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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/33449-h.zip b/33449-h.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..7d9ddcd --- /dev/null +++ b/33449-h.zip diff --git a/33449-h/33449-h.htm b/33449-h/33449-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..dd2dacd --- /dev/null +++ b/33449-h/33449-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,869 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> +<head> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" /> +<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Conduct of Sir William Howe, by Israel Mauduit</title> + <style type="text/css"> + + p { margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; + } + hr { width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; + } + + body{margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + } + + .dpcaps {font-size:140%; font-weight:bold;} + .center {text-align: center;} + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + .u {text-decoration: underline;} + .big { font-size:140%; } + + .figleft {float: left; clear: left; margin-left: 0; margin-bottom: 0em; margin-top: + 0em; margin-right:.25em; padding: 0; text-align: center;} + + .footnotes {border: dashed 1px;} + .footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + .footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} + .fnanchor {vertical-align: super; font-size: .8em; text-decoration: none;} + + hr.full { width: 100%; + margin-top: 3em; + margin-bottom: 0em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + height: 4px; + border-width: 4px 0 0 0; /* remove all borders except the top one */ + border-style: solid; + border-color: #000000; + clear: both; } + pre {font-size: 85%;} + </style> +</head> +<body> +<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, Conduct of Sir William Howe, by Israel Mauduit</h1> +<pre> +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at <a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre> +<p>Title: Conduct of Sir William Howe</p> +<p> Observations upon the Conduct of S-r W-----m H--e at the White Plains; As Related in The Gazette of December 30, 1776</p> +<p>Author: Israel Mauduit</p> +<p>Release Date: August 16, 2010 [eBook #33449]</p> +<p>Language: English</p> +<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p> +<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CONDUCT OF SIR WILLIAM HOWE***</p> +<p> </p> +<h4>E-text prepared by Colin Bell, Joseph Cooper, Graeme Mackreth,<br /> + and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br /> + (http://www.pgdp.net)</h4> +<p> </p> +<p class='center'><small><b>Note:</b> This e-book was prepared from a +Reprint Edition 1971 by Arno Press Inc.<br /> +LC# 71-140874 ISBN 0-405-01219-5</small></p> + +<p class='center'><small>Eyewitness Accounts of the American Revolution, Series III<br /> +ISBN for complete set: 0-405-01187-3<br /> +Manufactured in the United States of America</small></p> +<p> </p> +<hr class="full" /> + +<h2 style="margin-top: 5em;">CONDUCT OF SIR WILLIAM HOWE</h2> + + + + +<h2 style="margin-top: 10em;"> +OBSERVATIONS</h2> +<h4>UPON THE</h4> +<h3>CONDUCT</h3> +<h5>OF</h5> +<h1>S-r W——M H—E</h1> +<h4>AT THE</h4> +<h3>WHITE PLAINS;</h3> +<h4> +AS RELATED IN THE GAZETTE<br /> +OF DECEMBER 30, 1776.</h4> +<h5> +(By Israel Mauduit)</h5> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p class='center'><b> +LONDON:<br /> +<span class="smcap">Printed for J. BEW, Pater-noster Row.</span></b></p> + +<hr style="width: 25%;" /> +<p class='center'>M,DCC,LXXIX.</p> +<hr style="width: 25%;" /> +<p class='center'><small> +<span class="smcap">Tarrytown, N.Y.</span><br /> +REPRINTED<br /> +WILLIAM ABBATT<br /> +1927</small> +</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>EDITOR'S PREFACE</h2> + + +<p><span class='figleft'><img src="images/illus01.jpg" alt='letter' /></span><span class='dpcaps'>F</span> the four British commanders here during the Revolution, Howe was +certainly the chief, so far as dullness amounting to apathy and slowness +almost equal to immobility, went. His first experience of American +determination was at Bunker's Hill; and he ever afterwards showed a +wholesome respect for his opponents. On the particular event we are +considering, his expedition northward from New York to White Plains in +1776, his ineptitude was so conspicuous that Israel Mauduit wrote this +stinging pamphlet (now very rare) about it, in which Howe's various +forms of inefficiency are so tersely and forcibly shown up. It was +indeed fortunate for the patriots that a really active, energetic +officer was not in command; for such a one as Simcoe or Maitland would +have easily defeated them. Howe afterwards explained to Parliament his +reasons for not following up his advantage at White Plains, by saying +his inaction was "due to political reasons, which he could not then +disclose." The fact, as it afterwards came out, was that he had +received—and accepted—the treasonable offers of William Demont, the +first American traitor, regarding the post of Fort Washington. By a—for +him—rapid return to New York, he was thus enabled to capture Fort +Washington and two thousand men. His statements as to his losses at +Pell's Point are clearly untrue, as shown by the detailed accounts given +in my "Battle of Pell's Point." Mauduit was probably unaware of the +facts, or he would not have failed to include them in his pamphlet.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class='figleft'><img src="images/illus02.jpg" alt='letter' /></span><span class='dpcaps'>IR</span> W——m H—e having called for papers for the satisfaction of the +public, and thereby invited us to read and attend to them, I have been +accidentally led to the perusal of one of them, and here offer what has +occurred upon the occasion.</p> + +<p>The observations are confined solely to the General's and Admiral's own +account. And, that the reader's mind may not be prejudiced, he is +desired first to peruse the letters themselves; with Faden's and many +other larger maps of New York and Long Island. The latter part of the +letters, upon the taking Fort Washington, is omitted as having no +relation to that subject.</p> + +<p class='center'> +THE LONDON GAZETTE<br /> +Published by Authority<br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">Extraordinary:</span><br /> +<i>Monday, December 30, 1776</i><br /> +<br /> +<i>Whitehall, December 30, 1776</i> +</p> + +<p>This morning, Captain Gardner, one of General Sir William Howe's aids de +camps, arrived in his Majesty's ship <i>Tamar</i> from New York, with the +following dispatches from General Sir William Howe to Lord George +Germain:</p> + +<p> +MY LORD, <span style="margin-left: 15em;"><i>New York, November 30, 1776.</i></span> +</p> + +<p>The service in which I have been employed since the departure of Captain +Balfour with advice of the reduction of New York, would not allow of an +earlier time to send an account to your Lordship of the progress made +from that period.</p> + +<p>The very strong positions the enemy had taken on this island and +fortified with incredible labour determined me to get upon their +principal communication with Connecticut, with a view of forcing them +to quit the strongholds in the neighborhood of King's Bridge, and if +possible bring them to action. All previous arrangements having been +made, the army embarked on the 12th of October, in flat boats and other +craft, and passing through the dangerous navigation of Hell Gate in a +very thick fog, landed on Frog's Neck, near the town of West Chester, +about nine in the morning, the <i>Carysfort</i> being placed to cover the +descent. The presence of Lord Howe, the activity of Commodore Hotham, +most of the Captains of the fleet, and of the navy officers in general, +were infinitely conducive to the King's service in this difficult +movement; only one artillery boat was overset, having three six-pounders +on board, which were lost, and three men drowned.</p> + +<p>Lieutenant-General Earl Percy remained with two brigades of British and +one of the Hessians in the lines near Haerlem, to cover New York.</p> + +<p>The army remained in this situation until the stores and provisions +could be brought up, and three battalions of Hessians drawn from Staten +Island, which, together with some bad weather intervening, caused a +delay of five days. On the 18th several corps re-embarked in flatboats, +and passing round Frog's Neck, landed on Pell's Point at the mouth of +Hutchinson's River; after which the main body crossed the mouth of that +river to the same place, advanced immediately and laid that night upon +their arms, with the left upon a creek opposite to East Chester, and the +right near to New Rochelle.</p> + +<p>On the march to this ground, a skirmish ensued with a small party of the +enemy posted to defend a narrow causeway, who were pursued for a mile, when +a considerable body appearing in front, behind stone walls and in woods, +some companies of light infantry and a part of the chasseurs were detached +to dislodge them, which they did effectually; Lieutenant-Colonel Musgrave +commanding the first battalion of light infantry, and Captain Evelyn of the +Fourth regiment, were both wounded; the latter is since dead, and much to +be regretted as a gallant officer; but Lieutenant-Colonel Musgrave is in a +fair way of recovery; three soldiers were killed and twenty wounded; the +enemy's loss upon this occasion was a Lieutenant-Colonel killed, a Major +wounded, and about ninety men killed and wounded.<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p> + +<p>The part of the Sixteenth Light Dragoons that arrived with +Lieutenant-Colonel Harcourt on the third instant (one transport being +still missing) and the whole of the Seventeenth Light Dragoons, joined +the army on the 20th. On the 21st the right and centre of the army moved +to a position about two miles to the northward of Rochelle, on the road +to the White Plains, leaving Lieutenant-General Heister, with two +brigades of Hessians and one of British, to occupy the former ground. +Lieutenant-Colonel Rogers,<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> with his corps of Rangers was detached to +take possession of Mamaroneck, where the carelessness of his centries +exposed him to a surprize from a large body of the enemy, by which he +lost a few men killed or taken; nevertheless, by a spirited exertion he +obliged them to retreat, leaving behind them some prisoners and several +killed and wounded.</p> + +<p>The sixth brigade, commanded by Brigadier Agnew, was moved the 22d to +sustain the post of Mamaroneck. On the same day Lieutenant-General +Knyphausen, with the second division of Hessians and regiment of +Waldeckers, having arrived the 18th at New York, landed at Rochelle, was +ordered to remain there to cover the disembarkation of the stores and +provisions. Upon the movement of the army to Frog's Neck the enemy +detached a corps to White Plains, and quitted their position about +King's Bridge with some precipitation, leaving two thousand men for the +defence of Fort Washington, extending their force behind the Bronx, from +Valentine's Hill to White Plains, in detached camps every where +entrenched. Their left by this means covering an upper communication +with Connecticut, as well as the road along the North River, it was +judged expedient to move to White Plains and endeavour to bring them to +action.</p> + +<p>Lieutenant-General Heister, with his corps, having orders to join on the +march, the army moved in two columns on the the 25th, and took a +position with the Bronx in front, the right of the line being at the +distance of four miles from the White Plains; upon which the rebels +immediately quitted their detached camps between King's Bridge and White +Plains, assembling their whole force at the latter place, behind +entrenchments that had been thrown up by the advanced corps. The army +marched by the right in two columns toward White Plains, early on the +28th, Lieutenant-General Clinton leading the right and Lieutenant-General +Heister the left column. Before noon all the enemy's advanced parties +were drove back to their works by the light infantry and chasseurs, and +the army formed with the right upon the road from Mamaroneck to the White +Plains about a mile from the centre of their lines; and the left to the +Bronx, near the same distance from the right flank of their entrenchments. +A corps of the enemy was formed on a commanding ground, separated from the +right flank of their entrenchments by the Bronx, which also, by changing +its course nearly at right angles, separated this corps from the left of +the King's army. Colonel Raille<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> who commanded a brigade of Hessians on +the left, observing this position of the enemy and seeing a height on the +other side of the Bronx unoccupied by them, from which their flank might +be galled, took possession of it with great alacrity, to the approbation of +Lieutenant-General Heister, who was acquainted with this movement by Sir +William Erskine. Upon viewing the situation, orders were given for a +battalion of Hessians to pass the Bronx and attack this detached corps, +supported by the second brigade of British, under the command of +Brigadier-General Leslie, and the Hessian grenadiers sent from the +right, commanded by Colonel Donop; giving directions at the same time +for Colonel Raille to charge the enemy's flank as the Hessian battalion +advanced to them in front; but there being some difficulty in passing +the Bronx the 28th and 35th regiments, who were the first to support, +passed it in a place most practicable and formed on the opposite side, +though under the enemy's fire, with the greatest steadiness; ascended +the steep hill in defiance to all opposition, and rushing on the enemy, +routed and drove them back from their works. These two battalions were +closely supported by the 5th and 49th regiments, who showed the same +zeal to distinguish themselves; the Hessian grenadiers also coming up +and passing the Bronx, ascended the height with the greatest alacrity +and in the best order.</p> + +<p>This material post being gained the Hessian grenadiers were ordered +forward upon the heights, within cannon-shot of the entrenchments, the +Bronx, from its winding course, being still between them and the enemy's +right flank; the second brigade of British formed in the rear of the +Hessian grenadiers, and the two brigades of Hessians on the left of the +2d brigade, with their left upon the road leading from Tarrytown to +White Plains.</p> + +<p>The right and centre of the army did not remove from their ground. In +this position the troops lay upon their arms that night, and with very +little alteration encamped the next day. The officers and men of the +British and Hessian artillery deserve much commendation for their active +services on this occasion. The killed, wounded and prisoners taken from +the enemy during the course of this day, is said to be not less than +250—the loss of his Majesty's troops and allies was small, as your +Lordship will observe by the general return, considering the strength of +the ground from whence the enemy was forced; though the loss of +Lieutenant-Colonel Carr, of the 35th regiment, who died the next day of +his wounds, is much to be lamented.</p> + +<p>The enemy drew back their encampment on the night of the 28th, and +observing their lines next morning much strengthened by additional +works, the designed attack upon them was deferred, and the 4th brigade, +left with Lord Percy, with two battalions of the 6th brigade, were +ordered to join the army. These battalions having joined on the 30th in +the afternoon, a disposition was made for the attack next day, but the +night and morning proving very wet, it was postponed; in the meantime +the rebels, having intelligence by a deserter of their danger, most +prudently evacuated their camp in the night of the 1st of November, +after setting fire to all the houses in and near their lines, most of +which were consumed, and retired with their main force towards North +Castle, leaving a strong rear guard upon the heights and in the woods +for one mile back from their entrenchments, the possession of which was +immediately taken, and the Hessian grenadiers remained upon the ground. +All these motions plainly indicating the enemy's design to avoid coming +to action, I did not think the driving their rear guard further back an +object of the least consequence.</p> + +<p>Lieutenant-General Knyphausen being ordered on the 28th of October to +leave the regiment of Waldeck at Rochelle, and to move with the six +battalions of his corps towards King's Bridge, took post at Mile Square +and Valentine's Hill, and on the 2d of November encamped on the island +of New York near to King's Bridge; the enemy quitting the heights of +Fordham upon his approach retired to Fort Washington. The army was +ordered out the 3d, to provide three days' forage; and the next day +Major-General Grant marched with the fourth brigade to Mile Square and +Valentine's Hill, the sixth brigade to a bridge over the Bronx in West +Chester, near DeLancey's mills,<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> and the Waldeck regiment took post at +another three miles above the former, on the same river. On the 6th the +army encamped at Dobbs' Ferry, upon the North river. When this movement +was made, the rebels came down from their strong holds, burning what +they had not before destroyed at White Plains, and distressing the +inhabitants by small parties, in a most wanton degree.</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 25em;"> +<i>Admiralty office,<br /> +December 30th, 1776.</i> +</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Captain</span> Mason, of his Majesty's sloop the <i>Tamar</i>, arrived +yesterday at Dartmouth, and came to Town this morning with dispatches +from Lord Viscount Howe, of which the following is a copy:</p> + +<p style="margin-left: 25em;"><i>Eagle, off New York,<br /> November 23, 1776.</i></p> + +<p class='big'>SIR,</p> + +<p>The General thinking fit to move with a large part of the army to the +right of the rebel forces, who were preparing to establish themselves +for the winter on the heights above King's Bridge as well as on the +north part of York Island, the embarkation of the troops in the +flatboats and small vessels provided, was made from Kip's Bay in the +night of the 11th of last month, under the direction of Commodore +Hotham, with the Captains of the ships from which the boats were manned, +as in the former instances; and the troops were landed in the morning on +the peninsula of Frog's Neck, in the Sound, about ten miles eastward +from New York, without opposition. A thick fog prevailing when the boats +entered the dangerous passage through Hell Gate, every ill consequence +was to be apprehended; but it fortunately happened that no other injury +was sustained besides the oversetting of an artillery boat, by which +accident two field pieces and three men were lost. It had been some time +before resolved in order to prevent the enemy from receiving supplies +by the North River, to send a detachment of ships above their works at +Jefferys' Hook on York Island and the opposite shore of Jersey, between +which they had been lately making fresh attempts to block the channel. +Captain Parker in the <i>Phoenix</i> was again chosen for this service, with +the <i>Roebuck</i> and <i>Tartar</i>. The wind did not permit the ships to pass +the enemy's works, until the 9th. By the accounts I have a few days +since received from Captain Parker, I find the ships had suffered much +in their masts and rigging: the loss of men, as in the enclosed return, +was considerable. Of four of the enemy's gallies chased from their +stations behind the lines of sunken frames and vessels placed to +obstruct the passage of the river, two were taken, one mounting a +thirty-two pounder with swivels, the other two nine pounders and two +four pounders. The two remaining gallies, with some small vessels, being +favoured by the tide and weather escaped the ships in shoal water, where +they had sufficient protection from the shore, which was in the enemy's +possession. The General judging it necessary to make a second movement +with the troops he conducted, further to the eastward of Frog's Neck, +the light infantry, grenadiers and other corps of the first embarkation +were again taken into the flat bottomed boats, and landed the 18th on +Pell's Neck, separated from Frog's Neck by Hutchinson's River. The rest +of the army, which had only that narrow stream to pass, were conveyed +over with the artillery and baggage a few hours after, and the second +division of the Hessians, that came under convoy of the <i>Diamond</i> the +19th were carried up in the flatboats, and landed the 23d on Myers' +Neck, the post of communication with the fleet last established, nearer +to New Rochelle.</p> + +<p>This position of the army requiring further provision to be made for +keeping the intercourse open by water with York Island, the <i>Rose</i> and +<i>Senegal</i> were added to the frigates and small armed vessels before +stationed in the Sound for that purpose.</p> + +<p>It is incumbent on me to represent to your Lordship on this occasion, +and I cannot too pointedly express, the unabating perseverance and +alacrity with which the several classes of officers and seamen of the +ships of war and transports have supported a long attendance and unusual +degree of fatigue consequent of these different movements of the army. +Captain Phipps and the detachment of seamen under his command, who were +further appointed to assist in the service of the artillery upon an +emergency, have acquired much credit by their spirited conduct on that +duty.</p> + +<p>The enemy retreating on every occasion as the army advanced, were forced +from the White Plains (where they seemed prepared to make some stand) +into the North Castle district, and have finally retired, with the +greatest part of their forces, behind the Croton River, whereby the +communication was open from York Island with the continent, by King's +Bridge.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p><i>There</i> is a story currently told, that when General Heister was +upbraided with the loss of the Hessian brigade at Trenton, and asked how +he came to trust it to such a drunken fellow as Raille, the reply made +was, "Sir, if you will tell me why you would not make an end of the war +at White Plains, I will then give you an answer."</p> + +<p>Heister is dead, and I do not warrant the truth of this story: but the +hearing of it led me to read over the General's account of this affair. +It sets out with telling us "The very strong positions the enemy had +taken on this island (of New York) and fortified with incredible labour, +determined me to get upon their principal communication with +Connecticut, with a view of forcing them to quit the strongholds in the +neighborhood of King's Bridge and if possible, to bring them to action."</p> + +<p>The map, or any inhabitant of New York, will inform the reader that the +principal road of communication between King's Bridge and Connecticut is +through New Rochelle. That the whole tract of land south and southwest +of Rochelle forms a peninsula, shut up on three sides by the North River +and an arm of the sea called the East River. That there were only two +roads by which the rebels at King's Bridge could escape out of this +peninsula; the one due north towards Canada, and the other northeast +through Rochelle towards Connecticut. That White Plains lies out of this +peninsula, a few miles to the northward; and that Frog's Neck is a point +of land at the bottom of this peninsula, forming the southeast corner of +it.</p> + +<p>And every one must understand by these expressions, that the General +meant to avail himself of the benefit of the fleet, and land at the back +of the rebels upon the Connecticut road, and attack them as soon as he +could. This was certainly a very wise and just measure, and so obvious +an one that many people wondered he did not pursue it above a month +before, when the army lay encamped at Newtown, in Long Island. He might +from thence have avoided the dangerous navigation of Hell Gate, and by +landing at Rochelle and taking post between that and the North River, +have shut up the whole rebel army.</p> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Compare the statement of the American commander—see my +"Battle of Pell's Point." (<i>Editor</i>).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Robert Rogers—See Heath's Memoirs for account of this +affair. Page 66.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> The same who was killed at Trenton in December. +(<i>Editor</i>).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> The present Williams' Bridge.</p></div> + +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<hr class="full" /> +<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CONDUCT OF SIR WILLIAM HOWE***</p> +<p>******* This file should be named 33449-h.txt or 33449-h.zip *******</p> +<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br /> +<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/3/3/4/4/33449">http://www.gutenberg.org/3/3/4/4/33449</a></p> +<p>Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed.</p> + +<p>Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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For +example an eBook of filename 10234 would be found at: + +http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/0/2/3/10234 + +or filename 24689 would be found at: +http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/4/6/8/24689 + +An alternative method of locating eBooks: +<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/GUTINDEX.ALL">http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/GUTINDEX.ALL</a> + +*** END: FULL LICENSE *** +</pre> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/33449-h/images/illus01.jpg b/33449-h/images/illus01.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..cd6ceb9 --- /dev/null +++ b/33449-h/images/illus01.jpg diff --git a/33449-h/images/illus02.jpg b/33449-h/images/illus02.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..a398665 --- /dev/null +++ b/33449-h/images/illus02.jpg diff --git a/33449.txt b/33449.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d414413 --- /dev/null +++ b/33449.txt @@ -0,0 +1,791 @@ +The Project Gutenberg eBook, Conduct of Sir William Howe, by Israel Mauduit + + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + + + + +Title: Conduct of Sir William Howe + Observations upon the Conduct of S-r W-----m H--e at the White Plains; As Related in The Gazette of December 30, 1776 + + +Author: Israel Mauduit + + + +Release Date: August 16, 2010 [eBook #33449] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII) + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CONDUCT OF SIR WILLIAM HOWE*** + + +E-text prepared by Colin Bell, Joseph Cooper, Graeme Mackreth, and the +Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team +(http://www.pgdp.net) + + + +Note: This e-book was prepared from a Reprint Edition, 1971, + by Arno Press Inc. + LC# 71-140874 + ISBN 0-405-01219-5 + Eyewitness Accounts of the American Revolution, Series III + ISBN for complete set: 0-405-01187-3 + Manufactured in the United States of America + + + + + +CONDUCT OF SIR WILLIAM HOWE + +OBSERVATIONS +UPON THE +CONDUCT +OF +S-r W-----M H--E +AT THE +WHITE PLAINS; + +AS RELATED IN THE GAZETTE +OF DECEMBER 30, 1776. + +(By Israel Mauduit) + + + + + + + +London: +Printed for J. Bew, Pater-Noster Row. +M,DCC,LXXIX. + +Tarrytown, N.Y. +Reprinted +William Abbatt +1927 + + + + +EDITOR'S PREFACE + + +Of the four British commanders here during the Revolution, Howe was +certainly the chief, so far as dullness amounting to apathy and slowness +almost equal to immobility, went. His first experience of American +determination was at Bunker's Hill; and he ever afterwards showed a +wholesome respect for his opponents. On the particular event we are +considering, his expedition northward from New York to White Plains in +1776, his ineptitude was so conspicuous that Israel Mauduit wrote this +stinging pamphlet (now very rare) about it, in which Howe's various +forms of inefficiency are so tersely and forcibly shown up. It was +indeed fortunate for the patriots that a really active, energetic +officer was not in command; for such a one as Simcoe or Maitland would +have easily defeated them. Howe afterwards explained to Parliament his +reasons for not following up his advantage at White Plains, by saying +his inaction was "due to political reasons, which he could not then +disclose." The fact, as it afterwards came out, was that he had +received--and accepted--the treasonable offers of William Demont, the +first American traitor, regarding the post of Fort Washington. By a--for +him--rapid return to New York, he was thus enabled to capture Fort +Washington and two thousand men. His statements as to his losses at +Pell's Point are clearly untrue, as shown by the detailed accounts given +in my "Battle of Pell's Point." Mauduit was probably unaware of the +facts, or he would not have failed to include them in his pamphlet. + + + + +Sir W-----m H--e having called for papers for the satisfaction of the +public, and thereby invited us to read and attend to them, I have been +accidentally led to the perusal of one of them, and here offer what has +occurred upon the occasion. + +The observations are confined solely to the General's and Admiral's own +account. And, that the reader's mind may not be prejudiced, he is +desired first to peruse the letters themselves; with Faden's and many +other larger maps of New York and Long Island. The latter part of the +letters, upon the taking Fort Washington, is omitted as having no +relation to that subject. + + + THE LONDON GAZETTE + Published by Authority + + EXTRAORDINARY: + _Monday, December 30, 1776_ + + _Whitehall, December 30, 1776_ + + +This morning, Captain Gardner, one of General Sir William Howe's aids de +camps, arrived in his Majesty's ship _Tamar_ from New York, with the +following dispatches from General Sir William Howe to Lord George +Germain: + +MY LORD, _New York, November 30, 1776._ + +The service in which I have been employed since the departure of Captain +Balfour with advice of the reduction of New York, would not allow of an +earlier time to send an account to your Lordship of the progress made +from that period. + +The very strong positions the enemy had taken on this island and +fortified with incredible labour determined me to get upon their +principal communication with Connecticut, with a view of forcing them +to quit the strongholds in the neighborhood of King's Bridge, and if +possible bring them to action. All previous arrangements having been +made, the army embarked on the 12th of October, in flat boats and other +craft, and passing through the dangerous navigation of Hell Gate in a +very thick fog, landed on Frog's Neck, near the town of West Chester, +about nine in the morning, the _Carysfort_ being placed to cover the +descent. The presence of Lord Howe, the activity of Commodore Hotham, +most of the Captains of the fleet, and of the navy officers in general, +were infinitely conducive to the King's service in this difficult +movement; only one artillery boat was overset, having three six-pounders +on board, which were lost, and three men drowned. + +Lieutenant-General Earl Percy remained with two brigades of British and +one of the Hessians in the lines near Haerlem, to cover New York. + +The army remained in this situation until the stores and provisions +could be brought up, and three battalions of Hessians drawn from Staten +Island, which, together with some bad weather intervening, caused a +delay of five days. On the 18th several corps re-embarked in flatboats, +and passing round Frog's Neck, landed on Pell's Point at the mouth of +Hutchinson's River; after which the main body crossed the mouth of that +river to the same place, advanced immediately and laid that night upon +their arms, with the left upon a creek opposite to East Chester, and the +right near to New Rochelle. + +On the march to this ground, a skirmish ensued with a small party of the +enemy posted to defend a narrow causeway, who were pursued for a mile, when +a considerable body appearing in front, behind stone walls and in woods, +some companies of light infantry and a part of the chasseurs were detached +to dislodge them, which they did effectually; Lieutenant-Colonel Musgrave +commanding the first battalion of light infantry, and Captain Evelyn of the +Fourth regiment, were both wounded; the latter is since dead, and much to +be regretted as a gallant officer; but Lieutenant-Colonel Musgrave is in a +fair way of recovery; three soldiers were killed and twenty wounded; the +enemy's loss upon this occasion was a Lieutenant-Colonel killed, a Major +wounded, and about ninety men killed and wounded.[1] + +The part of the Sixteenth Light Dragoons that arrived with +Lieutenant-Colonel Harcourt on the third instant (one transport being +still missing) and the whole of the Seventeenth Light Dragoons, joined +the army on the 20th. On the 21st the right and centre of the army moved +to a position about two miles to the northward of Rochelle, on the road +to the White Plains, leaving Lieutenant-General Heister, with two +brigades of Hessians and one of British, to occupy the former ground. +Lieutenant-Colonel Rogers,[2] with his corps of Rangers was detached to +take possession of Mamaroneck, where the carelessness of his centries +exposed him to a surprize from a large body of the enemy, by which he +lost a few men killed or taken; nevertheless, by a spirited exertion he +obliged them to retreat, leaving behind them some prisoners and several +killed and wounded. + +The sixth brigade, commanded by Brigadier Agnew, was moved the 22d to +sustain the post of Mamaroneck. On the same day Lieutenant-General +Knyphausen, with the second division of Hessians and regiment of +Waldeckers, having arrived the 18th at New York, landed at Rochelle, was +ordered to remain there to cover the disembarkation of the stores and +provisions. Upon the movement of the army to Frog's Neck the enemy +detached a corps to White Plains, and quitted their position about +King's Bridge with some precipitation, leaving two thousand men for the +defence of Fort Washington, extending their force behind the Bronx, from +Valentine's Hill to White Plains, in detached camps every where +entrenched. Their left by this means covering an upper communication +with Connecticut, as well as the road along the North River, it was +judged expedient to move to White Plains and endeavour to bring them to +action. + +Lieutenant-General Heister, with his corps, having orders to join on the +march, the army moved in two columns on the the 25th, and took a position +with the Bronx in front, the right of the line being at the distance of +four miles from the White Plains; upon which the rebels immediately quitted +their detached camps between King's Bridge and White Plains, assembling +their whole force at the latter place, behind entrenchments that had been +thrown up by the advanced corps. The army marched by the right in two +columns toward White Plains, early on the 28th, Lieutenant-General Clinton +leading the right and Lieutenant-General Heister the left column. Before +noon all the enemy's advanced parties were drove back to their works by +the light infantry and chasseurs, and the army formed with the right upon +the road from Mamaroneck to the White Plains about a mile from the centre +of their lines; and the left to the Bronx, near the same distance from the +right flank of their entrenchments. A corps of the enemy was formed on a +commanding ground, separated from the right flank of their entrenchments +by the Bronx, which also, by changing its course nearly at right angles, +separated this corps from the left of the King's army. Colonel Raille[3] +who commanded a brigade of Hessians on the left, observing this position +of the enemy and seeing a height on the other side of the Bronx unoccupied +by them, from which their flank might be galled, took possession of it +with great alacrity, to the approbation of Lieutenant-General Heister, who +was acquainted with this movement by Sir William Erskine. Upon viewing the +situation, orders were given for a battalion of Hessians to pass the Bronx +and attack this detached corps, supported by the second brigade of British, +under the command of Brigadier-General Leslie, and the Hessian grenadiers +sent from the right, commanded by Colonel Donop; giving directions at the +same time for Colonel Raille to charge the enemy's flank as the Hessian +battalion advanced to them in front; but there being some difficulty in +passing the Bronx the 28th and 35th regiments, who were the first to +support, passed it in a place most practicable and formed on the opposite +side, though under the enemy's fire, with the greatest steadiness; ascended +the steep hill in defiance to all opposition, and rushing on the enemy, +routed and drove them back from their works. These two battalions were +closely supported by the 5th and 49th regiments, who showed the same +zeal to distinguish themselves; the Hessian grenadiers also coming up +and passing the Bronx, ascended the height with the greatest alacrity +and in the best order. + +This material post being gained the Hessian grenadiers were ordered +forward upon the heights, within cannon-shot of the entrenchments, the +Bronx, from its winding course, being still between them and the enemy's +right flank; the second brigade of British formed in the rear of the +Hessian grenadiers, and the two brigades of Hessians on the left of the +2d brigade, with their left upon the road leading from Tarrytown to +White Plains. + +The right and centre of the army did not remove from their ground. In +this position the troops lay upon their arms that night, and with very +little alteration encamped the next day. The officers and men of the +British and Hessian artillery deserve much commendation for their active +services on this occasion. The killed, wounded and prisoners taken from +the enemy during the course of this day, is said to be not less than +250--the loss of his Majesty's troops and allies was small, as your +Lordship will observe by the general return, considering the strength of +the ground from whence the enemy was forced; though the loss of +Lieutenant-Colonel Carr, of the 35th regiment, who died the next day of +his wounds, is much to be lamented. + +The enemy drew back their encampment on the night of the 28th, and +observing their lines next morning much strengthened by additional +works, the designed attack upon them was deferred, and the 4th brigade, +left with Lord Percy, with two battalions of the 6th brigade, were +ordered to join the army. These battalions having joined on the 30th in +the afternoon, a disposition was made for the attack next day, but the +night and morning proving very wet, it was postponed; in the meantime +the rebels, having intelligence by a deserter of their danger, most +prudently evacuated their camp in the night of the 1st of November, +after setting fire to all the houses in and near their lines, most of +which were consumed, and retired with their main force towards North +Castle, leaving a strong rear guard upon the heights and in the woods +for one mile back from their entrenchments, the possession of which was +immediately taken, and the Hessian grenadiers remained upon the ground. +All these motions plainly indicating the enemy's design to avoid coming +to action, I did not think the driving their rear guard further back an +object of the least consequence. + +Lieutenant-General Knyphausen being ordered on the 28th of October to +leave the regiment of Waldeck at Rochelle, and to move with the six +battalions of his corps towards King's Bridge, took post at Mile Square +and Valentine's Hill, and on the 2d of November encamped on the island +of New York near to King's Bridge; the enemy quitting the heights of +Fordham upon his approach retired to Fort Washington. The army was +ordered out the 3d, to provide three days' forage; and the next day +Major-General Grant marched with the fourth brigade to Mile Square and +Valentine's Hill, the sixth brigade to a bridge over the Bronx in West +Chester, near DeLancey's mills,[4] and the Waldeck regiment took post at +another three miles above the former, on the same river. On the 6th the +army encamped at Dobbs' Ferry, upon the North river. When this movement +was made, the rebels came down from their strong holds, burning what +they had not before destroyed at White Plains, and distressing the +inhabitants by small parties, in a most wanton degree. + + _Admiralty office, + December 30th, 1776._ + +CAPTAIN Mason, of his Majesty's sloop the _Tamar_, arrived yesterday at +Dartmouth, and came to Town this morning with dispatches from Lord +Viscount Howe, of which the following is a copy: + +_Eagle, off New York, November 23, 1776._ + +SIR, + +The General thinking fit to move with a large part of the army to the +right of the rebel forces, who were preparing to establish themselves +for the winter on the heights above King's Bridge as well as on the +north part of York Island, the embarkation of the troops in the +flatboats and small vessels provided, was made from Kip's Bay in the +night of the 11th of last month, under the direction of Commodore +Hotham, with the Captains of the ships from which the boats were manned, +as in the former instances; and the troops were landed in the morning on +the peninsula of Frog's Neck, in the Sound, about ten miles eastward +from New York, without opposition. A thick fog prevailing when the boats +entered the dangerous passage through Hell Gate, every ill consequence +was to be apprehended; but it fortunately happened that no other injury +was sustained besides the oversetting of an artillery boat, by which +accident two field pieces and three men were lost. It had been some time +before resolved in order to prevent the enemy from receiving supplies +by the North River, to send a detachment of ships above their works at +Jefferys' Hook on York Island and the opposite shore of Jersey, between +which they had been lately making fresh attempts to block the channel. +Captain Parker in the _Phoenix_ was again chosen for this service, with +the _Roebuck_ and _Tartar_. The wind did not permit the ships to pass +the enemy's works, until the 9th. By the accounts I have a few days +since received from Captain Parker, I find the ships had suffered much +in their masts and rigging: the loss of men, as in the enclosed return, +was considerable. Of four of the enemy's gallies chased from their +stations behind the lines of sunken frames and vessels placed to +obstruct the passage of the river, two were taken, one mounting a +thirty-two pounder with swivels, the other two nine pounders and two +four pounders. The two remaining gallies, with some small vessels, being +favoured by the tide and weather escaped the ships in shoal water, where +they had sufficient protection from the shore, which was in the enemy's +possession. The General judging it necessary to make a second movement +with the troops he conducted, further to the eastward of Frog's Neck, +the light infantry, grenadiers and other corps of the first embarkation +were again taken into the flat bottomed boats, and landed the 18th on +Pell's Neck, separated from Frog's Neck by Hutchinson's River. The rest +of the army, which had only that narrow stream to pass, were conveyed +over with the artillery and baggage a few hours after, and the second +division of the Hessians, that came under convoy of the _Diamond_ the +19th were carried up in the flatboats, and landed the 23d on Myers' +Neck, the post of communication with the fleet last established, nearer +to New Rochelle. + +This position of the army requiring further provision to be made for +keeping the intercourse open by water with York Island, the _Rose_ and +_Senegal_ were added to the frigates and small armed vessels before +stationed in the Sound for that purpose. + +It is incumbent on me to represent to your Lordship on this occasion, +and I cannot too pointedly express, the unabating perseverance and +alacrity with which the several classes of officers and seamen of the +ships of war and transports have supported a long attendance and unusual +degree of fatigue consequent of these different movements of the army. +Captain Phipps and the detachment of seamen under his command, who were +further appointed to assist in the service of the artillery upon an +emergency, have acquired much credit by their spirited conduct on that +duty. + +The enemy retreating on every occasion as the army advanced, were forced +from the White Plains (where they seemed prepared to make some stand) +into the North Castle district, and have finally retired, with the +greatest part of their forces, behind the Croton River, whereby the +communication was open from York Island with the continent, by King's +Bridge. + + * * * * * + +_There_ is a story currently told, that when General Heister was +upbraided with the loss of the Hessian brigade at Trenton, and asked how +he came to trust it to such a drunken fellow as Raille, the reply made +was, "Sir, if you will tell me why you would not make an end of the war +at White Plains, I will then give you an answer." + +Heister is dead, and I do not warrant the truth of this story: but the +hearing of it led me to read over the General's account of this affair. +It sets out with telling us "The very strong positions the enemy had +taken on this island (of New York) and fortified with incredible labour, +determined me to get upon their principal communication with +Connecticut, with a view of forcing them to quit the strongholds in the +neighborhood of King's Bridge and if possible, to bring them to action." + +The map, or any inhabitant of New York, will inform the reader that the +principal road of communication between King's Bridge and Connecticut is +through New Rochelle. That the whole tract of land south and southwest +of Rochelle forms a peninsula, shut up on three sides by the North River +and an arm of the sea called the East River. That there were only two +roads by which the rebels at King's Bridge could escape out of this +peninsula; the one due north towards Canada, and the other northeast +through Rochelle towards Connecticut. That White Plains lies out of this +peninsula, a few miles to the northward; and that Frog's Neck is a point +of land at the bottom of this peninsula, forming the southeast corner of +it. + +And every one must understand by these expressions, that the General +meant to avail himself of the benefit of the fleet, and land at the back +of the rebels upon the Connecticut road, and attack them as soon as he +could. This was certainly a very wise and just measure, and so obvious +an one that many people wondered he did not pursue it above a month +before, when the army lay encamped at Newtown, in Long Island. He might +from thence have avoided the dangerous navigation of Hell Gate, and by +landing at Rochelle and taking post between that and the North River, +have shut up the whole rebel army. + +[Footnote 1: Compare the statement of the American commander--see my +"Battle of Pell's Point." (_Editor_).] + +[Footnote 2: Robert Rogers--See Heath's Memoirs for account of this +affair. Page 66.] + +[Footnote 3: The same who was killed at Trenton in December. +(_Editor_).] + +[Footnote 4: The present Williams' Bridge.] + + + +***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CONDUCT OF SIR WILLIAM HOWE*** + + +******* This file should be named 33449.txt or 33449.zip ******* + + +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: +http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/3/3/4/4/33449 + + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. 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