Turney, Underwood, Wales, and Yulee—27.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+On the 22d, Mr. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Pratt</span></span>, of Maryland, submitted
+an amendment, the effect of which would
+have been to make the United States responsible
+in damages for fugitive slaves that might not be
+recovered. This was rejected by a vote of 10
+to 27. Mr. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Davis</span></span>, of Massachusetts, offered
+an amendment extending the right of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">habeas
+corpus</span></span> to free colored citizens arriving in vessels
+at Southern ports, who may be imprisoned there
+without any alleged offense against the law.
+This amendment, after debate, was rejected—ayes
+13, nays 25. The original bill was then
+ordered to a third reading by a vote of 27 ayes
+to 12 nays, as follows:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ayes</span></span>.—Messrs. Atchison, Badger, Barnwell, Bell, Berrien,
+Butler, Davis of Mississippi, Dawson, Dodge of Iowa,
+Downs, Foote, Houston, Hunter, Jones, King, Mangum,
+Mason, Pearce, Rusk, Sebastian, Soulé, Spruance, Sturgeon,
+Turney, Underwood, Wales, and Yulee—27.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Nays</span></span>.—Messrs. Baldwin, Bradbury, Chase, Cooper,
+Davis of Massachusetts, Dayton, Dodge of Wisconsin,
+Greene, Smith, Upham, Walker, and Winthrop—12.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+On the 26th the bill had its third reading and
+was finally passed. On the 12th of September
+the House of Representatives took up the bill,
+and after some slight debate, passed it, under
+the operation of the previous question, by a vote
+of 109 ayes to 75 nays.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+On the 3d of September the Senate proceeded
+to the consideration of the bill abolishing the
+Slave-trade in the District of Columbia. Mr
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Foote</span></span> of Mississippi offered a substitute placing
+the control of the whole matter in the hands of
+the Corporate Authorities of Washington and
+Georgetown. To this Mr. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Pearce</span></span> of Maryland,
+in committee of the whole, moved an amendment
+punishing by fine and imprisonment any
+person who shall induce or attempt to induce
+slaves to run away, and giving the corporate
+authorities power to remove free negroes from
+the District. The first portion of the amendment
+was passed, ayes 26, nays 15, and the
+second ayes 24, nays 18. Mr. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Foote</span></span> then
+withdrew his substitute.—On the 10th the
+consideration of the bill was resumed. Mr.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Seward</span></span> moved to substitute a bill abolishing
+Slavery in the District of Columbia and appropriating
+$200,000 to indemnify the owners of
+slaves who might thus be enfranchised—the
+claims to be audited and adjusted by the Secretary
+of the Interior: and submitting the law to
+the people of the District. The amendment
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page702">[pg 702]</span><a name="Pg702" id="Pg702" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+gave rise to a warm debate and on the 12th
+was rejected, ayes 5, nays 46. The amendments
+offered by Mr. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Pearce</span></span>, and passed in
+committee of the whole, were non-concurred in
+by the Senate on the 14th, and the bill on the
+same day was ordered to be engrossed for a third
+reading, by a vote of 32 to 19. On the 16th it
+was read a third time and finally passed, ayes
+33, nays 19, as follows:
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ayes</span></span>.—Messrs. Baldwin, Benton, Bright, Cass, Chase,
+Clarke, Clay, Cooper, Davis of Mass., Dayton, Dickinson,
+Dodge of Wisconsin, Dodge of Iowa, Douglas, Ewing,
+Felch, Frémont, Greene, Gwin, Hale, Hamlin, Houston,
+Jones, Norris, Seward, Shields, Spruance, Sturgeon, Underwood,
+Wales, Walker, Whitcomb, and Winthrop—33.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Nays</span></span>.—Messrs. Atchison, Badger, Barnwell, Bell, Berrien,
+Butler, Davis of Mississippi, Dawson, Downs, Hunter,
+King, Mangum, Mason, Morton, Pratt, Sebastian, Soulé,
+Turney, and Yulee—19.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+It was taken up in the House of Representatives
+on the 15th and passed by a vote of 124 to 47.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+By the action of Congress during the past
+month, therefore, bills have been passed upon
+all the topics which have agitated the country
+during the year. The bill in regard to the
+Texas boundary provides that the northern line
+shall run on the line of 36° 30' from the meridian
+of 100° to 103° of west longitude—thence
+it shall run south to the 32d parallel of latitude,
+and on that parallel to the Rio del Norte, and
+in the channel of that river thence to its mouth.
+The State of Texas is to cede to the United
+States all claims to the territory north of that
+line, and to relinquish all claim for liability for
+her debts, &amp;c., and is to receive from the United
+States as a consideration the sum of ten millions
+of dollars. The law will, of course, have no
+validity unless assented to by the State of Texas.
+No action upon this subject has been taken by
+her authorities. Previous to the passage of the
+bill, the Legislature of the State met in special
+session called by Governor <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bell</span></span>, and received
+from him a long and elaborate message in regard
+to the attempt made, under his direction, to extend
+the laws and jurisdiction of Texas over the Santa
+Fé district of New Mexico, and to the resistance
+which he had met from the authorities of the
+Federal Government. After narrating the circumstances
+of the case, he urges the necessity
+of asserting, promptly and by force, the claim
+of Texas to the territory in question. He recommends
+the enactment of laws authorizing the
+Executive to raise and maintain two regiments
+of mounted volunteers for the Expedition. A bill
+was introduced in conformity with this recommendation;
+but of its fate no reliable intelligence
+has yet been received.—A resolution was introduced
+into the Texas Legislature calling upon
+the governor for copies of any correspondence
+he might have had with other states of the Confederacy,
+but it was not passed. A letter has
+been published from General <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Quitman</span></span>, Governor
+of Mississippi, stating that in case of a
+collision between the authorities of Texas and
+those of the United States, he should deem it
+his duty to aid the former.—Hon. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Thos. J.
+Rusk</span></span>, whose term as U.S. Senator expires with
+the present session, has been re-elected by the
+Legislature of Texas receiving 56 out of 64
+votes. He voted in favor of the bill of adjustment,
+and his re-election by so large a majority
+is looked upon as indicating a disposition on the
+part of the authorities to accept the terms proposed.—Both
+Houses of Congress have agreed
+to adjourn on the 30th of September.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Intelligence from the Mexican Boundary
+Commission has been received to the 31st of
+August, on which day they were at Indianola,
+Texas. There was some sickness among the
+members of the corps, but every thing looked
+promising.—Hon. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">William Duer</span></span>, member of
+Congress from the Oswego District, New York,
+has declined a re-election, in a letter in which
+he vindicates the bills passed by Congress, and
+earnestly urges his constituents not to encourage
+or permit any further agitation among them
+of questions connected with slavery. Hon. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">E.G.
+Spaulding</span></span>, from the Erie District, and Hon.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">George Ashmun</span></span>, of Massachusetts, also decline
+a re-election.—Captain <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ammin Bey</span></span>, of the
+Turkish Navy, arrived at New York on the
+13th, in the United States ship Erie, being sent
+out by his Government as special Commissioner
+to collect information and make personal observations
+of the character, resources, and condition
+of the United States. He is a gentleman
+of ability, education, and experience and has
+been employed by his Government on various
+confidential missions. He was the secret agent
+of Turkey on the frontiers of Hungary during
+the recent struggle of that gallant people with
+Austria and Russia. He has been warmly
+received here, and enjoys every facility for
+prosecuting the objects of his mission. Congress
+has appropriated $10,000 toward defraying
+the expenses of his mission.—Hon. A.H.H.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Stuart</span></span>, of Virginia, has been appointed
+Secretary of the Interior, to fill the vacancy
+caused by the resignation of Mr. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">M'Kennan</span></span>.
+He has accepted the appointment and entered
+upon the duties of the office. Mr. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">M'Kennan</span></span>
+resigned on finding, from an experience of a
+day, that his health was not adequate to the
+performance of the duties of the place. Mr.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Stuart</span></span> has been a member of Congress, where
+he was universally recognized as a man of
+ability, assiduity, and character.—Mr. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Conrad</span></span>,
+of Louisiana, on accepting the office of
+Secretary of War, addressed a letter to his constituents,
+explaining and justifying the course
+he had taken in Congress. He said that opinions
+on the subject of the extension of slavery
+might be classified as follows: 1. There are
+those who seek, through the direct agency of
+the Federal Government, to introduce slavery
+into this territory. 2. Those who wish, by the
+same means, to prevent this introduction. 3.
+Those who resist any interference with the
+question by the Federal Government, and would
+leave to the inhabitants of the country the exclusive
+right to decide it. He claims to belong
+to the latter class. The Union, he says, is too
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page703">[pg 703]</span><a name="Pg703" id="Pg703" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+great a blessing to be staked upon any game of
+hazard, and the prolongation of the controversy
+upon the subject of slavery, he deems in itself a
+calamity <span class="tei tei-q">“It alarms the South and agitates
+the North; it alienates each from the other, and
+augments the number and influence of those
+who wage an endless war against slavery, and
+whom this discussion has raised to a political
+importance which, without it, they never could
+have attained.”</span>—Dr. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Henry Nes</span></span>, member
+of Congress from the Fifteenth District of Pennsylvania,
+died at his residence in York on the
+10th.—Several American citizens residing in
+Paris, having observed in the London papers an
+account of a gross insult said to have been offered
+to Hon. Mr. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Barringer</span></span>, United States Minister
+at Madrid, by General <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Narvaez</span></span> at Naples,
+wrote to him, assuring him of the cordial response
+upon which he might count to such
+measures of redress as he should choose to
+adopt. Mr. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Barringer</span></span> replied by declaring
+the whole story to be false in every particular.
+In all his personal and official intercourse with
+him, he says, General <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Narvaez</span></span> had been most
+courteous and respectful.—An election for
+state officers was held in Vermont on the first
+Tuesday of September, which resulted in the
+choice of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Charles R. Williams</span></span> (Whig) for
+Governor, and the re-election of Hon. Messrs.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hebard</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Meacham</span></span> to Congress, from
+the Second and Third Districts. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Thomas Bartlett</span></span>,
+jun., Democrat, was elected in the Fourth
+District, and no choice was effected in the First.—Professor
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">J.W. Webster</span></span> was executed
+at Boston on the 30th of August, pursuant to
+his sentence, for the murder of Dr. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Parkman</span></span>.
+He died with great firmness and composure,
+professing and evincing the most heartfelt penitence
+for his crime.—Intelligence has been
+received of the death of the Reverend <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Adoniram
+Judson, D.D.</span></span>, who is known to all the
+world as the oldest and one of the most laborious
+missionaries in foreign lands. He left
+the United States for Calcutta in 1812, and has
+devoted the whole of his life since that time to
+making Christianity known in Burmah. He
+translated the Bible into the language of the
+country, besides compiling a Dictionary of it, and
+performing an immense amount of other literary
+labor in addition to the regular preaching of the
+gospel and the discharge of other pastoral duties.
+He returned to this country in 1847, and married
+Miss Emily Chubbuck, with whom he soon
+returned to his field of labor. His health for
+the past few months has been gradually declining,
+and during the last spring it had become so
+seriously impaired that a sea voyage was deemed
+essential to its restoration. He accordingly
+embarked on board the French bark, Aristide
+Marie, for the Isle of Bourbon, on the 3d of
+April; but his disease made rapid advances,
+and after several days of intense agony, he died
+on the 12th, and his body was committed to the
+deep on the next day. Dr. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Judson</span></span> was attached
+to the Baptist Church, but his memory will
+be held in the profoundest veneration, as his
+labors have been cheered and sustained, by
+Christians of all denominations. He was a man
+of ability, of learning, and of intense devotion to
+the welfare of his fellow-men.—Bishop <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">H.B.
+Bascom</span></span>, of the Methodist Episcopal Church
+South, died at Louisville, Ky., on the 8th of
+September, after an illness of some months'
+continuance. He was in many respects one of
+the most influential and distinguished members
+of the large denomination to which he belonged.
+He enjoyed a very wide reputation for eloquence
+and was universally regarded, by all who ever
+heard him, as one of the most brilliant and
+effective of American orators. His person was
+large and commanding, his voice sonorous and
+musical, and his manner exceedingly impressive.
+His style was exceedingly florid, and elaborate,
+and his discourses abounded in the most adventurous
+flights of fancy and imagination. He
+shared the merits and the faults of what is generally
+and pretty correctly known as the Southern
+and Western style of eloquence, and always
+spoke with great effect. His labors in the service
+of the church have been long, arduous, and
+successful. He has exerted a wide influence
+and has exerted it in behalf of the noblest and
+most important of all interests. His death occasions
+profound and universal regret.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">John
+Inman</span></span>, Esq., favorably known to the country as
+a literary man, and as editor of the New York
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Commercial Advertiser</span></span>, died at his residence in
+New York, on the 30th of August, after a lingering
+illness of several months. Mr. Inman
+was educated for the bar, and practiced law for
+some years in New York; but left the profession
+for the more congenial labors of literature. He
+was engaged for some years upon the New
+York Mirror, and soon after became associated
+with Colonel <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Stone</span></span>, in the editorial conduct
+of the Commercial. Upon the death of that
+gentleman in 1847, Mr. Inman became the
+principal editor, and held that post, discharging
+its duties with ability, skill, and unwearied assiduity,
+until failing health compelled him to relinquish
+it during the last spring. He wrote
+frequently for the reviews and magazines, and
+sustained confidential relations, as critic and
+literary adviser, to the house of Harper and
+Brothers. He was a man of decided talent, of
+extensive information, great industry and of unblemished
+character. He died at the age of 47.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The most exciting event of the month has
+been the arrival of the celebrated Swedish
+vocalist, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Jenny Lind</span></span>. She reached New York
+in the Steamer <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Atlantic</span></span> on the 1st of September,
+and was received by a demonstration of
+popular enthusiasm which has seldom been
+equaled in this country. More than twenty
+thousand people gathered upon the wharf where
+she landed, and crowded the streets through
+which she passed. She gave her first concert
+at Castle Garden, in New York, on the evening
+of the 12th, and this was rapidly followed by
+five others at the same place. The number of
+persons present on each occasion could not have
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page704">[pg 704]</span><a name="Pg704" id="Pg704" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+been less then seven thousand. The receipts
+on the first night were about thirty thousand
+dollars, and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Jenny Lind</span></span> immediately bestowed
+ten thousand upon several of the worthiest charities
+of New York City. The enthusiasm which
+she excites seems fully justified not more by
+her superiority as an artist than by her personal
+qualities and character. Of her life a brief but
+spirited sketch, from the graceful pen of her
+distinguished countrywoman, Miss <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bremer</span></span>,
+will be found in another part of this Magazine.
+Her charities are already well known and honored
+wherever there are hearts to glow at deeds
+of enlightened benevolence. A young woman,
+who has not yet seen thirty years, she has already
+bestowed upon benevolent objects half a
+million of dollars, not inherited or won at a
+throw, but the fruit of a life of severe and disheartening
+toil, and has appropriated to the
+benefit of her native country the profits which
+she will reap from the willing soil of America.
+As an artist she has powers which are met
+with but once or twice in a generation. Her
+voice is in itself a wonder, and unlike most
+wonders is beautiful to a degree which causes
+those who come under its influence to forget
+surprise in pleasure. It is compared to all
+things beautiful under the sun by those whose
+grateful task it is to set its attractions forth in
+detail: to the flood of melody from the nightingale's
+throat, to light, to water which flows
+from a pure and inexhaustible spring. We shall
+be content to say that it appears to us almost
+the ideal of a beautiful sound. It would puzzle
+the nicest epicure of the ear, we think, to say
+in what respect he would have its glorious
+quality modified. He might object possibly at
+first to the slightest shade of huskiness which
+appears sometimes in its lower tones, or to an
+equally slight sharpness in the very highest, but
+if he listened long he would surely forget to
+object. The purely musical quality of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Jenny
+Lind's</span></span> voice is its crowning charm and excellence,
+in comparison with which its great extent,
+brilliance, and acquired flexibility are of
+but secondary worth. Its lowest tone can be
+felt at a distance and above, or rather through,
+all noisy obstacles and surroundings, whether
+they be vocal or instrumental. Another of its
+chief charms is its seeming inexhaustibility. It
+pours forth in a pellucid flood of sound, and
+always produces the impression that there is
+more yet, amply more, to meet all the demands
+of the singer.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+M'lle <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Lind's</span></span> vocalization is to the ordinary
+ear beyond criticism. Her intended effects are
+so completely attained, and attained with such
+apparent ease and consciousness of power, that
+the hearer does not think of questioning whether
+they could be better in themselves or better
+performed, but gives himself up to this unalloyed
+enjoyment. Her intervals are taken with
+a certainty and firmness which can not be attained
+by an instrument, so nicely, so rigidly
+accurate is her ear, and so absolute is her
+power over her organ. Her abilities have been
+best displayed in the first <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">aria</span></span> sung by the
+Queen of Night in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mozart's</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Zauberflöte</span></span>,
+and by a taking Swedish Herdsman's Song. In the
+former she vocalizes freely above the lines for
+many bars, and in one passage takes the astonishing
+note F <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">in alt</span></span>. with perfect intonation. In
+the latter, which contains some very difficult
+and unmelodic intervals, her performance is
+marked with the same ease and accuracy which
+appear in her simplest ballad, and the effect of
+echo which she produces is to be equaled only
+by Nature herself. M'lle <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Lind's</span></span> shake is probably
+the most equal and brilliant ever heard.
+There are some critics and amateurs who object
+to her manner of delivering her voice and to
+her unimpassioned style; but although these
+objections seem to have no little weight, their
+consideration would involve a deeper investigation
+of questions of pure Art than we are at
+present prepared for, and are content to offer
+our homage, with that of the rest of the world,
+to the Genius and Benevolence which are united
+in her fascinating, though, we must say, not
+beautiful person.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The Gallery of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">American Art-Union</span></span>
+was re-opened for the season in New York on
+the 4th of September, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Jenny Lind</span></span> honoring
+the occasion by her presence. The collection
+is unusually large and excellent. It already
+numbers over 300 pictures, several of which
+are among the best productions of their authors.
+The number and variety of works of art to be
+distributed among the members at the coming
+anniversary will be greater than ever before.
+The rapid and wonderful growth of this institution
+is in the highest degree honorable to the
+country, and affords marked evidence of the
+energy and spirit with which its affairs have
+been conducted. We understand that the subscription
+list is already larger by some thousands
+than ever before at the same time.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Literary Intelligence</span></span> of the month
+is devoid of any features of startling interest.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">G.P.R. James, Esq.</span></span> has commenced in Boston
+a series of six Lectures upon the History of
+Civilization, and will probably repeat them in
+New York and other American cities. The
+subject is one with which Mr. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">James</span></span> has made
+himself familiar in the ordinary course of his
+studies for his historical novels; and he will
+undoubtedly bring to its methodical discussion
+a clear and sound judgment, liberal views, and
+his characteristic felicity and picturesqueness
+of description and narrative. The lectures are
+new, and are delivered for the first time in this
+country.—All who are interested in Classical
+Education will welcome the appearance of the
+edition of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Freund's</span></span> Lexicon of the Latin Language,
+upon which Professor <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Andrews</span></span> has
+been engaged for several years. The original
+work consists of four octavo volumes, averaging
+about 1100 pages each, which were eleven
+years in passing through the press, viz., from
+1834 to 1845. By the adoption of various typographical
+expedients, such as adding another
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page705">[pg 705]</span><a name="Pg705" id="Pg705" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+column to the page, and using smaller type,
+the whole will be comprised in a single volume,
+an improvement which, while it diminishes the
+cost, adds greatly to the convenience with which
+it may be used. This Lexicon is intended to
+give an account of all the Latin words found in
+the writings of the Romans from the earliest
+times to the fall of the Western Empire, as
+well as those from the Greek and other languages.
+The grammatical inflexions, both
+regular and irregular, of each word, are accurately
+pointed out; and the etymologies are
+made to embrace the results of modern scholarship
+in that department as specifically applicable
+to the Latin language, without invading
+the proper province of comparative philology.
+To the definitions, as the most important department
+of lexicography, particular attention
+has been given; and the primary, the transferred,
+the tropical, and the proverbial uses of
+words are carefully arranged in the order of
+their development; the shades of difference in
+the meanings and uses of synonymous terms are
+pointed out. Special attention has been given
+to the chronology of words, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>, to the time
+when they were in use, and they are designated
+accordingly as belonging to all periods of the
+language, or as <span class="tei tei-q">“ante-classic,”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“quite classic,”</span>
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Ciceronian,”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“Augustan,”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“post-Augustan,”</span>
+<span class="tei tei-q">“post-classic,”</span> or <span class="tei tei-q">“late Latin,”</span> as the case
+may be. The student is also informed whether
+a word is used in prose or poetry, or in both,
+whether it is of common or rare occurrence,
+&amp;c, &amp;c.; and each of its uses is illustrated
+by a copious selection of examples, with a
+reference in every instance to the chapter, section,
+and verse where found. To those familiar
+with the subject, this brief description of the
+work will suffice to show its vast superiority
+over every dictionary of the Latin language at
+present in use among us, and how much may be
+expected in aid of the cause of sound learning
+from its introduction into our seminaries and colleges.
+It will appear from the press of the Harpers
+very soon.—<span class="tei tei-q">“The History of the United
+States of America, from the adoption of the
+Federal Constitution to the end of the Sixteenth
+Congress, in three volumes,”</span> is the title of a
+new work by Mr. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hildreth</span></span>, whose three volumes,
+bringing down the history of the United
+States to the adoption of the Federal Constitution
+are already favorably known to the public.
+The present volumes, the first of which is already
+in press, are intended to embrace a fully
+authentic and impartial history of the two great
+parties of Federalists and Republicans, or Democrats,
+as they were sometimes called, by which
+the country was divided and agitated for the
+first thirty years and upward subsequent to the
+adoption of the Federal Constitution. The volume
+now in press is devoted to the administration
+of Washington, a subject of great interest
+and importance, since, during that period, not
+only were all the germs of the subsequent party
+distinctions fully developed, but because the
+real character and operation of the Federal
+Government, from that day to this, was mainly
+determined by the impress given to it while
+Washington remained at the head of affairs.
+This subject, treated with the candor, discrimination,
+industry, and ability which Mr. Hildreth's
+volumes already published give us a
+right to expect, can hardly fail to attract and
+reward a large share of public attention.—An
+Astronomical Expedition has been sent out by
+the United States Government to Santiago,
+Chili, for the purpose of making astronomical
+observations. It is under the charge of Lieut.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">J.M. Gillis</span></span>, of the Navy, one of the ablest
+astronomers of his age now living. The Chilian
+Government has received the expedition
+with great cordiality, and has availed itself of
+the liberal offer of the United States Government
+to admit several young men to instruction
+in the Observatory, by designating three persons
+for that object. Letters from Lieut. G.
+show that he is prosecuting his labors with unwearied
+zeal and assiduity—having, up to the
+1st of June, catalogued nearly five thousand
+stars. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Humboldt</span></span>, in a letter to a friend, which
+has been published, expresses a high opinion of
+Lieut. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gillis</span></span>, and of the expedition in which
+he is engaged. In the same letter he speaks
+in warm terms of the great ability and merit,
+in their several departments, of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ticknor</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Prescott</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Fremont</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Emory</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gould</span></span>, and other
+literary and scientific Americans.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+From <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">California</span></span> our intelligence is to the 15th
+of August, brought by the steamer <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ohio</span></span>, which
+reached New York on the 22d ult. The most important
+item relates to a deplorable collision which
+has occurred between persons claiming lands under
+titles derived from Capt. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Sutter</span></span>, and others
+who had taken possession of them and refused to
+leave. Capt. Sutter held them under his Spanish
+grant, the validity of which, so far as the territory
+in question is concerned, is disputed. Attempts
+to eject the squatters, in accordance with the
+decision of the courts, were forcibly resisted at
+Sacramento City on the 14th of August, and a
+riot was the result, in which several persons on
+both sides were killed, and others severely
+wounded. Several hundred were engaged in
+the fight. As this occurred just upon the eve
+of the steamer's departure, the issue of the contest
+is unknown. There is reason to fear that
+the difficulties to which it gives rise may not be
+very soon or very easily settled. Among those
+killed were Mr. Bigelow, Mayor of Sacramento
+City, Mr. Woodland, an auctioneer, and Dr.
+Robinson, the President of the Squatter Association.—The
+news from the mines continues
+to be encouraging. In the southern mines the
+dry season had so far advanced that the Stanislaus
+and Tuolumne rivers were in good working
+condition, and yielded good returns. Details
+are given from the various localities showing
+that the gold has been by no means exhausted.
+From the northern mines similar accounts are
+received.—The total amount received for
+duties by the Collector at San Francisco from
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page706">[pg 706]</span><a name="Pg706" id="Pg706" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+November 12, 1849, to June 30, 1850, was
+$889,542.—During the passage of the steamer
+Panama from San Francisco to Panama the
+cholera broke out, and seventeen of the passengers
+died. It was induced by excessive indulgence
+in fruit at Acupulco.—Rev. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Horatio
+Southgate</span></span> D.D., formerly Missionary Bishop
+at Constantinople, has been chosen Bishop of
+the Protestant Episcopal Church for the Diocese
+of California.—In Sonora the difficulties which
+had broken out in consequence of the tax on
+foreign miners had been obviated, and order was
+restored.—Mining operations are prosecuted
+with the greatest vigor and energy, and were
+yielding a good return. Companies were formed
+for carrying on operations more thoroughly than
+has been usual, and new locations have been
+discovered which promise to be very fertile.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+From <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Oregon</span></span> there is no news of interest,
+though our intelligence comes down to the 25th
+of July. Business was prosperous. Gold is
+said to have been discovered on Rogue's river,
+and companies had been formed to profit by the
+discovery. A treaty of peace has been negotiated
+with the Indians by Gov. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Lane</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+From <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Jamaica</span></span> we hear of the death of Gen.
+Herard, ex-President of Hayti, who has been
+residing in Jamaica for several years. The
+season has been favorable for the crops, and the
+harvests of fruit were very abundant. There
+had been several very severe thunderstorms,
+and several lives had been lost from lightning.
+Efforts are made to promote the culture of cotton
+upon the island.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+From <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">New Mexico</span></span> Major <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">R.H. Weightman</span></span>
+arrived at St. Louis, Aug. 22d, having been
+elected U.S. Senator by the state Legislature.
+He was on his way to Washington where he
+has since arrived. His colleague was Hon.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">F.A. Cunningham</span></span>. In the popular canvass
+the friends of a state government carried every
+county except one, over those who desired a
+territorial organization. A conflict of authority
+had occurred between the newly elected state
+officers and the Civil and Military Governor,
+the latter refusing to transfer the authority to
+the former until New Mexico should be admitted
+as a state. A voluminous correspondence upon
+the subject between the two governors has been
+published.—The Indians at the latest dates were
+still committing the grossest outrages in all parts
+of the country. The crops were fine and
+promising.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">England</span></span> the month has been signalized
+by no event of special interest or importance.
+The incident which has attracted most attention
+grew out of the visit to England of General
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Haynau</span></span>, the commander of the Austrian armies
+during the war with Hungary, who acquired
+for himself a lasting and infamous notoriety by
+the horrible cruelty which characterized his
+campaigns and his treatment of prisoners who
+fell into his hands. His proclamations, threatening
+butchery and extermination to every village
+any of whose inhabitants should furnish aid
+or countenance to the Hungarians, and the inhuman
+barbarity with which they were put in
+execution, must be fresh in the public memory,
+as it certainly was in that of the people of London.
+It seems that, during his stay in London,
+General <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Haynau</span></span> visited the great brewery establishment
+of Messrs. Barclay &amp; Co. On presenting
+himself, accompanied by two friends, at
+the door, they were required, as was customary,
+to register their names. On looking at the
+books, the clerks discovered the name and rank
+of their visitor, and his presence and identity
+were soon known throughout the establishment.
+The workmen began to shout after him, and
+finally to follow and assail him with denunciations
+and dirt; and before he had crossed the
+yard he found himself completely beset by a
+mob of coal-heavers, draymen, brewers' men, and
+others, who shouted <span class="tei tei-q">“Down with the Austrian
+butcher!”</span> and hustled him about with a good
+deal of violence and considerable injury to his
+person. Fully realizing the peril of his position,
+he ran from the mob, and took refuge in a
+hotel, concealing himself in a secluded room
+from his pursuers, who ransacked the whole
+house, until the arrival of a strong police force
+put an end to the mob and the General's peril.
+The leading papers, especially those in the Tory
+interest, speak of this event in the most emphatic
+terms of denunciation. The Liberal
+journals exult in the popular spirit which it
+evinced, while they regret the disregard of law
+and order which attended it.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Parliament was prorogued on the 15th of
+August by the Queen in person, to the 25th of
+October. The ceremonial was unusually splendid.
+The Queen tendered her thanks for the
+assiduity and care which had marked the business
+of the session, and expressed her satisfaction
+with the various measures which had been
+consummated. In approving of the Colonial
+Government Act, she said it would always be
+gratifying to her to extend the advantages of
+republican institutions to colonies inhabited by
+men who are capable of exercising, with benefit
+to themselves, the privileges of freedom: she
+looks for the most beneficial consequences, also,
+from the act extending the elective franchise in
+Ireland.—Previous to the prorogation, Parliament
+transacted very little business of much interest
+to our readers. Marlborough House was
+set apart for the residence of the Prince of
+Wales when he shall need it, and meantime it
+is to be used for the exhibition of the Vernon
+pictures. Lord <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Brougham</span></span> created something
+of a sensation in the House of Lords on the 2d,
+by complaining that all savings in the Civil List
+should accrue to the nation, and not to the
+royal privy purse,—as the spirit of the constitution
+required the Sovereign to have no private
+means, but to be dependent wholly on the nation.
+His movement excited a good deal of feeling,
+and was very warmly censured by all the Lords
+who spoke upon it, as betraying an eagerness
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page707">[pg 707]</span><a name="Pg707" id="Pg707" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+to pry into the petty details of private expenditures
+unworthy of the House, and indelicate
+toward the Sovereign. Lord <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Brougham</span></span> resented
+these censures with bitterness, and reproached
+the Whigs with having changed their sentiments
+and their conduct since they had tasted
+the sweets of office. This course, he said, showed
+most painfully that absolute prostration of
+the understanding which takes place, even in
+the minds of the bravest, when the word
+<span class="tei tei-q">“prince”</span> is mentioned in England.—We
+mentioned in our last number the presentation
+of a petition concerning the Liverpool waterworks,
+many of the signatures to which were
+found to be forgeries. The case was investigated
+by the Lords, and the presenters of the
+petition, Mr. C. Cream and Mr. M.A. Gage,
+were declared to have been guilty of a breach
+of privilege, and sent to Newgate for a fort-night.—Lord
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Campbell</span></span>, on the 14th, expressed
+the opinion, <span class="tei tei-q">“as one of the judges of
+the land,”</span> that the new regulations forbidding
+the delivery or transit of letters on Sunday, had
+a tendency, so far as the administration of justice
+was concerned, to obstruct works of necessity
+and mercy. The regulations have been
+essentially modified.—The bill concerning
+parliamentary voters in Ireland, after passing
+the House of Lords with the rate requisite for
+franchise at £15, was amended in the Commons
+by substituting £12;—the amendment
+was concurred in by the Lords, and in that form
+the bill became a law. The effect of it will be
+to add some two hundred thousand to the number
+of voters in the kingdom.—Lord <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">John
+Russell</span></span>, in reply to a question from Mr. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hume</span></span>,
+explained the nature of the British claims on
+Tuscany for injuries sustained by British subjects
+after the revolt of Leghorn, and the occupation
+of that city by an Austrian corps acting
+as auxiliaries to the Grand Duke. After all
+resistance was over, it seems, that corps plundered
+a number of houses, and among them
+houses belonging to British residents, and conspicuously
+marked as such by the British consul.
+The amount claimed was £1530.—Complaint
+was made in the Commons by Mr.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bernal</span></span>, of the defective state of the regulations
+for the immigration of Africans into the West
+Indies. He said that contracts were now limited
+to one year, which often caused serious loss
+to the employer. He thought the evil might
+be remedied by making the contract for three
+years. He was told in reply that Lord Grey
+had already sanctioned contracts for three years
+in British Guiana and Trinidad, and would, of
+course, be quite prepared to do so in Jamaica.
+The immigration of free labor from Africa had
+proved a failure; but this was not the case with
+the immigration of Coolies. Many requests had
+been made to renew it, and arrangements had
+been made to comply with those requests. Arrangements
+had also been made, in consequence
+of communications with Dr. Gutzlaff, for introducing
+free Chinese immigrants into Trinidad.
+The Tenant-right conference of Ireland held
+its session on the 6th in Dublin. The attendance
+of delegates was large. Resolutions were
+adopted declaring that a fair valuation of rent
+between landlord and tenant was indispensable,
+that the tenant should not be disturbed so long
+as he pays the rent fixed; that no further rent
+shall be recoverable by process of law; and
+that an equitable valuation for rent should
+divide between landlord and tenant the net profits
+of cultivation. A tenant league is to be
+formed.—A dinner was given by the Fishmongers'
+Company of London to the Ministers
+on the 1st. Lord <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Brougham</span></span> was present, and
+excited attention and mirth by his way of testing
+the sentiments of the Company on matters
+of public reform. If they applauded what he
+was about to say, they were reformers, as of
+old: if not, it would show that they had been
+corrupted. He was made a Fishmonger in
+1820, and he hoped the Company were not
+ashamed of what they did in favor of an oppressed
+queen against an aggressive king and
+his minions of ministers. The remark was not
+applauded, whereupon Lord B. drew his fore
+gone conclusion:—<span class="tei tei-q">“Ah, I see;—you are far
+from having the same feeling you had in 1820.
+Honors corrupt manners—being in power is a
+dangerous thing to public virtue.”</span>—The report
+of the Railway Commissioners for 1849
+states that in course of the year the Board had
+sanctioned the opening of 869 miles of new
+railway—630 in England, 108 in Scotland, and
+131 in Ireland—making the total extent of
+railway communication at the end of the year,
+5996 miles, of which 4656 are in England, 846
+in Scotland, and 494 in Ireland.—The Queen
+left on the 22d for a short visit to the King of
+the Belgians at Ostend. She was received with
+great enthusiasm, and returned the next day—Prince
+Albert completed his thirty-first
+year on the 26th of August. The Queen left
+town on the 27th for Scotland.—Sir George
+Anderson has been appointed Governor of Ceylon,
+in place of Lord Torrington, who has been
+recalled.—The American steamer <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pacific</span></span> arrived
+at New York at half-past six P.M., on
+Saturday, the 21st ult., having left Liverpool at
+two P.M. on the 11th. She thus made the passage
+in <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">ten days, four and a half hours:</span></em> this is
+by several hours the quickest voyage ever made
+between the two ports.
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-tb"><hr style="width: 50%" /></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+From <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">France</span></span> the only news of general interest
+relates to the tour of the President
+through the provinces. The Assembly had
+previously broken up, there not being a quorum
+present on the 9th. It was to re-assemble on
+the 11th of November. A Committee of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Surveillance</span></span>
+was to sit during the recess. On the
+12th, the President started on his tour. He
+had given several military banquets, which,
+from their imperial aspect, and the political
+spirit manifested by the guests, created a great
+sensation. On one of these occasions, a dinner
+was given to the officers of a portion of the garrison
+of Paris; it is told, that after the company
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page708">[pg 708]</span><a name="Pg708" id="Pg708" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+left the table, they adjourned into the garden to
+smoke their cigars; and there Louis Napoleon
+seeing a musket, took it up, and went through
+the manual exercise with great dexterity, to the
+great delight of the sergeants and corporals,
+who shouted <span class="tei tei-q">“Vive le petit Corporal!”</span> (the
+Emperor's pet-name among the soldiers) with
+great enthusiasm. During his tour, which was
+unattended by any very noticeable incident, he
+made very liberal distribution of crosses of honor,
+sometimes accompanied by gratuities to old officers
+and soldiers of the imperial army. He had a
+most brilliant reception at Lyons, where he spent
+a day, and was entertained at a grand dinner by
+the Chamber of Commerce. At Besançon he
+had a less gracious reception: at a ball given
+to him in the evening a mob broke into the
+room, shouting <span class="tei tei-q">“Vive la Republique,”</span> and
+creating great confusion. The President left the
+room, which was cleared by General Castellane
+at the point of the bayonet. At several
+other places demonstrations were made of a
+similar character, but much less violent.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Louis Phillipe</span></span>, late King of France, died
+on the 26th of August, at Claremont, England,
+where he has resided since he became an
+exile. His health had gradually failed since he
+first left France, but it was not until the 24th,
+that he became fully sensible of the gravity of
+his disease. On that day he was carried out
+into the open air, and was present at dinner
+with his family, although he ate nothing. During
+the night he was restless, and was informed
+by the queen that his medical attendants despaired
+of his recovery. The next morning, the
+doctor, on being asked his opinion, hesitated.
+<span class="tei tei-q">“I understand,”</span> says the king, <span class="tei tei-q">“you bring me
+notice to quit.”</span> To Col. Dumas he dictated a
+last page of his memoirs, which terminated a
+recital in which he had been engaged for the
+last four months. The king then sent for his
+chaplain, with whom he had a long interview.
+He repeatedly expressed his readiness for death,
+which came upon him at eight o'clock on the
+morning of Monday, the 26th. Louis <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Phillipe</span></span>
+was born in Paris, Oct. 6, 1773, and was
+the eldest son of Phillipe Joseph, Duke of Orleans,
+known to the world by the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sobriquet</span></span> of
+Phillipe Egalité. His education was intrusted
+to Madame de Genlis, under whose direction he
+made himself familiar with the English, German,
+and Italian languages, and with the ordinary
+branches of scientific knowledge. In 1792,
+being then Duke de Chartres, he made his first
+campaign against the Austrians, fighting at
+Valmy and Jemappes. His father was executed
+January 21, 1793, and he was summoned with
+Gen. Dumouriez, before the Committee of Public
+Safety, seven months after. Both, however,
+fled, and escaped to Austria. Retiring to
+private life, and refusing the offer of Austria,
+he was joined by his sister Adelaide and their
+former preceptress, and repaired to Zurich,
+whence, however, he was soon compelled to
+make his escape. He became greatly straitened
+for means, and, finally, found protection in
+the house of M. de Montesquion, at Baumgarten,
+where he remained until the end of 1794,
+when he quitted the place, and resolved to go to
+the United States. He was compelled to abandon
+this project from lack of funds, and traveled
+on foot through Norway, Sweden, and Denmark.
+Negotiations were now opened on the part of
+the Directory, who had in vain attempted to discover
+the place of his exile, to induce him to go
+to the United States, promising, in the event of
+his compliance, that the condition of the Duchess
+D'Orleans should be ameliorated, and that his
+younger brothers should be permitted to join
+him. Through the agency of M. Westford, of
+Hamburg, this letter was conveyed to the duke,
+who at once accepted the terms offered, and
+sailed from the mouth of the Elbe in the American,
+taking with him his servant Baudoin. He
+departed on the 24th of September, 1796, and
+arrived in Philadelphia after a passage of twenty-seven
+days. In the November following, the
+young prince was joined by his two brothers,
+after a stormy passage from Marseilles; and the
+three brothers remained at Philadelphia during
+the winter. They afterward visited Mount
+Vernon, where they became intimate with General
+Washington; and they soon afterward
+traveled through the western country, and after
+a long and fatiguing journey they returned to
+Philadelphia; proceeding afterward to New
+Orleans, and, subsequently, by an English ship,
+to Havanna. The disrespect of the Spanish
+authorities at the Havanna, soon compelled
+them to depart, and they proceeded to the
+Bahama Islands, where they were treated with
+much kindness by the Duke of Kent, who, however,
+did not feel authorized to give them a
+passage to England in a British frigate. They,
+accordingly, embarked for New York, and
+thence sailed to England in a private vessel,
+arriving at Falmouth in February, 1800. After
+proceeding to London they took up their residence
+at Twickenham, where for some time
+they enjoyed comparative quiet, being treated
+with distinction by all classes of society. Their
+time was now principally spent in study, and no
+event of any importance disturbed their retreat,
+until the death of the Duke de Montpensier,
+on the 18th of May, 1807. The Count Beaujolais
+soon afterward proceeded to Malta, where
+he died in 1808. The Duke of Orleans now
+quitted Malta, and went to Messina, in Sicily,
+accepting an invitation from King Ferdinand.
+During his residence at Palermo he gained the
+affections of the Princess Amelia, and was married
+to her in 1809. No event of any material
+importance marked the life of the young couple
+until the year 1814, when it was announced in
+Palermo that Napoleon had abdicated the throne,
+and that the restoration of the Bourbon family
+was about to take place. The duke sailed immediately,
+and arrived in Paris on the 18th of
+May, where, in a short time, he was in the enjoyment
+of the honors to which he was so well
+entitled. The return of Napoleon in 1815, soon
+disturbed his tranquillity; and, having sent his
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page709">[pg 709]</span><a name="Pg709" id="Pg709" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+family to England, he proceeded, in obedience
+to the command of Louis XVIII., to take the
+command of the army of the north. He remained
+in this situation until the 24th of March,
+1815, when he resigned his command to the
+Duke de Treviso and retired to Twickenham.
+On the return of Louis, after the hundred days—in
+obedience to the ordinance issued, requiring
+all the princes of the blood to take their seats in
+the Chamber of Peers—the duke returned to
+France in 1815; and, by his liberal sentiments,
+rendered himself so little agreeable to the administration,
+that he returned to England, where
+he remained until 1817. In that year he returned
+to France, continuing now in a private
+capacity, as he was not a second time summoned
+to sit in the Chamber of Peers. For some years
+after this period the education of his family
+deeply engaged his attention; and while the
+Duke of Orleans was thus pursuing a career
+apart from the court, a new and unexpected
+scene was opened in the drama of his singularly
+eventful and changeful life. In 1830 that revolution
+occurred in France which eventuated in the
+elevation of the Duke of Orleans to the throne.
+The cause of the elder branch of the Bourbons
+having been pronounced hopeless, the king in
+effect being discrowned, and the throne rendered
+vacant, the Provisional Government which had
+risen out of the struggle, and in which Laffitte,
+Lafayette, Thiers, and other politicians, had taken
+the lead, turned toward the Duke of Orleans,
+whom it was proposed, in the first instance, to
+invite to Paris, to become Lieutenant-general of
+the kingdom, and afterward, in a more regular
+manner, to become King. The Duke of Orleans,
+during the insurrection, had been residing in
+seclusion at his country seat, and, if watching
+the course of events, apparently taking no active
+part in dethroning his kinsman. M. Thiers and
+M. Scheffer were appointed to conduct the negotiation
+with the duke, and visited Neuilly for
+the purpose. The duke, however, was absent,
+and the interview took place with the duchess
+and Princess Adelaide, to whom they represented
+the danger with which the nation was menaced,
+and that anarchy could only be averted by the
+prompt decision of the duke to place himself at
+the head of the new constitutional monarchy.
+M. Thiers expressed his conviction <span class="tei tei-q">“that nothing
+was left the Duke of Orleans but a choice of
+dangers; and that, in the existing state of things,
+to recoil from the possible perils of royalty was
+to run full upon the republic and its inevitable
+violences.”</span> The substance of the communication
+having been made known to the duke, on a
+day's consideration he acceded to the request,
+and at noon on the 31st came to Paris to accept
+the office which had been assigned to him. On
+the 2d of August the abdication of Charles X. and
+his son was placed in the hands of the Lieutenant-general,
+the abdication, however, being in favor
+of the Duke of Bordeaux. On the 7th the Chamber
+of Deputies declared the throne vacant; and
+on the 8th the Chamber went in a body to the
+Duke of Orleans, and offered him the Crown on
+the terms of a revised charter. His formal acceptance
+of the offer took place on the 9th. From
+the accession of Louis Philippe as King of the
+French, in 1830, his life is universally known.
+His reign was marked by sagacity and upright
+intentions. He committed the unpardonable
+error, however, of leaving the people entirely out
+of his account, and endeavored to fortify himself
+by allying his children to the reigning families of
+Europe. He married his eldest son Ferdinand,
+Duke of Orleans (born 1810) to the Princess
+Helen of Mecklenburg-Schwerin; his daughter
+Louisa (born 1812) to Leopold, King of the
+Belgians; his son Louis, Duke of Nemours
+(born 1814) to the Princess Victoria of Saxe
+Coburg Gotha; his daughter Clementina (born
+1817) to Prince Augustus of Saxe Coburg
+Gotha; his son Francis, Prince of Joinville
+(born 1818) to the Princess Frances Caroline,
+of Brazil; his son the Duke of Aumale (born
+1822) to the Princess Caroline, of Salerno, and
+his son Antony, Duke of Montpensier (born
+1824) to Louisa, sister and heir presumptive of
+the reigning Queen of Spain. But these royal
+alliances served him not in the day of his distress.
+The fatal 24th of February came, and
+swept away the throne he had taken so much
+pains to consolidate, and he signed his act of
+abdication, accepting the regency of the Duchess
+of Orleans. His subsequent fate is familiar to
+all. His flight from Paris to the sea-shore; his
+escape in disguise to England; his kind reception
+in that country, are well known. Claremont
+was given him as an abode, and there, with the
+exception of occasional visits to Richmond and
+St. Leonard's, Louis Philippe continued to reside.
+There, too, he breathed his last on Monday
+morning, the 26th of August, in the 77th
+year of his age. His death excited general
+comment, but was universally regarded as an
+event of no political importance.—A very
+imposing review of the French fleet at the harbor
+of Cherbourg, took place on the 7th inst.
+A great number of the English nobility and
+gentlemen were present by special invitation,
+and a magnificent display was made of British
+yachts. An immense concourse of people was
+in attendance, and the President, Prince <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Louis
+Napoleon</span></span>, was received with distinguished
+honors. The parting salute at sunset, when over
+two thousand pieces of ordnance crashed forth
+with a simultaneous roar, was highly effective.—The
+trade of Paris is said to be unusually
+brisk this season. Wheat is abundant and all
+the harvests yield good returns, though fears are
+entertained that the quality of the vintage may
+be inferior.—The
+proceedings of the General
+Councils of sixty-four of the eighty-five departments
+of France are now known.—Forty-seven
+have pronounced in favor of the revision of the
+actual constitution. Seven have rejected resolutions
+recommending the revision, and ten have
+declined the expression of an opinion upon the
+subject. Only three have declared themselves
+in favor of an extension and continuance of the
+power now confided to <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Louis Napoleon Bonaparte</span></span>.
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page710">[pg 710]</span><a name="Pg710" id="Pg710" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+Nearly all have expressly desired that
+the revision should be effected in the mode and
+time prescribed by the constitution itself.
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-tb"><hr style="width: 50%" /></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Literary Intelligence</span></span> from abroad
+lacks special interest. The Magazines for September
+contain nothing worthy of mention,
+which will not be found in the foregoing pages
+of this number. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bulwer</span></span> commences a new
+novel in Blackwood, the opening chapters of
+which are here reprinted. It is in continuation
+of <span class="tei tei-q">“The Caxtons,”</span> and promises to be exceedingly
+interesting. It will, of course, be given
+to our readers as rapidly as it appears. Our
+opening paper this month is a spirited and eloquent
+notice of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Wordsworth</span></span>, evidently from
+the popular and effective pen of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gilfillan</span></span>,
+who is a constant contributor to the London
+Eclectic Review from which it is taken. <span class="tei tei-q">“David
+Copperfield”</span> by <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dickens</span></span>, and <span class="tei tei-q">“Pendennis”</span> by
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Thackeray</span></span>, draw toward their end, and our
+readers may therefore anticipate new productions
+from their pens ere long.—The question
+whether an American can hold a copyright in
+England comes up before the English Courts in
+a suit brought by Murray for interference with
+his rights by a publisher who has issued an
+edition of Washington Irving. It is stated that
+Irving has received from the Murrays the sum
+of £9767 for the English copyrights of his
+various works.—The Gallery of Paintings of
+the King of Holland has been sold at auction
+and the returns are stated at $450,000. The
+Emperor of Russia, and the Marquis of Hertford
+in England, were extensive purchasers.
+Two portraits of Vandyke were bought by the
+latter at 63,000 florins.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Lamartine</span></span> writes
+to the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Debats</span></span> from Marseilles, denying, so far
+as he is concerned, the truth of statements contained
+in Mr. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Croker's</span></span> article in the London
+Quarterly upon the flight of Louis Phillipe. He
+has commenced the publication of a new volume
+of <span class="tei tei-q">“Confidences”</span> in the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">feuilleton</span></span>
+of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Presse</span></span>.—The
+Household Narrative in its summary of
+English Literary Intelligence, notices the appearance
+of an elaborate work on <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tubular Bridges</span></span>
+by Mr. Edwin Clark, with a striking folio of
+illustrative drawings and lithographs. Also of an
+Essay in two goodly octavos on <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ancient Egypt
+under the Pharaohs</span></span>, by Mr. Kenrick, full of learning,
+yet full of interest, because grafting on the ascertained
+old history all the modern elucidations
+of travelers and artists, critics and interpreters.
+It appears to be but a portion of a contemplated
+work comprehending a complete history of those
+countries of the East whose civilization preceded
+and influenced that of Greece; and to our proper
+understanding of which, the discovery of the
+hieroglyphic character, and such researches as
+those of Mr. Layard, have lately contributed an
+entire new world of information. Another book
+remarkable for the precision and completeness
+of its knowledge, is Doctor Latham's <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Natural
+History of the Varieties of Man</span></span>, a very important
+contribution to the literature of ethnology;
+and with this is connected in subject, though
+not in any other kind of merit, an eccentric
+fragment on the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Races of Man</span></span>, by Dr. Robert
+Knox.—Mrs. Jameson has published a second
+series of her <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Poetry of Sacred and Legendary
+Art</span></span>, in a volume of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Legends of the Monastic
+Orders</span></span>, similarly illustrated; and nothing can
+be more graceful than this lady's treatment of a
+subject which has not much that is graceful in
+itself.—To biography, a new volume of the
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Life of Chalmers</span></span> has been the most interesting
+addition. A <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Life of Ebenezer Elliott</span></span>, by his
+son-in-law, possesses also some interest; and,
+with a little less of the biographer and more of
+the biography, would have been yet more successful.
+In English fiction, a semi-chartist
+novel called <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Alton Locke</span></span>, full of error and
+earnestness, and evidently by a University
+man of the so-called Christian Socialist school,
+is the most noticeable work of the kind that
+has lately appeared. The other romances
+of the month have been translations from the
+German and French. The <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Two Brothers</span></span> is
+somewhat in the school of Miss Bremer; and
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Stella and Vanessa</span></span> is a novel by a graceful
+French writer, very agreeably translated by
+Lady Duff Gordon, of which the drift is to excuse
+Swift for his conduct to Mrs. Johnson
+and Miss Vanhomrigh. The subject is curious,
+and the treatment (for a Frenchman) not less
+so. Nothing painful or revolting is dwelt upon,
+and if it does not satisfy it fails to offend.—The
+London <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Morning Chronicle</span></span> has an extended
+and elaborate review of Mr. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ticknor's</span></span>
+great <span class="tei tei-q">“History of Spanish Literature,”</span> in which
+it pays the highest possible compliments to the
+accomplished author. <span class="tei tei-q">“The masterly sweep
+of his general grasp,”</span> it says, <span class="tei tei-q">“and the elaborated
+finish of his constituent sketches, silence
+the caviller at the very outset, and enforce him
+to respectful study, while the unaffected ease
+of the style, lively but not flippant, charms the
+attention, and not seldom disguises the amount
+of research and indigation which has been bestowed
+upon each stage of the history.”</span> It
+closes its review with this emphatic praise:
+<span class="tei tei-q">“this History will at once take its position as
+the standard book of reference upon Spanish
+literature, but it will not take the cold honors
+of the shelf usually accorded to such volumes,
+for it will not only be consulted but read. We
+cordially congratulate our American friends
+upon possessing a compatriot who is able to
+make such a contribution to English literature—we
+are not aware that we are equally fortunate.”</span>—The
+third series of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Southey's</span></span> Common-Place
+Book has just appeared. Unlike
+the former series, which consisted of selections
+of rare and striking passages, and so possessed
+a general and independent value, the present
+volume consists mainly of brief notes or references
+to important passages in a great variety
+of works, bearing upon the subjects of Civil
+and Ecclesiastical History, Biography, and Literature
+in general. The references are so
+brief, and the works referred to so rare, that
+the book will prove of little service except to
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page711">[pg 711]</span><a name="Pg711" id="Pg711" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+those who have access to large public libraries.
+Probably not one book in ten of those referred
+to is to be found in any library in this
+country. The volume, however, furnishes evidence
+still stronger than the others, of the
+wonderful extent, variety, and accuracy of
+Southey's reading; it shows that he was a sort
+of living library, a walking study; he read almost
+every thing that appeared, and methodized,
+and laid up in his mind all that was worth
+preserving, of what he read, and thus gained a
+super-eminence of information which has rarely
+been surpassed. The third volume of his Common-Place
+Book is not altogether destitute
+of those quaint and singular selections which
+gave so rare a charm to those that preceded.—The
+North British Review for the current
+quarter, from which we gave some extracts in
+our September number, has an article upon the
+disputed claims of Messrs. Stephenson &amp; Fairbairn
+to the credit of having invented the Tubular
+bridge. If the facts upon which the reasonings
+of the reviewer are based, are correctly stated,
+there can be no doubt that a large, perhaps the
+larger share of the credit due to this greatest
+triumph of modern engineering, belongs to <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">William
+Fairbairn</span></span>, of Manchester, by whom all the
+experiments were undertaken that demonstrated
+the practicability of the undertaking, and proved
+that a square form was much stronger than the
+elliptical one, which was originally proposed.
+Mr. Fairbairn, it is stated, showed conclusively
+by actual experiment, in opposition to the opinion
+of Mr. Stephenson, that suspension chains, as an
+additional means of support, were not needed,
+thus avoiding an outlay of some £200,000.
+Successful as the experiment has been in a
+scientific point of view, the railroad of which
+this bridge forms a link, has been most unfortunate
+in a pecuniary aspect. The stock consists
+of two kinds, the original, and preferential.
+In July, 1850, the former was selling at a loss
+of £72 10s., and the latter at a loss of £33 6s.
+8d. on every £100, involving a total loss to the
+stockholders of £1,764,000.—The <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Barbarigo
+Gallery</span></span> at Venice, celebrated for ages for its
+rich collection, especially of the works of Titian,
+has been purchased by the court of Russia for
+560,000 francs, or £22,400 sterling. A new
+singer, Madame Fiorentini, has appeared at Her
+Majesty's Theatre in London, who attracts considerable
+attention. She is a native of Seville,
+and married to Mr. Jennings, an English officer.
+She received her musical education in London,
+and made her first public appearance at Berlin
+only twelve months since.—The telegraphic
+wires between Dover and Calais, or rather Cape
+Grinez, have been laid and got into operation.
+Dispatches have been received in this country
+which were sent from Paris to London by this
+means. Thirty miles of wire, incased in a
+strong coating of gutta percha, have been imbedded,
+as far as this could possibly be done, in
+the bottom of the channel, by means of leaden
+weights. It remains now to be seen whether
+the precautions taken are sufficient to protect
+the wire from the ravages of the ocean's denizens,
+the assaults of ships' anchors, and the shifting
+sands which are known to underlie the Straits
+of Dover.—A duel took place at Perigueux between
+MM. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Chavoix</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dupont</span></span>, in which
+the latter was killed. The latter was editor of
+a paper called <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Echo de Vesone</span></span>, and had offended
+M. Chavoix, a wealthy proprietor, by severe
+strictures on his conduct. Both were members
+of the Assembly. They fought with pistols at
+twenty-five paces. M. Chavoix won the throw
+for the choice of position, and M. Dupont for
+first fire. Dupont fired and missed. Chavoix,
+declaring that he could not see clearly, waited
+till the smoke of his adversary's discharge passed,
+and fired at an interval of some seconds. His
+ball struck the forehead of Dupont, who fell stark
+dead upon the plain without uttering a cry or a
+groan.—The distinguished French Novelist
+M. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Balzac</span></span> died at Paris on the 18th of August,
+aged 51. He was in many important respects,
+the foremost of French writers. He was
+originally a journeyman printer at Tours, his
+native place. His earlier works obtained a fair
+measure of success, but it was not until after
+many years' apprenticeship, either anonymously
+or under assumed cognomens, that he ventured
+to communicate his name to the public. And
+no sooner was the name given than it became
+popular—and in a little while famous—famous
+not in France alone, but all over Europe. His
+success was almost as brilliant as that of Walter
+Scott himself. In addition to his romances,
+Balzac wrote some theatrical pieces, and for a
+while edited and contributed a good deal to the
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Revue Parisienne</span></span>. Since the revolution Balzac
+published nothing, but was engaged in visiting
+the battle-fields of Germany and Russia, and in
+piling up materials for a series of volumes, to
+be entitled <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Scenes de la Vie Militaire.</span></span> He
+leaves behind several MS. works, partially or
+wholly completed. His design was to make all
+his romances form one great work, under the
+title of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Comedíe Humaine</span></span>,—the whole being
+a minute dissection of the different classes of
+French society. Only a little while before his
+death, he stated that, in what he had done, he
+had but half accomplished his task. Next to
+his great celebrity, the most remarkable feature
+in his career is a strong passion which he formed
+for a Russian countess, and which, after
+years of patient suffering, he had the satisfaction
+of having rewarded by the gift of the lady's
+hand. Shortly after his marriage—which took
+place some two years ago—he was attacked
+with a disease of the heart, and that carried him
+off. He and his wife had only been a few
+months in Paris when this sad event took place.
+His funeral was celebrated with a good deal
+of ceremony, and an eloquent funeral oration
+was pronounced by M. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Victor Hugo</span></span>.—Sir
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Martin Archer Shee</span></span>, President of the Royal
+Academy, died at Brighton on the 19th, in his
+80th year. He was elected to the above office
+in 1830, on the death of Sir Thomas Lawrence,
+when he received the honor of knighthood. He
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page712">[pg 712]</span><a name="Pg712" id="Pg712" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+retired in 1845 from the active duties of the
+office, which have been since performed by Mr.
+Turner.—The late Sir <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Robert Peel</span></span> has
+left directions in his will for the early publication
+of his political memoirs, and has ordered
+that the profits arising from the publication
+shall be given to some public institution for the
+education of the working classes. He has confided
+the task of preparing these memoirs to
+Lord Mahon and Mr. Cardwell.
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-tb"><hr style="width: 50%" /></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In the settlement of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">German</span></span> affairs little
+progress has yet been made by the Congress at
+Frankfort. At a meeting on the 8th of August,
+at which Count Thun, the Austrian plenipotentiary,
+presided, it was decided that Austria
+should formally invite all the members of the
+Bund to assemble at Frankfort on the 1st of
+September next. A circular note of the 18th
+of August, in which the Minister-President reiterates
+the assurances so solemnly given in the
+circular of the 19th July, that it is the earnest
+wish of Austria to make such reforms in the
+Act of Confederation as may be required by the
+recent change of circumstances in Germany,
+and may conduce to the unity of the common
+fatherland, was accordingly dispatched with the
+Frankfort summons to the different courts on
+the 15th. It remains to be seen whether Prussia
+and the League will accept this proposal.—The
+third meeting of the General Peace
+Congress commenced at Frankfort on the 22d
+of August. There were some two thousand
+delegates in attendance, mostly from England,
+France, the United States, and Germany. Gen.
+Haynau was present for a time. Resolutions
+were submitted, discussed, and adopted, deprecating
+a resort to arms, and urging the propriety
+and expediency of settling all international
+differences by arbitration. Dr. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Jaup</span></span> presided,
+and speeches were made by delegates from
+every nation. Among the most prominent representatives
+from the United States were Elihu
+Burritt, Professor Cleaveland, Dr. Hitchcock, and
+George Copway, an Indian chief; Mr. Cobden, of
+England, and Cormenin and Girardin, of France
+were also in attendance. The session lasted
+three days.
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-tb"><hr style="width: 50%" /></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+In <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Piedmont</span></span> a great sensation has been
+produced by a collision with the papal power.
+The Sardinian Minister of Finance, the Cavalière
+Santa Rosa, who had supported the ministry in
+passing the law which rendered the clergy
+amenable to the civil courts, being on his death-bed,
+was refused the sacrament by the monks,
+under the direction of Franzoni the Archbishop
+of Turin. At his funeral such excitement was
+manifested by the people, that to avoid an actual
+outbreak, the monks were ordered to leave the
+city, and the possessions of their order were sequestered.
+In the search through their house,
+documents were found which inculpated the
+Archbishop Franzoni himself, and he was consequently
+arrested and imprisoned in the fortress
+of Fenestrelles. Both Austria and France, however,
+have interfered; and, in consequence, the
+editor of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">L'Opinione</span></span>, a liberal journal, has been
+banished from the Sardinian States. It is stated
+that Lord Palmerston has addressed to the Court
+of the Vatican a most energetic note, in which
+he cautions it against adopting violent measures
+toward Sardinia, and persevering in the
+system hitherto pursued by the Pope with regard
+to that Government.
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-tb"><hr style="width: 50%" /></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A letter from Rome, of the 20th, in the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Constitutionnel</span></span>,
+states that several persons have been
+arrested there for a supposed conspiracy to assassinate
+the Pope, on Assumption day, by throwing
+crystal balls filled with explosive substances
+into his carriage when on his way to church to
+pronounce the benediction. The discovery of
+the plot prevented all danger. There was some
+agitation on the following Sunday, as it was
+supposed that there had been a plot against the
+Austrian Ambassador, on the anniversary of the
+birth of the Emperor. A strong armed force
+was placed near his palace to protect it, and in
+the evening some arrests were made.
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-tb"><hr style="width: 50%" /></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A continuance of heavy rain in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Belgium</span></span> on
+the 15th, 16th, and 17th has produced disastrous
+inundations in various parts of that country. At
+Antwerp there was a tremendous storm of rain,
+wind, and thunder. The lightning struck several
+buildings; many of the streets were under water,
+and large trees were uprooted in the neighboring
+country. At Ghent a large sugar manufactory
+was destroyed by lightning, and people
+were killed by it in different places. A great
+part of the city of Brussels and the neighboring
+villages were under water for nearly two days;
+and many houses were so much damaged that
+they fell, and a number of persons perished.
+Near Charleroi all the fields were submerged,
+and the injury done to the crops was immense.
+At Valenciennes the Scheldt overflowed, inundating
+the neighboring country, and causing
+vast devastation. The damage done to the
+crops has produced a rise in the price of flour.
+Many bridges have been swept away, and
+the injury done to the railways has been immense.
+</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-tb"><hr style="width: 50%" /></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+From <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Schleswig Holstein</span></span>, we learn that
+the continued rains have prevented all renewal
+of operations in the field. The Danes have established
+a permanent camp near Ramstedt, and
+the marshes in that vicinity have been completely
+flooded. The Emperor of Russia has created
+General <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Krogh</span></span>, the Danish Commander-in-Chief,
+Knight of the Order of St. Anne of the
+first class, for the distinguished bravery and
+prudence which he displayed in the engagements
+of the 24th and 25th of July, at Idstedt.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page713">[pg 713]</span><a name="Pg713" id="Pg713" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc65" id="toc65"></a>
+<a name="pdf66" id="pdf66"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Literary Notices.</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rural Hours,</span></span> by <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">A Lady</span></span>, published by G.P.
+Putnam, is an admirable volume, the effect of
+which is like a personal visit to the charming
+scenes which the writer portrays with such a
+genuine passion for nature, and so much vivacity
+and truthfulness of description. Without the faintest
+trace of affectation, or even the desire to present
+the favorite surroundings of her daily life in
+overdone pictures, she quietly jots down the sights
+and sounds, and odorous blossomings of the seasons
+as they pass, and by this intellectual honesty
+and simplicity, has given a peculiar charm
+to her work, which a more ambitious style of
+composition would never have been able to command.
+Her eye for nature is as accurate as
+her enthusiasm is sincere. She dwells on the
+minute phenomena of daily occurrence in their
+season with a just discrimination, content with
+clothing them in their own beauty, and never
+seeking to increase their brilliancy by any artificial
+gloss. Whoever has a love for communing
+with nature in the <span class="tei tei-q">“sweet hour of prime,”</span>
+or in the <span class="tei tei-q">“still twilight,”</span> for watching the varied
+glories of the revolving year, will be grateful to
+the writer of this picturesque volume for such a
+fragrant record of rural experience. The author
+is stated to be a daughter of Cooper, the distinguished
+American novelist, and she certainly
+exhibits an acuteness of observation, and a vigor
+of description, not unworthy of her eminent
+parentage.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A new edition of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Greek and English
+Lexicon</span></span>, by Professor <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Edward Robinson</span></span> (Harper
+and Brothers) will be received with lively
+satisfaction by the large number of Biblical
+students in this country and in England who
+are under such deep obligations to the previous
+labors of Dr. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Robinson</span></span> in this department of
+philology. The work exhibits abundant evidence
+of the profound and discriminating research,
+the even more than German patience of
+labor, the rigid impartiality, and the rare critical
+acumen for which the name of the author is
+proverbial wherever the New-Testament Lexicography
+is made the object of earnest study.
+Since the publication of the first edition, fourteen
+years since, which was speedily followed by
+three rival editions in Great Britain, and two
+abridgments, the science of Biblical philology
+has made great progress; new views have been
+developed by the learned labors of Wahl, Bretschneider,
+Winer, and others; the experience of
+the author in his official duties for the space of
+ten years, had corrected and enlarged his own
+knowledge; he had made a personal exploration
+of many portions of the Holy Land; and under
+these circumstances, when he came to the revision
+of the work, he found that a large part
+of it must be re-written, and the remainder submitted
+to such alterations, corrections, and improvements,
+as were almost as laborious as the
+composition of a new Lexicon. The plan of the
+work in its present enlarged form, embraces
+the etymology of each word given—the logical
+deduction of all its significations, which occur
+in the New Testament—the various combinations
+of verbs and adjectives—the different forms
+and inflections of words—the interpretation of
+difficult passages—and a reference to every passage
+of the New Testament in which the word
+is found. No scholar can examine the volume,
+without a full conviction of the eminent success
+with which this comprehensive plan has been
+executed, and of the value of the memorial here
+presented to the accuracy and thoroughness of
+American scholarship. The practical use of
+the work will be greatly facilitated by the clearness
+and beauty of the Greek type on which it
+is printed, being an admirable specimen of the
+Porson style.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Berber, or Mountaineer of the Atlas,</span></span> by
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">William S. Mayo</span></span>, M.D., published by G.P.
+Putnam, is toned down to a very considerable
+degree from the high-colored pictures which
+produced such a dazzling effect in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Kaloolah</span></span>, the
+work by which the author first became known
+to the public. The scene is laid in Morocco,
+affording the writer an occasion for the use of a
+great deal of geographical and historical lore,
+which is introduced to decided advantage as a
+substantial back-ground to the story, which, in
+itself, possesses a sustained and powerful interest.
+Dr. Mayo displays a rare talent in individualizing
+character: his groups consist of
+distinct persons, without any confused blundering
+or repetition; he is not only a painter of
+manners, but an amateur of passion; and hence
+his admirable descriptions are combined with
+rapid and effective touches, which betray no
+ordinary insight into the subtle philosophy of
+the heart. The illusion of the story is sometimes
+impaired by the introduction of the novelist
+in the first person, a blemish which we
+should hardly have looked for in a writer who is so
+obviously well acquainted with the resources of
+artistic composition as the author of this volume.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Harper and Brothers have issued the Fifth
+Part of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Life and Correspondence of</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Robert
+Southey</span></span>, which brings the biography down to
+the fifty-fifth year of his age, and to the close
+of the year 1828. The next number will complete
+the work, which has sustained a uniform
+interest from the commencement, presenting a
+charming picture of the domestic habits, literary
+enterprises, and characteristic moral features
+of its eminent subject. Mr. Southey's
+connection with the progress of English literature
+during the early part of the present century,
+his strong political predilections, the extent and
+variety of his productions, and his singular devotion
+to a purely intellectual life, make his
+biography one of the most entertaining and
+instructive records that have recently been published
+in this department of letters. His son,
+Rev. Charles Cuthbert Southey, by whom the
+work is edited, has acquitted himself of his task
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page714">[pg 714]</span><a name="Pg714" id="Pg714" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+with admirable judgment and modesty, never
+obtruding himself on the notice of the reader,
+and leaving the correspondence, which, in fact,
+forms a continuous narrative, to make its natural
+impression, without weakening its force by
+superfluous comment. The present number contains
+several letters to our distinguished countryman,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">George Ticknor</span></span>, Esq., of Boston,
+which will be read with peculiar interest on
+account of their free remarks on certain American
+celebrities, and their criticisms on some of
+the popular productions of American literature.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Among the late valuable theological publications,
+is <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Works of Joseph Bellamy, D.D.,
+with a Memoir of his Life and Character</span></span>, by
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tryon Edwards</span></span>, issued by the Doctrinal Tract
+and Book Society, Boston, in two volumes. As
+models of forcible reasoning, and of ingenious
+and subtle analysis, the theological disquisitions
+of Dr. Bellamy have seldom been surpassed, and
+their reproduction in the present form will be
+grateful to many readers who have not been seduced
+by the excitements of the age from their
+love of profound and acute speculation. The
+memoir prefixed to these volumes gives an interesting
+view of the life of a New England
+clergyman of the olden time.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Adelaide Lindsay</span></span>, from the prolific and vigorous
+pen of Mrs. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Marsh</span></span>, the author of <span class="tei tei-q">“Two
+Old Men's Tales,”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“The Wilmingtons,”</span> &amp;c,
+forms the one hundred and forty—seventh number
+of Harper and Brothers' <span class="tei tei-q">“Library of Select
+Novels.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Popular Education; for the Use of Parents
+and Teachers</span></span> (Harper and Brothers), is the title
+of a volume by <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ira Mayhew</span></span>, prepared in accordance
+with a resolution of the Legislature of
+Michigan, and discussing the subject, in its
+multifarious aspects and relations, with a thoroughness,
+discrimination, and ability, which can
+not fail to make it a work of standard authority
+in the department to which it is devoted. The
+author has been Superintendent of Public Instruction
+in the State of Michigan; his official
+position has put him in possession of a great
+amount of facts and statistics in relation to the
+subject; he is inspired with a noble zeal in the
+cause of education; and in the production of
+this volume, has given a commendable proof of
+his industry, good sense, and thorough acquaintance
+with an interest on which he rightly judges
+that the future prosperity of the American Republic
+essentially depends.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+C.S. Francis and Co. have published <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The
+Poems of Elizabeth Barrett Browning</span></span> in a
+beautiful edition of two volumes, including
+<span class="tei tei-q">“The Seraphim, with other Poems,”</span> as first
+published in England in 1838, and the contents
+of the previous American edition. This edition
+is introduced with a Critical Essay, by <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">H.T.
+Tuckerman</span></span>, taken from his <span class="tei tei-q">“Thoughts on the
+Poets,”</span> presenting in refined and tasteful language,
+a discriminating view of Mrs. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Browning's</span></span>
+position among the living poets of England.
+Mr. Tuckerman makes use of no extravagant
+encomium in his estimate of her powers; his
+remarks are less enthusiastic than critical; and,
+indeed, the more ardent admirers of Mrs. Browning
+would deem them of too subdued a tone, and
+deficient in an adequate appreciation of her peculiar
+boldness, originality, and beauty. The
+edition now presented to the public will be
+thankfully accepted by the wide circle which
+has learned to venerate Mrs. Browning's genius,
+and will serve to extend the healthful interest
+cherished by American readers in the most
+remarkable poetess of modern times.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Companion; After Dinner Table Talk</span></span>,
+by <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Chetwood Evelyn</span></span>, Esq. (New York: G.P.
+Putnam), is the title of a popular compilation
+from favorite English authors, prepared with a
+good deal of tact and discrimination, and forming
+an appropriate counterpart to <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Lift for
+the Lazy</span></span>, published some time since by the
+same house.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+George P. Putnam has just issued <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Deer
+Slayer</span></span>, by <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">J. Fenimore Cooper</span></span>, being the
+first volume of the author's revised edition of
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Leather Stocking Tales</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Among the swarm of Discourses and Funeral
+Orations, occasioned by the death of the late
+President Taylor, we have seen none of a more
+striking character than <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Sermon delivered at
+the Masonic Hall</span></span>, Cincinnati, by <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">T.H. Stockton</span></span>.
+It presents a series of glowing and impressive
+pictures of public life in Washington,
+of the tombs of the departed Presidents, of eminent
+American statesmen now no more, of the
+progress of discovery in this country, and of the
+march of improvement in modern times. The
+too florid character of some portions of the Discourse
+is amply redeemed by the spirit of wise
+patriotism and elevated religion with which it
+is imbued, while it has the rare merit of being
+entirely free from the commonplaces of the pulpit.
+In a note to this discourse, it is stated that
+the author is desirous of forming a collection of
+Sermons, Orations, Addresses, &amp;c., on the death
+of General Taylor, and that editors and speakers
+will confer a favor on him by forwarding
+him a copy of their several publications.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Relations of the American Scholar to his
+Country and his Times</span></span> (Baker and Scribner), is
+the title of an Address delivered by <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Henry J.
+Raymond</span></span>, before the Associate Alumni of the
+University of Vermont, maintaining the doctrine
+that educated men, instead of retiring from the
+active interests and contending passions of the
+world, to some fancied region of serene contemplation,
+are bound to share in the struggle,
+the competition, the warfare of society. This
+is argued, with a variety of illustrations, from
+the character of the education of the scholar, as
+combining theory and practice, and from the
+peculiar tendencies of American society, now in
+a state of rapid fermentation and development.
+Mr. Raymond endeavors to do justice both to
+the Conservative and Radical elements, which
+are found in our institutions and national character,
+and to discuss those difficult problems
+in a spirit of moderation, and without passion.
+Of the literary character of this production, the
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page715">[pg 715]</span><a name="Pg715" id="Pg715" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+writer of the present notice can speak with
+more propriety in another place.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Recent Progress of Astronomy</span></span>, by <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Elias
+Loomis</span></span> (Harper and Brothers), exhibits the
+most important astronomical discoveries made
+within the last ten years, with special reference
+to the condition of the science in the United
+States. Among the topics treated in detail,
+are the discovery of the planet Neptune, the addition
+to our knowledge of comets, with a full
+account of Miss Mitchell's comet, the new stars
+and nebulae, the determination of longitude by
+the electric telegraph, the manufacture of telescopes
+in the United States, and others of equal
+interest both to men of science and the intelligent
+reader in general. Professor <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Loomis</span></span> displays
+a singularly happy talent in bringing the
+results of scientific investigation to the level of
+the common mind, and we predict a hearty
+welcome to his little volume, as a lucid and
+delightful compendium of valuable knowledge.
+The author states in the Preface, that <span class="tei tei-q">“he has
+endeavored to award equal and exact justice
+to all American astronomers; and if any individual
+should feel that his labors in this department
+have not been fairly represented, he is
+requested to furnish in writing a minute account
+of the same,”</span> and he shall receive amends in a
+second edition of the work.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Professor <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Loomis's</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mathematical Course</span></span>
+has met with signal favor at the hands of the best
+instructors in our higher institutions of learning.
+New editions of his <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Algebra</span></span> and
+the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Geometry</span></span>
+have recently been issued; and a new volume
+on <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Analytical Geometry</span></span>, and
+the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Calculus</span></span>, completing
+the course, will soon appear.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Truth and Poetry, from my own Life, or the
+Autobiography of Goethe</span></span>, edited by <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Parke Godwin</span></span>,
+is issued in a second edition by George P.
+Putnam, with a preface, showing the plagiarisms
+which have been committed on it in a pretended
+English translation from the original, by
+one John Oxenford. This enterprising person
+has made a bold appropriation of the American
+version, with only such changes as might serve
+the purpose of concealing the fraud. In addition
+to this felonious proceeding, he charges
+the translation to which he has helped himself
+so freely, with various inaccuracies, not only
+stealing the property, but giving it a bad name.
+The work of the American editor has thus
+found a singular, but effectual guarantee for its
+value, and is virtually pronounced to be a translation
+incapable of essential improvement. With
+the resources possessed by Mr. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Godwin</span></span>, in his
+own admirable command both of the German
+and of the English language, and the aid of the
+rare scholarship in this department of letters of
+Mr. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Charles A. Dana</span></span> and
+Mr. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">John S. Dwight</span></span>,
+to whom a portion of the work was intrusted, he
+could not fail to produce a version which would
+leave little to be desired by the most fastidious
+critic. It is unnecessary to speak of the merits
+of the original, which is familiar to all who have
+the slightest tincture of German literature. As
+a history of the progress of literary culture in
+Germany, as well as of the rich development of
+Goethe's own mind, it is one of the most instructive,
+and at the same time, the most entertaining
+biographies in any language.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Daniel Adee has republished, in a cheap
+form, the twenty-first part of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Braithwaite's
+Retrospect of Practical Medicine and Surgery</span></span>, a
+work richly entitled to a place in every physician's
+library.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Domestic History of the Revolution</span></span>, by Mrs.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ellet</span></span> (Baker and Scribner), follows the thread
+of the Revolutionary drama, unfolding many
+agreeable and often touching incidents, which
+have not been brought to light before, and illustrating
+the manners and society of that day, in
+connection with the great struggle for national
+life. The researches of the author in collecting
+materials for <span class="tei tei-q">“The Women of the Revolution,”</span>
+have put her in possession of a variety of domestic
+details and anecdotes, illustrative of the state
+of the country at different intervals, which she
+has used with excellent effect in the composition
+of this volume. Without indulging in fanciful
+embellishment, she has confined herself to the
+simple facts of history, rejecting all traditional
+matter, which is not sustained by undoubted
+authority. The events of the war in the upper
+districts of South Carolina, are described at
+length, as, in the opinion of Mrs. Ellet, no history
+has ever yet done justice to that portion of
+the country, nor to the chivalrous actors who
+there signalized themselves in the Revolutionary
+contest.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+D. Appleton and Company have published an
+interesting volume of American biography, entitled
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lives of Eminent Literary and Scientific
+Men</span></span>, by <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">James Wynne</span></span>, M.D., comprising memoirs
+of Franklin, President Edwards, Fulton,
+Chief Justice Marshall, Rittenhouse, and Eli
+Whitney. They are composed in a tone of
+great discrimination and reserve, and scarcely
+in a single estimate come up to the popular
+estimation of the character described. Doctor
+Franklin and President Edwards, especially, are
+handled in a manner adapted to chill all enthusiasm
+which may have been connected with their
+names. Nor does the scientific fame of Robert
+Fulton gather any new brightness under the
+author's hands. This cool dissection of the
+dead may not be in accordance with the public
+taste, but in justice to the author, it should be
+borne in mind that he is a surgeon by profession.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The same house has issued an edition of
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cicero's Select Orations</span></span>, with Notes, by Professor
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">E.A. Johnson</span></span>, in which liberal use has been
+made of the most recent views of eminent German
+philologists. The volume is highly creditable
+to the industry and critical acumen of the
+Editor, and will prove a valuable aid to the
+student of the classics.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lady Willoughby's Diary</span></span> is reprinted by A.S.
+Barnes and Co., New York—the first American
+edition of a volume unrivaled for its sweetness
+and genuine pathos.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Young Woman's Book of Health</span></span>, by Dr.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">William A. Alcott</span></span>, published by Tappan,
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page716">[pg 716]</span><a name="Pg716" id="Pg716" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+Whittemore, and Co., Boston, is an original
+summary of excellent physiological precepts,
+expressed with the simplicity and distinctness
+for which the author is celebrated.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Songs of Labor and Other Poems</span></span> is the title
+of a new volume by <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">John G. Whittier</span></span>, published
+by Ticknor, Reed, and Fields, Boston,
+containing the spirited lyrics which have already
+gained a large share of favor in the public journals.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Poems of the Heart</span></span>, by
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">George W. Nicholson</span></span>,
+(G. S. Appleton, Philadelphia), is the <span class="tei tei-q">“last
+production of the author's boyhood,”</span> and exhibits
+the most decided marks of its origin.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Mariner's Vision</span></span> is the title of a Poem
+by <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">T.L. Donnelly</span></span>, Philadelphia, evidently
+written with little preparation, but showing
+some traces of poetic talent, which may ripen
+into excellence at a future day.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A beautiful reprint of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Æsop's Fables</span></span>, edited
+by Rev. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Thomas Garnes</span></span>, with more than Fifty
+Illustrations from <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tennial's</span></span> designs has been
+issued by Robert B. Collins, New York, in a
+style of superb typography, which can not fail
+to command the admiration of the amateur.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The volume before us awakens recollections
+of <span class="tei tei-q">“by-gone days,”</span> in the Publishers of this
+Magazine, upon which we love to dwell. Æsop's
+Fables was among the first books which passed
+through our press. Some thirty years since,
+we printed an edition of it for the late <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Evert
+Duyckinck</span></span>, Esq. (father of the present accomplished
+editors of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Literary World</span></span>), one of
+the leading booksellers and publishers of his day,
+and, in every sense, <span class="tei tei-q">“a good man and true,”</span> as
+well as one of our earliest and best friends.
+His memory to us is precious—his early kindness
+will ever live in our recollection.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The name of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Collins</span></span> (publisher of the present
+edition), has been so long and closely associated
+with the book trade in this country, that we
+apprehend the public may feel some interest in
+a short sketch of the rise and progress of this
+most respectable publishing firm. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Isaac Collins</span></span>,
+a member of the Society of Friends, was
+the founder of the house. He originally came
+from Virginia, and commenced the printing and
+bookselling business in the city of Trenton, New
+Jersey, about the close of the Revolutionary War,
+where he printed the first quarto Bible published
+in America. This Bible was so highly esteemed
+for its correctness, that the American Bible
+Society was at some pains to obtain a copy,
+from which to print their excellent editions of
+the Scriptures. It would take too much space
+to follow the various changes in the firm, under
+the names of Isaac Collins, Isaac Collins &amp; Son,
+Collins, Perkins &amp; Co., Collins &amp; Co., down to
+the establishment of the house of Collins &amp; Hannay,
+about the close of the last war. This concern
+was composed of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Benjamin S. Collins</span></span>
+(the son of Isaac), and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Samuel Hannay</span></span>, who
+had been educated for the business by the old
+house of Collins &amp; Co. The enterprise, liberality,
+and industry of this firm soon placed them
+at the head of the book trade in the city of New
+York, where they are still remembered with
+respect and esteem by the thousands of customers
+scattered all over our immense country, and
+with affection and gratitude by many whose
+fortunes were aided, and whose credit was established,
+by their generous confidence and timely
+aid. Mr. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Benjamin S. Collins</span></span> is now living in
+dignified retirement, on his farm in Westchester
+County. Several other members of the family,
+formerly connected with the bookselling business,
+have also retired with a competency, and are now
+usefully devoting their time and attention to the
+promotion of the various charitable institutions
+of the country. Mr. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hannay</span></span> died about a year
+since—and here we may be permitted to record
+our grateful memory of one of the best men, and
+one of the most enterprising booksellers ever
+known in our country. His exceeding modesty
+prevented his marked and excellent qualities from
+being much known out of the small circle of his immediate
+friends—but by them he is remembered
+with feelings of love and veneration. The house
+of Collins &amp; Hannay became subsequently B.
+&amp; S. Collins; Collins, Keese, &amp; Co.; Collins,
+Brother, &amp; Co.; and Collins &amp; Brother; now
+at last <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Robert B. Collins</span></span>, the publisher of the
+work under notice. We trust he may pursue
+the path to fortune with the same honorable
+purposes, by the same honorable means, and
+with the same gratifying result, which signalized
+the efforts of his worthy predecessors.
+Nor are the names of the printer and stereotyper
+of the present volume without a fraternal
+interest. The printer, Mr. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Van Norden</span></span>,
+one of our early and highly esteemed associates,
+may now be termed a typographer of the old
+school. The quality of his work is good evidence
+that he is entitled to the reputation, which has
+been long accorded to him, of being one of the
+best printers in the country. The stereotyper
+of this work, our old friend <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Smith</span></span>, is by no
+means a novice in his department. We are
+glad to see that he, too, so ably maintains his
+long-established reputation. May the publisher,
+the printer, and the stereotyper of this edition
+of Æsop, ever rejoice in the sunshine of prosperity,
+and may their shadows never be less!
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Geo. P. Putnam has published a work entitled
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">New Elements of Geometry</span></span>, by <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Seba Smith</span></span>,
+which can not fail to attract the notice of the
+curious reader, on account of the good faith and
+evident ability with which it sustains what must
+be regarded by all orthodox science as a system
+of enormous mathematical paradoxes. The
+treatise is divided into three parts, namely, The
+Philosophy of Geometry, Demonstrations in
+Geometry, and Harmonies of Geometry. In
+opposition to the ancient geometers, by whom
+the definitions and axioms of the science were
+fixed, Mr. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Smith</span></span> contends that the usual division
+of magnitudes into lines, surfaces, and solids is
+without foundation, that every mathematical line
+has a breadth, as definite, as measurable, and
+as clearly demonstrable as its length, and that
+every mathematical surface has a thickness, as
+definite, as measurable, and as clearly demonstrable
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page717">[pg 717]</span><a name="Pg717" id="Pg717" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+as its length or breadth. The neglect
+of this fact has hitherto prevented a perfect understanding
+of the true relation between numbers,
+magnitudes, and forms. Hence, the barrenness
+of modern analytical speculation, which
+has been complained of by high authorities, the
+mathematical sciences having run into a luxuriant
+growth of foliage, with comparatively small
+quantities of fruit. This evil Mr. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Smith</span></span> supposes
+will be avoided by adopting the principle,
+that as the measurement of extension is the
+object of geometry, lines without breadth, and
+surfaces without thickness, are imaginary things,
+of which this rigid and exact science can take
+no cognizance. Every thing which comes
+within the reach of geometry must have extension,
+must have magnitude, must occupy
+a portion of space, and accordingly must have
+extension in every direction from its centre.
+Hence, as there is but one kind of quantity
+in geometry, lines, surfaces, and solids must
+have identically the same unit of comparison,
+and must be always perfect measures of each
+other. The unit may be infinitely varied in
+size—it being the name or representative of
+any assumed magnitude to which it is applied—but
+it always represents a magnitude of a definite
+form, and hence a magnitude which has an
+extension in every direction from its centre,
+and consequently represents not only one in
+length, but also one in breadth, and one in
+thickness. One inch, for example, in pure
+geometry, is always one cubic inch, but when
+used to measure a line, or extension in one
+direction, we take only one dimension of the
+unit, namely, the linear edge of the cube, and
+thus the operation not demanding either the
+breadth or the thickness of the unit, geometers
+have fallen into the error of supposing that a
+line is length without any breadth. These are
+the leading principles on which Mr. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Smith</span></span>
+attempts the audacious task of rearing a new
+fabric of geometrical science, without regard to
+the wisdom of antiquity or the universal traditions
+of the schools. To us outside barbarians in the
+mysteries of mathematics, we confess that the
+work has the air of an ingenious paradox; but
+we must leave it to the professors to decide
+upon its claims to be a substitute for Euclid,
+Playfair, and Legendre. Every one who has a
+fondness for dipping into these recondite subjects
+will perceive in Mr. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Smith's</span></span> volume the marks
+of profound research, of acute and subtle powers
+of reasoning, and of genuine scientific enthusiasm,
+combined with a noble freedom of thought, and
+a rare intellectual honesty. For these qualities,
+it is certainly entitled to a respectful mention
+among the curiosities of literature, whatever
+verdict may be pronounced on the scientific
+claims of the author by a jury of his peers.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Little and Brown, Boston, have issued an interesting
+work by the Nestor of the New England press,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Joseph T. Buckingham</span></span>, entitled <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Specimens
+of Newspaper Literature, with Personal Memoirs,
+Anecdotes and Reminiscences</span></span>, which comes
+with a peculiar propriety from his veteran pen.
+The personal experience of the author, in connection
+with the press, extends over a period of
+more than fifty years, during a very considerable
+portion of which time he has been at the head
+of a leading journal in Boston, and in the enjoyment
+of a wide reputation, both as a bold and
+vigorous thinker, and a pointed, epigrammatic,
+and highly effective writer. In this last respect,
+indeed, few men in any department of literature
+can boast of a more familiar acquaintance with
+the idiomatic niceties of our language, or a
+more skillful mastery of its various resources,
+than the author of the present volumes. His influence
+has been sensibly felt, even among the
+purists of the American Athens, and under the
+very droppings of the Muses' sanctuary at Cambridge,
+in preserving the <span class="tei tei-q">“wells of English undefiled”</span>
+from the corruptions of rash innovators
+on the wholesome, recognized canons of language.
+His sarcastic pen has always been a terror to
+evil doers in this region of crime. In the work
+before us, we should have been glad of a larger
+proportion from the author himself, instead of
+the copious extracts from the newspapers of old
+times, which, to be sure, have a curious antiquarian
+interest, but which are of too remote a
+date to command the attention of this <span class="tei tei-q">“fast”</span>
+generation. The sketches which are given
+of several New England celebrities of a past
+age are so natural and spicy, as to make
+us wish that we had more of them. Materials
+for a third volume, embracing matters of a more
+recent date, we are told by the author, are not
+wanting; we sincerely hope that he will permit
+them to see the light; and especially that the
+call for this publication may not be defeated by
+an event, as he intimates, <span class="tei tei-q">“to which all are
+subject—an event which may happen to-morrow,
+and must happen soon.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A new edition of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Edward Everett's</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Orations
+and Speeches</span></span>, in two large and elegant
+octavos, has been published by Little and Brown,
+including in the first volume the contents of the
+former edition, and in the second volume, the
+addresses delivered on various occasions, since
+the year 1836. In an admirably-written Preface
+to the present edition, Mr. Everett gives a
+slight, autobiographical description of the circumstances
+in which his earlier compositions
+had their origin, and in almost too deprecatory
+a tone, apologizes for the exuberance of style
+and excess of national feeling with which they
+have sometimes been charged. In our opinion,
+this appeal is uncalled for, as we can nowhere
+find productions of this class more distinguished
+for a virginal purity of expression, and grave
+dignity of thought. As a graceful, polished,
+and impressive rhetorician, it would be difficult
+to name the superior of Mr. Everett, and had he
+not been too much trammeled by the scruples
+of a fastidious taste, with his singular powers
+of fascination, he would have filled a still broader
+sphere than that which he has nobly won in the
+literature of his country. We gratefully welcome
+the announcement with which the preface
+concludes, and trust that it will be carried into
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page718">[pg 718]</span><a name="Pg718" id="Pg718" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+effect at an early date. <span class="tei tei-q">“It is still my purpose,
+should my health permit, to offer to the public
+indulgence a selection from a large number of
+articles contributed by me to the North American
+Review, and from the speeches, reports,
+and official correspondence, prepared in the discharge
+of the several official stations which I
+have had the honor to fill at home and abroad.
+Nor am I wholly without hope that I shall be
+able to execute the more arduous project to
+which I have devoted a good deal of time for
+many years, and toward which I have collected
+ample materials—that of a systematic treatise
+on the modern law of nations, more especially
+in reference to those questions which have been
+discussed between the governments of the United
+States and Europe since the peace of 1783.”</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Echoes of the Universe</span></span> is the title of a work
+by <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Henry Christmas</span></span>, reprinted by A. Hart,
+Philadelphia, containing a curious store of speculation
+and research in regard to the more
+mystical aspects of religion, with a strong tendency
+to pass the line which divides the sphere
+of legends and fictions from the field of well-established
+truth. The author is a man of learning
+and various accomplishments; he writes in
+a style of unusual sweetness and simplicity; his
+pages are pervaded with reverence for the wonders
+of creation; and with a singular freedom
+from the skeptical, destructive spirit of the day,
+he is startled by no mystery of revelation, however
+difficult of comprehension by the understanding.
+The substance of this volume was
+originally delivered in the form of letters to an
+Episcopal Missionary Society in England. It
+is now published in a greatly enlarged shape,
+with the intention of presenting the truths of
+religion in an interesting aspect to minds that
+are imbued with the spirit of modern cultivation.
+Among the Echoes that proceed from the world
+of matter, the author includes those that are
+uttered by the solar system, the starry heavens,
+the laws of imponderable fluids, the discoveries
+of geology, and the natural history of Scripture.
+To these, he supposes, that parallel Echoes may
+be found from the world of Spirit, such as the
+appearance of a Divine Person, recorded in
+Sacred History, the visitations of angels and
+spirits of an order now higher than man, the
+apparitions of the departed spirits of saints,
+the cases recorded of demoniacal possession,
+and the manner in which these narratives
+are supported and explained by reason and
+experience. The seen and the unseen, the
+physical and the immaterial, according to the
+author, will thus be shown to coincide, and the
+Unity of the Voice proved by the Unity of the
+Echo. This is the lofty problem of the volume,
+and if it is not solved to the satisfaction of every
+reader, it will not be for the want of a genial
+enthusiasm and an adamantine faith on the part
+of the author.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+The same house has published a neat edition
+of Miss <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Benger's</span></span> popular <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Memoir of Anne
+Boleyn</span></span>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A new work by <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">W. Gilmore Simms</span></span>, entitled
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Lily and Totem</span></span>, (Baker and Scribner, New
+York) consists of the romantic legends connected
+with the establishment of the Huguenots in
+Florida, embroidered upon a substantial fabric
+of historical truth, with great ingenuity and
+artistic effect. The basis of the work is laid
+in authentic history; facts are not superseded
+by the romance; all the vital details of the
+events in question are embodied in the narrative
+but when the original record is found to be deficient
+in interest, the author has introduced such
+creations of his own as he judged in keeping
+with the subject, and adapted to picturesque
+impression. It was his first intention to have
+made the experiment of Coligny in the colonization
+of Florida, the subject of a poem; but dreading
+the want of sympathy in the mass of readers,
+he decided on the present form, as more adapted
+to the popular taste, though perhaps less in accordance
+with the character of the theme. With
+his power of graphic description, and the mild
+poetical coloring which he has thrown around
+the whole narrative, Mr. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Simms</span></span> will delight the
+imaginative reader, while his faithful adherence
+to the spirit of the history renders him an instructive
+guide through the dusky and faded
+memorials of the past. One of the longest
+stories in the volume is the <span class="tei tei-q">“Legend of Guernache,”</span>
+a record of love and sorrow, scarcely
+surpassed in sweetness and beauty by any thing
+in the romance of Indian history.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Reminiscences of Congress</span></span>, by <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Charles W.
+March</span></span>, (Baker and Scribner, New York), is
+principally devoted to the personal and political
+history of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Daniel Webster</span></span>, of whom it relates
+a variety of piquant anecdotes, and at the same
+time giving an analysis of his most important
+speeches on the floor of Congress. The leading
+statesmen of the United States, without reference
+to party, are made to sit for their portraits,
+and are certainly sketched with great boldness
+of delineation, though, in some cases, the free
+touches of the artist might be accused of caricature.
+Among the distinguished public men who
+are introduced into this gallery are John Q.
+Adams, Clay, Calhoun, Benton, Jackson, and
+Van Buren, whose features can not fail to be
+recognized at sight, however twisted, in some
+respects, they may be supposed to be by their
+respective admirers. Mr. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">March</span></span> has had ample
+opportunities for gaining a familiar acquaintance
+with the subjects he treats; his observing
+powers are nimble and acute; without any remarkable
+habits of reflection, he usually rises to
+the level of his theme; and with a command of
+fluent and often graceful language, his style, for
+the most part, is not only readable but eminently
+attractive.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A new and greatly enlarged edition of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mental
+Hygeine</span></span>, by <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">William Sweetser</span></span>, has been published
+by Geo. P. Putnam—a volume which discusses
+the reciprocal influence of the mental
+and physical conditions, with clearness, animation,
+and good sense. It is well adapted for
+popular reading, no less than for professional use.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page719">[pg 719]</span><a name="Pg719" id="Pg719" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc67" id="toc67"></a>
+<a name="pdf68" id="pdf68"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Autumn Fashions.</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+  </p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 70%; text-align: center"><img src="images/p719a.png" alt="Illustration." title="Fig. 1. Evening Costume." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Fig. 1. Evening Costume.</div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Evening Dresses. White is generally adopted for the evening toilet. Muslin,
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">tulle</span></span>, and <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">barege</span></span>
+form elegant and very beautiful textures for this description of dress. They are
+decorated with festooned flounces, cut in deep square vandykes; the muslins are
+richly embroidered. A <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">barege</span></span>, trimmed with narrow
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">ruches</span></span> of white silk ribbon, placed upon the edge,
+has the appearance of being pinked at the edge. Those of white
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">barege</span></span> covered with bouquets of flowers, are
+extremely elegant, trimmed with three deep flounces, finished at the edge with a
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">chicoree</span></span> of green ribbon forming a wave; the same
+description of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">chicoree</span></span> may be placed upon the top
+of the flounces. Corsage <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">a la</span></span> Louis XV., trimmed
+with <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">ruches</span></span> to match. For dresses of
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">tulle</span></span>, those with double skirts are most in vogue.
+Those composed of Brussels <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">tulle</span></span> with five skirts,
+each skirt being finished with a broad hem, through which passes a pink ribbon, are
+extremely pretty. The skirts are all raised at the sides with a large moss rose
+encircled with its buds, the roses diminishing in size toward the upper part. These
+skirts are worn over a petticoat of a lively pink silk, so that the color shows through
+the upper fifth skirt. As to the corsage, they all resemble each other; the Louis
+XV. and Pompadour being those only at present in fashion.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+  </p><div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 60%; text-align: center"><img src="images/p719b.png" alt="Illustration." title="Fig. 2. Morning Costume." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">Fig. 2. Morning Costume.</div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+A very beautiful evening dress is represented by fig. 1, which shows a front and
+back view. It is a pale lavender dress of striped satin; the body plaited
+diagonally, both back and front, the plaits meeting
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page720">[pg 720]</span><a name="Pg720" id="Pg720" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+in the centre. It has a small <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">jacquette</span></span>, pointed at the back as well as the front; plain sleeve
+reaching nearly to the elbow, finished by a lace ruffle, or frill of the same. The skirt is long
+and full, and has a rich lace flounce at the bottom. The breadths of satin are put together so
+that the stripes meet in points at the seams.
+Head dress, with lace lappets.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Fig. 2 represents an elegant style of
+body, worn over a skirt of light lavender
+silk, with three flounces, each edged with
+a double <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">rûche</span></span>, trimmed with narrow ribbon.
+The body is of embroidered muslin,
+the small skirt of which is trimmed with
+two rows of lace; the sleeves are wide;
+they are three-quarter length and are
+trimmed with three rows of lace and rosettes
+of pink satin ribbon. This is for a
+morning costume.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Another elegant style of morning home
+dress, is composed of Valenciennes cambric;
+the corsage plaited or fulled, so as
+to form a series of crossway fullings, which
+entirely cover the back and front of the
+bust, the centre of which is ornamented
+with a <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">petit décolletté</span></span> in the
+shape of a lengthened heart; the same
+description of centre-piece is placed
+at the back, where it is closed by
+means of buttons and strings, ingeniously
+hidden by the fullings. The
+lower part of the body forms but a
+slight point, and is round and stiffened,
+from which descends a <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">châtelaine</span></span>,
+formed by a wreath of <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">plumetis</span></span>,
+descending to the edge of the dress,
+and bordered on each
+side with a large inlet,
+gradually widening toward
+the lower part of
+the skirt.
+</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">
+Fashionable Colors. It is almost impossible to state which colors most prevail, all are so
+beautifully blended and intermixed; those, however, which seem most in demand are maroon,
+sea-green, blue, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">pensée,</span></span> &amp;c.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+</div>
+<hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-back" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 6.00em">
+  <div id="footnotes" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+    <a name="toc69" id="toc69"></a>
+    <a name="pdf70" id="pdf70"></a>
+    <h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Footnotes</span></h1>
+    <dl class="tei tei-list-footnotes"><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_1" name="note_1" href="#noteref_1">1.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Now it is fate. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">July</span></span>,
+1850.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_2" name="note_2" href="#noteref_2">2.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">——From
+swaddling-clothes,<br />
+Dying begins at birth.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_3" name="note_3" href="#noteref_3">3.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">The honest and uncompromising spirit in which
+these papers oppose the sanitary movement, has led
+some people to imagine that there is satire meant in
+them. The best way to answer this suspicion, is to print
+here so much as we can find space for of the speech of
+Alderman Lawrence, reported in the <span class="tei tei-q">“Times”</span> one Saturday.
+It will be seen that the tone of his eloquence,
+and that of ours, differ but little; and that the present
+writer resembles the learned Alderman (who has succeeded,
+however, on a far larger scale) in his attempt
+<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">miscere stultitiam consiliis brevem</span></span>. The noble city lord
+remarked: <span class="tei tei-q">“The fact was, that the sanitary schemes
+were got up; talk was made about cholera, and people
+became alarmed. Now, it was said that burial-grounds
+were highly injurious to health, and a great cry had been
+raised against them. He did not know such to be the
+fact, that they were injurious to health. He did not believe
+one word about it. There were many persons who
+lived by raising up bugbears of this description in the present
+day, and those persons were always raising up some
+new crotchet or another.”</span> After giving his view of the
+new interments bill, he asked, <span class="tei tei-q">“Was it likely that the
+public would put up with the idea even of thus having
+the remains of their friends carried about the country?
+Was it likely that the Government would be permitted
+thus to spread perhaps pestilence and fever?”</span> There!
+If you want satire, could you have a finer touch than that
+last sentence? There is a bone to pick, and marrow in
+it too.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_4" name="note_4" href="#noteref_4">4.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">In
+the ventilation of large buildings destined to admit
+a throng, it may be also advantageous to the ægritudinary
+cause if heat be at all times considered a sufficient agent.</dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_5" name="note_5" href="#noteref_5">5.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext">Calcutta,
+1848. This report is also published in the
+<span class="tei tei-q">“Journal of the Agricultural and Horticultural Society
+of India,”</span> vol. vi. part 2.</dd></dl>
+  </div>
+  <hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+    <div id="pgfooter" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"><pre class="pre tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em">***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HARPER'S NEW MONTHLY MAGAZINE, NO. V, OCTOBER, 1850, VOLUME I.***
+</pre><hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"><a name="rightpageheader71" id="rightpageheader71"></a><a name="pgtoc72" id="pgtoc72"></a><a name="pdf73" id="pdf73"></a><h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Credits</span></h1><table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"><tbody><tr><th class="tei tei-label tei-label-gloss">August 17, 2010  </th></tr><tr><td class="tei tei-item tei-item-gloss"><table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"><tbody><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item">Project Gutenberg TEI edition 1</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item"><span class="tei tei-respStmt">
+        <span class="tei tei-name">
+            Produced by David King and the Online
+            Distributed Proofreading Team at &lt;http://www.pgdp.net/&gt;.
+        </span>
+      </span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div><hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"><a name="rightpageheader74" id="rightpageheader74"></a><a name="pgtoc75" id="pgtoc75"></a><a name="pdf76" id="pdf76"></a><h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">A Word from Project Gutenberg</span></h1><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This file should be named 
+          33452-h.html or 
+          33452-h.zip.</p><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This and all associated files of various formats will be found
+          in: 
+
+            <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/3/3/4/5/33452/" class="block tei tei-xref" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">http://www.gutenberg.org</span><span style="font-size: 90%">/dirs/3/3/4/5/33452/</span></a></p><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Updated editions will replace the previous one — the old
+          editions will be renamed.</p><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Creating the works from public domain print editions means that
+          no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the
+          Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United
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author	Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org>	2025-10-14 19:59:34 -0700
committer	Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org>	2025-10-14 19:59:34 -0700
commit	9f4dcc9ee77f02895f6ac609a0d16ebfc25c0830 (patch)
tree	9d6a7b356b3e6b51ba10b89df4bef1d3471820dd /33452-h