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diff --git a/33412-h/33412-h.htm b/33412-h/33412-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0f1992c --- /dev/null +++ b/33412-h/33412-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,1331 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> +<html> +<head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8"> + <title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Observations on the Mississippi Kite, by Henry S. Fitch.</title> + + <style type="text/css"> + p {margin-top: .75em; text-align: justify; margin-bottom: .75em;} + + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 {text-align: center; clear: both;} + + .hr33 {width: 33%; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; + clear: both; color: black;} + + table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;} + + body {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; background-color:#fff;} + + .pagenum {position: absolute; left: 92%; font-size: 0.76em; + text-align: right;} + + .references {padding-left: 5em; text-indent:-3em; margin-right: 10%;} + + .center {text-align: center;} + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + .tech_notes {padding: 2em; background-color: #f6f2f2; color: black; + border: solid black 1px;} + + .data {text-align:left; width:100%; border:1px; background:#fff;} + .data td {background: url('images/dot.png') repeat-x 0 3px;} + .data .blank {background:#ffffff;} + .rtl {background:#ffffff; text-align: right;} + + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Observations on the Mississippi Kite in +Southwestern Kansas, by Henry S. Fitch + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Observations on the Mississippi Kite in Southwestern Kansas + +Author: Henry S. Fitch + +Release Date: August 12, 2010 [EBook #33412] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OBSERVATIONS ON THE *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Tom Cosmas, Joseph Cooper and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<a name="typos"></a> +<div class="tech_notes"> +<h2>Transcriber's Notes</h2> + +<b>Typographical Corrections:</b><br> +<br> +<p>With the exception of the five typographical corrections listed below, +the text of this file is that which is contained in the original +printed volume:</p> +<p> </p> +<table cellpadding="7" summary="typos"> +<tr><td>Page 505:</td><td>misspelling</td><td><a href="#spl_505">misisippiensis => mississippiensis</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>Page 505:</td><td>missing period</td><td><a href="#per_505">op cit. => op. cit.</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>Page 510:</td><td>missing period</td><td><a href="#per_510">op cit. => op. cit.</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>Page 514:</td><td>misspelling</td><td><a href="#spl_514">sqeaking => squeaking</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>Page 515:</td><td>misspelling</td><td><a href="#spl_515">harrassed => harassed</a></td></tr> +</table> +</div> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_503" id="Page_503">[Pg 503]</a></span></p> +<div class="center"> +<img src="images/bar_double.png" width="100%" height="15" border="0" alt="="><br> +<span class="smcap">University of Kansas Publications</span><br> +<span class="smcap">Museum of Natural History</span><br> +<hr class="hr33"> +Volume 12, No. 11, pp. 503-519<br> +<br> +<img src="images/bar_single.png" width="35%" height="15" border="0" alt="-"> October 25, 1963 <img src="images/bar_single.png" width="35%" height="15" border="0" alt="-"><br> +<br> +<h2>Observations on the Mississippi Kite<br> +in Southwestern Kansas</h2> +<br> +<h3>BY</h3> +<h3>HENRY S. FITCH</h3> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<span class="smcap">University of Kansas</span><br> +<span class="smcap">Lawrence</span><br> +1963<br> +</div> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_504" id="Page_504">[Pg 504]</a></span></p> +<div class="center"> +<span class="smcap">University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History</span><br> +<br> +Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch,<br> +Theodore H. Eaton, Jr.<br> +<br> +Volume 12, No. 11, pp. 503-519<br> +Published October 25, 1963<br> +<br> +<span class="smcap">University of Kansas</span><br> +Lawrence, Kansas<br> +<br> +PRINTED BY<br> +JEAN M. NEIBARGER, STATE PRINTER<br> +TOPEKA. KANSAS<br> +1963<br> +<br> +<br> +<br> +<img src="images/union_label.png" width="74" height="27" border="0" alt="Look for the Union label!"><br> +29-7863<br> +</div> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_505" id="Page_505">[Pg 505]</a></span></p> + + +<div class="center"> +<h2>Observations on the Mississippi Kite<br> +in Southwestern Kansas</h2> + +<h3>BY</h3> + +<h3>HENRY S. FITCH</h3> +</div> + +<p>The Mississippi kite (<i>Ictinia <a name="spl_505"></a><a href="#typos">mississippiensis</a></i>) is one of the common +raptors of Kansas, occurring regularly and abundantly in summer +in that part of the state south of the Arkansas River. In 1961, in an +attempt to find out more about the ecology of the species in Kansas, +I made several trips to parts of the state where kites could be found +in numbers, notably to Meade County State Park in the southwestern +part of the state, 7½ miles south and five miles west of +Meade. Little has been written regarding the species in this extreme +northwestern part of its breeding range, where it thrives +under ecological conditions much different from those that prevail +elsewhere in its range. Also, the social behavior and food habits +have been given relatively little attention.</p> + +<p>In my field study I was helped by my son, John H. Fitch, who +climbed to many kite nests and spent many hours observing in the +field. My daughter, Alice V. Fitch, likewise aided me by keeping +nests under surveillance. Dr. Claude W. Hibbard of the University +of Michigan and Mr. Harry Smith, superintendent of Meade State +Park, also kindly provided much useful information concerning +the history of the colony of Mississippi kites at the Park. Mr. +William N. Berg analyzed pellets, and Dr. George W. Byers kindly +checked many of the identifications, and provided generic and +specific determinations for some of the insects.</p> + +<p>In general, the range, habits and ecology of the Mississippi kite +are already well known through the publications of Audubon +(1840), Chapman (1891), Bendire (1892), Ganier (1902), Wayne +(1910), Nice (1931), Bent (1936), Sutton (1939) and Eisenmann +(1963). The breeding range is the southeastern United States, +chiefly within the Austroriparian Life-zone, but extending northwest +through much of Oklahoma and into southern Kansas. The +species is highly migratory. Wintering Mississippi kites are known +from Argentina and Paraguay (Eisenmann, <a name="per_505"></a><a href="#typos"><i>op. cit.</i></a>:74), and most of +the population probably winters in southern South America, but +records outside the breeding range are few.</p> + +<p>The Mississippi kite is perhaps one of the most social raptors. It +is highly gregarious, not only in its migrations but in breeding +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_506" id="Page_506">[Pg 506]</a></span> +colonies. All breeding pairs seen were closely associated with other +individuals, with no territorial hostility; signs of intraspecific intolerance +are rare, even where the kites are abundant. In the nesting +season many of both sexes perch together in the same tree, and +groups tend to keep together as they forage.</p> + +<p>Secondary sexual differences are slight. Seven males in the University +of Kansas Museum of Natural History collection average +351 (342 to 360) millimeters in length, and six females average 361 +(348 to 370) millimeters. Sutton (<i>op. cit.</i>:44) collected 16 breeding +kites near Arnett, Oklahoma in 1936 and 1937 and recorded that +eleven males averaged 245 (216 to 269) grams and five females +averaged 311 (278 to 339) grams. As indicated by Sutton, the +head is paler in the adult male than in the female, and at close range +this difference will serve for identification of the sexes. The difference +in size is scarcely noticeable in the field.</p> + + +<h2>Habitat</h2> + +<p>In Kansas this kite seems to prefer open and even barren terrain, +in contrast with its habitat in forests of the southeastern states. +Typical habitat of Kansas is that of the High Plains, dominated by +a short-grass climax of blue grama (<i>Bouteloua gracilis</i>) and buffalo +grass (<i>Buchloë dactyloides</i>), with sagebrush (<i>Artemisia</i> sp.), +prickly pear (<i>Opuntia</i> sp.) and other somewhat xerophytic vegetation. +In the Gypsum Hills of south-central Kansas near the +Oklahoma border, the Mississippi kite finds habitat conditions exceptionally +favorable. This is an area of broken topography, dissected +by small steep-sided ravines, often with brush and scrubby +trees on the slopes.</p> + +<p>At Meade County State Park groves of cottonwoods (<i>Populus deltoides</i>) +provided abundant places for perching and nesting. At +this locality an artesian well provided an abundant year round +water supply, which was impounded into an artificial lake half a +mile long and a little less than a quarter mile wide. Water was +also impounded in a series of small ponds maintained for the benefit +of fish and waterfowl. Along with other improvements extensive +plantings of cottonwoods and other trees were made with relief +labor in the nineteen thirties. Trees were scarce on the area originally, +but by 1961 there were almost continuous groves in an area +nearly two miles long and three quarters of a mile wide encompassing +the lake and ponds and adjacent areas. In conversation +at the Park in August 1961, Dr. C. W. Hibbard told me of his +observations on the colony of kites since 1936 when his paleontological +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_507" id="Page_507">[Pg 507]</a></span> +field work in that area was begun. He indicated an area of +less than two acres west of the artesian well to which the colony +had been limited in its nesting in 1936, because at that time few +trees were available as nest sites. In subsequent years, as the trees +in the artificially established groves increased in size and height, and +other trees became established naturally where the impoundments +had created favorably moist conditions, the nesting colony expanded +in all directions, and the number of kites increased tremendously. +When my observations were made in 1961, the nesting +area was co-extensive with the cottonwood groves, and there were +literally thousands of trees within the area that provided adequate +sites for nests.</p> + + +<h2>Numbers</h2> + +<p>The maximum number of kites seen flying at one time at the +Park was 44, on August 22, 1961. Probably almost all there were +adults, because fledglings, even though able to fly strongly by this +date, were still spending most of their time perched. The colony +of kites was usually scattered over at least two square miles, and +at most times some were perched, others were flying low and +solitarily, hence it is improbable that the total population or a high +percentage of it could be seen together at any one time or place. +More than 40 nests were located in 1961, and probably at least as +many more were overlooked. There must have been a breeding +population of at least 100 kites, and probably as many as 150 in the +Park in 1961. H. B. Tordoff recorded on the label of K. U. Mus. +Nat. Hist. no. 30514, taken on September 1, 1951, in Barber County, +Kansas, that it was one of at least 200 at a communal roost.</p> + + +<h2>Feeding</h2> + +<p>The Park and its vicinity stood out as a veritable oasis in an +almost treeless region of open rolling topography, with a short-grass +type of vegetation dominating. The kites displayed versatility in +their choice of places to forage. Often they soared over the cotton-*wood +groves, the lake, or the ponds, but at other times they flew +far out over the plains, and seemed to prefer such open situations. +A small herd of buffalo was maintained at the Park, and their closely +grazed pastures of several hundred acres were favorite foraging +grounds for the kites. Often the kites and buffalo were seen in +close association, and at times the kites must have benefited from +the movements of the buffalo, serving to flush certain insects such +as grasshoppers. The latter were probably the chief food source +of the kites in the heavily grazed pastures. Bent (1936:67) stated: +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_508" id="Page_508">[Pg 508]</a></span> +"A flock of from 3 to 20 will sail about a person, a horseman or a +team, traveling through grassy flats or bushy places, and seize the +cicadas as they are scared up." Dr. Hibbard told me that on one +occasion when he had caught a number of cicadas, he fed them to +a pair of kites by tossing them into the air one by one, and each +was seized by a kite which was flying nearby waiting expectantly.</p> + +<p>Mississippi kites are noted for their buoyant and seemingly almost +effortless flight, and their prey is caught while they are on +the wing. In extended flights the kites soar, drift and circle with +frequent easy flapping, at variable heights. Sometimes they are +several hundred feet above the ground. Doubtless the height is +influenced by the types of insects that are flying, and where they +can be found most readily. Even at close range the catching of +prey by a kite is likely to be overlooked by an observer. After +being snatched from the air, the prey is usually eaten while the kite +is still in flight, and the movements of the head in pecking at the +objects held in the talons are much more noticeable than the slight +veering from the course of flight that signals the actual capture. +Kites were often watched while they were hunting in the open +areas around the Park. On June 1, 1961, my son and I observed +16 perched together in a small tree. From time to time each kite +would leave the tree in a short flight low over the surface of a +nearby pool, where it would snatch up prey, probably a dragonfly +in many instances, and would return to a perch to feed. Most of +the time one or several kites were in flight while the majority were +perched. Similar observations were made on smaller groups +perched on fence posts along the edges of large pastures. Gregarious +tendencies were evident from the fact that two or more of +the kites perched fairly near together on separate but sometimes +adjacent fence posts. Each kite in turn would glide from its post, +skim low over the ground surface for a few seconds, seize its prey +with a sudden slight swerving, and return to the fence (usually to +a different post from the one it had left) to feed upon the insect +captured. Grasshoppers of many species were abundant in the +area. It seemed that grasshoppers were flushed from the ground +by the bird flying near them and were picked off before they were +well underway. In any case the prey was taken from the air rather +than from the ground in all observed instances. Ganier (1902:86) +mentioned seeing one of these kites alight on the ground in a +cotton field, where it stayed for more than a minute, but perching +on the ground is unusual.</p> + +<p>Most often kites that were catching their prey by skimming close +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_509" id="Page_509">[Pg 509]</a></span> +to the ground did not return to a perch but ate while they were +flying. Associations of groups on posts at edges of fields, in trees +or in flight were ephemeral as each bird seemed driven by a restless +urge to be in motion. The kites generally gave the impression of +catching their prey effortlessly and casually in the course of their +flights. However, on July 20, 1961, one flying over a pond was +seen to swoop three times in rapid succession at a dragonfly without +catching it. The kite then flew higher, circled, and swooped three +times more at the dragonfly, catching it on the last attempt. Most +of the insects preyed upon are slower and less elusive than dragonflies, +which are largely immune to the attacks of flying predators +because of their great prowess in flight.</p> + +<p>Only on rare occasions could the kind of prey captured be observed +in the field. Food habits were studied by collecting pellets +of the kites at the Park, and analyzing them. The pellets were +usually disgorged early in the morning while the kites were still +on their night roosts in large cottonwoods. Often several kites +roosted in the same tree. The pellets were of characteristic appearance, +elliptical, approximately 15 millimeters in diameter, 30 millimeters +long, pinkish or purplish, composed of insects' exoskeletons +compacted, and comminuted to about the consistency they would +have after passing through a meat grinder.</p> + +<p>A total of 205 pellets was collected—37 on August 20, 1960; +56 on July 18, 1961; 60 on August 4 and 5, 1961, and 52 on August +21 to 23, 1961. A total of 453 separate items was tentatively identified. +Obviously the material was far from ideal for the identification +of prey, which had to be reconstructed from minute fragments. +The kites are dainty feeders and discard the larger and less digestible +parts such as wings, legs, and heads. Often it was uncertain +how many individuals or how many kinds of insects were represented +in a pellet. Probably most pellets contained many individuals +of the same species, but these were not separable. Hence, +only 2.2 items per pellet were found, whereas Sutton found an +average of 22.2 items in each of the 16 stomachs that he examined.</p> + +<p>Best information concerning kinds of prey utilized was obtained +soon after the fledglings had left the nest; on various occasions +these still clumsy young dropped nearly intact insects that were +delivered to them by the adults. These insects, recovered from +beneath the perches, were the basis for all specific and generic +determinations; other material was determinable only to order or +to family.</p> + +<p>One of the most significant outcomes of the examination of pellets +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_510" id="Page_510">[Pg 510]</a></span> +was the finding that vertebrates were scarcely, if at all, represented +in the food. Three pellets contained shreds that seemed to be +mammal hairs, but in the absence of other remains, the diagnosis +is somewhat doubtful. Many species of small mammals, birds, +reptiles and amphibians were common in the Park or its vicinity, +but insects made up nearly all the recorded prey. Audubon (1840:73) +mentioned lizards and small snakes in the food and gave a +dramatic but perhaps imaginative account of a kite swooping and +snatching a lizard (anole) from the topmost branch of a tree. Goss +(1891:251) stated: "I have seen them swoop down, and, with their +claws, snatch lizards from the ground, rocks and old logs, sometimes +stopping to eat them, but, as a rule, feeding on the wing." Bendire +(1892:179) stated that the food was mostly insects "probably +varied with a diet of small rodents, lizards and snakes." Wayne +(1910:71) stated that the food consisted almost entirely of insects +and lizards. Bent (1936:67-68), after stating that small snakes, +lizards and frogs were sometimes taken, cited a statement in the +notes of G. W. Stevens that the latter had found the remains of +toads, mice and young rabbits in nests with young. However, +Sutton (<a name="per_510"></a><a href="#typos"><i>op. cit.</i></a>:51) in a detailed analysis of the stomach contents +of 16 kites in Oklahoma, found only insects and remains of one +small fish among a total of 358 prey items. Predation on vertebrates +must be rare, and perhaps requires further verification in view of +the rather vague character of the records so far published.</p> + +<p>The following list includes both the prey found beneath perches +of fledglings and that identified from pellets, the latter mostly from +adult kites.</p> + +<table class="data" summary="prey"> + <tr> + <td class="blank">coleopteran</td><td class="blank"> </td> + <td class="blank" width="10%"> </td> + <td width="15" class="blank">orthopteran</td><td class="blank"> </td> + </tr> + +<tr> + <td><span class="blank"> unspecified </span></td><td class="blank rtl">187</td> + <td class="blank"> </td> + <td><span class="blank"> unspecified </span></td><td class="blank rtl">120</td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td><span class="blank"> carabid </span></td><td class="blank rtl">39</td> + <td class="blank"> </td> + <td class="blank"> locustid</td><td class="blank"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="blank"> cicindelid</td><td class="blank"> </td> + <td class="blank"> </td> + <td><span class="blank"> unspecified </span></td><td class="blank rtl">34</td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td><span class="blank"> unspecified </span></td><td class="blank rtl">18</td> + <td class="blank"> </td> + <td><span class="blank"> <i>Arphia crassa</i> </span></td><td class="blank rtl">1</td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td><span class="blank"> <i>Cicindela</i> sp. </span></td><td class="blank rtl">2</td> + <td class="blank"> </td> + <td><span class="blank"> <i>Melanoplus</i> cf. <i>differentialis</i>, </span></td><td class="blank rtl">2</td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="blank"> hydrophilid</td><td class="blank"> </td> + <td class="blank"> </td> + <td><span class="blank"> <i>Schistocerca</i> cf. <i>lineata</i> </span></td><td class="blank rtl">1</td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td><span class="blank"> unspecified </span></td><td class="blank rtl">18</td> + <td class="blank"> </td> + <td><span class="blank"> <i>Xanthippus corallipes</i> </span></td><td class="blank rtl">2</td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td><span class="blank"> <i>Hydrous</i> sp. </span></td><td class="blank rtl">1</td> + <td class="blank"> </td> + <td class="blank"> tettigoniid</td><td class="blank"> </td><td class="blank"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="blank"> scarabaeid</td><td class="blank"> </td> + <td class="blank"> </td> + <td><span class="blank"> unspecified </span></td><td class="blank rtl">3</td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td><span class="blank"> unspecified </span></td><td class="blank rtl">1</td> + <td class="blank"> </td> + <td><span class="blank"> <i>Daihinia</i> sp. </span></td><td class="blank rtl">1</td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td><span class="blank"> <i>Canthon</i> sp. </span></td><td class="blank rtl">3</td> + <td class="blank"> </td> + <td class="blank">homopteran</td><td class="blank"> </td><td class="blank"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="blank"> silphid</td><td class="blank"> </td> + <td class="blank"> </td> + <td class="blank"> cicadid</td><td class="blank"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td><span class="blank"> <i>Necrophorus</i> sp. </span> </td><td class="blank rtl">1</td> + <td class="blank"> </td> + <td><span class="blank"> unspecified </span></td><td class="blank rtl">15</td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="blank"> </td><td class="blank"> </td> + <td class="blank"> </td> + <td><span class="blank"> <i>Tibicen</i> cf. <i>pruinosa</i> </span></td><td class="blank rtl">1</td> +</tr> + +<tr> + <td class="blank"> </td><td class="blank"> </td> + <td class="blank"> </td> + <td><span class="blank"> lepidopteran (unspecified moth), </span></td><td class="blank rtl">3</td> +</tr> + +</table> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_511" id="Page_511">[Pg 511]</a></span> +At Meade State Park I gained the impression that much of the +foraging is carried on near the nest. The short time lapse between +successive feedings was one indication, and from time to time while +keeping nests under observation, I saw kites that were individually +recognizable as the owners coursing back and forth in the vicinity. +However, only a few individuals were recognizable. For several +minutes before and after delivering food, such an adult was often +seen soaring within 200 to 300 yards of the nest, or sometimes +much closer. A somewhat different impression was received on +August 23, 1961, at Natural Bridge, south of Sun City, Barber +County, Kansas, where I observed two pairs of kites feeding fledglings. +One fledgling was seen to be fed ten times in a 1½ hour +period. The transfer of food from the adult usually required less +than a minute. Then the adult would leave the tree, in a ravine, +and drift away. Circling and soaring, it seemed to be wandering +aimlessly, but within two or three minutes it was usually out of +sight over the horizon. In what appeared to be slow, lazy, flight +it usually drifted off to the west, to more upland areas of short grass +and sage brush. Once, watching from a high knoll I succeeded in +keeping it in view for almost five minutes, and during most of this +time it appeared to be between one and two miles away, but it +finally moved off even farther. Dr. Hibbard mentioned seeing +kites in the vicinity of the Jinglebob Ranch eight to ten miles from +the Park, and he believed that these individuals had come from +the Park since there was no suitable habitat in the intervening +areas. Actually, the distance could have been covered in a few +minutes' flying time, but it is unlikely that these individuals were +feeding young at the Park, else they would not have wandered so +far. On several occasions groups of from three to 20 individuals +were seen in open terrain as much as four or five miles from the +Park.</p> + + +<h2>Breeding Cycle</h2> + +<p>Probably kites arriving from their northward migration are already +paired. In those observed at the Park in the first week of +June, there was no indication of courtship, or of sexual rivalry. On +June 1, 1961, incubation had begun. The birds had arrived some +three weeks earlier, according to Smith. Although arriving from +the south long after most raptors have begun their nesting, the +kites are not further delayed by establishment of territories and +choosing of mates, and nesting is underway soon after their arrival. +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_512" id="Page_512">[Pg 512]</a></span> +According to Sutton (1939:45) the nest-building is an exceedingly +leisurely process. In the first two weeks after their arrival he observed +that the kites only occasionally bring a twig to the nest, +usually repairing last year's structure rather than starting a new one. +Sutton recorded egg-laying on May 17 and 18 and hatching on +June 18 in northwestern Oklahoma, and the timing of these events +must be similar in Meade County, Kansas.</p> + +<p>Shortly before sunset on June 1 a pair was observed at close +range from a parked automobile as the kites perched on roadside +fence posts about 50 feet apart at the Park boundary. At this +time the birds lacked their usual restlessness and were perching +quietly, neither preening nor attempting to find prey. With no +preliminaries the male flew to the female and lit on her back to +copulate. The female was receptive but did not crouch in a horizontal +position. The mounting lasted for approximately a minute. +During the first 30 seconds the male was fully occupied with balancing +and positioning himself, and copulation occurred only during +the latter half of the mounting. During this interval cloacal contact +was effected three times, but was only momentary each time. The +birds were silent. After the male left, the female continued to +perch until flushed by my movements.</p> + +<p>Judging from the nests that were examined, the kites of the +Meade Park area are well synchronized in their nesting, as all +arrive at approximately the same time. Bent (1936:66) stated that +if a kite's nest is robbed, the birds will lay a second set, either in +the old nest or a new one, about two weeks later. All young seen +at Meade State Park seemed to represent an age range of considerably +less than two weeks, and, presumably, no renestings were +involved.</p> + +<p>Nests were variable in size. Some were remarkably small in +relation to size of the kites, and would scarcely have been credited +to this species, had not the kites been seen sitting on them. Nests +were from 10 to 18 (average 14) inches long and from 10 to 14 +(average 11.7) inches wide, in forks or crotches of branches. The +branches supporting the nests were from 1½ to 10 inches in diameter. +The nests were constructed of twigs of approximately pencil size. +Of 37 nests at the Park, 29 were in cottonwoods, six were in willows, +and two were in elms. The figures probably reflect the relative +numbers of each of these species of tree rather than any clear-cut +preference of the kites. By the time nesting has begun the trees +have leafed out, and the nests are well concealed. +<p> </p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_513" id="Page_513">[Pg 513]</a></span> +At the time of my visit to the Park, July 18 to 22, nestlings were +well grown, and were beginning to feather out. On August 4 and +5 the young were well feathered, but flight feathers were not fully +grown and the young remained in the nest or perched on nearby +branches. On August 21 to 24 the young were fully fledged, and +were able to fly strongly but they still spent most of their time +perching and those of a brood tended to stay near together, usually +in the nest tree.</p> + +<p>In a total of 26½ hours of observation, 148 feedings were observed—on +the average one per 10.7 minutes. The interval changed from +an average of 12.8 minutes for 62 feedings on July 19 to 21, to 8.5 +minutes for 59 feedings on August 4, and to 10.8 minutes for 27 +feedings on August 21. The longer interval on July 19 to 21 may +have resulted from the greater furtiveness of the adult kites at this +stage in their nesting cycle. Nests usually were watched through +field glasses at distances of 50 to 100 feet. Ordinarily kites are not +disturbed by the presence of a person at these distances, but when +delivering food to the nest they seemed somewhat distracted and +sometimes stopped only momentarily then left, still carrying the +food. Usually they swooped at the observer when leaving; rarely +they swooped at him as they approached the nest. All observations +were between 10 a.m. and 5 p.m., and there was no obvious trend +according to time. Earlier and later in the day the rate of delivery +is probably less. The kites are notably late risers, and their activity +increases gradually after sunrise; in late afternoon activity tapers +off again. In 89 feedings, the average visit to the nest lasted 51 +seconds but this average included a few relatively long stops, up to +four minutes in length, and 60 per cent of the visits were for intervals +of 30 seconds or less.</p> + +<p>Insects often protruded from the bills of the adult kites delivering +food, but most of the food was carried in the throat. Sometimes +the gorge was much distended, although nothing protruded from +the mouth. The adult upon alighting sometimes would pass food +to the nestling, and sometimes would disgorge a mass of food in +the nest in front of the nestling. When the young were small, the +adult after having disgorged a food mass, remained to pick up the +food, bit by bit, and place it in the mouth of the nestling. However, +after the young were partly feathered out the adult merely left the +food for them. The nestling sometimes would peck at the disgorged +material for several minutes after the adult left before all +of the food was eaten.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_514" id="Page_514">[Pg 514]</a></span> +The small nestlings are generally silent, but when handled or +otherwise disturbed, they give soft lisping peeps. By early August, +when the young have ventured from the nest bowl to nearby +branches, they become vocal and their calls can be heard more +often than those of the adults. The call of the adult has been well +rendered by Sutton (1939:43) with the syllables "phee phew"—a +whistle in which the first syllable is short (lasting only about one-fourth +of a second) with a rising inflection, clipped off short, while +the second syllable has a downward inflection, and is drawn out to +two or three times the length of the first syllable. The call of the +fledgling is soft, with a lisping quality; that of the adult is much +like it but is sharper and more piercing. Fledglings call frequently +while waiting to be fed, but as an adult approaches with food, the +calls are given in rapid succession and slurred to a high thin +squablike <a name="spl_514"></a><a href="#typos">squeaking</a> or squealing.</p> + +<p>When fledglings are able to fly and have left the nest, the adults +generally pass food to them directly, rather than dropping the +regurgitated mass, which might fall to the ground and be lost. On +August 22 a fledgling was seen following an adult in flight, and was +also seen to eat while it was flying. At this stage, when an adult +fed one young of a brood, the other would sometimes fly to the +spot in an attempt to share the meal. However, the transfer of +food was usually rapid and the adult would leave within a few +seconds. Young often were seen to fly out from the nest tree and +maneuver in the vicinity, flying in a roughly circular course perhaps +100 feet in diameter and then returning to the nest tree, thereby +familiarizing themselves with their surroundings.</p> + +<p>According to the consensus of published accounts, there are +usually two eggs per clutch, occasionally one or three. However, +Ganier (1902:89), who studied the species in Mississippi, wrote: +"Of all the nests I have examined [number unspecified] only one +was found to contain more than a single egg." Nice (1931:69) +recorded 19 sets of two each and seven of one each in Oklahoma. +In the course of my observations, 12 clutches of two were recorded. +A group of four fledglings were observed concentrating their activities +at a nest more than 200 feet from any other known nests; +possibly all belonged to the same brood, but this was not definitely +determined.</p> + +<p>Many of the nests that were in use in 1961 appeared to be relics +from earlier years, as the material was darkened and disintegrating, +but probably a new layer of sticks had been added on the top. +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_515" id="Page_515">[Pg 515]</a></span> +Bent (<i>op. cit.</i>:65) mentioned this kite's habit of frequently using +the same nest in successive years. On one occasion as I drove over +a little-used road in the Park and passed a cottonwood grove where +kites were nesting, one of the birds swooped down and struck the +top of the automobile. In a subsequent conversation, Harry Smith +asked me if this had happened, and said that this particular kite +had struck his truck frequently when he drove past its nest. This +had occurred at the same place in three successive years, and Smith +was convinced that the same kite had used the nest each year, +although the bird was not recognizable except by its unusually +aggressive behavior. On dozens of occasions in the course of my +observations kites swooped at me when I was near their nests, +but, except for this one individual, they always veered away at a +distance of several feet or several yards.</p> + +<p>At the time of my visit to the Park in early June, kites were +relatively silent and secretive in their behavior. Approximately half +of those that were incubating flushed when a person walked near +the tree, but others continued to sit on their eggs until a person +had climbed to within a few feet of the nest. Upon being flushed, +such a kite, in 50 per cent of observed instances, swooped at least +once at the intruder, but some of the kites would soar overhead, +watching without making any active defense. At the time of my +next visit, July 18 to 21, when the kites were feeding well grown +nestlings, behavior at the nest was much different. As soon as a +nest was located the parents began scolding and swooping. At +the first nest observed, a group of eight kites had congregated +within two minutes to scold and harass the intruders. Even kites +whose nests were kept under observation frequently, never became +fully reconciled to the intrusion but there was much difference +between individuals in this respect. Some were reluctant to deliver +food and, having secured prey, would fly about in the vicinity +without coming to the nest.</p> + + +<h2>Mortality Factors and Defense</h2> + +<p>Joint defense against a common enemy was noted on July 21, +1961, when 21 kites were seen swooping at a Swainson's hawk +perched near the top of a large cottonwood, where it was partly +protected by foliage and branches. When I flushed the hawk, it +was pursued and <a name="spl_515"></a><a href="#typos">harassed</a> by the kites, some of which followed +it for nearly a quarter mile although there were no nests of the +kites nearby. On August 4 a group of six kites was seen heckling +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_516" id="Page_516">[Pg 516]</a></span> +a fledgling Swainson's hawk, which crouched among thick foliage +in the top of a tall cottonwood, as the kites swooped at it, sometimes +brushing it with their wings when they swept past. Dr. Hibbard +mentioned an instance in which a horned owl was flushed, and was +chased and heckled by a red-tailed hawk and by a group of kites. +The latter seemed to regard the owl as the greater enemy, but +ordinarily any large raptor arouses their hostility.</p> + +<p>Because of their exceptionally swift and skillful flight, the adult +kites have few natural enemies, but the eggs or nestlings are vulnerable +to such enemies as crows, jays, the larger hawks and owls, +and to certain mammalian predators, notably raccoons. Also, many +nests probably are destroyed by the sudden and violent summer +storms that are characteristic of the High Plains. Bendire (1892:178) +cited observations by Goss that in a hailstorm in Barber +County, Kansas, eggs were destroyed in many kites' nests and some +of the nests were almost completely demolished. Several nests +found by me to have incubating eggs in the first week of June were +abandoned or had disappeared completely by July 18, but the +cause was not evident. One nest that was under observation on +July 22 had nestlings approximately two-thirds grown on that date, +but on August 4 only a few sticks remained, and the carcass of a +fledgling dangled from a limb ten feet below the nest. Even at +the Park where firearms are prohibited, kites are sometimes shot +by ignorant or malicious persons. In general, Kansas ranchers +recognize the harmless and beneficial habits of kites, appreciate +their esthetic appeal and protect them, but many persons use them +as convenient targets, with utter disregard for the Federal laws +protecting them. Because of the strong popular prejudice against +raptorial birds in general, laws protecting them are usually not +enforced. Law enforcement officers do not take action even when +clear-cut violations come to their attention. Arrest and prosecution +for the killing of any kind of raptor is almost out of the question +in Kansas.</p> + + +<h2>Ratio of Immatures to Adults</h2> + +<p>In the juvenal plumage flight feathers of the kites are brown, +barred with white, much different in appearance from the dark, +slaty plumage of adults. Bent (<i>op. cit.</i>:67) stated that these barred +flight feathers are retained through the second summer, and he +quoted Mr. G. W. Stevens as having found kites breeding in this +immature plumage. On June 2, 1961, I attempted to determine +the ratio of these yearling kites to others in the population at the +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_517" id="Page_517">[Pg 517]</a></span> +Park. Most of the kites seen were in flight too far away to discern +definitely whether or not they were juveniles, and records were +limited to those seen at relatively close range. In a total of 108 +records only 11 pertained to these yearlings and the remaining 97 +were identified as of adults. Beyond doubt in the course of my +counts some individuals were recorded repeatedly, therefore the +counts are not entirely acceptable. However, on each occasion that +kites were seen in numbers in early summer, the adults greatly outnumbered +the juveniles. The approximate nine to one ratio of +adults to yearlings seems much too high. Even if the difference +is much less than indicated, the high ratio of adults to yearlings +would seem to imply that the adults have a long life expectancy. +A rather improbable alternative is that some of the yearlings remain +in winter quarters or wander elsewhere rather than accompanying +the adults on the return migration to their breeding grounds. Still +another alternative is that the breeding season of 1960 was relatively +unsuccessful, but this idea is negated by my own observations at +the Park in late 1960, as recently fledged young were numerous then.</p> + +<p>At the time of my visit to the Park August 21 to 24, 1961, all young +had recently left the nests and were able to fly. However, their +behavior was so much different from that of the adults that a +reliable ratio could not be obtained. The fledglings tended to remain +in the nest tree, or to make relatively short flights near it, +while the adults occupied with catching of prey for themselves and +their young, spent much of their time aloft. The adults were hence +far more conspicuous than the fledglings. However, it is my impression +that the fledglings were from one-third to one-fourth as +numerous as the adults. If this ratio is correct, and if all adults had +bred, from two-thirds to three-fourths of the eggs and/or nestlings +must have been destroyed. This rate of loss seems reasonable in +view of the known histories of nests observed in June and again +in July, and of the fates of birds' nests in general.</p> + + +<h2>Summary</h2> + +<p>Mississippi kites were studied in southwestern Kansas in the +summer of 1961, at various localities, especially at Meade State +Park. At this locality, near the northwestern limit of the breeding +range, the kite thrives in typical High Plains habitat dominated by +a short-grass type of vegetation, but availability of trees suitable +for nests is a limiting factor. Since maturing of extensive groves +of cottonwoods and other trees planted at Meade State Park, the +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_518" id="Page_518">[Pg 518]</a></span> +colony of kites has increased tremendously and the breeding population +probably exceeded 100 in 1961.</p> + +<p>The kites are social in all their activities and do not maintain +territories. The sexes differ little in appearance, but males are +slightly smaller than females and have paler heads. Food consists +almost entirely of flying insects, and these are usually eaten while +the kite is in flight. Kites that are feeding nestlings may travel up +to two miles from the nest or perhaps considerably farther in the +course of their foraging. For 148 feedings of nestlings the observed +intervals averaged 10.7 minutes. Most published references to the +food habits mention predation on small vertebrates, especially +lizards, but including also snakes, toads, rodents, and even rabbits. +In my study a total of 205 pellets were collected and 453 insects +were tentatively identified but the total number of insects in the +pellets was much larger. No vertebrates were identified from this +sample and among 358 prey items identified from kite stomachs +collected in Oklahoma, by Sutton, vertebrae of a small fish were +the only vertebrate remains. Further verification of predation on +mammals, reptiles and amphibians by this species is needed. Of +the insects distinguished in pellets, beetles including carabids, cicindelids, +hydrophilids, scarabaeids, and silphids were most numerous +(270) and grasshoppers (164) were second; also there were +16 cicadas and three moths.</p> + +<p>Kites arrive in Kansas about the second week in May. Often +old nests are repaired and used over again. Hatching is about +mid-June. Normally there are two eggs per clutch. By mid-August +the fledglings are learning to fly. By the latter part of August they +are learning to capture their insect prey, and in early September +southward movement of the entire population begins.</p> + +<p>Eggs and/or young in many nests are destroyed by hail or high +wind in the sudden violent storms that are characteristic of the +High Plains. Mississippi kites are often shot by misguided persons, +and benefit little from the protection supposedly provided by Federal +law. However, the adults probably have few natural enemies. +The high ratio of older adults to yearlings indicates that the life +expectancy is long. Through their second summer the kites retain +their barred immature plumage, and can be readily distinguished +from adults. Only ten per cent of the kites recorded in 108 June +sight records at the Park were in juvenile plumage.</p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_519" id="Page_519">[Pg 519]</a></span><br> +<h2>Literature Cited</h2> + +<p><span class="smcap">Audubon, J. J.</span></p> + +<div class="references"><p>1840. The birds of America. Philadelphia, pp. xv + 246.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Bendire, C. E.</span></p> + +<div class="references"><p>1892. Life histories of North American birds. U. S. National Mus. Spec. +Bull. 1, viii + 446 pp.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Bent, A. C.</span></p> + +<div class="references"><p>1937. Life histories of North American birds of prey. Bull. U. S. Nat. +Mus., 167, x + 409 pp. 102 pls.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Chapman, F. M.</span></p> + +<div class="references"><p>1891. On the birds observed near Corpus Christi, Texas, during parts of +March and April, 1891. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 3:315-328.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Eisenmann, E.</span></p> + +<div class="references"><p>1963. Mississippi kite in Argentina, with comments on migration and +plumage in the genus <i>Ictinia</i>. Auk, 80:74-77.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Ganier, A. F.</span></p> + +<div class="references"><p>1902. The Mississippi kite (<i>Ictinia mississippiensis</i>). The Osprey, vol. 1 +(new series), No. 6:85-90.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Goss, N. S.</span></p> + +<div class="references"><p>1891. History of the birds of Kansas. Geo. W. Crane and Co., Topeka, +692 pp.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nice, M. M.</span></p> + +<div class="references"><p>1931. The birds of Oklahoma (rev.). Publ. Univ. Oklahoma, vol. 3, +Biol. Surv. No. 1, 261 pp.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sutton, G. M.</span></p> + +<div class="references"><p>1939. The Mississippi kite in spring. Condor, 41(2):41-52.</p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Wayne, A. T.</span></p> + +<div class="references"><p>1910. Birds of South Carolina. Contr. Charleston Mus., No. 1, viii + +254 pp. The Daggett Printing Co., Charleston, S. C.</p></div> + +<p> +<i>Transmitted June 3, 1963.</i><br> +</p> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_end" id="Page_end">[The End]</a></span></p> +<p> </p> +<div class="center"> +<span style="font-size:2em;">□</span><br> +29-7863 +</div> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + + + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Observations on the Mississippi Kite +in Southwestern Kansas, by Henry S. 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