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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Welsh and Their Literature, by George
+Borrow
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: The Welsh and Their Literature
+       from The London Quarterly Review, January 1861, American Edition
+
+
+Author: George Borrow
+
+
+
+Release Date: August 3, 2010  [eBook #33336]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE WELSH AND THEIR LITERATURE***
+
+
+Transcribed from the 1861 "The London Quarterly Review," (American
+Edition) pages 20 to 33, by David Price, email ccx074@pglaf.org
+
+
+
+
+
+                      The Welsh and their Literature
+                             by George Borrow
+
+
+     taken from the "The London Quarterly Review", 1861, pages 20-33.
+
+                                * * * * *
+
+                                NEW YORK:
+                    PUBLISHED BY LEONARD SCOTT & CO.,
+                 79 FULTON STREET, CORNER OF GOLD STREET.
+
+                                * * * * *
+
+                                  1861.
+
+                                * * * * *
+
+Art. II.--_The Sleeping Bard_; _or Visions of the World_, _Death_, _and
+Hell_.  By Elis Wyn.  Translated from the Cambrian British by George
+Borrow.  London, 1860.
+
+The Welsh style themselves Cymry or Cumry, a word which, in their
+language, means a number of people associated together. {20}  They were
+the second mass of population which moved from Asia into Europe.  They
+followed and pushed forward the Gael or Gauls; were themselves impelled
+onward by the Slowaks or Sclavonians, who were themselves hunted, goaded,
+and pestered by a wild, waspish race of people, whom, for want of a
+better name, we will call Tatars or Tartars.  The Cymry have left their
+name behind them in various regions far eastward of the one where they
+now sojourn.  The most easterly countries which still bear their name, or
+modifications thereof, are Cambia, 'which is two dayes journey from the
+head of the great river Bruapo,' and the Cryme or Crimea.  In those
+parts, and 'where Constantinople now is,' they tarried a considerable
+time, and increased and multiplied marvellously: and it was whilst
+tarrying in those regions, which they called collectively Gwlad yr Haf,
+or the summer country, that an extraordinary man was born amongst them,
+who was called by Greeks and Romans, hundreds of years after his death,
+Hesus, but whom the Cymry called, and still do call, Hu or Hee, with the
+surname of Cadarn, or the Mighty.  This Hu or Hesus taught his countrymen
+the use of the plough, and to a certain extent civilized them.  Finding
+eventually that the summer country was becoming over-populated, he placed
+himself at the head of a vast multitude and set off towards the west.  Hu
+and his people fought or negotiated their way through various countries
+possessed by the Gael, till they came to the shore of the sea which
+separates the great isle of the west from the continent.  Hearing that it
+was only thinly peopled they determined to pass over to it; and put their
+determination into execution, crossing 'the hazy sea,' at present termed
+the German Ocean, in boats made of wicker work and skins, similar to but
+larger than the coracles which the Cymry always carried with them in
+their long expeditions.
+
+This great island was called Alban, Albyn, or Albion.  Alban is a Gaelic
+or Gaulic word, signifying properly a hill-region.  It is to be found
+under various modifications in different parts of the world, but only
+where the Gaulic race have at some time sojourned.  The word Afghan is
+merely a modification of Alban, or Alpan; so is Armenia; so is Alp; so is
+of course Albania.  The term was given to the island simply because the
+cliffs which fronted the continent, where the sea between the two lands
+was narrowest, were very high and towering.  The island at the time of
+the arrival of the Cymry had, as has already been intimated, a scanty
+population.  This population consisted of Gael or Gauls, a people of
+cognate race to the Cymry, and speaking a language much the same as
+theirs, differing from it, however, in some respects.  Hu and his people
+took possession of the best parts of the island, either driving the few
+Gaels to other districts or admitting them to their confederacy.  As the
+country was in a very wild state, much overgrown with forests in which
+bears and wolves wandered, and abounding with deep stagnant pools, which
+were the haunts of the avanc or crocodile, Hu forthwith set about
+clearing it of some of its horrors, and making it more fit to be the
+abiding place of civilized beings.  He made his people cut down woods and
+forests, and destroy, as far as was possible, wild beasts and crocodiles.
+He himself went to a gloomy pool, the haunt of the king of the efync,
+baited a huge hook attached to a cable, filing it into the pool, and when
+the monster had gorged the snare drew him out by means of certain
+gigantic oxen, {21a} which he had tamed to the plough, and burnt his
+horrid, wet, scaly carcass on a fire.  He then caused enclosures to be
+made, fields to be ploughed and sown, pleasant wooden houses to be built,
+bees to be sheltered and encouraged, and schools to be erected where song
+and music were taught.  O, a truly great man was Hu Gadarn! though a
+warrior, he preferred the sickle and pruning-hook to the sword, and the
+sound of the song and lute to the hoarse blast of the buffalo's horn:--
+
+   The mighty Hu with mead would pay
+   The bard for his melodious lay;
+   The Emperor of land and sea
+   And of all livings things was he. {21b}
+
+For many years after the death of Hu the Cymry retrograded instead of
+advancing in civilization; they ceased to be a united people; plunder and
+devastation were of daily occurrence among them; every one did as he
+pleased, as far as in his power lay; there was no law, but the law of the
+strongest; and no justice, save that which was obtained from clemency and
+courtesy.  At length one Prydain arose, who, either from ambition or a
+nobler motive, determined to introduce a system of government amongst
+them.  By strength of arm and character he induced the Cymry of the lower
+country to acknowledge him for their head, and to obey certain laws which
+he enacted for the regulation of conduct.  But neither his sovereignty
+nor his laws were regarded by the Cymry of the hilly regions.  Prydain
+was the first king amongst the Cymry; and from his time the island was
+called Britain, which is a modification of his name, and the inhabitants
+Britons.  The independent Cymry, however, disdained to call themselves or
+their districts after him, but still styled themselves Cymry, and their
+districts Cumrie-land and Cumberland; whilst the Gael of the North, who
+never submitted to his sway, and who knew little about him, still called
+themselves Gael, and their country Caledon and Alban.
+
+Various kings succeeded Prydain, during whose reigns the Britons
+continued in much the same state as that in which he had left them; on
+the coming of one Dyfnwal Moelmud, however, to the throne, a mighty
+improvement was effected in their condition.  This prince was the great
+lawgiver of the Britons, and the greatest benefactor which the race had
+known since the days of Hu Gadarn.  Tradition differs as to his exact
+origin, but there is ground for believing that he was the chief of a
+Cornish tribe, and that he was elected to the throne on account of his
+wisdom and virtue.  He gave a regular system of laws and a constitution
+to the kingdom, and appointed magistrates in every place, whose duty it
+was to administer justice without respect of persons in all disputes, and
+whenever the law had been violated.  This great and good man is believed
+to have lived about 400 years before the Christian era.
+
+After the Cymric or British race had been established in the island about
+1300 years, they were invaded by the Romans, under Julius Caesar.  The
+king, who at that time ruled in Britain, was called Caswallon; he was a
+great warrior and much beloved by his subjects.  In him and his Britons
+the Romans found their match and more, for after a month's hard fighting
+and skirmishing, they were compelled to betake themselves to Gaul, the
+country from which they had come.
+
+Mighty was the triumph in Britain, says an old chronicler, on the retreat
+of the redoubted foe; and Caswallon gave a grand festival at Caer Lud, or
+London, which was reckoned in after times one of the three grand
+festivals of Britain.  A grand festival indeed it must have been, if, as
+an ancient bard says,
+
+   'Full twenty thousand beeves and deer
+   Were slain to find the guests with cheer.'
+
+Britain was not subdued by the Romans till the time of Claudius Caesar.
+When conquered it was still permitted to possess a king of its own, on
+condition that he should acknowledge the authority of Rome, and pay
+tribute to her.  The first king in the world to confess the faith of
+Christ was a British king, tributary to Rome.  This king, whose name was
+Lles ap Coel, made his confession as early as the year 160.  The
+Christian faith is supposed by some to have been first preached in
+Britain by Joseph of Arimathea; by others, by St. Paul himself.  After
+remaining several centuries under the sway of Rome, the Britons again
+became independent, the Roman legions being withdrawn from the island for
+the defence of their own country, threatened by barbarian hordes.  They
+did not, however, enjoy their independence long; a ferocious race, of
+mysterious origin, whom they called Gwyddelian Fichti, invaded them, and
+filled their country with horror and devastation.  Unable to offer any
+effectual opposition to these invaders, they called to their assistance,
+from the neighbourhood of the mouth of the Elbe, the Saxons or _men of
+the knives_, a bold and adventurous, but treacherous and bloody people,
+who at first fought stoutly for them, but soon turned against them, and
+eventually all but extirpated them from Southern Britain:--
+
+      'A serpent that coils,
+      And with fury boils,
+   From Germany coming with arm'd wings spread,
+      Shall subdue and enthral
+      The broad Britain all
+   From the Lochlin ocean to Severn's bed;
+
+      And British men
+      Shall be captives then
+   To strangers from Saxonia's strand;
+      They shall praise their God, and hold
+      Their language, as of old,
+   But except wild Wales they shall lose their land.' {22}
+
+                                                               _Taliesin_.
+
+Yes; the Cymric or British race were dispossessed of Britain with the
+exception of that part which they still emphatically call Cumrie, but
+which by other people is called Wales.  There they remained independent
+for a long time, governed by their own princes; and there, though now
+under the sway of England, they still preserve their venerable language,
+the oldest in the world, with perhaps the exception of the Gaulic or
+Irish, with which it is closely connected.  Wales is not a Cymric but a
+Saxon or Teutonic word, bestowed on the land of the Cymry by the seed of
+Hengist.  Like the Gaelic word Alban, it means a hilly or mountainous
+region, and is connected with wall, wold, and wood.  The Germans, from
+very early times, have called the Cymry Welsh or Waldenses, and the
+country where they happened to be, Welschland.  They still apply to Italy
+the name of Welschland, a name bestowed upon it by their ancestors,
+because it was originally principally peopled by the Cymry, whom the
+Germans called Welsh from the circumstance of their inhabiting some
+mountainous or forest country in the far East, when they first came in
+contact with them.
+
+We now proceed to give some account of the literature of the Cymry.  We
+commence with their poetry, and from a very early period, quoting from a
+Cymric Triad:--'These are the three artificers of poetry and record
+amongst the nation of the Cymry: Gwyddon Ganhebon, who first in the world
+invented vocal song; and Hu the Mighty, who first invented the means of
+recording and preserving vocal song; and Tydan, the father of the muse,
+who first gave rules to vocal song and a system to recording.  From what
+these three men effected Bards and Bardism were derived; the dignities
+and customs pertaining to which were arranged systematically by the three
+original bards, Plenydd, Alon, and Gwbon.'  Three ranks or orders
+constituted what was called barddas, or bardism; that of bard or poet,
+that of ovydd or philosopher, and that of druid or instructor.  The motto
+of this institution was--'Y Gwir yn erbyn y byd,' or The Truth against
+the world; from which it would appear that bardism was instituted for the
+purpose of propagating truth.  Bardism, or as it is generally though
+improperly styled, druidism, was the fount of instruction, moral and
+religious, in Britain and in Gaul.  The vehicle by which instruction, or,
+as it was probably termed, truth, was propagated, was poetry.  The bard
+wrought the philosophy of the ovydd into song, and the druid or
+instructor, who was also minister of such religion as the Celts and Cymry
+possessed, whatever that was, communicated to his pupils the result of
+the labours of the bard and ovydd.  The Druidical verses then probably
+constituted the most ancient poetry of Britain.  These verses were
+communicated orally, and were never written down whilst bardism or
+druidism lasted, though the bards and druids at a very early period were
+acquainted with the use of letters.  Whether any genuine bardic poetry
+has been preserved, it is impossible to say; it is the opinion, however,
+of Cymric scholars of reputation, that certain ancient strains which the
+Welsh possess, which are composed in a measure called Englyn milwr, are
+either druidical strains or imitations of such.  Each of these
+compositions is in three lines; the entire pith however of the triplet,
+generally consisting of a moral adage or a piece of wholesome advice,
+lies in the third line, the two first being composed of trivial and
+unconnected expressions.  Many of these stanzas are called the stanzas of
+'The Mountain Snow,' from the circumstance of their commencing with 'Eiry
+Mynydd,' which has that signification.  The three lines rhyme together at
+their terminations; and a species of alliteration is observable
+throughout.  A word or two here on Cymric rhyme and measures.
+
+In Welsh poetry rhyme is found in a twofold shape: there is alliteration,
+that is rhyme produced by the same letters following each other at
+certain distances in the body of the line, then there is the common
+rhyme, produced by two or more lines terminating with the same letters.
+In the older Welsh poetry, by which we mean that composed before the
+termination of the first millennium, both rhyme and alliteration are
+employed, but in a less remarkable manner than in the bardic effusions of
+comparatively modern times.  The extent to which the bards of the middle
+ages, and those of one or two subsequent centuries, carried rhyme and
+alliteration seems marvellous to the English versifier.  We English think
+we have accomplished a great feat in rhyme when we have made three lines
+consonant in their terminations; but Dafydd Benfras, or David of the
+Thick Head, would make fifty lines rhyme together, and not think that he
+had accomplished anything remarkable in rhyming either.  Our English
+alliterative triumph is the following line, composed by a young lady in
+the year 1800, on the occasion of a gentleman of the name of Lee planting
+a lane with lilacs:--
+
+   'Let lovely lilacs line Lee's lonely lane!'
+
+in which not only every word, but every syllable commences with the same
+letter--_l_.
+
+But what is this English alliterative triumph of the young lady compared
+with the Welsh alliterative triumph of Dafydd Nanmawr, who wrote a poem
+of twelve lines, every syllable of which commences with the letter g,
+with the exception of the last, which begins with n?
+
+The earliest Cymric or British metre seems to have been a triban or
+triplet, in each line of which there were in general six syllables.  The
+bards of the sixth, seventh, and several succeeding centuries used this
+metre, and likewise others, invented by themselves, in which the lines
+are of various length.  There was no regular system of prosody till the
+year 1120, when one was established under the auspices of Grufydd ap
+Cynan, prince of Gwynedd.  This Ap Cynan, who, though of Welsh origin,
+was born in Dublin, and educated at the Danish Irish court, was
+passionately fond of poetry, and was not only well acquainted with that
+of the British bards, but with the strains of the Icelandic skalds and
+Irish fileas.  Shortly after his accession to the throne of Gwynedd, of
+which he was the rightful heir, he proclaimed an eisteddfod, or poetical
+sessions.  At this eisteddfod, which was numerously attended by poets of
+various nations, a system of prosody was drawn up by competent persons,
+at his instigation, for the use of the Welsh, and established by his
+authority.  This system, in which Cymric, Icelandic, and Irish forms of
+verse are blended and amalgamated, has with a few unimportant variations
+maintained its ground to the present time.  It contains three primary
+measures, termed respectively, englyn, cywydd, and awdl.  Of the englyn,
+there are five kinds; of the cywydd, four; and of the awdl, fifteen.
+Each particular species of englyn, cywydd, and awdl has its appropriate
+name, which it is needless to give here.  These three primary metres,
+with their modifications, make together twenty-four measures, which
+embrace the whole system of Welsh versification, in which, as somebody
+has observed, each line, word, and letter, are so harmonized by
+consonancy, chained so accurately, woven so closely and correctly, that
+it is impossible to extract one word or even letter without causing a
+hideous gap.  Whoever has ventured to compose out of these measures,
+since the time of their establishment, has been considered by the Welsh
+scholar as unworthy of the name of poet.
+
+The earliest recorded poet of the Cymry, after the days of Gwyddon
+Ganhebon and the other personages mentioned with him in the triad, is
+Merddin, Beirdd Emrys Wledig, or Merddin, Bard of Prince Emrys.  He
+flourished about the middle of the fifth century, the period when the
+Saxons arrived in Britain, under the command of Hengist and Horsa.
+Besides poetry he was skilled in mathematics, and is said by the Welsh to
+have been the architect of Stonehenge.  He has been surnamed Ambrosius,
+which is the Latin modification of the name of his patron Emrys.  He is
+the Merddin, or Merlin, who has had to father so many of the prophecies
+which since his death have been produced.  None of his poems are extant.
+
+During the period which elapsed between the first coming of the Saxons,
+and the expulsion of the British from the Southern and Eastern parts of
+the island, lived Aneurin, Taliesin, Llewarch Hen, and Merddin, surnamed
+Wyllt or the Wild, all celebrated poets, the latter of whom has generally
+been confounded with Merddin Ambrosius.  Aneurin was a chief of the
+Ottadinian Britons, and his principal poem is the one styled Gododin, a
+word which probably means that which relates to the Ottadini.  It is
+descriptive of the battle of Cattraeth, fought between the Britons and
+the Saxons, in which the former were so completely worsted that only
+three, amongst whom was Aneurin himself, escaped with their lives.  The
+poem is composed in lines remarkably short, consisting in general of only
+six syllables.  Aneurin was the Gildas of ecclesiastical history, and the
+name of Gildas is merely a Saxon translation of Aneurin, which signifies
+golden grove.  Taliesin Ben Beirdd, or Taliesin Prince of Bards, was a
+North Welshman, but was educated at Llanreithin, in Glamorgan, under
+Catwg, celebrated for his aphorisms, who kept a school of philosophy
+there.  He was called Prince of Bards because he excelled all his
+contemporaries in the poetic art.  Many of his pieces are extant; amongst
+them is an awdl or ode, containing an abridgment of the history of the
+world, in which there is a stanza with regard to the destiny of the
+ancient Britons as sublime as it is true:--
+
+   'Their Lord they shall praise,
+   Their language they shall keep,
+   Their land they shall lose
+   Except wild Wales.'
+
+Llewarch Hen, or Llewarch the aged, was a prince of Cumberland.  Driven
+from his domain by the Saxons, he sought a refuge at the place which is
+now called Shrewsbury, and subsequently on the shore of the lake of Bala,
+a beautiful sheet of water in Merionethshire, overlooked on the south by
+the great mountain Arran.  There he died at the age of one hundred and
+fifty years.  His poems consist chiefly of elegies on his sons,
+twenty-four in number, all of whom perished in battle, and on his
+slaughtered friends.  They are composed in triplets, and abound with
+simplicity and pathos.  Myrddin Wyllt, or Myrddin the Wild, was a Briton
+of the Scottish border.  Having killed the son of his sister, he was so
+stung with remorse that he determined to renounce the society of men, and
+accordingly retired to a forest in Scotland, called Celydon, where he was
+frequently seized with howling madness.  Owing to his sylvan life and his
+attacks of lunacy, he was called Merddyn Wyllt, or the Wild.  He composed
+poetry in his lucid intervals.  Six of his pieces have been preserved:
+they are chiefly on historical subjects.  The most remarkable of them is
+an address to his pig, in which he tells the woes and disasters which are
+to happen to Britain: it consists of twenty-five stanzas or sections.  In
+all of them a kind of alliteration is observable, and in each, with one
+or two exceptions, the first line rhymes with all the rest.  Each
+commences with 'Oian a phorchellan'--listen, little porker!  The
+commencement of one of these stanzas might be used in these lowering days
+by many a grey-headed yeoman to his best friend:--
+
+   'Oian a phorchellan: mawr eryssi
+   A fydd ym Mhrydan, ac nim dorbi.
+
+   Listen, little porker! mighty wonders
+   Shall occur in Britain, which shall not con me.'
+
+Many and great poets flourished in the times of the Welsh princes: the
+three greatest were Meilyr, Gwalchmai, and Dafydd Benfras.  Meilyr was
+bard of Gruffudd ap Cynan, prince of Gwynedd or North Wales, who died in
+1137.  He sang the praises of his master, who was a celebrated warrior
+and a bountiful patron of the muse, in whose time and under whose
+sanction those forms of composition, generally called the twenty four
+measures, were invented and promulgated.  Gwalchmai lived in the time of
+Owain, prince of Gwynedd, about whom he sang a piece which is to a
+certain extent known to the English public by a paraphrase made by Gray,
+which bears the title of 'The Triumphs of Owain.'  Dafydd Benfras was
+domestic bard of Llywelyn ap Jorwerth, also prince of Gwynedd and titular
+king of Wales, who flourished during the first half of the thirteenth
+century.  In one of his odes addressed to his patron, there is an
+animated description of a battle won by Llywelyn over King John:
+
+   'Llywelyn of the potent hand oft wrought
+   Trouble upon the kings and consternation;
+   When he with the Lloegrain monarch fought,
+   Whose cry was "Devastation!"
+   Forward impetuously his squadrons ran;
+   Great was the tumult ere the shoot began;
+   Proud was the hero of his reeking glaive,
+   Proud of their numbers were his followers brave. {25a}
+   O then were heard resounding o'er the fields
+   The clash of faulchions and the crash of shields!
+   Many the wounds in yonder fight receiv'd!
+   Many the warriors of their lives bereaved!
+   The battle rages till our foes recoil
+   Behind the Dike which Offa built with toil.
+   Bloody their foreheads, gash'd with many a blow,
+   Blood streaming down their quaking knees below.
+   Llywelyn we as our high chief obey,
+   To fair Porth Ysgewin extends his sway;
+   For regal virtues and for princely line
+   He towers above imperial Constantine.'
+
+Dafydd ab Gwilym was born at Bro Gynan, in Cardiganshire, in 1293, about
+forty years after the whole of Wales had been subjected to the sway of
+England.  He was the Ovid of Wales, the poet of love and nature.  In his
+early years he was very dissipated, but towards the latter part of his
+life became religious.  He died at the age of sixty-three, and was buried
+within the precincts of the great monastery of Strata Florida. {25b}
+Such was the power of his genius, that the generality of the poets who
+succeeded him for the next four hundred years were more or less his
+imitators.  Iolo Goch, or Red Julius, whose real name was Llwyd, was the
+bard of Owen Glendower, and, amongst other pieces, composed a graphic ode
+on his patron's mansion at Sycharth, and the manner of life there:--
+
+   'Its likeness now I'll limn you out:
+   'Tis water-girdled wide about;
+   It shows a wide and stately door,
+   Reach'd by a bridge the water o'er;
+   'Tis formed of buildings coupled fair--
+   Coupled is every couple there;
+   Within a quadrate structure tall
+   Muster the merry pleasures all;
+   Conjointly are the angles bound,
+   No flaw in all the place is found.
+   Structures in contact meet the eye
+   Upon the hillock's top on high;
+   Into each other fasten'd they
+   The form of a hard knot display.
+   There dwells the chief we all extol
+   In timber house on lightsome knoll;
+   Upon four wooden columns proud
+   Mounteth his mansion to the cloud.
+   Each column's thick and firmly bas'd,
+   And upon each a loft is plac'd;
+   In those four lofts, which coupled stand,
+   Repose at night the minstrel band.
+   Four lofts they were in pristine state,
+   But now partition'd form they eight.
+   Tiled is the roof.  On each house-top
+   Rise smoke-ejecting chimneys up.
+   All of one form there are nine halls,
+   Each with nine wardrobes in its walls,
+   With linen white as well supplied
+   As fairest shops of fam'd Cheapside.
+
+                                  * * * * *
+
+   What luxury doth this hall adorn,
+   Showing of cost a sovereign scorn!
+   His ale from Shrewsbury town he brings;
+   His usquebaugh is drink for kings.
+   Bragget he keeps, bread white of look,
+   And, bless the mark, a bustling cook.
+   His mansion is the minstrels' home,
+   You'll find them there whene'er you come.
+   Of all her sex his wife's the best,
+   The household through her care is blest;
+   She's scion of a knightly tree,
+   She's dignified, she's kind and free.
+   His bairns approach me, pair by pair,
+   O what a nest of chieftains fair!
+   Here difficult it is to catch
+   A sight of either bolt or latch;
+   The porter's place here none will fill;
+   Here largess shall be lavish'd still,
+   And ne'er shall thirst or hunger rude
+   In Sycharth venture to intrude.'
+
+Iolo composed this ode two years before the great Welsh insurrection,
+when he was more than a hundred years old.  To his own great grief he
+survived his patron, and all hopes of Welsh independence.  An englyn,
+which he composed a few days before his death, commemorates the year of
+the rising of Glendower, and also the year to which the chieftain
+lived:--
+
+   'One thousand four hundred, no less and no more,
+   Was the date of the rising of Owen Glendower;
+   Till fifteen were added with courage ne'er cold
+   Liv'd Owen, though latterly Owen was old.'
+
+Glendower died at the age of sixty-seven: Iolo, when he called him old,
+was one hundred and eighteen.
+
+Gwilym ap Ieuan Hen flourished about 1450.  He was bard to Griffith ap
+Nicholas, chieftain of Dinefor, in whose praise he wrote an ode,
+commencing with lines to the following effect:--
+
+   'Griffith ap Nicholas! who like thee
+   For wealth and power and majesty?
+   Which most abound--I cannot say--
+   On either side of Towey gay,
+   From hence to where it meets the brine,
+   Trees or stately towers of thine?'
+
+Griffith ap Nicholas was a powerful chieftain of South Wales, something
+of a poet and a great patron of bards.  Seeing with regret that there was
+much dissension amongst the bardic order, and that the rules of bardism
+were nearly forgotten, he held a bardic congress at Carmarthen, with the
+view of reviving bardic enthusiasm and re-establishing bardic discipline.
+The result of this meeting--the only one of the kind which had been held
+in Wales since the days of the Welsh princes--to a certain extent
+corresponded with his wish.  In the wars of the Roses he sided with York,
+chiefly out of hatred to Jasper Earl of Pembroke, half-brother of Henry
+VI.  He was mortally wounded at the battle of Mortimer's Cross, which was
+gained for Edward IV. by a desperate charge made by Griffith and his
+Welshmen at Pembroke's Banner, when the rest of the Yorkists were
+wavering.  His last words were: 'Welcome death! since honour and victorie
+makes for us!'
+
+Dafydd ab Edmund was born at Pwll Gwepra, in the parish of Hanmer, in
+Flintshire.  He was the most skilful versifier of his time.  He attended
+the Eisteddfod, or congress, at Carmarthen, held under the auspices of
+Griffith ap Nicholas, and not only carried off the prize, but induced the
+congress to sanction certain alterations in the poetical canons of
+Gruffudd ab Cynan, which he had very much at heart.  There is a tradition
+that Griffith ap Nicholas commenced the business of the congress by the
+following question: 'What is the cause, nature, and end of an
+Eisteddfod?'  No one appearing ready with an answer, Griffith said: 'Let
+the little man in the grey coat answer;' whereupon Dafydd made the
+following reply: 'To remember what has been--to think of what is--and to
+judge about what shall be.'
+
+Lewis Glyn Cothi lived during the wars of the Roses.  He was bard to
+Jasper Earl of Pembroke, son of Owen Tudor and Catharine of France, and
+brother uterine of Henry VI.  He followed his patron to the fatal battle
+of Mortimer's Cross as a captain of foot.  His pieces are mostly on the
+events of his time, and are full of curious historical information.
+
+Ieuan Deulwyn was bard and friend of Ryce ap Thomas, to whom he addressed
+a remarkable ode in stanzas of four lines on the principle of
+counter-change, by which any line in the quatrain may begin it.  His
+friend and patron Ryce ap Thomas was the grandson of that Griffith ap
+Nicholas who perished at the battle of Mortimer's Cross, fighting against
+Lancaster.  Ryce, however, when Richmond, the last hope of Lancaster,
+landed at Milford Haven, joined him at the head of 'all the Ryces,' and
+was the main cause of his eventually winning the crown.  He was loaded
+with riches and honours by Henry VII., and was an especial favourite with
+Henry VIII., who used to call him Father Preecc, my trusty Welshman.  He
+was a great warrior, a consummate courtier, and a very wise man; for
+whatever harm he might do to people, he never spoke ill of anybody.  His
+tomb, bearing the sculptured figures of himself and wife, may be seen in
+the church of St. Peter, at Carmarthen.
+
+Sion Tudor was born about the middle of the sixteenth century.  He had
+much wit and humour, but was very satirical.  He wrote a bitter epigram
+on London, in which city, by the bye, he had been most unmercifully
+fleeced.  William Middleton was one of the sea captains of Queen
+Elizabeth; he translated the Psalms into several of the four-and-twenty
+measures whilst commanding a ship of war in the West Indian seas.  Twm
+Sion Cati lived in the days of James I.: he was a sweet poet, but--start
+not, gentle reader! a ferocious robber.  His cave amidst the wild hills
+between Tregaron and Brecknock is still pointed out by the neighbouring
+rustics.  In the middle of the seventeenth century was produced a
+singular little piece, author unknown: it is an englyn or epigram of four
+lines on a spider, all in vowels:--
+
+   'O'i wiw wy i weu e a,--o'i au,
+   O'i wyau y weua;
+   E wywa ei we' aua,'
+   A'i weuai yw ieuau ia.'
+
+A proest, or kind of counterchange, was eventually added to it by one
+Gronwy Owen, so that the Welsh now can say, what perhaps no other nation
+can, that they have a poem of eight lines in their language, in which
+there is not a single consonant.  It is however necessary to state, that
+in the Welsh language there are seven vowels, both w and y being
+considered and sounded as such.  The two parts may be thus rendered into
+English:
+
+   'From out its womb it weaves with care
+      Its web beneath the roof;
+   Its wintry web it spreadeth there--
+      Wires of ice its woof.
+
+   And doth it weave against the wall
+      Thin ropes of ice on high?
+   And must its little liver all
+      The wondrous stuff supply?'
+
+Huw Morris was born in the year 1622, and died in 1709, having lived in
+six reigns.  The place of his birth was Pont y Meibion, in the valley of
+Ceiriog, in Denbighshire.  He was a writer of songs, carols, and elegies,
+and was generally termed Eos Ceiriog, or the Nightingale of Ceiriog, a
+title which he occasionally well deserved, for some of his pieces,
+especially his elegies, are of great beauty and sweetness.  Not
+unfrequently, however, the title of Dylluan Ceiriog, or the Owl of
+Ceiriog, would be far more applicable, for whenever he thought fit he
+could screech and hoot most fearfully.  He was a loyalist, and some of
+his strains against the Roundheads are fraught with the bitterest satire.
+His dirge on Oliver and his men, composed shortly after Monk had declared
+for Charles II., is a piece quite unique in its way.  He lies buried in
+the graveyard of the beautiful church of Llan Silien, in Denbigshire.
+The stone which covers his remains is yet to be seen just outside the
+southern wall, near the porch.  The last great poet of Wales was a little
+swarthy curate;--but this child of immortality, for such he is, must not
+be disposed of in half a dozen lines.  The following account of him is
+extracted from an unpublished work, called 'Wild Wales,' by the author of
+'The Bible in Spain':--
+
+    'Goronwy, or Gronwy, Owen was born in the year 1722, at a place
+    called Llanfair Mathafrn Eithaf, in Anglesea.  He was the eldest of
+    three children.  His parents were peasants and so exceedingly poor
+    that they were unable to send him to school.  Even, however, when an
+    unlettered child he gave indications that he was visited by the awen
+    or muse.  At length the celebrated Lewis Morris chancing to be at
+    Llanfair, became acquainted with the boy, and, struck with its
+    natural talents, determined that he should have all the benefit which
+    education could bestow.  He accordingly, at his own expense, sent him
+    to school at Beaumaris, where he displayed a remarkable aptitude for
+    the acquisition of learning.  He subsequently sent him to Jesus
+    College, Oxford, and supported him there whilst studying for the
+    Church.  At Jesus, Gronwy distinguished himself as a Greek and Latin
+    scholar, and gave proofs of such poetical talent in his native
+    language that he was looked upon by his countrymen of that Welsh
+    college as the rising bard of the age.  After completing his
+    collegiate course, he returned to Wales, where he was ordained a
+    minster of the Church in the year 1745.  The next seven years of his
+    life were a series of cruel disappointments and pecuniary
+    embarrassments.  The grand wish of his heart was to obtain a curacy,
+    and to settle down in Wales.  Certainly a very reasonable wish, for,
+    to say nothing of his being a great genius, he was eloquent, highly
+    learned, modest, meek, and of irreproachable morals; yet Gronwy Owen
+    could obtain no Welsh curacy, nor could his friend Lewis Morris,
+    though he exerted himself to the utmost, procure one for him.  It was
+    true that he was told that he might go to Llanfair, his native place,
+    and officiate there at a time when the curacy happened to be vacant,
+    and thither he went, glad at heart to get back amongst his old
+    friends, who enthusiastically welcomed him; yet scarcely had he been
+    there three weeks when he received notice from the chaplain of the
+    Bishop of Bangor that he must vacate Llanfair in order to make room
+    for a Mr. John Ellis, a young clergyman of large independent fortune,
+    who was wishing for a curacy under the Bishop of Bangor, Doctor
+    Hutton.  So poor Gronwy, the eloquent, the learned, the meek, was
+    obliged to vacate the pulpit of his native place to make room for the
+    rich young clergyman, who wished to be within dining distance of the
+    palace of Bangor.  Truly in this world the full shall be crammed, and
+    those who have little shall have the little which they have taken
+    away from them.  Unable to obtain employment in Wales, Gronwy sought
+    for it in England, and after some time procured the curacy of
+    Oswestry, in Shropshire, where he married a respectable young woman,
+    who eventually brought him two sons and a daughter.  From Oswestry he
+    went to Donnington, near Shrewsbury, where, under a certain Scotchman
+    named Douglas, who was an absentee, and who died Bishop of Salisbury,
+    he officiated as curate and master of a grammar school for a
+    stipend--always grudgingly and contumeliously paid--of
+    three-and-twenty pounds a year.  From Donnington he removed to Walton
+    in Cheshire, where he lost his daughter, who was carried off by a
+    fever.  His next removal was to Northolt, a pleasant village in the
+    neighbourhood of London.  He held none of his curacies long, either
+    losing them from the caprice of his principals, or being compelled to
+    resign them from the parsimony which they practised towards him.  In
+    the year 1756 he was living in a garret in London, vainly soliciting
+    employment in his sacred calling, and undergoing with his family the
+    greatest privations.  At length his friend Lewis Morris, who had
+    always assisted him to the utmost of his ability, procured him the
+    mastership of a Government school at New Brunswick, in North America,
+    with a salary of three hundred pounds a year.  Thither he went with
+    his wife and family, and there he died some time about the year 1780.
+
+    'He was the last of the great poets of Cambria, and with the
+    exception of Ab Gwilym, the greatest which she has produced.  His
+    poems, which for a long time had circulated through Wales in
+    manuscript, were first printed in the year 1819.  They are composed
+    in the ancient bardic measures, and were, with one exception, namely,
+    an elegy on the death of his benefactor, Lewis Morris, which was
+    transmitted from the New World, written before he had attained the
+    age of thirty-five.  All his pieces are excellent, but his
+    master-work is decidedly the Cywydd y Farn, or Day of Judgment.  This
+    poem, which is generally considered by the Welsh as the brightest
+    ornament of their ancient language, was composed at Donnington, a
+    small hamlet in Shropshire, on the north-west spur of the Wrekin, at
+    which place, as has been already said, Gronwy toiled as schoolmaster
+    and curate under Douglas the Scot, for a stipend of three-and-twenty
+    pounds a year.' {28}
+
+The prose literature of Wales is by no means so extensive as the
+poetical; it, however, comprises much that is valuable and curious on
+historical, biographical, romantic and moral subjects.  The most ancient
+Welsh prose may probably be found in certain brief compositions, called
+Triads, which are said to be of Druidic origin.  The Triad was used for
+the commemoration of historical facts or the inculcation of moral duties.
+It has its name because in it three events are commemorated, or three
+persons mentioned, if it be historical; three things or three actions
+recommended or denounced, if it be moral.  To give the reader at once a
+tolerable conception of what the Triad is, we subjoin two or three
+specimens of this kind of composition.  We commence with the historical
+Triad:--
+
+    'These are the three pillars of the race of the isle of Britain:
+    First, Hu the Mighty, who conducted the nation of the Cumry from the
+    summer country to the island of Britain (bringing them from the
+    continent) across the hazy sea (German Ocean).  Second, Prydain, son
+    of Aedd Mawr, the founder of government and rule in the isle of
+    Britain, before whose time there was no such thing as justice except
+    what was obtained by courtesy, nor any law save that of the
+    strongest.  Third, Dyfnwal Moelmud, who first reduced to a system the
+    laws, customs, and privileges of his country and nation.
+
+    'The three intruding tribes into the island of Britain are the
+    following: First, the Corranians, who came from the country of Pwyl.
+    Second, the Gwyddelian (silvan, Irish) Fichti (Picts), who came to
+    Alban across the sea of Lochlin (Northern Ocean), and who still exist
+    in Alban by the shore of the sea of Lochlin (from Inverness to
+    Thursoe).  Third, the Saxons . . . '
+
+So much for the historical Triad: now for the moral.  The following are
+selected from a curious collection of admonitory sayings, called the
+'Triads of the Cumro, or Welshman:'--
+
+    'Three things should a Cumro always bear in mind lest he dishonour
+    them: his father, his country, and his name of Cumro.
+
+    'There are three things for which a Cumro should be willing to die:
+    his country, his good name, and the truth wherever it be.
+
+    'Three things are highly disgraceful to a Cumro: to look with one
+    eye, to listen with one ear, and to defend with one hand.
+
+    'Three things it especially behoves a Cumro to choose from his own
+    country: his king, his wife, and his friend.'
+
+After the Triads, the following are the principal prose works of the
+Welsh:--
+
+1.  'The Chronicle of the Kings of the Isle of Britain;' supposed to have
+been written by Tysilio, in the seventh century.  This work, or rather a
+Latin paraphrase of it by Geoffrey of Monmouth, has supplied our early
+English historians with materials for those parts of their works which
+are devoted to the subject of ancient Britain.  It brings down British
+history to the year 660.
+
+2.  A continuation of the same to the year 1152, by Caradawg of
+Llancarvan.  It begins thus: "In the year of Christ 660, died Cadwallawn
+ab Cadfan, King of the Britons, and Cadwaladr his son became king in his
+place; and, after ten years of peace, the great sickness, which is called
+the Yellow Plague, came over the whole isle of Britain."
+
+3.  The 'Code of Howel Da;' a book consisting of laws, partly framed,
+partly compiled, by Howel Da, or the Good, who began to reign in the year
+940.  It is divided into three parts, and contains laws relating to the
+government of the palace and the family of the prince, laws concerning
+private property, and laws which relate to private rights and privileges.
+It is a code which displays much acuteness, good sense, and not a little
+oddity.  Many of Howel's laws prevailed in Wales as far down as the time
+of Henry VII.
+
+4.  'The Life or Biography of Gruffydd ap Cynan.'  This Gruffydd, of whom
+we have had more than once occasion to speak already, was born in Dublin
+about the year 1075.  He was the son of Cynan, an expatriated prince of
+Gwynedd, by Raguel, daughter of Anlaf or Olafr, Dano-Irish king of Dublin
+and the fifth part of Ireland.  After a series of the strangest
+adventures he succeeded in regaining his father's throne, on which he
+died after a glorious reign of fifty years.  He was the father of Owen
+Gwynedd, one of the most warlike of the Welsh princes, and was grandsire
+of that Madoc who, there is considerable reason for supposing, was the
+first discoverer of the great land in the West.  A truly remarkable book
+is the one above mentioned, which narrates his life.  It does full
+justice to the subject, being written in a style not unworthy of Snorre
+Sturlesen, or the man who wrote the history of King Sverrer and the
+Birkebeiners, in the latter part of the Heimskringla.  It is a
+composition of the fifteenth century, but the author is unknown.
+
+5.  The Mabinogion, or Juvenile Diversions, a collection of Cumric
+legends, in substance of unknown antiquity, but in the dress in which
+they have been handed down to us scarcely older than the fourteenth
+century.  In interest they almost vie with the 'Arabian Nights,' with
+which, however, they have nothing else in common, notwithstanding that
+all other European tales--those of Russia not excepted--are evidently
+modifications of, or derived from the same source as the Arabian stories.
+Of these Cumric legends two translations exist: the first, which was
+never published, made towards the concluding part of the last century by
+William Owen, who eventually assumed the name of Owen Pugh, the writer of
+the immortal Welsh and English Dictionary, and the translator into Welsh
+of 'Paradise Lost;' the second by the fair and talented Lady Charlotte
+Guest, which first made these strange, glorious stories known to England
+and all the world.
+
+The sixth and last grand prose work of the Welsh is the 'Sleeping Bard,'
+a moral allegory, written about the beginning of the last century by Elis
+Wyn, a High-Church Welsh clergyman, a translation of which, by George
+Borrow, is now before us:--
+
+    'The following translation of the Sleeping Bard,' says Mr. Borrow, in
+    his preface, 'has long existed in manuscript.  It was made by the
+    writer of these lines in the year 1830, at the request of a little
+    Welsh bookseller of his acquaintance, who resided in the rather
+    unfashionable neighbourhood of Smithfield, and who entertained an
+    opinion that a translation of the work of Elis Wyn would enjoy a
+    great sale, both in England and Wales.  On the eve of committing it
+    to the press, however, the Cambrian Briton felt his small heart give
+    way within him: "Were I to print it," said he, "I should be ruined.
+    The terrible descriptions of vice and torment would frighten the
+    genteel part of the English public out of its wits, and I should to a
+    certainty be prosecuted by Sir James Scarlett.  I am much obliged to
+    you for the trouble you have given yourself on my account--but myn
+    Diawl! I had no idea, till I had read him in English, that Elis Wyn
+    had been such a terrible fellow."
+
+    'Yet there is no harm in the book.  It is true that the author is
+    anything but mincing in his expressions and descriptions, but there
+    is nothing in the Sleeping Bard which can give offence to any but the
+    over fastidious.  There is a great deal of squeamish nonsense in the
+    world; let us hope, however, that there is not so much as there was.
+    Indeed, can we doubt that such folly is on the decline, when we find
+    Albemarle Street in '60 willing to publish a harmless but
+    plain-speaking book which Smithfield shrank from in '80?'
+
+The work is divided into three parts, devoted to three separate and
+distinct visions, which the Bard pretends to have seen at three different
+times in his sleep.  In assuming the title of 'Sleeping Bard' Elis Wyn
+committed a kind of plagiarism, as it originated with a certain poet who
+flourished in the time of the Welsh princes, some nine hundred years
+before he himself was born, and to this plagiarism he humorously alludes
+in one of his visions.  The visions are described in prose, but each is
+followed by a piece of poetry containing a short gloss or comment.  The
+prose is graphic and vigorous, almost beyond conception; the poetry wild
+and singular, each piece composed in a particular measure.  Of the
+measures, two are quite original, to be found nowhere else.  The first
+vision is the Vision of the World.  The object of the Bard is to describe
+the follies, vices, and crimes of the human race, more especially those
+of the natives of the British Isles.  In his sleep he imagines that he is
+carried away by fairies, and is in danger of perishing owing to their
+malice, but is rescued by an angel, who informs him that he has been sent
+by the Almighty with orders to give him a distinct view of the world.
+The angel, after a little time, presents him with a telescope, through
+which he sees a city of a monstrous size, with thousands of cities and
+kingdoms within it; and the great ocean, like a moat, around it; and
+other seas, like rivers, intersecting it.
+
+This city is, of course, the world.  It is divided into three magnificent
+streets.  These streets are called respectively the streets of Pride,
+Pleasure, and Lucre.  In the distance is a cross street, little and mean
+in comparison with the others, but clean and neat, and on a higher
+foundation than the other streets, running upwards towards the east,
+whilst they all sink downwards towards the north.  This street is the
+street of True Religion.  The angel conducts him down the three principal
+streets, and procures him glances into the inside of various houses.  The
+following scene in a cellar of what is called the street of Pleasure,
+goes far to show that the pen of Elis Wyn, at low description, was not
+inferior to the pencil of Hogarth:--
+
+    'From thence we went to a place where we heard a terrible noise, a
+    medley of striking, jabbering, crying and laughing, shooting and
+    singing.  "Here's Bedlam, doubtless," said I.  By the time we entered
+    the den the brawling had ceased.  Of the company, one was on the
+    ground insensible; another was in a yet more deplorable condition;
+    another was nodding over a hearthful of battered pots, pieces of
+    pipes, and oozings of ale.  And what was all this, upon inquiry, but
+    a carousal of seven thirsty neighbours,--a goldsmith, a pilot, a
+    smith, a miner, a chimney-sweeper, a poet, and a parson who had come
+    to preach sobriety, and to exhibit in himself what a disgusting thing
+    drunkenness is!  The origin of the last squabble was a dispute which
+    had arisen among them about which of the seven loved a pipe and
+    flagon best.  The poet had carried the day over all the rest, with
+    the exception of the parson, who, out of respect for his cloth, had
+    the most votes, being placed at the head of the jolly companions, the
+    poet singing:--
+
+    'O where are there seven beneath the sky
+    Who with these seven for thirst can vie?
+    But the best for good ale these seven among
+    Are the jolly divine and the son of song.'
+
+After showing the Bard what is going on in the interior of the houses of
+the various streets, and in the streets themselves, the angel conducts
+him to the various churches of the City of Perdition: to the temple of
+Paganism, to the mosque of the Turk, and to the synagogue of the Jews;
+showing and explaining to him what is going on within them.  He then
+takes him to the church of the Papists, which the angel calls, very
+properly, 'the church which deceiveth nations.'  Some frightful examples
+are given of the depravity and cruelty of monks and friars.  The dialogue
+between the confessor and the portly female who had murdered her husband,
+who was a member of the Church of England, is horrible, but quite in
+keeping with the principles of Popery; also the discourse which the same
+confessor holds with the young girl who had killed her child, whose
+father was a member of the monastery to which the monk belonged.  From
+the Church of Rome they go to the Church of England.  It is lamentable to
+observe what an attached minister of the Church of England describes as
+going on within the walls of a Church of England temple a hundred and
+fifty years ago.  Would that the description could be called wholly
+inapplicable at the present time!
+
+    "Whereupon he carried me to the gallery of one of the churches in
+    Wales, the people being in the midst of the service, and lo! some
+    were whispering, talking, and laughing, some were looking upon the
+    pretty women, others were examining the dress of their neighbours
+    from top to toe; some were pushing themselves forward and snarling at
+    one another about rank, some were dozing, others were busily engaged
+    in their devotions, but many of these were playing a hypocritical
+    part."
+
+The angel finally conducts the Bard to the small cross street, that of
+True Religion, where, of course, everything is widely different from what
+is found in any of the other streets.  In that street there was no fear
+but of incensing the King, who was ever more ready to forgive than be
+angry with his subjects, and no sound but that of psalms of praise to the
+Almighty.
+
+The second section is a Vision of Death in his palace below.  The
+author's aim in this vision is less apparent than in the preceding one.
+Perhaps, however, he wished to impress upon people's minds the awfulness
+of dying in an unrepentant state, from the certainty, in that event, of
+the human soul being forthwith cast headlong down the precipice of
+destruction.  The Bard is carried away by sleep to chambers where some
+people are crying, others screaming, some talking deliriously, some
+uttering blasphemies in a feeble tone, others lying in great agony with
+all the signs of dying men, and some yielding up the ghost after uttering
+'a mighty shout.'  He is then conducted to a kind of limbo or Hades,
+where he meets with his prototype the Sleeping Bard of old and two other
+Welsh poets, one of whom is Taliesin, who is represented as watching the
+caldron of the witch Cridwen, even as he watched it in his boyhood.  From
+thence he is hurried to the palace of Death, where he sees the King of
+Terrors swallowing flesh and blood, who, after a time, places himself on
+a terrific throne, and proceeds to pass judgment on various prisoners
+newly arrived.  They are dealt with in an awful but very summary manner.
+It is to be remarked that all the souls introduced in this vision are
+those of bad people, with the exception of those of the poets which the
+Bard meets in limbo.  A dark intimation, however, is given that there is
+another court or palace, where Death presides under a far different form,
+and where he pronounces judgment over the souls of the good.  There is
+much in this vision which it is very difficult to understand.  The gloss,
+or commentary, called 'Death the Great,' abounds with very fine poetry.
+
+The last Vision, that of Hell, is the longest of the three.  The Bard is
+carried in his sleep by the same angel who in his first vision had shown
+him the madness and vanity of the world, to the regions of eternal horror
+and woe, where he beholds the lost undergoing tortures proportionate to
+the crimes which they had committed on earth.  After wandering from nook
+to nook, the Bard and his guide at last come to the court before the
+palace of the hellish regions, where, amidst thousands of horrible
+objects, the Bard perceives two feet of enormous magnitude, reaching to
+the roof of the whole infernal firmament, and inquires of his companion
+what those horrible things may be, but is told to be quiet for the
+present, as on his return he will obtain a full view of the monster to
+whom they belong, and is then conducted into the palace of Lucifer, who
+is about to hold a grand council.  The Arch-Fiend is described as seated
+on a burning throne in a vast hall, the roof of which is of glowing
+steel.  Around him are his potentates on thrones of fire, and above his
+head is a huge fist, holding a very frightful thunderbolt, towards which
+he occasionally casts uneasy glances.  In the midst of the palace is a
+gulf, of yet more horrible and frightful aspect than hell itself, which
+is continually opening and closing, and which, the angel says, is the
+month of 'Unknown' or extremest hell, to which the devils and the damned
+are to be hurled for ever on the last day.  The council is held in order
+to devise measures for the farther extension of the kingdom of Lucifer.
+The Arch-Fiend, in a speech which he makes, boasts that three parts of
+the world have already been brought to acknowledge his sway, chiefly
+through the instrumentality of his three daughters--Pleasure, Pride, and
+Lucre; and he hopes that eventually the whole world will be brought to do
+the same.  He is particularly desirous that Britain should be subject to
+him, and requests the advice of his counsellors as to the best means to
+be employed in order to accomplish his wish.  Various infernal potentates
+then arise and give him their advice, each of whom is a personification
+of some crime, vice, or folly.  The debate is frequently interrupted by
+the sound of war; for, as the angel observes, there is continual war in
+hell.  There is at one time a terrible disturbance and outbreak, arising
+from a dispute between the Papists, the Mahometans, and the bloody-minded
+Roundheads, as to which has done most service to the cause of hell,--the
+Koran, the Creed of Rome, or the Solemn League and Covenant.  Lucifer is
+only able to quell this disturbance--during which Mahomet and Pope Julius
+assault each other tooth and nail--by causing his old picked soldiers,
+the champions of hell, to tear the combatants from each other.  Amidst
+interruptions like these the debate proceeds.  Each of the personified
+crimes and vices in succession--amongst whom are Mammon, Pride,
+Inconsiderateness, Wantonness, and the Demon of _Tobacco_--offers to go
+to Britain and do his best to further the views of his master.  Lucifer,
+however, after listening to them all and acknowledging the peculiar merit
+of each, says that none of them is of sufficient power to be relied upon
+in the present emergency, but that he has a darling friend, who, with
+their co-operation, is equal to the enterprise.  The friend turns out to
+be Ease--pleasant Ease--on whose merits he expatiates with great
+eloquence, and with whom he requests them to co-operate.  'Go with her,'
+says he, 'and keep everybody in his sleep and his rest, in prosperity and
+comfort, abundance and carelessness, and then you will see the poor
+honest man, as soon as he shall drink of the alluring cup of Ease, become
+a perverse, proud, untractable churl; the industrious labourer change
+into a careless waggish rattler; and every other person become just as
+you would desire him . . . Follow her to Britain,' he says in conclusion,
+'and be as obedient to her as to our own royal Majesty'!
+
+Then comes the finale:--
+
+   'At this moment the huge bolt was shaken, and Lucifer and his chief
+   counsellors were struck to the vortex of extremest hell, and oh! how
+   horrible it was to see the throat of Unknown opening to receive them!
+   "Well!" said the Angel, "we will now return; but you have not seen
+   anything in comparison with the whole which is within the bounds of
+   Destruction, and if you had seen the whole, it is nothing to the
+   inexpressible misery which exists in Unknown, for it is not possible
+   to form an idea of the world in extremest hell."  And at that word the
+   celestial messenger snatched me up to the firmament of the accursed
+   kingdom of darkness by a way I had not seen, whence I obtained, from
+   the palace along all the firmament of the black and hot _Destruction_,
+   and the whole land of forgetfulness, even to the walls of the city of
+   Destruction, a full view of the accursed monster of a giantess, whose
+   feet I had seen before.  I do not possess words to describe her
+   figure.  But I can tell you that she was a triple-faced giantess,
+   having one very atrocious countenance turned towards the heavens,
+   barking, snorting, and vomiting accursed abomination against the
+   celestial King; another countenance, very fair, towards the earth, to
+   entice men to tarry in her shadow; and another, the most frightful
+   countenance of all, turned towards Hell to torment it to all eternity.
+   She is larger than the entire earth, and is yet daily increasing, and
+   a hundred times more frightful than the whole of hell.  She caused
+   hell to be made, and it is she who fills it with inhabitants.  If she
+   were removed from hell, hell would become paradise; and if she were
+   removed from the earth, the little world would become heaven; and if
+   she were to go to heaven, she would change the regions of bliss into
+   utter hell.  There is nothing in all the universe, except herself,
+   that God did not create.  She is the mother of the four female
+   deceivers of the city of Destruction; she is the mother of Death; she
+   is the mother of every evil and misery; and she has a fearful hold on
+   every living man: her name is Sin.  "_He who escapes from her hook_,
+   _for ever blessed is he_," said the angel.  Thereupon he departed, and
+   I could hear his voice saying, "_Write down what thou hast seen_, _and
+   he who shall read it carefully_, _shall never have reason to repent_."
+
+The above is an outline of the work of Elis Wyn--an extraordinary work it
+is.  In it there is a singular mixture of the sublime and the coarse, of
+the terrible and ludicrous, of religion and levity, of the styles of
+Milton, of Bunyan, and of Quevedo.  There is also much in it that is
+Welsh, and much that may be said emphatically to belong to Elis Wyn
+alone.  The book is written in the purest Cambrian, and from the time of
+its publication has enjoyed extensive popularity in Wales.  It is,
+however, said that the perusal of it has not unfrequently driven people
+mad, especially those of a serious and religious turn.  The same thing is
+said in Spain of the 'Life of Ignatius Loyola.'  Peter Williams, in
+'Lavengro,' the Welsh preacher who was haunted with the idea that he had
+committed the sin against the Holy Ghost, is frequently mentioning the
+work of Elis Wyn.  Amongst other things, he says that he took particular
+delight in its descriptions of the torments of hell.  We have no doubt
+that many an Englishman, of honest Welsh Peter's gloomy temperament, when
+he reads the work in its present dress will experience the same kind of
+fearful joy.
+
+The translation is accompanied by notes explanatory of certain passages
+of the original beyond the comprehension of the common reader.  These
+notes are good, as far as they go, but they are not sufficiently
+numerous, as many passages relating to ancient manners and
+customs--perfectly intelligible, no doubt, to the translator--must, for
+want of proper notes, remain dark and mysterious to his readers.  In the
+Vision of Hell, a devil, who returns from the world to which he has been
+despatched, and who gives an account of his mission, says that he had
+visited two young maidens in Wales who were engaged in turning the shift.
+Not a few people--ladies, amongst the rest--will be disposed to ask what
+is meant by turning the shift.  Mr. Borrow gives elsewhere the following
+explanation: 'It was the custom in Britain in ancient times for the young
+maiden who wished to see her future lover to sit up by herself at
+Hallowmass Eve, wash out her smock, shift, or chemise, call it which of
+the three you please, place it on a linen-horse before the fire, and
+watch it whilst drying, leaving the door of the room open, in the belief
+that exactly as the clock began to strike twelve the future bridegroom
+would look in at the door, and remain visible till the twelfth stroke had
+ceased to sound.'
+
+Of the notes which Mr. Borrow has given, the most important is certainly
+that which relates to Taliesin, who, in the Vision of Death, is described
+as sitting in Hades, watching a caldron which is hanging over a fire, and
+is continually going bubble, bubble.  We give it nearly entire:--
+
+    'Taliesin lived in the sixth century.  He was a foundling, discovered
+    in his infancy lying in a coracle on a salmon weir, in the domain of
+    Elphin, a prince of North Wales, who became his patron.  During his
+    life he arrogated to himself a supernatural descent and
+    understanding, and for at least a thousand years after his death he
+    was regarded by the descendants of the ancient Britons as a prophet
+    or something more.  The poems which he produced procured for him the
+    title of "Bardic King."  They display much that is vigorous and
+    original, but are disfigured by mysticism and extravagant metaphor.
+    When Elis Wyn represents him as sitting by a cauldron in Hades, he
+    alludes to a wild legend concerning him, to the effect that he
+    imbibed awen or poetical genius whilst employed in watching "the
+    seething pot" of the sorceress Cridwen, which legend has much in
+    common with one of the Irish legends about Fin Macoul, which is
+    itself nearly identical with one in the Edda describing the manner in
+    which Sigurd Fafnisbane became possessed of supernatural wisdom.'
+
+It is curious enough that the legend about deriving wisdom from _sucking
+the scalded finger_ should be found in Wales, Ireland, and Scandinavia.
+But so it is, and Mr. Borrow is clearly entitled to the credit of having
+been the first to point out to the world this remarkable fact.  In his
+work called the 'Romany Rye,' published some years ago, a story is
+related containing parts of the early history of the Irish mythic hero
+Fion Mac Comhail, {33} or Fin Mac Coul, in which there is an account of
+his burning his thumb whilst smoothing the skin of a fairy salmon which
+is broiling over a fire, and deriving supernatural knowledge from
+thrusting his thumb into his mouth and sucking it; and Mr. Borrow tells
+the relater of that legend, his amusing acquaintance Murtagh, that the
+same tale is told in the Edda of Sigurd, the Serpent-Killer, with the
+difference that Sigurd burns his finger, not whilst superintending the
+broiling of a salmon, but whilst roasting the heart of Fafnir, the
+man-serpent, whom he had slain.
+
+Here, in his note on Taliesin, he shows that the same thing in substance
+is said of the ancient Welsh bard.  Of the three versions of the legend,
+the one of which Sigurd Fafnisbane is the hero is probably the most
+original, and is decidedly the most poetical.
+
+
+
+
+Footnotes
+
+
+{20}  It is but right to state that the learned are divided with respect
+to the meaning of 'Cumro,' and that many believe it to denote _an
+original inhabitant_.
+
+{21a}  Yehen banog: humped or bunched oxen, probably buffaloes.  Banog is
+derived from ban--a prominence, protuberance, or peak.
+
+{21b}  Above we have given what we believe to be a plain and fair history
+of Hu Gadarn; but it is necessary to state, that after his death he was
+deified, and was confounded with the Creator, the vivifying power and the
+sun, and mixed up with all kinds of myths and legends.  Many of the
+professedly Christian Welsh bards when speaking of the Deity have called
+Him Hu, and ascribed to the Creator the actions of the creature.  Their
+doing so, however, can cause us but little surprise when we reflect that
+the bards down to a very late period cherished a great many druidical and
+heathen notions, and frequently comported themselves in a manner more
+becoming heathens than Christian men.  Of the confounding of what is
+heavenly with what is earthly we have a remarkable instance in the ode of
+Iolo Goch to the ploughman, four lines of which, slightly modified, we
+have given above.  In that ode the ploughman is confounded with the
+Eternal, and the plough with the rainbow:--
+
+   'The Mighty Hu who reigns for ever,
+   Of mead and song to men the giver,
+   The emperor of land and sea
+   And of all things which living be,
+   Did hold a plough with his good hand,
+   Soon as the deluge left the land,
+   To show to men, both strong and weak,
+   The haughty hearted and the meek,
+   There is no trade the heaven below
+   So noble as to guide the plough.'
+
+To the Deity under the name of Hu there are some lines by one Rhys, a
+Welsh bard of the time of Queen Elizabeth, though they are perhaps more
+applicable to the Universal Pan or Nature than to the God of the
+Christians:--
+
+   'If with small things we Hu compare,
+   No smaller thing than Hu is there,
+   Yet greatest of the great is He,
+   Our Lord, our God of Mystery;
+   How swift he moves! a lucid ray,
+   A sunbeam wafts him on his way;
+   He's great on land, and great on ocean,
+   Of one more great I have no notion;
+   I dread lest I should underrate
+   This being, infinitely great.'
+
+{22}  The poetical translations in this notice are taken from Borrow's
+'Songs of Europe.'
+
+{25a}
+
+   'Oedd balch gwalch golchiad ei lain,
+   Oedd beilch gweilch gweled ei werin.'
+
+In this couplet there is three-fold rhyme.  We have the alliteration of
+lch in the first line:--
+
+   'ba_lch_ gwa_lch_ go_lch_iad;'
+
+and of the _w_ in the second:--
+
+   'g_w_eilch g_w_eled _w_erin;'
+
+secondly, we have the rhymes of balch and gwalch; and thirdly, the
+rhyming at the lines' ends.
+
+{25b}  Of this celebrated place we are permitted to extract the following
+account from Mr. Borrow's unpublished work, 'Celtic Bards, Chiefs, and
+Kings':--
+
+    'After wandering for many miles towards the south, over a bleak moory
+    country, you come to a place called Ffair Rhos, or something similar,
+    a miserable village consisting of a few half-ruined cottages,
+    situated on the top of a hill.  From the hill you look down on a wide
+    valley of a russet colour, along which a river runs towards the
+    south.  The whole scene is cheerless; sullen hills are all around.
+    Descending the hill you enter a large village divided into two by the
+    river, which here runs from east to west, but presently takes a turn.
+    There is much mire in the street; immense swine lie in the mire, who
+    turn up their snouts at you as you pass.  Women in Welsh hats stand
+    in the mire, along with men without any hats at all, but with short
+    pipes in their mouths.  They are talking together; as you pass,
+    however, they hold their tongues, the women leering contemptuously at
+    you, the men glaring sullenly at you, and causing tobacco-smoke to
+    curl in your face.  On your taking off your hat, however, and
+    inquiring the way to the Monachlog, everybody is civil enough, and
+    twenty voices tell you the way to the monastery.  You ask the name of
+    the river: "The Teivi, Sir, the Teivi."  The name of the bridge:
+    "Pont y Rhyd Fendigaid--the Bridge of the Blessed Ford, Sir!"  You
+    cross the bridge of the Blessed Ford, and presently leaving the main
+    road you turn to the east, by a dunghill, up a narrow lane, parallel
+    with the river.  After proceeding a mile up the lane amidst trees and
+    copses, and crossing a little brook which runs into the Teivi, out of
+    which you drink, you see before you in the midst of a field, in which
+    are tombstones and broken ruins, a rustic-looking church; a farmhouse
+    is near it, in the garden of which stands the framework of a large
+    gateway.  You cross over into the churchyard, stand on a green mound
+    and look about you.  You are now in the very midst of the Monachlog
+    Ystrad Flur, the celebrated monastery of Strata Florida, to which in
+    old times popish pilgrims from all parts of the world repaired.  The
+    scene is solemn and impressive.  On the north side of the river a
+    large bulky hill, called Bunk Pen Bannedd, looks down upon the ruins
+    and the church; and on the south side, some way behind the farmhouse,
+    is another hill which does the same.  Rugged mountains form the
+    background of the valley to the east, down from which comes murmuring
+    the fleet but shallow Teivi.  Such is the scenery which surrounds
+    what remains of Strata Florida; those scanty broken ruins compose all
+    that remains of that celebrated monastery in which kings, saints, and
+    mitred abbots were buried, and in which, or in whose precincts, was
+    buried Dafydd ab Gwilym, the greatest genius of the Cimbric race, and
+    one of the first poets of the world.'
+
+{28}  It must be mentioned, however, in justice to Douglas, that in the
+autobiography of Dr. Carlyle, lately published, we find that 'John
+Douglas, who has for some time been Bishop of Salisbury, and who is one
+of the most able and learned men on that bench, had at this time (1758,
+some years after Gronwy had left him) but small preferment.'
+
+{33}  In a late number of the Transactions of the Dublin Ossianic
+Society--a most admirable institution--there is an account of the early
+life of Fin ma Coul, in which the burnt finger is mentioned; but that
+number did not appear till more than a year subsequent to the publication
+of the 'Romany Rye,' and contains not the slightest allusion either to
+Fafnisbane, _i.e._ the slayer of Fafnir, or Taliesin--to the Eddacal or
+the Cumric legend.
+
+
+
+
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