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diff --git a/3279-h/3279-h.htm b/3279-h/3279-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2301af4 --- /dev/null +++ b/3279-h/3279-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,2184 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html + PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> +<head> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=US-ASCII" /> +<title>Canterbury Pieces, by Samuel Butler</title> + <style type="text/css"> +/*<![CDATA[ XML blockout */ +<!-- + P { margin-top: .75em; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + P.gutsumm { margin-left: 5%;} + P.poetry {margin-left: 3%; } + .GutSmall { font-size: 0.7em; } + H1, H2 { + text-align: center; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + } + H3, H4, H5 { + text-align: center; + margin-top: 1em; + margin-bottom: 1em; + } + BODY{margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + } + table { border-collapse: collapse; } +table {margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;} + td { vertical-align: top; border: 1px solid black;} + td p { margin: 0.2em; } + .blkquot {margin-left: 4em; margin-right: 4em;} /* block indent */ + + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + + .pagenum {position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: small; + text-align: right; + font-weight: normal; + color: gray; + } + img { border: none; } + img.dc { float: left; width: 50px; height: 50px; } + p.gutindent { margin-left: 2em; } + div.gapspace { height: 0.8em; } + div.gapline { height: 0.8em; width: 100%; border-top: 1px solid;} + div.gapmediumline { height: 0.3em; width: 40%; margin-left:30%; + border-top: 1px solid; } + div.gapmediumdoubleline { height: 0.3em; width: 40%; margin-left:30%; + border-top: 1px solid; border-bottom: 1px solid;} + div.gapshortdoubleline { height: 0.3em; width: 20%; + margin-left: 40%; border-top: 1px solid; + border-bottom: 1px solid; } + div.gapdoubleline { height: 0.3em; width: 50%; + margin-left: 25%; border-top: 1px solid; + border-bottom: 1px solid;} + div.gapshortline { height: 0.3em; width: 20%; margin-left:40%; + border-top: 1px solid; } + .citation {vertical-align: super; + font-size: .5em; + text-decoration: none;} + span.red { color: red; } + body {background-color: #ffffc0; } + img.floatleft { float: left; + margin-right: 1em; + margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; } + img.floatright { float: right; + margin-left: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em; + margin-bottom: 0.5em; } + img.clearcenter {display: block; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0.5em; + margin-bottom: 0.5em} + --> + /* XML end ]]>*/ + </style> +</head> +<body> +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg eBook, Canterbury Pieces, by Samuel Butler, Edited +by R. A. Streatfeild + + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most +other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions +whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of +the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at +www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have +to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. + + + + +Title: Canterbury Pieces + + +Author: Samuel Butler + +Editor: R. A. Streatfeild + +Release Date: July 26, 2019 [eBook #3279] +[This file was first posted May 24, 2001] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII) + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CANTERBURY PIECES*** +</pre> +<p>Transcribed from the 1914 A. C. Fifield edition by David +Price, email ccx074@pglaf.org</p> +<p style="text-align: center"> +<a href="images/cover.jpg"> +<img alt= +"Public domain cover" +title= +"Public domain cover" + src="images/cover.jpg" /> +</a></p> +<h1>CANTERBURY PIECES</h1> +<p style="text-align: center">By<br /> +<b>Samuel Butler</b><br /> +<span class="GutSmall">Author of “Erewhon,” +“The Way of All Flesh,” etc.</span></p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p style="text-align: center">Edited by R. A. Streatfeild</p> + +<div class="gapspace"> </div> +<p style="text-align: center"><b>London</b>: <b>A. C. +Fifield</b><br /> +1914</p> +<h2>CONTENTS</h2> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span +class="GutSmall">PAGE</span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Darwin on the Origin of Species</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page149">149</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p class="gutindent">A Dialogue</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right" class="gutindent"><span +class="indexpageno"><a href="#page155">155</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p class="gutindent">Barrel-Organs</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right" class="gutindent"><span +class="indexpageno"><a href="#page164">164</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p class="gutindent">Letter: 21 February 1863</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right" class="gutindent"><span +class="indexpageno"><a href="#page167">167</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p class="gutindent">Letter: 14 March 1863</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right" class="gutindent"><span +class="indexpageno"><a href="#page171">171</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p class="gutindent">Letter: 18 March 1863</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right" class="gutindent"><span +class="indexpageno"><a href="#page173">173</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p class="gutindent">Letter: 11 April 1863</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right" class="gutindent"><span +class="indexpageno"><a href="#page175">175</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p class="gutindent">Letter: 22 June 1863</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right" class="gutindent"><span +class="indexpageno"><a href="#page177">177</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Darwin Among the Machines</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page179">179</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Lucubratio Ebria</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page186">186</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>A Note on “The Tempest”</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page195">195</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>The English Cricketers</p> +</td> +<td><p style="text-align: right"><span class="indexpageno"><a +href="#page198">198</a></span></p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<h2><a name="page149"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +149</span>Darwin on the Origin of Species</h2> +<h3>Prefatory Note</h3> +<p><span class="smcap"><i>As</i></span><i> the following dialogue +embodies the earliest fruits of Butler’s study of the works +of Charles Darwin</i>, <i>with whose name his own was destined in +later years to be so closely connected</i>, <i>and thus possesses +an interest apart from its intrinsic merit</i>, <i>a few words as +to the circumstances in which it was published will not be out of +place</i>.</p> +<p><i>Butler arrived in New Zealand in October</i>, 1859, <i>and +about the same time Charles Darwin’s</i> <span +class="smcap">Origin of Species</span> <i>was +published</i>. <i>Shortly afterwards the book came into +Butler’s hands</i>. <i>He seems to have read it +carefully</i>, <i>and meditated upon it</i>. <i>The result +of his meditations took the shape of the following dialogue</i>, +<i>which was published on</i> 20 <i>December</i>, 1862, <i>in +the</i> <span class="smcap">Press</span> <i>which had been +started in the town of Christ Church in May</i>, 1861. +<i>The dialogue did not by any means pass unnoticed</i>. +<i>On the</i> 17<i>th of January</i>, 1863, <i>a leading +article</i> (<i>of course unsigned</i>) <i>appeared in the</i> +<span class="smcap">Press</span>, <i>under the title</i> +“<i>Barrel-Organs</i>,” <i>discussing Darwin’s +theories</i>, <i>and incidentally referring to Butler’s +dialogue</i>. <i>A reply to this article</i>, <i>signed +A.M.</i>, <i>appeared on the</i> 21<i>st of February</i>, <i>and +the correspondence was continued until the</i> 22<i>nd of +June</i>, 1863. <i>The dialogue itself</i>, <i>which was +unearthed from the early files of the</i> <span +class="smcap">Press</span>, <i>mainly owing to the exertions of +Mr. Henry Festing Jones</i>, <i>was reprinted</i>, <i>together +with the correspondence that followed its publication</i>, <i>in +the</i> <span class="smcap">Press</span> <i>of June</i> 8 +<i>and</i> 15, 1912. <i>Soon after the original appearance +of Butler’s dialogue a copy of it fell into the hands of +Charles Darwin</i>, <i>possibly sent to him by a friend in New +Zealand</i>. <i>Darwin was sufficiently struck by it to +forward it to the editor of some magazine</i>, <i>which has not +been identified</i>, <i>with the following letter</i>:—</p> +<blockquote><p style="text-align: right"><i>Down</i>, +<i>Bromley</i>, <i>Kent</i>, <i>S.E.</i><br /> +<i>March</i> 24 [1863].</p> +<p style="text-align: center">(Private).</p> +<p><i>Mr. Darwin takes the liberty to send by this post to the +Editor a New Zealand newspaper for the very improbable chance of +the Editor having some spare space to reprint a Dialogue on +Species</i>. <i>This Dialogue</i>, <i>written by some</i> +[<i>sic</i>] <i>quite unknown to Mr. Darwin</i>, <i>is remarkable +from its spirit and from giving so clear and accurate a view of +Mr. D.</i> [<i>sic</i>] <i>theory</i>. <i>It is also +remarkable from being published in a colony exactly</i> 12 +<i>years old</i>, <i>in which it might have</i> [<i>sic</i>] +<i>thought only material interests would have been +regarded</i>.</p> +</blockquote> +<p><i>The autograph of this letter was purchased from Mr. +Tregaskis by Mr. Festing Jones</i>, <i>and subsequently presented +by him to the Museum at Christ Church</i>. <i>The letter +cannot be dated with certainty</i>, <i>but since Butler’s +dialogue was published in December</i>, 1862, <i>and it is at +least probable that the copy of the</i> <span +class="smcap">Press</span> <i>which contained it was sent to +Darwin shortly after it appeared</i>, <i>we may conclude with +tolerable certainty that the letter was written in March</i>, +1863. <i>Further light is thrown on the controversy by a +correspondence which took place between Butler and Darwin in</i> +1865, <i>shortly after Butler’s return to +England</i>. <i>During that year Butler had published a +pamphlet entitled</i> <span class="smcap">The Evidence for the +Resurrection of Jesus Christ as given by the Four Evangelists +critically examined</span>, <i>of which he afterwards +incorporated the substance into</i> <span class="smcap">The Fair +Haven</span>. <i>Butler sent a copy of this pamphlet to +Darwin</i>, <i>and in due course received the following +reply</i>:—</p> +<blockquote><p style="text-align: right"><i>Down</i>, +<i>Bromley</i>, <i>Kent</i>.<br /> +<i>September</i> 30 [1865].</p> +<p><i>My dear Sir</i>,—<i>I am much obliged to you for so +kindly sending me your Evidences</i>, <i>etc.</i> <i>We +have read it with much interest</i>. <i>It seems to me +written with much force</i>, <i>vigour</i>, <i>and clearness</i>; +<i>and the main argument to me is quite new</i>. <i>I +particularly agree with all you say in your preface</i>.</p> +<p><i>I do not know whether you intend to return to New +Zealand</i>, <i>and</i>, <i>if you are inclined to write</i>, +<i>I should much like to know what your future plans are</i>.</p> +<p><i>My health has been so bad during the last five months that +I have been confined to my bedroom</i>. <i>Had it been +otherwise I would have asked you if you could have spared the +time to have paid us a visit</i>; <i>but this at present is +impossible</i>, <i>and I fear will be so for some time</i>.</p> +<p><i>With my best thanks for your present</i>,</p> +<p><i>I remain</i>,</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>My dear Sir</i>,</p> +<p style="text-align: right"><i>Yours very faithfully</i>,<br /> +<i>Charles Darwin</i>.</p> +</blockquote> +<p><i>To this letter Butler replied as follows</i>:—</p> +<blockquote><p style="text-align: right">15 <i>Clifford’s +Inn</i>, <i>E.C.</i><br /> +<i>October</i> 1<i>st</i>, 1865.</p> +<p><i>Dear Sir</i>,—<i>I knew you were ill and I never +meant to give you the fatigue of writing to me</i>. +<i>Please do not trouble yourself to do so again</i>. <i>As +you kindly ask my plans I may say that</i>, <i>though I very +probably may return to New Zealand in three or four years</i>, +<i>I have no intention of doing so before that time</i>. +<i>My study is art</i>, <i>and anything else I may indulge in is +only by-play</i>; <i>it may cause you some little wonder that at +my age I should have started as an art student</i>, <i>and I may +perhaps be permitted to explain that this was always my wish for +years</i>, <i>that I had begun six years ago</i>, <i>as soon as +ever I found that I could not conscientiously take orders</i>; +<i>my father so strongly disapproved of the idea that I gave it +up and went out to New Zealand</i>, <i>stayed there for five +years</i>, <i>worked like a common servant</i>, <i>though on a +run of my own</i>, <i>and sold out little more than a year +ago</i>, <i>thinking that prices were going to +fall</i>—<i>which they have since done</i>. <i>Being +then rather at a loss what to do and my capital being all locked +up</i>, <i>I took the opportunity to return to my old plan</i>, +<i>and have been studying for the last ten years +unremittingly</i>. <i>I hope that in three or four years +more I shall be able to go on very well by myself</i>, <i>and +then I may go back to New Zealand or no as circumstances shall +seem to render advisable</i>. <i>I must apologise for so +much detail</i>, <i>but hardly knew how to explain myself without +it</i>.</p> +<p><i>I always delighted in your</i> <span class="smcap">Origin +of Species</span> <i>as soon as I saw it out in New +Zealand</i>—<i>not as knowing anything whatsoever of +natural history</i>, <i>but it enters into so many deeply +interesting questions</i>, <i>or rather it suggests so many</i>, +<i>that it thoroughly fascinated me</i>. <i>I therefore +feel all the greater pleasure that my pamphlet should please +you</i>, <i>however full of errors</i>.</p> +<p><i>The first dialogue on the</i> <span +class="smcap">Origin</span> <i>which I wrote in the</i> <span +class="smcap">Press</span> <i>called forth a contemptuous +rejoinder from</i> (<i>I believe</i>) <i>the Bishop of +Wellington</i>—(<i>please do not mention the name</i>, +<i>though I think that at this distance of space and time I might +mention it to yourself</i>) <i>I answered it with the +enclosed</i>, <i>which may amuse you</i>. <i>I assumed +another character because my dialogue was in my hearing very +severely criticised by two or three whose opinion I thought worth +having</i>, <i>and I deferred to their judgment in my +next</i>. <i>I do not think I should do so now</i>. +<i>I fear you will be shocked at an appeal to the periodicals +mentioned in my letter</i>, <i>but they form a very staple +article of bush diet</i>, <i>and we used to get a good deal of +superficial knowledge out of them</i>. <i>I feared to go in +too heavy on the side of the</i> <span +class="smcap">Origin</span>, <i>because I thought that</i>, +<i>having said my say as well as I could</i>, <i>I had better now +take a less impassioned tone</i>; <i>but I was really exceedingly +angry</i>.</p> +<p><i>Please do not trouble yourself to answer this</i>, <i>and +believe me</i>,</p> +</blockquote> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Yours most sincerely</i>,</p> +<p style="text-align: right"><i>S. Butler</i>.</p> +<p><i>This elicited a second letter from Darwin</i>:—</p> +<blockquote><p style="text-align: right"><i>Down</i>, +<i>Bromley</i>, <i>Kent</i>.<br /> +<i>October</i> 6.</p> +<p><i>My dear Sir</i>,—<i>I thank you sincerely for your +kind and frank letter</i>, <i>which has interested me +greatly</i>. <i>What a singular and varied career you have +already run</i>. <i>Did you keep any journal or notes in +New Zealand</i>? <i>For it strikes me that with your rare +powers of writing you might make a very interesting work +descriptive of a colonist’s life in New Zealand</i>.</p> +<p><i>I return your printed letter</i>, <i>which you might like +to keep</i>. <i>It has amused me</i>, <i>especially the +part in which you criticise yourself</i>. <i>To appreciate +the letter fully I ought to have read the bishop’s +letter</i>, <i>which seems to have been very rich</i>.</p> +<p><i>You tell me not to answer your note</i>, <i>but I could not +resist the wish to thank you for your letter</i>.</p> +<p><i>With every good wish</i>, <i>believe me</i>, <i>my dear +Sir</i>,</p> +<p style="text-align: right"><i>Yours sincerely</i>,<br /> +<i>Ch. Darwin</i>.</p> +</blockquote> +<p><i>It is curious that in this correspondence Darwin makes no +reference to the fact that he had already had in his possession a +copy of Butler’s dialogue and had endeavoured to induce the +editor of an English periodical to reprint it</i>. <i>It is +possible that we have not here the whole of the correspondence +which passed between Darwin and Butler at this period</i>, <i>and +this theory is supported by the fact that Butler seems to take +for granted that Darwin knew all about the appearance of the +original dialogue on the</i> <span class="smcap">Origin of +Species</span> <i>in the</i> <span +class="smcap">Press</span>. <i>Enough</i>, <i>however</i>, +<i>has been given to explain the correspondence which the +publication of the dialogue occasioned</i>. <i>I do not +know what authority Butler had for supposing that Charles John +Abraham</i>, <i>Bishop of Wellington</i>, <i>was the author of +the article entitled</i> “<i>Barrel-Organs</i>,” +<i>and the</i> “<i>Savoyard</i>” <i>of the subsequent +controversy</i>. <i>However</i>, <i>at that time Butler was +deep in the </i><a name="page155"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +155</span><i>counsels of the</i> <span +class="smcap">Press</span>, <i>and he may have received private +information on the subject</i>. <i>Butler’s own +reappearance over the initials A.M. is sufficiently explained in +his letter to Darwin</i>.</p> +<p><i>It is worth observing that Butler appears in the dialogue +and ensuing correspondence in a character very different from +that which he was later to assume</i>. <i>Here we have him +as an ardent supporter of Charles Darwin</i>, <i>and adopting a +contemptuous tone with regard to the claims of Erasmus Darwin to +have sown the seed which was afterwards raised to maturity by his +grandson</i>. <i>It would be interesting to know if it was +this correspondence that first turned Butler’s attention +seriously to the works of the older evolutionists and ultimately +led to the production of</i> <span +class="smcap">Evolution</span>, <span class="smcap">Old and +New</span>, <i>in which the indebtedness of Charles Darwin to +Erasmus Darwin</i>, <i>Buffon and Lamarck is demonstrated with +such compelling force</i>.</p> +<h3>A Dialogue</h3> +<p style="text-align: center">[From the <i>Press</i>, 20 +December, 1862.]</p> +<p>F. So you have finished Darwin? Well, how did you +like him?</p> +<p>C. You cannot expect me to like him. He is so hard +and logical, and he treats his subject with such an intensity of +dry reasoning without giving himself the loose rein for a single +moment from one end of the book to the other, that I must confess +I have found it a great effort to read him through.</p> +<p>F. But I fancy that, if you are to be candid, you will +admit that the fault lies rather with yourself than with the +book. Your knowledge of natural history is so superficial +that you are constantly baffled by terms of which you do not +understand the meaning, and in which you consequently lose all +interest. I admit, however, that the book is hard and +laborious reading; and, moreover, that the writer appears to have +predetermined from the commencement to reject all ornament, and +simply to argue from beginning to end, from point to point, till +he conceived that he had made his case sufficiently clear.</p> +<p>C. I agree with you, and I do not like his book partly +on that very account. He seems to have no eye but for the +single point at which he is aiming.</p> +<p>F. But is not that a great virtue in a writer?</p> +<p>C. A great virtue, but a cold and hard one.</p> +<p>F. In my opinion it is a grave and wise one. +Moreover, I conceive that the judicial calmness which so strongly +characterises the whole book, the absence of all passion, the air +of extreme and anxious caution which pervades it throughout, are +rather the result of training and artificially acquired +self-restraint than symptoms of a cold and unimpassioned nature; +at any rate, whether the lawyer-like faculty of swearing both +sides of a question and attaching the full value to both is +acquired or natural in Darwin’s case, you will admit that +such a habit of mind is essential for any really valuable and +scientific investigation.</p> +<p>C. I admit it. Science is all head—she has +no heart at all.</p> +<p>F. You are right. But a man of science may be a +man of other things besides science, and though he may have, and +ought to have no heart during a scientific investigation, yet +when he has once come to a conclusion he may be hearty enough in +support of it, and in his other capacities may be of as warm a +temperament as even you can desire.</p> +<p>C. I tell you I do not like the book.</p> +<p>F. May I catechise you a little upon it?</p> +<p>C. To your heart’s content.</p> +<p>F. Firstly, then, I will ask you what is the one great +impression that you have derived from reading it; or, rather, +what do you think to be the main impression that Darwin wanted +you to derive?</p> +<p>C. Why, I should say some such thing as the +following—that men are descended from monkeys, and monkeys +from something else, and so on back to dogs and horses and +hedge-sparrows and pigeons and cinipedes (what is a cinipede?) +and cheesemites, and then through the plants down to +duckweed.</p> +<p>F. You express the prevalent idea concerning the book, +which as you express it appears nonsensical enough.</p> +<p>C. How, then, should you express it yourself?</p> +<p>F. Hand me the book and I will read it to you through +from beginning to end, for to express it more briefly than Darwin +himself has done is almost impossible.</p> +<p>C. That is nonsense; as you asked me what impression I +derived from the book, so now I ask you, and I charge you to +answer me.</p> +<p>F. Well, I assent to the justice of your demand, but I +shall comply with it by requiring your assent to a few principal +statements deducible from the work.</p> +<p>C. So be it.</p> +<p>F. You will grant then, firstly, that all plants and +animals increase very rapidly, and that unless they were in some +manner checked, the world would soon be overstocked. Take +cats, for instance; see with what rapidity they breed on the +different runs in this province where there is little or nothing +to check them; or even take the more slowly breeding sheep, and +see how soon 500 ewes become 5000 sheep under favourable +circumstances. Suppose this sort of thing to go on for a +hundred million years or so, and where would be the standing room +for all the different plants and animals that would be now +existing, did they not materially check each other’s +increase, or were they not liable in some way to be checked by +other causes? Remember the quail; how plentiful they were +until the cats came with the settlers from Europe. Why were +they so abundant? Simply because they had plenty to eat, +and could get sufficient shelter from the hawks to multiply +freely. The cats came, and tussocks stood the poor little +creatures in but poor stead. The cats increased and +multiplied because they had plenty of food and no natural enemy +to check them. Let them wait a year or two, till they have +materially reduced the larks also, as they have long since +reduced the quail, and let them have to depend solely upon +occasional dead lambs and sheep, and they will find a certain +rather formidable natural enemy called Famine rise slowly but +inexorably against them and slaughter them wholesale. The +first proposition then to which I demand your assent is that all +plants and animals tend to increase in a high geometrical ratio; +that they all endeavour to get that which is necessary for their +own welfare; that, as unfortunately there are conflicting +interests in Nature, collisions constantly occur between +different animals and plants, whereby the rate of increase of +each species is very materially checked. Do you admit +this?</p> +<p>C. Of course; it is obvious.</p> +<p>F. You admit then that there is in Nature a perpetual +warfare of plant, of bird, of beast, of fish, of reptile; that +each is striving selfishly for its own advantage, and will get +what it wants if it can.</p> +<p>C. If what?</p> +<p>F. If it can. How comes it then that sometimes it +cannot? Simply because all are not of equal strength, and +the weaker must go to the wall.</p> +<p>C. You seem to gloat over your devilish statement.</p> +<p>F. Gloat or no gloat, is it true or no? I am not +one of those</p> +<blockquote><p>“Who would unnaturally better Nature<br /> +By making out that that which is, is not.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>If the law of Nature is “struggle,” it is better +to look the matter in the face and adapt yourself to the +conditions of your existence. Nature will not bow to you, +neither will you mend matters by patting her on the back and +telling her that she is not so black as she is painted. My +dear fellow, my dear sentimental friend, do you eat roast beef or +roast mutton?</p> +<p>C. Drop that chaff and go back to the matter in +hand.</p> +<p>F. To continue then with the cats. Famine comes +and tests them, so to speak; the weaker, the less active, the +less cunning, and the less enduring cats get killed off, and only +the strongest and smartest cats survive; there will be no +favouritism shown to animals in a state of Nature; they will be +weighed in the balance, and the weight of a hair will sometimes +decide whether they shall be found wanting or no. This +being the case, the cats having been thus naturally culled and +the stronger having been preserved, there will be a gradual +tendency to improve manifested among the cats, even as among our +own mobs of sheep careful culling tends to improve the flock.</p> +<p>C. This, too, is obvious.</p> +<p>F. Extend this to all animals and plants, and the same +thing will hold good concerning them all. I shall now +change the ground and demand assent to another statement. +You know that though the offspring of all plants and animals is +in the main like the parent, yet that in almost every instance +slight deviations occur, and that sometimes there is even +considerable divergence from the parent type. It must also +be admitted that these slight variations are often, or at least +sometimes, capable of being perpetuated by inheritance. +Indeed, it is only in consequence of this fact that our sheep and +cattle have been capable of so much improvement.</p> +<p>C. I admit this.</p> +<p>F. Then the whole matter lies in a nutshell. +Suppose that hundreds of millions of years ago there existed upon +this earth a single primordial form of the very lowest life, or +suppose that three or four such primordial forms existed. +Change of climate, of food, of any of the circumstances which +surrounded any member of this first and lowest class of life +would tend to alter it in some slight manner, and the alteration +would have a tendency to perpetuate itself by inheritance. +Many failures would doubtless occur, but with the lapse of time +slight deviations would undoubtedly become permanent and +inheritable, those alone being perpetuated which were beneficial +to individuals in whom they appeared. Repeat the process +with each deviation and we shall again obtain divergences (in the +course of ages) differing more strongly from the ancestral form, +and again those that enable their possessor to struggle for +existence most efficiently will be preserved. Repeat this +process for millions and millions of years, and, as it is +impossible to assign any limit to variability, it would seem as +though the present diversities of species must certainly have +come about sooner or later, and that other divergences will +continue to come about to the end of time. The great agent +in this development of life has been competition. This has +culled species after species, and secured that those alone should +survive which were best fitted for the conditions by which they +found themselves surrounded. Endeavour to take a +bird’s-eye view of the whole matter. See battle after +battle, first in one part of the world, then in another, +sometimes raging more fiercely and sometimes less; even as in +human affairs war has always existed in some part of the world +from the earliest known periods, and probably always will +exist. While a species is conquering in one part of the +world it is being subdued in another, and while its conquerors +are indulging in their triumph down comes the fiat for their +being culled and drafted out, some to life and some to death, and +so forth <i>ad infinitum</i>.</p> +<p>C. It is very horrid.</p> +<p>F. No more horrid than that you should eat roast mutton +or boiled beef.</p> +<p>C. But it is utterly subversive of Christianity; for if +this theory is true the fall of man is entirely fabulous; and if +the fall, then the redemption, these two being inseparably bound +together.</p> +<p>F. My dear friend, there I am not bound to follow +you. I believe in Christianity, and I believe in +Darwin. The two appear irreconcilable. My answer to +those who accuse me of inconsistency is, that both being +undoubtedly true, the one must be reconcilable with the other, +and that the impossibility of reconciling them must be only +apparent and temporary, not real. The reconciliation will +never be effected by planing a little off the one and a little +off the other and then gluing them together with glue. +People will not stand this sort of dealing, and the rejection of +the one truth or of the other is sure to follow upon any such +attempt being persisted in. The true course is to use the +freest candour in the acknowledgment of the difficulty; to +estimate precisely its real value, and obtain a correct knowledge +of its precise form. Then and then only is there a chance +of any satisfactory result being obtained. For unless the +exact nature of the difficulty be known first, who can attempt to +remove it? Let me re-state the matter once again. All +animals and plants in a state of Nature are undergoing constant +competition for the necessaries of life. Those that can +hold their ground hold it; those that cannot hold it are +destroyed. But as it also happens that slight changes of +food, of habit, of climate, of circumjacent accident, and so +forth, produce a slight tendency to vary in the offspring of any +plant or animal, it follows that among these slight variations +some may be favourable to the individual in whom they appear, and +may place him in a better position than his fellows as regards +the enemies with whom his interests come into collision. In +this case he will have a better chance of surviving than his +fellows; he will thus stand also a better chance of continuing +the species, and in his offspring his own slight divergence from +the parent type will be apt to appear. However slight the +divergence, if it be beneficial to the individual it is likely to +preserve the individual and to reappear in his offspring, and +this process may be repeated <i>ad infinitum</i>. Once +grant these two things, and the rest is a mere matter of time and +degree. That the immense differences between the camel and +the pig should have come about in six thousand years is not +believable; but in six hundred million years it is not +incredible, more especially when we consider that by the +assistance of geology a very perfect chain has been formed +between the two. Let this instance suffice. Once +grant the principles, once grant that competition is a great +power in Nature, and that changes of circumstances and habits +produce a tendency to variation in the offspring (no matter how +slight such variation may be), and unless you can define the +possible limit of such variation during an infinite series of +generations, unless you can show that there is a limit, and that +Darwin’s theory over-steps it, you have no right to reject +his conclusions. As for the objections to the theory, +Darwin has treated them with admirable candour, and our time is +too brief to enter into them here. My recommendation to you +is that you should read the book again.</p> +<p>C. Thank you, but for my own part I confess to caring +very little whether my millionth ancestor was <a +name="page164"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 164</span>a gorilla +or no; and as Darwin’s book does not please me, I shall not +trouble myself further about the matter.</p> +<h3>Barrel-Organs</h3> +<p style="text-align: center">[From the <i>Press</i>, 17 January, +1863.]</p> +<p>Dugald Stewart in his <i>Dissertation on the Progress of +Metaphysics</i> says: “On reflecting on the repeated +reproduction of ancient paradoxes by modern authors one is almost +tempted to suppose that human invention is limited, like a +barrel-organ, to a specific number of tunes.”</p> +<p>It would be a very amusing and instructive task for a man of +reading and reflection to note down the instances he meets with +of these old tunes coming up again and again in regular +succession with hardly any change of note, and with all the old +hitches and involuntary squeaks that the barrel-organ had played +in days gone by. It is most amusing to see the old +quotations repeated year after year and volume after volume, till +at last some more careful enquirer turns to the passage referred +to and finds that they have all been taken in and have followed +the lead of the first daring inventor of the mis-statement. +Hallam has had the courage, in the supplement to his <i>History +of the Middle Ages</i>, p. 398, to acknowledge an error of this +sort that he has been led into.</p> +<p>But the particular instance of barrel-organism that is present +to our minds just now is the Darwinian theory of the development +of species by natural selection, of which we hear so much. +This is nothing new, but a <i>réchauffée</i> of the +old story that his namesake, Dr. Darwin, served up in the end of +the last century to Priestley and his admirers, and Lord Monboddo +had cooked in the beginning of the same century. We have +all heard of his theory that man was developed directly from the +monkey, and that we all lost our tails by sitting too much upon +that appendage.</p> +<p>We learn from that same great and cautious writer Hallam in +his <i>History of Literature</i> that there are traces of this +theory and of other popular theories of the present day in the +works of Giordano Bruno, the Neapolitan who was burnt at Rome by +the Inquisition in 1600. It is curious to read the titles +of his works and to think of Dugald Stewart’s remark about +barrel-organs. For instance he wrote on “The +Plurality of Worlds,” and on the universal +“Monad,” a name familiar enough to the readers of +<i>Vestiges of Creation</i>. He was a Pantheist, and, as +Hallam says, borrowed all his theories from the eclectic +philosophers, from Plotinus and the Neo-Platonists, and +ultimately they were no doubt of Oriental origin. This is +just what has been shown again and again to be the history of +German Pantheism; it is a mere barrel-organ repetition of the +Brahman metaphysics found in Hindu cosmogonies. +Bruno’s theory regarding development of species was in +Hallam’s words: “There is nothing so small or so +unimportant but that a portion of spirit dwells in it; and this +spiritual substance requires a proper subject to become a plant +or an animal”; and Hallam in a note on this passage +observes how the modern theories of equivocal generation +correspond with Bruno’s.</p> +<p>No doubt Hallam is right in saying that they are all of +Oriental origin. Pythagoras borrowed from thence his +kindred theory of the metempsychosis, or transmigration of +souls. But he was more consistent than modern philosophers; +he recognised a downward development as well as an upward, and +made morality and immorality the crisis and turning-point of +change—a bold lion developed into a brave warrior, a +drunken sot developed into a wallowing pig, and Darwin’s +slave-making ants, p. 219, would have been formerly Virginian +cotton and tobacco growers.</p> +<p>Perhaps Prometheus was the first Darwin of antiquity, for he +is said to have begun his creation from below, and after passing +from the invertebrate to the sub-vertebrate, from thence to the +backbone, from the backbone to the mammalia, and from the +mammalia to the manco-cerebral, he compounded man of each and +all:—</p> +<blockquote><p>Fertur Prometheus addere principi<br /> +Limo coactus particulam undique<br /> +Desectam et insani leonis<br /> +Vim stomacho apposuisse nostro.</p> +</blockquote> +<p>One word more about barrel-organs. We have heard on the +undoubted authority of ear and eyewitnesses, that in a +neighbouring province there is a church where the psalms are sung +to a barrel-organ, but unfortunately the psalm tunes come in the +middle of the set, and the jigs and waltzes have to be played +through before the psalm can start. Just so is it with +Darwinism and all similar theories. All his fantasias, as +we saw in a late article, are made to come round at last to +religious questions, with which really and truly they have +nothing to do, but were it not for their supposed effect upon +religion, no one would waste <a name="page167"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 167</span>his time in reading about the +possibility of Polar bears swimming about and catching flies so +long that they at last get the fins they wish for.</p> +<h3>Darwin on Species<br /> +[From the <i>Press</i>, 21 February, 1863.]</h3> +<p style="text-align: center">To the Editor of the +<i>Press</i>.</p> +<p>Sir—In two of your numbers you have already taken notice +of Darwin’s theory of the origin of species; I would +venture to trespass upon your space in order to criticise briefly +both your notices.</p> +<p>The first is evidently the composition of a warm adherent of +the theory in question; the writer overlooks all the real +difficulties in the way of accepting it, and, caught by the +obvious truth of much that Darwin says, has rushed to the +conclusion that all is equally true. He writes with the +tone of a partisan, of one deficient in scientific caution, and +from the frequent repetition of the same ideas manifest in his +dialogue one would be led to suspect that he was but little +versed in habits of literary composition and philosophical +argument. Yet he may fairly claim the merit of having +written in earnest. He has treated a serious subject +seriously according to his lights; and though his lights are not +brilliant ones, yet he has apparently done his best to show the +theory on which he is writing in its most favourable +aspect. He is rash, evidently well satisfied with himself, +very possibly mistaken, and just one of those persons who +(without intending it) are more apt to mislead than to lead the +few people that put their trust in them. A few will always +follow them, for a strong faith is always more or less impressive +upon persons who are too weak to have any definite and original +faith of their own. The second writer, however, assumes a +very different tone. His arguments to all practical intents +and purposes run as follows:—</p> +<p>Old fallacies are constantly recurring. Therefore +Darwin’s theory is a fallacy.</p> +<p>They come again and again, like tunes in a barrel-organ. +Therefore Darwin’s theory is a fallacy.</p> +<p>Hallam made a mistake, and in his <i>History of the Middle +Ages</i>, p. 398, he corrects himself. Therefore +Darwin’s theory is wrong.</p> +<p>Dr. Darwin in the last century said the same thing as his son +or grandson says now—will the writer of the article refer +to anything bearing on natural selection and the struggle for +existence in Dr. Darwin’s work?—and a foolish +nobleman said something foolish about monkey’s tails. +Therefore Darwin’s theory is wrong.</p> +<p>Giordano Bruno was burnt in the year 1600 <span +class="GutSmall">A.D.</span>; he was a Pantheist; therefore +Darwin’s theory is wrong.</p> +<p>And finally, as a clinching argument, in one of the +neighbouring settlements there is a barrel-organ which plays its +psalm tunes in the middle of its jigs and waltzes. After +this all lingering doubts concerning the falsehood of +Darwin’s theory must be at an end, and any person of +ordinary common sense must admit that the theory of development +by natural selection is unwarranted by experience and reason.</p> +<p>The articles conclude with an implied statement that Darwin +supposes the Polar bear to swim about catching flies for so long +a period that at last it gets the fins it wishes for.</p> +<p>Now, however sceptical I may yet feel about the truth of all +Darwin’s theory, I cannot sit quietly by and see him +misrepresented in such a scandalously slovenly manner. What +Darwin does say is that sometimes diversified and changed habits +may be observed in individuals of the same species; that is that +there are eccentric animals just as there are eccentric +men. He adduces a few instances and winds up by saying that +“in North America the black bear was seen by Hearne +swimming for hours with widely open mouth, thus +catching—almost like a whale—insects in the +water.” This and nothing more. (See pp. 201 and +202.)</p> +<p>Because Darwin says that a bear of rather eccentric habits +happened to be seen by Hearne swimming for hours and catching +insects almost like a whale, your writer (with a carelessness +hardly to be reprehended in sufficiently strong terms) asserts by +implication that Darwin supposes the whale to be developed from +the bear by the latter having had a strong desire to possess +fins. This is disgraceful.</p> +<p>I can hardly be mistaken in supposing that I have quoted the +passage your writer alludes to. Should I be in error, I +trust he will give the reference to the place in which Darwin is +guilty of the nonsense that is fathered upon him in your +article.</p> +<p>It must be remembered that there have been few great +inventions in physics or discoveries in science which have not +been foreshadowed to a certain extent by speculators who were +indeed mistaken, but were yet more or less on the right +scent. Day is heralded by dawn, Apollo by Aurora, and thus +it often happens that a real discovery may wear to the careless +observer much the same appearance as an exploded fallacy, whereas +in fact it is widely different. As much caution is due in +the rejection of a theory as in the acceptation of it. The +first of your writers is too hasty in accepting, the second in +refusing even a candid examination.</p> +<p>Now, when the <i>Saturday Review</i>, the <i>Cornhill +Magazine</i>, <i>Once a Week</i>, and <i>Macmillan’s +Magazine</i>, not to mention other periodicals, have either +actually and completely as in the case of the first two, +provisionally as in the last mentioned, given their adherence to +the theory in question, it may be taken for granted that the +arguments in its favour are sufficiently specious to have +attracted the attention and approbation of a considerable number +of well-educated men in England. Three months ago the +theory of development by natural selection was openly supported +by Professor Huxley before the British Association at +Cambridge. I am not adducing Professor Huxley’s +advocacy as a proof that Darwin is right (indeed, Owen opposed +him tooth and nail), but as a proof that there is sufficient to +be said on Darwin’s side to demand more respectful +attention than your last writer has thought it worth while to +give it. A theory which the British Association is +discussing with great care in England is not to be set down by +off-hand nicknames in Canterbury.</p> +<p>To those, however, who do feel an interest in the question, I +would venture to give a word or two of <a +name="page171"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +171</span>advice. I would strongly deprecate forming a +hurried opinion for or against the theory. Naturalists in +Europe are canvassing the matter with the utmost diligence, and a +few years must show whether they will accept the theory or +no. It is plausible; that can be decided by no one. +Whether it is true or no can be decided only among naturalists +themselves. We are outsiders, and most of us must be +content to sit on the stairs till the great men come forth and +give us the benefit of their opinion.</p> +<p style="text-align: center">I am, Sir,</p> +<p style="text-align: right">Your obedient servant,<br /> +A. M.</p> +<h3>Darwin on Species<br /> +[From the <i>Press</i>, March 14th, 1863.]</h3> +<p style="text-align: center">To the Editor of the +<i>Press</i>.</p> +<p>Sir—A correspondent signing himself “A. M.” +in the issue of February 21st says:—“Will the writer +(of an article on barrel-organs) refer to anything bearing upon +natural selection and the struggle for existence in Dr. +Darwin’s work?” This is one of the trade forms +by which writers imply that there is no such passage, and yet +leave a loophole if they are proved wrong. I will, however, +furnish him with a passage from the notes of Darwin’s +<i>Botanic Garden</i>:—</p> +<p>“I am acquainted with a philosopher who, contemplating +this subject, thinks it not impossible that the first insects +were anthers or stigmas of flowers, which had by some means +loosed themselves from their parent plant; and that many insects +have gradually in long process of time been formed from these, +some acquiring wings, others fins, and others claws, from their +ceaseless efforts to procure their food or to secure themselves +from injury. The anthers or stigmas are therefore separate +beings.”</p> +<p>This passage contains the germ of Mr. Charles Darwin’s +theory of the origin of species by natural selection:—</p> +<p>“Analogy would lead me to the belief that all animals +and plants have descended from one prototype.”</p> +<p>Here are a few specimens, his illustrations of the +theory:—</p> +<p>“There seems to me no great difficulty in believing that +natural selection has actually converted a swim-bladder into a +lung or organ used exclusively for respiration.” +“A swim-bladder has apparently been converted into an +air-breathing lung.” “We must be cautious in +concluding that a bat could not have been formed by natural +selection from an animal which at first could only glide through +the air.” “I can see no insuperable difficulty +in further believing it possible that the membrane-connected +fingers and forearm of the galeopithecus might be greatly +lengthened by natural selection, and this, as far as the organs +of flight are concerned, would convert it into a +bat.” “The framework of bones being the same in +the hand of a man, wing of a bat, fin of a porpoise, and leg of a +horse, the same number of vertebræ forming the neck of the +giraffe and of the elephant, and innumerable other such facts, at +once explain themselves on the theory of descent with slow and +slight successive modifications.”</p> +<p><a name="page173"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 173</span>I do +not mean to go through your correspondent’s letter, +otherwise “I could hardly reprehend in sufficiently strong +terms” (and all that sort of thing) the perversion of what +I said about Giordano Bruno. But “ex uno disce +omnes”—I am, etc.,</p> +<p style="text-align: right">“<span class="smcap">The +Savoyard</span>.”</p> +<h3>Darwin on Species<br /> +[From the <i>Press</i>, 18 March, 1863.]</h3> +<p style="text-align: center">To the Editor of the +<i>Press</i>.</p> +<p>Sir—The “Savoyard” of last Saturday has +shown that he has perused Darwin’s <i>Botanic Garden</i> +with greater attention than myself. I am obliged to him for +his correction of my carelessness, and have not the smallest +desire to make use of any loopholes to avoid being “proved +wrong.” Let, then, the “Savoyard’s” +assertion that Dr. Darwin had to a certain extent forestalled Mr. +C. Darwin stand, and let my implied denial that in the older +Darwin’s works passages bearing on natural selection, or +the struggle for existence, could be found, go for nought, or +rather let it be set down against me.</p> +<p>What follows? Has the “Savoyard” (supposing +him to be the author of the article on barrel-organs) adduced one +particle of real argument the more to show that the real +Darwin’s theory is wrong?</p> +<p>The elder Darwin writes in a note that “he is acquainted +with a philosopher who thinks it not impossible that the first +insects were the anthers or stigmas of flowers, which by some +means, etc. etc.” This is mere speculation, not a +definite theory, and though the passage above as quoted by the +“Savoyard” certainly does contain the germ of +Darwin’s theory, what is it more than the crudest and most +unshapen germ? And in what conceivable way does this +discovery of the egg invalidate the excellence of the +chicken?</p> +<p>Was there ever a great theory yet which was not more or less +developed from previous speculations which were all to a certain +extent wrong, and all ridiculed, perhaps not undeservedly, at the +time of their appearance? There is a wide difference +between a speculation and a theory. A speculation involves +the notion of a man climbing into a lofty position, and descrying +a somewhat remote object which he cannot fully make out. A +theory implies that the theorist has looked long and steadfastly +till he is clear in his own mind concerning the nature of the +thing which he is beholding. I submit that the +“Savoyard” has unfairly made use of the failure of +certain speculations in order to show that a distinct theory is +untenable.</p> +<p>Let it be granted that Darwin’s theory has been +foreshadowed by numerous previous writers. Grant the +“Savoyard” his Giordano Bruno, and give full weight +to the barrel-organ in a neighbouring settlement, I would still +ask, has the theory of natural development of species ever been +placed in anything approaching its present clear and connected +form before the appearance of Mr. Darwin’s book? Has +it ever received the full attention of the scientific world as a +duly organised theory, one presented in a tangible shape and +demanding investigation, as the conclusion arrived at by a man of +known scientific attainments <a name="page175"></a><span +class="pagenum">p. 175</span>after years of patient toil? +The upshot of the barrel-organs article was to answer this +question in the affirmative and to pooh-pooh all further +discussion.</p> +<p>It would be mere presumption on my part either to attack or +defend Darwin, but my indignation was roused at seeing him +misrepresented and treated disdainfully. I would wish, too, +that the “Savoyard” would have condescended to notice +that little matter of the bear. I have searched my copy of +Darwin again and again to find anything relating to the subject +except what I have quoted in my previous letter.</p> +<p style="text-align: center">I am, Sir, your obedient +servant,</p> +<p style="text-align: right">A. M.</p> +<h3>Darwin on Species<br /> +[From the <i>Press</i>, April 11th, 1863.]</h3> +<p style="text-align: center">To the Editor of the +<i>Press</i>.</p> +<p>Sir—Your correspondent “A. M.” is +pertinacious on the subject of the bear being changed into a +whale, which I said Darwin contemplated as not impossible. +I did not take the trouble in any former letter to answer him on +that point, as his language was so intemperate. He has +modified his tone in his last letter, and really seems open to +the conviction that he may be the “careless” writer +after all; and so on reflection I have determined to give him the +opportunity of doing me justice.</p> +<p>In his letter of February 21 he says: “I cannot sit by +and see Darwin misrepresented in such a scandalously slovenly +manner. What Darwin does say is ‘that <span +class="GutSmall">SOMETIMES</span> diversified and changed habits +may be observed in individuals of the same species; that is, that +there are certain eccentric animals as there are certain +eccentric men. He adduces a few instances, and winds up by +saying that in North America the black bear was seen by Hearne +swimming for hours with widely open mouth, thus catching, <span +class="GutSmall">ALMOST LIKE A WHALE</span>, insects in the +water.’ <span class="smcap">This</span>, <span +class="smcap">and nothing more</span>, pp. 201, 202.”</p> +<p>Then follows a passage about my carelessness, which (he says) +is hardly to be reprehended in sufficiently strong terms, and he +ends with saying: “This is disgraceful.”</p> +<p>Now you may well suppose that I was a little puzzled at the +seeming audacity of a writer who should adopt this style, when +the words which follow his quotation from Darwin are (in the +edition from which I quoted) as follows: “Even in so +extreme a case as this, if the supply of insects were constant, +and if better adapted competitors did not already exist in the +country, I can see no difficulty in a race of bears being +rendered by natural selection more and more aquatic in their +structure and habits, with larger and larger mouths, till a +creature was produced as monstrous as a whale.”</p> +<p>Now this passage was a remarkable instance of the idea that I +was illustrating in the article on “Barrel-organs,” +because Buffon in his <i>Histoire Naturelle</i> had conceived a +theory of degeneracy (the exact converse of Darwin’s theory +of ascension) by which the bear might pass into a seal, and that +into a whale. Trusting now to the fairness of “A. +M.” I leave to him to say whether he has <a +name="page177"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 177</span>quoted from +the same edition as I have, and whether the additional words I +have quoted are in his edition, and if so whether he has not been +guilty of a great injustice to me; and if they are not in his +edition, whether he has not been guilty of great haste and +“carelessness” in taking for granted that I have +acted in so “disgraceful” a manner.</p> +<p style="text-align: right">I am, Sir, etc.,<br /> +“The Savoyard,” or player<br /> +on Barrel-organs.</p> +<p>(The paragraph in question has been the occasion of much +discussion. The only edition in our hands is the third, +seventh thousand, which contains the paragraph as quoted by +“A. M.” We have heard that it is different in +earlier editions, but have not been able to find one. The +difference between “A. M.” and “The +Savoyard” is clearly one of different editions. +Darwin appears to have been ashamed of the inconsequent inference +suggested, and to have withdrawn it.—Ed. the +<i>Press</i>.)</p> +<h3>Darwin on Species<br /> +[From the <i>Press</i>, 22nd June, 1863.]</h3> +<p style="text-align: center">To the Editor of the +<i>Press</i>.</p> +<p>Sir—I extract the following from an article in the +<i>Saturday Review</i> of January 10, 1863, on the vertebrated +animals of the Zoological Gardens.</p> +<p>“As regards the ducks, for example, inter-breeding goes +on to a very great extent among nearly all the genera, which are +well represented in the collection. We think it unfortunate +that the details of these crosses have not hitherto been made +public. The Zoological Society has existed about +thirty-five years, and we imagine that evidence must have been +accumulated almost enough to make or mar that part of Mr. +Darwin’s well-known argument which rests on what is known +of the phenomena of hybridism. The present list reveals +only one fact bearing on the subject, but that is a noteworthy +one, for it completely overthrows the commonly accepted theory +that the mixed offspring of different species are infertile +<i>inter se</i>. At page 15 (of the list of vertebrated +animals living in the gardens of the Zoological Society of +London, Longman and Co., 1862) we find enumerated three examples +of hybrids between two perfectly distinct species, and even, +according to modern classification, between two distinct genera +of ducks, for three or four generations. There can be +little doubt that a series of researches in this branch of +experimental physiology, which might be carried on at no great +loss, would place zoologists in a far better position with regard +to a subject which is one of the most interesting if not one of +the most important in natural history.”</p> +<p>I fear that both you and your readers will be dead sick of +Darwin, but the above is worthy of notice. My compliments +to the “Savoyard.”</p> +<p style="text-align: center">Your obedient servant,</p> +<p>May 17th.</p> +<p style="text-align: right">A. M.</p> +<h3><a name="page179"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +179</span>Darwin Among the Machines</h3> +<p class="gutsumm">“<i>Darwin Among the Machines</i>” +<i>originally appeared in the Christ Church</i> <span +class="smcap">Press</span>, 13 <i>June</i>, 1863. <i>It was +reprinted by Mr. Festing Jones in his edition of</i> <span +class="smcap">The Note-Books of Samuel Butler</span> +(<i>Fifield</i>, <i>London</i>, 1912, <i>Kennerley</i>, <i>New +York</i>), <i>with a prefatory note pointing out its connection +with the genesis of</i> <span class="smcap">Erewhon</span>, <i>to +which readers desirous of further information may be +referred</i>.</p> +<p style="text-align: center">[To the Editor of the <i>Press</i>, +Christchurch, New Zealand, 13 June, 1863.]</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>—There are few things of +which the present generation is more justly proud than of the +wonderful improvements which are daily taking place in all sorts +of mechanical appliances. And indeed it is matter for great +congratulation on many grounds. It is unnecessary to +mention these here, for they are sufficiently obvious; our +present business lies with considerations which may somewhat tend +to humble our pride and to make us think seriously of the future +prospects of the human race. If we revert to the earliest +primordial types of mechanical life, to the lever, the wedge, the +inclined plane, the screw and the pulley, or (for analogy would +lead us one step further) to that one primordial type from which +all the mechanical kingdom has been developed, we mean to the +lever itself, and if we then examine the machinery of the +<i>Great Eastern</i>, we find ourselves almost awestruck at the +vast development of the mechanical world, at the gigantic strides +with which it has advanced in comparison with the slow progress +of the animal and vegetable kingdom. We shall find it +impossible to refrain from asking ourselves what the end of this +mighty movement is to be. In what direction is it +tending? What will be its upshot? To give a few +imperfect hints towards a solution of these questions is the +object of the present letter.</p> +<p>We have used the words “mechanical life,” +“the mechanical kingdom,” “the mechanical +world” and so forth, and we have done so advisedly, for as +the vegetable kingdom was slowly developed from the mineral, and +as in like manner the animal supervened upon the vegetable, so +now in these last few ages an entirely new kingdom has sprung up, +of which we as yet have only seen what will one day be considered +the antediluvian prototypes of the race.</p> +<p>We regret deeply that our knowledge both of natural history +and of machinery is too small to enable us to undertake the +gigantic task of classifying machines into the genera and +sub-genera, species, varieties and sub-varieties, and so forth, +of tracing the connecting links between machines of widely +different characters, of pointing out how subservience to the use +of man has played that part among machines which natural +selection has performed in the animal and vegetable kingdoms, of +pointing out rudimentary organs <a name="citation180"></a><a +href="#footnote180" class="citation">[180]</a> which exist in +some few machines, feebly developed and perfectly useless, yet +serving to mark descent from some ancestral type which has either +perished or been modified into some new phase of mechanical +existence. We can only point out this field for +investigation; it must be followed by others whose education and +talents have been of a much higher order than any which we can +lay claim to.</p> +<p>Some few hints we have determined to venture upon, though we +do so with the profoundest diffidence. Firstly, we would +remark that as some of the lowest of the vertebrata attained a +far greater size than has descended to their more highly +organised living representatives, so a diminution in the size of +machines has often attended their development and progress. +Take the watch for instance. Examine the beautiful +structure of the little animal, watch the intelligent play of the +minute members which compose it; yet this little creature is but +a development of the cumbrous clocks of the thirteenth +century—it is no deterioration from them. The day may +come when clocks, which certainly at the present day are not +diminishing in bulk, may be entirely superseded by the universal +use of watches, in which case clocks will become extinct like the +earlier saurians, while the watch (whose tendency has for some +years been rather to decrease in size than the contrary) will +remain the only existing type of an extinct race.</p> +<p>The views of machinery which we are thus feebly indicating +will suggest the solution of one of the greatest and most +mysterious questions of the day. We refer to the question: +What sort of creature man’s next successor in the supremacy +of the earth is likely to be. We have often heard this +debated; but it appears to us that we are ourselves creating our +own successors; we are daily adding to the beauty and delicacy of +their physical organisation; we are daily giving them greater +power and supplying by all sorts of ingenious contrivances that +self-regulating, self-acting power which will be to them what +intellect has been to the human race. In the course of ages +we shall find ourselves the inferior race. Inferior in +power, inferior in that moral quality of self-control, we shall +look up to them as the acme of all that the best and wisest man +can ever dare to aim at. No evil passions, no jealousy, no +avarice, no impure desires will disturb the serene might of those +glorious creatures. Sin, shame, and sorrow will have no +place among them. Their minds will be in a state of +perpetual calm, the contentment of a spirit that knows no wants, +is disturbed by no regrets. Ambition will never torture +them. Ingratitude will never cause them the uneasiness of a +moment. The guilty conscience, the hope deferred, the pains +of exile, the insolence of office, and the spurns that patient +merit of the unworthy takes—these will be entirely unknown +to them. If they want “feeding” (by the use of +which very word we betray our recognition of them as living +organism) they will be attended by patient slaves whose business +and interest it will be to see that they shall want for +nothing. If they are out of order they will be promptly +attended to by physicians who are thoroughly acquainted with +their constitutions; if they die, for even these glorious animals +will not be exempt from that necessary and universal +consummation, they will immediately enter into a new phase of +existence, for what machine dies entirely in every part at one +and the same instant?</p> +<p>We take it that when the state of things shall have arrived +which we have been above attempting to describe, man will have +become to the machine what the horse and the dog are to +man. He will continue to exist, nay even to improve, and +will be probably better off in his state of domestication under +the beneficent rule of the machines than he is in his present +wild state. We treat our horses, dogs, cattle, and sheep, +on the whole, with great kindness; we give them whatever +experience teaches us to be best for them, and there can be no +doubt that our use of meat has added to the happiness of the +lower animals far more than it has detracted from it; in like +manner it is reasonable to suppose that the machines will treat +us kindly, for their existence is as dependent upon ours as ours +is upon the lower animals. They cannot kill us and eat us +as we do sheep; they will not only require our services in the +parturition of their young (which branch of their economy will +remain always in our hands), but also in feeding them, in setting +them right when they are sick, and burying their dead or working +up their corpses into new machines. It is obvious that if +all the animals in Great Britain save man alone were to die, and +if at the same time all intercourse with foreign countries were +by some sudden catastrophe to be rendered perfectly impossible, +it is obvious that under such circumstances the loss of human +life would be something fearful to contemplate—in like +manner were mankind to cease, the machines would be as badly off +or even worse. The fact is that our interests are +inseparable from theirs, and theirs from ours. Each race is +dependent upon the other for innumerable benefits, and, until the +reproductive organs of the machines have been developed in a +manner which we are hardly yet able to conceive, they are +entirely dependent upon man for even the continuance of their +species. It is true that these organs may be ultimately +developed, inasmuch as man’s interest lies in that +direction; there is nothing which our infatuated race would +desire more than to see a fertile union between two steam +engines; it is true that machinery is even at this present time +employed in begetting machinery, in becoming the parent of +machines often after its own kind, but the days of flirtation, +courtship, and matrimony appear to be very remote, and indeed can +hardly be realised by our feeble and imperfect imagination.</p> +<p>Day by day, however, the machines are gaining ground upon us; +day by day we are becoming more subservient to them; more men are +daily bound down as slaves to tend them, more men are daily +devoting the energies of their whole lives to the development of +mechanical life. The upshot is simply a question of time, +but that the time will come when the machines will hold the real +supremacy over the world and its inhabitants is what no person of +a truly philosophic mind can for a moment question.</p> +<p>Our opinion is that war to the death should be instantly +proclaimed against them. Every machine of every sort should +be destroyed by the well-wisher of his species. Let there +be no exceptions made, no quarter shown; let us at once go back +to the primeval condition of the race. If it be urged that +this is impossible under the present condition of human affairs, +this at once proves that the mischief is already done, that our +servitude has commenced in good earnest, that we have raised a +race of beings whom it is beyond our power to destroy, and that +we are not only enslaved but are absolutely acquiescent in our +bondage.</p> +<p>For the present we shall leave this subject, which we present +gratis to the members of the Philosophical Society. Should +they consent to avail themselves of the vast field which we have +pointed out, we shall endeavour to labour in it ourselves at some +future and indefinite period.</p> +<p style="text-align: center">I am, Sir, etc.,</p> +<p style="text-align: right"><span +class="smcap">Cellarius</span></p> +<h2><a name="page186"></a><span class="pagenum">p. +186</span>Lucubratio Ebria</h2> +<p class="gutsumm">“<i>Lucubratio Ebria</i>,” +<i>like</i> “<i>Darwin Among the Machines</i>,” +<i>has already appeared in</i> <span class="smcap">The Note-Books +of Samuel Butler</span> <i>with a prefatory note by Mr. Festing +Jones</i>, <i>explaining its connection with</i> <span +class="smcap">Erewhon</span> <i>and</i> <span class="smcap">Life +and Habit</span>. <i>I need therefore only repeat that it +was written by Butler after his return to England and sent to New +Zealand</i>, <i>where it was published in the</i> <span +class="smcap">Press</span> <i>on July</i> 29, 1865.</p> +<p style="text-align: center">[From the <i>Press</i>, 29 July, +1865.]</p> +<p><span class="smcap">There</span> is a period in the evening, +or more generally towards the still small hours of the morning, +in which we so far unbend as to take a single glass of hot whisky +and water. We will neither defend the practice nor excuse +it. We state it as a fact which must be borne in mind by +the readers of this article; for we know not how, whether it be +the inspiration of the drink or the relief from the harassing +work with which the day has been occupied or from whatever other +cause, yet we are certainly liable about this time to such a +prophetic influence as we seldom else experience. We are +rapt in a dream such as we ourselves know to be a dream, and +which, like other dreams, we can hardly embody in a distinct +utterance. We know that what we see is but a sort of +intellectual Siamese twins, of which one is substance and the +other shadow, but we cannot set either free without killing +both. We are unable to rudely tear away the veil of +phantasy in which the truth is shrouded, so we present the reader +with a draped figure, and his own judgment must discriminate +between the clothes and the body. A truth’s +prosperity is like a jest’s, it lies in the ear of him that +hears it. Some may see our lucubration as we saw it, and +others may see nothing but a drunken dream or the nightmare of a +distempered imagination. To ourselves it is the speaking +with unknown tongues to the early Corinthians; we cannot fully +understand our own speech, and we fear lest there be not a +sufficient number of interpreters present to make our utterance +edify. But there! (Go on straight to the body of the +article.)</p> +<p>The limbs of the lower animals have never been modified by any +act of deliberation and forethought on their own part. +Recent researches have thrown absolutely no light upon the origin +of life—upon the initial force which introduced a sense of +identity and a deliberate faculty into the world; but they do +certainly appear to show very clearly that each species of the +animal and vegetable kingdom has been moulded into its present +shape by chances and changes of many millions of years, by +chances and changes over which the creature modified had no +control whatever, and concerning whose aim it was alike +unconscious and indifferent, by forces which seem insensate to +the pain which they inflict, but by whose inexorably beneficent +cruelty the brave and strong keep coming to the fore, while the +weak and bad drop behind and perish. There was a moral +government of this world before man came near it—a moral +government suited to the capacities of the governed, and which +unperceived by them has laid fast the foundations of courage, +endurance, and cunning. It laid them so fast that they +became more and more hereditary. Horace says well <i>fortes +creantur fortibus et bonis</i>, good men beget good children; the +rule held even in the geological period; good ichthyosauri begot +good ichthyosauri, and would to our discomfort have gone on doing +so to the present time had not better creatures been begetting +better things than ichthyosauri, or famine or fire or convulsion +put an end to them. Good apes begot good apes, and at last +when human intelligence stole like a late spring upon the mimicry +of our semi-simious ancestry, the creature learnt how he could of +his own forethought add extra-corporaneous limbs to the members +of his own body, and become not only a vertebrate mammal, but a +vertebrate machinate mammal into the bargain.</p> +<p>It was a wise monkey that first learned to carry a stick, and +a useful monkey that mimicked him. For the race of man has +learned to walk uprightly much as a child learns the same +thing. At first he crawls on all fours, then he clambers, +laying hold of whatever he can; and lastly he stands upright +alone and walks, but for a long time with an unsteady step. +So when the human race was in its gorilla-hood it generally +carried a stick; from carrying a stick for many million years it +became accustomed and modified to an upright position. The +stick wherewith it had learned to walk would now serve to beat +its younger brothers, and then it found out its service as a +lever. Man would thus learn that the limbs of his body were +not the only limbs that he could command. His body was +already the most versatile in existence, but he could render it +more versatile still. With the improvement in his body his +mind improved also. He learnt to perceive the moral +government under which he held the feudal tenure of his +life—perceiving it he symbolised it, and to this day our +poets and prophets still strive to symbolise it more and more +completely.</p> +<p>The mind grew because the body grew; more things were +perceived, more things were handled, and being handled became +familiar. But this came about chiefly because there was a +hand to handle with; without the hand there would be no handling, +and no method of holding and examining is comparable to the human +hand. The tail of an opossum is a prehensile thing, but it +is too far from his eyes; the elephant’s trunk is better, +and it is probably to their trunks that the elephants owe their +sagacity. It is here that the bee, in spite of her wings, +has failed. She has a high civilisation, but it is one +whose equilibrium appears to have been already attained; the +appearance is a false one, for the bee changes, though more +slowly than man can watch her; but the reason of the very gradual +nature of the change is chiefly because the physical organisation +of the insect changes, but slowly also. She is poorly off +for hands, and has never fairly grasped the notion of tacking on +other limbs to the limbs of her own body, and so being short +lived to boot she remains from century to century to human eyes +<i>in statu quo</i>. Her body never becomes machinate, +whereas this new phase of organism which has been introduced with +man into the mundane economy, has made him a very quicksand for +the foundation of an unchanging civilisation; certain fundamental +principles will always remain, but every century the change in +man’s physical status, as compared with the elements around +him, is greater and greater. He is a shifting basis on +which no equilibrium of habit and civilisation can be +established. Were it not for this constant change in our +physical powers, which our mechanical limbs have brought about, +man would have long since apparently attained his limit of +possibility; he would be a creature of as much fixity as the ants +and bees; he would still have advanced, but no faster than other +animals advance.</p> +<p>If there were a race of men without any mechanical appliances +we should see this clearly. There are none, nor have there +been, so far as we can tell, for millions and millions of +years. The lowest Australian savage carries weapons for the +fight or the chase, and has his cooking and drinking utensils at +home; a race without these things would be completely +<i>feræ naturæ</i> and not men at all. We are +unable to point to any example of a race absolutely devoid of +extra-corporaneous limbs, but we can see among the Chinese that +with the failure to invent new limbs a civilisation becomes as +much fixed as that of the ants; and among savage tribes we +observe that few implements involve a state of things scarcely +human at all. Such tribes only advance <i>pari passu</i> +with the creatures upon which they feed.</p> +<p>It is a mistake, then, to take the view adopted by a previous +correspondent of this paper, to consider the machines as +identities, to animalise them and to anticipate their final +triumph over mankind. They are to be regarded as the mode +of development by which human organism is most especially +advancing, and every fresh invention is to be considered as an +additional member of the resources of the human body. +Herein lies the fundamental difference between man and his +inferiors. As regard his flesh and blood, his senses, +appetites, and affections, the difference is one of degree rather +than of kind, but in the deliberate invention of such unity of +limbs as is exemplified by the railway train—that +seven-leagued foot which five hundred may own at once—he +stands quite alone.</p> +<p>In confirmation of the views concerning mechanism which we +have been advocating above, it must be remembered that men are +not merely the children of their parents, but they are begotten +of the institutions of the state of the mechanical sciences under +which they are born and bred. These things have made us +what we are. We are children of the plough, the spade, and +the ship; we are children of the extended liberty and knowledge +which the printing press has diffused. Our ancestors added +these things to their previously existing members; the new limbs +were preserved by natural selection and incorporated into human +society; they descended with modifications, and hence proceeds +the difference between our ancestors and ourselves. By the +institutions and state of science under which a man is born it is +determined whether he shall have the limbs of an Australian +savage or those of a nineteenth-century Englishman. The +former is supplemented with little save a rug and a javelin; the +latter varies his physique with the changes of the season, with +age and with advancing or decreasing wealth. If it is wet +he is furnished with an organ which is called an umbrella and +which seems designed for the purpose of protecting either his +clothes or his lungs from the injurious effects of rain. +His watch is of more importance to him than a good deal of his +hair, at any rate than of his whiskers; besides this he carries a +knife and generally a pencil case. His memory goes in a +pocket-book. He grows more complex as he becomes older and +he will then be seen with a pair of spectacles, perhaps also with +false teeth and a wig; but, if he be a really well-developed +specimen of the race, he will be furnished with a large box upon +wheels, two horses, and a coachman.</p> +<p>Let the reader ponder over these last remarks and he will see +that the principal varieties and sub-varieties of the human race +are not now to be looked for among the negroes, the Circassians, +the Malays, or the American aborigines, but among the rich and +the poor. The difference in physical organisation between +these two species of man is far greater than that between the +so-called types of humanity. The rich man can go from here +to England whenever he feels inclined, the legs of the other are +by an invisible fatality prevented from carrying him beyond +certain narrow limits. Neither rich nor poor as yet see the +philosophy of the thing, or admit that he who can tack a portion +of one of the P. and O. boats on to his identity is a much more +highly organised being than one who cannot. Yet the fact is +patent enough, if we once think it over, from the mere +consideration of the respect with which we so often treat those +who are richer than ourselves. We observe men for the most +part (admitting, however, some few abnormal exceptions) to be +deeply impressed by the superior organisation of those who have +money. It is wrong to attribute this respect to any +unworthy motive, for the feeling is strictly legitimate and +springs from some of the very highest impulses of our +nature. It is the same sort of affectionate reverence which +a dog feels for man, and is not infrequently manifested in a +similar manner.</p> +<p>We admit that these last sentences are open to question, and +we should hardly like to commit ourselves irrecoverably to the +sentiments they express; but we will say this much for certain, +namely, that the rich man is the true hundred-handed Gyges of the +poets. He alone possesses the full complement of limbs who +stands at the summit of opulence, and we may assert with strictly +scientific accuracy that the Rothschilds are the most astonishing +organisms that the world has ever yet seen. For to the +nerves or tissues, or whatever it be that answers to the helm of +a rich man’s desires, there is a whole army of limbs seen +and unseen attachable; he may be reckoned by his horse-power, by +the number of foot-pounds which he has money enough to set in +motion. Who, then, will deny that a man whose will +represents the motive power of a thousand horses is a being very +different from the one who is equivalent but to the power of a +single one?</p> +<p>Henceforward, then, instead of saying that a man is hard up, +let us say that his organisation is at a low ebb, or, if we wish +him well, let us hope that he will grow plenty of limbs. It +must be remembered that we are dealing with physical +organisations only. We do not say that the thousand-horse +man is better than a one-horse man, we only say that he is more +highly organised and should be recognised as being so by the +scientific leaders of the period. A man’s will, +truth, endurance, are part of him also, and may, as in the case +of the late Mr. Cobden, have in themselves a power equivalent to +all the horse-power which they can influence; but were we to go +into this part of the question we should never have done, and we +are compelled reluctantly to leave our dream in its present +fragmentary condition.</p> +<h2><a name="page195"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 195</span>A +Note on “The Tempest”<br /> +Act III, Scene I</h2> +<p class="gutsumm"><i>The following brief essay was contributed +by Butler to a small miscellany entitled</i> <span +class="smcap">Literary Foundlings</span>: <span +class="smcap">Verse and Prose</span>, <span +class="smcap">Collected in Canterbury</span>, N.Z., <i>which was +published at Christ Church on the occasion of a bazaar held there +in March</i>, 1864, <i>in aid of the funds of the Christ Church +Orphan Asylum</i>, <i>and offered for sale during the progress of +the bazaar</i>. <i>The miscellany consisted entirely of the +productions of Canterbury writers</i>, <i>and among the +contributors were Dean Jacobs</i>, <i>Canon Cottrell</i>, <i>and +James Edward FitzGerald</i>, <i>the founder of the</i> <span +class="smcap">Press</span>.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">When</span> Prince Ferdinand was wrecked +on the island Miranda was fifteen years old. We can hardly +suppose that she had ever seen Ariel, and Caliban was a +detestable object whom her father took good care to keep as much +out of her way as possible. Caliban was like the man cook +on a back-country run. “’Tis a villain, +sir,” says Miranda. “I do not love to look +on.” “But as ’tis,” returns +Prospero, “we cannot miss him; he does make our fire, fetch +in our wood, and serve in offices that profit us.” +Hands were scarce, and Prospero was obliged to put up with +Caliban in spite of the many drawbacks with which his services +were attended; in fact, no one on the island could have liked +him, for Ariel owed him a grudge on the score of the cruelty with +which he had been treated by Sycorax, and we have already heard +what Miranda and Prospero had to say about him. He may +therefore pass for nobody. Prospero was an old man, or at +any rate in all probability some forty years of age; therefore it +is no wonder that when Miranda saw Prince Ferdinand she should +have fallen violently in love with him. “Nothing +ill,” according to her view, “could dwell in such a +temple—if the ill Spirit have so fair an house, good things +will strive to dwell with ’t.” A very natural +sentiment for a girl in Miranda’s circumstances, but +nevertheless one which betrayed a charming inexperience of the +ways of the world and of the real value of good looks. What +surprises us, however, is this, namely the remarkable celerity +with which Miranda in a few hours became so thoroughly wide awake +to the exigencies of the occasion in consequence of her love for +the Prince. Prospero has set Ferdinand to hump firewood out +of the bush, and to pile it up for the use of the cave. +Ferdinand is for the present a sort of cadet, a youth of good +family, without cash and unaccustomed to manual labour; his +unlucky stars have landed him on the island, and now it seems +that he “must remove some thousands of these logs and pile +them up, upon a sore injunction.” Poor fellow! +Miranda’s heart bleeds for him. Her “affections +were most humble”; she had been content to take Ferdinand +on speculation. On first seeing him she had exclaimed, +“I have no ambition to see a goodlier man”; and it +makes her blood boil to see this divine creature compelled to +such an ignominious and painful labour. What is the family +consumption of firewood to her? Let Caliban do it; let +Prospero do it; or make Ariel do it; let her do it herself; or +let the lightning come down and “burn up those logs you are +enjoined to pile”;—the logs themselves, while +burning, would weep for having wearied him. Come what +would, it was a shame to make Ferdinand work so hard, so she +winds up thus: “My father is hard at study; pray now rest +yourself—<i>he’s safe for these three +hours</i>.” Safe—if she had only said that +“papa was safe,” the sentence would have been purely +modern, and have suited Thackeray as well as Shakspeare. +See how quickly she has learnt to regard her father as one to be +watched and probably kept in a good humour for the sake of +Ferdinand. We suppose that the secret of the modern +character of this particular passage lies simply in the fact that +young people make love pretty much in the same way now that they +did three hundred years ago; and possibly, with the exception +that “the governor” may be substituted for the words +“my father” by the young ladies of three hundred +years hence, the passage will sound as fresh and modern then as +it does now. Let the Prosperos of that age take a lesson, +and either not allow the Ferdinands to pile up firewood, or so to +arrange their studies as not to be “safe” for any +three consecutive hours. It is true that Prospero’s +objection to the match was only feigned, but Miranda thought +otherwise, and for all purposes of argument we are justified in +supposing that he was in earnest.</p> +<h2><a name="page198"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 198</span>The +English Cricketers</h2> +<p class="gutsumm"><i>The following lines were written by Butler +in February</i>, 1864, <i>and appeared in the</i> <span +class="smcap">Press</span>. <i>They refer to a visit paid +to New Zealand by a team of English cricketers</i>, <i>and have +kindly been copied and sent to me by Miss Colborne-Veel</i>, +<i>whose father was editor of the</i> <span +class="smcap">Press</span> <i>at the time that Butler was writing +for it</i>. <i>Miss Colborne-Veel has further permitted to +me to make use of the following explanatory note</i>: +“<i>The coming of the All England team was naturally a +glorious event in a province only fourteen years old</i>. +<i>The Mayor and Councillors had</i> ‘<i>a car of +state</i>’—<i>otherwise a +brake</i>—‘<i>with postilions in the English +style</i>.’<i> Cobb and Co. supplied a six-horse +coach for the English eleven</i>, <i>the yellow paint upon which +suggested the</i> ‘<i>glittering chariot of pure +gold</i>.’ <i>So they drove in triumph from the +station and through the town</i>. <i>Tinley for England and +Tennant for Canterbury were the heroes of the match</i>. +<i>At the Wednesday dinner referred to they exchanged compliments +and cricket balls across the table</i>. <i>This early +esteem for cricket may be explained by a remark made by the All +England captain</i>, <i>that</i> ‘<i>on no cricket ground +in any colony had he met so many public school men</i>, +<i>especially men from old Rugby</i>, <i>as at +Canterbury</i>.’”</p> +<p style="text-align: center">[To the Editor, the <i>Press</i>, +February 15th, 1864.]</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>—The following lines, +which profess to have been written by a friend of mine at three +o’clock in the morning after the dinner of Wednesday last, +have been presented to myself with a request that I should +forward them to you. I would suggest to the writer of them +the following quotation from “Love’s Labour’s +Lost.”</p> +<p style="text-align: center">I am, Sir,</p> +<p style="text-align: right">Your obedient servant,<br /> +S.B.</p> +<p>“You find not the apostrophes, and so miss the accent; +let me supervise the canzonet. Here are only numbers +ratified; but for the elegancy, facility, and golden cadence of +poesy, <i>caret</i> . . . <i>Imitari</i> is nothing. So +doth the hound his master, the ape his keeper, the tired horse +his rider.”</p> +<p style="text-align: right">Love’s Labour’s Lost, +Act IV, S. 2.</p> +<p class="poetry"><span class="smcap">Horatio</span> . . .<br /> +<br /> +. . . The whole town rose<br /> +Eyes out to meet them; in a car of state<br /> +The Mayor and all the Councillors rode down<br /> +To give them greeting, while the blue-eyed team<br /> +Drawn in Cobb’s glittering chariot of pure gold<br /> +Careered it from the station.—But the Mayor—<br /> +Thou shouldst have seen the blandness of the man,<br /> +And watched the effulgent and unspeakable smiles<br /> +With which he beamed upon them.<br /> +His beard, by nature tawny, was suffused<br /> +With just so much of a most reverend grizzle<br /> +That youth and age should kiss in’t. I assure you<br +/> +He was a Southern Palmerston, so old<br /> +In understanding, yet jocund and jaunty<br /> +As though his twentieth summer were as yet<br /> +But in the very June o’ the year, and winter<br /> +Was never to be dreamt of. Those who heard<br /> +His words stood ravished. It was all as one<br /> +As though Minerva, hid in Mercury’s jaws,<br /> +Had counselled some divinest utterance<br /> +Of honeyed wisdom. So profound, so true,<br /> +So meet for the occasion, and so—short.<br /> +The king sat studying rhetoric as he spoke,<br /> +While the lord Abbot heaved half-envious sighs<br /> +And hung suspended on his accents.</p> +<p class="poetry"> <span +class="smcap">Claud</span>. But will it pay, Horatio?</p> +<p class="poetry"> <span +class="smcap">Hor</span>. Let Shylock see to that, but yet +I trust<br /> +He’s no great loser.</p> +<p class="poetry"> <span +class="smcap">Claud</span>. Which side went in first?</p> +<p class="poetry"> <span +class="smcap">Hor</span>. +We did,<br /> +And scored a paltry thirty runs in all.<br /> +The lissom Lockyer gambolled round the stumps<br /> +With many a crafty curvet: you had thought<br /> +An Indian rubber monkey were endued<br /> +With wicket-keeping instincts; teazing Tinley<br /> +Issued his treacherous notices to quit,<br /> +Ruthlessly truthful to his fame, and who<br /> +Shall speak of Jackson? Oh! ’twas sad indeed<br /> +To watch the downcast faces of our men<br /> +Returning from the wickets; one by one,<br /> +Like patients at the gratis consultation<br /> +Of some skilled leech, they took their turn at physic.<br /> +And each came sadly homeward with a face<br /> +Awry through inward anguish; they were pale<br /> +As ghosts of some dead but deep mourned love,<br /> +Grim with a great despair, but forced to smile.</p> +<p class="poetry"> <span +class="smcap">Claud</span>. Poor souls! Th’ +unkindest heart had bled for them.<br /> +But what came after?</p> +<p class="poetry"> <span +class="smcap">Hor</span>. +Fortune turned her wheel,<br /> +And Grace, disgracéd for the nonce, was bowled<br /> +First ball, and all the welkin roared applause!<br /> +As for the rest, they scored a goodly score<br /> +And showed some splendid cricket, but their deeds<br /> +Were not colossal, and our own brave Tennant<br /> +Proved himself all as good a man as they.</p> +<p style="text-align: center" class="poetry">* * * * *</p> +<p class="poetry">Through them we greet our Mother. In +their coming,<br /> +We shake our dear old England by the hand<br /> +And watch space dwindling, while the shrinking world<br /> +Collapses into nothing. Mark me well,<br /> +Matter as swift as swiftest thought shall fly,<br /> +And space itself be nowhere. Future Tinleys<br /> +Shall bowl from London to our Christ Church Tennants,<br /> +And all the runs for all the stumps be made<br /> +In flying baskets which shall come and go<br /> +And do the circuit round about the globe<br /> +Within ten seconds. Do not check me with<br /> +The roundness of the intervening world,<br /> +The winds, the mountain ranges, and the seas—<br /> +These hinder nothing; for the leathern sphere,<br /> +Like to a planetary satellite,<br /> +Shall wheel its faithful orb and strike the bails<br /> +Clean from the centre of the middle stump.</p> +<p style="text-align: center" class="poetry">* * * * *</p> +<p class="poetry">Mirrors shall hang suspended in the air,<br /> +Fixed by a chain between two chosen stars,<br /> +And every eye shall be a telescope<br /> +To read the passing shadows from the world.<br /> +Such games shall be hereafter, but as yet<br /> +We lay foundations only.</p> +<p class="poetry"> <span +class="smcap">Claud</span>. Thou must be drunk, +Horatio.</p> +<p class="poetry"> <span +class="smcap">Hor</span>. +So I am.</p> +<h2>Footnotes</h2> +<p><a name="footnote180"></a><a href="#citation180" +class="footnote">[180]</a> We were asked by a learned +brother philosopher who saw this article in MS. what we meant by +alluding to rudimentary organs in machines. Could we, he +asked, give any example of such organs? We pointed to the +little protuberance at the bottom of the bowl of our tobacco +pipe. This organ was originally designed for the same +purpose as the rim at the bottom of a tea-cup, which is but +another form of the same function. Its purpose was to keep +the heat of the pipe from marking the table on which it +rested. Originally, as we have seen in very early tobacco +pipes, this protuberance was of a very different shape to what it +is now. It was broad at the bottom and flat, so that while +the pipe was being smoked the bowl might rest upon the +table. Use and disuse have here come into play and served +to reduce the function to its present rudimentary +condition. That these rudimentary organs are rarer in +machinery than in animal life is owing to the more prompt action +of the human selection as compared with the slower but even surer +operation of natural selection. Man may make mistakes; in +the long run nature never does so. We have only given an +imperfect example, but the intelligent reader will supply himself +with illustrations.</p> +<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CANTERBURY PIECES***</p> +<pre> + + +***** This file should be named 3279-h.htm or 3279-h.zip****** + + +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: +http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/3/2/7/3279 + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will +be renamed. + +Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright +law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, +so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United +States without permission and without paying copyright +royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part +of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm +concept and trademark. 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