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diff --git a/33364.txt b/33364.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b6ca0e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/33364.txt @@ -0,0 +1,695 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of A New Subspecies of the Fruit-eating Bat, +Sturnira ludovici, From Western Mexico, by J. Knox Jones and Gary L. Phillips + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: A New Subspecies of the Fruit-eating Bat, Sturnira ludovici, From Western Mexico + +Author: J. Knox Jones + Gary L. Phillips + +Release Date: August 6, 2010 [EBook #33364] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FRUIT-EATING BAT--STURNIRA LUDOVICI *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS +MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + +Volume 14, No. 16, pp. 475-481, 1 fig. + +March 2, 1964 + + + +A New Subspecies of the Fruit-eating Bat, +Sturnira ludovici, from Western Mexico + +BY + +J. KNOX JONES, JR., AND GARY L. PHILLIPS + + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS +LAWRENCE +1964 + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + +Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch, +Theodore H. Eaton, Jr. + +Volume 14, No. 16, pp. 475-481, 1 fig. +Published March 2, 1964 + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS +Lawrence, Kansas + +PRINTED BY +HARRY (BUD) TIMBERLAKE, STATE PRINTER +TOPEKA, KANSAS +1964 + + + + +A New Subspecies of the Fruit-eating Bat, +Sturnira ludovici, from Western Mexico + +BY + +J. KNOX JONES, JR., AND GARY L. PHILLIPS + + +The fruit-eating bats of the genus _Sturnira_ are represented on the +North American mainland by two species, _S. lilium_ and _S. ludovici_. +The former, in most areas the smaller of the two, is widely distributed +in Mexico and Central America and is common in many places. On the +other hand, _S. ludovici_, described by Anthony (1924:8) from near +Gualea, Ecuador, generally has been regarded as rare; insofar as we +can determine only 20 specimens of the species have been recorded +previously from North America (Costa Rica, Honduras, and Mexico). + +In 1961 (M. Raymond Lee) and 1962 (Percy L. Clifton), field +representatives of the Museum of Natural History collected mammals in +western Mexico. Among the bats obtained by them were 23 specimens of +_S. ludovici_, which represent an heretofore undetected subspecies that +is named and described below. + + +Sturnira ludovici occidentalis, new subspecies + +_Holotype._--Adult female, skin and skull, no. 92798 Museum of Natural +History, The University of Kansas, from Plumosas, 2500 feet elevation, +Sinaloa; obtained on August 31, 1962, by Percy L. Clifton (original no. +2939). + +_Distribution._--Western Mexico; known certainly from south-western +Durango south to southern Jalisco (see Fig. 1). + +_Diagnosis._--Size small both externally and cranially (forearm in +adults 40.4-44.1 mm., greatest length of skull 21.7-22.9); rostrum +short and abruptly elevated; skull relatively broad; dorsal pelage drab +brownish over-all, usually lacking epaulets (pale yellowish brown when +present); ventral pelage brownish gray. + +_Comparisons._--From _Sturnira ludovici ludovici_, the only other +subspecies of the species, _S. l. occidentalis_ differs in averaging +smaller in most external and cranial dimensions (in some measurements +the upper size limits of _occidentalis_ barely overlap the lower limits +in specimens of _ludovici_ examined), in having a relatively broader +skull with a shorter, more abruptly elevated rostrum, and in being +paler both dorsally and ventrally. + +From _Sturnira lilium parvidens_, with which it is sympatric, _S. l. +occidentalis_ usually (but not always) differs in being brownish +(rather than yellowish to yellowish orange) dorsally and in lacking +epaulets, and differs in the following cranial features: first upper +incisors simple (rather than weakly bifid in unworn condition), larger, +and more nearly straight when viewed from the front; second upper +incisors reduced; lower incisors bilobate rather than trilobate; +lingual cusps on m1 and m2 greatly reduced; M2 usually turned inward +from M1 at distinct angle. The two species have approximately the same +external and cranial dimensions in western Mexico. + +_Measurements_ (in millimeters).--External measurements of the holotype +are as follows: total length, 58; length of hind foot, 15; length of +ear, 18; forearm (average of both), 42.5. Corresponding average and +extreme measurements of 11 adults from 4 km. N Durazno, Jalisco, +followed by those of eight adults from 17 km. SE Talpa, Jalisco, are: +61.9 (59-65), 60.9 (57-68); 14.1 (12-15), 13.0 (13); 16.1 (15-18), 16.0 +(15-17); 42.2 (40.4-43.8), 42.9 (41.6-44.1); weight in grams, 16.8 +(15-19, six specimens only), 19.2 (16.3-22.5). + +Cranial measurements of the holotype additional to those given in Table +1 are: condyloincisive length, 19.7; breadth across upper canines, 5.5; +length of mandibular tooth-row (c-m3), 6.7. + +_Remarks._--The pattern of geographic variation in size in _Sturnira +ludovici_ resembles that in many other species of tropical bats in +North America in that individuals from the northern parts of the range +are smaller than those from the south. Mexican specimens herein +assigned to _S. l. ludovici_ average somewhat smaller than specimens +from Central America and the northern part of South America (but are +within the currently understood size limits of that subspecies) and +average paler as well. Additional material is needed from central and +eastern Mexico before the limits of distribution of the two subspecies +of _ludovici_ can be determined accurately. + +All specimens examined of the new subspecies were trapped in mist nets. +The holotype was captured in a net stretched across an old road among +large fruit trees situated along a small river (a tributary of the Rio +del Baluarte). Tropical deciduous vegetation grew in the narrow valley +of the river but the adjacent hills supported oak. A specimen of +_Artibeus jamaicensis jamaicensis_ was netted along with the holotype +and on the previous night, August 30, one individual each of +_Glossophaga soricina leachii_ and _Sturnira lilium parvidens_ were +taken in the same net. Baker and Greer (1962:69) also reported the two +species of _Sturnira_ as netted together 6 mi. S Pueblo Nuevo in +adjacent Durango. + +TABLE 1.--SOME MEASUREMENTS OF ADULTS OF TWO SUBSPECIES OF STURNIRA +LUDOVICI. + +Table Legend: + +Col. A: Number of specimens averaged, or catalogue number, and sex +Col. B: Length of forearm +Col. C: Greatest length of skull +Col. D: Zygomatic breadth +Col. E: Mastoid breadth +Col. F: Interorbital constriction +Col. G: Length of maxillary tooth-row +Col. H: Breadth across upper molars + +==========================+======+======+======+======+=====+=====+===== + A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H +--------------------------+------+------+------+------+-----+-----+----- + + _Sturnira ludovici occidentalis_, holotype +92798 KU, (Female) | 42.5 | 22.0 | 12.5 | 11.4 | 5.3 | 6.1 | 7.5 +--------------------------+------+------+------+------+-----+-----+----- + + 1/2 mi. W Revolcaderos, Durango +5698 MSU, (Female) | 43.7 | 22.6 | 13.1 | 11.9 | 6.0 | 6.3 | 7.8 +5699 MSU, (Female) | 42.3 | 22.2 | 12.7 | 11.3 | 5.6 | 5.9 | 7.5 +--------------------------+------+------+------+------+-----+-----+----- + + 17 km. SE Talpa, Jalisco +Average 8 (4 Male, + 4 Female) | 42.9 | 22.5 | 12.9 | 11.5 | 5.9 | 6.2 | 7.7 +Minimum | 41.6 | 21.7 | 12.6 | 10.9 | 5.7 | 6.0 | 7.5 +Maximum | 44.1 | 22.9 | 13.5 | 11.8 | 6.3 | 6.4 | 7.9 +--------------------------+------+------+------+------+-----+-----+----- + + 20 km. WNW Purificacion, Jalisco +92811 KU, (Male) | 42.0 | 22.6 | 13.2 | 12.0 | 6.0 | 6.2 | 7.7 +--------------------------+------+------+------+------+-----+-----+----- + + 4 km. N Durazno, Jalisco +Average 11 (1 Male, + 10 Female) | 42.4 | 22.5 | 13.0 | 11.4 | 5.8 | 6.2 | 7.7 +Minimum | 40.4 | 21.8 | 12.6 | 10.8 | 5.3 | 5.8 | 7.5 +Maximum | 43.8 | 22.9 | 13.4 | 11.8 | 6.1 | 6.3 | 8.0 +--------------------------+------+------+------+------+-----+-----+----- + + _Sturnira ludovici ludovici_, 10 mi. SW Villa Juarez, Puebla +67399 KU, (Female) | 44.2 | 24.0 | 13.3 | 11.8 | 5.9 | 6.4 | 8.1 +67400 KU, (Female) | 42.9 | 23.2 | 13.7 | 11.9 | 6.0 | 6.3 | 8.1 +--------------------------+------+------+------+------+-----+-----+----- + + 11 km. W Quiroga, Michoacan +95703 UMMZ, (Male) | | 23.5 | 13.5 | 11.6 | 5.9 | 6.2 | 7.6 +95704 UMMZ, (Female) | | 23.0 | 12.8 | 11.0 | 5.7 | 6.3 | 8.0 +--------------------------+------+------+------+------+-----+-----+----- + + Vista Hermosa, Oaxaca +91635 KU, (Female) | 45.1 | 23.9 | 13.4 | 11.8 | 6.0 | 6.5 | 8.0 +91636 KU, (Female) | 46.0 | 23.6 | 13.1 | 11.9 | 5.7 | 6.7 | 8.0 +--------------------------+------+------+------+------+-----+-----+----- + + La Cruz Grande, La Paz, Honduras +126791 AMNH, (Female) | 44.0 | 23.6 | 13.5 | 11.8 | 6.1 | 6.3 | 8.1 +126811 AMNH, (Female)[1] | 45.5 | 24.6 | 13.2 | 12.0 | 6.3 | 7.2 | 8.2 +--------------------------+------+------+------+------+-----+-----+----- + + Sierra Negra, Sierra de Perija, Colombia (after Hershkovitz, 1949) +Minimum (2 Male, + 2 Female) | 44.2 | 22.9 | 13.2 | | 6.2 | 6.5 | +Maximum | 46.0 | 24.2 | 13.8 | | 6.7 | 7.0 | +--------------------------+------+------+------+------+-----+-----+----- + + near Gualea, Ecuador +67328 AMNH, (Male)[2] | | 25.0 | 14.0 | 12.4 | 6.3 | | 8.4 +67329 AMNH, (Male) | 45.3 | 24.9 | 13.9 | 12.2 | 6.1 | 7.0 | 8.4 +--------------------------+------+------+------+------+-----+-----+----- + + [1] Holotype of _Sturnira hondurensis_ (measurements after + Goodwin, 1940:2). + + [2] Holotype of _Sturnira ludovici ludovici_ (measurements + after Anthony, 1924:9). + +Other specimens of _S. l. occidentalis_ were taken under the following +circumstances: 17 km. SE Talpa, Jalisco (night of November 3-4, +1962)--nine individuals netted over the Rio Mascota in "pine-oak zone" +along with representatives of _S. l. parvidens_, _Artibeus toltecus_, +_Chiroderma salvini_, _Eptesicus fuscus miradorensis_, _Lasiurus +borealis teliotis_, and _Rhogeessa gracilis_; 20 km. WNW Purificacion, +Jalisco (night of November 20-21, 1962)--two specimens captured in a +mist net stretched beneath branches of a fig tree at the edge of the +Rio Jicote in which _Glossophaga commissarisi_, _S. l. parvidens_, +_Artibeus turpis nanus_, and _Artibeus lituratus palmarum_ also were +taken; 4 km. N Durazno, Jalisco (nights of November 21-22 and 22-23, +1961)--11 specimens, of which 10 were females, netted in company with +_G. s. leachii_, _S. l. parvidens_, _A. j. jamaicensis_, _A. toltecus_, +_Centurio senex_, and _L. b. teliotis_ over a stream in a small canyon +that supported "fairly dense stands of very tall deciduous trees." Five +of the 10 females from 4 km. N Durazno were pregnant; each contained a +single embryo. Crown-rump length of the embryos averaged 26.8 (24-30) +mm. No gross reproductive activity was evident in other females of _S. +l. occidentalis_ collected. + +[Illustration: FIG. 1. Distribution of _Sturnira ludovici_ in North +America. 1. _S. l. ludovici._ + +2. _S. l. occidentalis._] + +_Specimens examined._--A total of 26, arranged from north to south, as +follows: DURANGO: 1/2 mi. W Revolcaderos, 6600 ft., 2 (MSU); 6 mi. S +Pueblo Nuevo, 3000 ft., 1 (MSU). SINALOA: Plumosas, 2500 ft., 1 (the +holotype). JALISCO: 17 km. SE Talpa, 5200 ft., 9; 20 km. WNW +Purificacion, 1400 ft., 2; 4 km. N. Durazno, 11. + +Specimens of _S. l. ludovici_ used in comparisons included a paratype +(AMNH) from near Gualea, Ecuador, a specimen from Mindo, Ecuador, two +specimens from La Cruz Grande, La Paz, Honduras (AMNH--paratypes of +"_Sturnira hondurensis_"), and the following from Mexico: 10 mi. SW +Villa Juarez, 4850 ft., Puebla, 2; 11 km. W Quiroga, about 7000 ft., +Michoacan, 2 (UMMZ); and Vista Hermosa, 1500 meters, Oaxaca, 5. + +_Acknowledgements._--For the loan of comparative materials we are +grateful to R. H. Baker of The Museum, Michigan State University (MSU), +W. H. Burt of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan (UMMZ), and +R. G. Van Gelder of the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH). +Specimens listed above that bear no designation as to collection are +in the Museum of Natural History of The University of Kansas. + + + + +Literature Cited + + +ANTHONY, H. E. + +1924. Preliminary report on Ecuadorean mammals. No. 6. Amer. Mus. +Novit., 139:1-9, October 20. + +BAKER, R. H., and J. K. GREER + +1962. Mammals of the Mexican state of Durango. Publ. Mus., Michigan +State Univ., Biol. Ser., 2:25-154, 4 pls., 6 figs., August 27. + +GOODWIN, G. G. + +1940. Three new bats from Honduras and the first record of +_Enchisthenes harti_ (Thomas) for North America. Amer. Mus. Novit., +1075:1-3, June 27. + +HERSHKOVITZ, P. + +1949. Mammals of northern Colombia. Preliminary report no. 5: Bats +(Chiroptera). Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 99:429-454, fig. 38, May 10. + + +_Transmitted June 24, 1963._ + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A New Subspecies of the Fruit-eating +Bat, Sturnira ludovici, From Western Mexico, by J. Knox Jones and Gary L. 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