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diff --git a/32817.txt b/32817.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5905dc0 --- /dev/null +++ b/32817.txt @@ -0,0 +1,854 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of A New Tortoise, Genus Gopherus, From +North-central Mexico, by John M. Legler + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: A New Tortoise, Genus Gopherus, From North-central Mexico + +Author: John M. Legler + +Release Date: June 14, 2010 [EBook #32817] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEW TORTOISE, GENUS GOPHERUS *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS +MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + + +Volume 11, No. 5, pp. 335-343, pls. 7 and 8 +April 24, 1959 + + + +A New Tortoise, Genus Gopherus, +From North-central Mexico + + +BY + +JOHN M. LEGLER + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS +LAWRENCE +1959 + + + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + +Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch, Robert W. Wilson + +Volume 11, No. 5, pp. 335-343 +Published April 24, 1959 + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS +Lawrence, Kansas + +PRINTED IN +THE STATE PRINTING PLANT +TOPEKA, KANSAS +1959 + + + + +A New Tortoise, Genus Gopherus, +From North-central Mexico + +BY + +JOHN M. LEGLER + + +In the course of taxonomic studies of the genus _Gopherus_ it was +found that specimens from north-central Mexico belong to an hitherto +unrecognized species, which is named and described below. + + +Gopherus flavomarginatus new species + + _Holotype._--U.S. National Museum 61253, adult; stuffed specimen + with disassociated skull; 30 to 40 miles from Lerdo, Durango, + Mexico; obtained by Dr. Elswood Chaffee, 1918. + + _Paratypes._--USNM 61254, adult, stuffed specimen with skull in + place, other data the same as those for holotype; USNM 60976, + adult, stuffed specimen with disassociated skull, Lerdo, Durango, + Dr. Elswood Chaffee, May 1918; University of Illinois 42953-4, + adults, two carapaces, Carrillo, Chihuahua, Pete S. Chrapliwy and + Kenneth L. Williams, 1 August 1958; University of Kansas 39415, + adult, carapace only, 8 mi. E and 2 mi. S Americanos, Coahuila, + Robert W. Dickerman, 19 May 1954. + + _Diagnosis._--A large tortoise of the genus _Gopherus_, having a + flat-topped, posteriorly-flared shell, carapacal laminae that are + pale with contrasting dark centers (at least on the lateral margins + of the carapace), intergular seam longer than interhumeral, obtuse + gular projections, and a relatively wider skull than other Mexican + representatives of the genus. + + _Description of species._--Ground color of carapace pale yellow to + straw in smaller specimens, pale brown in larger specimens; in some + specimens a slight indication of darker radial markings on + carapace; epidermal areolae of carapace (if present) and first two + or three zones of growth (around areolae) dark brown to black, + their contrast with the ground color greater in smaller specimens; + ground color of lateral marginals yellowish, much paler than + remainder of carapace; black areolae of marginals contrasting + sharply with ground color even in old individuals; plastron pale, + approximately the same shade of yellow as lateral marginals, marked + with sharply contrasting blotches of black or dark brown in younger + specimens, becoming immaculate with age. + + Carapace low, evenly arched or slightly flat-topped in cross + section, its height slightly more than 50 per cent of its length; + top of carapace, between highest parts of first and fourth central + laminae, more or less flat in profile; carapace flared, wider + posteriorly than anteriorly; central laminae all broader than long, + the first not (or but slightly) narrower posteriorly than + anteriorly; plastron deeply notched behind, the inner margins of + the notch straight, neither convex nor concave; gular projections + truncate (not pronglike) having no notch or but a shallow notch + between them; greatest combined width of gular laminae much greater + than greatest length; interlaminal length of gular greater than + that of humeral; one large axillary scute on each side, + approximately rectangular but slightly wider below than above; one + or two inguinal scutes on each side, the anterior roughly + triangular and much larger than posterior. + + Anterior surface of antebrachium having enlarged, juxtaposed (or + slightly imbricated), osteodermal scales arranged in seven to eight + longitudinal rows, each scale yellowish with a black or dark brown + center; scales on lateral edge of antebrachium, from fifth claw to + elbow, ten in number and darker than other antebrachial scales; two + enlarged black-tipped, yellow spurs on posterior surface of thigh, + inner spur approximately half the size of outer. Head relatively + wide, greatest width of skull slightly more than 80 per cent of + condylobasilar length; width of head 1.3 to 1.7 times diameter of + hind foot; scales on top of head large but irregularly arranged + (see table 1 for measurements of type and paratypes). + + TABLE 1. Measurements, in Millimeters, of the Holotype and Paratypes + of Gopherus Flavomarginatus New Species + + ----------------+--------+--------+--------+------+---------+------ + Catalogue Number|Length |Width |Length | |Diameter |Width + and Collection |of |of |of |Height|of |of + |carapace|carapace|plastron| |hind foot|head + ----------------+--------+--------+--------+------+---------+------ + USNM 60976 | 246 | 212 | 252 | 108 | 31 | 41 + ----------------+--------+--------+--------+------+---------+------ + USNM 61253 | 222 | 166 | 212 | 96 | 21 | 36 + ----------------+--------+--------+--------+------+---------+------ + USNM 61254 | 371 | 292 | 358 | 157 | 43 | 55 + ----------------+--------+--------+--------+------+---------+------ + IU 42953 | 281 | 220 | | | | + ----------------+--------+--------+--------+------+---------+------ + IU 42954 | 278 | 214 | | | | + ----------------+--------+--------+--------+------+---------+------ + KU 39415 | 303 | 232 | | | | + ----------------+--------+--------+--------+------+---------+------ + + Duges (1888:146-147, and 1896:479) twice reported specimens of + _Gopherus polyphemus_ from Chihuahua (see discussion of distribution); + his description of two living examples (1888) agrees generally with + the above description of _G. flavomarginatus_. He stated that the + iris of his smaller specimen was yellow and the iris of a larger + specimen brown. + + It will be most interesting to learn the color of juveniles of _G. + flavomarginatus_. Considering the dark color of the epidermal + areolae of adults, I would expect the color of hatchlings to be + dark brown to nearly black, with each lamina acquiring paler + borders as it grew, rather than acquiring darker borders as is + usually the case in _G. berlandieri_ (personal observation), + _agassizii_ (Miller, 1932:194, pl. 2; Woodbury and Hardy, 1948:165, + figs. 9 and 10), and _polyphemus_ (personal observation). + +[Illustration: PLATE 7 + +PLATE 7. _Gopherus flavomarginatus_ new species: _Top_--Dorsal and +ventral views of holotype (x 1/3); _Middle_--Lateral view of holotype +(x 1/3); _Bottom_--Head of paratype (USNM 61254) (x 1/2) and +antebrachium of holotype (x 5/6). Dark outline on plastron of holotype +indicates where portion of shell was removed (and then replaced) in +course of preparation.] + +[Illustration: PLATE 8 + +PLATE 8. _Gopherus flavomarginatus_ new species: Dorsal views of +paratypes (from top to bottom, IU 42953, IU 42954, and KU 39415), +approximately 1/5 natural size.] + +[Illustration: FIG. 1. _Gopherus flavomarginatus_ new species: 1a and +1b--Lateral and ventral views of skull of holotype (x 1); 1c--Cross +section of paratype (USNM 60976) taken through middle of third central +lamina (x 2/5).] + + _Anomalies._--There is a high incidence of anomaly in the type + series. Three of the specimens (USNM 60976, IU 42954, and KU 39415) + have a supernumerary central lamina. All of the specimens from + Durango are anomalous in regard to the marginal laminae. In the + holotype the first marginals are small, approximately as wide as + the small precentral. In the largest paratype (USNM 61254) the + first and second marginals are fused to form a single large scute + on each side. In the remaining Durangan paratype (USNM 60976) there + are eleven normal marginals on each side but a supernumerary lamina + occurs between the first and second marginal on the left and + between the precentral and first marginal on the right side. The + remaining three paratypes have the number of marginals that is + normal for the genus. + + _Relationships._--_Gopherus flavomarginatus_ differs from all other + species of the genus by its larger size and by having an intergular + seam that is longer than the interhumeral seam. The possession of + a single, rectangular axillary scale, wider below than above, + also tends to distinguish _flavomarginatus_ from other living + _Gopherus_; in the other species this scute (frequently paired in + _berlandieri_) is generally triangular or at least pointed below. + Femoral spurs are developed to varying degrees in the other species + of _Gopherus_; they are usually lacking in individuals of small to + medium size. In large specimens of _agassizii_ and _polyphemus_ + that I have examined, there is but one enlarged spur, although + several pointed osteodermal scales may be present on the back of + the thigh. + + _Gopherus berlandieri_, the closest relative of _G. flavomarginatus_ + in a geographic sense, has a highly arched shell and pronglike gular + projections, between which there is nearly always a deep notch. + _Gopherus agassizii_, morphologically the closest Mexican relative + of _flavomarginatus_, differs from it in having a narrower head and + in lacking the contrasting pale and dark coloration of the plastron + and lateral marginal area. _Gopherus polyphemus_ seems to be the + closest relative of _flavomarginatus_ and differs from it in having + an unflared shell (anterior and posterior widths of carapace + subequal or carapace narrower behind) and in the characteristics of + color mentioned above. Certain proportional differences between the + living species of _Gopherus_ are summarized in table 2. + + _Distribution._--The discovery of a new _Gopherus_ from + north-central Mexico increases to four the recognized forms of the + genus and extends the known range of the genus onto the Mexican + highlands, approximately 410 miles eastward from Alamos, Sonora + (_G. agassizii_), approximately 100 miles westward from a point 2 + mi. W of Monclova, Coahuila (_G. berlandieri_), and approximately + 200 miles westward from Monterrey, Nuevo Leon (_G. berlandieri_). + + TABLE 2. Bodily Proportions in the Known Species of Gopherus. Two + Specimens of G. polyphemus from Harmon, Mississippi (USNM 53166-7), + Are Considered Separately Because of Their Notably Narrower Heads. + The Size of Each Sample Is Given in Parentheses Above the Average; + Extremes Are in Parentheses Following the Averages. + + ---------------------+-----------+-------------+-------------+-------- + Species |Greatest |Height | Height |Diameter + and |width of |of | of |of + General Locality |skull as a |shell as a | shell as a |hind foot + |percentage |percentage | percentage |as a + |of |of width | of length |percentage + |condy- |of | of |of width + |lobasilar |carapace | carapace |of head + |length | | | + ---------------------+-----------+-----------+------------+---------- + _G. polyphemus_ | (6) |(13) |(13) | + (Florida) |.94 |.53 |.39 | + |(.92-.97) |(.48-.58) |(.36-.42) | + ---------------------+-----------+-----------+------------+---------- + _G. polyphemus_ |(2) |(2) |(2) | + (Mississippi) |.87 |.53 |.43 | + |(.84-.89) |(.52-.54) |(.40-.45) | + ---------------------+-----------+-----------+------------+---------- + _G. berlandieri_ |(21) |(22) |(21) | + (Texas and NE Mexico)|.78 |.56 |.46 | + |(.70-.83) |(.48-.62) |(.43-.51) | + ---------------------+-----------+-----------+------------+---------- + _G. agassizii_ |(6) |(8) |(8) | + (U.S. and N. Sonora) |.77 |.53 |.41 |(.38-.44) | + |(.70-.83) |(.49-.58) | | + ---------------------+-----------+-----------+------------+---------- + _G. agassizii_ | |(4) |(4) |(4) + (Alamos, Sonora) | |.56 |.39 |.92 + | |(.52-.59) |(.37-.41) |(.87-1.00) + ---------------------+-----------+-----------+------------+---------- + _G. flavomarginatus_ |(2) |(3) |(3) |(3) + (North-central | | | | + Mexico) |.83 |.54 |.43 |.71 + |(.82-.83) |(.51-.58) |(.42-.44) |(.58-.78) + ---------------------+-----------+-----------+------------+---------- + + Thus far, _G. flavomarginatus_ is known only from the three + localities represented in the type series and from the indefinite + locality, "Bolson de Mapimi", Chihuahua, given by Duges + (1888:146-7, and 1896:479). These long-doubted references of + Duges to _Gopherus polyphemus_ seem clearly to represent _G. + flavomarginatus_, which probably occurs in several or all of the + internally drained basins in northeastern Chihuahua, western + Coahuila, and northern Durango. This region is within the Basin and + Range physiographic province of Fenneman (1931:326-8) and the + Mapimi biotic province of Smith (1949:231). Duges (_supra cit._) + seems to have used "Bolson de Mapimi" in a restricted sense, as it + is shown on some recent maps (Nat. Geog. Soc., Map of Mexico and + Central America, 1953) (American Geog. Soc., Culican Map, NG 13, + 1935). Other maps show this bolson to include internally drained + portions of the Mexican highlands from northeastern Chihuahua to + the region near Lerdo and Torreon. Thayer (1916:73) pointed out + that the Bolson de Mapimi, in its larger sense, consists of a + series of basins separated by mountains of considerable elevation. + + The range of _G. flavomarginatus_ appears to be limited ultimately + by the higher elevations of the Sierra Madre Occidental and the + Sierra Madre Oriental to the west and east, respectively, and to + the south by the Mexican plateau. The northern limits of the range + are less clear; possibly the range extends as far as the portions + of the United States adjacent to northeastern Chihuahua, but this + is doubtful. The range seems not to overlap that of any other + species of _Gopherus_, although the ranges of _G. flavomarginatus_ + and _G. berlandieri_ closely approximate each other in central + Coahuila. + + In September, 1958, when I was collecting turtles near Cuatro + Cienegas, Coahuila, I took the opportunity to query natives, as + well as an American rancher, about the possible occurrence of + tortoises in the area. Most persons had seen no tortoises in the + area or said they had seen them only rarely. Several older men who + had herded goats in the area all their lives said that tortoises + (referred to as "Tortuga del Monte") were common on the other side + of the Sierra de La Madera and Sierra de La Fragua ranges west of + Cuatro Cienegas. These men referred probably to _G. + flavomarginatus_. Americanos lies approximately 75 miles + west-northwest of Cuatro Cienegas. + + It is indeed remarkable that a population of large tortoises in + northern Mexico has so long escaped the notice of naturalists. Also + remarkable is the fact that the late Dr. Leonhard Stejneger, in + view of his intense interest in North American chelonians and his + familiarity with the genus _Gopherus_, did not remark on the + specimens from Durango when he saw them; a thorough search of + Stejneger's notes revealed no clue that he had ever studied the + specimens. Perhaps his first reaction to the specimens, like mine + when I first examined the two disassociated skulls, was to consider + "Lerdo" a misspelling of "Laredo." However, a check of old + correspondence and accession records at the National Museum + confirmed, beyond doubt, the validity of the locality data for + these specimens. Dr. Chaffee, the collector, frequently sent + specimens of plants and animals to the Museum from Durango and + Zacatecas; his home was in Lerdo. + + _Size._--The largest specimen of _Gopherus flavomarginatus_ (USNM + 61254) exceeds by more than 50 millimeters the length of the + largest known specimens of _G. agassizii_, and slightly exceeds the + length of the largest specimen of _G. polyphemus_ that I have + examined (USNM 51357, length of carapace 360 millimeters, a + specimen formerly kept at the National Zoological Park). _G. + polyphemus_ is the largest tortoise inhabiting the United States; + the maximum length of 343 millimeters given for the species by Carr + (1952:334) probably more closely approaches the true maximum in + free-living populations. _G. agassizii_ rarely attains a length + greater than 300 millimeters (Woodbury and Hardy, 1948:152-5). The + fact that representatives of the genus do not attain a larger size + in the United States may be due to the decimation of natural + populations by man for food and souvenirs. + + There have been several indications that a large species of + tortoise existed in north-central Mexico. The Chihuahuan specimens + reported by Duges (248 and 202 millimeters long, respectively) rank + in size with the smaller paratypes of _G. flavomarginatus_; Duges + stated, however, that the species was said to attain a length of + one meter but that he thought such large size surely to apply to + another species. + + Mr. Charles M. Bogert recently related to me two stories that are + here worthy of note. One of them, which Bogert learned from the + late Dr. Karl P. Schmidt, concerns a collector who was sent by the + Chicago Natural History Museum (then Field Museum) to Coahuila in + the early part of the century to obtain materials for a desert + exhibit. When the exhibit had been completed several decades later, + the collector, visiting the museum, inquired as to where the large + tortoises were that he had collected in Coahuila. Dr. Schmidt could + find no record of such tortoises and suggested that possibly they + had been confused with Galapagos tortoises (_Geochelone_). Dr. + Robert F. Inger is unable to locate the specimens or add anything + to the story. The collector stated that the large tortoises had + been found in only one bolson in Coahuila. + + Mr. Bogert further related that, in 1946 when he was camped at Las + Delicias, Coahuila, a Mexican mule herder told him of seeing a + large tortoise "three bolsons north" of the bolson in which Las + Delicias is located (the general area referred to would be near + Americanos). The man awoke one morning to find his saddle missing; + following tracks from the place where the saddle had been left, the + man eventually found it on the back of a large tortoise. The + tortoise had apparently sought shelter beneath the saddle and, + finding it unsatisfactory, had walked away with the saddle on his + back. + + Either of the incidents related above, or the reference of Duges + (_loc. cit._) to large size, since they are based on second or + third-hand accounts, would seem to be unrealistic and of little + scientific value when considered alone and at face value. However, + in the light of the discovery of _Gopherus flavomarginatus_, these + accounts have new meaning and tend to support my proposal that the + species is the largest tortoise in North America. + + _Remarks._--The paratypes at the University of Illinois were found + in a trash-dump in Carrillo. According to what the collectors + learned from local inhabitants, the species is used for food and + the shells are sometimes used for poultry dishes or even for eating + utensils. Although the species is found on the flat, sandy desert + near Carrillo, it is more common on the nearby mountain slopes and + is seen there most frequently after rains. Dickerman (field notes, + 1954) likewise noted that the species was eaten near Americanos; + the K.U. paratype represents the best (and only specimen saved) of + several broken shells found in that area. Judging by the habits of + other members of the genus and by the notes of Duges (1888:147), + _G. flavomarginatus_ is probably herbivorous. + + _Acknowledgments._--A portion of this study was completed in the + summer of 1958, while I was an internee at the United States + National Museum. I am grateful to Dr. Doris M. Cochran of that + institution for helpful information regarding the origin of the + type and for permission to study other specimens in her care. + Thanks are due also to Messrs. Pete S. Chrapliwy and Kenneth L. + Williams who collected two of the paratypes and who generously + provided their notes on the specimens when learning of my study, to + Dr. Hobart M. Smith and Mr. Charles M. Bogert for offering helpful + suggestions and for the loan of specimens, and to Mr. Jebb Taylor + for assistance with taking data. The drawings are the work of Mrs. + Connie Spitz; the photographs are by the author. + + + + +LITERATURE CITED + + +CARR, A. + + 1952. Handbook of turtles; the turtles of the United States, + Canada, and Baja California. Cornell Univ. Press, xv + 542 pp., 37 + figs., 82 pls., 15 tables, 23 maps. + +DUGES, A. + + 1888. La Tortuga Polifemo. La Naturaleza, 1(ser. 2):146-147. + + 1896. Reptiles y Batracios de los E. U. Mexicanos. La Naturaleza, + 2(ser. 2):479-485. + +FENNEMAN, N. M. + + 1931. Physiography of western United States. McGraw-Hill, New York, + 1st. ed., v-xii + 534 pp., 173 figs. + +MILLER, L. + + 1932. Notes on the desert tortoise (_Testudo agassizii_). + Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 7:187-208. + +SMITH, H. M. + + 1949. Herpetogeny in Mexico and Guatemala. Ann. Assn. American + Geographers, 34(3):219-238, 1 fig. + +THAYER, W. N. + + 1916. The physiography of Mexico. Journ. Geol., 24:61-94, 2 figs. + +WOODBURY, A. M., and HARDY, R. + + 1948. Studies of the desert tortoise, _Gopherus agassizii_. + Ecol. Monogr., 18:145-200, 25 figs., 4 tables. + + +_Transmitted November 18, 1958._ + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A New Tortoise, Genus Gopherus, From +North-central Mexico, by John M. 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