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+The Project Gutenberg Etext Drake's Great Armada, by Walter Biggs
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+Title:  Drake's Great Armada
+
+Author:  Walter Biggs
+
+
+Official Release Date: July, 2002  [Etext #3334]
+[Yes, we are about one year ahead of schedule]
+[The actual date this file first posted = 04/05/01]
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+The Project Gutenberg Etext Drake's Great Armada, by Walter Biggs
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+PREPARER'S NOTE
+
+  This text was prepared from a 1910 edition, published by P F
+  Collier & Son Company, New York.
+
+
+
+
+Drake's Great Armada
+
+by Captain Walter Biggs
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+Nearly five years elapsed between Drake's return from his Famous
+Voyage and the despatch of the formidable armament commemorated in the
+following pages. During the last of these years the march of events
+had been remarkably rapid. Gilbert, who had been empowered by
+Elizabeth, in the year of Frobisher's last expedition, to found
+colonies in America, had sailed for that purpose to Newfoundland
+(1583), and had perished at sea on his way homeward. Raleigh, who had
+succeeded to his half-brother's enterprises, had despatched his
+exploring expedition to 'Virginia,' under Amadas and Barlow, in 1584,
+and had followed it up in the next year (1585) by an actual colony. In
+April Sir Richard Greenville sailed from Plymouth, and at Raleigh's
+expense established above a hundred colonists on the island of
+Roanoak. Drake's Great Armada left Plymouth in September of the same
+year. It marked a turning-point in the relations between the English
+and Spanish monarchs. Elizabeth, knowing that the suppression of the
+insurrection in the Netherlands would be followed by an attack upon
+England, was treating with the insurgents. Philip deemed it prudent to
+lay an embargo on all her subjects, together with their ships and
+goods, that might be found in his dominions. Elizabeth at once
+authorized general reprisals on the ships and goods of Spaniards. A
+company of adventurers was quickly formed for taking advantage of this
+permission on a scale commensurate with the national resources. They
+equipped an armada of twenty-five vessels, manned by 2,300 men, and
+despatched it under the command of Drake to plunder Spanish America.
+Frobisher was second in command. Two-thirds of the booty were to
+belong to the adventurers; the remaining third was to be divided among
+the men employed in the expedition.
+
+Drake's armament of 1585 was the greatest that had ever crossed the
+Atlantic. After plundering some vessels at the Vigo river, he sailed
+for the West Indies by way of the Canaries and Cape Verde Islands,
+hoisted the English flag over Santiago and burnt the town, crossed the
+Atlantic in eighteen days, and arrived at Dominica. At daybreak, on
+New Year's Day, 1586, Drake's soldiers landed in Espanola, a few miles
+to the west of the capital, and before evening Carlile and Powell had
+entered the city, which the colonists only saved from destruction by
+the payment of a heavy ransom. Drake's plan was to do exactly the same
+at Carthagena and Nombre de Dios, and thence to strike across the
+isthmus and secure the treasure that lay waiting for transport at
+Panama. Drake held St. Domingo for a month, and Carthagena for six
+weeks. He was compelled to forego the further prosecution of his
+enterprise. A deadly fever, which had attacked the men during the
+sojourn at Santiago, still continued its ravages. In existing
+circumstances, even had Nombre de Dios been successfully attacked, the
+march to Panama was out of the question; and after consultation with
+the military commanders, Drake resolved on sailing home at once by way
+of Florida. He brought back with him all the colonists who had been
+left by Sir Richard Greenville in 'Virginia.' Drake had offered either
+to furnish them with stores, and to leave them a ship, or to take them
+home. The former was accepted: but a furious storm which ensued caused
+them to change their minds. They recognized in it the hand of God,
+whose will it evidently was that they should no longer be sojourners
+in the American wilderness; and the first English settlement of
+'Virginia' was abandoned accordingly.
+
+Ten years afterwards (1595) Drake was again at the head of a similar
+expedition. The second command was given to his old associate Hawkins,
+Frobisher, his Vice-Admiral in 1585, having recently died of the wound
+received at Crozon. This time Nombre de Dios was taken and burnt, and
+750 soldiers set out under Sir Thomas Baskerville to march to Panama:
+but at the first of the three forts which the Spaniards had by this
+time constructed, the march had to be abandoned. Drake did not long
+survive this second failure of his favourite scheme. He was attacked
+by dysentery a fortnight afterwards, and in a month he died. When he
+felt the hand of death upon him, he rose, dressed himself, and
+endeavoured to make a farewell speech to those around him. Exhausted
+by the effort, he was lifted to his berth, and within an hour breathed
+his last. Hawkins had died off Puerto Rico six weeks previously.
+
+The following narrative is in the main the composition of Walter Biggs,
+who commanded a company of musketeers under Carlile. Biggs was one of
+the five hundred and odd men who succumbed to the fever. He died
+shortly after the fleet sailed from Carthagena; and the narrative was
+completed by some comrade. The story of this expedition, which had
+inflicted such damaging blows on the Spaniards in America, was
+eminently calculated to inspire courage among those who were resisting
+them in Europe. Cates, one of Carlile's lieutenants, obtained the
+manuscript and prepared it for the press, accompanied by illustrative
+maps and plans. The publication was delayed by the Spanish Armada; but
+a copy found its way to Holland, where it was translated into Latin,
+and appeared at Leyden, in a slightly abridged form, in 1588. The
+original English narrative duly appeared in London in the next year.
+The document called the 'Resolution of the Land-Captains' was inserted
+by Hakluyt when he reprinted the narrative in 1600.
+
+
+
+
+
+DRAKE'S GREAT ARMADA
+
+NARRATIVE MAINLY BY CAPTAIN WALTER BIGGS
+
+
+
+A Summary and True Discourse of Sir Francis Drake's West Indian
+Voyage, begun in the year 1585. Wherein were taken the cities of
+Santiago, Santo Domingo, Carthagena, and the town of St. Augustine, in
+Florida. Published by Master Thomas Cates.
+
+
+
+This worthy knight, for the service of his prince and country, having
+prepared his whole fleet, and gotten them down to Plymouth, in
+Devonshire, to the number of five and twenty sail of ships and
+pinnaces, and having assembled of soldiers and mariners to the number
+of 2,300 in the whole, embarked them and himself at Plymouth
+aforesaid, the 12th day of September, 1585, being accompanied with
+these men of name and charge which hereafter follow: Master
+Christopher Carlile, Lieutenant-General, a man of long experience in
+the wars as well by sea as land, who had formerly carried high offices
+in both kinds in many fights, which he discharged always very happily,
+and with great good reputation; Anthony Powell, Sergeant-Major;
+Captain Matthew Morgan, and Captain John Sampson, Corporals of the
+Field. These officers had commandment over the rest of the land-
+captains, whose names hereafter follow: Captain Anthony Platt, Captain
+Edward Winter, Captain John Goring, Captain Robert Pew, Captain George
+Barton, Captain John Merchant, Captain William Cecil, Captain Walter
+Biggs [The writer of the first part of the narrative.], Captain John
+Hannam, Captain Richard Stanton. Captain Martin Frobisher, Vice-
+Admiral, a man of great experience in seafaring actions, who had
+carried the chief charge of many ships himself, in sundry voyages
+before, being now shipped in the Primrose; Captain Francis Knolles,
+Rear-Admiral in the galleon Leicester; Master Thomas Venner, captain
+in the Elizabeth Bonadventure, under the General; Master Edward
+Winter, captain in the Aid; Master Christopher Carlile, the
+Lieutenant-General, captain of the Tiger; Henry White, captain of the
+Sea-Dragon; Thomas Drake [Francis Drake's brother.], captain of the
+Thomas; Thomas Seeley, captain of the Minion; Baily, captain of the
+Talbot; Robert Cross, captain of the bark Bond; George Fortescue,
+captain of the bark Bonner; Edward Careless, captain of the Hope;
+James Erizo, captain of the White Lion; Thomas Moon, captain of the
+Francis; John Rivers, captain of the Vantage; John Vaughan, captain of
+the Drake; John Varney, captain of the George; John Martin, captain of
+the Benjamin; Edward Gilman, captain of the Scout; Richard Hawkins,
+captain of the galliot called the Duck; Bitfield, captain of the
+Swallow.
+
+After our going hence, which was the 14th of September, in the year of
+our Lord 1585, and taking our course towards Spain, we had the wind
+for a few days somewhat scant, and sometimes calm. And being arrived
+near that part of Spain which is called the Moors [Muros, S. of Cape
+Finisterre.], we happened to espy divers sails, which kept their
+course close by the shore, the weather being fair and calm. The
+General caused the Vice-Admiral to go with the pinnaces well manned to
+see what they were; who upon sight of the said pinnaces approaching
+near unto them, abandoned for the most part all their ships, being
+Frenchmen, laden all with salt, and bound homewards into France.
+Amongst which ships, being all of small burthen, there was one so well
+liked, which also had no man in her, as being brought unto the
+General, he thought good to make stay of her for the service, meaning
+to pay for her, as also accordingly he performed at our return; which
+bark was called the Drake. The rest of these ships, being eight or
+nine, were dismissed without anything at all taken from them. Who
+being afterwards put somewhat farther off from the shore, by the
+contrariety of the wind, we happened to meet with some other French
+ships, full laden with Newland fish, being upon their return homeward
+from the said Newfoundland; whom the General after some speech had
+with them, and seeing plainly that they were Frenchmen, dismissed,
+without once suffering any man to go aboard of them.
+
+The day following, standing in with the shore again, we decried
+another tall ship of twelve score tons or thereabouts, upon whom
+Master Carlile, the Lieutenant-General, being in the Tiger, undertook
+the chase; whom also anon after the Admiral followed. And the Tiger
+having caused the said strange ship to strike her sails, kept her
+there without suffering anybody to go aboard until the Admiral was
+come up; who forthwith sending for the master, and divers others of
+their principal men, and causing them to be severally examined, found
+the ship and goods to be belonging to the inhabitants of St.
+Sebastian, in Spain, but the mariners to be for the most part
+belonging to St. John de Luz, and the Passage. In this ship was great
+store of dry Newland fish, commonly called with us Poor John; whereof
+afterwards, being thus found a lawful prize, there was distribution
+made into all the ships of the fleet, the same being so new and good,
+as it did very greatly bestead us in the whole course of our voyage. A
+day or two after the taking of this ship we put in within the Isles of
+Bayon [The Cies Islets, at the mouth of the Vigo River.], for lack of
+favourable wind. Where we had no sooner anchored some part of the
+fleet, but the General commanded all the pinnaces with the shipboats
+to be manned, and every man to be furnished with such arms as were
+needful for that present service; which being done, the General put
+himself into his galley, which was also well furnished, and rowing
+towards the city of Bayon, with intent, and the favour of the
+Almighty, to surprise it. Before we had advanced one half-league of
+our way there came a messenger, being an English merchant, from the
+governor, to see what strange fleet we were; who came to our General,
+conferred a while with him, and after a small time spent, our General
+called for Captain Sampson, and willed him to go to the governor of
+the city, to resolve him of two points. The first to know if there
+were any wars between Spain and England; the second, why our merchants
+with their goods were embarged or arrested? Thus departed Captain
+Sampson with the said messenger to the city, where he found the
+governor and people much amazed of such a sudden accident. The
+General, with the advice and counsel of Master Carlile, his
+Lieutenant-General, who was in the galley with him, thought not good
+to make any stand, till such time as they were within the shot of the
+city, where they might be ready upon the return of Captain Sampson, to
+make a sudden attempt, if cause did require, before it were dark.
+
+Captain Sampson returned with his message in this sort:--First,
+touching peace or wars, the governor said he knew of no wars and that
+it lay not in him to make any, he being so mean a subject as he was.
+And as for the stay of the merchants with their goods, it was the
+king's pleasure, but not with intent to endamage any man. And that the
+king's counter-commandment was (which had been received in that place
+some seven-night before) that English merchants with their goods
+should be discharged. For the more verifying whereof, he sent such
+merchants as were in the town of our nation, who trafficked those
+parts; which being at large declared to our General by them, counsel
+was taken what might best be done. And for that the night approached,
+it was thought needful to land our forces, which was done in the
+shutting up of the day; and having quartered ourselves to our most
+advantage, with sufficient guard upon every strait, we thought to rest
+ourselves for that night there. The Governor sent us some refreshing,
+as bread, wine, oil, apples, grapes, marmalade and such like. About
+midnight the weather began to overcast, insomuch that it was thought
+meeter to repair aboard, than to make any longer abode on land. And
+before we could recover the fleet a great tempest arose, which caused
+many of our ships to drive from their anchorhold, and some were forced
+to sea in great peril, as the bark Talbot, the bark Hawkins, and the
+Speedwell; which Speedwell only was driven into England, the others
+recovered us again. The extremity of the storm lasted three days;
+which no sooner began to assuage, but Master Carlile, our Lieutenant-
+General, was sent with his own ship and three others, as also with the
+galley and with divers pinnaces, to see what he might do above Vigo,
+where he took many boats and some carvels, diversely laden with things
+of small value, but chiefly with household stuff, running into the
+high country. And amongst the rest he found one boat laden with the
+principal church stuff of the high church of Vigo, where also was
+their great cross of silver, of very fair embossed work and double-
+gilt all over, having cost them a great mass of money. They complained
+to have lost in all kinds of goods above thirty thousand ducats in
+this place.
+
+The next day the General with his whole fleet went from up the Isles
+of Bayon to a very good harbour above Vigo, where Master Carlile
+stayed his coming, as well for the more quiet riding of his ships, as
+also for the good commodity of fresh watering which the place there
+did afford full well. In the meantime the governor of Galicia had
+reared such forces as he might (his numbers by estimate were some 2000
+foot and 300 horse), and marched from Bayona to this part of the
+country, which lay in sight of our fleet; where, making a stand, he
+sent to parley with our General. Which was granted by our General, so
+it might be in boats upon the water; and for safety of their persons
+there were pledges delivered on both sides. Which done, the governor
+of Galicia put himself with two others into our Vice-Admiral's skiff,
+the same having been sent to the shore for him, and in like sort our
+General went in his own skiff. Where by them it was agreed we should
+furnish ourselves with fresh water, to be taken by our own people
+quietly on the land, and have all other such necessaries, paying for
+the same, as the place would afford.
+
+When all our business was ended we departed, and took our way by the
+Islands of Canaria, which are esteemed some 300 leagues from this part
+of Spain; and falling purposely with Palma, with intention to have
+taken our pleasure of that place, for the full digesting of many
+things into order, and the better furnishing our store with such
+several good things as it affordeth very abundantly, we were forced by
+the vile sea-gate, which at that present fell out, and by the
+naughtiness of the landing-place, being but one, and that under the
+favour of many platforms well furnished with great ordnance, to depart
+with the receipt of many of their cannon-shot, some into our ships and
+some besides, some of them being in very deed full cannon high. But
+the only or chief mischief was the dangerous sea-surge, which at shore
+all alongst plainly threatened the overthrow of as many pinnaces and
+boats as for that time should have attempted any landing at all.
+
+Now seeing the expectation of this attempt frustrated by the causes
+aforesaid, we thought it meeter to fall with the Isle Ferro, to see if
+we could find any better fortune; and coming to the island we landed a
+thousand men in a valley under a high mountain, where we stayed some
+two or three hours. In which time the inhabitants, accompanied with a
+young fellow born in England, who dwelt there with them, came unto us,
+shewing their state to be so poor that they were all ready to starve,
+which was not untrue; and therefore without anything gotten, we were
+all commanded presently to embark, so as that night we put off to sea
+south-south-east along towards the coast of Barbary.
+
+Upon Saturday in the morning, being the 13th of November, we fell with
+Cape Blank, which is a low land and shallow water, where we catched
+store of fish; and doubling the cape, we put into the bay, where we
+found certain French ships of war, whom we entertained with great
+courtesy, and there left them. This afternoon the whole fleet
+assembled, which was a little scattered about their fishing, and put
+from thence to the Isles of Cape Verde, sailing till the 16th of the
+same month in the morning; on which day we descried the Island of
+Santiago. And in the evening we anchored the fleet between the town
+called the Playa or Praya and Santiago; where we put on shore 1000 men
+or more, under the leading of Master Christopher Carlile, Lieutenant-
+General, who directed the service most like a wise commander. The
+place where we had first to march did afford no good order, for the
+ground was mountainous and full of dales, being a very stony and
+troublesome passage; but such was his industrious disposition, as he
+would never leave, until we had gotten up to a fair plain, where we
+made stand for the assembling of the army. And when we were all
+gathered together upon the plain, some two miles from the town, the
+Lieutenant-General thought good not to make attempt till daylight,
+because there was not one that could serve for guide or giving
+knowledge at all of the place. And therefore after having well rested,
+even half an hour before day, he commanded the army to be divided into
+three special parts, such as he appointed, whereas before we had
+marched by several companies, being thereunto forced by the badness of
+the way as is aforesaid. Now by the time we were thus ranged into a
+very brave order, daylight began to appear. And being advanced hard to
+the wall, we saw no enemy to resist. Whereupon the Lieutenant-General
+appointed Captain Sampson with thirty shot, and Captain Barton with
+other thirty, to go down into the town, which stood in the valley
+under us, and might very plainly be viewed all over from that place
+where the whole army was now arrived; and presently after these
+captains was sent the great ensign, which had nothing in it but the
+plain English cross, to be placed towards the sea, that our fleet
+might see St. George's cross flourish in the enemy's fortress. Order
+was given that all the ordnance throughout the town and upon all the
+platforms, which were about fifty pieces all ready charged, should be
+shot off in honour of the Queen's Majesty's coronation day, being the
+17th of November, after the yearly custom of England, which was so
+answered again by the ordnance out of all the ships in the fleet,
+which now come near, as it was strange to hear such a thundering noise
+last so long together. In this mean while the Lieutenant-General held
+still the most part of his force on the hilltop, till such time as the
+town was quartered out for the lodging of the whole army. Which being
+done, every captain took his own quarter; and in the evening was
+placed such a sufficient guard upon every part of the town that we had
+no cause to fear any present enemy. Thus we continued in the city the
+space of fourteen days, taking such spoils as the place yielded, which
+were, for the most part, wine, oil, meal, and some other such like
+things for victual as vinegar, olives, and some other trash, as
+merchandise for their Indian trades. But there was not found any
+treasure at all, or anything else of worth besides.
+
+The situation of Santiago is somewhat strange; in form like a
+triangle, having on the east and west sides two mountains of rock and
+cliff, as it were hanging over it; upon the top of which two mountains
+were builded certain fortifications to preserve the town from any harm
+that might be offered, as in a plot is plainly shewed. From thence on
+the south side of the town is the main sea; and on the north side, the
+valley lying between the aforesaid mountains, wherein the town
+standeth. The said valley and town both do grow very narrow; insomuch
+that the space between the two cliffs of this end of the town is
+estimated not to be above ten or twelve score [yards] over. In the
+midst of the valley cometh down a riveret, rill, or brook of fresh
+water, which hard by the seaside maketh a pond or pool, whereout our
+ships were watered with very great ease and pleasure. Somewhat above
+the town on the north side, between the two mountains, the valley
+waxeth somewhat larger than at the town's end; which valley is wholly
+converted into gardens and orchards, well replenished with divers
+sorts of fruits, herbs, and trees, as lemons, oranges, sugar-canes,
+/cocars/ or cocos nuts, plantains, potato-roots, cucumbers, small and
+round onions, garlic, and some other things not now remembered.
+Amongst which the cocos nuts and plantains are very pleasant fruits;
+the said cocos hath a hard shell and a green husk over it as hath our
+walnut, but it far exceedeth in greatness, for this cocos in his green
+husk is bigger than any man's two fists. Of the hard shell many
+drinking cups are made here in England, and set in silver as I have
+often seen. Next within this hard shell is a white rind resembling in
+show very much, even as any thing may do, to the white of an egg when
+it is hard boiled. And within this white of the nut lieth a water,
+which is whitish and very clear, to the quantity of half a pint or
+thereabouts; which water and white rind before spoken of are both of a
+very cool fresh taste, and as pleasing as anything may be. I have
+heard some hold opinion that it is very restorative. The plantain
+groweth in cods, somewhat like to beans, but is bigger and longer, and
+much more thick together on the stalk; and when it waxeth ripe, the
+meat which filleth the rind of the cod becometh yellow, and is
+exceeding sweet and pleasant.
+
+In this time of our being there happened to come a Portugal to the
+western fort, with a flag of truce. To whom Captain Sampson was sent
+with Captain Goring; who coming to the said messenger, he first asked
+them, What nation they were? they answered Englishmen. He then
+required to know if wars were between England and Spain; to which they
+answered, that they knew not, but if he would go to their General he
+could best resolve him of such particulars. And for his assurance of
+passage and repassage these captains made offer to engage their
+credits, which he refused for that he was not sent from his governor.
+Then they told him if his governor did desire to take a course for the
+common benefit of the people and country his best way were to come and
+present himself unto our noble and merciful governor, Sir Francis
+Drake, whereby he might be assured to find favour, both for himself
+and the inhabitants. Otherwise within three days we should march over
+the land, and consume with fire all inhabited places, and put to the
+sword all such living souls as we should chance upon. So thus much he
+took for the conclusion of his answer. And departing, he promised to
+return the next day; but we never heard more of him.
+
+Upon the 24th of November, the General, accompanied with the
+Lieutenant-General and 600 men, marched forth to a village twelve
+miles within the land, called Saint Domingo, where the governor and
+the bishop, with all the better sort, were lodged; and by eight of the
+clock we came to it, finding the place abandoned, and the people fled
+into the mountains. So we made stand a while to ease ourselves, and
+partly to see if any would come to speak to us. After we had well
+rested ourselves, the General commanded the troops to march away
+homewards. In which retreat the enemy shewed themselves, both horse
+and foot, though not such force as durst encounter us; and so in
+passing some time at the gaze with them, it waxed late and towards
+night before we could recover home to Santiago.
+
+On Monday, the 26th of November, the General commanded all the
+pinnaces with the boats to use all diligence to embark the army into
+such ships as every man belonged. The Lieutenant-General in like sort
+commanded Captain Goring and Lieutenant Tucker, with one hundred shot,
+to make a stand in the marketplace until our forces were wholly
+embarked; the Vice-Admiral making stay with his pinnace and certain
+boats in the harbour, to bring the said last company abroad the ships.
+Also the General willed forthwith the galley with two pinnaces to take
+into them the company of Captain Barton, and the company of Captain
+Biggs, under the leading of Captain Sampson, to seek out such munition
+as was hidden in the ground, at the town of Praya, or Playa, having
+been promised to be shewed it by a prisoner which was taken the day
+before.
+
+The captains aforesaid coming to the Playa, landed their men; and
+having placed the troop in their best strength, Captain Sampson took
+the prisoner, and willed him to show that he had promised. The which
+he could not, or at least would not; but they searching all suspected
+places, found two pieces of ordnance, one of iron, another of brass.
+In the afternoon the General anchored with the rest of the fleet
+before the Playa, coming himself ashore, willing us to burn the town
+and make all haste aboard; the which was done by six of the clock the
+same day, and ourselves embarked again the same night. And so we put
+off to sea south-west.
+
+But before our departure from the town of Santiago, we established
+orders for the better government of the army. Every man mustered to
+his captain, and oaths were ministered, to acknowledge her Majesty
+supreme Governor, as also every man to do his utter-most endeavour to
+advance the service of the action, and to yield due obedience unto the
+directions of the General and his officers. By this provident counsel,
+and laying down this good foundation beforehand, all things went
+forward in a due course, to the achieving of our happy enterprise.
+
+In all the time of our being here, neither the governor for the said
+King of Spain, which is a Portugal, neither the bishop, whose
+authority is great, neither the inhabitants of the town, or island,
+ever came at us; which we expected they should have done, to entreat
+us to leave them some part of their needful provisions, or at the
+least to spare the ruining of their town at our going away. The cause
+of this their unreasonable distrust, as I do take it, was the fresh
+remembrance of the great wrongs that they had done to old Master
+William Hawkins, of Plymouth, in the voyage he made four or five years
+before, whenas they did both break their promise, and murdered many of
+his men; whereof I judge you have understood, and therefore it is
+needless to be repeated. But since they came not at us, we left
+written in sundry places, as also in the Spital House (which building
+was only appointed to be spared), the great discontentment and scorn
+we took at this their refraining to come unto us, as also at the rude
+manner of killing, and savage kind of handling the dead body of one of
+our boys found by them straggling all alone, from whom they had taken
+his head and heart, and had straggled the other bowels about the
+place, in a most brutish and beastly manner. In revenge whereof at our
+departing we consumed with fire all the houses, as well in the country
+which we saw, as in the town of Santiago.
+
+From hence putting off to the West Indies, we were not many days at
+sea but there began among our people such mortality as in a few days
+there were dead above two or three hundred men. And until some seven
+or eight days after our coming from Santiago, there had not died any
+one man of sickness in all the fleet. The sickness showed not his
+infection, wherewith so many were strucken, until we were departed
+thence; and then seized our people with extreme hot burning and
+continual agues, whereof very few escaped with life, and yet those for
+the most part not without great alteration and decay of their wits and
+strength for a long time after. In some that died were plainly shown
+the small spots which are often found upon those that be infected with
+the plague. We were not above eighteen days in passage between the
+sight of Santiago aforesaid, and the island of Dominica, being the
+first island of the West Indies that we fell withal; the same being
+inhabited with savage people, which go all naked, their skin coloured
+with some painting of a reddish tawny, very personable and handsome
+strong men, who do admit little conversation with the Spaniards; for,
+as some of our people might understand them, they had a Spaniard or
+twain prisoners with them. Neither do I think that there is any safety
+for any of our nation, or any other, to be within the limits of their
+commandment; albeit they used us very kindly for those few hours of
+time which we spent with them, helping our folks to fill and carry on
+their bare shoulders fresh water from the river to our ships' boats,
+and fetching from their houses great store of tobacco, as also a kind
+of bread which they fed on, called cassavi, very white and savoury,
+made of the roots of cassavi. In recompense whereof we bestowed
+liberal rewards of glass, coloured beads, and other things, which we
+had found at Santiago; wherewith, as it seemed, they rested very
+greatly satisfied, and shewed some sorrowful countenance when they
+perceived that we would depart.
+
+From hence we went to another island westward of it, called Saint
+Christopher's Island; wherein we spent some days of Christmas, to
+refresh our sick people, and to cleanse and air our ships. In which
+island were not any people at all that we could hear of.
+
+In which time by the General it was advised and resolved, with the
+consent of the Lieutenant-General, the Vice-Admiral, and all the rest
+of the captains, to proceed to the great island of Hispaniola, as well
+for that we knew ourselves then to be in our best strength, as also
+the rather allured thereunto by the glorious fame of the city of St.
+Domingo, being the ancientest and chief inhabited place in all the
+tract of country thereabouts. And so proceeding in this determination,
+by the way we met a small frigate, bound for the same place, the which
+the Vice-Admiral took; and having duly examined the men that were in
+her, there was one found by whom we were advertised the haven to be a
+barred haven, and the shore or land thereof to be well fortified,
+having a castle thereupon furnished with great store of artillery,
+without the danger whereof was no convenient landing-place within ten
+English miles of the city, to which the said pilot took upon him to
+conduct us.
+
+All things being thus considered on, the whole forces were commanded
+in the evening to embark themselves in pinnaces, boats, and other
+small barks appointed for this service. Our soldiers being thus
+embarked, the General put himself into the bark Francis as Admiral;
+and all this night we lay on the sea, bearing small sail until our
+arrival to the landing-place, which was about the breaking of the day.
+And so we landed, being New Year's Day, nine or ten miles to the
+westwards of that brave city of St. Domingo; for at that time nor yet
+is known to us any landing-place, where the sea-surge doth not
+threaten to overset a pinnace or boat. Our General having seen us all
+landed in safety, returned to his fleet, bequeathing us to God, and
+the good conduct of Master Carlile, our Lieutenant-General; at which
+time, being about eight of the clock, we began to march. And about
+noon-time, or towards one of the clock, we approached the town; where
+the gentleman and those of the better sort, being some hundred and
+fifty brave horses, or rather more, began to present themselves. But
+our small shot played upon them, which were so sustained with good
+proportion of pikes in all parts, as they finding no part of our troop
+unprepared to receive them (for you must understand they viewed all
+round about) they were thus driven to give us leave to proceed towards
+the two gates of the town which were the next to the seaward. They had
+manned them both, and planted their ordnance for that present and
+sudden alarm without the gate, and also some troops of small shot in
+/ambuscado/ upon the highway side. We divided our whole force, being
+some thousand or twelve hundred men, into two parts, to enterprise
+both the gates at one instant; the Lieutenant-General having openly
+vowed to Captain Powell, who led the troop that entered the other
+gate, that with God's good favour he would not rest until our meeting
+in the market-place.
+
+Their ordnance had no sooner discharged upon our near approach, and
+made some execution amongst us, though not much, but the Lieutenant-
+General began forthwith to advance both his voice of encouragement and
+pace of marching; the first man that was slain with the ordnance being
+very near unto himself; and thereupon hasted all that he might, to
+keep them from the recharging of the ordnance. And notwithstanding
+their /ambuscados/, we marched or rather ran so roundly into them, as
+pell-mell we entered the gates, and gave them more care every man to
+save himself by flight, than reason to stand any longer to their
+broken fight. We forthwith repaired to the market-place, but to be
+more truly understood, a place of very spacious square ground; whither
+also came, as had been agreed, Captain Powell with the other troop.
+Which place with some part next unto it, we strengthened with
+/barricados/, and there as the most convenient place assured
+ourselves, the city being far too spacious for so small and weary a
+troop to undertake to guard. Somewhat after midnight, they who had the
+guard of the castle, hearing us busy about the gates of the said
+castle, abandoned the same; some being taken prisoners, and some
+fleeing away by the help of boats to the other side of the haven, and
+so into the country.
+
+The next day we quartered a little more at large, but not into the
+half part of the town; and so making substantial trenches, and
+planting all the ordnance, that each part was correspondent to other,
+we held this town the space of one month.
+
+In the which time happened some accidents, more than are well
+remembered for the present. But amongst other things, it chanced that
+the General sent on his message to the Spaniards a negro boy with a
+flag of white, signifying truce, as is the Spanish ordinary manner to
+do there, when they approach to speak to us; which boy unhappily was
+first met withal by some of those who had been belonging as officers
+for the king in the Spanish galley, which with the town was lately
+fallen into our hands. Who, without all order or reason, and contrary
+to that good usage wherewith we had entertained their messengers,
+furiously struck the poor boy through the body with one of their
+horsemen's staves; with which wound the boy returned to the General,
+and after he had declared the manner of this wrongful cruelty, died
+forthwith in his presence. Wherewith the General being greatly
+passioned, commanded the provost-marshal to cause a couple of friars,
+then prisoners, to be carried to the same place where the boy was
+strucken, accompanied with sufficient guard of our soldiers, and there
+presently to be hanged, despatching at the same instant another poor
+prisoner, with this reason wherefore this execution was done, and with
+this message further, that until the party who had thus murdered the
+General's messenger were delivered into our hands to receive condign
+punishment, there should no day pass wherein there should not two
+prisoners be hanged, until they were all consumed which were in our
+hands. Whereupon the day following, he that had been captain of the
+king's galley brought the offender to the town's end, offering to
+deliver him into our hands. But it was thought to be a more honourable
+revenge to make them there, in our sight, to perform the execution
+themselves; which was done accordingly.
+
+During our being in this town, as formerly also at Santiago there had
+passed justice upon the life of one of our own company for an odious
+matter, so here likewise was there an Irishman hanged for the
+murdering of his corporal.
+
+In this time also passed many treaties between their commissioners and
+us, for ransom of their city; but upon disagreements we still spent
+the early mornings in firing the outmost houses; but they being built
+very magnificently of stone, with high lofts, gave us no small travail
+to ruin them. And albeit for divers days together we ordained each
+morning by daybreak, until the heat began at nine of the clock, that
+two hundred mariners did naught else but labour to fire and burn the
+said houses without our trenches, whilst the soldiers in a like
+proportion stood forth for their guard; yet did we not, or could not
+in this time consume so much as one-third part of the town, which town
+is plainly described and set forth in a certain map. And so in the
+end, what wearied with firing, and what hastened by some other
+respects, we were contended to accept of 25,000 ducats of five
+shillings six-pence the piece, for the ransom of the rest of the town.
+
+Amongst other things which happened and were found at St. Domingo, I
+may not omit to let the world know one very notable mark and token of
+the unsatiable ambition of the Spanish king and his nation, which was
+found in the king's house, wherein the chief governor of that city and
+country is appointed always to lodge, which was this. In the coming to
+the hall or other rooms of this house, you must first ascend up by a
+fair large pair of stairs, at the head of which stairs is a handsome
+spacious place to walk in, somewhat like unto a gallery. Wherein, upon
+one of the walls, right over against you as you enter the said place,
+so as your eye cannot escape the sight of it, there is described and
+painted in a very large scutcheon the arms of the King of Spain; and
+in the lower part of the said scutcheon there is likewise described a
+globe, containing in it the whole circuit of the sea and the earth,
+whereupon is a horse standing on his hinder part within the globe, and
+the other forepart without the globe, lifted up as it were to leap,
+with a scroll painted in his mouth, wherein was written these words in
+Latin, /NON SUFFICIT ORBIS/, which is as much to say as, /The world
+sufficeth not/. Whereof the meaning was required to be known of some
+of those of the better sort that came in commission to treat upon the
+ransom of the town; who would shake their heads and turn aside their
+countenance, in some smiling sort, without answering anything, as
+greatly ashamed thereof. For by some of our company it was told them,
+that if the Queen of England would resolutely prosecute the wars
+against the King of Spain, he should be forced to lay aside that proud
+and unreasonable reaching vein of his; for he should find more than
+enough to do to keep that which he had already, as by the present
+example of their lost town they might for a beginning perceive well
+enough.
+
+Now to the satisfying of some men, who marvel greatly that such a
+famous and goodly-builded city, so well inhabited of gallant people,
+very brave in their apparel (whereof our soldiers found good store for
+their relief), should afford no greater riches than was found there.
+Herein it is to be understood that the Indian people, which were the
+natives of this whole island of Hispaniola (the same being near hand
+as great as England), were many years since clean consumed by the
+tyranny of the Spaniards; which was the cause that, for lack of people
+to work in the mines, the gold and silver mines of this island are
+wholly given over. And thereby they are fain in this island to use
+copper money, whereof was found very great quantity. The chief trade
+of this place consisteth of sugar and ginger, which groweth in the
+island, and of hides of oxen and kine, which in this waste country of
+the island are bred in infinite numbers, the soil being very fertile.
+And the said beasts are fed up to a very large growth, and so killed
+for nothing so much as for their hides aforesaid. We found here great
+store of strong wine, sweet oil, vinegar, olives, and other such-like
+provisions, as excellent wheat-meal packed up in wine-pipes and other
+cask, and other commodities likewise, as woollen and linen cloth and
+some silks; all which provisions are brought out of Spain, and served
+us for great relief. There was but a little plate or vessel of silver,
+in comparison of the great pride in other things of this town, because
+in these hot countries they use much of those earthen dishes finely
+painted or varnished, which they call /porcellana/, which is had out
+of the East India; and for their drinking they use glasses altogether,
+whereof they make excellent good and fair in the same place. But yet
+some plate we found, and many other good things, as their household
+garniture, very gallant and rich, which had cost them dear, although
+unto us they were of small importance.
+
+
+
+From St. Domingo we put over to the main or firm land, and, going all
+along the coast, we came at last in sight of Carthagena, standing upon
+the seaside, so near as some of our barks in passing alongst
+approached within the reach of their culverin shot, which they had
+planted upon certain platforms. The harbour-mouth lay some three miles
+toward the westward of the town, whereinto we entered at about three
+or four of the clock in the afternoon without any resistance of
+ordnance or other impeachment planted upon the same. In the evening we
+put ourselves on land towards the harbour-mouth, under the leading of
+Master Carlile, our Lieutenant-General. Who, after he had digested us
+to march forward about midnight, as easily as foot might fall,
+expressly commanded us to keep close by the sea-wash of the shore for
+our best and surest way; whereby we were like to go through, and not
+to miss any more of the way, which once we had lost within an hour
+after our first beginning to march, through the slender knowledge of
+him that took upon him to be our guide, whereby the night spent on,
+which otherwise must have been done by resting. But as we came within
+some two miles of the town, their horsemen, which were some hundred,
+met us, and, taking the alarm, retired to their townward again upon
+the first volley of our shot that was given them; for the place where
+we encountered being woody and bushy, even to the waterside, was
+unmeet for their service.
+
+At this instant we might hear some pieces of artillery discharged,
+with divers small shot, towards the harbour; which gave us to
+understand, according to the order set down in the evening before by
+our General, that the Vice-Admiral, accompanied with Captain Venner,
+Captain White, and Captain Cross, with other sea captains, and with
+divers pinnaces and boats, should give some attempt unto the little
+fort standing on the entry of the inner haven, near adjoining to the
+town, though to small purpose, for that the place was strong, and the
+entry, very narrow, was chained over; so as there could be nothing
+gotten by the attempt more than the giving of them an alarm on that
+other side of the haven, being a mile and a-half from the place we now
+were at. In which attempt the Vice-Admiral had the rudder of his skiff
+strucken through with a saker shot, and a little or no harm received
+elsewhere.
+
+The troops being now in their march, half-a-mile behither the town or
+less, the ground we were on grew to be strait, and not above fifty
+paces over, having the main sea on the one side of it and the harbour-
+water or inner sea (as you may term it) on the other side, which in
+the plot is plainly shewed. This strait was fortified clean over with
+a stone wall and a ditch without it, the said wall being as orderly
+built, with flanking in every part, as can be set down. There was only
+so much of this strait unwalled as might serve for the issuing of the
+horsemen or the passing of carriage in time of need. But this unwalled
+part was not without a very good /barricado/ of wine-butts or pipes,
+filled with earth, full and thick as they might stand on end one by
+another, some part of them standing even within the main sea. This
+place of strength was furnished with six great pieces, demiculverins
+and sakers, which shot directly in front upon us as we approached. Now
+without this wall, upon the inner side of the strait, they had brought
+likewise two great galleys with their prows to the shore, having
+planted in them eleven pieces of ordnance, which did beat all cross
+the strait, and flanked our coming on. In these two galleys were
+planted three or four hundred small shot, and on the land, in the
+guard only of this place, three hundred shot and pikes.
+
+They, in this their full readiness to receive us, spared not their
+shot both great and small. But our Lieutenant-General, taking the
+advantage of the dark (the daylight as yet not broken out) approached
+by the lowest ground, according to the express direction which himself
+had formerly given, the same being the sea-wash shore, where the water
+was somewhat fallen, so as most of all their shot was in vain. Our
+Lieutenant-General commanded our shot to forbear shooting until we
+were come to the wall-side. And so with pikes roundly together we
+approached the place, where we soon found out the /barricados/ of
+pipes or butts to be the meetest place for our assault; which,
+notwithstanding it was well furnished with pikes and shots, was
+without staying attempted by us. Down went the butts of earth, and
+pell-mell came our swords and pikes together, after our shot had first
+given their volley, even at the enemy's nose. Our pikes were somewhat
+longer than theirs, and our bodies better armed; for very few of them
+were armed. With which advantage our swords and pikes grew too hard
+for them, and they driven to give place. In this furious entry the
+Lieutenant-General slew with his own hands the chief ensign-bearer of
+the Spaniards, who fought very manfully to his life's end.
+
+We followed into the town with them, and, giving them no leisure to
+breathe, we won the market-place, albeit they made head and fought
+awhile before we got it. And so we being once seized and assured of
+that, they were content to suffer us to lodge within their town, and
+themselves to go to their wives, whom they had carried into other
+places of the country before our coming thither. At every street's end
+they had raised very fine /barricados/ of earthworks, with trenches
+without them, as well made as ever we saw any work done; at the
+entering whereof was some little resistance, but soon overcome it was,
+with few slain or hurt. They had joined with them many Indians, whom
+they had placed in corners of advantage, all bowmen, with their arrows
+most villainously empoisoned, so as if they did but break the skin,
+the party so touched died without great marvel. Some they slew of our
+people with their arrows; some they likewise mischiefed to death with
+certain pricks of small sticks sharply pointed, of a foot and a-half
+long, the one end put into the ground, the other empoisoned, sticking
+fast up, right against our coming in the way as we should approach
+from our landing towards the town, whereof they had planted a
+wonderful number in the ordinary way; but our keeping the sea-wash
+shore missed the greatest part of them very happily.
+
+I overpass many particular matters, as the hurting of Captain Sampson
+at sword blows in the first entering, unto whom was committed the
+charge of the pikes of the vant-guard by his lot and turn; as also of
+the taking of Alonzo Bravo, the chief commander of that place, by
+Captain Goring, after the said captain had first hurt him with his
+sword; unto which captain was committed the charge of the shot of the
+said vant-guard. Captain Winter was likewise by his turn of the vant-
+guard in this attempt, where also the Lieutenant-General marched
+himself; the said Captain Winter, through a great desire to serve by
+land, having now exchanged his charge at sea with Captain Cecil for
+his band of footmen. Captain Powell, the Sergeant-Major, had by his
+turn the charge of the four companies which made the battle. Captain
+Morgan, who at St. Domingo was of the vant-guard, had now by turn his
+charge upon the companies of the rearward. Every man, as well of one
+part as of another, came so willingly on to the service, as the enemy
+was not able to endure the fury of such hot assault.
+
+We stayed here six weeks, and the sickness with mortality before
+spoken of still continued among us, though not with the same fury as
+at the first; and such as were touched with the said sickness,
+escaping death, very few or almost none could recover their strength.
+Yea, many of them were much decayed in their memory, insomuch that it
+was grown an ordinary judgment, when one was heard to speak foolishly,
+to say he had been sick of the /calentura/, which is the Spanish name
+of their burning ague; for, as I told you before, it is a very burning
+and pestilent ague. The original cause thereof is imputed to the
+evening or first night air, which they term /la serena/; wherein they
+say and hold very firm opinion that whoso is then abroad in the open
+air shall certainly be infected to the death, not being of the Indian
+or natural race of those country people. By holding their watch our
+men were thus subjected to the infectious air, which at Santiago was
+most dangerous and deadly of all other places.
+
+With the inconvenience of continual mortality we were forced to give
+over our intended enterprise to go with Nombre de Dios, and so
+overland to Panama, where we should have strucken the stroke for the
+treasure, and full recompense of our tedious travails. And thus at
+Carthagena we took our first resolution to return homewards, the form
+of which resolution I thought good here to put down under the
+principal captains' hands as followeth:--
+
+  A Resolution of the Land-Captains, what course they think most
+  expedient to be taken. Given at Carthagena, the 27th of February,
+  1585.
+
+  WHEREAS it hath pleased the General to demand the opinions of his
+  captains what course they think most expedient to be now
+  undertaken, the land-captains being assembled by themselves
+  together, and having advised hereupon, do in three points deliver
+  the same.
+
+  THE FIRST, touching the keeping of the town against the force of
+  the enemy, either that which is present, or that which may come
+  out of Spain, is answered thus:--
+
+ 'We hold opinion, that with this troop of men which we have
+  presently with us in land service, being victualled and
+  munitioned, we may well keep the town, albeit that of men able to
+  answer present service we have not above 700. The residue, being
+  some 150 men, by reason of their hurts and sickness, are
+  altogether unable to stand us in any stead: wherefore hereupon the
+  sea-captains are likewise to give their resolution, how they will
+  undertake the safety and service of the ships upon the arrival of
+  any Spanish fleet.'
+
+  THE SECOND point we make to be this, whether it be meet to go
+  presently homeward, or else to continue further trial of our
+  fortune in undertaking such like enterprises as we have done
+  already, and thereby to seek after that bountiful mass of treasure
+  for recompense of our travails, which was generally expected at
+  our coming forth of England: wherein we answer:--
+
+ 'That it is well known how both we and the soldiers are entered
+  into this action as voluntary men, without any impress or gage
+  from her Majesty or anybody else. And forasmuch as we have
+  hitherto discharged the parts of honest men, so that now by the
+  great blessing and favour of our good God there have been taken
+  three such notable towns, wherein by the estimation of all men
+  would have been found some very great treasures, knowing that
+  Santiago was the chief city of all the islands and traffics
+  thereabouts, St. Domingo the chief city of Hispaniola, and the
+  head government not only of that island, but also of Cuba, and of
+  all the islands about it, as also of such inhabitations of the
+  firm land, as were next unto it, and a place that is both
+  magnificently built and entertaineth great trades of merchandise;
+  and now lastly the city of Carthagena, which cannot be denied to
+  be one of the chief places of most especial importance to the
+  Spaniard of all the cities which be on this side of the West
+  India: we do therefore consider, that since all these cities, with
+  their goods and prisoners taken in them, and the ransoms of the
+  said cities, being all put together, are found far short to
+  satisfy that expectation which by the generality of the
+  enterprisers was first conceived; and being further advised of
+  the slenderness of our strength, whereunto we be now reduced, as
+  well in respect of the small number of able bodies, as also not a
+  little in regard of the slack disposition of the greater part of
+  those which remain, very many of the better minds and men being
+  either consumed by death or weakened by sickness and hurts; and
+  lastly, since that as yet there is not laid down to our knowledge
+  any such enterprise as may seem convenient to be undertaken with
+  such few as we are presently able to make, and withal of such
+  certain likelihood, as with God's good success which it may please
+  him to bestow upon us, the same may promise to yield us any
+  sufficient contentment: we do therefore conclude hereupon, that it
+  is better to hold sure as we may the honour already gotten, and
+  with the same to return towards our gracious sovereign and
+  country, from whence, if it shall please her Majesty to set us
+  forth again with her orderly means and entertainment, we are most
+  ready and willing to go through with anything that the uttermost
+  of our strength and endeavour shall be able to reach unto. But
+  therewithal we do advise and protest that it is far from our
+  thoughts, either to refuse, or so much as to seem to be weary of
+  anything which for the present shall be further required or
+  directed to be done by us from our General.'
+
+  THE THIRD and last point is concerning the ransom of this city of
+  Carthagena, for the which, before it was touched with any fire,
+  there was made an offer of some 27,000 or 28,000 pounds
+  sterling:--
+
+ 'Thus much we utter herein as our opinions, agreeing, so it be done
+  in good sort, to accept this offer aforesaid, rather than to break
+  off by standing still upon our demands of 100,000 pounds; which
+  seems a matter impossible to be performed for the present by them.
+  And to say truth, we may now with much honour and reputation
+  better be satisfied with that sum offered by them at the first, if
+  they will now be contented to give it, than we might at that time
+  with a great deal more; inasmuch as we have taken our full
+  pleasure, both in the uttermost sacking and spoiling of all their
+  household goods and merchandise, as also in that we have consumed
+  and ruined a great part of their town with fire. And thus much
+  further is considered herein by us; that as there be in the voyage
+  a great many poor men, who have willingly adventured their lives
+  and travails, and divers amongst them having spent their apparel
+  and such other little provisions as their small means might have
+  given them leave to prepare, which being done upon such good and
+  allowable intention as this action hath always carried with it
+  (meaning, against the Spaniard, our greatest and most dangerous
+  enemy), so surely we cannot but have an inward regard, so far as
+  may lie in us, to help them in all good sort towards the
+  satisfaction of this their expectation; and by procuring them some
+  little benefit to encourage them, and to nourish this ready and
+  willing disposition of theirs, both in them and in others by their
+  example, against any other time of like occasion. But because it
+  may be supposed that herein we forget not the private benefit of
+  ourselves, and are thereby the rather moved to incline ourselves
+  to this composition, we do therefore think good for the clearing
+  ourselves of all such suspicion, to declare hereby, that what part
+  or portion soever it be of this ransom or composition for
+  Carthagena which should come unto us, we do freely give and bestow
+  the same wholly upon the poor men who have remained with us in the
+  voyage (meaning as well the sailor as the soldier), wishing with
+  all our hearts it were such or so much as might see a sufficient
+  reward for their painful endeavour. And for the firm confirmation
+  thereof, we have thought meet to subsign these presents with our
+  own hands in the place and time aforesaid.
+
+ 'Captain Christopher Charlie, Lieutenant-General; Captain Goring,
+  Captain Sampson, Captain Powell, etc.'
+
+But while we were yet there, it happened one day that our watch called
+the sentinel, upon the church-steeple, had discovered in the sea a
+couple of small barks or boats, making in with the harbour of
+Carthagena. Whereupon Captain Moon and Captain Varney, with John
+Grant, the master of the Tiger, and some other seamen, embarked
+themselves in a couple of small pinnaces, to take them before they
+should come nigh the shore, at the mouth of the harbour, lest by some
+straggling Spaniards from the land, they might be warned by signs from
+coming in. Which fell out accordingly, notwithstanding all the
+diligence that our men could use: for the Spanish boats, upon the
+sight of our pinnaces coming towards them, ran themselves ashore, and
+so their men presently hid themselves in bushes hard by the sea-side,
+amongst some others that had called them by signs thither. Our men
+presently without any due regard had to the quality of the place, and
+seeing no man of the Spaniards to shew themselves, boarded the Spanish
+barks or boats, and so standing all open in them, were suddenly shot
+at by a troop of Spaniards out of the bushes; by which volley of shot
+there were slain Captain Varney, which died presently, and Captain
+Moon, who died some few days after, besides some four or five others
+that were hurt: and so our folks returned without their purpose, not
+having any sufficient number of soldiers with them to fight on shore.
+For those men they carried were all mariners to row, few of them
+armed, because they made account with their ordnance to have taken the
+barks well enough at sea; which they might full easily have done,
+without any loss at all, if they had come in time to the harbour
+mouth, before the Spaniards' boats had gotten so near the shore.
+
+During our abode in this place, as also at St. Domingo, there passed
+divers courtesies between us and the Spaniards, as feasting, and using
+them with all kindness and favour; so as amongst others there came to
+see the General the governor of Carthagena, with the bishop of the
+same, and divers other gentlemen of the better sort. This town of
+Carthagena we touched in the out parts, and consumed much with fire,
+as we had done St. Domingo, upon discontentments, and for want of
+agreeing with us in their first treaties touching their ransom; which
+at the last was concluded between us should be 110,000 ducats for that
+which was yet standing, the ducat valued at five shillings sixpence
+sterling.
+
+This town, though not half so big as St. Domingo, gives, as you see, a
+far greater ransom, being in very deed of far more importance, by
+reason of the excellency of the harbour, and the situation thereof to
+serve the trade of Nombre de Dios and other places, and is inhabited
+with far more richer merchants. The other is chiefly inhabited with
+lawyers and brave gentlemen, being the chief or highest appeal of
+their suits in law of all the islands about it and of the mainland
+coast next unto it. And it is of no such account as Carthagena, for
+these and some like reasons which I could give you, over long to be
+now written.
+
+The warning which this town received of our coming towards them from
+St. Domingo, by the space of 20 days before our arrival here, was
+cause that they had both fortified and every way prepared for their
+best defence. As also that they had carried and conveyed away all
+their treasure and principal substance.
+
+The ransom of 110,000 ducats thus concluded on, as is aforesaid, the
+same being written, and expressing for nothing more than the town of
+Carthagena, upon the payment of the said ransom we left the said town
+and drew some part of our soldiers into the priory or abbey, standing
+a quarter of an English mile below the town upon the harbour water-
+side, the same being walled with a wall of stone; which we told the
+Spaniards was yet ours, and not redeemed by their composition.
+Whereupon they, finding the defect of their contract, were contented
+to enter into another ransom for all places, but specially for the
+said house, as also the blockhouse or castle, which is upon the mouth
+of the inner harbour. And when we asked as much for the one as for the
+other, they yielded to give a thousand crowns for the abbey, leaving
+us to take our pleasure upon the blockhouse, which they said they were
+not able to ransom, having stretched themselves to the uttermost of
+their powers; and therefore the said blockhouse was by us undermined,
+and so with gunpowder blown up in pieces. While this latter contract
+was in making, our whole fleet of ships fell down towards the harbour-
+mouth, where they anchored the third time and employed their men in
+fetching of fresh water aboard the ships for our voyage homewards,
+which water was had in a great well that is in the island by the
+harbour-mouth. Which island is a very pleasant place as hath been
+seen, having in it many sorts of goodly and very pleasant fruits, as
+the orange-trees and others, being set orderly in walks of great
+length together. Insomuch as the whole island, being some two or three
+miles about, is cast into grounds of gardening and orchards.
+
+After six weeks' abode in this place, we put to sea the last of March;
+where, after two or three days, a great Ship which we had taken at St.
+Domingo, and thereupon was called The New Year's Gift, fell into a
+great leak, being laden with ordnance, hides, and other spoils, and in
+the night she lost the company of our fleet. Which being missed the
+next morning by the General, he cast about with the whole fleet,
+fearing some great mischance to be happened unto her, as in very deed
+it so fell out; for her leak was so great that her men were all tired
+with pumping. But at the last, having found her, and the bark Talbot
+in her company, which stayed by great hap with her, they were ready to
+take their men out of her for the saving of them. And so the General,
+being fully advertised of their great extremity, made sail directly
+back again to Carthagena with the whole fleet; where, having staid
+eight or ten days more about the unlading of this ship and the
+bestowing thereof and her men into other ships, we departed once again
+to sea, directing our course toward the Cape St. Anthony, being the
+westermost part of Cuba, where we arrived the 27th of April. But
+because fresh water could not presently be found, we weighed anchor
+and departed, thinking in few days to recover the Matanzas, a place to
+the eastward of Havana.
+
+After we had sailed some fourteen days we were brought to Cape St.
+Anthony again through lack of favourable wind; but then our scarcity
+was grown such as need make us look a little better for water, which
+we found in sufficient quantity, being indeed, as I judge, none other
+than rain-water newly fallen and gathered up by making pits in a plot
+of marish ground some three hundred paces from the seaside.
+
+I do wrong if I should forget the good example of the General at this
+place, who, to encourage others, and to hasten the getting of fresh
+water aboard the ships, took no less pain himself than the meanest; as
+also at St. Domingo, Carthagena, and all other places, having always
+so vigilant a care and foresight in the good ordering of his fleet,
+accompanying them, as it is said, with such wonderful travail of body,
+as doubtless had he been the meanest person, as he was the chiefest,
+he had yet deserved the first place of honour; and no less happy do we
+account him for being associated with Master Carlile, his Lieutenant-
+General, by whose experience, prudent counsel, and gallant performance
+he achieved so many and happy enterprises of the war, by whom also he
+was very greatly assisted in setting down the needful orders, laws,
+and course of justice, and the due administration of the same upon all
+occasions.
+
+After three days spent in watering our ships, we departed now the
+second time from this Cape of St. Anthony the 13th of May. And
+proceeding about the Cape of Florida, we never touched anywhere; but
+coasting alongst Florida, and keeping the shore still in sight, the
+28th of May, early in the morning, we descried on the shore a place
+built like a beacon, which was indeed a scaffold upon four long masts
+raised on end for men to discover to the seaward, being in the
+latitude of thirty degrees, or very near thereunto. Our pinnaces
+manned and coming to the shore, we marched up alongst the river-side
+to see what place the enemy held there; for none amongst us had any
+knowledge thereof at all.
+
+Here the General took occasion to march with the companies himself in
+person, the Lieutenant-General having the vant-guard; and, going a
+mile up, or somewhat more, by the river-side, we might discern on the
+other side of the river over against us a fort which newly had been
+built by the Spaniards; and some mile, or thereabout, above the fort
+was a little town or village without walls, built of wooden houses, as
+the plot doth plainly shew. We forthwith prepared to have ordnance for
+the battery; and one piece was a little before the evening planted,
+and the first shot being made by the Lieutenant-General himself at
+their ensign, strake through the ensign, as we afterwards understood
+by a Frenchman which came unto us from them. One shot more was then
+made, which struck the foot of the fort wall, which was all massive
+timber of great trees like masts. The Lieutenant-General was
+determined to pass the river this night with four companies, and there
+to lodge himself entrenched as near the fort as that he might play
+with his muskets and smallest shot upon any that should appear, and so
+afterwards to bring and plant the battery with him; but the help of
+mariners for that sudden to make trenches could not be had, which was
+the cause that this determination was remitted until the next night.
+
+In the night the Lieutenant-General took a little rowing skiff and
+half a dozen well armed, as Captain Morgan and Captain Sampson, with
+some others, beside the rowers, and went to view what guard the enemy
+kept, as also to take knowledge of the ground. And albeit he went as
+covertly as might be, yet the enemy, taking the alarm, grew fearful
+that the whole force was approaching to the assault, and therefore
+with all speed abandoned the place after the shooting of some of their
+pieces. They thus gone, and he being returned unto us again, but
+nothing knowing of their flight from their fort, forthwith came a
+Frenchman, [Nicolas Borgoignon] being a fifer (who had been prisoner
+with them) in a little boat, playing on his fife the tune of the
+Prince of Orange his song. And being called unto by the guard, he told
+them before he put foot out of the boat what he was himself, and how
+the Spaniards were gone from the fort; offering either to remain in
+hands there, or else to return to the place with them that would go.
+[The 'Prince of Orange's Song' was a popular ditty in praise of
+William Prince of Orange (assassinated 1584), the leader of the Dutch
+Protestant insurgents.]
+
+Upon this intelligence the General, the Lieutenant-General, with some
+of the captains in one skiff and the Vice-Admiral with some others in
+his skiff, and two or three pinnaces furnished of soldiers with them,
+put presently over towards the fort, giving order for the rest of the
+pinnaces to follow. And in our approach some of the enemy, bolder than
+the rest, having stayed behind their company, shot off two pieces of
+ordnance at us; but on shore we went, and entered the place without
+finding any man there.
+
+When the day appeared, we found it built all of timber, the walls
+being none other than whole masts or bodies of trees set upright and
+close together in manner of a pale, without any ditch as yet made, but
+wholly intended with some more time. For they had not as yet finished
+all their work, having begun the same some three or four months
+before; so as, to say the truth, they had no reason to keep it, being
+subject both to fire and easy assault.
+
+The platform whereon the ordnance lay was whole bodies of long pine-
+trees, whereof there is great plenty, laid across one on another and
+some little earth amongst. There were in it thirteen or fourteen great
+pieces of brass ordnance and a chest unbroken up, having in it the
+value of some two thousand pounds sterling, by estimation, of the
+king's treasure, to pay the soldiers of that place, who were a hundred
+and fifty men.
+
+The fort thus won, which they called St. John's Fort, and the day
+opened, we assayed to go to the town, but could not by reason of some
+rivers and broken ground which was between the two places. And
+therefore being enforced to embark again into our pinnaces, we went
+thither upon the great main river, which is called, as also the town,
+by the name of St. Augustine. At our approaching to land, there were
+some that began to shew themselves, and to bestow some few shot upon
+us, but presently withdrew themselves. And in their running thus away,
+the Sergeant-Major finding one of their horses ready saddled and
+bridled, took the same to follow the chase; and so overgoing all his
+company, was by one laid behind a bush shot through the head; and
+falling down therewith, was by the same and two or three more, stabbed
+in three or four places of his body with swords and daggers, before
+any could come near to his rescue. His death was much lamented, being
+in very deed an honest wise gentleman, and soldier of good experience,
+and of as great courage as any man might be.
+
+In this place called St. Augustine we understood the king did keep, as
+is before said, 150 soldiers, and at another place some dozen leagues
+beyond to the northwards, called St. Helena, he did there likewise
+keep 150 more, serving there for no other purpose than to keep all
+other nations from inhabiting any part of all that coast; the
+government whereof was committed to one Pedro Melendez, marquis,
+nephew to that Melendez the Admiral, who had overthrown Master John
+Hawkins in the Bay of Mexico some 17 or 18 years ago. This governor
+had charge of both places, but was at this time in this place, and one
+of the first that left the same.
+
+Here it was resolved in full assembly of captains, to undertake the
+enterprise of St. Helena, and from thence to seek out the inhabitation
+of our English countrymen in Virginia, distant from thence some six
+degrees northward. When we came thwart of St. Helena, the shoals
+appearing dangerous, and we having no pilot to undertake the entry, it
+was thought meetest to go hence alongst. For the Admiral had been the
+same night in four fathom and a half, three leagues from the shore;
+and yet we understood, by the help of a known pilot, there may and do
+go in ships of greater burden and draught than any we had in our
+fleet. We passed thus along the coast hard aboard the shore, which is
+shallow for a league or two from the shore, and the same is low and
+broken land for the most part. The ninth of June upon sight of one
+special great fire (which are very ordinary all alongst this coast,
+even from the Cape of Florida hither) the General sent his skiff to
+the shore, where they found some of our English countrymen that had
+been sent thither the year before by Sir Walter Raleigh, and brought
+them aboard; by whose direction we proceeded along to the place which
+they make their port. But some of our ships being of great draught,
+unable to enter, anchored without the harbour in a wild road at sea,
+about two miles from shore. From whence the General wrote letters to
+Master Ralph Lane, being governor of those English in Virginia, and
+then at his fort about six leagues from the road in an island which
+they called Roanoac; wherein especially he shewed how ready he was to
+supply his necessities and wants, which he understood of by those he
+had first talked withal.
+
+The morrow after, Master Lane himself and some of his company coming
+unto him, with the consent of his captains he gave them the choice of
+two offers, that is to say: either he would leave a ship, a pinnace,
+and certain boats with sufficient masters and mariners, together
+furnished with a month's victual, to stay and make further discovery
+of the country and coasts, and so much victual likewise as might be
+sufficient for the bringing of them all (being an hundred and three
+persons) into England, if they thought good after such time, with any
+other thing they would desire, and that he might be able to spare: or
+else, if they thought they had made sufficient discovery already, and
+did desire to return into England, he would give them passage. But
+they, as it seemed, being desirous to stay, accepted very thankfully
+and with great gladness that which was offered first. Whereupon the
+ship being appointed and received into charge by some of their own
+company sent into her by Master Lane, before they had received from
+the rest of the fleet the provision appointed them, there arose a
+great storm (which they said was extraordinary and very strange) that
+lasted three days together, and put all our fleet in great danger to
+be driven from their anchoring upon the coast; for we brake many
+cables, and lost many anchors; and some of our fleet which had lost
+all, of which number was the ship appointed for Master Lane and his
+company, were driven to put to sea in great danger, in avoiding the
+coast, and could never see us again until we met in England. Many also
+of our small pinnaces and boats were lost in this storm.
+
+Notwithstanding, after all this, the General offered them, with
+consent of his captains, another ship with some provisions, although
+not such a one for their turns as might have been spared them before,
+this being unable to be brought into their harbour: or else, if they
+would, to give them passage into England, although he knew he should
+perform it with greater difficulty than he might have done before. But
+Master Lane, with those of the chiefest of his company which he had
+then with him, considering what should be best for them to do, made
+request unto the General under their hands, that they might have
+passage for England: the which being granted, and the rest sent for
+out of the country and shipped, we departed from that coast the 18th
+of June. And so, God be thanked, both they and we in good safety
+arrived at Portsmouth the 28th of July, 1586, to the great glory of
+God, and to no small honour to our Prince, our country, and ourselves.
+The total value of that which was got in this voyage is esteemed at
+three score thousand pounds, whereof the companies which have
+travailed in the voyage were to have twenty thousand pounds, the
+adventurers the other forty. Of which twenty thousand pounds (as I can
+judge) will redound some six pounds to the single share. We lost some
+750 men in the voyage; above three parts of them only by sickness. The
+men of name that died and were slain in this voyage, which I can
+presently call to remembrance, are these:--Captain Powell, Captain
+Varney, Captain Moon, Captain Fortescue, Captain Biggs, Captain Cecil,
+Captain Hannam, Captain Greenfield; Thomas Tucker, a lieutenant;
+Alexander Starkey, a lieutenant; Master Escot, a lieutenant; Master
+Waterhouse, a lieutenant; Master George Candish, Master Nicholas
+Winter, Master Alexander Carlile, Master Robert Alexander, Master
+Scroope, Master James Dyer, Master Peter Duke. With some other, whom
+for haste I cannot suddenly think on.
+
+The ordnance gotten of all sorts, brass and iron, were about two
+hundred and forty pieces, whereof the two hundred and some more were
+brass, and were thus found and gotten:--At Santiago some two or three
+and fifty pieces. In St. Domingo about four score, whereof was very
+much great ordnance, as whole cannon, demi-cannon, culverins, and such
+like. In Carthagena some sixty and three pieces, and good store
+likewise of the greater sort. In the Fort of St. Augustine were
+fourteen pieces. The rest was iron ordnance, of which the most part
+was gotten at St. Domingo, the rest at Carthagena.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of The Project Gutenberg Etext Drake's Great Armada, by Walter Biggs
+
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