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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, Freehold Land Societies, by J. Ewing Ritchie
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: Freehold Land Societies
+       Their History, Present Position, and Claims
+
+
+Author: J. Ewing Ritchie
+
+
+
+Release Date: June 14, 2010  [eBook #32807]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FREEHOLD LAND SOCIETIES***
+
+
+Transcribed from the 1853 William Tweedie pamphlet by David Price, email
+ccx074@pglaf.  Many thanks to Birmingham Central Library, England, for
+allowing their copy to be used for this transcription.
+
+
+
+
+
+                         FREEHOLD LAND SOCIETIES:
+                              THEIR HISTORY,
+                      PRESENT POSITION, AND CLAIMS.
+
+
+                                    BY
+
+                            J. EWING RITCHIE.
+
+                                * * * * *
+
+    "The laws of this country recognise nothing more sacred than the
+    Forty-shilling Freehold Franchise; and a vote for the county obtained
+    by these means is both constitutional and laudable."--LORD
+    CHIEF-JUSTICE TINDAL.
+
+    "What he had heard from hon. members told him nothing more than this,
+    that the working population could easily, under the old system,
+    acquire the right of voting; and that every man who owned forty
+    shillings a-year could entitle himself to vote.  Were they to be told
+    that the people of England were so degraded, so besotted, so dead to
+    all sense of their true interests, that they could make no efforts to
+    possess themselves of the franchise?"--MR. DISRAELI.
+
+                                * * * * *
+
+                                 LONDON:
+                      WILLIAM TWEEDIE, 337, STRAND.
+
+                                * * * * *
+
+                             PRICE TWOPENCE.
+
+
+
+
+ADVERTISEMENT.
+
+
+The following pages are reprinted from the "WEEKLY NEWS AND
+CHRONICLE"--the only Paper that aims to be the organ of the Freehold Land
+Movement.  They are now published in the hope that they may win for that
+movement a wider support and a heartier sympathy than it has already
+secured.  It is a child--it will be a giant ere long.
+
+3, Clifford's Inn.
+   April 1853.
+
+
+
+
+FREEHOLD LAND SOCIETIES:
+THEIR HISTORY, PRESENT POSITION, AND CLAIMS.
+
+
+The Freehold Land Movement is the great fact of the age.  We propose to
+consider it in its origin, its present position as a means of investment
+for the middle and working-classes, and in its political and social and
+moral bearings.  We propose to tell what it has done, and what it seeks
+to do.  Born of a working-man, it especially aims at the elevation of
+working-men.  It comes to them, and offers them independence, wealth, and
+political power.  Conceived in a provincial town, its ramifications now
+extend through the land.  It demands no mean place in the consideration
+of the influences now at work for realising a future brighter and better
+than the past.  The philosopher, the political economist, and the
+philanthropist must alike, then, deem it worthy of serious regard.  On
+the part of a people, the absence of recklessness and waste is a great
+good; but the formation of industrial and economical habits is a still
+greater good.  From such plain, unpoetical traits of national character
+are born the arts and the graces, and all that is civilised and refined
+in life.  A rich people is not less virtuous, and is certainly far
+happier, than a poor one.  Therefore we say, let the Freehold Movement
+have wide support, for it is a schoolmaster, teaching the path leading
+the people of this country to wealth, and to the power and independence
+which wealth alone can give.  Thus much by way of introduction.  That our
+readers may fully understand the subject, we shall begin at the
+beginning, and explain.
+
+
+
+I.--THE CONSTITUTION OF A FREEHOLD LAND SOCIETY.
+
+
+Some time back the _Times_ asked scornfully, as Pilate of old did
+concerning truth, what was a Freehold Land Society.  We reply, viewed in
+a business light, it is simply a society for the purchase of land.  It
+involves two commercial principles well understood--that purchasers
+should buy in the cheapest market, and that societies can do what
+individuals cannot.  Till the movement originated, the purchaser of a
+small plot of ground had to pay in lawyer's expenses connected with the
+purchase frequently as much as he paid for the plot itself.  A society
+buys a large piece of ground.  They make roads through it; they drain it;
+they turn it into valuable building-land; they thus raise its value; and
+they divide it amongst their members, not at the price at which each
+allotment is worth, but at the price which each allotment has cost.
+Being also registered under the Friendly Societies Act, the conveyance
+costs the purchaser generally from 25s. to 30s.; and thus a plot worth 50
+pounds is often put into the fortunate allottee's hands for half that
+sum.  Of course, different societies have different rules, but they all
+aim at the same end, and effect that end in pretty nearly a similar
+manner.  Thus a member generally, if he subscribes for a share of 30
+pounds, pays a shilling a-week, and a trifling sum a-quarter for
+expenses.  With the money thus raised an estate is purchased.  It is then
+cut up into allotments, and balloted for.  If the subscriber has paid up,
+he, of course, takes the land, and there is an end of the matter.  If he
+has not, the society gives him his allotment, but saddled with a
+mortgage.  In some societies the members are served by rotation, and
+"first come" are "first served."  The more generally-adopted plan,
+however, is division by ballot.  There has been some doubt as to the
+legality of the ballot; the Conservative Society have taken the opinion
+of eminent counsel upon this matter, and their opinion is, that the
+ballot is perfectly legal.  The rotation societies offer no inducements
+to new members to join them; so division by ballot has come to be almost
+the universal rule.  In the National, for instance, there was a ballot
+daily for all subscribers of three months' standing.  This has recently
+been altered.  A ballot takes place every day, to which all are eligible
+whose subscriptions are paid up.  If you join the National, you may go to
+the ballot immediately.
+
+As the National is the largest of the existing Freehold Land
+Societies--last year its receipts being 190,070 pounds--we will briefly
+allude to its prospectus as a still further illustration of what a
+Freehold Land Society is.  The especial objects of this Society are
+described as "to facilitate the acquisition of freehold land, and the
+erection of houses thereon; to enable such of its members as are eligible
+to obtain the county franchise, and to afford to all of them a secure and
+profitable investment for money."  In the National, all the expenses are
+defrayed out of a common fund; consequently, there are no extra charges,
+and the net profits, after payment of interest on subscriptions in
+advance and on completed shares, are annually divided amongst the holders
+of uncompleted shares.  In this way last year the National divided 3,161
+pounds 19s. 3d., and the directors credited each unadvanced share with
+profit at the rate of 10 pounds 16s. 8d. per cent. per annum.  We only
+add, as a still further explanation of the societies in general, that
+they are all conducted on the most perfectly democratic principles.  Vote
+by ballot and universal suffrage are the rule with them.  The members
+elect their own officers.  In all the societies, also, provision is made
+for casualties, such as sickness or death.  In case of death, the
+subscriber's widow or heirs take his place.  If he be unable, from
+sickness or poverty, to continue his subscription, he is not fined, but
+is allowed to wait for better times.  If he wishes his money back, he can
+have it returned, with a slight reduction for the working expenses of the
+Society.  Juniors may be members.  Actually these societies so far
+practically admit woman's rights as to offer to the ladies the same
+desirable investments they offer to the sterner sex.  In short, the
+Freehold Land Movement appeals to all ranks and conditions of the
+community.  It may be said of a Freehold Land Society what has often been
+said of the London Tavern, that it is open to all--who can pay.
+
+
+
+II.  ORIGIN AND PRESENT POSITION OF THE MOVEMENT.
+
+
+Primarily the movement was political, and was established for the purpose
+of giving the people of this country the political power which they at
+present lack.  Originally the forty-shilling freehold was established to
+put down universal suffrage.  As a part and parcel of the British
+constitution it has been religiously preserved to the present time, and
+threatens to be an excellent substitute for what it was originally
+intended to destroy.  During the Anti-Corn-Law agitation Mr. Cobden had
+put the free-traders up to the idea of purchasing forty-shilling
+freeholds, but it was reserved to Mr. James Taylor, of Birmingham, to
+give to the idea of Mr. Cobden a universality of which the latter never
+dreamed; Mr. Taylor had been a purchaser of land more than once, and with
+the purchase he got an abstract, a legal document, which when he came to
+understand it, showed him that he had paid to the vendor much more than
+it cost him.  The idea then struck him that as the wholesale price of
+land was much greater than the retail, if the working men could be got to
+subscribe together a large sum for the purchase of land, they could thus
+have, at a wholesale price, a stake in the country and a vote, and when
+the general election came and excitement was created, Mr. Taylor felt
+that the time for action was arrived.  Accordingly, when he went to
+tender his vote, he said to a friend who accompanied him, "here's a lot
+of fellows, and all that they can do is to grin and yawn when I go in to
+poll; I have a strong notion that I can get them into the booth."  This
+friend said, "How?"  The answer was, "Meet me to night in the Temperance
+Hotel."  That same evening Mr. Taylor and his friend drew up an
+advertisement, stating that "it is expedient that a Freehold Land Society
+be formed for the purpose of obtaining freehold property at a most
+reasonable cost to, and to get country votes for, the working men."
+Simultaneously with the advertisement in the local paper appeared a
+leader from the editor, recognising the immense importance of the
+movement thus commenced.  Thus pledged to go on, Mr. Taylor threw his
+heart and soul into the cause.  Within a week a committee was formed, and
+the support of the principal men in the town secured.  December, 1849 is
+the legal date of the Freehold Land Movement, although the Birmingham
+Society had been in existence nearly two years previous.  In that month
+the rules of the society were certified, and the glorious idea of Mr.
+Taylor had a legal habitation and a name.  At the end of the first year
+the Birmingham society reported that it had established six independent
+societies, in which more than two thousand members had subscribed for
+three thousand shares; that in Birmingham alone the subscriptions
+amounted to 500 pounds per month, and that it had already given
+allotments to nearly two hundred of its members.  Before the termination
+of the second year a great conference was held in Birmingham in order to
+organise a plan of general union and co-operation amongst the various
+societies.  Delegates from all parts of the country were present.  In
+Birmingham it appeared 13,000 pounds had been subscribed and four estates
+purchased, two thousand five hundred shares being taken up by one
+thousand eight hundred subscribers.  Wolverhampton, Leicester,
+Stourbridge, had all co-operated zealously in the movement.  Nor was the
+metropolis behind.  The National had started with seven hundred and fifty
+members subscribing for one thousand five hundred shares, and already had
+1,900 pounds paid up.  In Marylebone eight hundred shares had been taken
+since the previous July.  This conference was attended by Messrs. Cobden,
+Bright, G. Thompson, Scholefield, Bass, and Sir Joshua Walmsley.  This
+conference, of course, attracted the notice of the press.  The coldly,
+critical _Spectator_ termed it a "middle-class movement."  _Tait_ so far
+forgot himself as to characterise it as "political swindling."  The
+_Times_ said the working-classes were being deluded by it.  For once the
+_Standard_ agreed with the _Times_ and said ditto.  However the
+conference did its work, and started the _Freeholder_, which appeared on
+the 1st of January, 1850.  A second conference was held at Birmingham in
+November, 1850.  The report, as usual, was encouraging.  Eighty
+societies, many of them with branches, were reported as existing.  The
+number of members was thirty thousand subscribing for forty thousand
+shares.  The amount of paid-up contributions was 170,000 pounds.  A third
+conference was held in London in November, 1851.  The report then stated
+there were one hundred societies with forty-five thousand members
+subscribing for sixty-five thousand shares.  One hundred and fifty
+estates had been purchased, twelve thousand allotments made, 400,000
+pounds had actually been received, and two millions of pounds sterling
+was actually being subscribed for.  At the fourth conference, held in
+1852, it appeared still greater progress had been made.  One hundred and
+thirty societies, with eighty-five thousand members subscribing for a
+hundred and twenty thousand shares, were in existence, three hundred and
+ten estates had been purchased, nineteen thousand five hundred allotments
+had been made, and 790,000 pounds had been received.  Estimating the
+shares at the average of 30 pounds per share, the total amount subscribed
+for was three millions six hundred thousand pounds.  Such, then, is the
+movement at the present time.  It has been obscured by no cloud.  Its
+progress has been unchecked.  No disappointment has retarded its onward
+way.  Forward to victory has been its march.  All classes and sects have
+railed round it.  For churchmen there exists a Church of England Society.
+The Conservatives have formed a large and flourishing society for the
+manufacture of Conservative votes.  The movement sneered at, derided,
+misrepresented, declared unconstitutional, a swindle like a celebrated
+land scheme popular with the Chartists, has now come to be admitted by
+all as the greatest fact of the age: to aid it, grave and reverend
+churchmen, statesmen of all shades of political options, combine; even
+coronetted lords now rejoice to lend it their sanction, and the weight of
+their illustrious names.  Truly the mustard seed has branched out into a
+giant oak.  A little leaven has leavened the whole lump.
+
+
+
+III.--OF ITS FOUNDER.
+
+
+We must tell our readers something of the founder of this movement.
+James Taylor, junior, of Birmingham, deserves a passing notice at our
+hands.  He was born in that town in 1814, and is consequently now in the
+prime of his life, rather young considering the greatness he has already
+achieved.  His father is a tradesman of the same town, where he has
+acquired a limited competency by his honest industry, and where he still
+carries on business for the benefit of the younger branches of his
+family.  Like all other Birmingham boys James was put to work at an early
+age, and became an apprentice in one of the fancy trades for which
+Birmingham is so well known.  There his industrious habits soon acquired
+for him the approbation of his master, who gave up Taylor his indentures
+in consequence of his retiring from business before the latter was of
+age.  About this time Taylor, earning good wages, and not having the fear
+of Malthus before his eyes, got married, and lived happily till troubles
+came and the demon of strong drink cast its fatal spell upon his domestic
+hearth.  After years of utter misery and degradation Taylor, in a happy
+hour for himself and society, signed the Temperance pledge, and became a
+new man, and to the pledge, fortunately, he remained faithful, in spite
+of ridicule and reproach from the boon companions with whom he had
+thoughtlessly squandered so much of happiness, and health, and money, and
+time.  No temptation ever led him back.  Nor was he satisfied with his
+own reform alone.  He was anxious that others should be rescued from
+degradation as he had already been.  For this purpose he identified
+himself with the Temperance cause, and was Honorary Secretary to the
+Birmingham Temperance Society till he became the Apostle of the Freehold
+Land Movement.  Since then his life and labours have become public.  No
+man has worked harder than Mr. Taylor.  Our readers would be astonished
+if they knew the number of miles Mr. Taylor travels, and of public
+meetings he attends in the course of the year connected with the
+movement; sometimes the exertion has been too great, and his health has
+given way for a time.  Those who have heard him once will never forget
+him.  Those who have not heard him, if such there be, have indeed a treat
+in store.  With but few or no adventitious aids--without even "little
+Latin and less Greek"--an unassuming plain working man, in spite of all
+this, so fascinating is his unadorned eloquence that no one can listen to
+him without admiring his earnestness and moral worth--without feeling
+that England has no worthier son than the originator of the Freehold Land
+Movement--without feeling that time alone can tell what he has done for
+the political, and social, and moral emancipation of her toiling race.
+We may also add here that Mr. Taylor has been at times a contributor to
+the press as well as a platform orator--that he has been twice
+married--that he resides at Temperance Cottage, Birmingham, in the
+enjoyment of a domestic felicity which we trust will attend him to a
+green old age.  It may be said of Taylor what has been said of many
+infinitely less useful men, that--
+
+    "He is a man, take him for all in all,
+    We ne'er shall look upon his like again."
+
+This feeling has become common wherever Mr. Taylor has been known.  From
+far and near have reached him testimonials of respect and esteem.  At an
+early stage of its existence the Wolverhampton Society acknowledged its
+sense of Mr. Taylor's services by presenting him with a valuable gold
+watch; and at the last Annual Conference of the friends of the Movement,
+held in December, 1852, it was unanimously resolved that "as it appeared
+that various sums of money have been from time to time subscribed with a
+view of offering some suitable recognition of the valuable and
+disinterested services of Mr. James Taylor, it is desirable that a
+committee be appointed to suggest the most suitable testimonial to that
+gentleman, and to take such steps as may seem to them most desirable in
+furtherance of the object."  In pursuance of this resolution a committee
+was formed to receive subscriptions, of which Mr. Scholefield, M.P. for
+Birmingham, is Treasurer.  This committee consists of most of the
+gentlemen connected with the London societies, and it is to be hoped that
+they are giving the subject the importance it really deserves.  A prophet
+should be honoured in his own age and country.  In their lifetime the
+world's benefactors should reap their reward.
+
+Having thus explained the nature of Freehold Land Societies, and detailed
+their rise and progress and present position, we propose to consider
+their effects.  For this purpose we shall examine the Movement as
+offering
+
+
+
+IV.--AN INVESTMENT FOR THE MIDDLE AND WORKING CLASSES.
+
+
+This, of course, is the principal point of view.  By their merits as
+investments alone must Freehold Land Societies stand or fall.  If they
+pay, they will flourish; if they do not, they cannot exist, whatever may
+be the social, and moral, and political arguments advanced in their
+favour.  Now, let us just see what means of investment are within the
+reach of the Working man.  There is the savings bank--not always safe, as
+recent examples have shown, and offering so small a rate of interest as
+to be but little inducement to the classes to whom it appeals, to save.
+Then there are the benefit societies, which hold out such fine promises,
+which thus have won a support to which they have no claim, and have
+excited hopes which they can never realise.  Of two thousand of these
+societies, the accounts of which were submitted to one gentleman in
+Liverpool a few years ago, _all_ were insolvent.  Much of the money
+belonging to them is wasted in drink, in foolish show and mummery; but
+the societies are based upon wrong principles, and can never become
+right.  Two radical defects taint them all--the contributions have been
+much too small in proportion to the proposed benefits, and an almost
+indiscriminate regard to diversities in age has caused persons differing
+as widely as from eighteen to thirty-five, forty, forty-five, and even
+fifty years of age, to be admitted upon equal, or nearly equal, terms.
+One of the chief of these friendly societies is that known as the
+Manchester Unity.  In 1848 there was an inquiry into the subject before
+the House of Lords, when it was stated by Mr. Neison, the eminent
+actuary, "that it would take _three millions of money_ to bring the
+Manchester Unity of Odd Fellows out of their present difficulties; and if
+they went on at their present rates of contribution, no less than _ten
+millions_ would be required to fulfil all their engagements."  So much
+for friendly societies, which are, indeed, a delusion and a snare, and
+have always failed when the hour of trial has come.  What the savings
+banks are we have already seen; yet, actually, till the Freehold Land
+Movement originated, these were the only investments within the reach of
+the working man.  A Select Committee of the House of Commons has twice
+reported "that the great change in the social position of multitudes,
+arising from the growth of large towns and crowded districts, renders it
+more necessary that corresponding changes in the law should take place,
+both to improve their condition and contentment, and to give additional
+facilities to investments of the capital which their industry and
+enterprise are constantly creating and augmenting;" and "that they doubt
+not ultimate benefit will ensue from any measures which the Legislature
+may be enabled to devise for simplifying the operation of the law and
+unfettering the energies of trade." But at present nothing has been done,
+and the Laws of Partnership fetter the working man who would usefully
+employ what little capital he has.  Clearly, then, the Freehold Land
+Movement offers him an eligible means of investment.  Land cannot run
+away.  So long as England exists, it will always be worth its price.
+Nay, it will become more valuable every year, for by no effort of human
+ingenuity can it be increased.
+
+At Birmingham several of the allotments have realised premiums as high as
+20 or 30 pounds.  On the East Moulsey estate of the Westminster Society
+allotments, costing 23 pounds, have been let at a chief rent of 3 pounds
+and 3 pounds 10s. per annum.  The Ross Society, in one of its annual
+reports, stated that, out of thirty allotments made by the Society during
+the past year, ten exchanged hands at premiums varying from 3 pounds 10s.
+to 5 pounds, and ten working men each received 10 pounds premium.  At
+Ledbury several allotments, costing 25 pounds each had realised premiums
+of 15 pounds each.  On the Stoke Newington estate, belonging to the
+National, premiums of 30 pounds and even of 40 pounds have been realised.
+At the Gospel Oak estate, belonging to the St. Pancras Society,
+allotments which cost 20 pounds each have been let off on building leases
+of 50s. per annum each.  Greater sums have been made--but we would rather
+understate than overstate our case.
+
+We have inspected returns from one hundred and twenty societies, and in
+every case the allotments have realised a handsome premium.  Yet, in the
+face of all this, articles have recently appeared in _Chambers's Journal_
+and the _Edinburgh Review_, deprecating these societies as investments.
+The Edinburgh Reviewer says:--"Notwithstanding this rapid popularity
+however; notwithstanding, also, the high authorities which have
+pronounced in their behalf, we cannot look upon these associations with
+unmixed favour; and we shall be surprised if any long time elapses
+without well-grounded disappointment and discontent arising among their
+members.  However it may be desirable for a peasant or an artisan to be
+possessor of the garden which he cultivates, and of the house he dwells
+in--however clear and great the gain to him in this case--it is by no
+means equally certain that he can derive any adequate pecuniary
+advantages from the possession of a plot of ground which is too far from
+his daily work for him either to erect a dwelling on it, or to cultivate
+it as an allotment, and which, from its diminutive size, he will find it
+very difficult for him to let for any sufficient remuneration.  In many
+cases a barren site will be his only reward for 50 pounds of savings; and
+however he may value this in times of excitement, it will, in three
+elections out of four, be of little real interest or moment to him."  Of
+course we do not affirm that a badly-conducted society will pay in spite
+of mismanagement.  We believe it will do nothing of the kind, and that
+discontent will arise; but facts show that the reviewer is wrong; that
+the allotments cost less than he supposes; that thus they offer a better
+return for his money than the allottee can get in any other way.
+Numerous as these societies are, multitudinous as are their members,
+extensive as have been their dealings--no one yet has found fault with
+them as a means of investment.  Indeed, every day they have come to be
+more and more regarded in this light alone.  Where, we ask, can a man
+make more by his shilling a-week than by putting it in a Freehold Land
+Society?  This is the question which every man should ask himself; and if
+he does this, we can await with satisfaction the result.  It is easy to
+imagine difficulties, but we turn to the testimony of facts.  That is
+unanimously in its favour.  The present time is void of all political
+interest.  There are no great struggles, and no great hopes and aims.
+England seems satisfied with coalitions.  Yet this precisely is the time
+when the Freehold Land Movement finds most favour with the public.  The
+reason is obvious.  The times are good.  The public has money to invest,
+and the public finds no such desirable investments as those offered by
+the Movement; hence it is the societies flourish; hence it is they gain
+the hearty support of all who can only spare a little, but who would put
+a little by against a rainy day.
+
+
+
+V.--MOVEMENT CONSIDERED POLITICALLY.
+
+
+But we may be told, politically the movement has been a failure.  Our
+answer is, it has been nothing of the kind.  It is true, and we state the
+fact more in sorrow than in anger, that Messrs. Newdegate and Spooner
+still represent North Warwickshire; but it is also clear that whilst at
+the election previous to the last Mr. Spooner had, in the Birmingham
+district, a majority of 196, at the last election, in consequence of the
+operation of the Freehold Land Societies of that district, he was
+actually in a minority of 395.  But let us look nearer home.  At the
+recent election for Middlesex, Bernal Osborne was returned, after a
+severe struggle, by a majority of 195.  Now, when we recollect that the
+National alone has purchased 152 acres in Middlesex, and that each acre
+is capable, on an average, on subdivision, of making five votes--when we
+also remember that the remaining London societies have purchased between
+them another hundred acres in the same county--it is impossible not to
+feel, even supposing all the allotments have not been taken up, that out
+of the 250 acres thus cut up into allotments came the majority which
+returned Bernal Osborne as the champion of Liberalism and Free Trade.  We
+repeat, it is impossible not to feel that if it had not been for the
+Freehold Land Societies, to the disgrace and shame of the county, Lord
+Maidstone would have misrepresented Middlesex.  Then we remember that Mr.
+Locke King was but 400 ahead of Mr. Antrobus at the Surrey election last
+summer--we must also feel that that gentleman has some reason for
+thankfulness to Freehold Land Societies.  If we pass to Herts, we shall
+feel that it sadly failed in its duty by returning three pledged
+Protectionists; but when we recollect that the National has purchased 300
+acres in that county, we cannot but be persuaded that there is "a good
+time coming" for our friend Mr. Lattimore and the Herts Reformers.  At
+the last election, the lowest of the Protectionist candidates--the
+quondam Reformer, Sir Bulwer Lytton--had 2,190 votes: the highest of the
+Liberals had 2,043.  It is thus as clear as anything can be that a very
+little effort will make Hertfordshire for ever safe.  It is in the power
+of any two hundred persons desirous of a good investment to do so at
+once.  Essex, the home of Sir J. Tyrrel and the delight of W. B., we
+regret to write, is not so easily liberalised.  North Essex at present is
+impregnable.  Its squires, as Barry Cornwall ironically writes,
+
+          "With brains made clear
+    By the irresistible strength of beer,"
+
+are beyond salvation: there is no hope for this generation of them.  But
+South Essex is not so hopelessly lost to the people's cause.  It is true
+that last summer it did unseat Sir E. N. Buxton, and return Sir W. B.
+Smijth by a majority of 600; but the National has purchased 242 acres in
+that county, and out of that number can create 1,210 electors.
+Evidently, then, there is hope for Essex yet.  But we need not continue
+this scrutiny.  The people have placed within their hands the very
+privilege they so much desire.  They need not wait for Government to
+emancipate them; they can emancipate themselves.  For instance, the
+National will put any person desirous of the same in possession of a
+county qualification for North or South Essex, East or West Kent,
+Hertfordshire, West Sussex, North Hants, North Lancashire, or Middlesex.
+If, as some of the knowing ones maintain, we shall soon have a general
+election, of course the sooner one is put on the register the better.  If
+not, the purchaser can take no harm: he will have his _quid pro quo_; he
+will have placed his money in that best of all banks, the land, and will
+have become one of that important class appealed to on certain occasions
+as the "Electors of the United Kingdom."  Heaven helps those who help
+themselves.  Instead of the people waiting for Government to extend the
+franchise, they can boldly help themselves.  No man deserves the
+electoral privilege who cannot purchase it by his own industry and
+self-denial.  At the present time, when provisions are cheap, when work
+is abundant, when wages are high and labour scarce, there is not a man in
+our streets who may not win the franchise if he has the will.  Half the
+men who brawled in low pot-houses, while their wives and children were
+starving, over their beer, for the Charter, and nothing but the Charter,
+if they had stopped at home, and worked and saved their money, might, by
+this time, have realised the manhood suffrage of which they so idly
+dreamed; and if, at the next election, the men of progress are beaten,
+and the friends of class legislation and injustice prevail, it will be
+because the people were not true to themselves--because they had not
+enough of self-denial, enough of earnestness and independence, to avail
+themselves of the advantages offered by the Freehold Land Movement, and
+thus to have a representation that shall be real, and not a sham.  By
+means of the Freehold Land Movement, every county in England may be won.
+To the very natural suggestion that that is a game that two can play at,
+the answer is very obvious.  In such a contest numbers will tell.  A
+qualification that may be had for 30 pounds will fall into very different
+hands to what it would were its price 1,000 pounds.  For one aristocratic
+voter thus made, the people will have ten.  An appeal to the masses can
+have but one result.  Human nature must be changed before it can be
+otherwise.  Be this as it may, the political result is undoubtedly
+good--the emancipation of all who have the wit, and will, and worth to
+win the franchise for themselves.
+
+
+
+VI.  THE MORAL AND SOCIAL ADVANTAGES OF THE MOVEMENT.
+
+
+Anything offering a man inducement to save must be attended with
+beneficial results.  As society is constituted, a spendthrift is a
+nuisance and a curse; the charge hitherto against the working classes of
+this country has been, that they have been reckless and improvident--that
+they are beggars one day and spendthrifts the next--that the money gained
+with such difficulty is squandered away with a wicked wastefulness, such
+as can be paralleled in no other part of the world.  The English lower
+orders have always been thus improvident.  During the late war the
+sailors, when on shore, would resort to every absurdity to get rid of
+their money.  Colonel Landman tells us of one who had just received prize
+money to the amount of 500 pounds, and, being allowed only one week in
+which to get rid of it, had, to do so more effectually, hired a carriage
+and four for himself, another for his hat, and another for his cudgel, in
+which style he travelled to London.  A common sight at Plymouth was that
+of sailors sitting on the ground breaking watches to pieces for a glass
+of grog, for which they had previously paid 5 pounds each; one
+hard-hearted captain having refused leave to a sailor to go on shore, the
+man, in the bitterness of his disappointment, filled a pint pot with
+guineas and threw them overboard, as he could not immediately derive
+enjoyment from their use.  It is true a great change has been effected in
+this respect, and society has reaped the benefit.  A man who saves money
+is not a drain upon his friend; is not a dissipated man; costs society
+less, and does more for it than another man.  The self-imposed taxation
+of the working classes has been set down by Mr. Porter at fifty millions
+a-year.  In reality it is much more: there is loss of time--there is
+sickness induced by intemperance--there are the gaols, and
+police-stations, and police, which would be much less expensive were the
+intemperance of the country less.  Thus, if you change a nation of
+spendthrifts into a nation of economical men, you bring about a great and
+glorious result.  Such a nation never can be poor.  It will always have
+capital, and capital is the fund out of which labour is maintained, out
+of which the arts that humanise and bless mankind spring--out of which
+the soft humanities of life arise.  Thus, then, the Freehold Land
+Movement is attended with great moral and social good.  Viewed
+politically, also, it must be considered to have had the same result.  It
+is something to have made a man an independent voter--to have made him
+feel that he has won his political rights for himself--that he has no
+need to cringe and beg--to have taught him that--
+
+    "Man who man would be
+    Must rule the empire of himself."
+
+Such a man will infuse fresh blood into the constituency.  He will not
+give a vote like a browbeaten tradesman or a dependent tenant-farmer.
+His landlord will not be able to drive him to the polling-booth like a
+sheep.  On the contrary, he will go there erect and free--a man, and not
+a slave.  In every point of view, indeed, the benefits of the movement
+are immense.  In the neighbourhood of all our large towns estates are
+being built on, where the members of the different societies living on
+their own freeholds enjoy the blessings of pure air, and light, and
+water, of which otherwise they would have been deprived.  In Birmingham
+the mortality amongst children has been already lessened 2.5 per cent. in
+consequence of this very fact.  If it be true that we cannot get the
+healthy mind without the healthy body, this is something gained; but when
+we further remember that the money thus profitably invested would most of
+it have been squandered in reckless enjoyment--in body and soul
+destroying drink--it is clear nothing more need be said.  It was
+calculated that out of 25,000 pounds received by the Birmingham Society,
+20,000 pounds have been saved from those sinks of poison, the dram-shop
+and the beer-house.  Mr. James Taylor tells us, "Our working men are
+beginning to ponder the often-quoted saying that every time they swallow
+a glass of ale they swallow a portion of land.  From calculations which
+have been made, it appears that the average price of land is 5.5d. per
+yard, and therefore every time a man drinks a quart of ale he engulphs at
+the same time a yard of solid earth."  Nor is Mr. Taylor alone in his
+testimony.  A correspondent of the _Freeholder_ at Leominster stated,
+that instead of money being spent in drink it was devoted to the society
+there.  In a late report of the Committee of the Coventry Society we read
+that "one of the most pleasing results of the society's operations is the
+improved moral habits of many of its members."  The North and East Riding
+Society also reported "The society's operations produce the best effects
+on the habits of its poorer members by encouraging them to save money
+from the public house."  Similar testimony was also borne by the
+Newcastle Committee, and at Darlington we learn that the society has been
+the means of converting many of its members into steady members of
+society, and instead of finding them at the ale-bench, wrote a
+correspondent, a few months since, "you may now see them at our
+Mechanics' Institution, gaining all the information they can."  Thus,
+then, the Freehold Movement is creating everywhere a great moral
+revolution.  It teaches the drunkard to be sober and the spendthrift to
+save.  It comes to man in his degradation and strikes away the chain and
+sets him free.  To the cause of Temperance it has been a most invaluable
+ally.  For the money saved from the public-house it has been the most
+suitable investment.  No wonder, then, that most of the leading men
+connected with the movement are also connected with the Temperance
+societies, or that it originated with them.  It was born in a Temperance
+Hotel.  Its founder was the Secretary of a Temperance society.  Did the
+Temperance societies effect no other good, for this one fact alone would
+they deserve lasting honour in the land.
+
+
+
+VII.--HINTS FOR THE FORMATION OF FREEHOLD LAND SOCIETIES.
+
+
+There are many counties yet to which the movement has not extended.  For
+the sake of those who may wish to extend it to them, we state that the
+first step to be taken is to procure a copy of the rules of some society
+already in operation.  For this purpose, the Birmingham, the National and
+the Westminster Societies' rules, which have been prepared with care, and
+under the management of practical men, should be procured.  They are
+virtually the same as the rules of an ordinary building society, and are
+certified by Mr. Tidd Pratt.  The next step is the appointment of
+trustees, directors, solicitor and secretary.  This is very important.
+The greater part of the failures which take place in working men's
+associations arise from the incapacity or dishonesty of the directors or
+their officers.  Men of character and substance should be chosen for
+trustees, and for directors men experienced in business, of persevering
+habits, and of unquestionable integrity.  The solicitor and secretary
+ought to be favourably disposed to the objects of the society.  The
+offices for business ought in no case to be connected either with a
+public-house or a Temperance coffee-house.  Eating and drinking are bad
+adjuncts to business.  As every society must incur expenses, it is not
+desirable to form societies in small towns or villages, but to connect
+them with a large society.  The National, for instance, has agents to
+receive subscriptions in every part of the country.  Indeed, many of the
+local societies have become merged in it.  In consequence of its
+excellent business arrangements, and of its immense capital it can do
+what local societies cannot.  Already the Herts and Beds Society, the
+Bristol Society and the Cardiff Society, have become incorporated with
+it, and the arrangement has been found satisfactory to all parties
+concerned, the National having the power to purchase an estate, when a
+local society with its limited funds would be utterly unable to do so.
+The same can be said of the Conservative and other larger societies.
+Local societies have, however, this in their favour.  The managers are
+well known men.  Confidence is felt in them; they appeal to local
+sympathies, and they will have local support.
+
+
+
+VIII.--A LIST OF EXISTING SOCIETIES.
+
+
+It has been suggested that we give a list of the societies at present in
+operation.  We do so here, though aware that the list is necessarily very
+imperfect.  The _Freeholder_ aimed to give a list, but it never could
+give a correct one.  We see Mr. Brooks in his Building Societies
+Directory has also made a similar attempt, and in an equally unsuccessful
+manner.  The societies are so numerous that it is impossible to do more
+than chronicle the existence of the more active ones.  These are:--1. The
+Arundel, 38, Arundel-street, Strand; Manager, Mr. J. Carpenter.  2. The
+Birkbeck, Mechanics' Institution, Southampton-buildings, Chancery-lane;
+Secretary, Mr. F. Ravenscroft.  3. The British, 3, Ivy-lane; Secretary,
+Mr. H. Brooks.  4. The Britannia; Secretary, Mr. D. W. Ruffy, 1a, Great
+George-street, New-road.  4. The Church of England, 22, John-street,
+Adelphi; Secretary, Mr. Campbell.  5. The Conservative, 33,
+Norfolk-street, Strand; Secretary, Mr. Gruneisen.  6. The Chelsea,
+Cheyne-row.  7. The Finsbury, Featherstone-buildings; Secretary, Mr.
+Scott.  8. The Home Counties, Chatham-place, Blackfriars-bridge;
+Secretary, Mr. Knight.  9. The Lambeth, 90 Blackman-street, Borough;
+Secretary, Mr. W. Banks.  10. London District, 10, Leadenhall-street;
+Secretary, Mr. F. Redfern.  11. The London and Suburban; Secretary, Mr.
+Weale.  12. The Metropolitan, 24, East-cheap; Secretary, Mr. D. R. White.
+13. The Marylebone, Great Portland-street; Secretary, Mr. J. W. Knight.
+14. The Middle Class, Peele's Coffee House, Fleet-street; Secretary, Mr.
+W. Peacock.  15. The National, 14, Moorgate-street; Secretary, Mr.
+Whittingham.  16. The North London, British School Room, Denmark-terrace,
+Pentonville; Secretary, Mr. Bernard.  17. The St. Pancras; Secretary, Mr.
+Spring.  18. The Union.  19. The Westminster, 4, Beaufort-buildings,
+Strand; Secretary, Mr. G. Hugget.  Most of these societies are in full
+operation, and have purchased valuable estates.  The probable number of
+Freehold Land Societies in the country is 130.  In some parts societies
+have not flourished, in consequence of their being confounded with
+O'Connor's Land Scheme; in others, more especially in the North, there
+has been an utter impossibility in the way of getting freehold property;
+in others, the management has been languid, and the societies have
+decayed.  But the number is, we believe, that which we have stated; or at
+any rate is as near the truth as it is possible for us to be.
+
+
+
+IX.--CONCLUSION.
+
+
+We have thus gone through our self-appointed task.  We have considered
+the Freehold Land Movement in its origin and effects.  We have shown them
+to be good.  We have shown the movement itself to be well worthy the
+support of every philanthropic man.  It has now grown, and become strong.
+It is now doing what Parliament dare not, providing for the political
+emancipation of the people.  It has put the franchise in the hands of
+honest men.  It has given a new character to political agitation.  It has
+shown how, without resorting to intimidation, or without the frantic
+appeal of the demagogue, the working men of England may enfranchise
+themselves.  Parliament may refuse to legislate on the matter--one Reform
+Bill after another may be prepared, and then thrown by--one party
+combination after another may be driven from the Treasury benches, but
+the movement is gradually working its way, which is to reform Parliament,
+to put down W. B. and his man Frail--to root out the demoralisation of
+which St. Albans is a type, and to give to the people a perfect
+representation in the peopled house.  It is time the present state of
+things was altered.  For this purpose, the Freehold Land Movement exists.
+
+We thus make our appeal to the friends of political progress.  We aim at
+the advocacy of the movement which has for its end what you profess to
+desire.  That movement we believe destined to be the salvation of our
+country, and we ask you to rally round it.  It is true Free-trade is not
+in danger, but Parliamentary Reform is.  A large party headed by Lord
+Derby take their stand by the Bill of '31, and maintain that concession
+has reached its limits--that class legislation is still to prevail--that
+the people are still to be ignored--that inside the constitution are
+still to be the privileged few, and outside of it the unprivileged many.
+Against this mockery we ask England's manhood to protest--not by crowded
+assemblies or inflammatory harangues, but in the constitutional manner
+pointed out by Freehold Land Societies.  We want not voices but votes.
+In the House of Commons, the thoughts that breathe and words that burn
+avail not, but votes are omnipotent.  No member can disregard or despise
+his constituents; their will to him must be law.
+
+But we stop not here.  We seek a still wider support.  The Freehold Land
+Movement has done wonders, it has removed the reproach cast upon the
+working man, that he is reckless and improvident.  It has shown that he
+can save when a proper object is offered.  In a speech a year or two
+since, in the House of Commons, by Mr. Sotheron, M.P. for Wiltshire, it
+was stated that the total number of friendly societies was not less than
+33,232, and the aggregate of the members which they included amounted to
+3,032,000.  The annual revenue of these societies was 4,980,000 pounds,
+and the accumulated capital from the savings of these poor persons was no
+less a sum than 11,360,000 pounds.  Faulty as most of these societies
+were, so desirous of saving was the working man, that he had actually
+entrusted them with the enormous sum we have just named.  If these things
+were done by Friendly Societies, what will not be done when the
+advantages of Freehold Land Societies are well and widely understood?  At
+this time there is much maudlin sympathy expressed on behalf of the
+working classes.  They need it not.  They are stout enough and strong
+enough to take care of themselves.  The Freehold Land Movement has given
+them an investment, and they have become saving men.  The money that
+would formerly have been spent in the public-house has given many a man a
+freehold and a stake in the country, such as even a revising barrister
+must admit.  The present system of revision of votes by barristers is
+bad.  Members of Freehold Land Societies have been much wronged in
+consequence.  One worthy disfranchised several claimants last summer, on
+the ground that the forty-shilling franchise, in all cases, should cost
+50 pounds.  It ought to be in the power of no man to arrive at such a
+decision.  The question should be left to a jury--not to a barrister,
+eager of promotion, and for that purpose desirous to please the powers
+that be.  But still a man may thus obtain wealth and a vote.  And the man
+thus taught self-denial and providence will not be contented with
+remaining merely a freeholder; he cannot make himself that without
+becoming intellectually and morally a better man.  He will be a better
+father of a family, a better citizen, better in his public and private
+life.  Workmen of England, Ireland and Wales, we call upon you to rally
+round the Freehold Land Societies.  They exist for your benefit alone.
+They will give you all that you require--desirable investments for your
+savings--habits of economy and political influence.  You have no need to
+cringe and beg.  All that you want, you have it in your power to obtain.
+Never was there a more favourable time for you to avail yourselves of the
+Freehold Land Societies now springing up in your midst.  You have now
+money you can put by.  When the Corn Laws cursed the land, it would have
+been mockery to have asked you to do so then.  Now the case is altered,
+and you must each one of you seek to elevate yourselves.  As Mr. Cobden
+aptly remarked, half the money annually spent in gin would give the
+people the entire county representation, and thus also provide desirable
+investments for the money that you are morally bound to lay by against a
+rainy day.  The man who refuses to make provision for the future cannot
+expect to prosper.  Not to do so when a man can is a folly and a crime.
+Now then is the time to support the Freehold Land Societies.  Thus when
+sickness or old age or bad times come, you will have something you can
+call your own.  Habits of economy will thus grow and strengthen, and the
+reward will be sure.  Of all luxuries, that of independence is the
+sweetest, and that these societies put within your reach.  Their failure
+is impossible.  They are the societies for the age: they will parcel out
+the English ground amongst English men: their triumph will be the
+emancipation of the working man from the misery and wrongs and
+degradation of the past.
+
+We appeal also to men who aim at the moral reformation of our race--who
+care little about politics--who believe that in a world of knaves it is
+difficult to get a good government at all, and we claim their support.
+The mission of the Freehold Land Movement is the same with theirs.  The
+philanthropist labouring to remove the degradation, which compels to a
+life little better than that of the beasts that perish, men made in the
+image of their Maker--the advocate of Temperance aiming at the
+destruction of a vice which has slain its thousands, and which, like a
+destroying pestilence, still walks the land--the Christian seeking to
+permeate our age with a living faith--all these we claim as co-workers.
+The movement, besides its direct bearings, tends to bring about the
+results they desire.  Not merely has political emancipation been the
+result of the movement--moral emancipation has invariably followed in its
+train.
+
+We thus make our appeal for the support of the cause which is yet in its
+infancy, and which has a thousand trophies yet in store.  Peacefully does
+it conduct the people to power, and give practical utterance to the
+spirit of the age.  The doom of whatever keeps man in subjection to
+another has long been sealed.  The proud patrician of Imperial Rome--the
+feudal baron of the Middle Ages, have passed away.  Even Oxford abandons
+the faith at one time it armed to defend, and no longer acknowledges the
+
+    "Right divine of kings to govern wrong."
+
+Onward to victory is the people's march.  The decree has gone forth, they
+must be free.  For this consummation we have ever hoped and striven.
+From the contentions of party we have ever turned to advocate whatever
+gives to the people moral dignity and political power; to others we leave
+the cause of the privileged classes--the advocacy of existing wrongs--the
+preservation of existing abuses.  We plead the cause of the
+unenfranchised, but of the unenfranchised who have faith and energy and
+self-denial enough to win the franchise for themselves.  We conjure them
+to bestir themselves, to give their support to the Freehold Land
+Movement, to quit themselves like men.  We need at the polling booths
+independent voters, not men who can be bullied or bribed--to make such is
+our aim, for such England needs, aye, and needs more than ever now.
+
+                                * * * * *
+
+                                 THE END.
+
+                                * * * * *
+
+                                * * * * *
+
+       Woodfall and Kinder, Printers, Angel-court, Skinner-street.
+
+
+
+
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