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diff --git a/32699.txt b/32699.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e9506e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/32699.txt @@ -0,0 +1,29079 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Makers of Canada: Index and Dictionary +of Canadian History, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Makers of Canada: Index and Dictionary of Canadian History + +Author: Various + +Editor: Lawrence Burpee + Arthur Doughty + +Release Date: June 5, 2010 [EBook #32699] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MAKERS OF CANADA: INDEX *** + + + + +Produced by Brendan Lane, Carla Foust, and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + +Transcriber's note + +Minor changes have been made to punctuation. Printer +errors have been changed and are listed at the end. + +Characters that could not be displayed directly in Latin-1 are +transcribed as follows: + + _ - Italics + = - Bold + ^ - superscript + + +[Illustration: Illustrated Chart of Canadian History] + + + + + _THE MAKERS OF CANADA_ + + INDEX AND DICTIONARY + OF CANADIAN HISTORY + + EDITED BY + + LAWRENCE J. BURPEE, F.R.G.S. + + LIBRARIAN OF THE CARNEGIE LIBRARY, OTTAWA + + AND + + ARTHUR G. DOUGHTY, C.M.G., LITT.D. + + DOMINION ARCHIVIST, OTTAWA + + TORONTO + MORANG & CO., LIMITED + 1912 + + + + +COPYRIGHT, 1911. + +COPYRIGHT IN GREAT BRITAIN. + + + + +INTRODUCTION + + +This Supplement is designed to supply a double need: it furnishes an +analytical index to the entire series of twenty volumes; and it affords +a great deal of additional information, bearing on the subject-matter of +these volumes, but which from its very nature it was impossible to +incorporate in the text. This additional information includes +biographical sketches of the characters mentioned in each volume; +similar sketches of prominent Canadians who for one reason or another do +not appear in any of the twenty volumes; and brief descriptions of wars, +battles, treaties, and political and other events having a vital bearing +on the history of Canada. References have been added, wherever +necessary, to the principal sources which the student may consult for +further information. The whole has been thrown into one alphabetical +arrangement, and it constitutes, to a large extent, a dictionary of +Canadian history. + +To satisfy further the desire of those who, after reading the foregoing +volumes, find it profitable to investigate more fully certain lines of +inquiry suggested by the narratives, it has been thought advisable to +add a list of manuscript sources from which new material may be gleaned. +The collection of documents most convenient for this purpose is to be +found in the Dominion Archives. It is not possible in the present work +to do more than indicate the principal documents, as there are fifteen +thousand volumes of manuscript in the Archives bearing on Canadian +history. The sources indicated here are drawn principally from the +series designated A, B, C, F, Q, M. The letter refers to the series, and +the number to the volume. The Calendars published by the Archives in the +Annual Reports should also be consulted by the student. For convenience +of reference, it has been deemed preferable to group the manuscript +sources under general headings, and print the list as a separate section +in the volume. + +In the preparation of the bibliographical references, the object has +been to include only those works that have a direct and vital bearing on +the subject. A complete bibliography in each case would obviously be +neither possible nor desirable. Nor, except in special cases, has any +attempt been made to include articles or papers in periodicals or in the +publications of learned societies. It will be sufficient to make a +general reference here to some of the more important sources of +information on the many topics covered in this volume. First among these +sources probably should rank the publications of the Royal Society of +Canada. The Society has published in a separate volume a very full +General Index to its _Proceedings and Transactions_, 1882-1906, compiled +by Dr. Benjamin Sulte. For volumes subsequent to 1906, the individual +indexes should be consulted. A key to the Annual Reports of the +Geological Survey of Canada is found in two General Indexes, one +covering the years 1863-1884, and the other the years 1885-1906. The +latter, compiled by F. J. Nicolas, is very complete. Wurtele's Index to +the _Transactions_ and other Publications of the Literary and Historical +Society of Quebec, 1829-1891, furnishes a guide to the material issued +by this oldest of Canadian learned societies. Unfortunately, no general +index is available for the publications of the Canadian Institute, which +cover a very wide and important field; nor for those of the Historical +and Scientific Society of Manitoba, the Ontario Historical Society, the +Nova Scotia Historical Society, and various other Canadian institutions +of a similar character. Much important material, bearing on, or +supplementary to, the topics treated in the several volumes of the +_Makers of Canada_ will be found in the foregoing publications. The +reader may also find it profitable in many cases to consult the +publications of the American Historical Association, and the State +Historical Societies of New York, Maine, Michigan, Wisconsin, and +Minnesota. A great deal of important material is also to be found in +Canadian and other periodicals. Of the more significant of these, the +_Revue Canadienne_ marked the completion of its fifty-third volume in +1907 by publishing in separate form a comprehensive Index to the entire +series up to that year. In consulting other Canadian magazines, +reference must in most cases be made to the individual indexes in each +volume. The series of the _Canadian Monthly_ and the _New Dominion +Monthly_ are, however, fully covered by Poole's _Index_; the _Canadian +Magazine_, to a large extent, by Wilson's _Guide to Periodical +Literature_, as well as by a General Index published by the magazine in +1907. A key to the publications of several Canadian historical societies +and periodicals, since the year 1906, is furnished by the _Magazine +Subject-Index_ (Boston). The three admirable American guides mentioned +above, that is, Poole's _Index_, Wilson's _Guide_, and the _Magazine +Subject-Index_, with their annual or cumulative supplements, provide +also a key to the great body of literature in the principal American and +English periodicals, bearing on Canadian topics. + +Among other important guides to Canadian subjects, historical, +political, biographical, social, literary, and scientific, should be +mentioned the _Review of Historical Publications Relating to Canada_, +edited by Wrong and Langton; Larned's _Literature of American History_, +which includes a section on Canada; the various encyclopaedias; the +annual bibliographies of Canadian scientific work published in the +_Transactions_ of the Royal Society of Canada; Gagnon's _Essai de +Bibliographie Canadienne_; Morgan's _Bibliotheca Canadensis_; James's +_Bibliography of Canadian Verse_; Horning and Burpee's _Bibliography of +Canadian Fiction_; Tanguay's _Dictionnaire Genealogique des Familles +Canadiennes_; and the very full bibliographies of material published in +or about the province of Quebec, by Dr. N. E. Dionne. A general +reference may also be made here, for all subjects in this volume +relating to Canadian history, to such general works as those of Parkman, +Kingsford, Bourinot, Dent, McMullen, Ferland, Faillon, Charlevoix, +Bibaud, Garneau, Sulte, Miles, Christie, Haliburton, Murdoch, Campbell, +Hannay, Bryce, and Begg. In addition to the principal source of Canadian +manuscript material, the Archives at Ottawa, a large number of important +documents will be found in the Provincial Archives at Halifax, Quebec, +Toronto, Winnipeg, and Victoria, as well as in the universities of +Laval, McGill, and Toronto. Finally, reference may be made to the +various biographical dictionaries in the accompanying list. + +The inclusion in the Supplement of several names of Canadians, both +living and dead, who are not of the very first importance, and the +omission of others who filled at least as important a place in the +history of the country, will be explained largely by the fact that the +former were incidentally mentioned somewhere in the series, and +therefore had to be included, while the latter were not. + + L. J. B. + A. G. D. + + OTTAWA, January, 1911 + + + + +CONTENTS + + + Page + INDEX AND DICTIONARY 1 + + MANUSCRIPT SOURCES IN THE DOMINION ARCHIVES 419 + + A PARTIAL LIST OF SCARCE MAPS AND PLANS RELATING + TO CANADA 435 + + + + +BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES + + +To avoid unnecessary repetitions, references to sources are abbreviated +as follows:-- + + Bibaud, _Dict._ Dictionnaire Historique des Hommes Illustres + du Canada et de l'Amerique, par Bibaud. + 1857. + Bibaud, _Pan. Can._ Le Pantheon Canadien, par M. Bibaud. 1858. + _Canada: An Ency._ Canada: An Encyclopaedia of the Country, by + J. Castell Hopkins. 1898. + Casgrain, _Biog._ Biographies Canadiennes, par l'Abbe + Casgrain. 1873. + Chambers, _Biog. Dict._ Chambers's Biographical Dictionary. 1902. + _Cyc. Am. Biog._ Cyclopaedia of American Biography. + David, _Biog._ Biographies et portraits, par L. O. David. + 1876. + Dent, _Can. Por._ Canadian Portrait Gallery, by John Charles + Dent. + _Dict. Eng. Hist._ Dictionary of English History, edited by + Low and Pulling. + _Dict. Nat. Biog._ Dictionary of National Biography. + Morgan, _Bib. Can._ Bibliotheca Canadensis, by Henry J. Morgan. + 1867. + Morgan, _Can. Men._ Canadian Men and Women of the Time, by + Henry J. Morgan. 1898. + Morgan, _Cel. Can._ Sketches of Celebrated Canadians, and + Persons Connected with Canada, by Henry J. + Morgan. 1862. + Morice, _Dict._ Dictionnaire Historique des Canadiens et + des Metis Francais de l'Ouest, par A. G. + Morice. 1908. + Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._ Cyclopaedia of Canadian Biography, by George + Maclean Rose. 1886. + R. S. C. Royal Society of Canada Transactions. + Tache, _Men._ Men of the Day, edited by Louis H. Tache. + Tasse, _Canad._ Les Canadiens de l'Ouest, par J. Tasse. + 1882. + Taylor, _Brit. Am._ Portraits of British Americans, by W. + Notman, with letter press by Fennings + Taylor. 1865. + _Who's Who._ Who's Who. London: 1910. + + + + +ILLUSTRATIONS + + + VOLUME I + + SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN FACING PAGE + BUILDING THE HABITATION, QUEBEC, 1608 40 + CHAMPLAIN ON THE SHORES OF GEORGIAN BAY, 1615 88 + + BISHOP LAVAL + THE URSULINE CONVENT, QUEBEC 154 + + + VOLUME II + + COUNT FRONTENAC + OLD CHURCH OF THE JESUIT MISSIONS AT TADOUSSAC 166 + THE MASSACRE AT LACHINE, 1689 224 + THE RETURN OF FRONTENAC, 1689 232 + MADELEINE DE VERCHERES 320 + + WOLFE AND MONTCALM + VIEW OF QUEBEC FROM LEVIS, 1761 12 + A VIEW OF THE TREASURY AND JESUITS' COLLEGE, QUEBEC, 1761 16 + INTENDANT'S PALACE, QUEBEC, 1761 32 + LOUISBOURG, 1746 70 + A VIEW OF THE JESUITS' COLLEGE AND CHURCH, QUEBEC, 1761 234 + + + VOLUME III + + LORD DORCHESTER + DEATH OF MONTGOMERY, 1776 126 + PRESCOTT GATE, QUEBEC 144 + THE LOYALIST SETTLERS 236 + + + VOLUME IV + + JOHN GRAVES SIMCOE + THE PIONEER 60 + HOUSEHOLD UTENSILS OF THE SIMCOE PERIOD 64 + THE LOGGING 66 + + + VOLUME V + + MACKENZIE, SELKIRK, AND SIMPSON + PRINCE OF WALES FORT, HUDSON BAY, 1777 4 + SIR ALEXANDER MACKENZIE'S ARRIVAL AT THE PACIFIC OVERLAND + FROM CANADA, 1793 86 + "SEVEN OAKS," 1816 180 + A DOG TRAIN AT EDMONTON 252 + REMNANT OF OLD FORT GARRY, WINNIPEG 284 + + SIR JAMES DOUGLAS + INDIANS TRADING AT A HUDSON'S BAY POST 80 + + + VOLUME VI + + WILLIAM LYON MACKENZIE + NORTH SIDE OF KING STREET, TORONTO, 1834 270 + MARCH OF THE INSURGENTS ON TORONTO, 1837 372 + REWARD PROCLAMATION FOR THE ARREST OF WILLIAM LYON MACKENZIE + AND OTHERS, 1837 380 + + LOUIS JOSEPH PAPINEAU + THE TRIBUNE 126 + + + VOLUME VII + + JOSEPH HOWE + CHURCH OF ST. PAUL, HALIFAX, ABOUT 1760 2 + FIRST MEETING OF JOSEPH HOWE AND CHARLES TUPPER 156 + RESIDENCE OF THOMAS CHANDLER HALIBURTON, WINDSOR, N.S. 268 + + LORD SYDENHAM + LORD DURHAM 90 + + + VOLUME VIII + + BALDWIN, LAFONTAINE, AND HINCKS + PARLIAMENT BUILDINGS, TORONTO, 1833 38 + SIR LOUIS H. LAFONTAINE 116 + NOTRE DAME STREET, MONTREAL, 1840 180 + QUEEN'S COLLEGE, KINGSTON, 1840 194 + + LORD ELGIN + BURNING OF THE PARLIAMENT BUILDINGS, MONTREAL, 1849 74 + + + VOLUME IX + + SIR JOHN A. MACDONALD + EARLY HOME OF SIR JOHN A. MACDONALD 2 + BUILDING THE CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY 238 + THE OLD GUARD DINNER, MAY 4, 1882 261 + + SIR GEORGES E. CARTIER + ST. JAMES STREET, MONTREAL, 1840 46 + + + VOLUME X + + GEORGE BROWN + THE FATHERS OF CONFEDERATION 163 + + SIR LEONARD TILLEY + POLLING DAY 50 + + + VOLUME XI + + SUPPLEMENT + ILLUSTRATED CHART OF CANADIAN HISTORY _Opposite Title Page_ + + Facing Page + + OLD FORT, NEAR ANNAPOLIS ROYAL 11 + MONUMENT TO LAURA SECORD, LUNDY'S LANE 27 + LANDING OF JACQUES CARTIER AT QUEBEC, 1535 66 + HALIFAX AND HARBOUR FROM DARTMOUTH ABOUT 1760 161 + SIR WILFRED LAURIER 210 + REMAINS OF THE KING'S BASTION, LOUISBOURG 223 + BATTLE OF THE PLAINS OF ABRAHAM 299 + THE PROMISED LAND 346 + + + + +INDEX REFERENCES + + +The titles of the volumes in the series are indicated by initial letters +as follows: + + =B= George Brown. + + =BL= Baldwin-La Fontaine-Hincks. + + =Ch= Samuel de Champlain. + + =Dr= Lord Dorchester. + + =F= Count Frontenac. + + =Hd= Sir Frederick Haldimand. + + =Mc= William Lyon Mackenzie. + + =MS= Mackenzie-Selkirk-Simpson. + + =R= Egerton Ryerson. + + =Sy= Lord Sydenham. + + =Bk= General Brock. + + =C= Sir Georges E. Cartier. + + =D= Sir James Douglas. + + =E= Lord Elgin. + + =H= Joseph Howe. + + =L= Bishop Laval. + + =Md= Sir John A. Macdonald. + + =P= Louis Joseph Papineau. + + =S= John Graves Simcoe. + + =WM= Wolfe-Montcalm. + + =W= Wilmot. + + =T= Tilley. + + + + +INDEX AND DICTIONARY + + +=Abbott, Sir John Joseph Caldwell= (1821-1893). Educated at McGill +University; studied law and called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1847. A +candidate for the Legislative Assembly for Argenteuil, 1857, but +defeated by Sydney Bellingham. Bellingham subsequently unseated and +Abbott declared elected, 1860. Solicitor-general for Lower Canada in +Macdonald-Sicotte ministry, 1862-1863, and for a few days retained same +position in Macdonald-Dorion ministry. From 1867 to 1874 and from 1880 +to 1887 represented Argenteuil in House of Commons. May, 1887, admitted +to Macdonald ministry as minister without portfolio, and at same time +appointed to Senate, where he became leader of Conservative party. On +death of Macdonald, became prime minister, June, 1891; held this +position until ill health compelled him to resign, November, 1892. A +recognized authority on questions of commercial and constitutional law. +Framed Insolvent Act of 1864, and Jury Law Consolidation Act of Lower +Canada. =Index=: =C= Countenances Annexation Movement in 1849, 44-45. +=BL= On the Annexation Manifesto, 336. =Md= A witness before Pacific +Scandal Committee, 204. =Bib.=: _Annual Register_, 1893; Terrill, +_Chronology of Montreal_; Thomas, _History of Argenteuil and Prescott_; +Weir, _Sixty Years in Canada_; Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_. + +=Abbott, Joseph= (1789-1863). Born and educated in England. Came to +Canada, 1818. Missionary of the Church of England. Wrote _The Emigrant_, +containing information for farmers about Canada. + +=Abenaquis Indians.= _See_ Abnaki. + +=Abercrombie, James.= Entered the army, and obtained a captaincy in the +42nd or 1st Battalion of Royal Highlanders, 1756. Appointed aide-de-camp +to Major-General Amherst, 1759, with whom he made the campaigns in +Canada of that and the following year. Appointed major of the 78th or +2nd Highland Battalion, 1760, and, in September following, employed by +General Amherst in communicating to the Marquis de Vaudreuil the +conditions preparatory to the surrender of Montreal, and in obtaining +his signature to them. The 78th Regiment having been disbanded in 1763, +retired on half-pay. Again entered active service, 1770, as +lieutenant-colonel of the 22nd Regiment, then serving in America under +the command of Lieutenant-General Gage; killed in the battle of Bunker +Hill, June 17, 1775. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_. + +=Abercromby, James= (1706-1781). Entered the army, and obtained +commission as major, 1742; lieutenant-colonel, 1744; colonel, 1746. Sent +to America with 50th Regiment, 1756; superseded Shirley and Webb in +command of the army; and then resigned command to Lord Loudon. In 1757 +commanded second brigade against Louisbourg. On Loudon's recall, became +commander-in-chief, 1758. Led expedition against Ticonderoga, with Lord +Howe as second in command. On Howe's death, the campaign became a dismal +failure for the British, Abercromby being outgeneralled at every point +by Montcalm. Returned to England, and in 1772 deputy-governor of +Stirling Castle. =Index=: =WM= Sent to America with reinforcements, 33; +commands division intended to operate by way of Lake Champlain, 54; +repulsed at Fort Carillon, 55-61. =Hd= His recall, 21. _See also_ Howe; +Rogers; Ticonderoga; Carillon. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_; +Rogers, _Journals during the Late War_, ed. by Hough. + +=Abercromby, Sir Ralph= (1734-1801). Commanded a brigade in Holland +under Duke of York, 1793, and wounded at Nimeguen. Afterwards appointed +commander-in-chief of the forces in the West Indies. Held successive +commands in Ireland, Scotland, in the expedition to Holland, and, in +1801, appointed to command the expedition against the French in Egypt. +Won a brilliant victory near Alexandria, but died of wounds received in +the battle. =Index=: =Bk= Brock serves under, in Holland, 14. =Bib.=: +Dunfermline, _Sir Ralph Abercromby: a Memoir; Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Aberdeen, John Campbell Hamilton Gordon, seventh Earl of= (1847- )). A +baronet of Nova Scotia. Born in Edinburgh, Scotland. Succeeded to +peerage, 1870. Appointed viceroy of Ireland, 1886. Appointed +governor-general of Canada, 1893. Again appointed viceroy of Ireland, +1905. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men; Who's Who_. + +=Abnaki Indians.= A tribe of the Algonquian family, inhabiting a portion +of what is now the province of New Brunswick. They were early converts +of the French missionaries, and made common cause with the French +against the English colonists. A number were brought to Canada in the +seventeenth century, and formed a settlement on the St. Francis River, a +few miles above its junction with the St. Lawrence. The Indian town was +destroyed by Robert Rogers in 1759. =Index=: =F= Hostile to New England, +240; incited by Governor Denonville, 249; ravages committed by, 316; +attack settlement at York, 326; repulsed at Wells, 327; disposed to make +peace with New England, 328; French influence in opposite direction +prevails, 330; attack settlement of Oyster River, 330; fired on from +Fort Pemaquid under flag of truce, 331. =L= Ravages committed by, on New +England settlements, 12; in Acadia, 228. =WM= Enemies of the English, +16. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Frontenac_ and _Montcalm and Wolfe_; Pilling, +_Bibliography of Algonquian Languages_; Vetromile, _The Abnakis and +their History_. + +=Abraham, Plains of.= _See_ Plains of Abraham. + +=Academy of Arts.= _See_ Royal Canadian Academy of Arts. + +=Acadia.= The name Acadia or "la Cadie" is found as early as Nov. 8, +1603, in the commission of Henry IV appointing Pierre du Gua, Sieur de +Monts, lieutenant-general in La Cadie, extending from the fortieth to +the forty-sixth degree of north latitude. The limits were afterwards +reduced, and the boundaries of Acadia became a cause of contention +between France and England. France claimed that the English possessions +were restricted to the peninsula of Nova Scotia, and that the territory +now known as New Brunswick had not been ceded to England. The first +settlement in Acadia was on the Island of St. Croix in 1604, but the +following year it was transferred to Port Royal, and abandoned in 1607. +Three years later the Sieur de Poutrincourt established a new settlement +at Port Royal, which was destroyed by Argall in 1613. In September, +1621, James I granted the territory of Acadia, under the name of Nova +Scotia, to Sir William Alexander. This grant was renewed in July, 1625, +by Charles I. A small Scottish settlement was established at Port Royal +by the grantee. Acadia was restored to France by the treaty of St. +Germain-en-Laye in 1632, and during the same year new settlers were +brought from France. Acadia was finally ceded to Great Britain by the +treaty of Utrecht in 1713. =Index=: =Ch= Its resources and limits, 18; +English king indisposed to restore, 213. =F= Attempt to form settlement +in, 6; seized by English under Kirke, 22; subsequent vicissitudes, +268-272; seized under orders from Cromwell, 268; settlers disposed to +trade with New England, 270; Port Royal (Annapolis) made capital, 270; +visited by Meulles and Saint Vallier, and census taken, 271; Port Royal +and other posts captured by Phipps, who establishes government, 274; +passes again under French control, 316. =Bib.=: Champlain, _Voyages_; +Lescarbot, _New France_; Denys, _Acadia_; Parkman, _Pioneers of France_; +Rameau de Saint-Pere, _Une Colonie Feodale_; Calnek and Savary, _History +of the County of Annapolis_; Moreau, _Histoire de l'Acadie_; Hannay, +_History of Acadia_; Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_; Murdoch, +_History of Nova Scotia_. + +=Acadia College.= Situated at Wolfville, Nova Scotia. Founded by the +Nova Scotia Baptist Education Society, 1838. Application made to the +Nova Scotia Assembly for incorporation as "The Trustees, Governors and +Fellows of the Queen's College." The corporation created with university +powers, 1840. At the next meeting of the Legislature its name changed to +Acadia College. Power of appointing governors transferred from the +Education Society to the Baptist Convention of the Maritime Provinces, +1851. Final changes in the Act of Incorporation, 1891. =Index=: =H= +Founded by the Baptists, 1838; first known as Queen's College, 81; +defended by James W. Johnstone, 83. =Bib.=: _Canada: An Ency._, vol. 4. + +=Acadian.= Newspaper published at Halifax. =Index=: =H= Formerly _Weekly +Chronicle_, 6; purchased and edited by Joseph Howe, 6; sold by Howe, 6. + +=Acadians.= The first permanent settlers were those who came with De +Razilly in 1632, and from these the Acadians of to-day are descended. +Other French immigrants were brought by d'Aulnay de Charnisay from 1639 +to 1649, and by La Tour and Le Borgne in 1651 and 1658 respectively. +There were also small immigrations at divers later dates. The first +general nominal census was taken in 1671, and gave a population of 392 +souls. In 1686 there were 885 persons in Acadia. Seven years later the +inhabitants numbered 1018. When Acadia was ceded to Britain in 1713, the +Acadian population was 2500. Although from 1713 to 1745 a number of +families had escaped to the new French colonies of Isle Royale and Isle +St. Jean (now Cape Breton and Prince Edward Island), still in 1749, when +the British settled Halifax, there were about 12,500 Acadians in the +province. Another large influx of population to the same colonies, and +to the St. John River, took place between 1749 and 1755, yet there +remained in the latter year in the peninsula and in the Isthmus of +Chignecto some 10,000 inhabitants, of whom nearly 7000 were deported in +1755. The rest escaped to the woods; some went to Miramichi, and later +to Baie des Chaleurs; others crossed over to the Isles Royale and St. +Jean, and quite a number found their way to St. John River, and from +thence to the province of Quebec. The whole population of Acadians in +the peninsula, the Isthmus of Chignecto, the St. John River, Isle +Royale, and Isle St. Jean, at the time of the expulsion, is computed at +16,000. =Bib.=: Murdoch, _History of Nova Scotia_; Campbell, _History of +Nova Scotia_; Haliburton, _Historical and Statistical Account of Nova +Scotia_; Hannay, _History of Acadia_; Raymond, _St. John River_; Gaudet, +_Acadian Genealogy_ (Report on Dominion Archives, 1905, vol. 2). + +=Acadians, Expulsion of the.= Governor Lawrence in 1755, with the advice +of his Council and of Admirals Boscawen and Mostyn, but apparently +without consulting the home government, decided that the Acadians must +be deported from Nova Scotia. The reason for this decision was the +obstinate refusal of the Acadians to take the oath of allegiance, and +the conviction of the governor that the safety of the colony depended +upon their expulsion. In September, 1755, all preparations having been +made with the utmost secrecy, Monckton at Beausejour, Winslow at Grand +Pre, Murray at Piziquid, and Handfield at Annapolis, seized the +inhabitants and held them prisoners until the arrival of the transport +and provision ships. These having been delayed, the final embarkation +did not take place until late in December. The Acadians were distributed +among the British colonies along the Atlantic seaboard. Some hired +vessels in 1763, and sailed to Miquelon, and in 1767 and following years +returned gradually to their old Acadian home. Others came directly to +Nova Scotia in 1766, there being no longer any reason for their +exclusion, while others went north to Quebec or south to Louisiana. The +present Acadian population in the three Maritime Provinces is over +150,000, and these are the descendants of the few families who escaped +deportation, and of those who returned from exile. =Index=: _See_ +references under Acadia. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_; Richard, +_Acadia_; Casgrain, _Un Pelerinage au Pays d'Evangeline_; _Une Seconde +Acadie_; _Les Sulpiciens et les Pretres des Missions Etrangeres en +Acadia_; _Documents Inedits sur l'Acadie, 1710-1815_; Archibald, +_Expulsion of Acadians_ (N.S. Hist. Soc. Coll., 1887); _Selections from +the Public Documents of Nova Scotia_, ed. by Akins; Calnek and Savary, +_History of the County of Annapolis_. + +=Accommodation.= First steamboat on the St. Lawrence. Built by John +Molson at Montreal. Arrived at Quebec from Montreal, Nov. 5, 1809, +making the run in 36 hours. The vessel measured 85 feet over all, had 16 +feet beam, and was equipped with an engine of six-horse power. _See +also_ Molson; Steamships. =Bib.=: _Semi-Centennial Report of Montreal +Board of Trade_, 1893. + +=Adams.= =Bk= United States brig on Lake Erie, 178; surrendered to +British, 256; name changed to _Detroit_, 274; captured by Americans at +Fort Erie, 289; burnt, 290. =Bib.=: Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_. + +=Adams, John.= Came to Nova Scotia from Boston. Appointed member of the +Council, 1720. After the death of Lawrence Armstrong, administered the +government during 1739 and 1740. Returned to Boston, 1740, as blindness +prevented him from attending to his duties. + +=Addison, Robert.= =S= First chaplain of Upper Canada Assembly, 85, 158; +opens a school at Niagara, 167. =R= Member of Board of Education, Upper +Canada, 58. + +=Adet, Pierre Auguste= (1763-1832). Appointed on the 10th thermidor, +member of the French Council of Mines. In 1795, went to the United +States in the capacity of plenipotentiary. In 1796 presented to the +United States Congress the tricolour flag on behalf of the French +nation; and the following year, handed to the secretary of state the +famous note in which the Directoire, complaining to the American +government of breach of neutrality, stated that the republic would give +to every neutral flag the same treatment that the latter would get from +Great Britain. =Index=: =Dr= French minister to United States, intrigues +of, 300, 301. + +=Agniers.= _See_ Mohawks. + +=Agriculture.= Societies for improving the conditions of agriculture +were founded in Nova Scotia, 1789; in Quebec the same year; and in Upper +Canada in 1792. Simcoe in Upper Canada and Dorchester in Quebec did much +to further agricultural interests, but Quebec owes most to J. F. +Perrault (_q.v._), and Nova Scotia to John Young (_q.v._). An +agricultural school was founded at Ste. Anne de la Pocatiere in 1859; +the Guelph Agricultural College was established in 1874; the Nova +Scotia School of Agriculture, 1885; and the Macdonald College, at Ste. +Anne de Bellevue, opened in the fall of 1907. Agricultural Colleges are +also in operation in connection with the provincial universities of +Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta. =Index=: =F= In New France, +difficulties in the way of, 87. =S= Progress of, in Upper Canada, 108, +109; Simcoe's endeavours to promote, 110, 198. =E= Elgin on, 49-50; +department of, established by Hincks-Morin government, 117; charged with +founding of model farms and agricultural schools, 117. =MS= Agricultural +experiments of the Red River colony, 1820-1835, 222-223; experimental +farm at Red River, 237; Governor Simpson's views, 273-278. =D= In +British Columbia, 256-257, 329-330. =B= Splendid field for in North-West +predicted by Toronto _Globe_, in 1852, 213-215. _See also_ Farmers; +Wheat; Flour-milling; Puget Sound Agricultural Society. =Bib.=: _Canada: +An Ency._, vol. 5; Johnson, _First Things in Canada_. + +=Aguesseau, Henri-Francois= (1668-1751). Studied law; appointed third +barrister of the Parliament of Paris, 1690; and attorney-general, 1700. +Seventeen years later became chancellor. His opposition to Law's +financial scheme brought about his temporary disgrace. Reappointed after +the failure of Law's bank, and retired, 1722. Joined the administration +again in 1727 as minister of justice, and finally retired, 1750. +=Index=: =F= On French Parliaments, 153. + +=Aiguebelle, d'.= =WM= In battle of Ste. Foy, 257. + +=Aiken, Thomas B.= =H= Contributes to _The Club_ in Howe's _Nova +Scotian_, 10. + +=Aikins, James Cox= (1823-1896). Educated at Victoria College. Elected +for Peel County, 1854, and sat in Assembly until 1861. Elected to +Legislative Council, 1862; and at Confederation became a member of the +Dominion Senate. Secretary of state in Macdonald administration, +1869-1873, and again in 1878-1880; minister of inland revenue, +1880-1882; lieutenant-governor of Manitoba, 1882-1888; again called to +Senate, 1896. =Index=: =R= Graduate of Victoria College, 143. =Bib.=: +Dent, _Can. Por._; Morgan, _Can. Men._; Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._ + +=Ailleboust de Coulonge, Louis d'.= Administered settlement of +Villemarie during the absence of Maisonneuve. Promoted to governorship +of Three Rivers. Became governor of Canada, 1648. Succeeded by Lauzon, +1651. Administered the colony, 1657. Died at Quebec, 1660. =Index=: =F= +Succeeds Montmagny as governor, 35; interim governor, 42. =L= His pious +administration, 8. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Old Regime_; Douglas, _Old France +in the New World_. + +=Aillon, Father de la Roche d'.= =Ch= Recollet interpreter and +negotiator with the Kirkes, 188-190; returns to France, 208. =Bib.=: +Kirke, _The First English Conquest of Canada_. + +=Aix-la-Chapelle, Treaty of.= Signed between Great Britain and France, +April 18, 1748. Brought the War of the Austrian Succession to a close. +The practical effect of the treaty was to renew the _status quo_. All +former treaties were renewed and all conquests restored. So far as +British North America was concerned, the most vital article was that +which provided for the restoration to France of Cape Breton. =Bib.=: +Hertslet, _Treaties and Conventions_. + +=Alabama Claims.= =Md= Exploits of the _Alabama_, 98; inflicts injury on +Northern shipping, 165; causes irritation in United States, 167; claims +referred to Joint Commission, 168-169; personnel of Commission, 169; +claims finally submitted to arbitration, 181. _See also_ Washington, +Treaty of. + +=Alaska Boundary Question.= Arose out of differences of opinion as to +the interpretation of the 1828 Convention between Russia and Great +Britain, and particularly as to the boundary of the coast strip. The +United States contention was that the boundary should follow a line +approximately parallel to the coast and thirty marine miles distant +therefrom; the Canadian, that it should follow the summit of the first +range, crossing many of the inlets near their mouths. The decision of +the Joint Commission of 1903 did not concede the United States claims in +full, but gave them an unbroken littoral, substantially what they had +contended for. =Index=: =D= Effect of Russian occupation, 38; early +history of, 119; history of dispute, 340-341. =Bib.=: Hodgins, _British +and American Diplomacy Affecting Canada_; MacArthur, _The Alaska +Boundary Award_, in the _Univ. Mag._, December, 1907; Bourinot, _Canada +under British Rule; Proceedings of the Alaska Boundary Tribunal_, +Washington, 1904; Ewart, _The Kingdom of Canada_. + +=Albanel, Charles. L= Explores Hudson Bay, 11. + +=Alberta.= Created a province of the Dominion on Sept. 1, 1905. Includes +the former district of Alberta, with the west half of Athabaska, and a +strip of Assiniboia and Saskatchewan. Area, 253,540 square miles. The +former district or territory of Alberta was named in honour of the +Princess Louise. Seat of government, Edmonton. _See also_ North-West +Territories. + +=Alberta, University of.= Created by Act of the Legislature of Alberta +passed at the first session after provincial autonomy had been granted. +First president appointed, 1908. Seat of university at Strathcona, +across the Saskatchewan River from Edmonton, the capital of the +province. + +=Albion.= Newspaper published at New York. =Index=: =B= Peter Brown +contributes to, 2; a weekly newspaper, published at New York for British +residents of United States, 2. =BL= On Draper's pronouncement as to +responsible government, 94; on Bagot's reception at Montreal, 118; on +Hincks's appointment as inspector-general, 120; on the seat of +government, 182; on the Metcalfe crisis, 199. + +=Alexander VII, Pope= (1599-1667). Born Fabio Chigi. Elected pope, 1655. +=Index=: =L= Appoints Laval his vicar apostolic, 7. + +=Alexander of Rhodes, Father. L= Recommends Laval for mission work in +India, 23. + +=Alexander, Sir William.= _See_ Stirling, Earl of. + +=Algonquian Indians.= The name is now applied to what is probably the +most widely-distributed linguistic stock of North America. In the days +of French Canada, it was given to a comparatively small and unimportant +tribe, whose home was on the banks of the Ottawa. =Index=: =L= Two camps +of, destroyed, 9; missions destroyed by drunkenness, 175. =Bib.=: +Parkman, _Conspiracy of Pontiac_; Brinton, _The Lenape and Their +Legends_; Pilling, _Bibliography of the Algonquian Languages_. + +=Aliens.= =Dr= Dorchester has Act passed in 1794 by Assembly, 288; +designed to guard against danger of anti-British sentiment, 288. =Mc= +Act passed in Upper Canada, 1804, 88; designed to guard against +sedition, 88-89; terms of British Act of 1790, 140-141; hardships of, +141; Act of 1826, 141-143. + +=Alix, Marguerite. Ch= Mother of Helen Bouille, 66. + +=Alix, Simon. Ch= Director of Company of New France, 170. + +=Allan, George William= (1822-1901). Born in York, Upper Canada. +Educated at Upper Canada College; studied law and called to the bar, +1846. Served in the volunteers during the Rebellion of 1837. Mayor of +Toronto, 1855; elected member of the Legislative Council, 1858; +appointed to the Senate, 1867; Speaker of the Senate, 1888-1891. From +1877 until his death, chancellor of Trinity University. =Bib.=: Morgan, +_Can. Men._ + +=Allan, Sir Hugh= (1810-1882). Founder of the Allan line of steamships. +Came to Canada from Scotland, 1826, and in 1831 entered the shipbuilding +firm of James Millar & Co., Montreal, of which he became a partner in +1835. In 1853 his firm began building iron screw steamships, and their +first vessel, the _Canadian_, made its first voyage in 1855. The +following year, with a fleet of four vessels, a regular service was +opened between Canada and England, with fortnightly sailings. In 1859 +the fleet was increased to eight steamers, and a weekly service opened. +From these small beginnings, the Allan Line has risen to a foremost +place in transatlantic transportation. =Index=: =Md= President of the +Canadian Pacific Railway Co.--his agreement with American capitalists, +201-202; corrupt bargains with government, 202; denies charges, 205; +Macdonald denies corrupt bargain, 207; Cartier's connection with, 207; +his Company compelled to abandon railway project, 233. =C= His Company +offers to build transcontinental railway, 53; asked to subscribe to +Conservative election fund, 53; his indiscreet letters, 53. =H= +President of Montreal Board of Trade, presides at public dinner to +Joseph Howe, 138. =D= His connection with transcontinental railway +project, 321. =E= His line secures mail subsidy, 115. _See also_ +Transportation; Molson; Cunard; _Royal William_. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. +Can._; Dent, _Can. Por._; Taylor, _Brit. Am._; _Canada: An Ency._, vol. +3; _Semi-Centennial Report of Montreal Board of Trade_, 1893. + +=Allanshaw, James.= =W= Appointed to Legislative Council, New Brunswick, +69. + +=Allard, Father Germain.= =L= Recollet missionary, arrival in Canada, +109. + +=Allcock, Henry.= Studied law at Lincoln's Inn, and called to the bar, +1791. In November, 1798, appointed judge of Court of King's Bench for +Upper Canada. Elected to Legislative Assembly for constituency of +Durham, Simcoe, and E. York, 1800, but unseated by the Assembly, June, +1801. Under the direction of Lieutenant-Governor Hunter, engaged in the +preparation of a bill to establish a Court of Equity in the province, +and was to have been the first chancellor of the Court. The Court of +Equity, however, was not at this time established, and on the removal of +Chief-Justice Elmsley to Lower Canada, October, 1802, was appointed +chief-justice of Upper Canada, and a member of the Executive and +Legislative Councils. On the death of Elmsley, promoted to chief-justice +of Lower Canada, July 1, 1805. In August, 1806, took his seat as a +member of the Executive Council, and in January, 1807, appointed a +member and chairman of the Legislative Council. Died at Quebec, Feb. 22, +1808. =Bib.=: Read, _Lives of the Judges_; Cartwright, _Life and Letters +of Richard Cartwright_. + +=Allen, Ethan= (1737-1789). =Index=: =Dr= Seizes Ticonderoga and Crown +Point, 83; marches against Montreal, 98; captured with part of his +force, 99; put into irons, 100; proposes separate arrangements between +Vermont and Canada, 244, 245. =Hd= His intrigues in connection with +political status of Vermont, 197-216; his great duplicity, 209, 213; +proposes secret treaty to Haldimand, 214; true to Vermont only, 217. +_See also_ Montgomery; Arnold; American Invasion. =Bib.=: _Allen's +Captivity: Being a Narrative Containing his Voyages, Travels_, etc.; +Henry Hall, _Ethan Allen_; Jared Sparks, _American Biography_, ser. 1, +vol. 1; _Cyc. Am. Biog._; Bradley, _The Making of Canada_. + +=Allen, Ira= (1751-1814). =Index=: =Hd= Brother of Ethan--has conference +with British emissary, 204; little confidence placed in good faith of, +205, 209; receives documents justifying his mission, 210; proposes +secret treaty with Britain, 214; true to Vermont only, 217. =Dr= His +plans for attacking Canada, 299, 300. + +=Allen, John Campbell.= =T= Solicitor-general, New Brunswick, 1856, 41; +opposition candidate in York, 1865, elected, 86; his sterling honesty, +87; attorney-general in Smith government, 91; a Conservative, 91; +appointed to the bench, 93, 95; chief justice, 87. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. +Por._ + +=Allison, Joseph.= =H= On his death, 1839, Joseph Howe offered his seat +in Executive Council, Nova Scotia, but refuses, 72. + +=Allouez, Father Claude.= Came to Quebec, 1657. Left for the West, 1665. +Laboured for twenty-five years among the tribes of what are now the +states of Wisconsin, Michigan, and Minnesota. Met La Salle in Illinois, +1679. Died in 1690. =Index=: =L= Missionary labours of, 11; impresses +Indians of Sault Ste. Marie with power of French king, 104. =Bib.=: +Shea, _Discovery and Exploration of the Mississippi Valley_; Griffin, +_Discovery of the Mississippi_. + +=Allsopp, George.= Settled in Quebec, 1761, and became prominent in +maintaining the rights of the civil authority as opposed to the +military. January, 1766, appointed deputy secretary, clerk of the +Council, and registrar of enrolments, but because of his opposition to +the government, Murray refused to admit him to office. In April, 1768, +Carleton confirmed him in these appointments, which he retained until +superseded by George Pownall in 1775. From 1771 to 1776 deputy +commissary-general. One of the original members of the Legislative +Council, under the Quebec Act. In 1780, when the Legislative Council +presented an address to Haldimand opposing the passing of an ordinance +amending the judicial system of the province in accordance with royal +instructions to the governor, voted against the address and caused a +strongly worded protest to be entered in the minutes of the Council. +This action resented by members of the Council, and ultimately led to +his dismissal by Haldimand, February, 1783. =Index=: =Hd= Member of +Council suspended for sedition, 1783, 175. =Bib.=: Christie, _History of +Lower Canada_. + +=Almon, William Bruce.= =H= A "bitter Tory," 86; called to Executive and +Legislative Councils of Nova Scotia, 1843, 86; his appointment leads to +resignation of Howe, 87; challenges Howe to a duel, 236. =Bib.=: +Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_; Saunders, _Three Premiers of Nova +Scotia_. + +=Alwington.= =Sy= Name of governor-general's residence at Kingston, 294. + +=American Colonies.= =Dr= Their objections to the Quebec Act, 70. =Hd= +Loudon's letter to Pitt regarding taxation of, 11; objections to in +colonies, 58; Haldimand's opinion of, 84; feeling in London against +taxation of, 86. + +=American Invasion= (1775-1776). Grew out of the belief entertained by +the rebellious colonists that the French of Canada could readily be won +to their side. As a matter of fact the latter, while for the most part +showing no enthusiasm to join Carleton's forces, were still less +inclined to cooperate with the invading army under Montgomery and +Arnold, or to support the movement for union with the New Englanders. On +the other hand, the Americans had a number of English-speaking +sympathizers in Montreal--men who had come there from the colonies to +the south. This, and its geographical position, made the capture of +Montreal an easy matter; but Quebec was a different problem. Here +Carleton gathered a small but efficient force of regulars and militia, +and successfully held the town against the invading army. Montgomery was +killed in the assault, Dec. 31, 1775, and in the spring of 1776 the +siege was raised. The invading army hastily retreated to Montreal, and +finally was driven out of the country. =Index=: =P= Joseph Papineau +carries despatch to Carleton, 5. =Dr= Agitation worked up by American +emissaries, 79-80; disaffection in Montreal, 82; seizure of Ticonderoga +and Crown Point, 82; Arnold captures vessel on Lake Champlain, 83; +defence of St. Johns, 84-85; martial law proclaimed, 86; militia called +out, 86-88; the _habitants_ indifferent or disaffected, 88; +English-speaking inhabitants of Montreal refuse to serve, 88; Guy +Johnson raises Indian levies, 88; measures of defence, 90-93; Congress +decides to invade Canada, 95-96; Arnold starts for the Kennebec, 96; +Montgomery assumes command, 97; Allen appears before Montreal, is +captured and sent to England, 98-99; Montgomery lays siege to St. Johns, +100-101; Chambly captured by the Americans, 101; Preston surrenders at +St. Johns, 102; Arnold marches on Quebec, 106-111; Carleton escapes to +Quebec, 112-113; organizes the defence, 114-115; progress of the siege, +118-124; Montgomery and Arnold attack the city, 124-126; death of +Montgomery, 126; failure of Arnold's attack, 127-132; Franklin's mission +to Montreal, 135-136; arrival of the fleet at Quebec with +reinforcements, 137; Carleton attacks the Americans, 138-139; evacuation +of Canada, 141-147. _See also_ Montgomery; Arnold; Dorchester; Ethan +Allen. =Bib.=: Kingsford, _History of Canada_; Smith, _Our Struggle for +the Fourteenth Colony_; Stone, _Invasion of Canada_; Codman, _Arnold's +Expedition to Quebec_; Lucas, _History of Canada_; Coffin, _The Province +of Quebec and the Early American Revolution_; Bradley, _The Making of +Canada_. + +=American Revolution.= =WM= Traced to battle of the Plains, 205. =T= +Loyalists in, 2-3. + +=Americans.= =Dr= Settled in Canada, disloyalty of, 82, 85; disorderly +retreat of, 146. + +=Amherst, Jeffrey, Baron= (1717-1797). Sent to America, 1758, and in +co-operation with Admiral Boscawen, captured Louisbourg that year. With +General Prideaux and Sir W. Johnson, took Ticonderoga, 1759. Reduced +Montreal the following year. Appointed commander-in-chief and +governor-general in America, 1761. Raised to peerage, 1776, as Baron +Amherst of Holmesdale. =Index=: =WM= In command of Louisbourg +expedition, 73; commander-in-chief of forces in America, 77; operates +against Montreal, 77; his slowness of movement, 97, 122; held in check +by Bourlamaque, 131; compels Bourlamaque to evacuate Forts Carillon and +Frederic, 146. =Hd= Replaces Abercromby, 21; wrecks Fort George, 22; his +delay at Lake Champlain, 25; praises Haldimand's forbearance at Niagara, +27; builds a strong fort at Crown Point, 28; arrives at Oswego, 34; +Montreal surrenders to, 38; takes up quarters at New York, 40; nominal +governor of Canada, 41; notifies Haldimand of promotion, 42; approves +scheme for smelting old guns, 47; retirement of, 53; letter from +Haldimand, 82; recommends Haldimand for New York command, 83; his +interest in Louis Haldimand, 88; blind to true situation in America, +103; anxious to see Haldimand on his return to England, 105-106; meets +Haldimand at Sydneys, 311; entertainments given by, 324-325; Haldimand +on, 326, 332; Haldimand visits, 337, 339. =Dr= Canada surrendered to, 2; +grants religious freedom, 10. _See also_ Louisbourg; Ticonderoga; Crown +Point. =Bib.=: _Expedition of British and Provincial Army ... against +Ticonderoga and Crown Point_; Samuel Waldo, _Reduction of Louisbourg_ +(Dominion Archives, 1886); Johnstone, _Journal of Louisbourg, 1750-1758_ +(Coll. de doc. rel. a la Nouvelle France, vol. 3); _Dict. of Eng. +Hist._; _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Bradley, _The Fight with France_; Parkman, +_Montcalm and Wolfe_. + +=Amherstburg.= A town on the Canadian side of the Detroit River. +=Index=: =Bk= Fort, village, and naval station, 59; deputy +quartermaster-general stationed at, 80; military importance of, 177, +236; garrison of, 202, 235. =BL= Early municipal government of, 298. +=Bib.=: James, _Early History of the Town of Amherstburg_. + +=Amherst's Regiment.= =WM= On British left, at Quebec, 189. + +=Amiens, Treaty of=. Signed between Great Britain and France, March 25, +1802. Brought to an end the war that had lasted since 1793. Among other +provisions, the Newfoundland fisheries were restored to the same +position held before the war. =Index=: =Bk= Preliminaries of peace +entered into in London, and treaty signed at Amiens, 30-31. =Bib.=: +Hertslet, _Treaties and Conventions_; Bowman, _Preliminary Stages of the +Peace of Amiens_. + +=Amnesty Act=, 1838. =Mc= Enables the government to extend conditional +pardon in certain cases to political offenders, 474-475. + +=Amnesty Act=, 1849. =E= William Lyon Mackenzie takes advantage of, 91. +=BL= Proposed by Elgin, on behalf of Imperial government, as a measure +of pardon for those implicated in the Rebellion of 1837-1838, 287; Act +passed, 292. =Mc= Mackenzie takes advantage of, 480. =Bib.=: Dent, _Last +Forty Years_. + +=Amusements in Canada=. =Hd= Contemporary accounts of, in 1781, 221-224. + +=Anadabijou=. =Ch= Montagnais chief, makes long harangue to Champlain, +10; his relations with Champlain, 50-51. + +=Anahotaha=. =L= Huron chief, joins Dollard at Long Sault, 69. + +=Andastes=. A once-powerful tribe, who spoke a dialect of the Iroquois, +but were at deadly enmity with the Five Nations, by whom, according to +Parkman, they were nearly destroyed about the year 1672. =Index=: =Ch= +Indian tribe of Virginia, 90; adopted into the Hurons and spoke their +language, 90. + +=Andehoua=. =Ch= Indian youth baptized, 233. + +=Anderson, Captain=. =Dr= British officer killed at Sault au Matelot +barrier, 130. + +=Anderson, A. Caulfield=. An officer of the Hudson's Bay Company, +employed for many years in the New Caledonia district, under Dr. +McLoughlin. =Index=: =D= In charge at Alexandria, on the Lower Fraser, +186; explores a road from Kamloops to the Lower Fraser, 186. + +=Anderson, Anthony=. =Mc= Given command of the rebels, 360; moves on +Toronto, 363; takes prisoners, 364; victim of Powell's treachery, 365. + +=Anderson, David= (1814-1885). Born in London, England. Educated at +Edinburgh Academy and at Exeter College, Oxford. Vice-principal of St. +Bees College, Cumberland, 1841-1847, and incumbent of All Saints', +Derby, 1848-1849. Came to the Red River Settlement as bishop of Rupert's +Land, 1849. Remained until 1864, when he returned to England. +Subsequently vicar of Clifton and chancellor of St. Paul's Cathedral, +London. =Bib.=: Works: _Notes on the Flood; Net in the Bay_. For biog. +_see_, Mockridge, _The Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and +Newfoundland_; Machray, _Life of Archbishop Machray_. + +=Andros, Sir Edmund= (1637-1713). Appointed governor of New York, 1674; +governor of all the New England colonies, 1685. Recalled on account of +his extreme unpopularity, 1688. Subsequently governor of Virginia, +1692-1698. =Index=: =F= Governor of New England, 263; seized and +imprisoned, 266. =L= His offer respecting liquor traffic, 173. =Bib.=: +Whitmore, _Andros Tracts_ (Prince Soc., 1868-1874); Ferguson, _Essays in +American History_. + +=Aneda=. =Ch= An Indian chief, 29. + +=Aneda=. An evergreen, used by Jacques Cartier and his men as a remedy +against scurvy. Parkman suggests that it was a spruce, or, more +probably, an arbor-vitae. Douglas believes it to have been balsam. +Cartier spells the name _ameda_, and Lescarbot, _annedda_. =Index=: =Ch= +Remedy for scurvy, 29; the Iroquois word for spruce tree, 30. + +=Ange Gardien=. A village on the St. Lawrence, north shore, below +Quebec. Index: =WM= Wolfe seriously ill at, 154. + +[Illustration: Old Fort, near Annapolis Royal + +From the John Ross Robertson collection] + +=Angers, Auguste Real= (1838- ). Born in Quebec. Studied law, and +called to the bar; made Q.C. 1880, and the same year appointed a +puisne judge of the Superior Court of Quebec. Lieutenant-governor of +Quebec, 1887; resigned and called to the Senate, 1892. Minister of +agriculture, 1892-1895; president of the Council, 1896. =Bib.=: Morgan, +_Can. Men_; Chapais, _Angers_ (Men of the Day). + +=Anglican Church.= _See_ Church of England. + +=Anglin, Timothy Warren= (1822-1886). Born in Ireland. Came to St. John, +New Brunswick, 1849. Established _Weekly Freeman_ that year. Elected to +New Brunswick Legislature for St. John, 1860. Opposed Confederation. +Elected to the House of Commons, 1867, for Gloucester. Elected Speaker, +1874, and again in 1878. =Index=: =C= Demands disallowance of New +Brunswick Act abolishing separate schools, 73. =T= Elected for St. John +to New Brunswick Assembly on Anti-Confederate ticket, 85; member of +Smith government, 91; his influence, 93; differences with colleagues in +railway matter, 94; resigns his seat, 1865, 95; defeated for county of +St. John, 1866, 109. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._ + +=Angus, Richard Bladworth= (1831- ). Born at Bathgate, near Edinburgh. +Came to Canada, 1857, and joined the staff of the Bank of Montreal. Rose +steadily in the service of the bank, and in 1869 became general manager. +President of the Bank of Montreal, 1910; and director of the Canadian +Pacific Railway. =Index=: =Md= Director of Canadian Pacific Railway +syndicate, 236. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_. + +=Anian, Strait of.= Dr. Ruge says that the name arose through a +misunderstanding of Marco Polo's book (bk. 3, ch. 5). His Ania "is no +doubt the present Anam, but the Dutch cartographers thought that this +land was in north-east Asia, and called the strait that was said to +separate the continents the Strait of Anian." The name appears for the +first time on Gerh. Mercator's famous maritime chart of 1569. =Index=: +=D= History of search for, 2; De Fuca's voyage to, 9; Carver's River of +Oregon, 20. =Bib.=: Soph. Ruge, _Fretum Aniam_; Dawson, _Canada_. + +=Annand, William= (1808-1892). Born in Halifax County. Entered the Nova +Scotia Assembly as one of the members for Halifax, 1836; financial +secretary in Howe's ministry, 1860-1863. An active opponent of +Confederation. Formed the first Anti-Confederate or repeal government in +Nova Scotia, 1867; retired in 1874 to accept the position of immigration +agent at London, where he died. =Index=: =H= Elected to represent +Halifax in Nova Scotia Legislature, as Joseph Howe's colleague, 1836, +29; assumes control of _Nova Scotian_, 74-75; publishes _Morning +Chronicle_, 75; advocates central non-sectarian college for Nova Scotia, +82; becomes financial secretary of province, 169; Wm. Miller brings +action against for libel, 188; goes to London, 1866, as Anti-Confederate +delegate, 192; becomes head of Nova Scotia government, 202; member of +repeal delegation to London, 1868, 204; turns against Howe, 208, 209, +217; receives vote of thanks from Nova Scotia Legislature, 218. =Bib.=: +Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_; Saunders, _Three Premiers of Nova +Scotia_. + +=Annapolis Royal.= When Nicholson, with his fleet and New England +troops, captured Port Royal in 1710, he changed the name to Annapolis +Royal, in honour of Queen Anne. It was besieged the following year by +the Acadians with their Micmac and Penobscot allies, but the New England +garrison held the fort. Under treaty of Utrecht, 1713, ceded to England +by France. In 1744 Paul Mascarene successfully defended the place +against Du Vivier. _See also_ Port Royal. =Bib.=: Calnek and Savary, +_History of the County of Annapolis_; Nicholson, _Journal of the Capture +of Annapolis_ (N. S. Hist. Soc., vol. 1). + +=Anne, Saint.= =L= Chapel dedicated to, in the church at Quebec, 84; +chapels erected to, at Beaupre, 101; relic of, 102. + +=Annexation to United States.= A fitful movement, never reaching serious +proportions, and generally the result of temporary or local +dissatisfaction with political conditions, or of commercial depression. +Goldwin Smith was for many years its prophet. =Index=: =Md= Favoured by +small wing of Reform party, 23; manifesto issued by business men of +Montreal, its causes, 39, 40, 95; opposition to Confederation raises +hopes of American party, 118; movement in Nova Scotia, 145; movement in +British Columbia, 149; Goldwin Smith, the gloomy prophet of, 293; +advocated by Edward Farrer, 312-313. =Mc= W. L. Mackenzie not in favour +of, 10. =BL= Manifesto of 1849, 336; Sir John Abbott on, 336; advocated +by many of the Radicals of Lower Canada, 343. =C= Advocated by +Democratic party in Quebec, 26; said by Elgin to be popular among +commercial classes in 1849, 44; countenanced by Sir John Abbott and L. +H. Holton, 44-45; what it would mean for Quebec, 64. =B= Threatened by +repeal of Corn Laws in 1846, 31, 32; the Montreal Manifesto, 36-37; +sentiment for, charged against Clear Grits, 42; opposition charged with, +in Confederation debate, 185; Brown holds that Reciprocity scheme +designed to promote, 194; charge of, denied by Canada First party, 237. +=E= Sentiment for, in 1847, 5; Elgin on, 58; Montreal Manifesto, 80-82; +advocated by the _Parti Rouge_, 109; Elgin's efforts to counteract +movement, 189-190; Durham on, 192-193; conditions favouring movement, +194-195; repeal of Reciprocity Treaty designed to promote, 202. =P= +Threatened in Ninety-Two Resolutions, 92-93; advocated in 1848, and +since Confederation, 96; advocated by Papineau, O'Callaghan, and their +friends, 97. =Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty Years_; Weir, _Sixty Years in +Canada_; Kirby, _Counter Manifesto to the Annexationists of Montreal_; +Denison, _The Struggle for Imperial Unity_. + +=Anse des Meres.= =WM= Frigates stationed at, 87; British vessels +anchored at, 124. + +=Anstruther's Regiment.= =WM= In the attack on Quebec, 135; secures +Sillery road, 183; detachment keeps Bougainville's corps in check, 189. + +=Antell.= =Dr= A disaffected Montrealer, 122. + +=Anticosti=. The first mention of the island is in Cartier's narrative +of his first voyage, 1534. The following year he again visited the +island, which he named Isle de l'Assomption. On the origin of the +present Indian name, _see_ W. F. Ganong's note, Royal Society _Trans._, +1889, II, 51. Placed under jurisdiction of Newfoundland in 1763; +transferred to Canada, 1774. =Bib.=: Huard, _Labrador et Anticosti_; +Guay, _Lettres sur l'ile Anticosti_; Schmitt, _Monographie de l'ile +d'Anticosti;_ Lewis, _Menier and his Island_. + +=Apprenticeship, System of.= =L= Adopted with new-comers, in New France, +78. + +=Archambault, Louis.= =C= Confirms statements as to Cartier's action in +connection with alleged alterations in British North America Act, 103. +=E= Member of Seigniorial Commission, 186. + +=Archibald, Sir Adams George= (1814-1892). Educated at Pictou Academy. +Studied law; in 1838 called to the bar of Prince Edward Island; and to +that of Nova Scotia in 1839. Elected to the Nova Scotia Assembly for +Colchester, 1851. Attorney-general of Nova Scotia, 1860-1863. Delegate +to the various Conferences leading up to Confederation. Became +secretary of state for the provinces in first Dominion ministry. +Lieutenant-governor of Manitoba, 1870-1872; and of Nova Scotia, +1873-1883. Knighted, 1885. =Index=: =Md.= Secretary of state for +provinces in first Dominion ministry, 135; succeeds MacDougall as +lieutenant-governor of the North-West Territories, 161-162. =H= Becomes +solicitor-general and member of Executive Council of Nova Scotia, 1856, +157; attorney-general, 1860, 169; leader of the opposition, 176; +delegate to Charlottetown Conference, 1864, 177; supports +Confederation, 186; goes to England as delegate to complete +Confederation, 189; his interview with Joseph Howe, 189; member of first +Dominion ministry, 1867, 198; retires from ministry, and succeeded by +Howe, 226. =C= First lieutenant-governor of Manitoba, 130. =T= Delegate +from Nova Scotia to Charlottetown Conference, 73; delegate to Quebec +Conference, 77; secretary of state in first Dominion ministry, 129. +=Bib.=: _Expulsion of Acadians_ (N. S. Hist. Soc., vol. 5). For biog., +_see_ Dent, _Can. Por._; Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._ + +=Archibald, Samuel George William= (1777-1846). Born in Colchester +County, Nova Scotia. Studied law and practised in Nova Scotia; obtained +a seat in the Legislature; became Speaker, solicitor-general, and +afterwards attorney-general of the province. Chief-justice of Prince +Edward Island, 1824-1828, remaining Speaker of the Nova Scotia Assembly +and solicitor-general, during the whole term of his incumbency of the +chief-justiceship. =Index=: =H= Contributes to _The Club_ in Howe's +_Nova Scotian_, 10; in House of Assembly, 18; leader of popular party, +35; becomes Speaker, 57; appointed Master of the Rolls, 74. =Bib.=: +Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_. + +=Archives.= Provision was made by the Parliament of Canada, in 1872, for +an Archives Branch, and Douglas Brymner was appointed Dominion +Archivist. His first report appeared in 1873. The earlier reports were +of a preliminary nature, but in 1884 the first of the important series +of calendars was included in the report. Abbe Verreau made a special +report on historical material in Europe bearing on Canadian history, +published in 1874. A report on manuscript material in the colonial +archives at Paris, by Edouard Richard, was published as a supplement to +the report for 1899. Dr. Brymner died in 1902, and Arthur G. Doughty was +appointed Dominion Archivist in 1904. The report for 1905, in 3 vols., +represented a new departure; the publication of calendars was abandoned, +and replaced by volumes containing series of documents relating to +definite subjects, systematically arranged. The archives were moved into +a special building in 1907. In 1910 began the issue of a series of +publications, containing historical journals and other special material. +Provincial archives, of a more or less distinct character, have also +been established in the provinces of Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia, +British Columbia, Manitoba, and Alberta. =Index=: =Hd= Quoted, 254; +Haldimand collection in, 319. + +=Arctic Archipelago.= Embraces the islands lying north of the mainland +of Canada. Transferred to the Dominion by an Imperial order-in-council, +Sept. 1, 1880. =Bib.=: Johnson, _Canada's Northern Fringe_. + +=Argall, Sir Samuel.= Born in Walthamstow, England. A type of the +founders of British colonial dominion. Sent, May, 1609, with a small +vessel to the new settlement at Jamestown, Va., to trade and fish. The +following year took out Lord Delaware to Jamestown, arriving in time to +save the colony from starvation. In 1812 carried off Pocahontas to the +settlement of Jamestown. Later in the year sent with a vessel of 14 guns +to destroy the French settlements on the north coast, regarded as +infringing on the Virginia patent. Captured Mount Desert, St. Croix, and +Port Royal. On return voyage forced the commandant at New Amsterdam to +recognize English suzerainty by hauling down the Dutch flag and running +up the English. May, 1617, made deputy governor of Virginia. In 1620 +served against the Algerine pirates under Sir Robert Mansell. Knighted +in 1622. In 1625 admiral of a squadron cruising after a hostile Dunkirk +fleet, and took some prizes. In October, 1625, with the futile +expedition against Cadiz under Lord Wimbledon. Died, 1626. =Bib.=: +Argall's own narrative; Parkman, _Pioneers of France_; Calnek and +Savary, _History of the County of Annapolis_. + +=Argenson, Pierre de Voyer, Vicomte d'= (1626-1710). Succeeded Jean de +Lauson as governor of New France, 1658. His governorship marked by +personal quarrels with Laval, and a series of humiliating raids +throughout the colony by the Iroquois. Recalled in 1661. =Index=: =F= +Arrives as governor, 43; on Laval, 45. =L= His opinion of Laval, 29; +hostility to Maisonneuve, 176. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Old Regime_; Douglas, +_Old France in the New World_. + +=Argyll, John Douglas Sutherland Campbell, ninth Duke of= (1845- ). +Married H. R. H. Princess Louise, 1871; succeeded to dukedom, 1900. +Represented Argyllshire in Parliament, 1868-1878. Governor-general of +Canada (as Marquis of Lorne), 1878-1883. Founded Royal Society of +Canada, 1881. =Index=: =Md= Refers Letellier difficulty to Imperial +government, 249-250. =Bib.=: Works: _Memories of Canada and Scotland_; +_Imperial Federation_; _Canadian Pictures_; _Passages from the Past_. +For biog., _see_ Dent, _Can. Por._; _Who's Who_; Collins, _Canada under +the Administration of Lord Lorne_. + +=Arkansas River.= =L= Reached by Jolliet and Marquette, 146. + +=Armistice.= In War of 1812. =Index=: =Bk= Effects of, 261-263, 269, +272; termination of, 270; position of enemy strengthened during its +continuance, 272. + +=Armour, John Douglas= (1830-1903). Educated at Upper Canada College and +the University of Toronto; studied law and called to the bar, 1853; made +Q.C., 1867; Bencher of the Law Society, 1871. Appointed a puisne judge +of the Court of Queen's Bench of Ontario, 1877; raised to the +chief-justiceship, 1887. Chief-justice of Ontario and president of the +Court of Appeal, 1890. Judge of the Supreme Court of Canada, 1902; in +the same year represented Canada on the Alaska Boundary Commission. +=Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; Dent, _Can. Por._ + +=Armstrong, Lawrence.= Came to Nova Scotia as lieutenant-colonel of +General Philipps's regiment. Appointed to the governor's Council, 1720. +Appointed lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 1724; held office until +1739. Served in America for more than thirty years. Committed suicide, +1739. =Bib.=: Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_; _Selections from the +Public Documents of Nova Scotia_, ed. by Akins. + +=Arnold, Benedict= (1741-1801). A druggist at New Haven, Conn. When the +War of Independence broke out, in 1775, organized an expedition against +British on Lake Champlain. The same year led a body of picked men to +Quebec by way of the Kennebec and Chaudiere. After the unsuccessful +assault on Quebec, was in several small engagements near Montreal; +finally driven out of the province. Given command of Philadelphia; took +offence at slights put upon him by Congress, and attempted to betray +West Point to Clinton. Afterwards commanded a corps of American refugees +on the British side; settled for a time in the West Indies; died in +London. =Index=: =Dr= Captures and abandons Fort St. Johns, 83; his +early life, 104; assigned command of expedition against Quebec, 105; +constitution of his force, 106; his march through the wilderness, +107-109; assisted by the _habitants_, 110; crosses St. Lawrence and +lands at Wolfe's Cove, 110; sends summons for surrender of Quebec, 111; +retires to Pointe aux Trembles, 111; repulsed and wounded in attack on +Quebec, 128; surrender of his men, 131; is transferred to Montreal, +132-135; advances to meet Foster, 142; burns chateau of Senneville, 143; +his narrow escape, 147; in command of American ships on Lake Champlain, +155; defeated near Crown Point, 156. =S= Applies for grant of land in +Upper Canada, 104. =Hd= His repulse at Quebec, 112; the invasion, 127; +his "Address to the People of America," 227; commissioners sent to +Montreal to confer with, 276; furnishes list of rebels to Clinton, 281. +_See also_ Montgomery; Ethan Allen; American Invasion. =Bib.=: Arnold, +_Life of Benedict Arnold_; Todd, _The Real Benedict Arnold_; Sparks, +_American Biography_; Codman, _Arnold's Expedition to Quebec_; Henry, +_Arnold's Campaign against Quebec_; Smith, _Arnold's March from +Cambridge to Quebec_; Jones, _The Campaign for the Conquest of Canada in +1776_; _Cyc. Am. Biog._ + +=Arnoux.= =WM= King's surgeon, Montcalm carried into house of, 218. + +=Aroostook War=, 1839. =W= Arose out of unsettled boundary question +between Maine and New Brunswick, 135. =Bib.=: Sprague, _The +North-Eastern Boundary Controversy and the Aroostook War_. + +=Arrangement of 1830.= Provided that United States vessels should have +access to ports in the British West Indies, in return for a similar +privilege granted to British vessels in the ports of the United States. + +=Arthur.= Clergyman. =Index=: =S= Teaches school at Niagara, 167-168. + +=Arthur, Sir George= (1784-1854). The last lieutenant-governor of Upper +Canada, 1838-1841. The chief event of his tenure of office was the +suppression of the Upper Canadian Rebellion. Had been successively +governor of Honduras and Van Diemen's Land previous to his Canadian +appointment; and on leaving Canada appointed to the governorship of +Bombay. =Index=: =Mc= Governor of Upper Canada, 435; disregards clemency +petitions, 435; learns of intended attack on Canada, 441; renews reward +for Mackenzie's capture, 445; proposes exchange of prisoners and +refugees, 463; United States refuses, 463. =Bk= Organizes military +gathering at Queenston Heights, 313. =Sy= Succeeds Sir F. B. Head, 109; +reactionary in his views, 109-110; his attitude towards responsible +government, 125-126; cautioned by colonial secretary, 127; instructed to +act in harmony with new governor-general, 144; meets him at Montreal, +153; explains his position and views, 156-161; receives governor-general +at Toronto, and hands over seal of province, 197. =R= His efforts to +repel American attacks, 117; Ryerson disappointed in, 118; proposes +division of Clergy Reserves, 119. _See_ Rebellion of 1837 (Upper +Canada). =Bib.=: Kingsford, _History of Canada_; Dent, _Upper Canadian +Rebellion_; Bradshaw, _Self-Government in Canada_; Read, +_Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada_. + +=Asgill, Sir Charles= (1762-1823). A lieutenant in Cornwallis's army, +1780. Taken prisoner at Yorktown, condemned to death by the Americans, +to avenge death of a Revolutionary officer. Marie Antoinette having been +interested in his fate, interceded, and Asgill was released. Afterwards +served in the Low Countries and in Ireland. =Index=: =Dr= Chosen by lot +for retaliatory hanging, 198. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._ + +=Ashburton, Alexander Baring, Baron= (1774-1848). Entered Parliament in +1806. Opposed measures against American commerce. President of board of +trade and master of mint, 1834. Raised to peerage, 1835. Commissioner at +Washington for settlement of boundary dispute, 1842. =Index=: =BL= +Settles difficulties between Great Britain and the United States, 118. +=Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Ashburton, John Dunning, First Baron= (1731-1783). =Index=: =Dr= +Opposes Quebec Act in House of Commons, 65. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Ashburton Treaty.= Negotiated between Great Britain and the United +States, 1842, Lord Ashburton acting for the former and Daniel Webster on +behalf of the latter. Provided for the settlement of the international +boundary between Maine and Canada. Of the territory in dispute, the +United States got about seven-twelfths and Canada five-twelfths. Also +provided for the determination of the boundary in the St. Mary River +and thence to the Lake of the Woods; for the free navigation of the St. +John River; for the suppression of the slave trade, and for the +extradition of criminals. =Index=: =Sy= Sydenham takes part in +negotiations leading to, 336. =W= Boundary question settled by, 135. =T= +Settlement of, checks projected railway from St. Andrews to Quebec, 53. +=BL= Settlement of, 118. =Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty Years_; Winsor, +_Narrative and Critical History,_ Vol. vii; White, _The Ashburton +Treaty_, in _Univ. Mag._, October, 1907; _The Ashburton Treaty: an +Afterword_, in _Univ. Mag._, December, 1908; Houston, _Canadian +Constitutional Documents_; Hertslet, _Treaties and Conventions_. + +=Assembly.= _See_ House of Assembly. + +=Assiniboia.= One of the provisional districts carved out of the +North-West Territories, in 1882. Now included in the provinces of +Alberta and Saskatchewan, principally in the latter. + +=Assiniboine Indians.= A tribe of the Siouan family; first mentioned in +the Jesuit _Relation_ of 1640. They separated from the parent stock +early in the seventeenth century, and moved north and north-west to the +region about Lake Winnipeg. Later they spread over the country west of +Lake Winnipeg, to the foot-hills of the Rocky Mountains. Their +population was estimated at 8000 in 1829. One-half this number perished +in the smallpox epidemic of 1836. They are now settled on reservations +in Alberta, and in Montana. =Bib.=: Hodge, _Handbook of American +Indians_. + +=Assiniboine River.= Discovered by La Verendrye in 1736. Fort Rouge was +built at the mouth of the river in that year, as well as Fort La Reine, +near the present city of Portage la Prairie. From the latter fort, two +years later, La Verendrye set forth on his memorable journey to the +Mandan Indians on the Missouri. Before the close of the century, both +the Hudson's Bay Company and the North West Company had trading +establishments at various points on the river. First named Riviere St. +Charles; afterwards Riviere des Assiliboilles, and Stone Indian River; +finally settling in present form. =Bib.=: Bryce, _Assiniboine River and +its Forts_ (R. S. C., 1892); Dawson, _Canada and Newfoundland_; Burpee, +_Search for the Western Sea_; Hind, _Canadian Red River and Assiniboine +and Saskatchewan Expeditions_. + +=Association of Canadian Refugees.= =Mc= Formed in 1839, 448; object of, +independence of Canada, 449; ended further expeditions against Canada, +449. + +=Astor, John Jacob= (1763-1848). Founder of Astor Fur Company. =Index=: +=Bk= Sends news of declaration of war in 1812, 204. =Bib.=: Bryce, +_Hudson's Bay Company_; _Cyc. Am. Biog._ + +=Astor Fur Company.= =Index=: =D= Founds Astoria, 64. _See also_ Pacific +Fur Company. + +=Astoria.= Established by Pacific Fur Company, 1811. Turned over to the +North West Company, 1813, and renamed Fort George. The scene of +Washington Irving's delightful narrative _Astoria_. The fort stood on +the banks of the Columbia River, near its mouth. =Index=: =D= Acquired +by North West Company, 71, 149; in possession of United States after War +of 1812, 133-134; claimed by United States, 150; American flag raised +over, 150. =Bib.=: Franchere, _Voyage to the North-West Coast of +America_; Cox, _Adventures on the Columbia River_; Ross, _Adventures of +First Settlers on Columbia River_; _Henry-Thompson Journals_, ed. by +Coues; Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_; Bradbury, _Travels in the Interior +of America in the Years 1809, 1810, and 1811_. + +=Astorians.= Name applied to members of the two expeditions fitted out +by John Jacob Astor, to found trading establishment at the mouth of the +Columbia. One party sailed around the Horn in the _Tonquin_; the other +went overland by way of the Missouri and the Columbia. =Index=: =D= +Their influence upon development of Pacific coast, 4; their first +vessel, the _Tonquin_, captured by natives and the crew murdered, 1811, +37; the overland expedition, 71. _See also_ Pacific Fur Company; +_Tonquin_. + +=Atahualpa.= =D= Vessel, attacked by Milbank Sound savages, 1805, 37. + +=Atalanta.= =Hd= Vessel in which Haldimand embarked for England, 309. + +=Atalante.= =WM= French frigate, loads stores at Sorel, 243. + +=Athabaska.= One of the provisional districts formed out of the +North-West Territories in 1882; area about 122,000 square miles. Now +divided between the provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta, forming the +northern half of each. + +=Athabaska Lake.= First discovered by Peter Pond, about 1778. Ten years +later the first trading post on the lake was built by Roderick McKenzie +of the North West Company, and named Fort Chipewyan. It was afterwards +moved to the north side of the lake. =Index=: Frobisher's men penetrate +to, 5; importance of in fur trade, 21, 24; called Lake of the Hills, 24. + +=Athabaska Pass.= Discovered by David Thompson of the North West +Company, in January, 1811. The pass was used thereafter by the traders +as a route from the Athabaska to the Columbia. =Index=: =D= Discovered +by David Thompson, 58. + +=Athabaska River.= Rises in the watershed range of the Rocky Mountains, +close to the head waters of the north branch of the North Saskatchewan, +and after a course of 765 miles empties into Athabaska Lake. Discovered +by Peter Pond in 1778. =Index=: =MS= Pond builds post on, 21; named also +Elk River and Riviere a la Biche, 21. + +=Atkins, D. A.= =S= Opens school at Napanee, 167. + +=Attignaouantans.= =Ch= Huron tribe (the Bears), 88, 91. + +=Attigninonghacs.= =Ch= Huron tribe devoted to the French, 92. + +=Aube-Riviere, Francois Louis de Pourroy de l'.= Appointed bishop of +Quebec, Aug. 16, 1739. Arrived at Quebec, Aug. 12, 1740, and died of +fever on the 20th of the same month. =Index=: =L= Bishop of Quebec, 12. + +=Aubere, Father Joseph.= =Ch= Jesuit missionary, his labours in Acadia, +236. + +=Aubert, Joseph.= =Ch= Director of the Company of New France, 170. + +=Aubert de Gaspe, Philippe= (1786-1871). French-Canadian writer. +=Index=: =L= His description of Canadians, 118. =Bib.=: Works: _Les +Anciens Canadiens_, translated into English by Mrs. Pennie, and by C. G. +D. Roberts; _Memoires_. For biog., _see_ Casgrain, _Biographies +Canadiennes_; Roy, _Etude sur "Les Anciens Canadiens_" (R. S. C., 1906). + +=Aubert de la Chesnaye, Charles= (1630-1702). Born at Amiens. Came to +Canada, 1655. Chief clerk of the Compagnie des Indes Occidentales, 1665. +Engaged in the fur-trade at Cataraqui, 1674. In 1677 obtained a grant of +Ile Dupas. In 1679 made a visit to Paris, and in 1683 back again at +Cataraqui. In 1696 prepared an important memoir on the commerce of the +colony. =Index=: =L= His description of Canadians, 117-118; his +liberality on occasion of Quebec fire, 186. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Old +Regime_. + +=Aubert de la Chesnaye, Jacques.= =F= Trader, La Barre's dealings with, +175. + +=Aubry.= =WM= Force gathered by, and Ligneris, dispersed, 146. + +=Aubry.= =Ch= Priest of De Monts's expedition, at Ste. Croix, 25. + +=Auckland, George Eden, Earl of= (1784-4849). =Index=: =Sy= President of +board of trade, when Poulett Thomson was vice-president, 26. + +=Auguste.= =Hd= Transport ship wrecked in St. Lawrence, 40. + +=Aulneau, Jean-Pierre.= Jesuit missionary, with La Verendrye in his +western explorations. Murdered by Sioux on an island in the Lake of the +Woods, May, 1736. + +=Aumont, Marechal d'.= =Ch= Champlain serves under, 1. + +=Austerlitz.= =Bk= Battle of, its significance, 72-73. + +=Auteuil, Denis Joseph Ruette d'.= _See_ Ruette d'Auteuil. + +=Avaugour, Pierre Dubois, Baron d'.= Governor of New France, 1661-1663, +succeeding D'Argenson. =Index=: =F= Governor, 45; disagrees with clergy +on liquor question, 46; describes earthquake, 46. =L= His attitude on +liquor question, 10, 38; recalled, 39; his report on Canada, 40. =Bib.=: +Parkman, _Old Regime_. + +=Aylesworth, Sir Allen Bristol= (1854- ). Born in Newburgh, Ontario. +Educated at Newburgh High School and at the University of Toronto; +studied law and called to the bar of Ontario, 1878; practised his +profession in Toronto; appointed one of the British Commissioners in +connection with the settlement of the Alaska boundary, 1903; elected to +the House of Commons, 1905; postmaster-general, 1905; minister of +justice, 1906; British agent in connection with the Fisheries case +before the Hague Tribunal, 1910. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_. + +=Aylmer, Matthew Whitworth, Baron= (1775-1850). Entered the army, 1787; +served in the West Indies, in Holland, and in the Peninsula under +Wellington. Reached the full rank of general, 1825, and in 1830 became +the governor-general of Canada; returned to England, 1835. =Index=: =Bk= +Present with Brock at battle of Egmont-op-Zee, 17. =BL= Pays official +salaries from the war chest, 21. =P= His influence did not extend beyond +Quebec--hostility towards French-Canadians, 39-40; his conciliatory +attitude, 75-76; at open war with the Assembly, 77-78; remonstrates with +Assembly, 86; refuses to interfere in factional strife in Montreal, 87; +held responsible by Papineau and his friends for cholera epidemic, +88-89; bitterly attacked in the Ninety-Two Resolutions, 95; attacked by +Papineau, 100, 105; criticizes the Ninety-Two Resolutions, 106. =Bib.=: +Morgan, _Cel. Can._; _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Aylwin, Thomas Cushing= (1806-1871). Born in Quebec city. Studied law +and called to the bar, 1828. First entered public life, 1841, as member +for Portneuf. After filling the office of solicitor-general in two +administrations, raised to the bench, 1848. =Index=: =Sy= Opposed to +union of provinces, 235. =BL= Member for Portneuf, his relations with +Reform party in Upper Canada, 79; supports Cuvillier for speakership, +1841, 87; his attitude as to debt for public works, 99; denounces +government, 130; becomes solicitor-general for Lower Canada, 134; +elected for Quebec, 1844, 252; his bitter attack on Metcalfe on his +elevation to peerage, 257; solicitor-general, 284. =E= One of opposition +leaders in 1847, 45; returned in 1847 elections, 50; solicitor-general +for Lower Canada in La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 53; member of +Seigniorial Court, 187. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty +Years_. + +=Babbitt, Samuel.= =T= Master of Madras School, Gagetown, New Brunswick, +5; also clerk of the parish, 5. + +=Baby, James= (1762-1833). Born at Detroit. Educated at Quebec Seminary, +and in 1784 travelled in Europe. On his return the following year +engaged in the fur trade at Detroit. On the formation of the province of +Upper Canada in 1791, appointed a member of the Executive and +Legislative Councils. Simcoe made him lieutenant for the county of Kent +and judge of the Court of Common Pleas. Commanded the 1st Regiment of +Kent militia in the War of 1812. In 1815 succeeded McGill as +inspector-general of accounts for Upper Canada. =Index=: =Bk= His house +occupied by General Hull, 209, 229. =S= Member of Legislative and +Executive Councils, 79. =Bib.=: Daniel, _Nos Gloires Nationales_; +Morgan, _Cel. Can._ + +=Baby, Louis Francois Georges= (1834-1906). Born in Montreal. Studied +law and called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1857; made a Q.C., 1873. +Represented Joliette in Dominion House, 1872-1880; minister of inland +revenue, 1878-1880. Appointed puisne judge of Superior Court of Quebec, +1880; transferred to Queen's Bench, 1881. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._; +Morgan, _Can. Men_. + +=Back, Sir George= (1796-1878). Entered the navy as midshipman in 1808; +accompanied Franklin on his Arctic expeditions of 1818, 1819-1822, and +1824-1827. Promoted lieutenant, 1822, and commander, 1827. In 1833-1835, +led an expedition through what is now northern Canada, to the shores of +the Arctic, to ascertain the fate of Captain Ross. The expedition +resulted in the exploration of Great Fish River, which was renamed Back +River in honour of the explorer. In 1836 explored the Arctic coast, +between Regent Inlet and Cape Turnagain. Twice granted the gold medal of +the Royal Geographical Society; knighted, 1839; promoted admiral, 1857. +=Bib.=: Works: _Narrative of the Arctic Land Expedition_; _Narrative of +Expedition in H.M.S. Terror_. For biog., _see_ _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Badeaux.= =Dr= His account of American invasion, 89. + +=Badgley, William= (1801-1888). Born in Montreal. Studied law and called +to the bar, 1823. Member of the Legislative Assembly, 1847-1855; member +of the Executive Council for Lower Canada, 1847-1848; appointed +attorney-general. Judge of the Superior Court of Lower Canada, +1855-1863; assistant judge of the Court of Queen's Bench for Quebec, +1863-1864; puisne judge of the same Court, 1866-1874. =Index=: =E= Made +a judge of the Seigniorial Court, 187. =S= Member of Constitutional +Association, 112. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._ + +=Badin, Father.= =L= Companion of Father Marquette, 62. + +=Bagot, Sir Charles= (1781-1843). Born in England. Educated at Rugby and +Oxford; entered Parliament, 1807, becoming under-secretary for foreign +affairs. Minister plenipotentiary to France, 1814; and to the United +States, 1815-1820. Privy councillor, 1815; ambassador to St. Petersburg, +1820; and to the Hague, 1824. Governor-general of Canada, 1841-1843. +Died in Kingston soon after retiring from office. =Index=: =Sy= Follows +Canadian line of policy, 351; finds country tranquil, 355. =BL= His +letter to Lord Stanley on La Fontaine's arrest, 49; succeeds Sydenham, +113; a Tory of the old school, 113; previous career, 113; his policy, +113-114; studies political conditions, 114-115; his popularity in Lower +Canada, 115; plans a coalition government, 117; his speech from the +throne, 122; anxious to bring Baldwin and La Fontaine into Cabinet, 121; +his letter to La Fontaine, 122-124; denounced by Tory press, 140-142; +difficulties of his position, 141; his illness, 149; subjected to bitter +attacks and censure, 149-152; asks for and obtains his recall, 152; his +death, May 19, 1843, 152; denounced even in death, 153; on responsible +government, 162, 163, 164; Kaye on, 171; lays corner-stone of King's +College, 193. =E= His political attitude as governor, 30; friendly +towards French-Canadians, 30-31. =R= Supported by Ryerson, 122; +favourable attitude towards popular government, 126; question of popular +education, 163. =B= Relations of Peel government with, xii; friendly +attitude towards French-Canadians, 16; attacked by Tories for bringing +La Fontaine and Baldwin into Cabinet, 16; his action denounced by Peel +and Duke of Wellington, 17, 18; recalled at his own request, 18; his +death, 18. =C= Concedes responsible government, 17. =Md= Succeeds +Sydenham, 17; brings Reform leaders into Cabinet, 18; resigns +government, 18. =Bib.=: Richardson, _Eight Years in Canada_; Kingsford, +_History of Canada_, Dent, _Last Forty Years_ and _Can. Por.; Dict. Nat. +Biog._ + +=Bagot, Father.= =L= Director of Jesuit college of La Fleche, 20. + +=Baie de Chaleur.= In west coast of Gulf of St. Lawrence, on boundary +between Quebec and New Brunswick. Discovered by Jacques Cartier in 1534, +described in his narrative, and so named because he found it as warm +there as in sunny Spain. + +=Baie St. Paul.= A village in Charlevoix County, sixty miles below +Quebec. =Index=: =WM= Settlements near burnt by Wolfe's orders, 150. + +=Bailiffs.= =Dr= Accused of instigating litigation, 53. + +=Baillie, Thomas.= =W= Commissioner of crown lands for New Brunswick, +1824-1851, 21; his income exceeded that of the lieutenant-governor, 21; +his enormous pension, 22; protests against reduction of his salary, 62; +surveyor-general, retires, 69; elected to Assembly for York, 103; +retires from government and pensioned, 116. + +=Bailly, Mgr.= =Dr= Coadjutor bishop of Quebec, on education in Canada, +229. + +=Bailly, Francois.= =L= Master mason of Montreal church, 88. + +=Bain, James= (1842-1908). Born in London, England. Came to Canada with +his parents at early age; educated at the Toronto Academy and the +Toronto Grammar School. Spent some years in London engaged in the +publishing business. Returned to Canada, 1882; appointed chief librarian +of Toronto Public Library, 1883. =Index=: =Bk= Discovers list of Brock's +books, 135. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men._ + +=Baldoon.= A settlement near Lake St. Clair in Upper Canada, made by +Lord Selkirk, 1803, and named after one of his own estates. =Index=: +=MS= Highland colonists in Prince Edward Island settled at, 133; +Alexander Macdonell in charge of, 133. + +=Baldoon Street.= Built by Selkirk settlers, from Baldoon to Chatham on +the River Thames. =Index=: =MS= Connected Baldoon and Chatham, 33. + +=Baldwin, C. T.= Born in Ireland. Entered the army; served throughout +the Peninsular War; afterwards in the West Indies; for a time in the +service of the emperor of Brazil. Emigrated to Canada. Served during the +Rebellion of 1837-1838, in command of a regiment of militia. A +magistrate, and in political life a follower of Robert Baldwin. Died, +1861. =Index=: =B= Presents address to Elgin, 36. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. +Can._ + +=Baldwin, Robert= (1804-1858). =Index=: =BL= Name associated with +responsible government, ix; a "man of one idea," ix; his ancestry, 23; +born, May 12, 1804, at York, 25; early years, 25; studies law, 25; +called to the bar, 1825, 26; political views, 27; in public life, 28; +drafts Willis petition, 29; enters the Legislature, 31; defeated in next +election, 31; his marriage, 32; appointed to Council by Head, 38; +recommended by Colborne for a seat in Legislative Council, 38-39; death +of his wife, 39; his letter to Peter Perry, 39; disapproves of an +elective Legislative Council, 40; resigns from Council, 41; sails for +England, 42; his connection with Rebellion of 1837, 44-45; enters into +correspondence with La Fontaine and other Lower Canada leaders, 63; +offered by Sydenham solicitor-generalship of Upper Canada, and accepts, +63; made an executive councillor, 64; resigns office, 64; his action +condemned, 64; his motives, 64-67; elected in two constituencies, 69; +solicitor-general for Upper Canada, 76; his views, 76-77; his letter to +Sydenham on personnel of new Cabinet, 78-79; calls meeting of Reform +party, 79; commends reconstruction of ministry, 79-80; his resignation, +80; censured by Poulett Scrope, 80; his uncompromising attitude in +matter of responsible government, 81; his attitude in the Legislature, +85; his speech on responsible government, 1841, 92-94; supports +Neilson's motion against Union Act, 96; sides with French-Canadians on +question of public works, 99; opposes Municipal Government Bill, 102; +his relations with Hincks, 103; his resolutions on responsible +government, 108-110; proposes candidature of La Fontaine in York County, +116; Bagot anxious to bring him into the Cabinet, 121; referred to in +Draper's speech, 127; replies to Draper, 128-130; withdraws amendment, +132; becomes attorney-general for Upper Canada, 134; his defeat in +Hastings--account of the election, 134-136; beaten in York, 136; elected +for Rimouski, 137; attitude of Tories, 139; significance of his alliance +with La Fontaine, 142-143; personal appearance, 148; references to in +petition to governor, 166, 167; Kaye's description of, 169, 170-171; +Davies on, 172; his part in the Assembly, 178-179; moves resolution to +remove capital to Montreal, 182; his speech, 183; his bill for the +discouragement of secret societies, 185-188; burnt in effigy at Toronto, +187; his University of Toronto Bill, 190-197; resigns office, 199; his +interview with Metcalfe, 201; the official statements of La Fontaine and +Metcalfe, giving their respective versions of the causes of the +ministers' resignation, 201-209; presents to Assembly the reasons for +his resignation, 213-214; returns to practise law in Toronto, 217; +Wakefield on, 219; heads the agitation against Metcalfe in Upper Canada, +220; guest of honour at Toronto banquet, 220-221; his speech, 221; +address before Reform Association, 221-223; speaks at public meetings, +225; address from his constituents of Rimouski, 225; tours Lower Canada, +226; his political views, 229-230; Viger's criticism of, 236; Draper on, +236; his speech in Toronto, May, 1844, 238; attacked by Buchanan, +239-240; criticized by Ryerson, 242, 243, 245-246; resigns as Queen's +Counsel, 250; elected in York, 252; his University Bill, 256; moves vote +of censure against the governor-general, 256; attacks Metcalfe in the +Assembly, 257; referred to in Caron's letter, 260; correspondence with +La Fontaine as to Draper's proposals, 261, 262, 263-265; his speech at +public dinner given him in November, 1846, 268-269; his tour of Western +Canada, 269; on responsible government, 273; moves amendment to address, +277; aids in foundation of Emigration Association, 278; elected in York, +279; in second La Fontaine-Baldwin administration, 281-284; proposes +Morin for Speaker, 283; interview with Elgin, 285; re-elected, 286; his +Municipal Corporations Act and University Act, 292-300; revision of +judicial system in Upper Canada, 300-301; his part in Rebellion Losses +Bill, 310, 311-312; burned in effigy in Toronto, 318-319; his boarding +house in Montreal attacked by the mob, 324; petitions for removal of +Navigation Act, 337; his political views, 339-340; his relations with +George Brown, 342; his attitude on secularization of Clergy Reserves, +348-349; his resignation, 352-353; MacNab's tribute, 353; defeated in +York and retires finally from public life, 357; lives in retirement at +"Spadina," 357; made a C.B., 357; offered chief-justiceship of Common +Pleas, 357; and nomination for seat in Legislative Council, 358; failing +health compels him to decline both offers, 358; his death, Dec. 9, 1858, +358; value of his public work, 359-360. =Sy= His premature demand for +strict party government, 187; consulted by Sydenham in regard to Clergy +Reserves question, 247; made solicitor-general, 252; appointed to same +office under Union, 283; advises Sydenham as to choice of returning +officers and polling places, 290; his defection from Sydenham's +government, 294, 296; opposes some of the most beneficial measures of +government, 296; loses for a time sympathy of Reformers, 299, 307; +Sydenham's remarks upon his manoeuvres, 305-307; opposes Sydenham's +Bill for local self-government in Upper Canada, 323. =R= Resigns, 122; +forms party with Hincks, La Fontaine, and others, 122; moves resolutions +on responsible government, 122-123; in the Metcalfe controversy, 126, +128; his scheme for a provincial university, 149-152; his resignation, +152; his University Bill of 1849, 157-159, 160; secures disallowance of +School Bill of 1849, 182. =E= On responsible government, 28; his +political attitude, 30; forms ministry with La Fontaine in 1842, 31; his +greatest desire the success of responsible government, 32; his conflict +with Metcalfe, 34; in opposition, 45; returned in elections of 1847, 50; +on parliamentary government, 51; sent for by Elgin, 52; attorney-general +for Upper Canada, 53; remains in office until 1851, 85; sound views on +parliamentary practice, 90; his capacity for discreet, practical +statesmanship, 93; carries measure for creation of University of +Toronto, 93, 94; views on Clergy Reserves, 102-103, 160, 162-163, 164; +his resignation and its causes, 103-104, 112; his retirement from +politics, 104, 107; and death, 1858, 104, 220; his strong views on +Imperial connection, 229-230; his value as a statesman, 236. =P= +Alliance with La Fontaine, 168. =C= Forms alliance with La Fontaine, 16; +called to Council by Bagot, 16; resigns, 17; called to power again, +1846, 18; "great reformer and good man," 97; his influence with La +Fontaine's against racial antagonisms, 97; with La Fontaine, 99; wins +constitutional battle, 100; circumstances which led to his retirement +from politics, 132. =B= Called to Cabinet by Bagot, 16; dispute with +Metcalfe, 19; "father of responsible government," 21; criticized by +Ryerson, 22-23; his views obnoxious to Metcalfe, 23; his wise leadership +of Reformers, 24; forms administration with La Fontaine, 33; burnt in +effigy at Toronto, 36; legislation of his ministry, 39; government +defended by George Brown, 42; his retirement, 44, 47, 48; approves of +MacNab-Morin coalition, 78; leader of movement for responsible +government, 261; disintegration of old Reform party hastened by his +retirement, 262. =Md= Brought into Cabinet by Sir Charles Bagot, 18; +resigns, 1843, 18; criticized by extremists in his own party, 22; +resigns from La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 46; approves coalition of +1854, 64; cause of his resignation, 78-79. =Mc= Defends Judge Willis, +133; supported by Mackenzie, 159; elected to the Assembly, 159; on banks +in politics, 170; appointed executive councillor, 294; resigns, 294; +goes to England, 305; opposed by Head, 305; accompanies flag of truce, +368; retires from Executive Council, 408; Mackenzie defeats government +of, 492. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; Taylor, +_Brit. Am._; Davin, _The Irishman in Canada_; Baldwin, _Correspondence_ +(Toronto Public Library Mss.). + +=Baldwin, William Warren.= Born in Ireland. Came to Canada 1798, and +finally settled in York, now known as Toronto. Represented Norfolk in +the Legislature of Upper Canada. Died 1844. =Index=: =BL= Comes to +Canada 1798, 23; practises medicine at York, 24; opens a classical +school, 24, 106; practises law, 25; his marriage, 25; father of Robert +Baldwin, 25; purchases "Spadina," 26; political views, 26-27; chairman +of public meeting in Willis affair, 28; president of Constitutional +Reform Society, 42; member of Legislative Council, 177. =Mc= Upholds +Judge Willis, 132; protests against his removal, 133. =Bib.=: Rose, +_Cyc. Can. Biog._; Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; Scadding, +_Toronto of Old_. + +=Baldwin Reformer.= =B= Origin of the name, 78. + +=Ball.= =Dr= The maiden name of Dorchester's mother, 29. + +=Ball.= =F= First given in Canada, 59. _See also_ Amusements. + +=Ballot.= =Sy= Sydenham an early advocate of, 18. + +=Bancroft, George= (1800-1891). Educated at Harvard University, +Cambridge, and in Germany. Secretary of the navy, 1845; ambassador to +Great Britain, 1846-1849; and in 1867-1874 minister at the court of +Berlin. =Index=: =L= On La Salle, 153. =Ch= On the difficulties +encountered by missionaries, 87. =Bib.=: _History of the United States_. +For biog., _see_ Howe, _Life and Letters of George Bancroft; Cyc. Am. +Biog._ + +=Bank of Upper Canada.= Established 1823 with a capital of $41,364, +which had increased in 1859 to $3,126,250. Its headquarters were in +Toronto. After a long, prosperous career the bank stopped payment in +1866, the chief cause being the collapse in real estate in Canada West +in 1857-1858. =Index=: =Mc= Increase of capital vetoed, 215; run on, +340. =Bib.=: _See_ Banking. + +=Banking.= The first bank established in Canada was the Bank of +Montreal, which dates from the year 1817. The Bank of Quebec was +established in 1818; and the Bank of Canada the same year. All three +were chartered in 1822. A Banking Act was passed in 1841, providing a +uniform system of banking. The Act of 1850 prohibited banks other than +those incorporated by Parliament or royal charter from issuing notes. It +also provided for a deposit with the government to be held as a +guarantee; also for bank statistics. Further provisions designed to +place banking on a more secure footing were incorporated in the Act of +1871. Further banking legislation was passed in 1881 and in 1890. +=Index=: =Sy= Sydenham's plans for establishment of bank of issue, +327-329; idea partially adopted by Sir F. Hincks, as finance minister of +Dominion, 330. =Mc= Report of House on system of, 161. =Bib.=: Johnson, +_First Things in Canada_; Shortt, _Early History of Canadian Banking_; +Breckenridge, _Canadian Banking System_; Hague, _Banking and Commerce; +Historical Sketch of Canadian Banking, in Canada: An Ency._, vol. 1; +_History of the Bank of Nova Scotia_; McLachlan, _The Nova Scotia +Treasury Notes_; Walker, _History of Banking in Canada_. + +=Banner.= Newspaper, published at Toronto. =Index=: =B= Founded in 1843 +by Peter and George Brown, 3, 5; champions government by the people, 5; +on disruption of Scottish Church, 6; controversy with the _Church_, 6-7; +defines its political principles, 9; becomes the _Globe_, 10; Peter +Brown writes for, 243. + +=Baptist Church.= Like several other religious denominations in Canada, +it had its origin in Nova Scotia. Some Baptists were living in Lunenburg +as early as 1753. In 1800 the first Baptist Association was formed at +Granville, Nova Scotia, and by 1850 there were Baptist Associations in +many parts of the province. In 1828 the Nova Scotia Baptist Educational +Society was established. The first church was built in Montreal, 1830; +and in 1834 the Baptist Seminary of New Brunswick was founded at +Fredericton. In 1852 the Baptist Missionary Society of Canada was +established. Since then the Baptists have grown rapidly in all the +provinces, and several Baptist colleges and institutions have been +established, notably Acadia and McMaster Universities (_q.v._). The +Baptist Church was organized in British Columbia in 1877. =Index=: =W= +First founded in Fredericton, 1813, 10; represented by one member in +Legislative Council, 69. =Bib.=: Wells, _History of the Baptist +Denomination in Canada_, in _Canada: An Ency._, vol. 3; Hill, _Forty +Years with the Baptist Ministers and Churches of the Maritime Provinces +of Canada_. + +=Baranof, Alexander Andrevitch= (1747-1819). Governor of Russian +America. Had been manager of a glass factory at Irkutsk, Siberia; grew +tired of the monotonous though profitable business, and engaged in the +fur trade of eastern Siberia. Appointed governor of the principal +Russian trading company in America, 1790. Nine years later, the +different companies were united, and Baranof moved his headquarters from +Kadiak to New Archangel (Sitka), where he built a strong fort, with a +shipyard, foundry, churches, and hospitals. Even a library and +picture-gallery were afterwards added to this little outpost of Russian +civilization. In 1818 sailed for home, and died at sea on the voyage. +=Index=: =D= His rule at Sitka, 44; his character, 44; his death, 1819, +45, =Bib.=: Laut, _Vikings of the Pacific_. + +=Barbarie, A.= =W= Referred to in Wilmot's speech, 104. =T= Represents +Restigouche in New Brunswick Assembly, 18. + +=Barclay, Robert H.= Born in Scotland. Took part in the battle of +Trafalgar. Sent to Canada, and commander of British naval force on Lake +Erie in 1813. On Sept. 10, 1813, defeated by the American fleet under +Perry. Subsequently court-martialled, but acquitted. Died, 1837. =Bib.=: +Morgan, _Cel. Can._; _Cyc. Am. Biog._ _See also_ War of 1812. + +=Barclay, Thomas= (1753-1830). Born in New York. In 1775 served in the +British army during the American Revolution, and in 1777 became major. +At the end of the war moved to Nova Scotia; entered the House of +Assembly, and for some time Speaker. Appointed adjutant-general of +militia; served as a commissioner under Jay's Treaty; appointed +consul-general at New York for the Northern and Eastern states. =Index=: +=Bk= Declares war to be inevitable, 202. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._ + +=Barker, T. B.= =T= Founder of business firm of St. John, 8. + +=Barkley, Charles William= (1759-1832). Served in the East India +Company; sailed on a trading voyage for sea-otter skins to the +North-West Coast, 1787. Brought his bride with him, the first white +woman on the North-West Coast. Discovered and named Juan de Fuca Strait +the same year, and carried his cargo of furs to China. In 1792 made +another voyage to the North-West Coast, again accompanied by his wife, +who kept interesting journals of both voyages. Died at North Crescent, +Hartford. Barkley Sound, Vancouver Island, discovered and named by him. +=Index=: =D= His two voyages to North-West Coast, 23; his wife first +woman to visit North-West Coast, 23. =Bib.=: Walbran, _British Columbia +Coast Names_. + +=Barnsfare, Captain.= =Dr= Commands battery at Pres de Ville, 127. + +=Baronets of Nova Scotia.= An order created by James I, in 1625, for the +purpose of "advancing the plantation of Nova Scotia." The scheme, which +King James had deeply at heart, was designed to assist Sir William +Alexander in his ambitious plans of colonization in the New World, by +offering a special inducement to men of position in Scotland to take +tracts of land in Nova Scotia, and to bring out numbers of colonists to +settle upon them. _See also_ Stirling. =Bib.=: Duncan, _Royal Province +of New Scotland and her Baronets_; Bourinot, _Builders of Nova Scotia_; +Patterson, _Sir William Alexander_ (R. S. C., 1892); Mackenzie, +_Baronets of Nova Scotia_ (R. S. C., 1901); _Royal Letters, Charters, +and Tracts Relating to the Colonisation of Nova Scotia and the +Institution of the Order of Knights Baronet of Nova Scotia_; Kirke, _The +First English Conquest of Canada_. + +=Barre, Isaac= (1726-1802). Born in Ireland. Served under Wolfe against +Rochefort in 1757, and at Quebec in 1759, being at Wolfe's side when he +fell. Entered Parliament, 1761, and a member until 1790. In 1763-1764 +adjutant-general and governor of Stirling; in 1764-1768, vice-treasurer +of Ireland and a privy councillor; in 1782, treasurer of the navy. +=Index=: =Dr= On Quebec Act, 67. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Barren Grounds.= The region of northern Canada, lying between the +Mackenzie River and Hudson Bay, and from the northern timber-line to +the Arctic. First visited by Samuel Hearne in 1770-1772. Late explorers +who traversed portions of the country are Franklin, in 1821; Back, in +1833; Dease and Simpson, in 1839; Richardson in 1848; and Anderson in +1855. Within more recent years, Warburton Pike, J. B. Tyrrell, J. W. +Tyrrell, D. T. Hanbury and Caspar Whitney have explored parts of the +Barren Grounds. =Bib.=: Hearne, _Journey to the Northern Ocean_; +Franklin, _Narrative_; Back, _Arctic Land Expedition_; Simpson, _North +Coasts of America_; Richardson, _Arctic Searching Expedition_; Anderson, +_Descent of Great Fish River_, in _Royal Geog. Soc. Journal_, 1856 and +1857; Pike, _Barren Grounds_; Tyrrell, _Across the Sub-Arctics_; +Hanbury, _Northland of Canada_; Whitney, _On Snowshoes to the Barren +Grounds_. + +=Barrington, William Wildman, second Viscount= (1717-1793). Entered +Parliament, 1740. Lord commissioner of Admiralty, 1746; a privy +councillor, 1755; chancellor of the exchequer, 1761; treasurer of the +navy, 1762; secretary of war, 1765-1768; joint postmaster-general, 1782. +=Index=: =Hd= Informs Haldimand he owes promotion to the king, 83; +summary sent him of Haldimand's expenses, 107; compliments Haldimand, +113; promises Haldimand pay as inspector-general, 329. =Bib.=: _Dict. +Nat. Biog._ + +=Barron, Commodore= (1769-1851). Born in Virginia. In command of the +_Chesapeake_, on board which were some British deserters, 1807. On the +refusal of Barron to give them up, the British frigate _Leopard_ +attacked and compelled his surrender. Court-martialled and suspended +from rank and pay for five years. Fought and killed Commodore Decatur in +a duel, 1820. Became senior officer of the navy, 1839. =Index=: =Bk= +Enlists deserters from British ships on board _Chesapeake_, 83, 85. +=Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._; _Correspondence between the late Commodore +Stephen Decatur and Commodore James Barron_. + +=Barter.= =L= Practised in colony in early days, 122. + +=Barthe, J. G.= Member for Yamaska in Canadian Assembly, 1841-1844. +=Index=: =BL= Takes part in Rebellion of 1837; afterwards edits +_L'Avenir du Canada_; member for Yamaska; offered and refuses seat in +Cabinet, 236. + +=Basques.= A pre-Aryan race, occupying the border-land between France +and Spain. Assertions have repeatedly been made that they made voyages +to America, and discovered the Gulf of St. Lawrence, before Cartier, and +even before Cabot, but these have never been substantiated. All the +evidence goes to show that they frequented the Newfoundland fisheries in +the sixteenth century, but not earlier. =Index=: =Ch= Contraband +traders, 140; threaten French on St. Pierre Island, 174. =Bib.=: Dawson, +_The St. Lawrence Basin_; Reade, _The Basques in North America_ (R. S. +C., 1888); Howley, _Old Basque Tombstones at Placentia_. + +=Bathurst, Henry, third Earl= (1762-1834). Succeeded to the title, 1794. +Entered Parliament, 1793; president of the board of trade, 1807; foreign +secretary, 1809; and secretary for war and the colonies, 1812. Directed +Britain's colonial policy during the important administrations of +Prevost, Sherbrooke, and Dalhousie, in Lower Canada, and of Gore and +Maitland, in Upper Canada. Lord president of the Council, 1828-1830; one +of the original members of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, +1833. =Index=: =Sy= Colonial secretary, his despatch on Clergy Reserves +question, 240. =Bk= His despatch praising Brock and his officers and +announcing bestowal of K. C. B. on Brock, 296. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. +Biog._; _Courts and Cabinets of George IV_. + +=Batiscan.= =Ch= Montagnais chief, 68. + +=Batoche.= =Md= Storming of rebel camps at, 242. _See also_ Riel +Rebellion, 1885. + +=Battle of the Plains.= _See_ Quebec, Siege of, 1759. + +=Battleford.= A town on the North Saskatchewan, at the mouth of the +Battle River. In the Rebellion of 1885, it was threatened by +Poundmaker's warriors, and relieved by Otter's column. The battle of Cut +Knife Creek was fought about thirty-five miles from Battleford. _See +also_ Riel Rebellion, 1885. + +=Bay of Quinte.= _See_ Quinte, Bay of. + +=Bayfield, Henry Wolsey= (1795-1885). Born in Hull, England. Entered the +navy, 1806. Had a distinguished career in the navy, and served in +Canadian waters, 1814. Subsequently assisted in the survey of the upper +St. Lawrence, and appointed Admiralty surveyor, 1817. During his tenure +of office surveyed Lakes Erie, Huron, and Superior, with their +connecting waters, and almost the whole eastern coast of Canada, +including Labrador. Made vice-admiral, 1856, and admiral, 1867. Resided +for fourteen years in Quebec, when he removed to Charlottetown. Received +the thanks of the Parliament of Canada for his services, 1854. Died in +Charlottetown. + +=Baynes, Edward.= Born in England. Served in the West Indies, at the +Cape, in the East Indies, and in Malta. From 1794 to 1806 aide-de-camp +to Sir James Craig, and in 1807 adjutant-general of the forces in +Canada. In the War of 1812 served on the Niagara frontier. Died, 1829. +=Index=: =Bk= Adjutant-general, writes Brock from Quebec, 134, 136, 137, +138, 145; his opinion of the Lower Canada Assembly, 145; notifies Brock +that he may have service in Spain, 180; letter to Brock in immediate +expectation of war, 205; letter on declaration of war, 208; on +improvement in militia, 284. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._ + +=Beaconsfield, Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of= (1805-1881). British +statesman. =Index=: =BL= On Rebellion Losses Bill, 327, 328, 330. +=Bib.=: _Speeches and Letters_; O'Connor, _Life of Beaconsfield_; +Monypenny, _The Life of Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of Beaconsfield_; _Dict. +Nat. Biog._ + +=Bayning, Charles Townshend, first Baron= (1728-1810). =Dr= His +criticism of Quebec Act, 66, 67. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Bayonne Decree.= =Bk= Made by Napoleon; sequestered all American +vessels arriving in France as British property or under British +protection, 122. + +=Bearn Regiment.= Established 1595, and served with distinction in a +number of European campaigns. Landed at Quebec, June, 1755, with the +regiment of Guienne and a portion of the Languedoc battalion, and added +to its laurels at Fort Frontenac, Niagara, Oswego, Carillon, Fort +William Henry, and Ticonderoga. In 1759, on the Plains of Abraham, it +occupied the place of honour, having been placed by Montcalm in the +centre of his line. =Index=: =WM= Regular French troops, 29; in battle +of the Plains, 192; in battle of Ste. Foy, 258. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Siege +of Quebec_; Wood, _The Fight for Canada_. + +=Beauchesne.= =Ch= Clerk, received gifts from Indians, 115. + +=Beaucour, de.= =F= Brave conduct of, in command of party against +Iroquois, 319; superintends improvements in fortifications of Quebec, +326. + +=Beaudoncourt, Jacques de.= =L= On the brandy question, 39; his account +of escape of Gannentaha mission, 66. + +=Beauharnois, Charles, Marquis de= (1670-1749). Entered French navy, +1686, and rose to the rank of admiral in 1748. In 1726 appointed +governor of New France, which position he held until 1747. Took a deep +interest in Western exploration, and was a firm friend of La Verendrye. +=Bib.=: Parkman, _Half Century of Conflict_; Roy, _Intendants de la +Nouvelle-France_ (R. S. C., 1903). + +[Illustration: Monument to Laura Secord, Lundy's Lane] + +=Beauharnois, Francois de= (1665-1746). Born in France. Became +intendant of New France in 1702 and held the position until 1705. In +1707 granted the barony of Beauville. Appointed intendant de l'armee +navale, 1706; intendant of marines, 1710; intendant generale des armees +navales, 1739. =Bib.=: Roy, _Intendants de la Nouvelle-France_ (R. S. +C., 1903). + +=Beaumont.= A village in Bellechasse County, on the St. Lawrence. +=Index=: =WM= Troops landed at, 100; proclamation affixed to church +door, 101. + +=Beauport.= A village two miles below Quebec. =Index=: =WM= Defended by +entrenched camp, 80; headquarters of intendant and commissary of stores, +88; hasty abandonment of camp at, with all its stores, 228. + +=Beaupre, Seigniory of.= =L= Acquired for Seminary of Quebec, 58; +chapels and churches erected to Ste. Anne at, 101, 102; pilgrimages to, +102, 103. + +=Beausejour.= A fort built by the French in 1750-1751, on Chignecto Bay, +three miles from the British Fort Lawrence. A little tidal stream, the +Missaguash, ran between--nominally marking the dividing line between +British and French territory. The fort was captured by the British under +Monckton, in 1755, and renamed Fort Cumberland. =Bib.=: Parkman, +_Montcalm and Wolfe_; Bradley, _Fight with France_; Hannay, _History of +Acadia_; Murdoch, _History of Nova Scotia_: Campbell, _History of Nova +Scotia; Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia_, ed. by +Akins. + +=Beaver.= =D= First steamship on the Pacific, 1835, 47; carries party to +build Fort Camosun (Victoria), 178; north to Forts Taku and McLoughlin, +178; returns to Victoria, 179; to Fort Vancouver, 180; history of ship, +180-181. =Bib.=: McCain, _History of the S.S. Beaver_. + +=Beaver Club.= Founded in Montreal in 1775 by the partners of the North +West Company. It opened with nineteen members, and at one time the +registry showed ninety-three members, with eleven honorary members. +Among them were such famous fur traders and explorers as Alexander +Mackenzie and his cousin Roderick, the three Frobishers, Alexander Henry +and his nephew of the same name, Simon McTavish, James Finlay, Simon +Fraser, John Stuart, and David Thompson. The motto of the club was +"Fortitude in Difficulties." No one was admitted who had not made a +journey to the North-West and wintered there. The club entertained many +distinguished guests, including Sir John Franklin, Lord Selkirk, +Washington Irving, and the Earl of Dalhousie. The club was disbanded in +1824 after the union of the North West and Hudson's Bay Companies. An +effort to revive it in 1827 proved unsuccessful. =Index=: =MS= Founded +by the partners of the North West Company, 139; lavish hospitality and +boisterous banquets, 139. =Bk= Famous social club at Montreal, 99. +=Bib.=: Hetherington, _Canada's First Social Club_, in _Univ. Mag._, +April, 1910. + +=Beaver Dam, Battle of.= In War of 1812. FitzGibbon commanded a +detachment of the 49th Regiment, with several hundred Indians. +Boerstler, with a party of 600 men, advanced from Fort George by way of +Queenston to surprise him, but was ambushed by a body of Indians. +FitzGibbon, who had been warned of the approach of Boerstler by Laura +Secord, advanced with his men of the 49th and demanded the surrender of +the Americans, who, believing themselves surrounded by a superior force, +capitulated. The engagement took place June 24, 1813. _See also_ War of +1812. =Bib.=: Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_; Hannay, _War of 1812_: +FitzGibbon, _A Veteran of 1812_; Curzon, _Laura Secord, the Heroine of +1812_: Cruikshank, _The Fight in the Beechwoods_; Thompson, _Jubilee +History of Thorold_. + +=Beckwith, John A.= =T= Confederate candidate in York, 108. + +=Becquet, Romain.= =L= Clerk of Ecclesiastical Court, arrested, 163. + +=Bedard, Elzear.= For some years a member of the Assembly of Lower +Canada. Moved the celebrated Ninety-Two Resolutions, 1837. Puisne judge +of the Court of Queen's Bench, 1837; suspended, but afterwards +reinstated. Died, 1849. =Index=: =P= Moves the Ninety-Two Resolutions, +117; deserts Papineau, 117; appointed judge by Gosford, 117. =Bib.=: +Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Christie, _History of Lower Canada_. + +=Bedard, Pierre Stanislas= (1762-1829). Educated at the Seminary of +Quebec; studied law, and appointed advocate, 1790. Elected for +Northumberland to the first Legislature of Lower Canada, 1792. In 1806, +with a number of other French-Canadians in the Assembly, founded _Le +Canadien_, to represent the views of the popular party. In 1810 the +paper seized, and Bedard and his associates arrested on a charge of +treasonable practices. Released the following year. In 1812 appointed +judge of the District Court of Three Rivers. Retired in 1829 on account +of ill health. =Index=: =P= Leader of French-Canadians in Lower Canada +Assembly, 27; opposes property tax, 27; establishes _Le Canadien_, 28; +considered by Sir James Craig a dangerous revolutionist, 28; sent to +jail, 29; released and charges withdrawn, 29; moves resolution as to +ministerial responsibility, 96. =C= Claims liberty of the press, 95; +sent to jail, 95; released, 96; asks for ministerial responsibility, 96. +=Bk= Arrested, 127; demands trial, 128; released, 145. =Bib.=: Parent, +_Pierre Bedard et Ses Deux Fils_ in _Journal d'Instruction Publique, +1859_; Christie, _History of Lower Canada_; De Gaspe, _Memoires_; +Dionne, _Pierre Bedard et Ses Fils_; Dionne, _Pierre Bedard et Son +Temps_ (R. S. C., 1898). + +=Bedard, Dr. William=. =T= Life-long friend of Sir Leonard Tilley, 145. + +=Beer, Henry= (1835-1886). Born in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island. +Elected to the Assembly, 1870; a member of the ministry, 1872; Speaker +of the Assembly, 1877; mayor of Charlottetown, 1885-1886. + +=Begbie, Sir Matthew Baillie= (1819-1894). Educated at Cambridge; and +called to the English bar in 1844. Judge of the colony of British +Columbia and judge of the Vice-admiralty Court, 1858-1870. Chief-justice +of British Columbia, 1870-1894, and also judge of the Admiralty district +of British Columbia, 1891-1894. Knighted, 1875. =Index=: =D= First judge +in British Columbia--arrives November, 1858, 239; born in Edinburgh, +1819, 239; succeeds to chief-justiceship of British Columbia and +Vancouver Island, 239; his services to the colony, 239; his notable +journey, 1859, to Upper Fraser, 254; his character, 255. =Bib.=: Begg, +_History of British Columbia_; Nicolls, _Sir Matthew Baillie Begbie_. + +=Begon, Michel, Sieur de la Picardiere= (1674-1740). Filled the office +of inspector-general of marines, in France, 1707-1710. In the latter +year appointed intendant of Canada, but did not arrive in Quebec until +1712. Returned to France, 1726, and for some years acted as intendant of +justice in Normandy. =Bib=.: Roy, _Intendants de la Nouvelle-France_ (R. +S. C., 1903). + +=Belcher, Jonathan= (1711-1776). Second son of Governor Belcher of +Massachusetts. Educated at Harvard University, Cambridge, and in +England; called to the English bar. Appointed chief-justice of Nova +Scotia, 1754. President of the Council of Nova Scotia and administrator +of the government, 1760. Chiefly instrumental in securing for Nova +Scotia a representative Assembly. =Bib.=: Campbell, _History of Nova +Scotia_. + +=Belcour, De.= =WM= Brings promise of supplies to Ramezay, 227. + +=Belette.= =Dr= Captain of armed boat, assists Carleton's escape at +Sorel, 113. + +=Bell, Dr.= =W= Conducts Madras system of schools in New Brunswick, 86. + +=Bell, Alexander Graham= (1847- ). Born in Edinburgh, Scotland. Educated +at Edinburgh University and London University; came to Canada in 1870. +Professor of physiology in Boston University, 1872. Patented his +invention of the telephone, 1876; and has also invented the photophone, +induction balance, telephone probe, and graphophone. In 1898 appointed +regent of the Smithsonian Institution. In 1909-1910 engaged in aeroplane +experiments. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Who's Who_, 1910; _Addresses +before Canadian Club of Ottawa_, 1910. + +=Bell, Hugh.= =H= Member of Uniacke administration, Nova Scotia, 1848, +110. + +=Bell-Smith, Frederic Marlett= (1846- ). Born in London, England. +Educated there, and came to Canada, 1866. Founder and first president of +the Canadian Society of Artists, Montreal, 1867; director of Alma +College 1881; member of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts, 1888; +director of the Toronto Art School, 1889-1891. President of the Ontario +Society of Artists. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_. + +=Belleau, Sir Narcisse= (1808-1894). Born in the city of Quebec and +educated there. In 1852 a member of the Legislative Council, and in +1857-1862 Speaker. Mayor of Quebec, 1860, when King Edward VII, as +Prince of Wales, visited Canada, and knighted on the occasion. In 1862 +appointed minister of agriculture in the Cartier-Macdonald ministry; and +in 1865 premier and receiver-general in a coalition government. +Appointed lieutenant-governor of the province of Quebec, 1867; resigned +in 1873. =Index=: =B= Succeeds Sir E. P. Tache as titular head of +coalition government--proposed by J. A. Macdonald, and accepted by +George Brown, 191; Macdonald the virtual leader of government, 191. =C= +His connection with British North America Act, 102-103.. =Md= Nominal +head of government, 1865, 123. =Bib.=: Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._; Taylor, +_Brit. Am._; Dent, _Last Forty Years_. + +=Belleville=. Town of Ontario on the Bay of Quinte. Founded by Captain +Myers in 1790. =Index=: =BL= Early municipal government of, 298; riot +over Rebellion Losses Bill, 318. + +=Bellomont, Richard Coote, Earl of= (1636-1701). Member of Parliament, +1688-1695; and served in Ireland, 1689. In 1695 appointed governor of +New York, and afterwards of Massachusetts. =Index=: =F= Corresponds with +Frontenac, 355. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Belmont, Francois Vachon de.= Came to Canada from France in 1680, and +joined the Seminary of St. Sulpice at Montreal, of which he was +superior, 1698-1732. Died the latter year. Left a _History of Canada_, +which was published in the first series of Historical Documents of the +Literary and Historical Society of Quebec. =Index=: =F= On number of +captives taken at Lachine, 226; on excessive use of brandy, 312; and +footnote. =L= His large donations to religious objects, 135; preaches +funeral sermon on Laval at Montreal, 265. + +=Benediction.= =Ch= English vessel seized by French, 221. + +=Bennett, George.= =B= An employee of the _Globe_, 256; shoots George +Brown, 257; on Brown's death, is tried and found guilty of murder, 258; +his mind disordered by misfortunes and intemperance, 258. + +=Bentham, Jeremy= (1748-1832). English writer on jurisprudence and +ethics. =Index=: =Sy= An associate of Sydenham's, 13. =Bib.=: _Works_, +ed. by Bowring and Burton, 1843. For biog., _see_ _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Bentivoglis.= Papal Nuncio. =Index=: =Ch= Authorizes establishment of +church in Canada, 84. + +=Bering, Vitus= (1681-1741). Born at Horsens, Denmark. Joined the +Russian navy in 1704; and in 1725 sent by Peter the Great to explore the +waters east of Kamchatka, and examine the American coast. After a +three-years' journey overland, reached the eastern coast of Siberia, +built vessels there, and in 1728 followed the coast north to the Arctic, +proving that Asia and America were not united. In 1733 set out again on +the long overland journey, hampered with a huge retinue, and it was not +until 1741 that his ships were ready at Petropaulovsk. Sailed to the +east, reached and explored the American coast, and was wrecked on what +was afterwards known as Bering Island, where he died, Dec. 8, 1741. +=Index=: =D= His explorations, 39, 40; his death, 1741, 40. =Bib.=: +Lauridsen, _Vitus Bering_; Muller, _Voyages from Asia to America_; Laut, +_Vikings of the Pacific_. + +=Bering Sea Question.= Arose out of a dispute as to the seal-fisheries +of Bering Sea. Several Canadian sealers were seized by the United States +in 1886, on the plea that these waters constituted a _mare clausum_, or +closed sea. Similar seizures were made in 1887 and 1889. Finally the +British and United States governments agreed to submit the question to +arbitration. The Commission met at Paris in 1893. Lord Hannen and Sir +John Thompson represented British interests; the United States was +represented by Judge Harlan and Senator Morgan. The other arbitrators +were Marquis Visconti Venosta of Italy, Gregora W. Gram of Sweden, and +Baron de Courcel of Belgium, who presided. The decision was in favour of +Great Britain, and contrary to the claim of the United States to +jurisdiction over the waters of the Bering Sea and the seals visiting +the coasts and islands of Alaska. Regulations were provided for the +better protection of the fisheries; and the United States was required +to compensate the Canadian sealers for the unlawful seizure of their +vessels. =Index=: =D= Influenced by Russian occupation, 38; settled +under Paris award, 1897, 283; history of dispute 340-341. + +=Berkeley, George Cranfield= (1753-1818). Entered the navy, 1766; +accompanied Cook in survey of coast of Newfoundland and Gulf of St. +Lawrence, 1766-1769; and was on the _Victory_ at Ushant, 1778. In 1786 +surveyor-general of ordnance, 1786; and vice-admiral on the Halifax +station, 1805-1807, during which time occurred the affair between the +_Chesapeake_ and the _Leopard_. =Index=: =Bk= Gave instructions in +matter of deserters enlisted in _Chesapeake_, 83; recalled, 85. =Bib.=: +_Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Berlin Decrees.= Issued by Napoleon, November, 1806, to the following +effect: The British Isles were in a state of blockade; intercourse with +them was prohibited; all British subjects within French authority were +to be held as prisoners of war; all British property, private and +public, was declared to be prize of war; also merchandise from Britain; +merchants whose property had been captured by British cruisers were to +be indemnified from the product of such seizures; no British ships were +to be admitted into any port of France, or her allies; every vessel +eluding this rule was to be confiscated. The object of the decrees was +to close the continent against British commerce. The British government +retaliated by issuing an order-in-council, refusing to neutrals the +right of trading from one hostile port to another. =Index=: =Bk= +Directed by Napoleon against commerce of Great Britain, 81, 82, 105, +171, 172. =Bib.:= _Dict. Eng. Hist._; Green, _Short History of the +English People_; Kingsford, _History of Canada_. + +=Bernard, Hewitt= (1825-1893). Entered the Canadian public service, +1858; deputy-minister of justice, 1867; resigned, 1876. In 1872, created +I. C.; and the same year made C. M. G. In 1878 appointed assistant +commissioner to France and Spain to negotiate commercial treaties. +Aide-de-camp to Lord Monck, 1868, and to Lord Stanley, 1888. =Index=: +=T= Confidential secretary to the Quebec Conference, 77; acts as +secretary to Confederation delegates in London, 121. =Bib.=: Pope, +_Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald_. + +=Bernardin, of Siena, Saint.= =L= On the guidance of Providence, 35-36. + +=Bernetz, Chevalier de.= =WM= Commands battalion of Royal Roussillon +Regiment, 12; second in command of the town (Quebec), 86. + +=Bernieres, Henri de= (1635-1700). Born in France. Came to Canada with +Laval in 1659. Cure of Quebec, 1660-1687; and grand-vicar of the bishop +of Quebec. First superior of the Seminary of Quebec, 1663, holding that +position till 1688 and from 1693 to 1697. =Index=: =F= Grand-vicar of +bishop of Quebec, 111. =L= Head of retreat at Caen, 24; first superior +of Quebec Seminary, 55; transfers his personal income to seminary, 56; +administers diocese in Laval's absence, 134; claims ecclesiastical +rights, 163; made dean of Chapter, 197; his death, 239. =Bib.=: _Jesuit +Relations_, ed. by Thwaites; Gosselin, _Henri de Bernieres_. + +=Bernieres, Jean de.= =L= His "Hermitage," 24, 25. + +=Berry Brigade.= =WM= In battle of Ste. Foy, 257, 258. + +=Berthelot, Francois.= =L= Laval's relations with, 138. =E= His +seigniory of St. Laurent made an earldom in 1676, 181. + +=Berthier, Alexandre= (1638-1709). Born in France. Came to Canada in +1665; and in 1666 commandant at Fort St. Jean, and led expeditions +against the Iroquois. In 1672 granted the seigniory of Berthier in +Bellechasse County, Quebec. =Index=: =F= Commands militia in campaign +against Iroquois, 209. =Bib.=: Charlevoix, _History of New France_. + +=Bethune, Alexander Neil= (1800-1879). Born in Glengarry, Ontario. In +1823 ordained deacon, and in 1824, priest. In 1847 archdeacon of York +(Toronto), and in 1867 consecrated coadjutor bishop of Toronto; +succeeded to the bishopric on the death of Bishop Strachan. =Bib.=: +Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._; _Cyc. Am. Biog._; Mockridge, _The Bishops of +the Church of England in Canada and Newfoundland_. + +=Bethune, John.= Born in Scotland, 1751. Emigrated in his early years to +South Carolina, and was chaplain of the loyal militia. In 1786 resided +in Montreal; minister of the Presbyterian church there; afterwards +appointed to a mission in Glengarry. =Index=: =S= Presbyterian minister, +reputed author of petition, for repeal of Marriage Act, 161, 162; the +first Presbyterian minister to arrive in Upper Canada, 164; received +stipend from the government, 164. =Bib.=: Taylor, _Brit. Am._; +Macdonell, _Sketches Illustrating the Early Settlement and History of +Glengarry in Canada_. + +=Betts.= =T= Proposes construction of European and North American +Railway, 26, 27. + +=Beveridge.= =T= Seconds the address in New Brunswick Assembly, 115. + +=Biard, Pierre= (1565-1622). Came to Port Royal in 1611, with Masse--the +first of their order in New France. The relations of the Jesuits with +Poutrincourt and his son Biencourt were far from cordial; little or no +progress was made with the conversion of the Micmacs; and in 1613 Biard +sailed with Masse for Mount Desert, with an expedition sent out by +Madame de Guercheville. They had hardly begun the new settlement, when +Argall swooped down, seized their ship, plundered their property, and +carried Biard and some of his companions prisoners to Virginia. Argall +brought the Jesuit back with him to Acadia the same year; the vessel in +which he sailed was carried out to sea, and after a series of adventures +Biard finally reached France and remained there. =Bib.=: Biard, +_Relation_; Carayon, _Premiere Mission des Jesuites au Canada_; Parkman, +_Pioneers of France_. + +=Bibaud, Michel= (1782-1857). Educated at the College of St. Raphael. +=Index=: =L= Historian, his praise of Talon, 113. =P= On Papineau, 56. +=Hd= On Haldimand, 291. =Bib.=: =Works=: _Epitres, Satires, Chansons +Epigrammes, et autre Pieces de Vers_; _Histoire du Canada et des +Canadiens sous la Domination Anglaise_. For biog., _see_ Morgan, _Cel. +Can._ + +=Bidwell, Barnabas.= =R= Election contests, 63. + +=Bidwell, Marshall Spring= (1799-1872). Born in New England. Came to +Canada with his father, 1812, and practised law. In 1824-1835 a member +of the Upper Canada Assembly; in 1829 elected Speaker of the House, and +re-elected, 1835. One of the leaders of the popular party of Upper +Canada, and his outspoken sympathy with the Rebellion of 1837-1838 +resulted in his banishment. =Index=: =Mc= Elected Speaker of the House, +151; defends Mackenzie, 181, 182; moves committee of inquiry, 184; moves +Mackenzie's eligibility, 243; discountenances royal veto, 251; again +elected Speaker of the House, 261; Head declines to make him judge, 377; +defeated for the House, 380; refuses nomination to Convention, 343; +gives legal advice to rebels, 343; his part in the Rebellion, 357; +accepts voluntary exile, 358. =R= One of the leaders of the popular +party in Upper Canada Assembly, 66, 67. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._ and +_Upper Canadian Rebellion_; Morgan, _Cel. Can._; _Cyc. Am. Biog._; +Davin, _The Irishman in Canada_. + +=Biencourt de Poutrincourt, Charles= (1583-1638?) Son of Jean de +Biencourt. Accompanied his father to Port Royal in 1605. Returned to +France in 1610; made vice-admiral in the seas of New France, and, +somewhat unwillingly, brought with him to Acadia in 1611 the Jesuits +Biard and Masse. While absent from Port Royal, the fort was attacked and +burnt by Argall in 1613. Biencourt partially rebuilt Port Royal, and was +still there in 1618. Returned to France some time before 1621, and +appointed director of the Royal Academy of Paris, which position he held +up to the time of his death. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Pioneers of France_; +Patterson, _Last Days of Charles de Biencourt_ (R. S. C., 1896). + +=Biencourt de Poutrincourt, Jean de, Baron de Saint Just= (1557-1615). +Had won distinction as a soldier in the service of France; and in 1604 +sailed with De Monts and Champlain to Acadia. Was so charmed with Port +Royal that he determined to make it his home. De Monts made him a grant +of the lands about Annapolis Basin, which the king confirmed. Went back +to France and brought out his family to the new settlement. Accompanied +Champlain in his exploration of the Bay of Fundy. Jesuit missionaries +were sent out to Port Royal, whom Poutrincourt, although a good Roman +Catholic, found far from congenial. Their relations became more and more +strained, and when Poutrincourt sailed to France in 1613, the Jesuits +succeeded in having him thrown into prison. Regained his liberty and +returned to Acadia, but found Port Royal in ashes. Returned to France +and fell in the attack on Mery. =Index=: =Ch= Goes with De Monts to +Acadia, 19; lieutenant of De Monts at Port Royal, 34; joins Champlain in +exploration and erects crosses on coast (Massachusetts), 35; returns to +France, 37. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Old Regime_. _See also_ Lescarbot; +Champlain; De Monts. + +=Bienville, Jean Baptiste Le Moyne, sieur de= (1680-1768). Son of +Charles Le Moyne, and brother of Iberville. Accompanied Iberville to +Hudson Bay in 1697, and took part in the capture of Fort Nelson and the +defeat of the English fleet. The following year sailed with his brother +to the mouth of the Mississippi, where they laid the foundations of the +colony of Louisiana. After the death of Iberville, became governor of +the colony, and remained there for thirty-five years. Founded the city +of New Orleans, and laboured unceasingly to advance the interests of +Louisiana. =Index=: =F= Joins war party against Schenectady, 235. +=Bib.=: King, _Jean Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville_; Reed, _The +First Great Canadian_; Margry, _Decouvertes des Francais_. _See also_ +Iberville. + +=Bierce.= =Mc= Plans attack on Windsor, 446; lands at Windsor, 447; +retreats, 447. + +=Big Mouth (Grande Gueule).= =F= Onondaga orator, 184, 221. + +=Biggar, James L.= =R= Graduate of Victoria College, 144. + +=Bignon.= =Ch= Crown lawyer in proceedings _re_ Champlain's will, 265. + +=Bigot, Francois.= Born at Bordeaux, Jan. 30, 1703; son of Louis-Amable +Bigot. Through his influence at court, obtained several lucrative +offices in New France, which he turned to his own personal advantage. +Arrived at Louisbourg in 1739. After the capture of Louisbourg in 1745, +returned to France, where serious charges of misappropriating public +funds had been brought against him, but his influence at court was still +powerful enough to extricate him from this scrape, and to secure him the +office of intendant of New France, 1748. Sailed for Quebec and arrived +the same year. There elaborated a system of peculation, by which every +branch of the public service was laid under tribute to enrich himself +and his creatures, helping thereby to bring about the final loss of the +colony. Returned to France after the conquest of Canada; thrown into the +Bastille, and released only to be banished from France. =Index=: =WM= +Intendant, appearance and character, 32; made profit of famine, 53; +gambling habits, 54; reprimanded by minister, 88; hostility to +Bougainville, 88; makes his headquarters at Beauport, 88; letter to +Bougainville, 165. =Hd= Disliked, 52. =Bib.=: Roy, _Intendants de la +Nouvelle-France_ (R. S. C., 1903); Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_. + +=Billings, Elkanah= (1820-1876). Born in township of Gloucester, +Ontario. Studied law, called to the bar, 1845, and practised in Ottawa. +Appointed paleontologist of the Geological Survey of Canada, 1856, and +in the same year established the _Canadian Naturalist_. =Bib.=: Morgan, +_Cel. Can._; _Cyc. Am. Biog._; Ami, _Brief Biographical Sketch of +Elkanah Billings_. + +=Billings, Joseph.= Born in England, 1758. Accompanied Captain Cook on +his last voyage on the _Discovery_; and afterwards entered the Russian +navy. Commanded an expedition to the north-west boundaries of Asia in +1785, and in 1786-1794 explored the coasts of Siberia and Alaska. +=Index=: =D= Visits Unalaska, Nodiak, and Prince William Sound, 1790, +26. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Bindon.= =Dr= Montreal merchant, treasonable proceedings of, 84. + +=Bizard.= =F= Officer of Frontenac, arrested by Perrot, 91. + +=Blachford, Frederic Rogers, Baron= (1811-1889). Born in England. +Educated at Eton and Oxford. In 1844 registrar of joint-stock companies +and commissioner of lands and emigration; from 1860 to 1871 permanent +undersecretary of state for the colonies; and in 1871 made a privy +councillor. =Index=: =Md= On Macdonald's part in Westminster Conference, +126-127. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Black, John= (1817-1879). Born in Scotland. Went to the Red River +Settlement as legal adviser to Adam Thom, recorder of Rupert's Land, +1839. Subsequently entered the service of the Hudson's Bay Company and +rose to the position of chief trader. Went back to Scotland, 1852. Spent +some time in Australia, and returned to the Red River Settlement as +recorder of Rupert's Land, 1862. Appointed a delegate to Ottawa to +present the views of the settlers on the taking over of the country by +the Dominion government, 1870. Proceeded to Scotland, where he died. +=Bib.=: Bryce, _Manitoba_. + +=Black, John= (1818-1882). Born in Scotland. Emigrated to America with +his parents and studied for a time at Delaware Academy at Delhi, New +York. Came to Canada and completed his theological course at Knox +College, Toronto. Ordained to the ministry of the Presbyterian Church +and proceeded to the Red River Settlement, 1851. Remained in charge of +the church at Kildonan until his death. =Bib.=: Bryce, _John Black: The +Apostle of the Red River_. + +=Black, William= (1760-1831). Born in England. In 1775 came to Canada +and became a Wesleyan Methodist preacher. Founded the Wesleyan Church in +Nova Scotia, and became general superintendent of British American +Wesleyan missions. =Index=: =W= The apostle of Wesleyan Methodism in +Maritime Provinces, 137. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._ + +=Black, William.= =W= President of New Brunswick Assembly, 1831; refuses +to furnish information, 19; member of New Brunswick Legislative Council, +retires, 72. + +=Black, William.= =W= Of Halifax, father-in-law of Judge Wilmot, 137. + +=Blackader, Hugh W.= (1808-1863). Descended from Loyalist stock. Began +to learn the trade of printer at the age of twelve. Acquired an interest +in the _Acadian Recorder_, 1837, and continued to publish the paper +until his death. Closely identified with the Reform movement and a +strong supporter of Joseph Howe. =Index=: =H= Called upon to prove +publication of libel in the _Nova Scotian_, 24. =Bib.=: Campbell, +_History of Nova Scotia_. + +=Black Rock.= =Bk= Opposite Fort Erie, fortified, 197. + +=Blackfoot Indians.= A Western confederacy, of Siksika stock. First +described in the journal of Anthony Hendry, 1754-1755, and again by +Matthew Cocking, 1772-1773. They were then known to the Crees as the +Archithinue. Cocking also gives the following for the five tribes in the +confederacy: Powestic-Athinuewuck or Water-fall Indians; +Mithco-Athinuwuck or Bloody Indians; Koskitow-Wathesitock or +Black-footed Indians; Pegonow or Muddy-water Indians; and Sassewuck or +Woody-country Indians. Their habitat was then, and until comparatively +recent times, in the foot-hills of the Rocky Mountains, on the upper +waters of the Saskatchewan. They are now for the most part on +reservations in Alberta. =Bib.=: Petitot, _Traditions Indiennes du +Canada Nord-Ouest_; Grinnell, _Blackfoot Lodge Tales_; _Hendry Journal_ +(R. S. C., 1908); _Cocking Journal_ (R. S. C., 1909); Franklin, _Polar +Sea_; Catlin, _North American Indians_. + +=Blair, Andrew George= (1844-1907). Born in Fredericton, New Brunswick. +Educated there, and called to the bar, 1866. In 1878 member of the New +Brunswick Assembly for York; in 1879 leader of the opposition; and in +1883 premier of the province. In 1896 resigned and became minister of +railways and canals in the Dominion government, under Laurier, retiring +in 1903. In February, 1904, chairman of the Railway Commission of +Canada, resigning in October of the same year. =Index=: =T= Premier of +New Brunswick during Tilley's governorship, 138. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. +Men_; Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._; _Who's Who_, 1906. + +=Blair, Adam Johnston Fergusson= (1815-1867). Member of the Legislative +Assembly of Canada, 1848-1857; appointed to the Legislative Council, +1860; receiver-general, 1863; member of Executive Council and provincial +secretary, 1863-1864; president of the Executive Council, 1866. +Appointed president of the Privy Council and a member of the first +Dominion Cabinet, 1867. =Index=: =Md= President of Privy Council in +first Dominion Cabinet, 134; agrees to support coalition, 137; his +death, 138. =B= Called upon to form ministry, but fails, 149. =T= Member +first Confederation ministry, 129. =Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty Years_. + +=Blake, Edward= (1833- ). Born in Adelaide, Ontario. Educated at Upper +Canada College and University of Toronto. Called to the bar of Ontario, +1859. From 1867 to 1872 a member of Alexander Mackenzie's Dominion +ministry; in 1875-1877 minister of justice and attorney-general; and +1877-1878 president of the Council. From 1878 to 1887 leader of the +Liberal opposition in the House of Commons. In 1892 went to Ireland and +elected member for South Longford in the British House of Commons; +retired, 1907. =Index=: =Md= Favours attacks Canadian Pacific Railway +scheme, 235; resigns leadership of Ontario Liberals, 1872, 152; attacks +government on Redistribution Bill, 274; supports Costigan's Home Rule +resolution, 277; contrasted with Macdonald, 277-279; mutual antagonism, +277-279; supports Landry's motion that Riel's sentence should have been +commuted, 280; not favourable to commercial union, 296; refuses to run +in election of 1891, 315; denounces policy of unrestricted reciprocity, +315-316. =B= His speech at Aurora advocating Imperial federation, 235, +240. =Mc= On when rebellion is justified, 26, 27. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. +Men_; _Who's Who_, 1910; Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; Ewan, +_Hon. Edward Blake_; Tache, _Men_. + +=Blake, William Hume= (1809-1870). Born in Ireland. Educated at Trinity +College, Dublin, and emigrated to Canada in his youth. During the +Rebellion in 1837, paymaster of the Royal Foresters. Called to the bar +of Upper Canada, 1838. A member of the Legislative Assembly for East +York, 1847, and solicitor-general in the La Fontaine-Baldwin +administration, 1848-1849. In 1850 chancellor of Upper Canada, retiring +March, 1862. =Index=: =BL= Speaks before Reform Association, Toronto, +223; elected for York, 279; solicitor-general, 1848, 284; absent in +Europe, 284; on Rebellion Losses Bill, 314-315; quarrel with MacNab, +315; burnt in effigy in Toronto, 318; raised to the bench, 337. =E= +Returned in elections, 1847, 50; solicitor-general for Upper Canadian +first La Fontaine-Baldwin Cabinet, 53; father of Edward Blake; attacks +Family Compact; bitter conflict with Sir Allan MacNab, 69. =B= Speaks +before Toronto Reform Association, 1811, 21; burnt in effigy, 36; in the +fight for responsible government, 261. =Md= Challenged by John A. +Macdonald, 36. =Mc= Solicitor-general, debate on Rebellion Losses Bill, +489. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._, and _Last Forty Years_; Read, _Lives of +the Judges; Cyc. Am. Biog._ + +=Blanchard, Hiram.= =H= Supports Confederation, 186; member of Nova +Scotia government, 1867, 198; elected to Legislature, but unseated, 202. + +=Blanchard, Jotham.= =H= Associated with Joseph Howe in _The Club_, 10; +in House of Assembly, 18. + +=Blanchet, F.= =Bk= Arrested, 127; discharged, 128. + +=Blanshard, Richard=. Appointed governor of Vancouver Island by Earl +Grey; left England, 1849, and reached Victoria in March of the following +year by way of Panama. Resigned office in 1850, and in 1851 returned to +England. =Index=: =D= First governor of Vancouver Island, 1849, 203; +relations with the Hudson's Bay Company, 203-204; nominates provincial +government and leaves for England, 204. =Bib.=: Begg, _History of +British Columbia_. + +=Bleury.= =P= Joins Papineau party, 78. + +=Bliss, Daniel= (1740-1806). Born in Concord, Mass. Educated at Harvard +University, Cambridge, graduating in 1774. In 1778 proscribed as a +Loyalist, and served with the British army as commissary. At the end of +the war, moved to New Brunswick; appointed a member of the provincial +Council, and later chief-justice of the Court of Common Pleas. =Index=: +=W= Becomes member of New Brunswick Council, 4. =Bib.=: Hannay, _History +of New Brunswick_. + +=Bliss, John Murray= (1771-1834). Born in Massachusetts. Came to New +Brunswick in 1786; called to the bar; and elected to the House of +Assembly for the county of York. Appointed to the bench in 1816; became +a member of the king's Council; and in 1824 administrator of the +province for one year. Subsequently a judge of the Supreme Court of New +Brunswick. =Index=: =W= Judge of New Brunswick Supreme Court, 4. =Bib.=: +_Cyc. Am. Biog._ + +=Bliss, Jonathan= (1742-1822). Born in Springfield, Mass. Educated at +Harvard University, Cambridge. Emigrated to New Brunswick in 1783. In +1785 elected a member of the provincial Legislature and appointed +attorney-general. From 1809 to 1822 chief-justice. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. +Biog._ + +=Blue, Archibald= (1840- ). Born in Orford, Ontario. From 1867 to 1881 +engaged in journalism. In 1882 appointed secretary of the Ontario Bureau +of Industries, which he organized. Deputy minister of agriculture, 1884, +and director of the Bureau of Mines, 1891. Appointed Dominion census +commissioner, 1900. =Index=: =B= Witnesses shooting of George Brown by +Bennett, 255-256. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_. + +=Bodega Bay.= On the coast of California, lat. 38 deg. 18' 20" N., long. +123 deg. 2' 28". =Index=: =D= Russian colony there in 1812, 45. + +=Boileau, Maitre.= =Ch= Lawyer, employed to contest Champlain's will, +265. + +=Bolduc, Father.= =D= Jesuit missionary--supposed to be first priest on +Vancouver Island, 178; at Whidby Island, 179. + +=Bolton, Colonel.= =Hd= Commander at Niagara, lost in foundering of +_Ontario_, 163. + +=Bompas, William Carpenter= (1853-1906). Born in London, England. +Ordained deacon, 1859; priest, 1865; came to Canada latter year and +assigned to the Mackenzie River district. In 1874 consecrated bishop of +Athabaska. In 1884 transferred to see of Mackenzie River, and in 1891 to +that of Selkirk. Author of a number of primers in the Athabaskan and +Algonquian languages, as well as in Eskimo. =Bib.=: _Diocese of +Mackenzie River_; Cody, _An Apostle of the North_; Machray, _Archbishop +Machray_; Mockridge, _Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and +Newfoundland_. For his native primers, _see_ Pilling, _Bibliography of +Athabaskan Languages_. + +=Bond, William Bennett= (1815-1906). Born in Truro, England. At an early +age went to Newfoundland. Removed to Quebec, 1840; the same year +admitted deacon, and ordained priest, 1841. For some time engaged as a +travelling missionary; assistant to the rector of St. George's Church, +Montreal, 1848; rector 1862; archdeacon of Hochelaga, 1871; dean of +Montreal, 1874. In 1879 consecrated bishop of Montreal; in 1901 +archbishop, and in 1904 primate of all Canada. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. +Men_; Dent, _Can. Por._; _Who's Who_, 1905; Mockridge, _Bishops of the +Church of England in Canada and Newfoundland_. + +=Bonne, Captain de.= Born in France, and before coming to Canada served +in the regiment of Conde. At the siege of Quebec, 1759, in command of +the Quebec and Three Rivers militia, and took part in the battle of the +Plains and the battle of Ste. Foy. =Index=: =WM= Commands Quebec and +Three Rivers militia, 105. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_. + +=Bonnecamps, Joseph Pierre de= (1707-1790). Born in France. Entered the +Jesuit order, and came to Canada in 1741, when he was appointed +instructor of hydrography at the Seminary of Quebec. Held that position +until the fall of Quebec in 1759. In 1765-1766 laboured among the +French refugees on the islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon. + +=Bonnerme.= =Ch= Physician, accompanied Champlain to Quebec, 41; death +of, 46. + +=Bonnycastle, Sir Richard Henry= (1791-1848). Born in England. Served in +Canada in 1812, and engaged in the capture of Fort Castine. During the +Rebellion of 1837-1838 commanded the engineers in Canada West, and +defended Kingston in 1838; knighted for distinguished service, 1837. +Afterwards commander of engineers in Newfoundland. =Bib.=: _The Canadas +in 1841._ For biog., _see Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Bonsecours, Chapel of.= =L= United to parish of Montreal, 176; +commenced by Sister Bourgeois, 177; held in high honour, 178. + +=Bontemps, Captain.= =Ch= Brings out settlers, 252. + +=Books.= =S= Scarcity of, in Upper Canada, 175. _See also_ Libraries. + +=Borden, Robert Laird= (1854- ). Born in Grand Pre, Nova Scotia. Called +to the bar, 1878, and practised at Kentville and Halifax; appointed +Q.C., 1890. In 1896 elected for the city and county of Halifax to the +Dominion Parliament, and for Carleton County, Ontario, 1905. In 1901 +succeeded Sir Charles Tupper as leader of the Conservative party. +=Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who_. + +=Borgia's House.= =WM= Wolfe occupies, 189; set on fire by Canadians, +193. + +=Boscawen, Edward= (1711-1761). Born in England. Served at Porto Bello, +1739-1740; at Cartagena, 1741; and in the West Indies, 1747. Commanded +on the North American station between 1755 and 1757, and in 1758 +commander-in-chief of the fleet at the siege of Louisbourg. In 1759 +defeated the French in Lagos Bay, and in 1760 commanded the fleet in +Quiberon Bay. =Index=: =WM= In command of naval forces at Louisbourg, +73. =Bib.=: Wood, _Logs of the Conquest of Canada_; Doughty, _Siege of +Quebec_; _Dict. Nat. Biog._ _See also_ Louisbourg. + +=Bossuet, Jacques Benigne= (1627-1704). Churchman and orator; bishop of +Meaux; took a leading part in the Gallican controversy. =Index=: =L= On +poverty and liberty, 123. =Bib.=: Works: _Histoire Universelle; Oraisons +Funebres_. For biog., _see_ Chambers, _Biog. Dict._ + +=Boston.= =Bk= Flags hung there at half-mast on declaration of war +against Great Britain, 208. =Hd= Rebellious sentiment comes to head at, +84; Haldimand doubts wisdom of closing the port, 85; dangerous condition +of affairs at, 95-96, 97-98; reception to General Gage, 96; Haldimand's +removal to, 103, people of, revile Haldimand, 105; Haldimand's house at, +107; loss at Bunker Hill, 108; Louis Haldimand at, 109; Loyalists leave, +110; Haldimand's rank at, 121. =L= Americans of, their designs against +priests and missionaries, 11. + +=Boston.= =D= Attacked by natives of Nootka, 1803, and crew murdered, +37. + +=Botsford, Bliss= (1813-1890). Born at Sackville, New Brunswick. +Educated at King's College, Fredericton; called to the bar, 1838, and +practised at Moncton until 1870. A member of the New Brunswick Assembly, +with brief intervals, from 1851 to 1870. In 1865 surveyor-general in the +Smith ministry, and a member of the Executive Council, of which he was +Speaker from 1867 to 1870. From 1870 to 1890 judge of the County Court. +=Index=: =T= Surveyor-general in Smith government, 91; adds no strength +to the government, 92; represents Westmoreland, 115. =Bib.=: Rose, _Cyc. +Can. Biog._ + +=Bouchard.= =L= Founder of the Montmorency family, 16. + +=Boucher de Grosbois et de Boucherville, Pierre= (1622-1717). Came to +Canada in 1634 with his father; served as a soldier of the little +garrison of Quebec in 1641. Four years later settled at Three Rivers, +and having made himself familiar with several Indian languages, employed +as interpreter. For nearly a quarter of a century served the town of his +adoption in various capacities, civil and military. Filled the office of +governor of Three Rivers, with short intervals, from 1652 to 1667. +Visited France in 1661-1662, received by Louis XIV, and given a patent +of nobility, and on his return to Canada brought out a number of +colonists. In 1667 retired to his seigniory of Boucherville. Left a +brief but interesting history of New France, written in 1663, while he +was still governor of Three Rivers, and published the following year. +=Index=: =L= His opinion of Laval, 29. =Bib.=: _Histoire Veritable et +Naturelle des Moeurs et Productions du Pays de la Nouvelle France_. +Paris, 1664. Reprinted, 1849, 1882, 1883, 1896. The last is in the +_Trans._ of the Royal Society for that year, and is edited by Benjamin +Sulte, with biographical and bibliographical notes. + +=Bouchette, Captain.= =Dr= Conducts Carleton safely to Three Rivers, +113. + +=Bouchette, Joseph= (1774-1841). Entered the naval service, 1791; in +command of the forces on Lake Ontario; and served in the Royal Canadian +volunteers. In 1813 on active service; and in 1814-1816 in England, +where he published his topographical and geographical description of +Canada. Employed as surveyor-general in delimiting the boundary line +between Canada and the United States, 1817-1818. =Bib.=: _Topographical +Description of the Province of Lower Canada_; _British Dominions in +North America_. + +=Bouchette, Robert Shore Milnes.= =P= Exiled to Bermuda for his +participation in Rebellion of 1837, 138; commissioner of customs, +Ottawa, 149; sides with Papineau, 149; arrested as a rebel, 149; his +letter to Colonel Dundas, 150-153. + +=Boudon, Abbe Henri-Marie.= =L= Succeeds Laval as archdeacon of Evreux, +23. + +=Boues, Charles de.= =Ch= Vicar-general of Pontoise, contributes to +building of Recollet convent, 117; syndic of Canadian missions, 148. + +=Bougainville, Louis Antoine, Comte de= (1729-1811). Born in Paris. +Educated for his father's profession of notary; and soon obtained +recognition as an advocate in the Parliament of Paris. As a student +displayed a remarkable talent for mathematics, and at the age of +twenty-two wrote the first volume of a treatise on the Integral +Calculus. His mathematical work recognized by the Royal Society in +electing him to a fellowship. Joined the army in 1755, and the next year +came to Canada as Montcalm's aide-de-camp. Played an important part in +the siege of Quebec, and wrote an elaborate journal of the campaign, +much of which appears to have been incorporated in Montcalm's _Journal_, +published by Abbe Casgrain. Returned to France in 1760, and after +serving in Germany, joined the navy. From 1766 to 1769 made a voyage +around the world; served in the West Indies during the Revolutionary +War, and commanded the van of the French fleet in the action off +Chesapeake Bay. Retired from active service, 1790; nominated by Napoleon +to the Senate, and raised to the nobility. =Index=: =WM= Aide-de-camp to +Montcalm, 1; despatched to France to represent desperate state of +colony, 62; commands Grenadiers along Beauport shore, 85; incurs Bigot's +hostility, 88; ordered to protect country west of Quebec, 151, 158; +interview with Montcalm at Beauport, 160; Vaudreuil writes that safety +of colony is in his hands, 161; duped by Wolfe's strategy, 177; +criticized by Chevalier Johnstone, 177; his promotion due to court +favour, 177; disregards instructions of governor by changing commander +at Le Foulon, 178; great reliance placed on him, 178; his failure to +reinforce post at the Foulon, 178, 184; his failure to follow British +fleet down from Cap Rouge, 184; held responsible for disaster, 210; his +delay at Sillery, 211; arrives after battle, 222; his letter to +Ramezay, regarding provisions, 226; holds his position at Cap Rouge +while rest of army retreats, 229; on march to Quebec, hears of +capitulation, 234; replaces Lusignan at Ile-aux-Noix, 245; congratulates +Levis on victory of Ste. Foy, 267. =Bib.=: Works: _Traite du Calcul +Integral_; _Voyage autour du Monde_; _Essai Historique sur les +Navigations Anciennes et Modernes_ (Acad. des Sciences Morales et Pol., +Vol. I); _Notice Historique sur les Sauvages de l'Amerique +Septentrionale_ (_ibid._, Vol. III). His letters are printed in Doughty, +_Siege of Quebec_; and his manuscript journals are in the Canadian +Archives. _See also_ De Kerallain, _La Jeunesse de Bougainville_; +Michaud, _Biog. Univ._; Larousse, _Grande Dict. Univ._; Casgrain, +_Montcalm et Levis_; Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_; Wood, _The Fight for +Canada_; Hart, _The Fall of New France, 1755-1760_. + +=Boulay, Angelique Louise Talon du.= =WM= Wife of Montcalm, 5; her grief +at his departure for Canada, 8. + +=Boulduc.= =F= Prosecutor of Prevote, dismissed, 138. + +=Boulle, Eustache.= =Ch= Brother-in-law of Champlain, 134, 145; +appointed by Champlain as his lieutenant, 155; returns to France, 209; +converted to Roman Catholicism, receives bequest from his sister, 267. + +=Boulle, Helene.= =Ch= Marries Champlain, 66; spends four years in +Quebec, 141; returns to France, 141; studies Algonquian language, 263; +her life at Quebec, 263-264; enters Ursuline convent, 266; dies, 1654, +266. + +=Boulle, Nicholas.= =Ch= Champlain's father-in-law, secretary of the +king's chamber, 66; pays his daughter's inheritance to Champlain, 67. + +=Boulton, D'Arcy.= Born in England. Came to Canada, 1797, and settled at +York, 1803. Called to the bar of Upper Canada by special Act of the +Legislature, 1803; solicitor-general, 1805. While on his way to England, +1810, captured by a French privateer, and remained a prisoner in France +until 1814. Appointed judge of Assize, 1818. Died in York about 1830. +=Bib.=: Read, _Lives of the Judges_; Scadding, _Toronto of Old_. + +=Boulton, Henry John.= Son of D'Arcy Boulton; born in England, 1790. +Studied law and called to the English bar. Emigrated to Canada, 1816, +and practised in Upper Canada. In 1818 appointed solicitor-general; +attorney-general, 1829; elected to the Assembly for Niagara; removed +from attorney-generalship by colonial secretary on account of his +independent votes in Assembly, 1833; proceeded to England to vindicate +his actions; appointed chief justice of Newfoundland, 1833; removed from +office, 1838, and returned to Canada. Represented town of Niagara in +Assembly, 1841-1844, and Norfolk County, 1848-1851. =Index=: =Mc= +Solicitor-general, reprimanded, 152-153; dismissed from office of +attorney-general, 232; threatens rebellion, 233; chief justice of +Newfoundland, 235. =E= Responsible for amendment of Union Act, 123. =BL= +Removed from office of attorney-general, 16; in Clergy Reserves debate, +349. =Bib.=: _Short Sketch of Upper Canada_. For biog., _see_ Morgan, +_Cel. Can._ + +=Boundaries of Canada.= =Dr= Not defined by Constitutional Act, 260. + +=Bouquet, Henry= (1719-1765). Born in Switzerland. Served in Holland, +Sardinia, and with the Prince of Orange. Was Captain-commandant of the +Swiss Guards at the Hague, 1748. Entered the British army; came to +America in 1754; with Haldimand and the "Royal Americans"; and held a +leading command for several years in the French and Indian wars. Died at +Pensacola, Florida. =Index=: =Dr= His services in Pontiac's War, 6; +death of, 6; Bouquet papers in British Museum, 7. =Hd= Life-long friend +of Haldimand, 5; his early military service, 6; his studious habits, 8; +member of Swiss Guards at the Hague, 8; recommended for command in Royal +American Regiment, 9; experiences ill-feeling between American colonists +and British troops, 12; in Carolina, 13; his letters throw side-lights +on the affairs in the colonies, 14-15; popular in military profession, +16; Indian warfare, 16; at Fort Pitt, 16; Haldimand advises him not to +leave the service, 40; defeats Indians at Bushy Run, 58; thanked by the +king and promoted, 58; death of, 58, 63; Haldimand laments his loss, 62; +his tomb, 63; his papers preserved in Canadian Archives, 319; some of +his letters missing, 338. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_ and +_Conspiracy of Pontiac_; _Canadian Archives Report_, 1889. + +=Bourdages.= =P= Assists Papineau in defeating motion for adoption of +Lord Goderich's offer, 77. =Bk= Made colonel of militia by Sir George +Prevost, 158. + +=Bourdon.= =L= Brings out a number of girls as colonists, 79. =Ch= +Industrious settler, 252, 253. + +=Bourdon, Sister Anne.= =F= On divine protection of Quebec, 301. + +=Bourdon, Jean= (1602-1668). Born in Normandy. Came to Canada, 1634. +Engaged for some years as a civil engineer and land surveyor; sent on +several embassies to the Iroquois; and in 1657 made a voyage towards +Hudson Bay, but prevented by ice from entering the Strait. Mentioned as +being at Quebec in 1665. + +=Bourgard.= =L= On the zeal of the missionaries, 61. + +=Bourgeoys, Marguerite= (1620-1700). Born at Troyes, in Champagne. +Entered the convent of the Congregation of Notre Dame at the age of +twenty, and while there decided to devote her life to the colony of New +France. Arrived in Quebec in September, 1653, and went on immediately to +the new settlement of Montreal. In 1657 opened the first school, in a +stable granted her by Maisonneuve. In the same year built a wooden +chapel in Montreal. Founded the Congregation do Notre Dame de Montreal +in 1659, and in 1686 built the convent. In 1675, with funds obtained +from France built the church of Bonsecours. =Index=: =L= Establishes +school at Ville Marie (Montreal), 9; her services to the sick on board +the _St. Andre_, 32; her labours in instruction of the young, 91; her +educational work, 126; Abbe Verreau on influence exerted by, 127; founds +Bonsecours Chapel, 177. =F= Establishes Congregation de Notre Dame, 29, +39; impressed on arrival by poverty of country, 39. =Bib.=: Ransonet, +_Vie de la Soeur Bourgeoys_; Faillon, _Vie de la Soeur Bourgeoys_; +Parkman, _Jesuits in North America_ and _Old Regime_; Colby, _Canadian +Types of the Old Regime_. + +=Bourget, Ignace= (1799-1885). Born at Point Levis, Quebec. Ordained in +1822; vicar-general of Montreal, 1836; coadjutor bishop of the diocese, +1837; bishop of Montreal, 1840, and created the first cathedral chapter +of that city. Founded several religious orders, colleges, and asylums, +among others, in 1864, the institution for the deaf and dumb, Montreal. +In 1862 created a Roman count and assistant at the Pontifical Throne. In +1876 archbishop of Martianopolis, _in partibus_. =Index=: =C= His +character, 80; dispute with Cartier, 80-83; calls on Cartier, 84. +=Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._ + +=Bourinot, Sir John George= (1837-1902). Born in Sydney, Nova Scotia. +Educated at Trinity University, Toronto. Chief official reporter to the +Nova Scotia Assembly, 1861-1867, and in 1880 appointed chief clerk of +the Dominion House of Commons. For many years honorary secretary of the +Royal Society of Canada. =Index=: =BL= On Baldwin's University Bill, +293; on Tory opposition to Rebellion Losses Bill, 313, =Bib.=; Works: +_Canada under British Rule_; _Federal Government in Canada_; _How +Canada is Governed_; _Manual of Constitutional History of Canada_; +_Parliamentary Procedure and Government in Canada_; _Canada_; _Builders +of Nova Scotia_. For biog., _see_ Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._ + +=Bourlamaque, de.= Born in France. Governor of Guadaloupe; sent in 1756 +with Montcalm to Canada as third in command and colonel of engineers. In +command at Ticonderoga in 1759; promoted brigadier-general, and took +part in the defence of Quebec. Died, 1764. =Index=: =WM= Third in +command, 12; holds Amherst in check, 131; evacuates Forts Carillon and +Frederic and falls back on Ile-aux-Noix, 146; which he reports himself +able to hold till fall, 158; joins army of Levis on march against +Quebec, 245; repairs bridges over Cap Rouge River, 248; occupies +position at Lorette and Ste. Foy, 249; in battle of Ste. Foy, 256; +wounded, 260. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_; Parkman, _Montcalm and +Wolfe_; Wood, _The Fight for Canada_. + +=Bouteroue, Claude de.= Born in France. Came to Canada to act as +intendant during the absence of Talon from 1668 to 1670. Returned to +France, 1671, and died there, 1680. =Index=: =L= Acts as intendant +during Talon's absence, 116. =Bib.=: Charlevoix, _History of New +France_. + +=Bouthillier.= =Ch= Negotiates restoration of Quebec, 220. + +=Bow River Pass.= Through the Bow Range of the Rocky Mountains, head +waters of Bow River. =Index=: =D= Entered by David Thompson, 1805, 58. + +=Bowell, Sir Mackenzie= (1823- ). Born in England. Came to Canada with +his parents, 1833, and engaged in journalistic work. In 1867 elected to +the Dominion House of Commons for North Hastings. In 1878 appointed +minister of customs, holding that office until 1891; minister of +militia, 1892; and minister of trade and commerce, 1892-1894. In 1894 +succeeded Sir John Thompson as premier, and resigned office in 1896. +Created a K. C. M. G., 1895. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._; Morgan, _Can. +Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_. + +=Bowen, Edward= (1780-1866). Born in Ireland. Came to Canada in 1797; +studied law and called to the bar in 1803. From 1809 to 1812 represented +Sorel in the Assembly; and in the latter year appointed to the Court of +King's Bench. In 1821 appointed a member of the Legislative Council, and +in 1835 elected Speaker. In 1849 chief-justice of the Superior Court for +Lower Canada. =Index=: =E= Made a judge of the Seigniorial Court, 187. +=Bib.=: Taylor, _Brit. Am._ + +=Bowes, Colonel.= =Bk= Of the 6th Regiment, assumes command on death of +General Hunter, 69; leaves Canada, 73. + +=Bowring, Dr.= =Sy= An associate of Sydenham's, 13; trade commissioner +to France, 29. + +=Boyd, Colonel.= =T= Represents Charlotte County in New Brunswick +Assembly, 102. + +=Boyd, John= (1828-1893). Born in Ireland. Emigrated to New Brunswick, +and engaged in business at St. John. In 1880 called to the Senate, and +on Sept. 22, 1893, succeeded Sir S. L. Tilley as lieutenant-governor of +New Brunswick. =Index=: =T= Succeeds Tilley as lieutenant-governor of +New Brunswick, 138. =Bib.=: Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_. + +=Braddock, Edward= (1695-1755). Born in Scotland. Entered the army, +1710, and in 1743 major of the Coldstreams. Served in the expedition to +L'Orient, 1746; and under the Prince of Orange in Holland, 1746-1748. +Colonel of the 14th Foot at Gibraltar, 1753. In 1755 general and +commander-in-chief in British North America; and on July 9, 1755, +commanded the British expedition against Fort Duquesne, where he was +defeated and mortally wounded. =Index=: =WM= Death of, at Fort Duquesne, +22. =Hd= His defeat rouses Pennsylvania Assembly to vote military +supplies, 13. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_; +Bradley, _The Fight with France_. + +=Bradstreet, Simon= (1603-1697). Born in England. Educated at Cambridge; +and emigrated to Massachusetts, where he became assistant judge of the +Court in 1630. In 1631 one of the founders of Cambridge, Mass.; from +1630 to 1679 assistant governor of Massachusetts; from 1679 to 1686 +governor; and from 1689 to 1692 president of the administration of the +colony. =Index=: =F= Made governor of Massachusetts, 266; on failure of +expedition against Quebec, 301. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._ + +=Bragg's Regiment.= =WM= On British right, 189; in battle of Ste. Foy, +259, 261. + +=Brandon House.= Built by the Hudson's Bay Company, in 1794, on the head +waters of the Assiniboine River, about seventeen miles below the present +city of Brandon. The buildings were burnt about 1814, and the post +abandoned. =Index=: =MS= Built by Hudson's Bay Company, 6. =Bib.=: +Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_. + +=Brandy Question.= =F= Condemned by Champlain, 25; subject of dispute +between civil and religious authorities, 46, 115; king's instructions +regarding, 116, 118, 120; question referred to a meeting of the +principal inhabitants, 121; opinions expressed, 122, 123; king's +decision thereon, 125; evils depicted, 335. =L= Sale of liquor to +Indians, 7, 36-39, 113; Frontenac's opinion and Colbert's instructions, +170, 171; conference on the subject, 172; Laval's attitude, 173-175; +Dollier de Casson's testimony, 175. _See also_ Liquor question. =Bib.=: +Parkman, _Frontenac_ and _Old Regime_. + +=Brant, Isaac.= =S= Son of Joseph Brant, commits murder, 191; attacks +his father and is killed by him in self-defence, 192. + +=Brant, Joseph= (1742-1807). A Mohawk Indian chief, whose native name +was Thayendanegea. Educated at an Indian school in Connecticut. Visited +England in 1775. In the Revolutionary War sided with the British and +rendered valuable service. Revisited England after the war. Translated +the Book of Common Prayer and St. Mark's Gospel into the Mohawk tongue +(London, 1787). =Index=: =S= Mohawk Indian, distrusted by Simcoe, 75, +125; visits Philadelphia and received by Washington as Indian emissary, +121; part taken by, in subsequent negotiations, 124, 125; loss of +influence with his own people, 125; his motives and policy, 126, 128, +129; kills his son Isaac in self-defence, 192. =Hd= Commands scouting +parties, 153; made a colonel of Indians on Haldimand's recommendation, +154; did not harm women or children, 154, 170; his success against rebel +force under Lockerby, 169; advises reserve for Six Nation Indians, 258; +highly esteemed by Haldimand, 300; Allan MacLean's opinion of, 308; +visits Haldimand in London, 327. =Bib.=: Stone, _Life of Brant_; +Cruikshank, _Joseph Brant in the American Revolution_; Eggleston, _Brant +and Red Jacket_; Ke-che-ah-gah-me-qua, _Life of Brant_; Dent, _Can. +Por._ + +=Brant, Molly.= =Hd= Sister of Joseph Brant, her influence with Indians, +154; pensioned, 155. + +=Brantford.= City of Ontario, on the Grand River. Named after Joseph +Brant, the Mohawk chieftain. Founded about 1820. + +=Brassy.= =T= Offers to build European and North American Railway, 25, +27. + +=Breadalbane, John Campbell, second Marquis of= (1796-1862). Represented +Okehampton in Parliament, 1820-1826, and Perthshire, 1832. =Index=: =Sy= +Offers to go to Canada as governor-general, 58. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. +Biog._ + +=Brebeuf, Jean de= (1593-1649). Born of a noble family of Normandy. +Came to Canada, 1625; spent the winter of 1625-1626 among the +Algonquins. In the latter year, after a long and difficult journey by +way of the Ottawa and Lake Nipissing, reached the villages of the +Hurons, on Georgian Bay, where he established the first mission. +Returned to Quebec in 1629, and in 1634 re-established the Huron +mission. In 1640 made an unsuccessful attempt to establish a mission +among the intractable Neutral Nation, north of Lake Erie. Returned to +the Huron mission, where, in 1649, he was captured by the Iroquois, and +burned at the stake with unmentionable cruelties. His skull is preserved +in the Hotel-Dieu at Quebec. =Index=: =Ch= Sails for New France on De +Caen's vessel, 152; returns to College of Rouen, 207; returns to Canada, +228; goes to Huron country, 249. =L= Sufferings and death of, 5, 62. +=Bib.=: Parkman, _Jesuits in North America_; Ragueneau, _Relation des +Hurons_, 1649; Colby, _Canadian Types of the Old Regime_. + +=Breda, Treaty of.= Signed between England and France, 1667. Brought to +a close the disastrous war with the Dutch. By its terms Nova Scotia was +handed over to France. =Bib.=: Hertslet, _Treaties and Conventions_. + +=Bresolles, Sister de.= =L= Her labours in the hospital at Montreal, 91. + +=Bretonvilliers, De.= =L= Sulpician, makes liberal contribution towards +erection of church at Montreal, 88; foundation stone laid on his behalf +by M. Dollier de Casson, 89; devotes his fortune to religious work at +Montreal, 135; succeeds M. Olier as superior of seminary in France, 162. + +=Briand, Jean Olivier= (1715-1794). Born in France. Ordained priest, +1739; came to Canada, 1741; canon of Quebec Cathedral until 1760. In +1766 appointed bishop of Quebec, and resigned, 1784. Rebuilt the +cathedral and palace, destroyed during the siege of Quebec, 1759. +=Index=: =L= Bishop of Quebec, 12. =Dr= Appointed Roman Catholic bishop +of Quebec, 23. + +=Bride.= =Ch= English vessel seized by French, 221. + +=Bright, John= (1811-1889). British statesman and orator. =Index=: =T= +Friendly to Anti-Confederation party, 123. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=British American League.= =Md= Formed in 1849 in Montreal as a reply to +the Annexation Manifesto--branches followed throughout the country, 40; +its objects, 40-41; largely due to John A. Macdonald's inspiration, 95; +Confederation one of its main objects, 95; commercial national policy +another, 219. =H= Howe's correspondence with the president, George +Moffatt, 113-115. =B= Formed in Upper Canada--convention held at +Kingston, 1849, 37; its policy, 38; part of Conservative case for +Confederation, 38. =Bib.=: Pope, _Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald_. + +=British Chronicle.= Newspaper published in New York. =Index=: =B= +Established by Peter and George Brown, 4; its objects, 4. + +=British Columbia.= Area 372,630 square miles. Vancouver Island became a +crown colony in 1849; ten years later the mainland was organized as a +separate colony; in 1866 island and mainland became one; and in 1871 the +colony became a province of the Dominion of Canada. =Index=: =D= Organic +existence since 1859, or including Vancouver Island, since 1849, 1; +origin of name, 57; gold-fields, 22; created separate colony, 1858, 229; +early government of, 231-235; revenue, 232; roads, etc., 232, 237-238, +249-253; relations with the Hudson's Bay Company, 233; character of +early population, 241-243; formal establishment of colony at Fort +Langley, 1858, 245-246; Hill's Bar affair, 248-249; plans for +transcontinental road, 253-254; population in 1859, 256; agriculture, +256-257; financial problems, 258-262; dissatisfaction with dual +governorship, 289; popular grievances, 290-291; views of Douglas, +291-293; Legislative Council, 294-297; union of British Columbia and +Vancouver Island, 297-300, 308; British Columbia Legislature meets for +first time in Victoria, Dec. 17, 1867, 311; entry into Dominion, +311-316; terms of union, 313-315; first Legislative Assembly after the +union, 315; transcontinental railway, 317-328; population, 1900,328; +agriculture, 329-330; fisheries, 330-331; lumber, 332-333; minerals, +333-334; industrial problems, 335; oriental labour, 336-337; education, +338-340. =Md= Opposition to entry into Confederation, 149; difficulties +removed, 149; terms of union, 149-150; union completed, July 20, 1871, +150; difficulties over building of Canadian Pacific Railway drive +province to verge of secession, 215, 233-234. =Bib.=: Begg, _History of +British Columbia_; Bancroft, _History of British Columbia_; Macdonald, +_British Columbia and Vancouver's Island_; Macfie, _Vancouver Island and +British Columbia_; Morice, _The History of the Northern Interior of +British Columbia_; Herring, _Among the People of British Columbia_; +Fitzgerald, _The Hudson's Bay Company and Vancouver Island_; Mayne, +_Four Years in British Columbia_; Baillie-Grohman, _Sport and Life in +Western America and British Columbia_; Metin, _La Colombie Britannique; +Indians of British Columbia_ (R. S. C., 1888); Langevin, _Report on +British Columbia_. + +=British Law.= =Sy= Attempts to introduce after passage of Quebec Act, +65. =S= Introduced into Upper Canada, 85. + +=British Legion.= =Dr= Loyalists commanded by Tarleton, 202. + +=British Newspapers.= =Hd= Sympathy with rebels expressed in, 190. _See +also_ Newspapers. + +=British North America Act.= The constitution of the Dominion; the Act +by which the scattered colonies of British North America were united in +one Confederation. Drafted at the Quebec Conference, 1864; discussed and +passed in the form of resolutions, in the Legislature of Canada, 1865; +put in final shape at the Westminster Conference, 1866; passed by the +Imperial Parliament, and proclaimed, 1867. The essential feature of this +Act, and that which distinguishes it most clearly from the Constitution +of the United States, is the provision that all matters not specifically +assigned to the provinces belong to the Dominion, the reverse being the +case under the United States Constitution. Broadly speaking, the Act +gives the Dominion exclusive jurisdiction over the regulation of trade +and commerce, the postal service, customs and inland revenue, military +and naval service, navigation and shipping, currency and coinage, +banking, weights and measures, patents and copyrights, naturalization, +Indians. To the provinces it gives exclusive jurisdiction over direct +taxation, management and sale of public lands, timber, provincial +prisons, hospitals, asylums, etc., municipal institutions, +administration of justice, education. =Index=: =Md= Conference in +London--Macdonald's letter to Tilley, 125-126; the sixty-nine +resolutions passed, 126; draft bill drawn up--completed bill submitted +to House, and received royal assent, March 29, 1867, 127; royal +proclamation fixes July 1 as date upon which it should come into force, +127; opposition develops in Maritime Provinces, 129; provides for +Intercolonial Railway, 151; and acquisition of North-West Territories, +156; question of legislative union, 245; federal system introduced by, +250; provincial rights under, 253; the franchise, 258. =C= Delegation +sent to London to see it through Parliament, 67; proposal to amend it in +the interests of the New Brunswick Roman Catholics, 77, 82; strained +relations of Macdonald and Cartier over terms of, 102-103. =H= Passed by +Imperial Parliament, 192; opposed by Joseph Howe, 192; its repeal sought +by Nova Scotia Anti-Confederates, 204. =T= Quietly received in New +Brunswick, 127. =Bib.=: Bourinot, _Constitution of Canada_; Houston, +_Constitutional Documents_; Doutre, _Constitution of Canada_; Munro, +_Constitution of Canada_; Ashley, _Constitutional History of Canada_; +Gooch, _Manual of the Constitution of Canada_; Howland, _The New Empire; +Confederation Debates_, 1865; Pope, _Confederation Documents_. + +=Brock, Daniel De Lisle.= =Bk= Brother of Sir Isaac, becomes chief +magistrate of Guernsey, 70. + +=Brock, Elizabeth.= =Bk= Sister of Sir Isaac, 71. + +=Brock, Ferdinand.= =Bk= Brother of Sir Isaac, served in Royal +Americans, 6; death of, 7, 70. + +=Brock, Harriet.= =Bk= Married to Sir Thomas Saumarez, 124. + +=Brock, Sir Hugh.= =Bk= Supposed ancestor of General Brock, 5. + +=Brock, Irving.= =Bk= Brother of Sir Isaac, 102; an able pamphleteer, +132, 140; estrangement between, and his brother William in connection +with latter's failure, 163; reconciliation, 297. + +=Brock, Sir Isaac= (1769-1812). =Bk= Birth and descent, 6; enters army +at age of fifteen, 7; joins 49th Regiment with rank of captain, and is +sent to West Indies, 8; returns to England on sick leave, 9; senior +lieutenant-colonel of his regiment, 10; takes part in expedition to +Holland under Sir Ralph Abercromby, 13; his account of battle of +Egmont-op-Zee, 17; quartered in Jersey and visits home in Guernsey, 22; +joins expedition to the Baltic, 24; his regiment ordered to Canada, 31; +arrives at Quebec, 34; his regiment ordered to Upper Province, 48; his +vigorous pursuit of deserters, 60; quells mutiny at Fort George, 61-63; +assumes command at the fort, 64; recommends establishment of corps of +veterans who on discharge might receive grants of land, 64; impressed by +comfortable condition of loyalist settlers, 65; contrasts their +character with that of settlers of the later (1793) immigration, 66; +takes special interest in Sergeant-Major (afterwards Colonel) James +FitzGibbon, 66; quartered in Quebec, 69; made a full colonel and goes to +England on leave, 70; returns to Canada, 73; assumes chief military +command at Quebec, 73; recommends strengthening of the fortifications of +Quebec, 75, 94; differences with President Dunn, 77; leaves control of +Indian affairs in Upper Canada to lieutenant-governor, 78; examines +accounts of the deputy commissary-general, 78, 79; effects improvements +in marine department, 80; tries to make Quebec impregnable, 86; +dissatisfied with measures of defence adopted by the civil government, +94; letters to James Cuthbert of Berthier, 95, 98; confident that +Canadians would vigorously resist American invasion, 97; leaves Quebec +to take command in Montreal, 99; appointed acting brigadier-general 99; +his social qualities, 101; returns to Quebec, 115; anxious for service +in Europe, 123, 124; considers war with United States (1809) imminent, +124; his opinion of the Lower Canada Assembly, 126; ordered to Upper +Canada, 133; his books, 135; literary tastes, 136; application for leave +not entertained, 136-138, 155; correspondence with Lieutenant-Governor +Gore respecting grant of land to Colonel Vesey, 138; high opinion +entertained of, at headquarters, 141; pleasantly entertained by +Lieutenant-Governor Gore, 143; anxiety as to management of Indians, +149-152; made major-general, 157; made president and administrator of +Upper Canada in absence of Lieutenant-Governor Gore, 159; financial +misfortune, 161; letter to his brother Irving, 163-165; his strong +family affection, 163; his energy as administrator, 168; his opinion of +the _Little Belt_ affair, 173; his endeavours to avert Indian warfare, +176; sends plan of campaign to General Prevost, 177-179; recommends +increase of naval force on lakes, 178; offered service in Spain, but +does not accept it, 180; his plan for formation of flank companies +adopted, 181; speech on opening of Legislature of Upper Canada, 183; +measures proposed by, to Legislature, 184; recognizes presence of many +persons of doubtful loyalty in the province, 185, 214; disappointed with +action of Legislature, 185; urges importance of prompt seizure of +Detroit and Michilimackinac, 195; selects Major-General Shaw to protect +line between Kingston and Cornwall, 195; his Indian policy, 197; +receives news of declaration of war, 203; establishes headquarters at +Fort George, 204; instructs Captain Roberts to capture Michilimackinac, +210; commends militia in general order, 212; recognizes the great odds +against Canada, 215; sends Colonel Procter to Amherstburg, 215; his +proclamation in answer to Hull's, 217; proclamation as president of +province, 219, 221; opens the Legislature, 222; hears of capture of +Michilimackinac, 223; prorogues Legislature, 229; proceeds to western +frontier, 231; meets Tecumseh for the first time, 245; describes him to +Lord Liverpool, 247; forms three brigades, 247; decides on attacking +Detroit, 248; summons Hull to surrender, 250; attacks, 251-254; his +daring in battle, 253; takes Detroit and makes Hull's army prisoners of +war, 255, 256; praises his army, 258; his message to his brothers, 260; +his proclamation to inhabitants of Michigan territory, 261; armistice +concluded by Prevost deranges his plans, 261; arrives at York, and is +warmly welcomed, 262; letter to his brothers, 266-268; arrives at +Kingston, 268; proposes to attack Sackett's Harbour, but is overruled by +Prevost, 270, 271; letter to Prevost asking for reinforcements, 272, +273; replies to objections made by Prevost to Fort Wayne expedition, +275-277; instructed to evacuate Detroit, 277; extreme anxiety not to +alienate Indians, 277, 278, 280; health, discipline, and morals of his +army, 279; letter to his brother Savery, 280, 281; his force on Niagara +frontier, 287; his account of capture of brigs _Detroit_ and _Caledonia_ +by Americans, 290-293; rejoicing in England over the victory at Detroit, +295; Brock made K.C.B., 296; Prince Rupert's high opinion of, 297; last +despatch to Prevost, 298; in battle at Queenston Heights, 298-304; his +death, 304; a national loss, 312; his burial and monument, 312, 313. +=BL= Sydenham ranked with, 112. =Bib.=: Tupper, _Life and Correspondence +of Sir Isaac Brock_; Read, _Life of Brock_; Nursey, _Isaac Brock_; +Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_; Dent, _Can. Por._ _See also_ War of 1812. + +=Brock, John.= =Bk= Brother of Sir Isaac Brock, 15; killed in a duel, +70. + +=Brock, John.= =Bk= Father of Sir Isaac Brock, 6. + +=Brock, Mary.= =Bk= Sister of Sir Isaac Brock, 71. + +=Brock, Savery.= =Bk= Younger brother of Brock, 15; gallant conduct of +at Egmont-op-Zee, 17-19; his resemblance to his brother Isaac, 18; with +Sir John Moore in Spain, 123; affected by his brother William's failure, +161, 166. + +=Brock, William.= =Bk= Brother of Sir Isaac, a London merchant, 70; +disastrous failure of, 161-164; his letter to his brother Isaac, 165. + +=Brock, William.= =Bk= Grandfather of Sir Isaac Brock, 5. + +=Brock's Battery.= =Bk= Name at first given to king's battery in Quebec +citadel, 94. + +=Brockville.= Chief town of Leeds County, Ontario, on left bank of St. +Lawrence. Formerly known as Elizabethtown. Raided by a detachment of +troops from Ogdensburg in 1813. The town assumed its present name +shortly after the death of Brock. =Index=: =BL= Early municipal +government of, 298. + +=Broglie, Achille Charles Leonce Victor, Duc de= (1785-1870). Foreign +secretary under Louis-Philippe, 1832-1834, and prime minister, +1835-1836. Lived in retirement after, 1851. =Index=: =Sy= Poulett +Thomson (Sydenham) meets in Paris, 20. =Bib.=: _Ecrits et Discours_; +_Souvenirs_. + +=Brooke, Frances.= =Hd= Her novel of Canadian life, 222. =Bib.=: +_History of Emily Montague_, London, 1777. + +=Brouage.= =Ch= In Saintonge, birthplace of Champlain, 1. + +=Brougham, Henry Peter, Baron= (1778-1868). Born in Scotland. Educated +at Edinburgh University. Secretary to Lord Rosslyn and Lord St. Vincent +on a mission to Portugal. In 1810 entered Parliament; in 1830 received +the great seal and elevated to the peerage. In 1828 founded London +University, and in 1860 elected chancellor of Edinburgh University. +=Index=: =S= Secretary to the Portugal Commission, 220. =W= His +sarcastic reference to Glenelg, 42. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Broughton, William Robert= (1762-1821). Born in England. Entered the +navy, 1774, and served on the American station until 1778. In 1790 +explored and surveyed the Columbia River; and in 1794 surveyed the +north-west coast of America. Served in Lord Gambier's expedition, 1809; +at Mauritius, 1810, and at Java, 1811. =Index=: =D= Sails a hundred +miles up the Columbia, 24; surveys coast northwards of Cape Mendocino, +34. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Brouillan, De.= Born in France. Governor of Placentia, Newfoundland, +1690. Made a chevalier of St. Louis, 1698. In 1701 commandant in Acadia, +and governor of that colony, 1702-1705. Died the latter year. =Index=: +=F= French governor of Placentia, Newfoundland, 346. =Bib.=: Charlevoix, +_History of New France_. + +=Brouse, W. H.= =R= Graduate of Victoria College, 144. + +=Brown, George= (1818-1880). =B= His place as a Maker of Canada, ix; +complains that Upper Canada is inadequately represented and dominated by +Lower Canada, ix; an ardent advocate of Confederation, x; relations with +John A. Macdonald, x; and with Roman Catholic Church, x; his birth and +parentage, 1; character, 1; lifelong opposition to slavery, xi, 1-2; +views on Presbyterian Church government, 2; emigrates to America, 2; +establishes the _British Chronicle_ at New York, with his father, 4; +comes to Canada, 1843, 4, 5; described by Samuel Thompson, 4-5; +establishes the _Banner_ at Toronto with his father, 5-6; character of +the _Banner_, 5-7; begins fight for responsible government, 9-10; +establishes the _Globe_, 1844, 20; its objects, 20-21; speech before +Toronto Reform Association, 1844, 21-22; refuses to drink toast to +Metcalfe, 27-28; presents address to Elgin, 36; his quarrel with the +Clear Grits, 40; defeated in Haldimand by W. L. Mackenzie, 40; defines +political situation in 1850, 42-43; his reply to Cardinal Wiseman's +pastoral letter, 44-45; his political principles, 46-47; takes issue +with Hincks's government, 48-49; advocates secularization of Clergy +Reserves, 55-57; runs for Kent--his platform, 61; advocates free +schools, 62; views on higher education, 62-64; his election for Kent, +64; arouses French-Canadian hostility, 65; attacks Hincks-Morin +government, 66-67; increasing power in the Legislature, 69; prodigious +industry and capacity for work, 69; attitude towards Lower Canada and +Roman Catholic institutions, 70; advocates representation by population, +71; becomes the mouthpiece of Nonconformist sentiment in Upper Canada, +71; tribute of the Cobourg _Star_, 72-73; pen-picture by James Young, +73-74; growth of the _Globe_--its declaration of principles, 74-75; in +favour of prohibition, 75,76; defeats Malcolm Cameron in Lambton, 77; +the alliance with the _Rouges_, 78-79; his friendship with Dorion, +80-81; presses for representation by population, 84; attacked by +Macdonald, 87-91; his interest in prison reform, 91-93; personal charges +disproved, 93-97; elected for Toronto, 1857, 99; carries a motion +disapproving of selection of Ottawa as capital, 100; government defeated +and he forms administration, 101-102; relations with Sir Edmund Head, +103-104; defeated on question of dissolution, 106; the "Double Shuffle," +106-108; his fight against negro slavery, 112-119; relations with Roman +Catholics, 121-128; opposes denominational schools, 121-123; and +clerical control, 123-128; views on Confederation, 130-132; 137-138; his +temporary retirement from public life, 139, 141; defeated in East +Toronto, 141; opposes "double majority," 143; sails for England, 1862; +interview with Duke of Newcastle, 143; marries Anne Nelson, 144; +reception in Toronto on his return, 144; assails Separate School Bill in +the _Globe_, 145; accepts Act of 1863 as a final settlement, 145, 146; +his letters on the political crisis, 1864, 150; proposes a federation +system of government either for Canada alone, or for all the British +North American provinces, 150; the negotiations looking towards +Confederation, 151-161; opposes an elective Senate, 164-165; well +satisfied with the results of the Quebec Conference, 165-166; convert to +Intercolonial Railway scheme, 166; explains the new constitution in +Toronto, 166-167; writes Macdonald from England on favourable reception +of the Confederation scheme, and deplores almost universal sentiment in +England in favour of Canadian independence, 167; his speech in +Parliament on Confederation, 171-175; writes of need of haste in putting +through Confederation, 182; opposes submission of Confederation scheme +to the people, 185; Macdonald's negotiations with, as to formation of +new administration, 189-191; accepts Belleau as premier, 191; his +interest in reciprocity, 192; differences with his colleagues on +reciprocity terms lead to his resignation from Cabinet, 193-197; his +connection with Confederation, 199-209; Holton's appeal to, 201; his +interest in the North-West Territories and their acquisition by Canada, +211-221; his connection with the Reciprocity Treaty of 1874, 223-233; +attacks protectionist budget, 233; hostile to Canada First party, +237-238, 239, 241; his family relations, 243-244; death of his wife, May +6, 1906, 244; his children, 244; writes Holton as to his retirement from +public life, 245-246; defines his attitude as a journalist, 246-247; +relations with Liberal leaders after his retirement, 247-248; farming on +his Bow Park estate near Brantford, 248; appointment to the Senate, +December, 1873, 248; the Simpson libel suit, 249-250; attacks Judge +Wilson in the _Globe_, 250-252; sued for contempt of court, 252; his +defence, 253; shot by George Bennett, 255-256; his death, May 10, 1880, +258; estimate of his character and public life, 258-265; as a +journalist, 265. =C= Cauchon's antagonism, 24; relations with Quebec +Liberals, 28; his policy of representation by population, 28; fights for +Protestant and English supremacy, 28; Cartier takes strong stand against +his aggressiveness, 68; comes into power with the Reformers, 99. =E= +Arrives in Canada and enters journalism, 111; attacks French-Canadians, +112, 113-114, 137, 225; becomes leader of the Clear Grits, 112; enters +Parliament, 113; his influence there, 114; urges representation by +population, 117-118; attacks Hincks, 125, 140; distrusted by Liberals, +138; his warm support of Confederation, 225. =R= Opposes Sir Charles +Metcalfe, 126; opposes separate schools, 224, 225-226; conflict with +Ryerson over separate schools, 233. =BL= His speech before Reform +Association, Toronto, 1844, 223-224, 225; establishes _Globe_, March 5, +1844, 223-224; his relations to the Reformers and the Clear Grits, 224, +342; attacks Roman Catholicism, 343. =T= Makes overtures to government, +looking towards Confederation. 69; at Charlottetown Conference, 74, 75; +delegate to Quebec Conference, 76; opposes coalition government, 128. +=Mc= Defeated by W. L. Mackenzie, 486; relations with Mackenzie, 487; +Haldimand election, 488; Alexander Mackenzie's good offices, 496. =Md= +Macdonald's great antagonist in Canadian public life, 51; pre-eminent +as a reformer, 52; comes to Canada from Scotland in 1844, 52; founds the +_Globe_, 52; his character, 52-53; contrasted with Macdonald, 53-54; +first opposes Clear Grits, then becomes their leader, 54; attacks racial +and religious ideals of Quebec, 54-55; question of Clergy Reserves, 55; +his solution of representation by population, 71-72; opposes proposal +for elective Legislative Council, 75; his quarrel with Macdonald, 80-81; +opposes separate school system, 82; forms ministry with Dorion--the +"Short administration," 85; its defeat, 86; his influence declining, 89; +opposes Sandfield-Macdonald-Sicotte ministry, 89; they join forces, 89; +proposes coalition to further Confederation, 92-93; enters Tache +ministry, 102; quarrel with Macdonald patched up, for the time, 102; +delegate to England in regard to Confederation, defence, reciprocity, +etc., 120-121; his entrance into coalition ministry largely due to Lord +Monck, 121; resigns from Cabinet, 123; supports Confederation, but +resumes old hostility to Macdonald, 123; attempts to break up coalition, +136-137; appointed to Senate by Mackenzie, 138. =Bib.=: Taylor, _Brit. +Am._; Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; Mackenzie, _Life and +Speeches of the Hon. George Brown_. + +=Brown, George Mackenzie= (1869- ). Son of George Brown. Born in Canada. +Educated at Upper Canada College, Toronto, Merchiston Castle School, +Edinburgh, and at Cambridge. Moved to Edinburgh, Scotland, and in 1900 +elected to the British House of Commons for Central Edinburgh. Managing +trustee of Thomas Nelson & Sons, Edinburgh. =Index=: =B= Only son of +George Brown, a member of the publishing firm of Thomas Nelson & Sons, +244. =Bib.=: _Who's Who_, 1910. + +=Brown, Henry.= =WM= Lieutenant of Grenadiers, helps to carry Wolfe off +the field, 200. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_. + +=Brown, James.= =W= Represents Charlotte County in New Brunswick +Assembly, brings in bill for teachers' training school, 88. =T= +Surveyor-general in Fisher ministry, 32, 33, 43. =Bib.=: Hannay, +_History of New Brunswick_. + +=Brown, John Gordon= (1827-1896). Brother of George Brown. Born in +Scotland. Educated in Edinburgh and New York. In 1844 engaged on the +Toronto _Globe_; in 1851 editor, and in 1880 managing director. In 1882 +retired from the _Globe_; appointed registrar of the Surrogate Court of +Toronto, 1883. =Index=: =B= Consulted by George Brown on political +situation, 143; George Brown's brother, 243; enters _Globe_ office--his +connection with the newspaper, 244, 245; E.W. Thomson's estimate of, +245; his death, June 9, 1896, 245. =Bib.=: Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._ + +=Brown, John Storrow.= =P= With Papineau at St. Charles meeting, 1837, +125; preaches rebellion, 126; heads the _Patriotes_ at St. Charles, 128, +133; charged with cowardice, 133; his letter to Dr. Nelson, 133. =Bib.=: +Christie, _History of Lower Canada_. + +=Brown, Peter= (1784-1863). Born in Scotland. Emigrated to New York in +1838; was owner and editor of the _British Chronicle_. Removed to +Toronto, 1843, and founded the _Banner_, a Free-Church Presbyterian +organ. In 1844 with his son, George Brown, established the Toronto +_Globe_, and contributed to it for some years. =Index=: =B= Father of +George Brown, 1; his hatred of slavery, 1; emigration to America, 1838, +2; contributes to _Albion_, 2; publishes _The Fame and Glory of England +Vindicated_, 2; establishes the _British Chronicle_, New York, 4; +removes to Toronto, and with his son establishes the _Banner_, 5; on +committee of Anti-Slavery Society, 113; his work on the _Globe_, +243-244; his death, 1863, 244. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Dent, _Can. +Por._ + +=Brown's Point.= =Bk= On Niagara River, battery at, 299, 301. + +=Bruey.= =F= Agent of Governor Perrot at Montreal, 97. + +=Brule, Etienne.= A famous _coureur de bois_ who accompanied Champlain +on his exploration of the Ottawa, in 1615, and subsequently made +extensive explorations in the country of the Hurons and the Iroquois +(1615-1618). Treacherously murdered near the present town of +Penetanguishene by a party of Hurons in 1632. =Index=: =Ch= Interpreter, +accompanies Champlain to Quebec, 41; accompanies Champlain to the Ottawa +River, 88; at Cap de la Victoire, 139; learns Huron language, 144; sent +on mission to Three Rivers, 163; sides with the Kirkes, 194; conduct in +the Huron country, 202; his death, 203, 246. =Bib.=: Champlain, +_Voyages_; Sagard, _Voyage du Pays des Hurons_; Parkman, _Pioneers of +France_; Butterfield, _History of Brule's Discoveries and Explorations_; +Sulte, _Etienne Brule_ (R. S. C., 1907). + +=Brulon, Jean Gauthier de.= =L= Canon and confessor of chapter of +Quebec, 197. + +=Bruyeres, Lieutenant-Colonel R. E.= =Bk= Reports on condition of forts +in Upper Canada, 157. + +=Bryce, George= (1844- ). Born at Mount Pleasant near Brantford, +Ontario. Educated at Toronto University and Knox College. Took part in +the skirmish at Ridgeway during the Fenian Raids. In 1871 removed to +Manitoba and organized Manitoba College. Professor of English literature +in Manitoba College, 1871-1909; and head of the faculty of science and +lecturer in biology in Manitoba University, 1891-1904. Moderator of the +General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in Canada, 1902-1903. +President of the Royal Society of Canada, 1909-1910. =Index=: =Md= On +causes of Riel Rebellion, 158. =Bib.=: Works: _Manitoba_; _Short History +of the Canadian People_; _Apostle of Red River_; _Hudson's Bay Company_; +_Romantic Settlement of Lord Selkirk's Colonists_. For biog., _see_ +Morgan, _Can. Men._; _Canadian Who's Who_. + +=Bryce, James= (1838- ). Born in Belfast. Educated at the universities +of Glasgow and Cambridge. Entered Parliament in 1880. In 1886 +under-secretary of state for foreign affairs; in 1892 chancellor of the +Duchy of Lancaster, and in 1894 president of the board of trade. Chief +secretary for Ireland, 1905-1906, and in 1907 appointed British +ambassador at Washington. =Index=: =E= On the disadvantages of +congressional government, 255-257. =Bib.=: Works: _Holy Roman Empire_; +_American Commonwealth_. For biog., _see_ _Who's Who_, 1910. + +=Brymner, Douglas= (1823-1902). Born in Scotland. Came to Canada, 1857. +For some time editor of the _Presbyterian_, and associate editor of the +Montreal _Daily Herald_. In 1872 appointed Dominion Archivist, and held +the position up to the time of his death, laying the foundations of the +present splendid collection of manuscript material bearing on the +history of Canada. =Index=: =Hd= His services as Dominion Archivist, +319; his opinion of Haldimand, 320; his translation of Haldimand's +diary, 321. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._ + +=Buade, Antoine de.= =F= Grandfather of Frontenac, 61. + +=Buade, Henri de.= =F= Father of Frontenac, 61. + +=Buade, Louis de.= _See_ Frontenac. + +=Buchanan, Isaac= (1810-1883). Born in Scotland. In 1833 emigrated to +Canada and entered into business life. Strongly opposed the Rebellion of +1837. Elected for York to the first Parliament of Canada. In 1864 +appointed president of the Council in the Tache-Macdonald ministry, +retiring the same year. From 1878 to 1883 a Dominion arbitrator. +=Index=: =H= Joseph Howe's letter to, 1866, 190. =BL= On responsible +government, 90; in political controversy, 1844, 238; his "Five Letters +against the Baldwin Faction," 239-240. =B= Retires from government with +Foley and Simpson, to make room for George Brown, Mowat, and Macdougall, +159. =Mc= Urges Mackenzie's amnesty, 474; generosity of, 504. =Bib.=: +_Cyc. Am. Biog._; Taylor, _Brit. Am._; Dent, _Last Forty Years_. + +=Buchanan, James= (1791-1868). Fifteenth President of the United States. +=Index=: =E= His tribute to Lord Elgin, 123-124. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. +Biog._ + +=Buckingham, Richard Plantagenet Grenville, third Duke of= (1823-1889). +Born in England. Entered Parliament, 1846; lord of the treasury, 1852; +and privy councillor, 1866; president of the Council, 1866-1867, and +colonial secretary, 1867-1868. Governor of Madras, 1875-1880. =Index=: +=Md= Referred to by Sir John A. Macdonald in connection with +Confederation negotiations, 128-129. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Bude, General de.= =Hd= Haldimand's letters to, 116, 117, 119, 191, +222; Haldimand gives Carleton letter of introduction to, 191; consulted +on housekeeping matters by Haldimand, 328; his interest in Mathews, 331; +Grenville's plan for placing him in Duke of York's family, 333; +mentioned in Haldimand's will, 342. + +=Bulkeley, Richard.= Came to Nova Scotia with Governor Cornwallis, 1749. +Appointed secretary of the province, 1759, and continued to hold office +under thirteen successive governors, until 1793. Member of the Council +of Nova Scotia, 1759. Administrator of Nova Scotia, 1791; judge of the +Admiralty Court; brigadier-general of militia. Died, 1800. =Bib.=: +Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_. + +=Buller, Charles= (1806-1848). Born in Calcutta. Entered Parliament in +1830; and called to the bar, 1831. In 1838 secretary to Lord Durham and +accompanied him on his momentous mission to Canada. In 1846 judge +advocate-general, and in 1847 chief poor law commissioner. =Index=: =BL= +His connection with Durham's Report, 235; on colonial self-government, +235. =Sy= Lord Durham's chief secretary, 98; object of great dislike to +Upper Canada Tories, 98; his speech in House of Commons on union +resolutions, 122; advocates responsible government for Canada, 123. =Mc= +Credited with authorship of Lord Durham's Report, 82, 83. =Bib.=: _Dict. +Nat. Biog._; Strachey, _Charles Buller_: Bradshaw, _Self-Government in +Canada_. + +=Bullion.= =Ch= Negotiates restoration of Quebec, 220. + +=Bullion, Mme. de.= =F= Benefactress of Hotel Dieu at Montreal, 29. + +=Bulyea, George Headley Vickers.= Born in Gagetown, New Brunswick. +Educated at University of New Brunswick. For a time principal of the +Sunbury County Grammar School. Removed to Qu'Appelle, North-West +Territories, 1883. Elected to the North-West Council, 1894; special +representative to the Yukon, 1896; commissioner of agriculture and +public works in the Territorial government; appointed first +lieutenant-governor of Alberta, 1905. =Bib.=: _Canadian Who's Who_. + +=Bunker Hill.= =Hd= Battle of, 108. + +=Burel, Brother Gilbert.= =Ch= Jesuit, 152; returns to France, 208. + +=Burgoyne, John= (1723-1792). Born in England. Educated at Westminster, +and entered the army in 1740. In 1775 served in New England; second in +command, 1776, and lieutenant-general, 1777. In the latter year +succeeded General Carleton as commander-in-chief of the forces in +Canada. After several successful engagements with the Americans, +defeated at Saratoga in October, 1777. In 1782 commander-in-chief in +Ireland. =Index=: =Dr= Arrives with reinforcements, 144; marches up +Richelieu, 146; returns to England, 163; returns to Canada, haying been +promoted over head of Carleton, 171; his personal charm, 174; his +previous career, 175, 176; occupies Ticonderoga, 178; injudicious speech +of, 178; his surrender at Saratoga, 180; his defence of himself, 182. +=Hd= A court favourite, supersedes Carleton, 112; his disastrous +campaign, 113, 126; Hamilton's expedition compared to his, 168. =Bib.=: +_Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Burk, Rev. J.= =S= Censured by Simcoe, 190. + +=Burke, Edmund= (1729-1797). Born in Ireland. Educated at Trinity +College, Dublin; and entered Parliament in 1765. In 1771 agent for New +York province; and in 1774-1775 strongly opposed war with America. In +1782 paymaster of the forces. One of the leaders in the impeachment of +Warren Hastings, 1788-1795. =Index=: =Dr= Wants more information on +Quebec Act, 67; discusses Constitutional Act in House of Commons, 265. +=S= Supports division of province, 7; his quarrel with Fox, 8, 9. +=Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Burlamache.= =Ch= Commissioner in dispute between Kirke and De Caen, +217, 218; sent to France in connection with restoration of French +possessions, 220. =Bib.=: Kirke, _The First English Conquest of Canada_. + +=Burlington Bay Canal.= An open cut across a sand-bar at the entrance of +Burlington Bay, designed to enable vessels to reach the city of Hamilton +from the lake. It was authorized by the Legislature, 1823, and +completed, 1832. Enlarged, 1841. =Index=: =BL= Provision made for by +government in 1841, 98. + +=Burns.= =S= Presbyterian minister, establishes school at Niagara, 167. + +=Burns, Edward.= =S= Clerk of Crown and Pleas, 178. + +=Burns, Robert Easton= (1805-1863). Born in Niagara. Called to the bar +of Upper Canada, 1827. Practised at Niagara, St. Catharines, and +Hamilton. Appointed judge of the Niagara District, 1836; judge of the +Home District, 1844; judge of the Court of Queen's Bench, 1850. =Bib.=: +Read, _Lives of the Judges_. + +=Burpee, Isaac= (1825-1885). Born at Sheffield, New Brunswick. +Represented city of St. John in Dominion Parliament, 1872-1885; minister +of customs, 1873-1878. Died in New York. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._ + +=Burr, Aaron= (1756-1836). Born in New Jersey. In 1775 served in the +Revolutionary army, and accompanied Arnold on his expedition to Quebec. +In 1791 elected to the Senate, and in 1801 vice-president of the United +States. In 1804 killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel. =Index=: =Dr= +Aide-de-camp to Montgomery, 122. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._; Jenkinson, +_Aaron Burr_; Todd, _The True Aaron Burr_. + +=Burton, Sir Francis.= =P= Lieutenant-governor of Lower Canada--meets +views of Assembly as to the budget, 60; his action repudiated by +Dalhousie, 61; acting governor during absence of Dalhousie in 1825, 70. + +=Burton, Ralph.= Served in the siege of Quebec. On July 29, 1759, in +command of thirteen companies of Grenadiers, and on September 2 wounded +at the battle of Montmorency. Appointed lieutenant-governor of Quebec +after the capture of the city. =Index=: =WM= Of the 48th, in action at +Montmorency, 142; holds troops in readiness on south shore opposite +Wolfe's Cove, 172, 183; commands reserve in battle of Plains, 189; +Wolfe's last orders to, 200; in battle of Ste. Foy, 258. =Hd= Governor +of Three Rivers, 41; ordered to West Indies, 42; leaves his family in +charge of Haldimand, 51; returns to Three Rivers, 53; replaces Gage at +Montreal, 53. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_; Wood, _The Fight for +Canada_. + +=Buteux, Jacques= (1600-1652). Born in France. In 1634 sent as a +missionary to Canada, and arrived at the new settlement of Three Rivers +in September. Worked among the Indians there for several years. Superior +of the missions from 1639 to 1642, and from 1647 to 1652. =Index=: =Ch= +Stationed at Three Rivers, 256. =Bib.=: Charlevoix, _History of New +France_. + +=Butler, John.= Born in Connecticut. In 1759 served under Sir William +Johnson in the Niagara campaign, and in 1760 in the Montreal expedition. +During the Revolution served on the British side in New York and in +Canada. Appointed superintendent of Indian affairs. Died in Niagara, +1794. =Index=: =Hd= Of Rangers, lays waste Wyoming district, 151; value +of his services, 154; acts for Guy Johnson, 155; conduct of Indians +commanded by, disapproved, 170; cruelties practised upon his Rangers, +172; disbands Rangers and takes up land on Niagara frontier, 256; +entertained by Haldimand, 327. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._ + +=Butterfield, Major.= =Dr= Surrenders post at Cedars to British force, +142. + +=Buttes-a-Neveu.= =WM= Name given to rising ground extending to city +walls, Quebec, 186, 256. + +=By, John= (1781-1836). Born in England. Entered the army in 1799. In +1802 came to Canada; returned to England in 1811; and served in the +Peninsular War. In 1826 again came to Canada, and engaged on important +military and engineering works until 1832. Constructed the Rideau Canal +from Bytown (Ottawa) to Kingston, the first steamer passing through in +the spring of 1832. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; _Dict. Nat. Biog._; +Women's Can. Hist. Soc. of Ottawa, _Trans._, vol. 1. + +=Byng, John= (1704-1757). Born in England. Entered the navy in 1718. In +1727-1736 stationed at Mahon, Minorca; and in 1747-1748 commanded in the +Mediterranean. In 1756 engaged the French at Minorca and after an +indecisive battle retreated to Gibraltar, leaving Minorca to its fate. +Recalled to England, court-martialled, and shot on March 14, 1757. +=Index=: =WM= His reserve at Minorca, 33. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Bytown.= Former name of the city of Ottawa. =Index=: =Md= Chosen by the +queen as capital, 85; suggestion came from Sir Edmund Head, 85; +opposition to decision in Parliament, 85. =BL= An all-water route +between Montreal and Kingston, 75; favoured by some persons as capital, +1843, 181. =E= Water communication established with Montreal, 98. _See +also_ Ottawa. =Bib.=: Women's Can. Hist. Soc. of Ottawa, _Trans._, vols. +1 and 3. + + +=Cabir-Coubat.= =Ch= Indian name of St. Charles River, 148. + +=Cables.= The first submarine cables in America were those laid between +New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island, 1851; and between Cape Breton +and Newfoundland, 1856. Newfoundland was connected with Ireland by cable +in 1858. In 1902 the Pacific Cable was laid, between Canada and New +Zealand and Australia. _See also_ Gisborne; Fleming. =Bib.=: Bright, +_Submarine Telegraphs_; Johnson, _The All Red Line_. + +=Cabot, John.= Probably a native of Genoa. Became a citizen of Venice, +March 28, 1476, and at that time had been a resident of the city for +fifteen years. Went to England, and in 1497, under the direct authority +of Henry VII, sailed to the westward on a voyage of discovery. Landed on +the shores of America, but his exact landfall has been a moot point. It +is now generally believed that it was the easternmost cape of Cape +Breton. The following year sailed again, but there is no record that he +ever returned from this second voyage. =Bib.=: Beazley, _John and +Sebastian Cabot_; Dawson, _The Voyages of the Cabots_ (R. S. C., 1894, +1896, 1897); Deane, _Voyages of the Cabots_, in Winsor, _Nar. & Cr. +Hist. of America_, vol. 3; Harrisse, _John Cabot, the Discoverer of +North America_; Weare, _Cabot's Discovery of North America_; Ober. _John +and Sebastian Cabot_. =Cabot, Sebastian= (1477?-1557?). Son of John +Cabot. His share in the discovery of North America has been the subject +of much controversy. From having once been regarded as the sole +discoverer, it is now considered doubtful that he had anything to do +with the voyages of 1497 and 1498. He was in the service of Spain, and +also of England, receiving from Edward VI the title of Grand Pilot of +England. =Bib.=: Biddle, _Memoir of Sebastian Cabot_; Nicholls, _Life of +Sebastian Cabot_; Tarducci, _John and Sebastian Cabot_. These are +favourable to Sebastian's claims. _See_ references under preceding entry +for the other side of the controversy. + +=Cadboro.= =D= First sea-going vessel on Fraser River, 116; arrives at +Victoria from Fort Vancouver, 180; leaves for the Columbia, 180; built +1824, destroyed 1862, 180. + +=Cadet, Joseph Michel.= Began life as a butcher; won the confidence of +the intendant Bigot, and as commissary-general seconded him in his +infamous schemes for plundering the colony. =Index=: =WM= Commissary of +stores, 88; makes his headquarters at Beauport, 88; feeds his poultry +with grain, while the people starve, 88. _See_ Bigot. + +=Cadieux.= A French _coureur de bois_, whose tragic death forms the +subject of one of the popular _chansons_ of Quebec. His reputed grave is +at the foot of Grand Calumet Island, on the Ottawa. =Bib.=: Le Moine, +_Legends of the St. Lawrence_; Bourinot, _The Ottawa Valley_ in the +_Canadian Monthly_, January, 1875; Gagnon, _Chansons Populaires_. + +=Cadillac, Antoine de la Motte.= Came to Canada as an officer of the +Carignan Regiment. In 1694 appointed to the command of the post at +Michilimackinac. In 1701 built a fort at Detroit, and remained in +command there until 1710. From 1712-1717 governor of Louisiana. +Subsequently appointed governor of Castel Sarassin, in Gascony, his +native province. Died there Oct. 16, 1730. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Old +Regime_; _Cadillac Papers_ (Michigan Pion. & Hist. _Coll._, vol. 33). + +=Cadot, Jean-Baptiste.= Pioneer fur trader in the West. When the French +abandoned their fort at Sault Ste. Marie, Cadot remained behind with his +native wife and family. Alexander Henry found him there in 1762; in +charge of the fort when Carver visited the place five years later. Is +said to have been still alive in 1812. =Bib.=: Henry, _Travels and +Adventures in Canada_; Carver, _Travels through the Interior Parts of +North America_; Morice, _Dict._ + +=Caen, Emery de.= =Ch= Nephew of Guillaume, 137; left in command of +colony, 141; prohibits psalm-singing by Huguenots on his ships, 156; his +character, 182; actively defends colony, 183; captured by Thomas Kirke; +returns to France, 185; his ship the _Helene_ restored to him, 221. =F= +Takes over Quebec from the English, 23. =Bib.=: Douglas, _Quebec in +Seventeenth Century_; Biggar, _Early Trading Companies of New France_; +Kirke, _The First English Conquest of Canada_. + +=Caen, Ezechiel de.= =Ch= Brother of Guillaume, 137. + +=Caen, Guillaume de.= =Ch= Head of Company formed by Montmorency, 131, +132; difficulties with the old Company, 133 _et seq._; returns to +France, 136; comes out to Canada, and returns to France, 138; arrives +with supplies, June, 1624, 140; sails for France, 141; brings out Jesuit +fathers, 152; appoints Raymond de la Ralde as admiral of Company's +fleet, 155; disposed to overlook murder of a Frenchman by an Indian, +161; his character as given by Theodat-Sagard, 182; Cardinal Richelieu +suspicious of, 183; his merchandise seized by Kirke, 183; disagreement +with Kirke as to goods seized at Quebec, 217-222. =F= Head of trading +Company, 23. =Bib.=: Douglas, _Quebec in Seventeenth Century_; Biggar, +_Early Trading Companies of New France_; Kirke, _The First English +Conquest of Canada_. + +=Caesar, Sir Julius= (1558-1636). Sat in Parliament, 1589-1622; +chancellor of the exchequer, 1606; master of the Rolls, 1614-1636. +=Index=: =Ch= English commissioner in matter of Canada, 214. =Bib.=: +_Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Cahaigue.= =Ch= Largest of the Huron villages, 89. + +=Caire, M. de.= =WM= Engineer, constructs defences on river St. Charles, +86. + +=Caldwell, Henry.= =Dr= His house occupied by Arnold, 111; commands +British militia in siege of Quebec, 115; his house burnt by Arnold, 121. +=Bib.=: Lemoine, _The Hon. Henry Caldwell, L.C., at Quebec_. + +=Caldwell, Sir John.= Eldest son of Sir James Caldwell, the third +baronet. Succeeded his father, 1784. Appointed receiver-general of Lower +Canada, and found to have misappropriated the public funds. Made +restoration afterwards of the greater part of the amount. +Died in England, 1830. =Index=: =P= Receiver-general, Lower +Canada,--misappropriates public funds, 56; government fails to prosecute +him, 57. =Bib.=: Christie, _History of Lower Canada_; Morgan, _Cel. +Can._ + +=Caledonia.= =Bk= Brig belonging to North West Company, 210; captured by +Americans at Fort Erie, 289. + +=Callicum.= Indian chief. =D= His relations with Meares at Nootka, 27. + +=Callieres, Louis-Hector de= (1646?-1703). Born at Cherbourg, son of +Jacques de Callieres, governor of Cherbourg. Entered the army, and +became captain of the regiment of Navarre. In 1684 came to Canada as +governor of Montreal; and in 1699 appointed governor-general of the +colony. Died at Quebec. =Index=: =F= Memorandum by, on French claims in +Hudson Bay, 204; commands regular troops in attack on Iroquois, 209; +sent to France to represent situation of colony, 230; leads eight +hundred men from Montreal to defence of Quebec, 292; commands vanguard +in attack on Onondagas, 351; commended in despatches, 353; succeeds +Frontenac as governor, 362. =L= Placed in charge of Fort Frontenac +(Cataraqui), 214; proceeds to France, 218; succeeds Frontenac as +governor, 235; death of, 235. =Bib.=: Sulte, _La Famille de Callieres_ +(R. S. C., 1890); Parkman, _Half Century of Conflict_. + +=Calvinistic Agents.= =Ch= Fanaticism of, 86. + +=Camaret, Marie (Mme. Hersault).= =Ch= Cousin of Champlain, contests his +will, 265. + +=Cameron, David.= Brought up as a draper; drifted to the West Indies, +where he had charge of an estate; and thence to New Caledonia. In 1852 +superintendent of the coal mines at Nanaimo. Nominated by Douglas as +chief justice of Vancouver Island, 1853, and the appointment confirmed +by the colonial office the same year. Succeeded by Needham in 1858. +Retired from the bench, 1864. Died at Belmont, Vancouver Island, 1872. +=Index=: =D= First chief justice of Vancouver Island, 200; charges +preferred against, 200. =Bib.=: Bancroft, _History of British Columbia_. + +=Cameron, Duncan.= Son of a United Empire Loyalist; born at Schenectady, +on the Mohawk. His father brought the family to Canada, and settled in +Glengarry. The son entered the service of the North West Company, in +1786, and was for many years in charge of the Nipigon district. In 1814 +sent to Red River, to oppose Selkirk's plans. In 1816, before the Seven +Oaks affair, seized by Colin Robertson, of the Hudson's Bay Company, +carried to York Factory, and sent to England, where he was promptly +released. Returned to Canada, settled at Williamstown, and represented +Glengarry from 1820 to 1824 in the Assembly of Upper Canada. =Index=: +=MS= Sent by North West Company to Red River to break up Red River +Colony, 173; wins ten colonists from their allegiance to Selkirk, 173; +takes them to Upper Canada, 174; captured by Semple and sent to York +Factory, and finally to England, 178. =Bib.=: Bryce, _Manitoba_ and +_Hudson's Bay Company_; Laut, _Conquest of the Great North-West_; +Masson, _Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest_. Cameron's _Sketch of +the Customs, etc., of the Natives in the Nipigon Country_, and _Nipigon +Journal, 1804-1805_, are in Masson, vol. 2. + +=Cameron, James. Mc= Attempts to kidnap Mackenzie, 464. + +=Cameron, John Hillyard= (1817-1876). Solicitor-general, Upper Canada, +1846-1848; represented Cornwall in Legislative Assembly, 1846-1847 and +1848-1851; Toronto, 1854; Peel, 1861-1866. Represented Peel in first +Dominion Parliament, 1867-1872; Cornwall, 1872-1874; and 1874-1876. +=Index=: =E= Elected 1848, 50. =B= Opposes Confederation scheme, his +motion for an appeal to the people defeated, 185. =BL= Defeated in +elections of 1848, 279. =Bib.:= Dent, _Last Forty Years_. + +=Cameron, Malcolm= (1808-1876). Elected to Assembly of Upper Canada for +Lanark, 1836. A persistent opponent of the Family Compact. Appointed +inspector of revenue, under Bagot. Held various offices in the La +Fontaine-Baldwin and Hincks administrations. In 1863 resigned his seat, +to accept appointment as Queen's Printer. Represented South Lanark in +Dominion House, 1874-1876. =Index: B= Opposes George Brown in Kent and +Lambton, 1851, 40, 41; a Clear Grit, who had joined Hincks-Morin +government, 40-41; defeated by Brown, 77. =BL= Opens discussion on +responsible government, 1841, 90; assistant commissioner of public +works, 1848, 284; a bitter opponent of Sir F.B. Head--held minor office +under Bagot, radical in his sympathies, 284; his resignation, 337; a +leader of the Radicals, 341. =E= Elected 1847, 50; becomes assistant +commissioner of public works, in La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 53; a +leading member of Clear Grits, 110; joins Hincks-Morin government, 112; +president of the Executive Council, 113; becomes minister of new +department of agriculture, 117; postmaster-general, 1853, 126; defeated +in Lambton, 134; advocates complete secularization of Clergy Reserves, +163. =R= Opposes separate schools, 224. =Bib.=: Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._; +Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; Morgan, _Cel. Can._ + +=Cameron, Sir Matthew Crooks= (1822-1887). Born in Dundas, Ontario. +Educated at the Home District Grammar School, Toronto, and at Upper +Canada College; studied law and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1849. +Sat in the Assembly for North Ontario, 1861-1863 and 1864-1867. Defeated +in North Ontario for election to the House of Commons, 1867. Elected to +the Ontario Assembly for East Toronto; provincial secretary, 1867-1871; +commissioner of crown lands, 1871-1872; leader of the opposition in the +Assembly, 1872-1876. Appointed judge of the Court of Queen's Bench, +1878; chief-justice of the Common Pleas Division of the High Court of +Justice, 1884. =Index: B= Seconds motion to submit Confederation scheme +to the people, 185. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._; Rattray, _The Scot in +British North America_; Read, _Lives of the Judges_. + +=Cameronians.= =Bk= 26th Regiment, stationed at Fort Niagara, 57. + +=Camosun. D= Indian village on site of Victoria, B.C., 175; meaning of +name, 175. + +=Campbell, Captain. Dr= Accused in connection with Walker affair, 36; +tried and acquitted, 38. + +=Campbell, General. Dr= Commissioner for exchange of prisoners, 207. + +=Campbell, Sir Alexander= (1821-1892). Studied law under John A. +Macdonald, with whom he later formed a partnership; and called to the +bar of Upper Canada, 1843. Elected to the Legislative Council, 1858; +and Speaker, 1863. Commissioner of crown lands, 1864-1866; +postmaster-general in first Dominion ministry, 1867-1873; minister of +the interior, 1873; receiver-general, 1878-1879; postmaster-general, +1879-1880; 1880-1881; 1885-1887; minister of militia and defence, 1880; +minister of justice, 1881-1885. In 1887 appointed lieutenant-governor of +Ontario, an office which he retained up to the time of his death. +=Index=: =Md= Enters J. A. Macdonald's law office as a student, 6; forms +partnership with Macdonald, 10; his letter to Macdonald on the political +situation, 31; postmaster-general in first Dominion Cabinet, 134; +consults Imperial government as to proposed withdrawal of troops from +Canada, Fenian Raids, etc., 168; his attempt to merge the two Canadian +Pacific Railway syndicates, 200. =T= Delegate to Charlottetown +Conference, 74; to Quebec Conference, 76; postmaster-general in first +Dominion Cabinet, 129. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._; Taylor, _Brit. Am._; +Read, _Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada_. + +=Campbell, Sir Archibald= (1769-1843). Born in Scotland. Entered the +army, 1787. Served throughout the Peninsular War, 1808-1814; in 1821 +commanded a regiment in India; conducted the Burmese War; and 1826-1829, +governor of British Burmah. From 1831 to 1837 lieutenant-governor of New +Brunswick. =Index=: =W= Lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick, +correspondence with Goderich on crown lands, 23; with Stanley on same +subject, 25; addressed by Assembly on question of revenues, 27; refuses +to lay before Assembly his correspondence with colonial secretary, 28; +dissolves the Assembly, 29, 31-32; opposed to popular reform, 35; +refuses to assent to Civil List Bill, 44-45, 46; resigns, 47. =Bib.=: +_Dict. Nat. Biog._; Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_. + +=Campbell, Sir Colin= (1776-1847). Served in India, 1801-1804, and +afterwards in Denmark and the Peninsula; attached to Wellington's staff +at the battle of Waterloo; promoted major-general, 1825; +lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 1834-1840; governor of Ceylon, +1840-1847. =Index=: =H= Lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 45, 58; +antagonizes popular party, 62; his removal asked for at the instance of +Joseph Howe, 65-67; defended by James W. Johnstone, 67; succeeded by +Lord Falkland, 69. =Bib.=: Howe, _Letters and Speeches_; _Dict. Nat. +Biog._; Chisholm, _Speeches and Public Letters of Joseph Howe_; +Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_; Saunders, _Three Premiers of Nova +Scotia_. _See also_ Joseph Howe. + +=Campbell, Robert= (1808-1894). Entered service of Hudson's Bay Company, +1832, and sent to the Mackenzie River district, 1834. For the next +eighteen years, engaged in exploring the upper waters of the Liard and +Yukon Rivers, and establishing the fur trade in this region. In 1852 +made a remarkable journey on snow-shoes, from Fort Simpson to Crow-wing, +Minnesota, about three thousand miles. Made a chief factor, 1867, and +retired from the service of the Company, 1871. =Index=: =D= Builds Fort +Dease, 1838, 123-124; ordered to Mackenzie River department, 1834, 124; +crosses to Pacific by Stikine, 124; Fort Dease burned, 124; ascends +Liard River to Lake Francis, crosses to Lake Finlayson, and reaches +Pelly River, 124; builds post on Lake Francis, and at Pelly Banks, 124; +descends Pelly to junction with Lewes, 124; builds Fort Selkirk at mouth +of Lewes, 124; descends Yukon to mouth of Porcupine, and returns to Fort +Simpson by Porcupine and Mackenzie, 125. =MS= Ascends Liard River and +discovers the Upper Yukon, 111; a Perthshire Highlander, 228; discoverer +of Upper Yukon, 228. =Bib.=: _Discovery and Exploration of the Youcon +River._ For biog., _see_ Bryce, _Sketch of the Life and Discoveries of +Robert Campbell_ and _Hudson's Bay Company_; Laut, _Conquest of the +Great North-West_; Burpee, _Search for the Western Sea_. + +=Campbell, Stewart.= =H= Chosen leader of Anti-Confederation party in +Nova Scotia, 187; chairman of Halifax meeting on behalf of Joseph Howe, +194; elected to House of Commons for Guysborough, 1867; supports +Confederation, 203. =Bib.=: Saunders, _Three Premiers of Nova Scotia_. + +=Campbell, Major William.= =Dr= His correspondence with General Wayne, +286. =S= Placed in command of fort at rapids of Miami, 136; refuses to +evacuate fort at summons of General Wayne, 139; his conduct highly +approved by Simcoe, 140. + +=Campbell, Sir William= (1758-1834). Born in Scotland. Enlisted as a +private in a Highland regiment; came to America during the Revolutionary +War; took part in the battle of Yorktown, 1781; after his release +determined to remain in America. Studied law and called to the bar of +Nova Scotia; practised his profession for nineteen years; elected to the +Assembly of Cape Breton; attorney-general. Appointed to a puisne +judgeship in Upper Canada, 1811; chief-justice, 1825; retired, 1829; +knighted, 1829. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Read, _Lives of the +Judges_. + +=Camperdown.= =Bk= Naval victory of, 12. + +=Canada.= Discovered by John Cabot in 1497. First settlement made by +Jacques Cartier, in 1535, on the banks of the St. Charles. In 1608 +Champlain founded the city of Quebec, almost on the spot where Jacques +Cartier had wintered; the country ceded to Great Britain by France, by +the treaty of Paris, 1763; civil government provided by Quebec Act, +1774; and a measure of responsible government by the Constitutional Act, +1791; invasion by Americans, 1775-1776; War of 1812; Rebellions of +1837-1838, in Upper and Lower Canada; union of Upper and Lower Canada, +1841; Confederation of Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia, 1867; +Manitoba added to the Dominion, 1870; British Columbia, 1871; Prince +Edward Island, 1873; provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta created, +1905. =Index=: =Dr= Surrender of, 2; under military rule till conclusion +of peace, 2; acquisition of, by Britain, hastened American Revolution, +3; ceded by treaty of Paris to Great Britain, 7; its wide extent at that +time, 8; French population of, at cession, 9; English-speaking +population, 9; petition for restoration of its ancient limits, 61; +division of, into two provinces proposed, 248; political possibilities +after conquest, 253-257; boundaries of, not defined by Constitutional +Act, 260. =B= Party government--origin of the double ministries, 81-82; +election frauds in 1857, 99-100; process of expansion--Confederation and +after, 264. =E= First railway in, 99; early political conditions in, +17-40; difficulties connected with responsible government in, 26; +principles of responsible government, 228; her political system +contrasted with that of United States, 241 _et seq._ =WM= Interests +French commanders and their men but little, 11; its vulnerable points, +17; its strong social and political organization gave it an advantage in +war, 24; but was unfavourable to internal development, 24. =Sy= Rapid +progress made in Anglicizing previous to passing of Quebec Act, 63; +unfortunate change of policy regarding, 64. =F= Population of, 36, 55, +58, 131, 147, 148; poverty of impresses Sister Bourgeoys, 39; morals of +the people, 58, 59; overgoverned, 131; trade, 148; affected by all the +vicissitudes of mother country, 150, 151; "farmers" of revenue appointed +for, 154; Bishop St. Vallier's first description of country and +inhabitants, 192; Governor Denonville's description, 192; St. Vallier's +revised opinion, 193; real character of the people, 193-195; state of +depression throughout the country, 219, 240; drinking habits of people, +223; described by Laval as the country of miracles, 301; exhaustion of, +after departure of New England fleet, 305, 317. _See also_ New France; +Cartier, Jacques; Cabot, John; Champlain; Quebec Act; Constitutional +Act; Union Act; Upper Canada; Lower Canada; Confederation. + +=Canada Act.= _See_ Constitutional Act. + +=Canada Company.= Founded in London, 1824, by John Gait, as a colonizing +scheme. A large tract of land was purchased in what is now western +Ontario. Dunlop, Talbot, Strickland, and other pioneers of Upper Canada +were associated with Gait in the enterprise. The company is still in +existence. =Index=: =E= An agency in settlement of Upper Canada, 145; +its unpopularity, 145. =R= Offers to buy Clergy Reserves, 50. =B= +Recommends whiskey to intending immigrants, 75. _See also_ Galt, John; +Dunlop, William; Talbot, Thomas. =Bib.=: Lizars, _In the Days of the +Canada Company_; Strickland, _Twenty-seven Years in Canada West_; Galt, +_Autobiography_; Jameson, _Winter Sketches_; Talbot, _Six Years in the +Canadas_; McTaggart, _Three Years in Upper Canada_; Dunlop, _The +Backwoodsman_. + +=Canada Corn Act=, 1843. =C= Builds up flour industry in Canada, 43. + +=Canada First Association.= =B= Platform, 235; criticized by the +_Globe_, 236; suspected of aiming at national independence, 237; Goldwin +Smith, leader of party, attacked by _Globe_, 237; his reply, 238; spirit +of the movement, 239; its effect, 240-241; Liberal party injured by +hostility to movement, 240-242. =Md= Formed in Toronto, 1870, 226; its +policy, 226. =Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty Years_; _Canada First: A Memorial +of the Late William A. Foster_; Denison, _The Struggle for Imperial +Unity_. + +=Canada Trade Act.= Passed by Imperial Parliament in 1822, with the +object of correcting the injustice to Upper Canada in the apportionment +of duties collected. The Quebec Legislature had refused to re-enact the +old Acts apportioning a share of duties to Upper Canada, and these Acts +were now made permanent. Lower Canada was debarred from imposing new +duties on imports by sea without the consent of Upper Canada and the +approval of the Imperial Parliament. =Bib.=: Kingsford, _History of +Canada_. + +=Canadian Alliance Society.= =Mc= Founded, December, 1834, 258; its +objects, 258. =BL= Founded at York, 16; its political programme, 16. + +=Canadian Contingents in the Boer War= (1899-1902). Consisted of the +Royal Canadian Infantry, Canadian Mounted Rifles, Royal Canadian +Artillery, and Strathcona's Horse. The first contingent, which sailed +for South Africa from Quebec, Oct. 30, 1899, numbered 1141. The second +contingent, which sailed from Halifax in January and February, 1900, +mustered 1320. These two contingents comprised the official Canadian +contribution to the British forces in the war, but Lord Strathcona also +raised a contingent at his own expense. This contingent, known as +Strathcona's Horse, sailed from Halifax in March, 1900, the force +numbering 540 officers and men, and 599 horses. Over 3000 Canadians +therefore took part in the war against the Boers. Throughout the +operations in South Africa, the Canadians signally distinguished +themselves, particularly at the battle of Paardeberg on Feb. 27, 1900, +when with the Gordon Highlanders and the Shropshires they led the final +attack on Cronje's position. =Bib.=: Evans, _The Canadian Contingents_; +Marquis, _Canada's Sons on Kopje and Veldt_; Doyle, _The Great Boer +War_. + +=Canadian Freeman.= =Mc= Newspaper, published by Collins, in 1825, 111. + +=Canadian Institute.= Founded at Toronto, June 20, 1849, by Sandford +Fleming, and Kivas Tully, with several other surveyors, civil +engineers, and architects practising in and about Toronto. A royal +charter was granted Nov. 4, 1851, in which the objects of the society +are declared to be "the encouragement and general advancement of the +physical sciences, the arts and the manufactures," etc. Among the early +presidents were Sir W. E. Logan, Sir Henry Lefroy, Sir John Beverley +Robinson, George W. Allan, W. H. Draper, Sir Daniel Wilson, and Sir +Oliver Mowat. The publications of the Institute began with the _Canadian +Journal_, 1852, and have been continued, as _Proceedings, Transactions_, +etc., to the present time. =Bib.=: _The Canadian Journal_, 1852-1878; +_Proceedings_, 1879-1890; _Transactions_, 1890- . A semi-centennial +memorial volume, published 1899, contains _Early Days of the Canadian +Institute_ by Sir Sandford Fleming. + +=Canadian Magazines.= Among the earliest magazines published in what is +now Canada were the _Nova Scotia Magazine_, Halifax, 1789; the _Quebec +Magazine_, Quebec, 1791-1793; _L'Abeille Canadienne_, Quebec, 1818-1819; +the _Canadian Review_, 1824-1826; the _Bibliotheque Canadienne_, +Montreal, 1825; _Literary Garland_, Montreal, 1838; _Acadian Magazine_, +Halifax, 1826; and the _Revue Canadienne_, 1845. There have been several +periodicals bearing the name of _Canadian Magazine_, the earliest +published at Montreal in 1823; a second published at Toronto in 1833; +another at Toronto, 1871; and the present periodical of the same name, +which dates from 1893. Of the earlier magazines, the _Literary Garland_ +and the _Revue Canadienne_ alone lived for any considerable time, the +former having been published for over thirteen years, and the latter +still survives. =Bib.=: Hopkins, _Canada: An Ency._, vol. 5. + +=Canadian Northern Railway.= The first link in this transcontinental +railway dates back to 1896, when construction was commenced on the line +from Gladstone towards Lake Winnipegosis. Since then the system has been +extended east and west, and within a few years will reach from the +Atlantic to the Pacific, with numerous branches. =Bib.=: _Historical +Sketch of the Canadian Northern Railway_ in _Canadian Annual Review_, +1906. + +=Canadian Pacific Railway.= The contract for construction of the railway +was signed Oct. 21, 1880, the surveys having already been carried out +under the direction of Sandford Fleming. Work was begun on the railway +in May, 1881, and the last spike driven by Sir Donald A. Smith (now Lord +Strathcona), Nov. 7, 1885. A summary of the evolution of the project +will be found in Johnson's _First Things in Canada_. =Index=: =Md= +Compact with British Columbia for its construction, 150; the Pacific +Scandal, 200-211; difficulties of construction, 232; terms of agreement, +233; Mackenzie government adopts policy of government ownership, 233; +Macdonald, on his return to power, reverts to original scheme, 234; +contract signed September, 1880, and railway completed in five years, +234; Mackenzie's views as to time needed for completion, 234-235; Blake +attacks railway policy, 235; _Globe_ criticizes, and British financiers +pessimistic, 235; directors of the syndicate, 236; terms of contract, +236; Howland syndicate, 237; financial difficulties, 237; last spike +driven at Craigellachie, Nov. 7, 1885, 238; problems of operation, 238; +what the great enterprise means to Canada, 238-239; its military value, +239; conflict with Manitoba as to its monopoly of transportation, +284-285; its effect on Macdonald government, 301. =C= First charter +engineered by Cartier, 51; the railway the crowning work of +Confederation, 51; its eastern terminus, 52; the Allan Company and the +MacPherson Syndicate, 53; the Pacific Scandal, 53-54; bill in +Parliament, 131. =B= Its building approved by country as a measure of +national growth and expansion, 241. =D= Revolutionizes old conditions +of trade in British Columbia, 265; Imperial government asked to +guarantee its completion, 315; delays in building, 317, 323; movement +for a transcontinental railway, 317-318; negotiations, 318-320; Pacific +Scandal, 321; Carnarvon Terms, 320-322; building operations, 324-326; +completion, 1885, 326; terminus, 327. =Bib.=: Hopkins, _Canada: An +Ency._, vol. 2; Parkin, _The Great Dominion_; Begg, _History of the +North-West_; Fleming, _Reports on Canadian Pacific Railway_, 1874, 1877, +1878, 1879, 1880. + +=Canadian Sharpshooters.= =WM= In battle of Ste. Foy, 259, 263. + +=Canadien.= =Bk= Newspaper founded in 1806, appealed to race prejudices, +92; claimed unconstitutional power for Legislative Assembly, 92, 93; on +the rights of Parliament, 116; seized and temporarily suppressed by +Governor Craig, 127; seizure not approved by British authorities, 147. +=Bib.=: Dionne, _Pierre Bedard et Son Temps_ (R. S. C., 1898). + +=Canals.= The earliest canal in Canada and in North America was that at +Lachine, which dates back to the beginning of the eighteenth century. +Between 1779 and 1783, lock canals were built by the Royal Engineers, at +the Coteau and the Cascades, on the St. Lawrence. In 1798 a boat canal +was built at Sault Ste. Marie by the North West Company. A canal to +connect the St. Lawrence and Lake Champlain was advocated as early as +1775, by Silas Deane of Connecticut, but was not actually undertaken +until 1831. The Welland Canal was commenced in 1824; and the Rideau +Canal two years later. These artificial waterways of Canada are +controlled by the Department of Railways and Canals, of the Dominion +government. =Index=: =Bk= First in American continent made in Canada, +48. =BL= Construction and improvement of, provided for by government in +1841, 98; completion of St. Lawrence canals, 286-287. =B= Improvement +of, advocated by George Brown, 61; extension of, approved by Quebec +Conference, 166; enlargement of, suggested by Fish, United States +secretary of state, in 1874, 227. =S= Four made at different points on +St. Lawrence, 112. =P= Opposed by Papineau, 172. _See also_ Waterways; +and under names of individual canals, as Lachine; Rideau; Welland, etc. +=Bib.=: Keefer, _Canals of Canada_ (R. S. C., 1893); _Waterways of +Canada_ (Women's Can. Hist. Soc. of Ottawa, _Trans._, vol. 2); +Kingsford, _Canadian Canals_; _Report of Royal Commission on Canals_, +1871; _Annual Reports on Railways and Canals_, Ottawa. + +=Cananee.= =Ch= Famous French seaman, joins Champlain at Gaspe, 141; the +Turks capture his ship, the _Ste. Madeleine_, on the coast of Bretagne, +and put him to death, 141. + +=Canard River.= A small stream in Essex County, Ontario, falling into +the Detroit River. =Index=: =Bk= Americans repulsed at, in War of 1812, +237. + +=Candiac, Chateau of.= =WM= Birthplace of Montcalm, 3; position of, +still remains, 5. + +=Canning, Charles John, Viscount= (1812-1862). Postmaster-general, under +Aberdeen and Palmerston. Governor-general of India, 1855, and through +the period of the Indian Mutiny. =Index=: =E= His record in India, 217. +=Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Canning, George= (1770-1827). Entered British Parliament, 1793; foreign +secretary, 1807; ambassador to Portugal, 1814; president of Board of +Control, 1816; succeeded Londonderry as foreign secretary, 1822; prime +minister, 1827. A consistent advocate of constitutional principles. +=Index=: =Sy= Foreign secretary and afterwards prime minister, 16; death +of, 16. =Bk= Secretary of war, 81; deals with matter of _Leopard_ and +_Chesapeake_, 83, 85; disapproves of Walcheren expedition, 118; foreign +secretary, 120. =Bib.=: Canning, _Speeches_; Stapleton, _Political Life +of George Canning_; Stapleton, _George Canning and His Times_; _Dict. +Nat. Biog._ + +=Cannon, Captain.= =WM= Repulses landing of English, 107. + +=Canterbury, John Henry Thomas Manners-Sutton, Viscount= (1814-1877). +Born in England. Entered Parliament, 1841; home secretary from 1841 to +1846 in Peel's ministry. From 1854 to 1861, lieutenant-governor of New +Brunswick; in 1864-1866 governor of Trinidad; and in 1866-1873 governor +of Victoria. =Index=: =T= Dissolves New Brunswick Assembly, 38-39. +=Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_. + +"=Canvas House.=" =S= Purchased by Simcoe from Captain Cook, and used as +winter residence at York, 204. + +=Cap de la Victoire.= On St. Lawrence, near mouth of Richelieu. =Index=: +=Ch= Fur trade carried on at, 119, 139. + +=Cap du Ciel.= =Ch= French vessel seized by English, 222. + +=Cap Rouge.= On the St. Lawrence, above Quebec. =Index=: =WM= Vaudreuil +orders posting of two hundred men at, 162; Bougainville's headquarters +at, 163; difficulty of crossing the river, 248. + +=Cape Breton.= An island at the eastern extremity of Nova Scotia, now +forming part of that province. Discovered by John Cabot in 1497. First +settlement made by the French in 1712. Town of Louisbourg built and +strongly fortified. It was captured by Pepperrell and Warren in 1745; +restored to France by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748; again +captured by the British, under Amherst and Boscawen, 1758. Cape Breton +was a separate colony of Great Britain, 1784-1820, with Sydney (founded +1785) as its capital. In 1820 it was incorporated with Nova Scotia. +=Index=: =Ch= Named St. Lawrence Island by Champlain, 236; Jesuit +mission at, for benefit of Micmacs, 236; maintained until 1659, 237. +_See also_ Louisbourg; Sydney; Nova Scotia. =Bib.=: Brown, _History of +Cape Breton_; Bourinot, _Cape Breton and its Memorials_; Grant, _Cape +Breton, Past and Present_. + +=Cape Diamond, Quebec.= =Ch= Fortified, 157. + +=Cape St. Vincent.= =Bk= British naval victory of, 10. + +=Car Brigade.= =Bk= Formed, 196. + +=Carden, Major.= =Dr= Killed in dispersing Ethan Allen's force, 99. + +=Cardinal Joseph.= =P= At meeting of Constitutional Committee, 1834, 88. + +=Carey.= =Sy= Made deputy inspector-general, 333. + +=Carheil, Etienne de.= A Breton, of noble birth. Came to Canada as a +Jesuit missionary in 1666. After two years spent at Quebec, left in 1668 +for his mission among the Cayugas. Spent a number of years there in a +zealous but largely fruitless effort to convert the Indians to +Christianity. In 1683 sent to the Hurons at Michilimackinac, and +laboured among that tribe for many years. Finally returned to Quebec, +where he died. =Bib.=: Campbell, _Pioneer Priests of North America_; +_Jesuit Relations_, ed. by Thwaites. + +=Cariboo Gold-fields.= =D= History of, 284-289. + +=Carignan-Salieres.= The first regiment of regular troops sent to +America from France. Raised in Savoy by the Prince of Carignan in 1644; +employed for some years in the service of the king of France, and after +the peace of the Pyrenees, was regularly incorporated in the French +army. Fought against the Turks in 1664, and ordered to America the +following year. With the original regiment was incorporated the fragment +of a regiment of Germans, the whole under the command of Colonel de +Salieres. The regiment served with distinction in Canada until 1668, +when it was ordered home; a large number of officers and men, however, +remained in the colony, where they were given generous grants of land. +The regiment was reconstructed in France, and under the name of the +Regiment of Lorraine existed until 1794. =Index=: =L= Gives strength to +the colony, 53; discharged soldiers of, become settlers, 77; further +detachment of, arrives, 79. =E= Officers settle on lands along the +Richelieu, 178-179, 181. =F= Sent out, 51; some of the officers settle +in Canada and become seigneurs, 57. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Old Regime_; +Susane, _Ancienne Infanterie Francaise_, vol. 5. + +=Carillon, Fort.= =Hd= Repulse of British forces at, 18-21. =WM= The +fort defended by Montcalm with De Levis and Bourlamaque, 54-55; attacked +by the British under Abercromby, 55-60; failure of the attack, 60-61; +Bourlamaque evacuates the fort and destroys it, 146. _See also_ +Ticonderoga. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_. + +=Carion, Philippe de.= =L= Lays second foundation stone of church at +Montreal, 88. =F= Officer at Montreal, refuses to recognize Frontenac's +order for arrest of _coureurs de bois_, 91. + +=Carleton, Christopher.= =Dr= Father of Guy Carleton, 29; his widow +marries Rev. Thomas Skelton, 29. + +=Carleton, Sir Guy.= _See_ Dorchester. + +=Carleton, Lady Maria.= =Dr= Gains social popularity at Quebec, 162; +lives to great age, 308; her extreme hauteur, 309. + +=Carleton, Thomas= (1736-1817). Served with Wolfe in 1755; +quartermaster-general of the army in Canada, 1775; wounded in the naval +battle on Lake Champlain, 1776. Appointed first lieutenant-governor of +New Brunswick, 1784. Returned to England in 1803; the colony was +governed by administrators until 1817, when General Smyth was appointed +governor. =Index=: =Dr= Nephew of Lord Dorchester, 249; +lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick, 249. =W= First governor of New +Brunswick, 5; his Council, 5; opposes reforms in government, 13; grants +charter to Fredericton Academy, 86. =Hd= Devastates country bordering on +Lake Champlain, 149; his expedient for obtaining rebel letters, 194; his +connection with the Du Calvet case, 280, 281. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._; +Bradley, _The Making of Canada_. + +=Carleton Island.= =Hd= Indians of, 148; projects of Americans against, +150; reinforcements sent to, 153; depot for stores established at, great +cost of transporting provisions to, 184. + +=Carling, Sir John= (1828- ). Represented town of London in Legislative +Assembly, 1857-1867; and continued to sit for the same constituency in +the Dominion Parliament. Appointed receiver-general in Cartier-Macdonald +ministry, 1862; and commissioner of agriculture and public works in +Ontario government, 1867. Entered federal government as +postmaster-general, 1882; minister of agriculture, 1885-1892. Called to +the Senate, 1891; resigned, 1892; again called, 1896. =Bib.=: Morgan, +_Can. Men_; Dent, _Can. Por._ + +=Carlton House.= Two forts of this name were founded by the Hudson's Bay +Company. One stood on the banks of the Saskatchewan, above the forks; +the other on the upper waters of the Assiniboine. Both were established +about the end of the eighteenth century. =Index=: =MS= Built by Hudson's +Bay Company, 6. + +=Carnarvon, Henry Howard Molyneux Herbert, fourth Earl of= (1831-1890). +Colonial secretary, 1866-1867, and as such introduced the British North +America Act; colonial secretary again, 1874-1878; chairman of Colonial +Defence Commission, 1879-1882. Joined Imperial Federation League, 1884. +=Index=: =Md= President of Westminster Conference in London, 126; +effect of his resignation on Confederation, 128; Macdonald's letter to, +on the franchise, 259. =T= Conference with, on Confederation scheme, +122. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Caroline.= =Mc= Steamboat, goes over Niagara Falls, 419; cutting out +of, 420; merits of act, 421; international complications, 423. =Bib.=: +Drew and Wood, _The Burning of the Caroline_; Dent, _Upper Canadian +Rebellion_. + +=Caroline Almanac.= =Mc= Mackenzie publishes, 459. + +=Caron, Sir Joseph Philippe Rene Adolphe= (1843-1908). Born in Quebec. +Studied law; entered public life in 1873 as member of Dominion House for +Quebec County; elected for Rimouski, 1891. Minister of militia and +defence, 1880-1892; postmaster-general, 1892. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. +Men_; Dent, _Can. Por._ + +=Caron, Rene Edouard= (1800-1876). Born in the parish of Ste. Anne, +Lower Canada. Educated at the Seminary of Quebec and at St. Pierre +College; studied law and called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1826. Mayor +of Quebec, 1833-1837; sat in Assembly, 1834-1836; appointed a member of +the Legislative Council of Lower Canada by Lord Gosford, but did not +take his seat. Member of the Legislative Council of Canada, 1841; +Speaker, 1843-1847 and 1848-1853; member of the La Fontaine-Baldwin +government and of the Hincks-Morin government; judge of the Superior +Court of Quebec, 1853; afterwards judge of the Court of Queen's Bench +and judge of the Seigniorial Court. =Index=: =BL= Mayor of Quebec, and +member of Legislative Council, 1841, 83; a man of liberal views, 83; +member of La Fontaine's ministry, 83; Speaker of Legislative +Council--acts as go-between for Draper and La Fontaine, 259-263; +president of Legislative Council, 284. =E= Refuses to enter Draper +ministry, 43; becomes president of Council in first La Fontaine-Baldwin +Cabinet, 53; leading member of Liberal party in Lower Canada, 109; +president of Council in Hincks-Morin government, 113; raised to Bench, +126; judge of Seigniorial Court, 187. =Bib.=: Turcotte, _R. E. Caron_; +Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Taylor, _Brit. Am._; Dent, _Last Forty Years_ and +_Can. Por._ + +=Carondelet.= =S= Spanish governor of Louisiana, his proposition to +Simcoe to assist in repelling expected French invasion, 134-136. + +=Carroll, Charles= (1737-1832). Represented Maryland in the Congress at +Philadelphia, 1776, and signed the Declaration of Independence. +Afterwards elected to the Senate of Maryland and the federal Senate. +=Index=: =Dr= Accompanies Franklin to Canada, 135. Bib.: _Cyc. Am. +Biog._ + +=Carter, Sir Frederic Bowker Terrington= (1819-1900). Born at St. +John's, Newfoundland. Studied law and called to the bar of Newfoundland, +1842; appointed Q. C., 1859. Member of the Legislative Assembly, +1855-1878; Speaker, 1861-1865; premier, 1865-1870 and 1874-1878; +knighted, 1878; chief-justice of Newfoundland, 1880. Represented +Newfoundland at the Quebec Conference, 1864. =Index=: =T= Speaker of +Newfoundland Assembly, delegate to Quebec Conference, 77. =Bib.=: +Taylor, _Brit. Am._; Morgan, _Can. Men_. + +=Carter, Sir James= (1805-1878). Born in England. Educated at Cambridge; +called to the bar, 1832. In 1834 a puisne judge of the Supreme Court of +New Brunswick, and in 1851 chief-justice of the province, retiring on a +pension in 1865. In 1859 knighted. Spent the latter part of his life in +England. =Index=: =W= Appointed to New Brunswick Bench and afterwards +chief-justice, 74, 130; releases Doak and Hill, 75. =T= Appointed to New +Brunswick Bench, 17, 31; resigns as chief-justice, 1865, 93. =Bib.=: +Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_. + +=Cartier, Sir Georges Etienne= (1814-1873). =Md= Associated with +Macdonald in MacNab-Tache ministry, 75; forms administration, 86-88; +member of mission to England to confer with British government on +Confederation, defence, reciprocity, etc., 120; acquisition of +North-West Territories, 156-157; supports demand of Red River for +self-government, 160; takes advantage of Macdonald's illness to attempt +to forestall the Wolseley expedition, 161-162; leads the House during +Macdonald's absence in Washington, 173; defeated in Montreal, his +influence weakened in Quebec, 195; his early life and alliance with +Macdonald, 266; his splendid work for Confederation and its inadequate +recognition, 267; the C. B. replaced by a baronetcy, 267; his defeat in +Montreal East, 1872, 268; his death in England in 1873, 268; Macdonald's +tribute to, on unveiling of his statue, 268. =T= Delegate to England in +union negotiations, 63; at Charlottetown Conference, 74; at Quebec +Conference, 76; presented to the queen, 124; in first Confederation +ministry, 129. =P= A man of action, 1; lacking hi personal magnetism, 2; +compared with Papineau, 2; blames Papineau and his friends for expelling +Mondelet from Assembly, 72. =E= On Papineau's responsibility for +amendment to Union Act, 122; first elected to Legislature in +1849--government candidate for speakership in 1854, defeated, 135,136; +his statue, 226. =C= Follows Papineau, 1; subsequent loyalty to British +constitution, 1; born at St. Antoine, on the Richelieu, 3; a descendant +of Jacques Cartier, 3; parentage, 3; education, 3-5; Papineau's +influence, 5; studies law with Edouard Rodier, 7; Rodier's influence, 7; +the poet of _Les Fils de la Liberte_, 7; takes part in the Rebellion, 7, +8; his escape and exile, 8-9; returns to Montreal, 9; statesmanlike +attitude towards Union Act, 16; takes the field against D. B. Viger, 17; +his maiden speech, 17, 19; bitterness against Papineau, 18; enters the +Assembly, 1849, for Vercheres, 21; a born leader, 21; offered seat in +Hincks-Morin ministry, 1851, and again in 1853, 22; enters Cabinet, +1855, 22; his law practice, 22-23; causes of his success as a political +leader, 23-24; and clerical influence, 28; helped by Radicalism of +Liberals, 29; defeated at general election, 1872, by _Le Parti +National_, 30; member of Executive Council, 1855, 31; alliance with Sir +Allan MacNab and John A. Macdonald, 31, 33; urges settlement of +Seigniorial Tenure, 32; his political principles, 32-33; defends +alliance with Upper Canada Conservatives, 33-34; bitterly attacked in +Vercheres election, 34; breadth of his political activities, 35; +reorganizes system of public instruction, 37-38; protects interests of +Protestant minority, 38; establishes judicial districts, 38; codifies +the laws, 39; gives civil status to parishes, 39-40; his independence, +40-41; his interest in railways and other means of transportation, +45-50; his connection with Pacific Scandal, 53-54; works for +Confederation, 55-56; insists on the federal principle, 57-58; and +Confederation, 59-65: delegate to London to see British North America +Act through Parliament, 67; guest of the queen, 67; elected practically +without opposition, 67; premier of Canada, 1858, 62, 67; advises Lord +Monck to intrust Tache with duty of forming Cabinet, 68; purchase of +Hudson's Bay Company's territories, 68; his definition of the position +of French-Canadians, 69; ignores Bishop Tache's warning as to trouble in +North-West, 70; introduces Manitoba Bill, 71; safeguards interests of +Roman Catholics in Manitoba as to their schools, 71-73; separate schools +in New Brunswick, 73; defends federal policy of non-interference, 74-76; +loses support of the Ultramontanes, 79-84; defeated in Montreal East, +84; his illness, 85; resigns upon defeat of Militia Bill, 1862, 87; +reorganizes the militia, 1868, 87-88; his speeches on British +connection, 92; protests against withdrawal of British troops, 92; his +political wisdom, 98; establishes political union of the country, +99-100; secret of his Power, 101; relations towards Macdonald, 101-103; +his character and policy, 105-108; his personal appearance, 108; his +optimism and humour, 109-110; his conservatism, 111; advice to his +fellow-countrymen, 112; views on property, 113-114; his economic creed, +115-116; Sir Wilfrid Laurier on, 116-117; religious views, 117; early +home influences, 118-122; his social qualities, 122-124; difficulty over +his refusal of the honour of C. B., 124-129; made a baronet, 128; +quarrel with Wolseley, 130; his last appearance in Parliament, 131; his +health breaks down, 131-132; his death in London, May 23, 1873, 132. =B= +And the "Double Shuffle," 107; called on in 1864 to form ministry, but +fails, 149; Brown's motion for constitutional changes, 1864, 150; +meeting with Brown, 152; Brown's alliance with, for Confederation, 153; +suggested by John A. Macdonald as premier of coalition ministry, 191; +asks Brown to reconsider his resignation, 196; his prejudice against the +Rouges, 200; compared with Joseph Howe, 204. =H= Accompanies Sir John +Macdonald to Halifax in 1868, 210. =Bib.=: Author of _Speeches on the +Militia Bill_, and of the popular song, _O Canada! Mon Pays, Mes +Amours!_ For biog., _see_ David, _Esquisse Biographique_; Morgan, _Cel. +Can._: Taylor, _Brit. Am._: Dent. _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; +Turcotte, _Sir G. E. Cartier_. + +=Cartier, Jacques= (1491-1557). In 1534, sailing out of St. Malo, made +his first voyage to the New World, entering the Gulf of St. Lawrence by +way of the Straits of Belle Isle, landing on the Gaspe shore, and +coasting around the eastern end of Anticosti. Returned to France. The +following year again sailed to the gulf, and entered the river St. +Lawrence. Continuing his voyage, passed the mouth of the Saguenay, and +landed on the Island of Orleans, which he named Ile Bacchus. Brought his +little ships into the St. Charles River, upon whose banks stood the +Indian village of Stadacone. After exploring the St. Lawrence as far as +the Indian town of Hochelaga (Montreal), returned to Stadacone, where he +wintered. In the spring of 1536 sailed back to France, taking with him +the Iroquois chief, Donnacona. In 1541, made a third voyage to Canada. +Roberval was to have followed with a number of colonists, but did not +actually sail until the spring of 1542. When he reached Newfoundland, he +met Cartier on his way home. Roberval's colony proved disastrous, and +Cartier undertook a fourth voyage to the New World to rescue the +survivors. =Index=: =Ch= Names Hare Island, 13; ravages of scurvy among +his men, 23; finds a remedy in the plant _aneda_, 29; Membertou pretends +to have met him in 1534, 36; his winter quarters identified by +Champlain, 44-45; his Riviere de Fouez identified as the St. Maurice, +52. =F= His voyages, 1; attempt at colonization, 2. =L= With his men, +receives communion from bishop of St. Malo, 7. =C= Sir Georges E. +Cartier a descendant of the explorer's family, 3. =Bib.=: For a complete +list of the original editions of Cartier's voyages, _see_ Harrisse, +_Notes pour Servir_, etc. Tross, Paris, reprinted them as follows: +D'Avezac, _Bref Recit et Succinte Narration de la Navigation Faite par +le Capitaine Jacques Cartier aux Iles de Canada_, etc. (1863); Michelant +et Rame, _Voyage de Jacques Cartier au Canada en 1534_ (1865); Michelant +et Rame, _Relation Originale, du Voyage de Jacques Cartier au Canada en +1534_ (1867). The first English version is that of Florio (1580). In +1600 Hakluyt included a more accurate translation in his _Principal +Navigations_. H. B. Stephen's essay, _Jacques Cartier and his Voyages to +Canada_, is accompanied by a new translation of the voyages. The Cartier +voyages are discussed in the _Trans._ R. S. C., by W. F. Ganong (1887), +(1889); Paul de Gazes (1884), (1890); Abbe Verreau (1890), (1891), +(1897); Archbishop Howley (1894); and in the Quebec Lit. and Hist. Soc. +_Trans._, _Voyages de Decouvertes au Canada_ (1843); Demazieres, _Notes +sur Jacques Cartier_ (1862). _See also_ Pope, _Jacques Cartier_; +Winsor, _Cartier to Frontenac_; Parkman, _Pioneers of France_; Des +Longrais, _Jacques Cartier_; Dionne, _La Nouvelle France de Cartier a +Champlain_; Dent, _Can. Por._ + +[Illustration: Landing of Jacques Cartier at Quebec, 1535 From the +painting by A. Suzor Cote] + +=Cartwright, J. S.= =Sy= Opposes union of provinces in Upper Canada +Assembly, 207, 211. + +=Cartwright, Rev. Richard.= =Sy= Assists in funeral service of Lord +Sydenham, 344. + +=Cartwright, Richard= (1759-1815). Born at Albany, New York. On the +outbreak of hostilities with the mother country came with his parents to +Upper Canada. For a time served as secretary to Colonel Butler of the +Queen's Rangers, and later engaged in business at Kingston in +partnership with Robert Hamilton. Made judge of the Court of Common +Pleas for the district, and on the formation of Upper Canada into a +separate province appointed to the Legislative Council. Urged to accept +a seat in the Executive Council, but repeatedly refused. Created +lieutenant of the county of Frontenac by Simcoe, and during the War of +1812 served as colonel of the militia. Occupied a position of great +prominence in the political and business life of the province. =Index=: +=BL= Offered and refuses solicitor-generalship of Upper Canada, 120; his +letter of explanation, 121. =R= His influence on Strachan, 37. =Bk= +Brock's high opinion of, 179. =S= On later emigration from United +States, 57; member of Legislative Council, 79; his report on marriage +question, in Upper Canada, 86; accused by Simcoe of republicanism, 97, +98; asserts his loyalty, 98; advises Simcoe in regard to land +regulations, 103; describes methods of business in early times, 109. +=Bib.=: Cartwright, _Life and Letters of Hon. Richard Cartwright_. + +=Cartwright, Sir Richard John= (1835- ). Grandson of the preceding. Born +at Kingston. Educated at Trinity College, Dublin. Entered public life, +1863, as member for Lennox and Addington. Minister of finance in +Mackenzie Cabinet, 1873-1878. On the return of the Liberals to power, in +1896, became minister of trade and commerce. =Index=: =Md= Favours +commercial union, 297; introduces unrestricted reciprocity resolution, +1888, 298-299; his modified resolution of 1889, 299. =B= His account of +pre-confederation scenes in the house, 153-154. =C= Discussion with +Cartier in 1872, on the militia, 110. =Bib.=: Works: _Remarks on the +Militia of Canada_; _Memories of Confederation_. For biog., _see_ Dent, +_Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's +Who_. + +=Carver, Jonathan= (1732-1780). Born at Stillwater, New York. Joined the +company of rangers raised by John Burk of Northfield, 1756-1757. After +the treaty of Paris, 1763, conceived the idea of exploring the Western +territory acquired by England. Between 1766 and 1768, travelled from +Michilimackinac to the Mississippi, ascended the Minnesota River, and +returned by way of Grand Portage, Lake Superior. Went to England, 1769, +to secure government support for his plans of Western exploration, but +failed. Died there, Jan. 31, 1780. =Index=: =D= His River of Oregon, 19; +reference to Oregon, 56-57. =Bib.=: _Travels through the Interior Parts +of North America, in the Years 1766, 1767, and 1768_. The best edition +is the third, published at London, 1781. For a bib. of the various +editions, and translations, _see_ Lee, _Bibliography of Carver's +Travels_ (Wisconsin State Hist. Soc. _Proc._, 1909). _See also_ Durrie, +_Jonathan Carver and "Carver's Grant"_ (Wisconsin Hist. Soc. _Coll._, +vol. 6); Gregory, _Jonathan Carver: His Travels in the North-West_ +(Parkman Club _Pub._, No. 5); Bourne, _Travels of Jonathan Carver_ in +_Amer. Hist. Review_, 1906; Parkman, _Conspiracy of Pontiac_. + +=Cas Reserve.= =L= In connection with sale of liquor to Indians, 171, +174. + +=Cascades.= On the St. Lawrence River. =Hd= Improvements in navigation +at, 185. + +=Case, William.= =R= Visits England, 1831, 90; his connection with split +in Methodist body, 105. + +=Casgrain, Henri Raymond= (1831-1904). After studying medicine, decided +to enter the church, and ordained a priest in 1856. In 1872, owing to an +affection of the eyes, compelled to abandon the ministry, and thereafter +devoted himself entirely to literature. His first work, _Legendes +Canadiennes_, appeared in 1861; and this was followed by many other +publications, in history, biography, and belles-lettres. One of the +principal contributors to the _Soirees Canadiennes_, the _Foyer +Canadien_, and other French-Canadian periodicals. A charter member of +the Royal Society of Canada; elected president of that body in 1889. +=Index=: =L= His pen-portrait of Mme. de la Peltrie, 153-154. =Ch= On +the question of Champlain's tomb, 261-262. =Bib.=: Among his principal +works are: _Histoire de la Mere Marie de l'Incarnation_; _Biographies +Canadiennes_; _Un Pelerinage au Pays d'Evangeline_; _Montcalm et Levis_. +For bib., _see_ R. S. C., 1894, 21. For biog., _see_ Routhier, _Eloge +historique de H. R. Casgrain_ (R. S. C., 1904); Morgan, _Can. Men_. + +=Cass, Lewis= (1782-1866). Served under General Hull in War of 1812. +Drew up Hull's flamboyant proclamation to the people of Canada. Opposed +surrender of Detroit. Governor of territory of Michigan. =Index=: =Bk= +On surrender of Detroit, 257. =Bib.=: Contributed to _Historical +Sketches of Michigan_, 1834. For biog., _see_ McLaughlin, _Lewis Cass_; +_Cyc. Am. Biog._ + +=Castillon, Jacques de.= =Ch= Assisted in forming Company of New France, +168; presents pictures to church of Notre Dame de la Recouvrance, 240. + +=Castle Frank.= =S= Country chalet built for Simcoe near York, 215. + +=Castle of St. Louis.= _See_ Chateau St. Louis. + +=Catalogne, Gedeon de.= Employed for some years on military and other +engineering works in Canada. In 1701 commenced a canal from Lachine to +the Little River, with the object of providing a boat channel around the +rapids. The work was abandoned, and resumed in 1717, but was again +abandoned, owing to the cost of the rock cutting. Accompanied Denonville +on his expedition against the Iroquois, in 1687. + +=Cataraqui.= A fort, built by the engineer Raudin in 1673, under +Frontenac's orders, the site having been selected by La Salle. The fort +stood at the mouth of the Cataraqui, on the site of the present city of +Kingston. Here Frontenac held a great Council with representatives of +the five Iroquois nations, 1673. On Frontenac's recommendation, +Cataraqui was granted to La Salle as a seigniory, upon his repaying the +amount the fort had cost the king. Fort Frontenac, as La Salle named it, +became the base of his ambitious scheme of western explorations. +=Index=: =F= Expedition of Courcelles to, 59; of Frontenac, 76-84; fort, +afterwards known as Fort Frontenac, erected at, 83. =Hd= Lands allotted +to Loyalists in neighbourhood of, 236, 255; settlers at, 258, 265. =S= +Barracks of, on site of old Fort Frontenac, 51; Loyalist settlements in +surrounding country, 58; detail of, 59. _See also_ Kingston; Fort +Frontenac; La Salle. =Bib.=: Machar, _Old Kingston_; Sulte, _Le Fort de +Frontenac_ (R. S. C., 1901); Girouard, _L'Expedition du Marquis de +Denonville_ (R. S. C., 1899). + +=Cathcart, Charles Murray, Earl= (1783-1859). Served in Holland, 1799; +saw service through Peninsular War; fought at Waterloo; assumed title, +1843; succeeded General Jackson as commander-in-chief of the forces in +British North America, 1845; administrator the same year, on the +departure of Sir Charles Metcalfe; governor-general, 1846; succeeded by +Lord Elgin, 1847. =Index=: =Md= Succeeds Metcalfe as governor-general, +25; correspondence with Draper over Macdonald's appointment to Cabinet, +26. =BL= Becomes administrator, and afterwards governor-general, +265-266; his character and attitude towards political questions in +Canada, 266. =E= Succeeds Metcalfe as governor-general, more interested +in problems of defence than in politics, 38; replaced by Elgin, 40; his +instructions to Rebellion Losses Commission, 65. =B= His appointment and +character, 28; warns British government of disaffection in Canada, 31. +=Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; Morgan, _Cel. Can._ + +=Catherine.= =Ch= Champlain sails for France in (1626), 155. + +=Cauchon, Joseph Edouard= (1816-1885). Educated at the Seminaire de +Quebec; studied law and called to the bar, but turned immediately to +journalism. Edited _Le Canadien_ for a time; and in 1842 established the +_Journal de Quebec_. Entered public life, 1844, as member for +Montmorency, which county he represented continuously until 1872. +Entered MacNab government, 1855, as commissioner of crown lands. Became +commissioner of public works in Cartier-Macdonald ministry, 1861-1862. +Speaker of the Senate, 1868-1872. Accepted presidency of the Council in +Mackenzie administration, 1875-1877; minister of inland revenue, 1877. +Resigned the same year to accept the lieutenant-governorship of +Manitoba, 1877-1882. =Index=: =C= As journalist and politician, 24; +attitude towards Cartier, 24; his writings, 24; praises Cartier in the +_Journal de Quebec_, 88. =E= Brings up question of Seigniorial Tenure in +Parliament, 126; votes against secularization of the Clergy Reserves, +164. =Bib.=: Works: _Remarks on the North-West Territories_; _Etude sur +l'Union Projectee des Provinces Britanniques_; _L'Union des Provinces de +l'Amerique du Nord_. For biog., _see_ _Revue Canadienne_, 1884; Dent, +_Can. Por._; Taylor, _Brit. Am._ + +=Caughnawaga Indians.= A community of Iroquois, chiefly drawn from the +Oneida and Mohawk, and speaking a modification of the Mohawk tongue. +Having been converted by the Jesuit missionaries, they were induced to +settle in 1668 at La Prairie, near Montreal. In 1676 they removed to +Sault St. Louis, and the majority have remained in that vicinity ever +since. About 1755 a new settlement was formed at St. Regis, farther up +the St. Lawrence. Many accompanied the fur traders to the west as +hunters. In the narratives of the fur trade they are referred to as +Iroquois. =Index=: =Hd= Their sympathies secured for Congress by +Jesuits, 130; village of, burned by Sir John Johnson, 156; their +disloyalty, 189. =Bib.=: Colden, _Five Nations_; Hodge, _Handbook of +American Indians_. + +=Caumont.= =Ch= Pont-Grave's clerk, 121; chief clerk of De Monts's +(Rouen) company at Quebec, 133. + +=Cayahoga.= =Bk= United States schooner carrying Hull's stores and +baggage, captured, 218. + +=Cayet, Victor Palma.= =Ch= His work on French navigation, 15. + +=Cayley, William.= Inspector-general, 1845-1848, and again, 1854-1858. +By the Act of 1859, the office was changed to minister of finance. +=Index=: =E= Inspector-general, 1854, 140; favours division of Clergy +Reserves among various denominations, 163. =B= Galt takes his place in +government, 107. =Bib.=: _Finances and Trade of Canada_. For biog., +_see_ Dent, _Last Forty Years_. + +=Cayugas.= One of the tribes of the Iroquois confederacy. Parkman gives +four forms of the name: Cayugas, Caiyoquos, Goiogoens, Gweugwehonoh. +Their fighting strength is given in the _Relation_ of 1660 as 300. At +this time, however, they had been weakened by continual warfare. The +Cayuga villages stood on the shore of Cayuga Lake, and their territory +extended from that lake to the Owasco, both included. The tribe lay +between the Senecas on the west and the Onondagas on the east. By the +beginning of the nineteenth century they had been crowded off their +ancestral lands, and scattered abroad. Some seven hundred are now on the +Six Nation reserve, in the Niagara peninsula. The remainder are for the +most part in the western United States. =Index=: =Ch= Iroquois tribe, +50. _See also_ Iroquois; Senecas; Onondagas; Mohawks; Tuscaroras. +=Bib.=: Pilling, _Iroquoian Languages_. _See also_ Iroquois. + +=Cazeau, Francois.= =Hd= Arrested on charge of treason, 279. + +=Census.= The first census in Canada seems to have been taken in 1640, +when the inhabitants numbered 375, distributed as follows: married men, +64; married women (three born in Canada), 64; widower, 1; widows, 4; +unmarried men, 35; boys (30 born in Canada), 58; girls (24 born in +Canada), 48; nuns, 6; Jesuits, 29; others, 66. Benjamin Sulte finds the +population in 1650 to have been 705; and in 1663 about 2500. The census +of 1665 gives the total population as 3251. The first census of the +Dominion was taken in 1871, when the population was 3,635,024; the +census of 1881 gave a total of 4,324,810; of 1891, 4,833,239; of 1901, +5,371,315. _See also_ Acadians. =Index=: =E= Provided for by La +Fontaine-Baldwin government, 86; placed under Department of Agriculture +by Hincks-Morin government, 117. =F= Of 1666, 55. =Bib.=: _Census of +Canada_, 1851, 1861, 1871, 1881, 1891, 1901. _See also_ Johnson, _First +Things in Canada_; and General Index, _Trans._ R. S. C., under _Census_. + +=Centurion.= =WM= Admiral Saunders's ship, in action off Beauport shore, +136. + +=Chabanel, Noel.= Jesuit missionary in the Huron country, 1643. Had been +a professor of rhetoric in France, before coming to Canada. When the +Hurons were driven from their country by the Iroquois, in 1649, he and +Garnier led their demoralized flock to the Island of St. Joseph, in +Matchadash Bay, an inlet of Georgian Bay. Even here the Iroquois +followed them, and attacked the mission of St. Jean, Dec. 7, 1649. +Chabanel had left the place a short time before, and so escaped the +general massacre. He, however, fell a victim to one of his own Hurons, +who confessed that he had murdered the missionary and thrown his body +into a river. =Index=: =L= Died a martyr, 62. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Jesuits +in North America_. + +=Chabot, J.= (1807-1860). Born at St. Charles, Bellechasse, Lower +Canada. Studied law and practised in Quebec. Sat in the Assembly for +Quebec, 1843-1850; for Bellechasse, 1851-1854; and for Quebec, +1854-1856. Became chief commissioner of public works, 1849, and again in +1852; government director of the Grand Trunk, 1854; and Seigniorial +Tenure commissioner the same year. Appointed judge of the Superior Court +of Lower Canada, 1856. =Index=: =E= Commissioner of public works, 1853, +126; and again in coalition ministry, 1854, 141; votes against +secularization of the Clergy Reserves, 164; commissioner under +Seigniorial Tenure law, 186. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Dent, _Last +Forty Years_. + +=Chalmers, Thomas.= =R= Offered, but declines, charge of educational +policy in Upper Canada, 37. + +=Chamberlain, Joseph= (1836- ). British statesman. =Mc= Justifies Upper +Canada Rebellion, 29, 30. =Bib.=: _Who's Who_. + +=Chambers, Captain.= =Bk= Sent to Moraviantown to oppose enemy, 219, +235; in command of 2d Brigade, 247. + +=Chambly, Jacques de.= An officer of the Carignan Regiment; built Fort +St. Louis, on the Richelieu, 1665, and given its command. In 1672 the +seigniory of Chambly granted to him. Succeeded De Grandfontaine as +governor of Acadia; transferred to Grenada; and later to Martinique, +where he died. =Index=: =F= Appointed governor of Acadia, 90, 269; taken +prisoner to Boston and there set at liberty, 269; again governor, 270; +governor of Grenada (W. I.), 270. =Bib.=: Sulte, _Regiment de Carignan_ +(R. S. C., 1902). + +=Chambly.= Fort, otherwise known as St. Louis, on the Richelieu. Built +by Jacques de Chambly, 1665. =Index=: =F= Fort erected at, 51. =Dr= +Captured by Montgomery, 99; abandoned, 146. =L= Fort erected at, 53. +=Hd= Weak defences of, 134. + +=Champdore.= =Ch= Carpenter to De Monts's expedition, 22. + +=Champlain, Antoine.= =Ch= Father of Samuel Champlain, 1. + +=Champlain, Samuel= (1567?-1635). =WM= His elevated sentiments, 20. =Ch= +Birth and education, 1; sails to West Indies, Mexico, and Panama in +command of Spanish vessel, 3, 4; suggests channel through isthmus, 5; +captures English vessels and returns to France, 6; publishes account of +travels, 7; obtains pension and made hydrographer to king of France, 8; +accepts offer of Aymar de Chastes of Dieppe to go to Canada, 9; arrives +at Tadoussac, 10; explores Saguenay, 12; ascends St. Lawrence to Sault +St. Louis, anchors at Quebec, and explores Gaspesia, 13; sails for +France, 14; submits narrative of his voyages to the king, 14; +accompanies De Monts to Acadia, 19; explores country and gives names to +places, 19; describes river St. John, 20; discovers a copper mine, 22; +makes plan of Ste. Croix Island, 24; explores coast of Norembega, 25; +describes Pentagouet (Penobscot) River, 27; further explorations, 30; +describes settlement at Port Royal, 32; returns to France, 37; sails for +Quebec, 40; resists Basque traders, 40; arrives at Quebec, 41; +conspiracy formed against, 42; execution of chief conspirator, 43; +explores vicinity of Quebec, 44; illness, 46; fits out expedition +against Iroquois, 47; conference with Huron chiefs, 48; his Indian +policy, 49-52; encounter with Iroquois on Lake Champlain, 53; sails for +France, 54; has audience with the king, 55; consults with De Monts, 56; +returns to Canada, 59; arrives at Quebec, 61; proceeds again to attack +Iroquois, 61; wounded in encounter near mouth of Richelieu River, 62; +returns to Quebec, 63; hears of the assassination of Henry IV, and sails +for France, 64; marries Helene Boulle, 65-67; returns to Canada, 67; +arrives at Quebec, 68; makes a clearing at Montreal, 69; names St. +Helen's Island after his wife, 69; sails for France, 70; final interview +with De Monts, 71; motives for pursuing his work in Canada, 72, 82; +becomes lieutenant in Canada of Charles de Bourbon, Comte de Soissons, +73; on death of Soissons, becomes lieutenant of the Prince de Conde and +returns to Canada, 73; arrives at Quebec and proceeds to Falls of St. +Louis, 74; goes up the Ottawa River, 75; his astrolabe, 76; sails for +France, 79; engages the services of missionaries for Canada, 83; brings +to Canada three Recollet fathers and one friar, 85; arriving at Quebec, +proceeds to Falls of St. Louis, 85; ascends Ottawa River, passes through +Lake Nipissing into Georgian Bay and reaches territory of Hurons, 88; +proceeds with Hurons on another campaign against Iroquois, 101; wounded +in fight with Iroquois, 103; desires to return to Quebec, but is +detained by Hurons, 103; settles quarrel between Algonquians and Hurons, +105; returns to Quebec, 106; convokes meeting to consider question of +missions, 108; sails for France, 111; returns to Canada (1617), 112; +sails for France (1618), 116; returns to Canada (1620), 121; his +projects for the advancement of Canada, 124, 125; obtains letter from +the king in his favour, 126; his commission renewed by Duc de +Montmorency, 129; takes his wife to Canada, 129; receives letters from +Montmorency and the king, 130, 131; his difficulties with rival +Companies, 132, 136; confirmed as lieutenant of viceroy, 137; salary and +trading privileges, 138; publishes ordinances, 139; returns to France +with his wife (1624), 141; meets Montmorency, 150; appointed by the Duc +de Ventadour as his lieutenant, 152; sails for Canada (1626), 155; +arrives at Quebec, 156; fortifies Cape Diamond, 157; reconstructs Fort +St. Louis, 158; his treatment of the Indians, 159; tries to make an +alliance with Iroquois, 160; his policy towards the Montagnais, 162; +imprisons Montagnais suspected of murder, 165; receives three young +Montagnais girls to be educated, 165; one of the Hundred Associates +(Company of New France), 170; forms establishment at Cap Tourmente, 171; +criticizes conduct of Roquemont, 175; summoned by David Kirke to +surrender Quebec, 176; his answer, 178; builds mill for grinding pease, +180; sends part of population of Quebec to Gaspe, 181; asserts +superiority of his commission over Pont-Grave's, 182; summoned by Kirke +to surrender Quebec, 188; capitulates, 190; his action criticized, 192, +193; signs articles of capitulation on board Kirke's ship, 195; delayed +several weeks at Tadoussac, 204; his two Indian girls, Esperance and +Charite, taken back by the Indians, 205; embarks for France, 206; goes +to London and sees French ambassador, 207; shows him map of the country, +211; names given by, to harbours and rivers of New England, 212; crosses +over to France, and has interview with the king, 212; returns to Quebec +(1633), 228; takes active part in civilization of Micmacs, 237; erects +chapel of Notre Dame de la Recouvrance, 238; his bequest to it, 239; +appointed governor, by Company of New France (Hundred Associates), 244; +his last letter to Cardinal Richelieu, 246; defrays expenses of some +families coming to Canada, 250; approves of exclusion of Protestants as +settlers, 255; his piety, 258; death, 261; question of his tomb, 261; +his will, 265; will set aside, 266; character and fame, 267; monument +to, 268, 275; the Father of New France, 269; crossed the Atlantic twenty +times, 270; his conduct towards and influence over Indian tribes, 271; +his Indian alliances, 272; his writings, 274, 275; eulogies pronounced +on, 276-279. =F= Early career of, 3; sails for St. Lawrence and explores +river to Lachine Rapids, 4; explores Baie des Chaleurs, returns to +France, 5; accompanies De Monts to Acadia, 7; founder of Quebec, 8; plot +against his life, 8; expedition against Iroquois, 9; returns to France +and sails again for Canada, 10; returns to France, marries, and sails +again for Canada, 11; prospects island of Montreal, 12; returns to +France (1611), sails for Canada (1613), again to France, again to Canada +(1615), 13; brings out Recollet missionaries, 13; heads another +expedition against Iroquois, 14; begins construction of Chateau St. +Louis, 15; surrenders Quebec to English under Kirke, 20; lands in +England, 21; urges restitution of Canada, 22; sails for Quebec (1633), +24; death of, 26. =L= His anxiety for the propagation of the faith, 4; +his pious administration, 8. =Bib.=: Works: _[OE]uvres de Champlain_ +(Laverdiere), 1870; _Voyages_ (Laverdiere), 1870; _Voyages_ (trans. by +Otis, with memoir by Slafter), 1878-1882; Grant, _Voyages of Samuel de +Champlain_; Bourne, _Champlain's Voyages_; Biggar, _Works of Samuel de +Champlain_ (Champlain Society, _in prep._). For bib. of the original +editions, _see_ Harrisse, _Notes pour Servir_, etc. For biog., _see_ +Gravier, _Vie de Samuel Champlain_; Sedgwick, _Samuel de Champlain_; +Dix, _Champlain: the Founder of New France_; Verreau, _Samuel de +Champlain_ (R. S. C., 1899); Parkman, _Pioneers of France_; Dent, _Can. +Por._ + +=Champlain Lake.= Discovered by Samuel Champlain, July, 1609. Here took +place the first hostile encounter between the French and the Iroquois. +The French were the aggressors, and had bitter enough cause to remember +the fact throughout the century. In 1666 the Sieur de la Motte built a +fort on Ile La Motte, which was afterwards abandoned. Fort St. Frederic +was built at Crown Point, 1731. It was enlarged and strengthened in +1734, and again in 1742. Lake Champlain became the war thoroughfare, not +merely between the Iroquois and French, but between New France and New +England. Fort Carillon was built, 1755-1756. With this lake are +associated the names of Dieskau and Sir William Johnson, Montcalm and +Abercrombie, Ethan Allen and Montgomery. =Index=: =F= Champlain reaches, +in his expedition against the Iroquois, 9, 10. =Hd= Canada to be +attacked by way of, 34; trouble among the settlers on, 89, 197; guarding +against invasion from, 125, 133, 134; Major Carleton on, 149; messengers +intercepted on, 129; forts captured by Ethan Allen, 198; Vermont +negotiations held upon, 204; fear of rebel approach by, 208, 216; Ethan +Allen offers to meet Haldimand upon, 214; Loyalists on shores of, 250. +=WM= Montcalm at, 32, 34; 54-61; forts on, evacuated by Bourlamaque, +146. =Dr= Armed craft on, captured, 82; Americans evacuate Canada by way +of, 146; route of attack on New England, 147; Carleton builds a fleet +on, 149; description of the lake, 153; Carleton defeats Arnold on, +154-157. =Ch= Encounter with Iroquois at southern extremity of, 53. +=Bib.=: Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_; Crockett, _History of Lake +Champlain_; Smith, _Our Struggle for the Fourteenth Colony_; Reid, _Lake +George and Lake Champlain_; Palmer, _History of Lake Champlain_. _See_ +bib. note in Crockett. + +=Chandler, Edward Barron= (1800-1880). Elected to New Brunswick +Assembly, 1827, for Westmoreland, which he represented until 1836, when +called to Legislative Council. Became executive councillor, 1844. +Engaged in negotiations for Intercolonial Railway, 1850-1852; +reciprocity, 1854; and Confederation, 1865. Succeeded Tilley as +lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick, 1878. =Index=: =W= Sent by New +Brunswick Assembly to lay grievances before colonial secretary, 24; +becomes member of government, 72; resigns, 76. =T= Goes to London to +secure support for Intercolonial, 26-27; 54; member of Executive +Council, 1856, 41; delegate to Charlottetown Conference, 73; to Quebec +Conference, 77; Confederation delegate to England, 120. =H= Joins Joseph +Howe in mission to Toronto on behalf of Intercolonial Railway project, +137; secures support of New Brunswick government, 139; his speech at +Amherst on behalf of Howe, 140; accompanies Hincks to England on +Intercolonial Railway mission, 142. =B= Complains at Quebec Conference, +that proposed union legislative, not federal, 163. =Bib.=: Hannay, +_History of New Brunswick_; Dent, _Can. Por._ + +=Chandler, Samuel.= =Mc= Aids Mackenzie's escape, 397. + +=Chansons of French Canada.= Most of the inimitable folk-songs of Quebec +came in their original form from France, and have undergone more or less +of a transformation in their new environment. A few originated in French +Canada. =Index=: =C= _Chansons de ronde_ among the habitants, 119-120; +at Cartier's house, 123. =Bib.=: Gagnon, _Chansons populaire_; McLennan, +_Songs of old Canada_; Burpee, _Songs of French Canada_; Wood, +_Footnotes to Canadian Folk-Songs_ (R. S. C., 1896); Bourinot, _Songs of +Forest and River_ in _Rose-Belford Monthly_, 1877; _French Songs of Old +Canada_, pictured by W. Graham Robertson; Tiersot, _French Folk-Songs_. + +=Chapais, Jean Charles= (1812-1885). Born in Riviere Ouelle, Quebec. +Member of the Executive Council and commissioner of public works, +1864-1867. In 1867 privy councillor and minister of agriculture; and +1869-1873 receiver-general. In 1868 called to the Senate. =Index=: =T= +Delegate to Quebec Conference, 76; minister of agriculture in first +Dominion Cabinet, 129. =Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty Years_. + +=Chapais, Joseph Amable Thomas= (1858- ). Educated at Laval University. +Called to the bar, 1879. Edited _Le Courrier du Canada_ since 1884. +Appointed member of Legislative Council of Quebec, 1892, and elected +Speaker, 1895; president of the Executive Council, 1896, and minister of +colonization, 1897. =Index=: =F= His work on Talon referred to, 57. +=Bib.=: Works: _Jean Talon, Intendant de la Nouvelle France_; _Discours +et Conferences_. For biog., _see_ Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's +Who_. + +=Chapleau, Sir Joseph Adolphe= (1840-1898). Studied law and called to +the bar, 1861. Elected to Quebec Legislature, 1867, and successively +solicitor-general, and provincial secretary, of the province. Premier of +Quebec, 1879. Entered Dominion Cabinet, 1882, as secretary of state. +Appointed lieutenant-governor of Quebec, 1892; knighted, 1896. =Bib.=: +Works: _Leon XIII, Homme d'Etat_; _Question des Chemins de Fer_. For +biog., _see J. A. Chapleau: Sa Biographie et Ses Discours_; Morgan, +_Can. Men_; Dent, _Can. Por._ + +=Chapman, Henry Samuel= (1803-1881). Born in England. Came to Canada, +1823, and established at Montreal the _Daily Advertiser_, the first +daily newspaper published in British America, 1833. Connected with +several other newspapers. A strong supporter of the Reform party. +Removed to England and called to the bar, 1840. Went to New Zealand, +where he became a judge. Died in Dunedin, New Zealand. =Index=: =H= +Attempts to secure Joseph Howe's support for agitation in Lower Canada, +50; Howe's reply, 50. + +=Charbonnel, Armand Francois Marie de.= Roman Catholic bishop of +Toronto, 1850-1860. Died, 1860. =Index=: =R= Opposes public schools, +219, 225; Ryerson's letter to, 224-225; referred to in _Globe_, 226; his +letter to Ryerson, 226; his policy, 228; his complaints, 229; drafts +Separate School Bill, 230; his pastoral letter, 234; resigns charge of +Toronto diocese, 235. + +=Charest, Dufils.= =WM= Commands party sent to heights of Levis, 103. + +=Charles I= (1600-1649). King of England; succeeded to the throne, 1625. +=Index=: =Ch= His instructions to English ambassador at Paris, 215; +restores New France and Acadia to France, 221. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. +Biog._ + +=Charles II= (1630-1685). King of England; succeeded to the throne, +1660. =Index=: =W= Annuls charter of London and other towns, 54. =Bib.=: +_Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Charles Emmanuel III= (1701-1773). King of Sardinia. Succeeded to the +throne, 1730. =Index=: =Hd= His foreign policy, 5. + +=Charlesbourg.= =WM= De Pontbriand retires to, 153. + +=Charlevoix, Pierre-Francois-Xavier de= (1682-1761). First came to +Canada in 1705, as an instructor in the Jesuits' College at Quebec. +Returned to France in 1709. It was at this time that he gathered the +material for his _Histoire et Description Generale de la +Nouvelle-France_. Again visited Canada in 1720 by order of the French +government to report as to the best route for an overland expedition in +search of the Western Sea. In the course of this journey visited the +mission and posts of what was then the extreme western frontier of New +France, returning to France in 1723, by way of Mobile. =Index=: =L= On +the character of the Canadian population, 117; on the character of +Frontenac, 144, 145. =F= On bravery of Canadians and indifferent conduct +of French troops, 212; on Lachine massacre, 224, 227; on old age of +Francois Hertel, 235; his account of "flag" incident in siege of Quebec, +295; on character and conduct of Frontenac, 333-336. =Ch= His opinion of +Lescarbot, 37; his description of the French settlements in Canada, 243; +his eulogy of Champlain, 276, 277. =Bib.=: Besides his _Histoire du +Paraguay_ and _Histoire de l'Isle Espagnole ou de S. Dominique_, +Charlevoix was the author of _La Vie de la Mere Marie de l'Incarnation_ +and of the first general history of Canada, _Histoire et Description +Generale de la Nouvelle-France_. His _Voyage dans l'Amerique +Septentrionale_ was translated into English in 1756. Dr. J. G. Shea's +translation of the History was published at New York in 6 vols., +1866-1872; and reprinted by F. P. Harper, New York, in 6 vols. An +abridged translation of Charlevoix's _Journal_ is found in vol. 3 of +French _Hist. Coll. of Louisiana_. For biog., _see_ J. E. Roy, _Essai +sur Charlevoix_ (R. S. C., 1907). + +=Charlottetown.= Capital of Prince Edward Island. Originally founded by +the French, about 1750, and then known as Port la Joie. In 1713 it was a +fortified post, with a garrison of sixty soldiers. The population +numbered 1354 in 1752; and in 1758 it had been increased to over 4000 by +the arrival of a large number of Acadians from the mainland. It came +under British rule in 1763, and received its present name about 1768. +=Bib.=: Campbell, _History of Prince Edward Island_. + +=Charlottetown Conference=, 1864. =Md= Arranged by Tupper, 104; the +Canadian proposals, 104; terms of union, 107. =H= Joseph Howe invited to +attend as delegate, but declines, 176-177; Sir Charles Tupper's +connection with, 176-177; Nova Scotia delegates, 177; maritime union +found impracticable, 178; Sir John Macdonald proposes Confederation, +178. =B= History of, 161. =T= Delegates to, 73; history of, 73-75. _See_ +Quebec Conference; Macdonald; Tupper. =Bib.=: Whelan, _Union of the +British Provinces_; Saunders, _Three Premiers of Nova Scotia_. + +=Charny-Lauzon.= _See_ Lauzon-Charny. + +=Charron, Jean-Francois.= =L= Charitable work of, and of his brother, +125; house of charity established by, 245; death of, 246. + +=Chartier de Lotbiniere, Eustache Gaspard Michel.= =Dr= Advised in +connection with question of Canadian laws, 63, 68; elected Speaker of +the Assembly, 277. + +=Chartier de Lotbiniere, Rene Louis.= =L= Appointed to Sovereign +Council, 166. =F= Member of the Sovereign Council, 106. + +=Charton, Francois.= =Ch= Jesuit, 152; returns to France, 208. + +=Chastes, Aymar de.= =Ch= Governor of Dieppe, obtains charter for +colonization of Canada, 8; suggests that Champlain should visit Canada, +9; death of, 9. =F= Trading patent granted to, 3; his death, 5. + +=Chateau de Ramezay.= At Montreal. =Index=: =Hd= Purchased for +government house, 186; belonged to William Grant, 186. =BL= Government +offices in, during Elgin's governorship, 325. + +=Chateau Haldimand.= At Quebec. =Index=: =Hd= Foundation stone laid by +Haldimand, 344; used as school in connection with Laval University until +1892, then pulled down, 344. + +=Chateau St. Louis.= At Quebec. Commenced by Governor de Montmagny, +1647, and completed by his successor, D'Ailleboust. Demolished, 1694, +and rebuilt with new wing. Enlarged, 1723; and in 1808 renovated and +again enlarged, by government of Lower Canada. Up to the close of French +regime, it was the official residence of the governors of Canada; and +after the cession, their British successors continued to occupy the +building. It was destroyed by fire, 1834. The Chateau Frontenac hotel +now stands immediately back of the site of the Chateau St. Louis, which +occupied part of what is now Dufferin Terrace. _See_ Habitation de +Quebec. =Index=: =F= Construction begun, 15. =Bk= Description of, 90; +occupied by Sir James Craig, 90. =Hd= Governor's residence at Quebec, +169, 222, 304, 314; balls at, 223; wing added by Haldimand named in his +honour, 344. =Bib.=: Gagnon, _Le Fort el la Chateau St. Louis_; Doughty, +_Fortress of Quebec_; Douglas, _Old France in the New World_. + +=Chateaufort, Marc Antoine Bras-de-fer de.= =F= Interim governor after +death of Champlain, 27. + +=Chateauguay.= Battle in War of 1812, Oct. 26, 1813. The stream from +which the battle took its name, rises in Franklin County, New York, and +falls into the St. Lawrence a few miles above Caughnawaga. The scene of +the battle was about six miles above the confluence of the English with +Chateauguay River. Hampton was in command of the Americans, and De +Salaberry commanded the Canadian troops, with Colonel Macdonell in +charge of the reserves. Although the former had an overwhelmingly +superior force, the result of the battle was in favour of the Canadians; +and the contemplated attack on Montreal was abandoned. The battle was +won by French-Canadian militia under a French-Canadian commander. _See +also_ War of 1812; Salaberry. =Bib.=: Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_; +Lighthall, _An Account of the Battle of Chateauguay_; Macdonell, _The +Early Settlement and History of Glengarry in Canada_; Kingsford, +_History of Canada_. + +=Chateauneuf, Pierre Antoine de Castaguere, Marquis de= (1644-1728). +=Ch= French ambassador in London, instructions to, 214. + +=Chatel, Aimee.= =L= Member of the Congregation de Notre Dame, 91. + +=Chatham, William Pitt, first Earl of= (1708-1778). The "Great +Commoner," who brought England "to a height of prosperity and glory +unknown to any former age." He urged continually a conciliatory policy +towards America, until it became apparent that the colonists would be +satisfied with nothing less than independence. His broad outlook and +unerring instinct in the choice of men were chiefly responsible for the +triumphs of British policy at home and abroad. Sent Boscawen and Amherst +to the capture of Louisbourg, and Wolfe and Saunders to victory at +Quebec. =Index=: =Dr= Opposes Quebec Act, 65. =Bib.=: Almon, _Anecdotes +and Speeches of Chatham_; Rosebery, _William Pitt_; Green, _William +Pitt, Earl of Chatham_; _Correspondence of William Pitt with Colonial +Governors_, ed. by Kimball. _See_ his letters and instructions to Wolfe, +Saunders, and Amherst, in Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_, and Wood, _Logs of +Conquest of Canada_. + +=Chaumonot, Joseph.= Came to Canada, 1639, with Madame de la Peltrie, +Marie de l'Incarnation, and Fathers Vimont and Poncet. Accompanied +Brebeuf as missionary to the Neutral Nation, whose country was along the +north shore of Lake Erie, 1640. Sent to the Onondagas, 1655. Missionary +in charge of the Hurons at Old Lorette, where, in 1674, he built the +chapel in honour of Our Lady of Loretto. Died, Feb. 21, 1693. =Index=: +=L= Accompanies mission to Gannentaha, 65; chief promoter of cult of +Holy Family, 86. =Bib.=: Shea, _Vie de Chaumonot_; Parkman, _Jesuits in +North America_; Campbell, _Pioneer Priests of North America_. + +=Chaussegros de Lery, Gaspard= (1682-1756). Sent to Canada in 1716 to +superintend the fortifications of Quebec, Montreal, and other places in +the colony. Prepared a plan of the cathedral at Quebec in 1725; and of +the fortifications at Quebec in 1730. Mentioned as having been at Fort +St. Frederic in 1742; made a plan of Detroit in 1750. =Index=: =L= Makes +plans for entrance to Montreal church, 90. =WM= Criticized by Montcalm, +79. =Bib.=: _Traite de Fortification_. + +=Chaussegros de Lery, Gaspard-Joseph.= Son of preceding. Engineer; made +a legislative councillor, in 1774. + +=Chauveau, Pierre Joseph Olivier= (1820-1890). Born at Quebec. Educated +at Quebec; studied law and called to the bar of Lower Canada. First +entered public life, 1844, defeating John Neilson in Quebec County. +Represented the same constituency in the Assembly until 1855. +Solicitor-general, in Hincks-Morin ministry, 1851; and provincial +secretary, 1853. In 1855 succeeded Dr. Meilleur as chief superintendent +of education of Lower Canada. In 1867 elected to the Dominion +Parliament, as well as to the Quebec House, and the same year formed a +provincial ministry. Resigned, 1873, and the same year Speaker of the +Senate, retiring in 1874. Three years later sheriff of Montreal. +=Index=: =Md= Leader of Quebec government, 141; the appointment revealed +Macdonald's judgment, 141-142. =C= Conservative leader in Quebec, 24; +superintendent of public instruction, 24, 37; premier of Quebec, 68; his +character, 68. =E= One of leaders of the opposition in 1847, 45; +returned in elections of 1848, 50; Solicitor-general for Lower Canada, +113; provincial secretary in Hincks ministry, 126; and in MacNab-Morin +government, 141; votes against secularization of the Clergy Reserves, +164. =Bib.=: Works: _Charles Guerin, Roman de Moeurs Canadiennes_; +_Francois-Xavier Garneau, Sa Vie et Ses [OE]uvres_; _L'Instruction +Publique au Canada_; _Souvenirs et Legendes_. For biog., _see_ Dent, +_Can. Por._; Taylor, _Brit. Am._; Morgan, _Cel. Can._ + +=Chauvin, Pierre, Sieur de Tonnetuit.= A Huguenot, born at Dieppe. +Appointed captain of the garrison at Honfleur, 1589. Obtained trading +monopoly for ten years in Canada. Made a trading voyage to Canada, 1600, +bringing out a few colonists, whom he landed at Tadoussac. Sailed again +the following year, with a larger fleet, but no colonists; and again in +1602. Died, 1603. =Index=: =Ch= Attempts to form settlement at +Tadoussac, 8; left in charge of Quebec colony, 54. =F= Obtains patent +for exclusive trade in Canada, 2; sails for the St. Lawrence, 3. =Bib.=: +Biggar, _Early Trading Companies of New France_. + +=Chedabucto=, now known as Guysborough, Nova Scotia. =Index=: =F= +Frontenac arrives at, 232. + +=Cheffault.= =Ch= Agent of Company of New France, 244. + +=Cherououng.= =Ch= Montagnais chief, sent on embassy to Iroquois, 163. + +=Chesapeake.= =Bk= Affair of, 82-86. + +=Childers, Hugh Culling Eardley= (1827-1896). Entered the House of +Commons, 1860; financial secretary, 1865-1866; first lord of the +Admiralty and privy councillor, 1868. In 1875 came to Canada on Lord +Dufferin's invitation as a commissioner under the Prince Edward Island +Land Purchase Act. Secretary of state for war, 1880-1882; chancellor of +the exchequer, 1882-1885; and home secretary, 1886. =Index=: =W= +Commissioner under Land Purchase Act, 136. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Chimeourimou.= =Ch= Montagnais chief, sent on embassy to Iroquois, 163. + +=Chipman.= =W= Judge of Supreme Court, New Brunswick, 8; one of Maine +Boundary commissioners, 8. + +=Chipman, Ward.= =W= Judge of Supreme Court, New Brunswick, 8; succeeds +Saunders as chief justice, 74; resigns, 129. =T= Resigns as chief +justice, 17. + +=Chippewa Indians.= A large tribe, of Algonquian stock, formerly ranging +along both shores of Lakes Huron and Superior, and westward as far as +North Dakota. First mentioned in the Jesuit _Relation_ of 1640, as +living around Sault Ste. Marie. During the eighteenth century, they +fought successfully against the Sioux, Foxes, and Iroquois. They +numbered in 1764 about 25,000; and at the present time count over +30,000, of whom about one-half are on reservations in Canada. =Index=: +=Hd= Sioux offer to attack, 148. =Bib.=: Hodge, _Handbook of American +Indians_; Schoolcraft, _Indian Tribes_; Grant, _Sauteux Indians_ in +Masson, _Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest_. + +=Chisholm, G. C.= =Sy= Sergeant-at-arms of Legislative Assembly, 334. + +=Chittenden, Thomas= (1730-1797). First governor of Vermont, 1778-1797. +=Index=: =Hd= Claims separation of Vermont from New York, 201; +negotiates with Haldimand, 202; General Washington's letter to, 212-213; +Ira Allen's proposed treaty with, 214-215. =Bib.=: Chipman, _Thomas +Chittenden_; _Cyc. Am. Biog._ + +=Choiseul, Etienne-Francois, Duc de= (1719-1785). Minister of foreign +affairs; signed the treaty of 1759 with Austria; minister of war, 1761. +=Index=: =WM= French minister, glad to get rid of Canada, 11. + +=Cholera Epidemic=, 1832 and 1834. =P= Imported by immigrants, 87; +government blamed for neglect to provide quarantine, 88; committee +formed to inquire into causes, etc., 88-89; one of the grievances in the +Ninety-Two Resolutions, 89. _See also_ Epidemics. + +=Chouageun.= _See_ Oswega. + +=Chouart= _dit_ =des Groseilliers, Medard=. Born in France about 1621. +Came to Canada, 1642. After serving the Jesuits for some years as a +_donne_, or lay helper, engaged in the fur trade, and with his +brother-in-law Radisson (_q.v._) made extensive explorations in the West +and North, 1659-1663. With Radisson afterwards went to England and was +instrumental in establishing the Hudson's Bay Company, and laying the +foundations of its gigantic fur trading monopoly on the shores of Hudson +Bay. =Bib.=: Dionne, _Chouart et Radisson_ (R. S. C., 1893); Sulte, +_Radisson in the North-West_ (R. S. C., 1904); Sulte, _Decouverte du +Mississippi_ (R. S. C., 1903); Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_; Laut, +_Pathfinders of the West_ and _Conquest of the Great North-West_. + +=Christian Doctrine, Brothers of the.= =L= Arrival of, in Canada, 125. + +=Christian Guardian.= =R= Founded at York (Toronto), 1829, 82; Egerton +Ryerson, first editor, 82; exponent of Methodist views on religious, +educational, and political questions, 82-83; its policy, 94-95; +Ryerson's articles in, 96, 97, 98, 100, 109, 110, 134, 137. + +=Christie, Alexander.= =MS= Chief factor, Hudson's Bay Company, and +later governor of Assiniboia, 222. =Bib.=: Ryerson, _Story of my Life_. + +=Christie, David= (1818-1880). Born in Edinburgh, Scotland. Educated at +Edinburgh High School. Came to Canada, 1833, and devoted himself to +farming. Took a prominent part in politics as a leader of the Reformers. +Sat for Wentworth in the Legislative Assembly, 1851-1854, and for East +Brant, 1855-1858. Elected to the Legislative Council, 1858, and held his +seat until Confederation. Appointed to the Dominion Senate, 1867; +secretary of state, 1873; Speaker of the Senate, 1874-1878. +Administrator of Ontario during the illness of the lieutenant-governor, +1875. Died in Paris, Ontario. =Index=: =B= A leader of the Clear Grits, +39. =E= Well-known agriculturist, and a leader of the Clear Grits, 110. +=Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty Years_. + +=Christie, Robert= (1788-1856). Born in Nova Scotia. Repeatedly expelled +from the Assembly of Lower Canada; re-elected after the union, and held +his seat until 1854. Contributed to Quebec _Gazette_ and _Mercury_. +=Index=: =F= Papineau causes his expulsion on four occasions from +Assembly, 80; his reconciliation with Papineau, 180; Papineau's letters +to, 144, 181-182, 191-193. =Mc= On Union Act, 405. =Bib.=: _History of +the Late Province of Lower Canada, from the Commencement to the Close of +its Existence as a Separate Province_. For biog. _see_ Morgan, _Cel. +Can._ + +=Chronicle.= Newspaper, published at Halifax. =Index=: =H= Published by +Wm. Annand, 75; Joseph Howe contributes to, 90-93; letters of Howe in, +on Irish question, 75; Jonathan McCully editor, 186; Howe's +"Botheration Scheme" articles, 186; action for libel, 188; opposes +Confederation, 189; attacks Howe, 209; Howe's letter to editor of, +210-212. + +=Chronicle and Gazette.= Newspaper published at Kingston. =Index=: =Sy= +Praises Sydenham's policy, 351. =BL= On the debate on responsible +government in the Legislature, 1841, 95; on Draper's speech, 27. =Mc= +Question of government printing, 103. + +=Chrystler's Farm.= Battle in War of 1812-1814, fought Nov. 11th, 1813. +The scene of the fight was near the head of the Long Sault Rapids, on +the St. Lawrence. Morrison commanded the British troops, about 800 men, +and Boyd the Americans, numbering 1800, increased during the fight to +2400. The Americans were driven off the field. Morrison captured 100 men +and a gun. The American loss was 300 men; and the British, 200 men. _See +also_ War of 1812. =Bib.=: Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_; Kingsford, +_History of Canada_. + +=Chubb.= =F= Commandant of Fort Pemaquid, fires on Indians while under +flag of truce, 331; killed, 332. + +=Church.= Newspaper published at Toronto. =Index=: =BL= Quoted on debate +on responsible government in 1841, 90; on Bagot's letter to La Fontaine, +125; opposes Baldwin's University Bill, 197; on Rebellion Losses Bill, +319-320. =B= Controversy with the _Banner_--opposes responsible +government, 6. + +=Church of England.= The first Anglican church in what is now Canada was +built at Halifax, Nova Scotia, in 1750, when Cornwallis was governor of +the province. The first see was established in 1787. Dr. Charles Inglis +as bishop of Nova Scotia had charge of the whole of British North +America. The first service held in Quebec was in the Ursuline Convent, +September, 1759. The first Anglican bishop of the diocese of Quebec was +Dr. Mountain, appointed in 1793; and in 1839 Dr. John Strachan became +first bishop of Toronto. As population grew, the eastern dioceses were +subdivided into nine. The see of Rupert's Land, founded 1849, was +subsequently divided into Rupert's Land, Moosonee, Saskatchewan, +Calgary, Mackenzie River, Qu'Appelle, Athabaska, Keewatin, and Selkirk. +In 1859 was established the see of British Columbia, divided later into +New Westminster and Caledonia. In 1857 the Church of England Synod was +legally constituted; and after that year bishops were elected by the +votes of clergy and laity in Canada. The first Church Congress was held, +1883. The General Synod of the Church in the Dominion was established, +1893, and the metropolitans of Canada and Rupert's Land were made +archbishops, the first of whom were Dr. J.T. Lewis and Dr. R. Machray. +=Index=: =B= And the Family Compact, 11; and the Clergy Reserves, 48-49; +privileges granted under Act of 1791, 51-52; Durham's estimate of +numerical strength, 52-53; recognition of its exclusive claims said by +Durham to have been chief cause of Rebellion, 53; =E= Its claims to the +Clergy Reserves under the Constitutional Act, 1791, 145, 150 _et seq._ +=R= Its relations with mother church in England, 39; advantages in +Canada, 39; statistics in Upper Canada, 51. =Dr= Allowed use of Recollet +church at Montreal, 241; Jesuit church transferred to them, 242; first +Anglican conference and confirmation held in Recollet church at Quebec, +242, 272. =W= In New Brunswick, 7. =T= Controls King's College, 21. +=Bib.=: Hopkins, _Canada: An Ency._, vol. 2; Cross, _The Anglican +Episcopate and the American Colonies_; Anderson, _History of Church of +England in the Colonies_; Akins, _Church of England in North American +Colonies_; Taylor, _The Last Three Bishops Appointed by the Crown_; +Lowndes, _Bishops of the Day_; Machray, _Life of Archbishop Machray_; +Mockridge, _Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and +Newfoundland_; Champion, _The Anglican Church in Canada_; Wynne, _The +Church in Greater Britain_. + +=Churchill, Fort.= _See_ Prince of Wales, Fort. + +=Churchill River.= Rises in La Loche Lake, lat. 56 deg. 10' N., long. 109 +deg. 40' W., and after a course of 1000 miles, empties into Hudson Bay. +The mouth of the river was discovered by Munk, a Danish navigator, in +1619, but it was not until 1774 that its upper waters were discovered by +Joseph Frobisher (_q.v._), and explored by Thomas Frobisher and +Alexander Henry, _the Elder_ (_q.v._), in 1775. The Churchill was +formerly known under various names: Danish River, in honour of Munk; +English River, so called by Frobisher; and Missinipi, the native name. +=Bib.=: Laut, _Conquest of the Great North-West_; Bryce, _Hudson's Bay +Company_. + +=Citizen.= Newspaper published at Ottawa. Established, 1844. =Index=: +=Mc= Newspaper, Mackenzie's obituary in, 517; urges monument to, 518. + +=Civil Law.= =Dr= Importance of the question to the French population, +after 1760,10-11; British authorities at Quebec find difficulty in +defining, 11; attempt to enforce English law abandoned, 13; Murray +establishes courts, 13; criticisms of the grand jury, 15; confusion of +English and French codes, 40-41; dissatisfaction of the French-speaking +inhabitants, 41; Maseres suggests four plans to Carleton, 41-42; Maurice +Morgan sent out to study legal situation, 43; Carleton favours the +French civil code, 43; dishonest magistrates and tyrannical bailiffs, +51-54; report of Committee on Administration of Justice, 1769, 54; +Ordinance of 1770, 54; French-Canadians petition for their own laws, 61; +French law established by Quebec Act, 64; discussed in British +Parliament, 65-68; confusion of civil procedure, 225-227. =Bib.=: +Bourinot, _Constitutional History of Canada and How Canada is Governed_; +Ashley, _Earlier Constitutional History of Canada_; Houston, _Canadian +Constitutional Documents_. + +=Civil List.= =Sy= Permanent provision for, considered necessary, 120; +Sydenham asks for, 204; possible opposition to, 308. =S= In Upper +Canada, under Simcoe, 177. + +=Civil Secretary.= =Sy= Of the governor, large range of duties +undertaken by, in pre-union times, 331. + +=Clarendon, George William Frederick Villiers, fourth Earl of= +(1800-1870). Ambassador at Madrid, 1833-1839; lord privy seal, +1839-1841; foreign minister, 1853-1858, 1865-1866, and 1868-1870. +=Index=: =Sy= Governor-generalship of Canada tendered to, 58. =Bib.=: +_Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Clark, George Rogers= (1752-1818). American frontier leader. =Index=: +=Hd= Rebel leader, his cruel treatment of garrison of Vincennes, 168. +=Bib.=: _Campaign in the Illinois_; English, _Conquest of the Country +North-West of the Ohio_. + +=Clark, Peter.= =S= Commands boat sent to meet Prince Edward, 183. + +=Clark, Samuel.= =T= Rector of Gagetown, 5. + +=Clark, Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas.= =Bk= Command assigned to, on Niagara +frontier, 206. =Hd= Death of his wife, 237. + +=Clark, Sir William Mortimer= (1836- ). Born in Aberdeen, Scotland. +Educated at Marischal College, Aberdeen; studied law at the University +of Edinburgh, and admitted a writer to the signet, 1859. Came to +Toronto, 1859; called to the bar of Ontario, 1869. Engaged largely in +financial affairs. Lieutenant-governor of Ontario, 1903-1908. =Bib.=: +Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_. + +=Clarke, Captain.= =F= Killed at Fort Loyal, two daughters taken to +Quebec, 303. + +=Clarke, Sir Alured= (1745-1832). Lieutenant-governor of Lower Canada, +1790-1795. Had been governor of Jamaica before coming to Canada; and +after leaving the country, filled several high offices in India, finally +becoming governor-general. Returned to England, 1802, and made +field-marshal, 1830. =Index=: =Dr= Appointed lieutenant-governor, 249; +administers government in Carleton's absence, 269; gives names to +counties, 269. =S= Appointed lieutenant-governor of Lower Canada in +absence of Dorchester, 47; Simcoe's harmonious relations with, 130. +=Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._ + +=Clarke, Jonathan.= =S= Teaches school at Fredericksburg and Matilda, +167. + +=Claus, Colonel.= =Bk= Command assigned to, on Niagara frontier, 206. + +=Clay, Henry= (1777-1852). American statesman and orator. =Index=: =Bk= +His confident prediction of conquest of Canada, 215. =Bib.=: _Works_, +ed. by Colton, 1857; new ed., 1898; Schurz, _Life of Henry Clay_; _Cyc. +Am. Biog._ + +=Clayoquot Sound.= West coast of Vancouver Island. =Index=: =D= Natives +of, attack _Tonquin_, 1811, and massacre crew, 37. + +=Clear Grits.= =B= Leaders of the party, 39; origin of name, 40; +denounced by the _Globe_, 40; platform, 41; significance of movement, +235. =C= Clamouring against institutions of Quebec, 25. =E= Leading +members of party, 110; its platform, 111; George Brown becomes +recognized leader, 112; influence of party--defection of Rolph and +Cameron, 112; attack government on account of Gavazzi riots, 125; unite +with Conservatives and Rouges to defeat Hincks government, 127; their +strength in 1854, 134; fight for the speakership, 135; obnoxious to +French-Canadians, 137; advocate secularization of Clergy Reserves, 161, +163. =BL= Beginnings of, 335; their programme, 341; Brown's connection +with, 342. =Md= Struggle against religious and racial influence, 46; +George Brown first opposes and later becomes leader of, 54. =Bib.=: +Dent, _Last Forty Years_; MacKenzie, _George Brown_. + +=Clement, Pierre.= =Dr= On causes of failure of West India Company, 149; +on galley service, 215. =Bib.=: _Histoire de Colbert_; _Madame de +Montespan et Louis XIV_. + +=Clergy, French-Canadian.= =Dr= Faithful to the British government, 72, +80. =Hd= Illiterate but highly respected, 42; receive donations for fire +sufferers, 44; refuse to believe that Canada would ever be ceded to +Britain, 128; Quebec Act and, 174; Haldimand's attitude towards, 180, +181, 182; attempt to get French priests into Seminary, 187; their +interest in establishment of public library, 191; alarmed at large +numbers of Protestant settlers, 264. + +=Clergy Reserves.= =Md= Question embitters public life of Upper Canada, +13, 28; nature and history of the dispute, 55-62; secularization of, +carried out by MacNab-Morin coalition ministry, 63; Macdonald introduces +bill, Oct. 17, 1854, 65; bill passed by Assembly, November 23, and by +Legislative Council, Dec. 10, 65; provisions of the bill, 65-66. =S= +Created by Constitutional Act, 12, 156. =Dr= Created by Constitutional +Act, 267. =Sy= Designed for support of state church, 77; treatment of, +in Durham's report, 93; conflict over, 238-244; Sydenham's plan for +settlement of questions, 245-246; attitude of Reform party respecting, +246; bill recommended by governor passed and sent home for approval, +248; question settled by Imperial Parliament, 249. =BL= Set apart by +Constitutional Act, 1791, 42; William Morris's connection with, 83; and +Upper Canada College, 192; and Ryerson, 240; pressing for settlement, +339; secularization of, advocated by Clear Grits, 342; history of +question, 343-349. =B= Tache advises French-Canadians to oppose +secularization of, 48; history of question, 51-60. =R= Ryerson enters +the controversy, 19, 26-27; endowment of established church provided +for, in Act of 1791, 34-35; influence of John Strachan, 36-37; +dominance of Church of England party, 38-40; extent and value of the +Reserves, 47; question comes up in Legislature, 47; claims of Church of +Scotland, 48-49; petition and claims referred to select committee of +British House of Commons, 1827, 50; Ryerson proposes sale and +appropriation of proceeds to general educational purposes, 115; Sir +George Arthur proposes division among various religious bodies, 119; +Ryerson's attitude towards division, 119-120. =E= Granted to Protestant +clergy by Constitutional Act, 1791,102; Baldwin's attitude towards, +102-103; La Fontaine's attitude towards, 102-103; Canadian Legislature +receives power to settle question, 119; settlement delayed, 126, 132; +secularization proposed by Sicotte, 126-127; secularization a condition +of MacNab-Morin coalitions, 140; history of the question, 145-169; +report of select committee, 147; Imperial Act passes, 158-159; its +repeal proposed by Price, 161; value of the Reserves, 161--162; +provincial Legislature given power to vary or repeal Union Act, and to +settle Clergy Reserves, on certain conditions, 167; bill introduced by +John A. Macdonald, finally settling question, 168; terms of bill, 168. +=Mc= Created by Constitutional Act, 70; details of, 70; Durham on, 71; +Mackenzie's views on, 94-95; grievance report on, 72; Glenelg's +position, 283. =Bib.=: Lindsey, _The Clergy Reserves_; Hincks's Letters +in Montreal _Herald_, December, 1882; Dent, _Last Forty Years_; +Bradshaw, _Self-Government in Canada_; Ryerson, _Story of my Life_; +Bethune, _Memoir of Bishop Strachan_. + +=Clermont, Chevalier de.= =F= Killed in skirmish on Beauport flats, 294. + +=Clermont, College of.= =L= Laval studies at, 21. + +=Clinton, Sir Henry= (1738-1795). Sent to America, 1775; served +in the South, and with Howe at Philadelphia; succeeded him as +commander-in-chief, 1778; Captured Charleston, 1780; succeeded by Sir +Guy Carleton, and returned to England, 1782. =Index=: =S= Replaced as +commander-in-chief by Sir Guy Carleton, 39; secures promotion for +Queen's Rangers, 39. =Dr= Returns to England, 192. =Hd= In command at +New York, 131; succeeded by Dorchester, 188; his efforts to bring +Vermont back to allegiance to Britain, 199-200; Haldimand's report to, +on Ira Allen's diplomacy, 207; Haldimand's letter to, on the policy of +Vermont, 208; and his proposed proclamation to the people of, 211; +Haldimand's letter on crisis in spring of 1782, 212; his list of rebels, +280; his emoluments in America, 330. =Bib.=: Works: _Narrative of the +Campaign in North America, Rejoinder to Cornwallis's Observations_; +_Observations on Stedman's American War_. For biog. _see Dict. Am. +Biog._; _Cyc. Am. Biog._ + +=Clitherow, John= (1782-1852). Entered army, 1799; lieutenant-colonel, +1812; served in the Egyptian campaign, 1801; the Hanover campaign, 1805; +the Walcheren expedition, 1809, and throughout the Peninsular War. +Appointed major-general, 1830; lieutenant-general, 1841. Adminished the +government of Canada after the death of Sydenham, 1841. =Index=: =Sy= +Closes session of 1841, 342; senior military officer at Kingston, 342. +=Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._ + +=Closse, Major.= =L= His piety, 8. + +=Cloutier, Zacharie.= =Ch= Joiner, accompanies Robert Giffard to Canada, +252. + +=Club Democratique.= =C= Their appeal to the public, 26-27. + +=Cobb, Sylvanus= (1709-1762). A native of Plymouth, Mass. Served in the +expedition against Louisbourg, 1745. For some years engaged in the coast +defence of Nova Scotia. Served at the second siege of Louisbourg under +Amherst and Boscawen. Removed to Liverpool, Nova Scotia. Died of the +plague at the siege of Havana, 1762. =Bib.=: Murdoch, _History of Nova +Scotia_; _Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia_, ed. by +Akins. + +=Cobden, Richard= (1804-1865). British statesman. =Index=: =Sy= A more +advanced radical than Sydenham, 20. =Bib.=: Morley, _Life of Richard +Cobden_; _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Cochrane, Thomas= (1777-1804). Born in Nova Scotia. A member of the +English bar. Chief-justice of the Supreme Court of Prince Edward Island, +1801; judge of the King's Bench of Upper Canada, 1804. Drowned in wreck +of the _Speedy_, while on his way to hold court. =Index=: =Bk= Drowned +in foundering of the _Speedy_, 69. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Read, +_Lives of the Judges_. + +=Cockburn, James= (1819-1883). Born in Berwick-on-Tweed, England. Came +to Canada, and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1846. Practised his +profession at Cobourg. Represented West Northumberland in the Assembly, +1861-1867; solicitor-general for Upper Canada, 1864-1867. A delegate to +the Quebec Conference. After Confederation sat in the House of Commons +for West Northumberland, 1867-1874, and during that time was Speaker of +the House. Again elected to the House of Commons, 1878, and retained his +seat until 1881, when he retired to accept the chairmanship of the +commission on the consolidation of the statutes of Canada. =Index=: =T= +Solicitor-general, West, delegate to Quebec Conference, 76. =E= Last +Speaker of the House of Commons to exercise privilege of addressing the +governor-general on measures of the session, 1869, 130. =Bib.=: Taylor, +_Brit. Am._; Rattray, _The Scot in British North America_; Dent, _Last +Forty Years_. + +=Cockrel.= =S= Establishes school at Niagara and afterwards at Ancaster, +167. + +=Coffin, William Foster= (1808-1878). Born in Bath, England. Came to +Quebec with his father, an army officer, 1813. Returned to England, +1815, and until 1824 was a student at Eton. Came back to Canada, 1830. +Called to the bar, 1835. Took part in the suppression of the Rebellion +of 1837. Joint sheriff of Montreal, 1840-1851. Appointed commissioner of +ordnance lands, 1856, and one of the Intercolonial Railway +commissioners, 1868. Held many important offices under the government of +Canada and in the militia. =Bib.=: Works: _History of the War of 1812_; +_Three Chapters on a Triple Project; Thoughts on Defence from a Canadian +Point of View; Quirks of Diplomacy_. For biog., _see_ Morgan, _Annual +Register_, 1878. + +=Coke, Sir John= (1563-1644). Sat in Parliament, 1621-1629; secretary of +State, 1625; a commissioner of the treasury, 1635-1636. =Index=: =Ch= +English Commissioner in matter of Canada, 214. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. +Biog._ + +=Colbert, Jean Baptiste= (1619-1683). First minister to Louis XIV. +=Index=: =F= Creates West India Company, 49; disapproves Frontenac's +action in summoning "three estates," 67; anti-clerical tendencies, 73; +Madame Maintenon's opinion of, 74; advice to Courcelles in relation to +ecclesiastical power, 115; asks for particulars as regards effect of +liquor traffic, 118; speaks of bishop as aiming at too much power, 119; +overthrow of his commercial policy, 151. =L= Minister of marine and +colonies, not favourable to emigration, 80; enjoins Frontenac to act +with more moderation, 165; prejudiced against clergy, 170; his despatch +on subject of liquor traffic, 170. =Bib.=: Colby, _Canadian Types of the +Old Regime_; Chambers, _Biog. Dict._ + +=Colebrooke, Sir William Macbean George= (1787-1870). After serving in +the army, and as political agent in the East, became lieutenant-governor +of the Bahamas, 1834-1837; governor of the Leeward Islands, 1837; and in +1841 succeeded Sir John Harvey as lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick. +Afterwards governor of Barbados and the Windward Islands, 1848-1856. +=Index=: =W= Appoints son-in-law as provincial secretary, New Brunswick, +76; action resented by members of government, 76-80; his unpopularity, +100-101. =Bib.=: Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_; Rattray, _The Scot +in British North America_; _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Coles, George= (1810-1875). =T= Delegate to Quebec Conference, 77. + +=Collins, Francis.= =Mc= Reports legislative debates, 106; publishes +_Canadian Freeman_ in 1825, 111; convicted of libel, 134; fined and +imprisoned, 134. =Bib.=: Dent, _Upper Canadian Rebellion_. + +=Collver, Jabez.= =S= Presbyterian minister, the first to come to Upper +Canada, 165. + +=Colonial Advocate.= Newspaper, published by William Lyon Mackenzie. +=Index=: =Mc= Newspaper, published at Queenston, May 18, 1824, 85; +reviews condition of provinces, 86, 87; topics discussed in, 94-97; +reports debates, 102, 103; granted a subsidy for printing, 103; moved to +York, January, 1825, 106; House refuses publication of reports in, 108; +destruction of, 113; W.J. Rattray on, 116; defendants made to pay L625 +damages, 129; criminal prosecution of, 130; second destruction of, 221; +last issue, November, 1834, 259. =BL= Its extravagant language, 12; +established by Mackenzie, 13; aids in consolidating Reform party, 13; +its office attacked by Tories, 14-15. =R= Edited by W. L. Mackenzie, 64, +66; attacks Egerton Ryerson, 98. + +=Colonial Conference, 1894.= Opened at Ottawa, June 28, with Mackenzie +Bowell in the chair. Delegates present from the Imperial government, New +South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, New +Zealand, Cape Colony, and Canada. Resolutions were passed in favour of +an Imperial Customs Union and a Pacific Cable. Conference adjourned, +July 11. _See also_ Imperial Conference. =Bib.=: _Proceedings of the +Colonial Conference_, 1894; Ewart, _Kingdom of Canada_. + +=Colonial Empire.= Newspaper, published at St. John. =Index=: =T= Brings +charge against government, 51. + +=Colonial Gazette.= Newspaper, published in London. =Index=: =Sy= +Publishes article on Poulett Thomson's mission to Canada, 135-141; not +entirely confident of his success, 140. + +=Colonist.= Newspaper, published in Toronto. =Index=: =B= Edited by +Samuel Thompson, 4; George Sheppard, editorial writer on, 135. + +=Colonization.= =L= Laval's interest in, 77; arrival of colonists from +La Rochelle, 1663-1664, 77; system of apprenticeship, 77-78; Sovereign +Council asks for men from north of France, 78; Bourdon brings out a +ship-load of girls, 79; soldiers of Carignan Regiment come out as +colonists, 79; Talon's immigration policy, 80; Colbert's opposition, 80. +=F= Cartier's attempts at, 2; settlement at Port Royal, 6-7; at Quebec, +7-8; and the trading Companies, 19, 28; of Montreal, 33-34; marriageable +girls sent out, 57. =Ch= Character of, in New France, 143-147; by +Company of New France, 168-169. =D= Impetus to, from western side, 2. + +=Coltman, W. B.= A merchant of Quebec, and lieutenant-colonel in the +militia. Sent by Governor Sherbrooke, 1816, to Red River, to investigate +dispute between the Hudson's Bay and the North West Companies. =Index=: +=MS= Sent to Red River to investigate troubles, 195; his report, 196. + +=Columbia.= =D= Hudson's Bay Company, vessel, 183. + +=Columbia Fur Company.= =D= Organized, 1822, by recruits from the North +West Company, 134. _See also_ Astor; Astor Fur Company. + +=Columbia River.= Rises in Upper Columbia Lake, lat. 50 deg. 10', long. +115 deg. 50', and flows into Pacific Ocean. Total length about 1150 miles. +Its mouth was discovered by Robert Gray, of Boston, May, 1792, and named +by him after his vessel. It was first reached overland by Lewis and Clark, +in 1805; and first explored throughout its entire length by David +Thompson, of the North West Company, 1807-1811. Its principal branch is +the Kootenay. =Index=: =D= Carver's "River of Oregon," 19; Russian +colony projected at, 44; named by Gray, 57; Fraser raised mistaken for, +59; Lewis and Clark on, 67. + +=Comfort, Thomas.= =Mc= Aids Mackenzie's escape, 384. + +=Commerce.= =Bk= In Upper Canada, 50. _See also_ Trade. + +=Commercial Union.= Complete and entire free trade with the United +States, first proposed by Ira Gould, before Montreal Board of Trade, +February, 1852. (_See_ Montreal _Gazette_, Feb. 18-22, 1852.) The +question was repeatedly discussed in succeeding years, down to 1890, in +and out of Parliament, and for a time was adopted by the Liberal party +as a trade policy, but abandoned before they came into power in 1896. +=Index=: =Md= Brought forward by Liberals as an alternative to +protection, 261-262; history of the movement, 291-292; the Commercial +Union League, 293-298. _See also_ Unrestricted reciprocity; Reciprocity; +Zollvrein. =Bib.=: _Canadian Emancipation and Commercial Union_; Adam, +_Handbook of Commercial Union_; Willison, _Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the +Liberal Party_; Pope, _Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald_. + +=Commissariat Department.= =S= Abuses in, 212. + +=Company of Canada (Merchant Adventurers of Canada).= Organized by David +Kirke, and chartered by Charles I, to exploit the fur trade of the St. +Lawrence. The restoration of Canada to France in 1632 brought the +operations of Kirke, Sir William Alexander, and their associates to an +untimely end. =Index=: =Ch= Letters patent granted to, 176. =Bib.=: +Douglas, _Old France in the New World_; Kirke, _The First English +Conquest of Canada_. + +=Company of De Caen.= Organized by William de Caen and his nephew Emery, +merchants of Rouen. Monopoly granted the company on usual terms as to +settlement, missionaries, etc., 1621. Absorbed Champlain's Company, +1622, and the united Companies carried on trade until 1633. =Index=: +=Ch= Organized, 130-132; rivalry with Company of Rouen, 133-137; +amalgamation of two companies, 136-137. =Bib.=: Biggar, _Early Trading +Companies of New France_; Parkman, _Pioneers of France_. + +=Company of New France (Compagnie des Cent-Associes).= Established, +1627, by Cardinal Richelieu, on the advice of Isaac de Razilly. A +monopoly of fifteen years was granted, with full ownership of the entire +valley of the St. Lawrence, in return for which the Company was to take +out three hundred colonists every year up to 1643. No serious effort was +made to carry out this obligation, although the Company continued to +enjoy its monopoly until 1663. =Index=: =L= Resigns its charter, 41; +renders assistance to missions, 50; succeeded by the West India Company, +145. =Ch= Established, 169; list of directors, 170; documents relating +to, 171; sends out four vessels, 172; equips ships to retake Quebec, +213; terms of grant to, 222; bears expense of Jesuit mission stations, +228; sincerely interested in conversion of savages and progress of +colonization, 244; special committee for its financial affairs, 244; +appoints Champlain governor, 244. =F= Created by Cardinal Richelieu, 19; +colonists sent out by, 28; cedes some of its rights to colonists, 36; +new arrangement works badly, 37; surrenders all its powers to the king, +1663, 49; its failure to fulfil its engagements, 55. =E= Creates +seigniories, 175. =Bib.=: Biggar, _Early Trading Companies of New +France_; Parkman, _Pioneers of France_. + +=Company of Notre Dame de Montreal.= =L= Consecrates the island of +Montreal to the Virgin, 85; makes over its rights to the Seminary of St. +Sulpice, in 1663, 108, 135; its debts discharged by De Belmont, 135. + +=Company of Rouen and St. Malo (Champlain's Company).= Established at +the instance of Champlain, in 1614. The shares were divided among the +merchants of Rouen and St. Malo. The terms of their charter required the +Company to bring out colonists, but as usual they did not take this +obligation very seriously. They did, however, make one notable addition +to the population of New France, for in the spring of 1617 they brought +out Louis Hebert and his family. Hebert's experience as a colonist was +not such as to encourage others to follow his example. The Company's +monopoly was cancelled in 1620. =Index=: =Ch= Formed by Champlain, 122; +its chief members, 122; terms of its charter, 122; pays large salary to +the Prince de Conde, 122; Champlain has trouble with 123, 125; the king +intervenes on his behalf, 126; colonists to be brought out, 127-129; +absorbed by Company of De Caen, 130, 137; conflict with new Company, +133-137. =Bib.=: Biggar, _Early Trading Companies of New France_; +Parkman, _Pioneers of France_. + +=Company of the West Indies (Compagnie des Indes Occidentales).= +Chartered by Louis XIV, 1664, following the cancellation of the charter +of the Company of New France. Its field of operations was enormous, +covering the west coast of Africa, the east coast of South America from +the Amazon to the Orinoco, Canada, Acadia, and Newfoundland. The +Christianization of the native tribes was given as the principal object +of the Company, commerce being of only secondary importance. Despite its +many privileges, and the readiness with which its stock was subscribed, +it did not prosper, and by 1672 was hopelessly in debt. Three years +later its charter was revoked, so far as Canada was concerned. =Index=: +=L= Resigns its charter, 145. =E= Creates seigniories, 175. =Bib.=: +Douglas, _Old France in the New World_; Parkman, _Old Regime_. + +=Conde, Prince Henri de= (1588-1646). =Ch= Licenses three vessels to +trade in St. Lawrence, 78; letter to, in Champlain's _Quatrieme Voyage_, +79; contributes to building of Recollet Convent, 117; source of trouble +to the colony, 122; incarcerated for conspiracy, 122; released, and +transfers his commission to the Duke of Montmorency, 127. =F= +Lieutenant-general of New France, 12. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Pioneers of +France_. + +=Confederation.= The first definite step in the movement looking towards +the union of the British North American colonies, was the Charlottetown +Conference, 1864. Delegates from the three Maritime Provinces met to +consider the union of those provinces. At the Conference, delegates from +Canada (constituting what are now the provinces of Ontario and Quebec) +appeared, and urged the broadening of the discussion to cover all the +provinces. Out of this meeting grew the Quebec Conference, of the same +year, attended by delegates from Canada, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, +Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland; the two latter subsequently +withdrew from the movement. The Quebec Conference drew up a series of +resolutions, which were made the basis of the final legislation. In 1866 +delegates from the provinces met at the Westminster Hotel in London, and +framed the British North America Act. The Act was passed by the Imperial +Parliament, and received the queen's assent, March, 1867. It was +proclaimed throughout the new Dominion of Canada, July 1, 1867. Manitoba +was created a province, July 15, 1870. British Columbia joined the +union, July 20, 1871; and Prince Edward Island, July 1, 1873. The +provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan were created Sept. 1, 1905. +=Index=: =Mc= Mackenzie advocates, 104-105; Robinson reports on, 105. +=T= History of, 59-71, 73-87; defeated in New Brunswick, 89-110; +accepted by New Brunswick, 111-125; completion of, 127-132. =Md= History +of the movement, 93; outlined by Durham, 93-95; principle adopted by +British American League, 95; and by Legislature of Nova Scotia, 95; +advocated by Howe and Haliburton, 96; in speech from throne, 1858, 96; +Galt's speech, 96; Cartier, Galt, and Rose confer with Imperial +government, 96-97; growth of the movement, 97-100; attitude of Macdonald +and George Brown, 100-103; the Charlottetown Conference, 104; Quebec +Conference, 104-114; legislative _versus_ federal union, 106-110; +resolution of Quebec Conference debated in Parliament, 118-119; passed +by Assembly, 120; mission sent to England to confer with home government +on this and other questions, 120-121; Imperial government strongly in +favour of, 121; supported by Brown in _Globe_, 123; Monck's impatience +over delays, 123-124; Macdonald's reply, 124; Westminster Conference, +125-127; British North America Act passed and receives royal assent, +127; Macdonald's letter to Lord Knutsford, 128-129; opposition to +Confederation, 129; negotiations with Newfoundland, 146-147; and Prince +Edward Island, 147-149; and British Columbia, 149-150. =Sy= Favoured at +first by Lord Durham, afterwards deemed impracticable, 120. =H= J. W. +Johnstone's speech in favour of, 174; Joseph Howe's attitude towards, +180-182, 185, 186; opposition to, 186-192; abandons opposition, 214-216; +advocated by Sir Charles Tupper, 186-189; opposed by Halifax +_Chronicle_, 189. =C= Cartier's connection with, 55-65; Cartier insists +on federal principle, 57-58; Macdonald favours legislative union, 57; +Canadian constitution compared with that of the United States, 58-61; +weak points of the former, 61-62; its advantages, 62-63; opposed in +Quebec, 63-64. =E= Only feasible solution of difficulties arising out of +Union Act, 118. =B= Ardently championed by George Brown, x, xi; +indirectly promoted by United States Civil War, xi; the British American +League advocates, 38; McGee on, 129-130; founders of movement, 129; +George Brown and, 130-132, 137-138, 139; Reform Conventions of 1857 and +1859 discuss question, 131, 135-138, 208, 217; Galt advocates federal +union, 132-133; step towards, 133; question of defence one of forces +tending towards, 142; events leading up to, 147-161; the Quebec +Conference, 163-166; approval of British government, 167; the debate in +Parliament, 169-179, 181-185; Quebec Resolutions passed, 185; the +mission to England, 186; the question in the Maritime Provinces, +187-188; attitude of Brown and the Reform party, 199-210; first and +greatest step in process of expansion, 264. =BL= The Toronto _Church_ +proposes federal union of all British North American provinces, 125. =P= +Papineau's opposition to, 199. _See also_ Charlottetown Conference; +Quebec Conference; Westminster Conference; Macdonald; Tupper; Brown; +Howe; Cartier. =Bib.:= Whelan, _Union of the British Provinces_; +Cauchon, _Union of British North American Provinces_; Howe, +_Organization of the Empire_; McGee, _Two Speeches on Union of the +Provinces_; Hamilton, _Union of the Colonies of British North America_; +Pope, _Confederation Documents_; Rawlings, _Confederation of the British +North American Provinces; Parliamentary Debates on Confederation_, 1865; +Bourinot, _Constitutional History of Canada_. References to pamphlet and +other material on this subject will be found in Johnson, _First Things +in Canada_. + +=Congregation de Notre Dame.= =F= Montreal, established, 29. + +=Congress, United States.= =Dr= Address of, to French-Canadians, 71, 77; +action of, at Philadelphia, 77; sends commission to inquire into +military situation of Canada, 135; its action in the Asgill case, 199. +=Hd= Meets at Concord, 102; rumour of French and Spanish treaty with, +124; its designs against Canada, 129, 130, 132, 319; its attitude +towards Vermont, 198, 199, 201-209, 211, 214-216; defeat of its troops +celebrated in Quebec, 223; its interests, and that of army opposed, +225; passes laws against Loyalists, 252; sends ambassador to Canada, +259; slow to fulfil treaty, 260; addresses Canadians, 276. + +=Conkling, Senator Roscoe= (1829-1888). American statesman. =Index=: =B= +Favourable to proposed Reciprocity Treaty of 1864, 230-231. + +=Connecticut.= =F= Takes part in expedition against Montreal, 279. + +=Connell, Charles.= =T= Resigns as postmaster-general, New Brunswick, +49-51; runs for Carleton County in Confederation interest, 89; member of +Mitchell government, 105; elected for Carleton County, 107. + +=Connolly, William.= =MS= Chief factor, Hudson's Bay Company, 1825, 224; +his family, 224. =D= Succeeds Stuart in New Caledonia, 1824, 99; his +native wife, and family, 99. + +=Conolly, William.= =Dr= Of Stratton Hall, Staffordshire; member of +Parliament and privy councillor, 30; his powerful influence exerted on +behalf of Guy Carleton and his brother, 30; Wolfe alludes to his death, +1754, as "a deadly blow to the Carletons," 30. + +=Connor, George Skeffington.= Born in Ireland. Educated at Trinity +College, Dublin. Came to Canada, 1832, with William Hume Blake. Settled +on a farm near Lake Simcoe. Called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1842. Sat +in the Assembly as a Reformer, 1859-1862; judge of the Court of Queen's +Bench, 1863. Died in Toronto, 1863. =Bib.=: Read, _Lives of the Judges_. + +=Conseil Souverain.= _See_ Sovereign Council. + +=Conservative Party.= =B= Organized by Sir John A. Macdonald, out of old +Tory party, 69; its debt to Canada First Association, 241. =Bib.=: Pope, +_Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald_; Dent, _Last Forty Years_. + +=Constitution.= =Mc= Newspaper, Mackenzie starts, 320; destroyed by mob, +321; draft constitution of provisional government published in, 356. + +=Constitutional Act, 1791.= The Act was designed to harmonize the +conflicting interests of French and English by dividing Quebec into two +provinces,--Upper and Lower Canada,--thereby giving to each a larger +control of its own local affairs. It established in each province a +Legislative Council, appointed by the crown for life, and a Legislative +Assembly, elected by the people. _See_ other constitutional acts: Quebec +Act, 1774; Union Act, 1840; British North America Act, 1867. =Index=: +=E= Racial and political difficulties arising out of, 17, 18; Clergy +Reserves granted by, 102, 119, 145, 150, 151, 158. =C= Its weak points, +6; constitution suspended after Rebellion of 1837, 11; its faults +exposed by Durham, 12-13. =B= Clergy Reserves originate in, 51, 52. =Sy= +A fatal compromise, 68; meant to confer privileges of British +constitution, 73; its actual operation, 74-84; greatly increases power +of French majority in Lower Canada, 72, 80. =S= Introduction of, 1; +discussion of, 5-9; passed, 10; provisions of, 10-12; its far-reaching +effects, 13; put in force by proclamation, 48. =R= Its terms and how +they were applied, 29-35; Clergy Reserves, 46-47; Ryerson's +interpretation of, on question of established church, 78; its effect on +religious questions, 103. =BL= Its terms, 6-7; Pitt and Burke on, 6; +Grenville on, 7; Simcoe on, 7; its results, 8; intended to obviate +racial conflict, 8; makes landed provision for Church of England, 42, +343-344. =P= Divides Canada into two provinces, 21; its shortcomings, +21-23; abuse of personal power under, 24; constitution suspended, 25; +suspension recommended by Sir James Craig, 29; Papineau's eulogy of, in +1820, 34-38. =Mc= Its objects, 48, 49; debate on the bill, 49, 50; +handiwork of Pitt, 51; germ of the federal system, 51; divided Canada +into two provinces, 52; created Legislative Assembly, 52; created +Legislative Council, 52; created Executive Council, 53; General Simcoe +on, 54; Goldwin Smith on, 54; Durham's commentary on, 53, 56; +recommends revision of, 57; provisions creating Clergy Reserves, 70; +effect on parliamentary rule summarized, 71, 72; Mackenzie declares war +against, 72; silent on question of executive responsibility, 80; evils +of system of government summarized, 73-75; Durham on evils of, 76, 77. +=Bib.=: Bourinot, _Parliamentary Procedure and Government_ and _Manual +of the Constitutional History of Canada_; Houston, _Canadian +Constitutional Documents; Dominion Archives Report_, 1890; Watson, +_Constitutional History of Canada_; Durham, _Report_; Bradshaw, +_Self-Government in Canada_; Egerton and Grant, _Selected Speeches and +Despatches relating to Canadian Constitutional History_; Kingsford, +_History of Canada_; Shortt and Doughty, _Constitutional Documents of +Canada_. + +=Constitutional Associations.= =Sy= Of Quebec and Montreal, their aims, +112; send delegations to Upper Canada and to England to urge union of +the provinces, 112. + +=Constitutional Reform Society.= =BL= Organized in Upper Canada, July +16, 1836. =Dr= William Baldwin, president, Francis Hincks, secretary, +42; its programme, 42. + +=Cook, Dr. Henry.= =T= Tilley in his service, 7. + +=Cook, Captain James= (1728-1779). Served in Canada during siege of +Quebec, 1759. Discovered New Zealand, 1769, and New South Wales, 1770. +In his famous voyage of 1776-1778, explored the north-west coast of +America. Returning the following year, murdered by the natives of +Owhyhee or Hawaii, in the Sandwich Islands. =Index=: =D= At Nootka, 14; +motive of his voyage to North-West Coast, 17; his skill, courage, and +endurance, 19; search for North-West passage, 19; his voyage of 1778, +20; refits his ship at Nootka, 20; names the Sound, 20; denies existence +of Fonte's and De Fuca's channels, 21; discovers and names Prince +William's Sound and Cook's Inlet, 21; visits Unalaska, 21; sails through +and names Bering Strait, 21; reaches the Arctic, 21; killed by natives, +at Sandwich Islands, Feb. 14, 1779, 21; his narrative published, 1784, +21. =Bib.=: _Voyage to the Pacific Ocean._ For biog., _see_ Besant, +_Captain Cook_; Laut, _Vikings of the Pacific_; _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Cook River.= =D= Named by Captain Cook, 21; Captain Douglas there in +1788, 27, 28. + +=Coote's Paradise.= =Bk= Early name of Hamilton, 52. _See also_ +Hamilton. + +=Copenhagen, Battle of= (1801). =Bk= Description of, 25-31; bombardment +of, and capture of Danish fleet, 106. + +=Coppermine River.= Rises in a small lake, a little west of long. 110 deg., +and south of lat. 66 deg., and after a course of 525 miles flows into +Coronation Gulf, on the Arctic coast of Canada. It was discovered by +Samuel Hearne, 1771; and subsequently visited by Sir John Franklin, +1821; Sir John Richardson, 1848; and later travellers. =Index=: =D= +Discovered by Hearne, 51. =MS= Discovered by Samuel Hearne, 3, 31. _See_ +Hearne. =Bib.=: Hearne, _Journey from Prince of Wales Fort to the Frozen +Ocean_; Franklin, _Journey to the Polar Sea_; Richardson, _Arctic +Searching Expedition_. + +=Coquart, Claude-Godefroy.= Jesuit missionary. Accompanied La Verendrye +on his Western explorations, 1741, but got no farther than +Michilimackinac. His letter, quoted by Margry, throws an interesting +light on La Verendrye's explorations. + +=Coram, Joseph.= =T= Runs for St. John County as Anti-Confederate, 85; a +leading Orangeman, 86; defeated in St. John County, 109. + +=Corbiere, Captain.= =WM= Killed in battle of Ste. Foy, 264. + +=Corlaer.= _See_ Schenectady. =Index=: =F= Indian name for governors of +New York, 253. + +=Corn Laws.= =Sy= Their repeal advocated by Poulett Thomson, 37, 40, 52. +=B= Their effect on Canadian industries, 15, 31, 32. + +=Cornwall Canal.= =BL= Construction of, provided for by government in +1841, 98. =Bib.=: Keefer, _Canals of Canada_ (R. S. C., 1893); Mme. L. +N. Rheaume, _Origin of Cornwall and Williamsburg Canal_ (Women's Can. +Hist. Soc. of Ottawa, _Trans._). + +=Cornwallis, Charles, first Marquis= (1738-1805). Served in American +Revolutionary War; won victory at Camden over Gates, 1780, and in 1781 +defeated Greene at Guildford. In 1781 hemmed in at Yorktown between the +American army and the French fleet, and forced to surrender. +Governor-general and commander-in-chief of Bengal, 1786-1793. +Lord-lieutenant of Ireland, 1798; British plenipotentiary to negotiate +peace of Amiens, 1801. Five years later again returned to India as +governor-general, and died at Ghazeepore. =Index=: =Bk= British +plenipotentiary in negotiating peace of Amiens, 30. =Dr= Surrender at +Yorktown, 191. =Hd= His capitulation, 211-212, 297. =Bib.=: Cornwallis, +_Despatches_; Kaye, _Lives of Indian Officers_; _Dict. Nat. Biog._; +Johnston, _Yorktown Campaign_; _Cyc. Am. Biog._ + +=Cornwallis, Edward.= Born, 1812. Member of the British House of Commons +for Eyre, 1749. Appointed governor of Nova Scotia, 1749. Sailed from +England with 2576 emigrants and on July 2, 1749, reached the harbour of +Chebucto, the site of the present city of Halifax. His administration +marked by energetic measures against the discontented Acadians. Returned +to England, 1752. Elected to the House of Commons for Westminster, 1753; +major-general, 1759; subsequently governor of Gibraltar. =Bib.=: +Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_; Murdoch, _History of Nova Scotia_; +_Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia_, ed. by Akins. + +=Corpo, Father.= =L= Dies a martyr, 62. + +=Correspondent and Advocate.= Newspaper. =Index=: =Mc= Newspaper, +published by Dr. O'Grady, 259. + +=Corrupt Practices.= =BL= Bill in reference to, introduced, 99; excites +great public attention, 99; passed by Assembly, but rejected by +Legislative Council, 100. + +=Corvee.= =Hd= Ancient French custom, 122; used in transporting +provisions to upper posts, 140; complaint against Haldimand's use of, +182, 291; MacLean asks for decrease of, 306. + +=Cosmos, Amor de.= =D= Editor of _British Colonist_, 271; bitter +opponent of Sir James Douglas, 306-307; his character, 306; his tribute +to Douglas, 307-308; advocates union of colonies, 308. =Bib.=: Begg, +_History of British Columbia_. + +=Costa, Francis.= =S= Naval officer, Upper Canada, 178. + +=Costigan, John=, (1835- ). Represented Victoria in New Brunswick +Legislature, 1861-1866; elected to Dominion House of Commons, 1867; +interested himself in questions of Roman Catholic schools of New +Brunswick, and Irish home-rule. Minister of inland revenue, 1882; +secretary of state, 1892; minister of marine and fisheries, 1894. +=Index=: =C= Demands disallowance of New Brunswick Act abolishing +separate schools, 73, 77; demands amendment of constitution to secure +separate schools for New Brunswick Roman Catholics, 77. =Bib.=: Morgan, +_Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_. + +=Cote Ste. Genevieve.= =WM= Slope to the north of Plains of Abraham, +186, 252. + +=Coteau du Lac.= =Hd= Canal at, 185. + +=Coton, Father.= =Ch= Jesuit provincial, accepts proposals of Recollets, +151. + +=Couillard, Guillaume.= =Ch= Early settler, 145. + +=Couillard, Henry.= =Ch= Captain of the _Don de Dieu_, 39. + +=Couillard, Jacques.= =Ch= An interpreter, 144. + +=Council.= _See_ Legislative Council; Executive Council; Sovereign +Council. + +=Council of Assiniboia.= Appointed by the Hudson's Bay Company, for the +government of the colonists in their territory. The first meeting was +held Feb. 12, 1835, with Sir George Simpson as president. Bishop Tache, +Alexander Christie, Alexander Ross, Cuthbert Ross, and ten others formed +the Council. The Council, among other useful work, organized a volunteer +corps for defensive and police purposes; divided the settlements into +four districts with a magistrate for each; and made provision for a +public building. =Index=: =MS= Established by Hudson's Bay Company, 223; +its character, 223; Simpson head of, 244. =Bib.=: Begg, _History of the +North-West_; Bryce, _Manitoba_; Hargrave, _Red River_; Ross, _Red River +Settlement_. + +=County Courts.= =Sy= Act passed establishing, 339. + +=Courcelles, Daniel de Remy, Sieur de.= Governor of Canada, 1665-1672. +His tenure of office marked by an unsuccessful expedition against the +Iroquois, and a long and acrimonious dispute with Laval and the Jesuits. +The Marquis de Tracy was viceroy over all the French possessions in +America during a portion of the governorship of De Courcelles; and Talon +was twice intendant of New France during the same period. =Index=: =F= +Governor of Canada, 50; arrives at Quebec, 51; moves against Iroquois, +52; character, 54; expedition to Cataraqui, 59; recalled, 60. =L= +Appointed governor, 51; stands godfather to converted Iroquois chief, +65; arrival of, 79; his high character, 81; executes justice on certain +murderers, 82, 83; leads expedition as far as Cataraqui, 83; plans +erection of a fort at that point, 84; returns to France, 143. =Bib.=: +Douglas, _Old France in the New World_; Parkman, _Old Regime_; Sulte, +_Regiment de Carignan_ (R. S. C., 1902). + +=Coureurs de bois.= =WM= Described, 17, 18; furnished recruits to +militia, 31; summoned to defend the hornwork, 206. =Hd= Stir up Indians +against British, 55. =F= Created by policy of trading companies, 37; two +classes of, 88; Frontenac instructed to repress, 89; twelve captured, +99; one hanged, 100; king's decision respecting, 125; difficulty in +enforcing the law, 127; amnesty granted on certain conditions, 127; +punishments prescribed for offenders, 128. =L= Mentioned, 158; decree +against, 159. =D= Their character, 52. =Bib.=: _See_ General Index, R. +S. C.; Bancroft, _History of the North-West Coast_; Parkman, _Old +Regime_. + +=Courier.= Newspaper published at Brantford. Established, 1834. =Index=: +=Mc= Newspaper, Mackenzie's obituary in, 515. + +=Courier, Upper Canada.= =Mc= Publishes doggerel abuse of Assembly, 165. + +=Courtemanche, De.= =F= Sent to Michilimackinac, 310. =WM= Goes to +island of Orleans to prepare ambuscade, 90; slight success of, 92. + +=Courts of Justice.= =Dr= Established, 13; not satisfactory to +Canadians, 41; reform of, 54. + +=Courval, De.= =WM= Directs movements of fire rafts, 130. + +=Couture, Guillaume.= Born in Normandy, 1608. Came to Canada, 1640. Two +years later, on his way to the Huron country with Father Jogues +(_q.v._), they were captured by the Iroquois, and carried off to their +villages, where they were tortured. Couture escaped a worse fate by +being adopted into an Iroquois family. In 1661 accompanied Fathers +Dablon and Drouillette (_q.v._) on an expedition towards Hudson Bay. +Threatened by an Iroquois war-party, however, they got no farther than +Lake Necouba, and retreated down the Saguenay to Tadoussac. =Bib.=: +Parkman, _Old Regime_. + +=Cowlitz=. =D= Hudson's Bay Company vessel, 183. + +=Cox, Ross.= Went to Astoria on the _Beaver_ in 1811-1812 as an employee +of the Pacific Fur Company. When Astoria was transferred to the North +West Company, joined that Company. Spent five years on the Columbia, and +returned to the East overland. His narrative formed one of the principal +sources of Irving's _Astoria_, and is a valuable account of the fur +trade on the Pacific coast. =Bib.=: _Adventures on the Columbia River._ +For biog., _see_ Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_. + +=Craig, Sir James= (1748-1812). Distinguished himself at Lexington and +Bunker Hill, in American Revolutionary War. Appointed governor of +Jersey, 1793; and governor of the Cape, 1795. Sent to India two years +later; and in 1807 governor-general of Canada, retiring in 1811. +=Index=: =P=Governor-general of Canada, 27; his prejudice against +French-Canadians, 28; suppresses _Le Canadien_, and sends its +contributors to jail, 28-29; advises that bishop of Quebec be deprived +of appointment of parish priests, suspension of constitution of 1791, +union of Upper and Lower Canada, and confiscation of Sulpicians' +estates, 29, 159; his administration, 30-31. =Bk= Governor-general and +commander-in-chief, 90, 91; distrusts French-Canadians, 91; changes name +"Brock's battery" to "King's battery," 94; his hesitation as to issuing +arms to French-Canadian militia, 102, 103; gives his reasons, 103; his +speech at opening of Legislature conciliatory, 104; cancels commissions +of Lieutenant-Colonel J. A. Panet and others, 105; dissolves Assembly, +116; popular with the Anti-Canadian party, 116; calls for +reinforcements, 118; uses military labour in road making, 125; dissolves +the Assembly, 127; seizes _Canadien_ newspaper and arrests its +proprietors, 127; makes other arrests in Montreal district, 128; his +proclamation defending British government, 128; sends Ryland to London, +129; expresses very unfavourable opinion of French-Canadians, 129; +praises Legislative Council, 130; releases Bedard, 145; breakdown of his +health, 147, 155; gives his favourite horse "Alfred" to Brock, 156; +leaves Canada, 156; appearance and character, 156. =E= His shortcomings +as a colonial governor, 1, 19. =BL= His "blundering patriotism" as +governor, 17. =Bib.=: Rattray, _The Scot in British North America_; +_Dict. Eng. Hist._; _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Christie, +_History of Lower Canada_. + +=Cramahe, Hector Theophilus=. =Dr= Member of Council, sent by Murray on +mission to England, 16; replaces Carleton during his absence from +Canada, 59; declines to decide question of an Assembly, 61; +lieutenant-governor under Carleton, and member of Council, 90; refuses +to receive Arnold's summons for surrender of Quebec, 111; his fear of +traitors within the walls, 114; improves fortifications, 117; his +careful administration during Carleton's absence, 159. =Hd= Haldimand +solicits good offices of, 111; entertainment given by, 224; personal +relations with Haldimand, 313. =Bib.=: Kingsford, _History of Canada_. + +=Cramoisy, Sebastien=. =Ch= One of the Hundred Associates (Company of +New France), 171. + +=Crane, William.= =W= Delegate to England to represent New Brunswick +grievances, 41, 45; again sent to England by Assembly, 46; appointed to +Council, 69; resigns, 72. + +=Crawford, Isabella Valancy= (1851-1887). Born in Ireland. Came to +Canada at age of five. Lived at Peterborough, Ontario. Collected volume +of her _Poems_ published, 1905, with biographical and critical +introduction by Ethelwyn Wetherald. + +=Crawford, John Willoughby= (1817-1875). Born in Ireland. Came to +Canada, 1824; studied law and called to the bar, 1824. Sat in the +Legislative Assembly for East Toronto, 1861-1863; represented South +Leeds in the House of Commons, 1867-1873; lieutenant-governor of +Ontario, 1873-1875. Died at Government House, Toronto. =Index=: =B= +Defeats George Brown in East Toronto, 1861, 141. =Bib.=: Read, +_Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada_. + +=Crawford, Colonel.= =Hd= Leader in attack on Moravian Indians, 171. + +=Crawley, Edmund Albern= (1799-1880). Graduated from King's College, +Windsor; studied law under James W. Johnstone, and called to the bar, +1882. One of the leaders of the Baptist Church in Nova Scotia; entered +the ministry; and became the principal founder of Acadia College. +=Index=: =H= Halifax lawyer--becomes a Baptist and enters ministry, 77; +Dalhousie College refuses to appoint him to professorship, 81. =Bib.=: +Dent, _Can. Por._; Hill, _Forty Years with the Baptist Ministers and +Churches of the Maritime Provinces of Canada_. + +=Credit River.= Rises in Caledon Mountains, and enters Lake Ontario, +fourteen miles west of Toronto. =Index=: =Bk= Tract of land on, +purchased by Lieutenant-Governor Hunter from Indians, 65. _See also_ +Ryerson. + +=Cree Indians.= An important Algonquian tribe, formerly ranging +throughout what are now the provinces of Manitoba and Saskatchewan, and +north-eastwards to Hudson Bay. First mentioned in Jesuit _Relations_, +1640, 1661, and 1667, and in the early journals of the Hudson's Bay +Company. They formed an alliance with the Assiniboines, formerly of +Siouan stock, and carried their raids against hostile tribes westwards +to the Rocky Mountains, and north to the Mackenzie River. In 1776 they +numbered about 15,000, but were reduced by smallpox in 1786, and again +in 1838. By the end of the nineteenth century they had again regained +their former numbers. =Bib.=: Hodge, _Handbook of American Indians_; +Harmon, _Journal_; Mackenzie, _Voyages_. + +=Creek Indians.= A confederacy of the Muskhogean family. Known to the +English as occupying what are now the states of Alabama and Florida. +First visited by the Spaniards, under De Soto, in 1540. As a result of +the Creek War, in 1813-1814, they were removed by the American +government to Indian Territory, between 1835 and 1840. =Index=: =Hd= War +with, 69; character of, 70; their raids in Georgia, 91; Gage's opinion +of, 98. =Bib.=: Hodge, _Handbook of American Indians_. + +=Creighton, John= (1794-1878). Born in Nova Scotia. Called to the bar, +1816, and created Q. C. by royal warrant, 1845. Sat in the Legislative +Assembly of Nova Scotia, 1830-1850. Called to the Legislative Council, +1859, and elected Speaker, 1875. + +=Cremazie, Octave= (1827-1879). His life a peculiarly sad one. Having +made a failure of his business as a bookseller in Quebec, went to +France, and died there in poverty. One of the founders of the _Institut +Canadien_ of Quebec; and contributed for some years to the _Soirees +Canadiennes_ and other periodicals. His poetical works published, 1882, +under the patronage of the _Institut Canadien_, with an introduction by +Abbe Casgrain. =Bib.=: _[OE]uvres Completes_, Montreal, 1882. For biog., +_see_ Casgrain, _Biog._; Gagnon, _Quelques Notes sur O. Cremazie_ in +_Revue Canadienne_, vol. 49; also articles in same review by Abbe +Casgrain (vol. 31); and by Abbe Degagne (vol. 30). + +=Crillon, Count Edward de.= =Bk= His connection with the John Henry +letters, 186, 187; discovered to be an impostor, 188. + +=Criminal Law of England.= =Dr= Established by Quebec Act, 64. =BL= +Amendments of 1841 to reduce its severity, 99. + +=Crisacy, Marquis Antoine de.= =F= Conducts expedition for restoration +of Fort Frontenac, 341. + +=Crooks, Adam= (1827-1885). Son of James Crooks; born at West Flamboro, +Ontario. Educated at Upper Canada College and the University of Toronto. +Called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1851. Contested West Toronto for the +Assembly, 1867, but defeated; elected, 1871; defeated in East Toronto, +1875, but shortly afterwards elected for South Oxford. Attorney-general, +1871-1872; provincial treasurer, 1872-1877, to which was added in 1876 +the portfolio of education; minister of education, 1877-1883. Retired on +account of ill-health. Died in Hartford, Conn. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. +Por._; Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._ + +=Crooks, James= (1778-1860). Born in Scotland. Came to Canada, 1794, and +settled at Niagara. Engaged in mercantile life. Commanded a company of +militia during the War of 1812-1814. Shortly after the close of the war +removed to West Flamboro. Helped in the suppression of the Rebellion of +1837. For twenty-five years a member of the Legislative Councils of +Upper Canada and Canada. Died in West Flamboro. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. +Por._ and _Last Forty Years_. + +=Crosby, Thomas=. =D= Methodist missionary--arrives, 1862, 270; opens +school at Nanaimo, 1863, 270; removes to Port Simpson, 1876, 270. + +=Crown Point.= West side of Lake Champlain. Fort Frederic was built here +in 1731; rebuilt, 1734; and strengthened, 1742. It was blown up by +Bourlamaque, 1759, to prevent its falling into the hands of the British; +and the same year Amherst built a fort about two hundred yards west of +the site of Fort Frederic. This fort was captured, 1775, by Ethan +Allen's men; recaptured by Carleton the following year. Under the terms +of the treaty of Paris, 1783, Crown Point became American territory. +_See_ Arnold; Allen; Abercrombie; Montgomery. =Index=: =Dr= Seized by +Americans, 82; Arnold in his retreat burns houses at, 156. =Hd= +Haldimand commands battalion of Abercrombie's expedition by way of, 17; +fort built by Amherst at, 28; Haldimand asks that pay be allowed for, +90; vessels cruise up the lake to, 125; settlements near, to be +destroyed, 137; St. Leger sent to occupy, 211. =Bib.=: Crockett, +_History of Lake Champlain_; Smith, _Our Struggle for the Fourteenth +Colony_; Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_. + +=Crow's Nest Pass.= Discovered in the latter sixties by a trapper, +Michael Phillips, formerly in the employ of the Hudson's Bay Company. +The pass took its name from Crow's Nest Mountain, which is named Loge +des Corbeaux on one of the maps accompanying Palliser's Report, 1859. +The original Cree name, of which these are translations, is +Kah-ka-ioo-wut-tshis-tun. =Bib.=: Dawson, _Crow's Nest Pass_ (Geol. +Survey, 1885); McTavish, _The Climb of Crow's Nest Mountain_ in +_Canadian Alpine Journal_, 1907. + +=Cudlip, John W.= =T= Anti-Confederate candidate in St. John County, 85; +defeated in St. John County, 109. + +=Cumberland, Richard= (1732-1811). English dramatist. =Index=: =Hd= +Asked to select books for the Quebec library, 191. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. +Biog._ + +=Cumberland, William Augustus, Duke of= (1721-1765). Second son of +George II. Commanded British armies in Flanders and Hanover. =Index=: +=Hd= Interested in raising Swiss and German regiment in America, 9. + +=Cumberland House.= Hudson's Bay Company post. =Index=: =MS= Built by +Samuel Hearne, on Pine Island Lake, or Sturgeon Lake, in 1774, 4; rival +establishment of Montreal traders, 4. + +=Cunard, Sir Samuel= (1787-1865). Born in Halifax. His practical +training fitted him for the important role he was to fill in the +evolution of ocean shipping. Watched closely the early attempts to cross +the Atlantic by steam, and when in 1838 the British government invited +tenders for carrying the mails between Liverpool, Halifax, and Boston, +immediately sailed for England and laid before the Admiralty his +carefully-matured plans for a line of steamships. Succeeded in enlisting +the support of several big shipping firms in England, and had no +difficulty in securing the contract. So originated the Cunard company, +which from an initial fleet of four vessels of 1200 tons each and 440 +horse-power has grown to its present gigantic proportions. Was one of +the owners of the _Royal William_ (_q.v._). Made a baronet, 1859. +=Index=: =H= Establishes steamship line between Halifax and Great +Britain, 234; makes New York western terminal of his line, 234. =Bib.=: +Dent, _Can. Por._; Johnson, _First Things in Canada_, under _Steam +Communication_. + +=Cuoq, Jean-Andre= (1821-1901). Entered the Sulpician order in 1843, and +came to Canada two years later. Devoted his life to a minute study of +the languages of the Algonquian and Iroquois tribes, and became one of +the leading authorities on the subject. =Bib.=: Works; _Jugement Errone +de M. Ernest Renan sur Quelques Langues Sauvages de l'Amerique_; _Livre +des Sept Nations_; _Etudes Philolgiques sur Quelques Langues Sauvages de +l'Amerique_; _Lexique de la Langue Iroquoise_; _Lexique de la Langue +Algonquine, Anotc-Kekon._ For biog., _see Trans._ R. S. C., 1902, I, +127-128; Morgan, _Can. Men_. + +=Curacies, permanent= (_cures fixes_). =F= Question of, 165, 190. + +=Currency.= The British authorities passed an ordinance in 1764 by which +the French Louis d'or and crown were kept in circulation. First step for +a revision of the currency was taken, 1795, when an Act was passed +fixing standard of values. So-called "army bills" were issued and used +between 1812 and 1820. In 1871 an Act was passed by the Dominion +Parliament establishing a uniform currency. =Index=: =E= Decimal system +introduced by La Fontaine-Baldwin government, 86, =L= In New France, +123. =S= Act respecting, in Upper Canada, 94-95; insufficient supply of, +a great drawback, 111. =Bib.=: Johnson, _First Things in Canada_; Weir, +_Sixty Years in Canada_. + +=Curry, Thomas.= One of the first fur traders from Montreal to reach the +Saskatchewan, about 1771. Preceded by James Finlay (_q.v._). =Index=: +=MS= Leaves Montreal for western fur country, 3. =Bib.=: Mackenzie, +_General History of the Fur Trade_ in his _Voyages to the Frozen and +Pacific Oceans_; Burpee, _Hendry's Journal_ (R. S. C., 1907); _Cocking's +Journal_ (R. S. C., 1908). + +=Customs.= =S= Arrangement with Lower Canada respecting revenue of, 93. +=W= Maintained in New Brunswick by British government, 16; changes in +system, 16-18. + +=Cuthbert, James Ross.= =Bk= Of Berthier, forms a volunteer company, +from inhabitants of his seigniory, 95; an intimate friend of Brock, 95; +his zeal appreciated by Sir James Craig, 96. =Sy= Member of Special +Council, opposes union of the Canadas, 193. =BL= Supports Papineau and +popular party, 20. =P= Seignior of Berthier--supports Papineau in his +opposition to proposed union of the Canadas in 1822, 46. =Bib.=: +Christie, _History of Lower Canada_. + +=Cuvillier, Augustin.= Entered public life in 1815 as member for +Huntingdon, which he represented almost continuously up to 1844. Speaker +of Assembly, 1841-1844. Died, 1849. =Index=: =BL= Nominated by Reformers +as Speaker of Legislature, 1841, 86; member for Huntingdon, 86; his +political views, 86; carries petition to Imperial government, 86; votes +against "Ninety-Two Resolutions," 86; government inclined to accept his +nomination, but tactics of Reformers make this impossible, 87; elected +Speaker, 88. =P= Delegate to England to present grievances of +French-Canadians, 63; withdraws his support of Papineau, 86; loses his +seat in Assembly, 102. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._ + + +=Dablon, Claude= (1619-1697). Born at Dieppe. Educated at Paris and La +Fleche; joined Canadian mission, 1655; accompanied Chaumonot to Onondaga +territory, where he remained for three years; then returned to Quebec +and remained till 1661, when sent on a mission to Cree tribes in +district of Hudson Bay. In 1668 went with Marquette to Algonquian tribes +of Lake Superior. In 1770 named superior of Canadian missions and rector +of College at Quebec, but did not reach the St. Lawrence till following +year; held these positions until August, 1680, and from October, 1686, +to 1693. Edited the _Relations_ of 1671 and 1672 and compiled others +relating to 1673-1679. Died at Quebec. =Index=: =L= One of the founders +of the mission at Sault Ste. Marie, 11; dies of plague, 62; accompanies +mission to Gannentaha, 65; describes Laval's visit to Prairie de la +Madeleine, 74; quoted as to extent of Jesuit missions, 103; laments +absence of Laval, 140. =Bib.=: _Jesuit Relations_, ed. by Thwaites; +Campbell, _Pioneer Priests of North America_. + +=Dablon, Simon.= =Ch= Assisted in forming Company of New France, 168. + +=Dacre, Lieutenant.= =Dr= Sailing-master on Carleton's ship, 154. + +=Daine.= =WM= Lieutenant-general of police and mayor of Quebec. Signs +petition to De Ramezay for capitulation, 224. + +=Dalhousie, George Ramsay, ninth Earl of= (1770-1838). A Scottish peer. +Entered the army at an early age and saw service in various parts of the +world. From 1812 to 1814 commanded the 7th division of the British army +in France and Spain. Received the thanks of Parliament for his services +at Waterloo. Raised to the peerage of the United Kingdom as Baron +Ramsay. Appointed lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia in 1816. In 1819 +appointed governor-general and commander-in-chief of British North +America. Served in this capacity for nine years. From 1829 to 1832 +commander-in-chief in the East Indies. =Index=: =P= Influence did not +extend beyond Quebec, 1; his arrival as governor, 1820, 33; conflict +with Papineau, 34, 61; his harsh policy towards French-Canadians, 39; +his character, 41; founds Literary and Historical Society of Quebec, 41; +erects monument to Wolfe and Montcalm, 41; sides with Council against +Assembly, 42; promises remedy for abuses, 43; interview with Papineau, +58; refuses to confirm election of Papineau as Speaker and dissolves +Parliament, 61; his speech to Assembly, 61-62; recalled, 64, 70. =BL= +Governor-general, 1820, 19; a "disciplinarian devoid of diplomacy," 19; +leaves Canada, 20. =Bib.=: Kingsford, _History of Canada_; Rattray, _The +Scot in British North America_; _Dict. Eng. Hist._; Campbell, _History +of Nova Scotia_. + +=Dalhousie College.= Located at Halifax. Founded by George Ramsay, ninth +Earl of Dalhousie, 1818. Original endowment derived from funds collected +at the port of Castine, Maine, during its occupation, 1814, by Sir John +Sherbrooke, then lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia. Act of +Incorporation passed, 1821. First president elected and classes opened, +1838. University powers conferred, 1841. College closed for some years, +owing to lack of funds for its support. Reorganized, 1863. =Index=: =H= +Founded by the "Castine Fund," 81; taken possession of by Presbyterians, +81. =Bib.=: Hopkins, _Canada: An Ency._, vol. 3. + +=Dallas, A. J.= Born in Scotland. Engaged for some years in the China +trade. Entered service of Hudson's Bay Company; chief factor at Fort +Victoria, Vancouver Island; succeeded Sir George Simpson as governor of +Rupert's Land, 1862. =Index=: =D= Marries daughter of Sir James +Douglas, 103; governor Hudson's Bay Company, at Winnipeg, 103; president +of Victoria board of management, 265; moved to Rupert's Land, 265. +=Bib.=: Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_. + +=Dallet.= =L= Sulpician, arrival of, 105. + +=Dalling and Bulwer, William Henry Lytton Earle, Baron= (1801-1872). +British diplomatist. =Index=: =Mc= On the power of agitation, 16. +=Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Dalling's Light Infantry.= =WM= In battle of Ste. Foy, 257, 259. + +=Dalquier, Colonel.= =WM= Of Bearn regiment, 209; in battle of Ste. Foy, +259, 261, 262. + +=Daly, Sir Dominick= (1798-1868). Born in Ireland. Came to Canada, 1825; +provincial secretary for Lower Canada, 1827-1840; provincial secretary +of Canada, 1841-1848. Left Canada, and appointed by the Imperial +government lieutenant-governor of Tobago, 1851-1854. Afterwards +lieutenant-governor of Prince Edward Island, 1854-1859; and governor of +South Australia, 1861-1868. =Index=: =Sy= Provincial secretary for Lower +Canada, 283. =BL= Provincial secretary for Lower Canada, 1841, 76; his +character, 78; Baldwin's confidence in, 79; retains office under La +Fontaine-Baldwin government, 134; remains in office when rest of Cabinet +resign, 213; defends Metcalfe, 214; sole adviser, 216; provincial +secretary, 247; proposal to throw him overboard, 263. =E= Remains sole +adviser of Lord Metcalfe, 35. =Md= Constitutes an administration of one, +19. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; Taylor, _Brit. +Am._; Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Davin, _The Irishman in Canada_. + +=Daly, John Corry Wilson= (1796-1878). Born in Liverpool, England. For +some time an assistant surgeon in the navy. Emigrated to the United +States, and removed to Hamilton, 1826. Appointed surgeon to the Canada +Company, 1827, and settled at Stratford, 1829. Succeeded John Galt as +agent of the Canada Company, 1831, and took up his residence at Guelph. +In the next year returned to Stratford, where he resided until his +death. For many years agent of the Bank of Upper Canada at Stratford. + +=Daly, Malachy Bowes= (1836- ). Son of Sir Dominick Daly; born in +Quebec. Educated at St. Mary's College, Oscott, England; studied law and +called to the bar of Nova Scotia, 1864. Private secretary to various +governors of Nova Scotia. Sat in House of Commons for Halifax, +1878-1887; lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 1890-1900. =Bib.=: +Morgan, _Can. Men_. + +=Damours, Mathieu.= =F= Member of Sovereign Council, 106; arrested by +Frontenac, 139. =L= Member of Sovereign Council, 158, 166; imprisoned, +167. + +=Daniel, Andre.= Eldest son of Antoine Daniel, of Dieppe, and brother of +Charles. Died in 1637. =Index=: =Ch= Sent to London (1629) to demand +restoration of New France, 212-213. + +=Daniel, Antoine= (1600-1648). Son of Antoine Daniel, of Dieppe. Entered +the Society of Jesus; came to Canada in 1633; and in 1634 accompanied +Brebeuf to the Huron country, where they laid the beginnings of that +ill-fated mission. In 1636 came to Quebec to open the Seminary, which, +from very modest beginnings, has since developed into Laval University. +Returned to the Huron mission, and in 1648 murdered by the Iroquois. +=Index=: =L= Wounded while ministering to the dying, 5. =Ch= Murdered by +the Iroquois, 92; missionary in Cape Breton, 1633, 237. =Bib.=: Parkman, +_Jesuits in North America_. + +=Daniel, Charles.= Son of Antoine Daniel, of Dieppe. Made a notable +voyage to New France in 1629, of which he left a graphic narrative. +Arriving at Cape Breton that year, with two armed vessels, found Lord +Ochiltree, who had joined Sir William Alexander in his colonization +schemes, building a fort near Louisbourg. Seized the colonists and +carried them off to France. =Index=: =Ch= Captured by the Kirkes, 200. +=Bib.=: _Voyage a la Nouvelle-France du Capitaine Charles Daniel_. For +biog., _see_ Biggar, _Early Trading Companies of New France_; Parkman, +_Pioneers of France_; Kirke, _The First English Conquest of Canada_. + +=Daoust, J. B.= =C= One of the Liberal leaders in Lower Canada, 25. + +=Darache, Captain.= =Ch= A Basque, disregards monopoly granted to De +Monts, 40. + +=Darontal.= =Ch= Huron chief, 103. + +=Dartmouth, William Legge, second Earl of= (1731-1801). =Dr= Succeeded +as secretary of state by Germain, 148. + +=Daubressy, Captain.= =WM= Carries articles of capitulation of Quebec to +Vaudreuil, 234. + +=Daulac.= _See_ Dollard des Ormeaux. + +=David, Laurent Olivier= (1840- ). Educated at St. Therese College; +studied law and called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1864. One of +founders, and editor, of _L'Opinion Publique_, 1870. Represented +Montreal East in Quebec Legislature, 1886-1890. Called to the Senate, +1903. =Index=: =C= One of the founders of _Le Parti National_, and its +organ, _Le National_, 30. =Bib.=: Works: _Biographies et Portraits_; +_Les Heros de Chateauguay_; _Les Patriotes de_ 1837-1838; _Mes +Contemporains_; _Les Deux Papineau_; _L'Union des Deux Canadas_; _Le +Drapeau de Carillon_; _Laurier et Son Temps_; _Le Clerge Canadien_: _Sa +Mission et Son [OE]uvre_. For biog., _see_ Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian +Who's Who_. + +=Davidson, John.= =Sy= Made commissioner of crown lands, 333. =BL= +Commissioner of crown lands, proposed to retire him with pension, 125; +opposition to, 126; collector of customs, 133. + +=Davin, Nicholas Flood= (1843-1901). Born in Ireland. Studied law and +called to the English bar, 1868. Served as war correspondent during +Franco-Prussian War. Came to Canada, 1872; joined staff of the _Globe_, +and later, the _Mail_. Called to the Ontario bar, 1874. Established the +Regina _Leader_, 1883. Represented West Assiniboia in Dominion +Parliament, 1887-1900. =Index=: =BL= Quoted on Hincks, 121, 131; on +Baldwin, 172. =Bib.=: Works: _The Irishman in Canada_; _Eos, an Epic of +the Dawn_; _Culture and Practical Power_; _Ireland and the Empire_. For +biog., _see_ Morgan, _Can. Men_. + +=Davies, Sir Louis Henry= (1845- ). Born in Prince Edward Island. +Educated at Prince of Wales College; studied law and called to the bar +of Prince Edward Island, 1866. Sat in the Assembly, 1872-1879; premier +and attorney-general, 1876. Elected to the House of Commons for Queen's, +1882; minister of marine and fisheries in the Laurier administration, +1896; counsel for Great Britain before the International Fisheries +Commission at Halifax, 1877; one of the joint high commissioners on +behalf of Great Britain to settle differences between the United States +and Canada, 1898; knighted, 1897; appointed a judge of the Supreme Court +of Canada, 1902. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_. + +=Davis, Captain Sylvanus.= =F= Captured at Fort Loyal, 252; a prisoner +in Quebec, during siege by Phipps, 294. + +=Davost, Father.= =Ch= Jesuit missionary in Cape Breton, 237. + +=Dawson, George Mercer= (1849-1901). Son of Sir J. W. Dawson (_q.v._). +Studied geology and palaeontology under Huxley, Ramsay and Etheridge at +the Royal School of Mines, London. Geologist and botanist to North +American Boundary Commission, 1873-1875. Appointed to staff of +Geological Survey, 1875; assistant director, 1883; director, 1895. One +of British commissioners in Bering Sea Arbitration, 1892. =Bib.=: For +his numerous reports and papers on geological and allied subjects, _see_ +_General Indexes to Geological Survey Reports_, 1863-1884, and +1885-1906; and _Bibliography of the Royal Society_ (R. S. C., 1894). For +biog., _see_ Morgan, _Can. Men_. + +=Dawson, Sir John William= (1820-1899). Born at Pictou, Nova Scotia. +Educated at Edinburgh University. Accompanied Sir Charles Lyell on his +geological explorations in Nova Scotia. Appointed superintendent of +education for Nova Scotia, 1850. Principal of McGill University, +1855-1893, and mainly instrumental in building up the institution from a +small college to one of the first rank. Elected F. G. S., 1854, and F. +R. S., 1862; knighted, 1884. First president of Royal Society of Canada. +Author of many works on geology and palaeontology. =Index=: =T= +Commissioner to investigate King's College, 48. =Bib.=: Works: _Acadian +Geology_; _Story of the Earth and Man_; _Science and the Bible_; _Dawn +of Life_; _Origin of the World_; _Fossil Men_; _Change of Life in +Geological Times_; _Chain of Life_; _Egypt and Syria_. For biog., _see_ +_Dict. Nat. Biog._; Dent, _Can. Por._; Taylor, _Brit. Am._; Morgan, +_Can. Men_; _Cyc. Am. Biog._; Dawson, _Fifty Years' Work in Canada_. + +=Day, Charles Dewey= (1806-1884). Born in Bennington, Vermont. Came with +his parents to Canada, 1812. Called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1827; +created Q.C., 1837. Assisted in the prosecution of the insurgents who +had been arrested during the Rebellion of 1837-1838. Appointed +solicitor-general and called to the Special Council, 1839. Summoned by +Sydenham to the Executive Council, 1840, and subsequently elected to the +Assembly for the county of Ottawa. Appointed judge of the Court of +Queen's Bench, 1842; transferred to the Superior Court, 1849; resigned, +1862. Acted as commissioner for the codification of the civil laws of +Quebec; as representative of Quebec on the Arbitration Commission +appointed under the British North America Act to settle the claims of +the provinces; and as chairman of the Royal Commission to investigate +the charges against the Macdonald government in connection with the +granting of the charter to build the Canadian Pacific Railway. Held the +office of chancellor of McGill University from 1857 until his death. +Died in England. =Index=: =BL= Solicitor-general for Lower Canada, 1841, +76; represents British interests, 78; Baldwin's attitude to, 80; +introduces School Bill, 107; elevated to bench, 122. =Sy= +Solicitor-general for Lower Canada, 283. =E= Judge of Seigniorial Court, +187. =Bib.=: Taylor, _Brit. Am._; Dent, _Last Forty Years_. + +=Dean.= =Bk= Private of the 41st, gallant conduct of at Canard bridge, +236; praised by Brock on parade, 258. + +=Deane, Silas= (1737-1789). Delegate from Connecticut to Continental +Congress, 1774. Sent to France as secret political agent, 1776. +Instrumental in negotiating treaties with France, and bringing Lafayette +to America. =Index=: =Dr= Advocates canal to complete navigation between +Lake Champlain and the St. Lawrence, 230, 231. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._ + +=Dearborn, Henry= (1751-1829). Served through War of the Revolution; +accompanied Arnold's expedition to Canada. Secretary of war, 1801-1809; +appointed major-general, 1812, and assigned to command of northern +department in War of 1812; captured York, 1813, and Fort George, same +year. Minister to Portugal, 1822-1824. =Index=: =Bk= Commanded United +States troops in War of 1812, 192; at Plattsburg, 285. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. +Biog._ + +=Dease, Peter Warren.= =D= In charge of New Caledonia for Hudson's Bay +Company, 285. =MS= Succeeds William Connolly, 224; chief factor, 1828, +224; his explorations of Arctic coast, 224-225. =Bib.=: _Narrative of +Discoveries on the North Coast of America_; Bryce, _Hudson's Bay +Company_. + +=Debartzch, P. D.= Engaged in journalism. First elected to the Assembly +of Lower Canada, 1810; member of the Legislative Council, 1815. =Index=: +=P= Accepts Papineau's leadership, 34; urges him to accept mission to +England to oppose union of the Canadas, 46; his daughters, 46; withdraws +his support of Papineau, 86; interview with O'Callaghan, 146; attacked +by Papineau, 169. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._ + +=De Bonne, Judge.= =Bk= Resolution of Assembly excluding, 126. + +=Debt, Public.= =Sy= Arrangements for, under Union, 115, 193, 204, 205, +206, 207; estimated amount of, 319. + +=Declaration of Independence.= In Upper Canada. =Mc= July 1837, its +history, 330; work of Rolph and O'Grady, 330. + +=De Grey.= _See_ Walsingham. + +=De Grey and Ripon.= _See_ Ripon. + +=Delagrave, C.= =E= Commissioner under Seigniorial Tenure law, 187. + +=De Lancy's Brigade of Loyalists.= =Dr= Mentioned, 202. + +=Delaune, Captain.= =WM= Commanded the volunteers who first climbed hill +at Le Foulon, 181. + +=Delaware Indians.= A confederacy, of Algonquian stock, occupying the +basin of the Delaware River. They were known to the British as +Delawares; to the French as Loups; and they called themselves, Lenape. +Early in the eighteenth century, the Iroquois brought them into +subjection. They crossed the mountains, and formed settlements in +eastern Ohio, about the middle of the century. The remnant of the +Delawares are now on reservations in Oklahoma, with a few hundred in +Canada. =Index=: =Hd= Bring prisoners from Wyoming, 149. =Bib.=: Hodge, +_Handbook of American Indians_. + +=Delessert, B.= =Sy= Philanthropist and naturalist, 20. + +=De Lisle, Elizabeth.= =Bk= Mother of Sir Isaac Brock, 6. + +=Demers, Jerome.= =P= Criticizes Papineau for accepting mission to +England, 65-66. + +=Demers, Joseph.= =P= Urges Papineau to accept mission to England to +oppose union of the Canadas, 45. + +=Demers, Modeste.= First Roman Catholic bishop of Vancouver Island, +1847-1871. =Index=: =D= Missionary on Vancouver Island prior to 1846, +269; visits upper Fraser, 269; made bishop, 269. + +=De Mille, James= (1833-1880). Born in New Brunswick. Educated at Horton +Academy and at Brown University, Rhode Island. Subsequently professor of +classics at Acadia College and at Dalhousie College. =Bib.=: Works: +_Elements of Rhetoric_; _Helena's Household; A Tale of Rome in the First +Century_; _Young Dodge Club Series_. + +=Dene Indians.= A group of tribes, of Athapaskan stock. The name means +_men_. Morice includes four tribes in the Western Denes: Sekanais, on +the west slope of the Rocky Mountains; Babines, who occupy the shores of +the lakes of the same name, and the neighbouring country; Carriers, +whose villages extend from Stuart Lake to Alexandria on the Fraser; and +Chilcotins, who occupy the valley of the river of the same name. +=Index=: =D= In New Caledonia, 97. =Bib.=: Morice, _The Western Denes_; +_Dene Sociology_; _Notes on the Western Denes_. + +=Denison, George Taylor= (1839- ). Police magistrate at Toronto since +1877. Commanded Governor-General's Bodyguard in Fenian Raid, 1866; and +in Riel Rebellion, 1885; in 1877 won the first prize offered by the Czar +of Russia for the best _History of Cavalry_; president of the British +Empire League in Canada since 1896. One of the founders of Canada First +Party. =Index=: =Md= Opposes commercial union, 295. =Bib.=: Works: +_Fenian Raid on Fort Erie_; _Modern Cavalry_; _History of Cavalry_; +_Soldiering in Canada_; _Struggle for Imperial Unity_. For biog., _see_ +Morgan, _Can. Men_. + +=Dennis, John Stoughton= (1820-1885). Born near Toronto. Educated at +Victoria College; commissioned as surveyor of public lands, 1842. +Assisted in the organization of the Canadian militia, 1855; raised and +appointed to the command of the Toronto Field Battery, 1856; +brigade-major of the 5th Military District, 1861-1869; saw active +service during the Fenian Raid, 1866. Sent to Red River Settlement to +organize system of surveys, 1869, but was forced to withdraw. +Surveyor-general of Dominion Lands, 1871; deputy-minister of the +interior, 1878; retired, 1881; created C. M. G., 1882. =Index=: =C= His +surveys held responsible for first Riel Rebellion, 69-70. =R= +Surveyor-general, graduate of Victoria College, 144. =Bib.=: Denison, +_The Fenian Raid on Fort Erie_ and _Soldiering in Canada_. _See also_ +Riel Rebellion, 1869-1870. + +=Denonville, Jacques-Rene de Brisay, Marquis de.= Eleventh governor of +New France. Colonel of Dragoons in French army; spent thirty years in +military service before coming to Canada, in 1685, as successor to La +Barre. Although a capable officer, found himself in a difficult +situation owing to the condition to which the country had been brought +by the failure of La Barre and the intrigues of the English governor of +New York. Adopted a severe policy with the Indians, and was condemned +for his treacherous seizure of Iroquois at Fort Frontenac in 1687. The +horrible massacre of Lachine was one of the consequences of his +maladministration. Succeeded in the government of the colony by +Frontenac in 1689. Died in 1710. =Index=: =F= Succeeds La Barre as +governor, 189; comes out in same ship with Saint Vallier, 191; gives +unfavourable account of Canadian people, 192; his piety, 197; asks for +more troops, 198; corresponds with Dongan, governor of New York, 198; +desirous of constructing a fort at Niagara, 199; proposes to French king +to buy colony of New York, 202; instructed to cultivate peaceful +relations with English neighbours, 203; sends expedition to Hudson Bay, +205; receives reinforcements, 206; determines to march against Iroquois, +207; crafty policy, 208; complains of French troops, 212; erects fort at +Niagara, 213; asks for more troops, 217; receives visit from Big Mouth, +221; in attack by Iroquois on Lachine, orders troops to remain on +defensive, 225; recalled, 228; orders Fort Frontenac to be blown up, +228; stimulates Abenaquis to attack New England settlements, 249. =L= On +liquor question, 175; succeeds La Barre as governor, 193; his measures +for defence of Canada, 213; seizes certain Indian chiefs, 214; builds +fort at Niagara, 216; recalled, 218; conduct in Lachine massacre, 226, +227. =Bib.=: Girouard, _L'Expedition de Marquis de Denonville_ (R. S. +C., 1899); Parkman, _Old Regime_ and _Frontenac_. + +=Dent, John Charles= (1841-1888). Born in England. Came to Canada at an +early age; studied law and called to the bar of Upper Canada. Went back +to England and for a time engaged in newspaper work in London. Returned +to America, 1847, and spent three years in Boston; came to Canada again, +1870, and became one of the editors of the _Globe_. =Index=: =B= On the +"Double Shuffle," 108. =Bib.=: Works: _Last Forty Years_; _Upper +Canadian Rebellion_; _Canadian Portrait Gallery_. For biog., _see_ +MacMurchy, _Canadian Literature_. + +=Denys, Charles, Sieur de Fronsac.= =Ch= Settles in Miramichi, 237. + +=Denys, Nicolas= (1598-1688). Born at Tours. Early took to sea and in +1633 became interested in the fisheries of Nova Scotia. A short time +after made one of the lieutenants of Acadia under the Company of New +France, and settled at Miscou. In 1647 his fort seized by D'Aulnay, who +had just been made lieutenant-general of the colony. In 1650 his +establishment in Cape Breton captured and he himself taken prisoner. A +second attempt to settle in Cape Breton frustrated by Le Borgne. +Returned to France in 1653, and received a grant of the islands of the +St. Lawrence, including a monopoly of the fur trade, and shortly after +became governor of that territory, together with Newfoundland. In 1667 +obtained a confirmation of his rights, but in the winter of 1668-1669 +his establishment at St. Peters completely destroyed by fire. In 1671 +returned to France and engaged in the preparation of his work on Acadia. +About 1685 returned to Acadia, but his closing years darkened by the +scattering of his vast estates. Died three years later, at the age of 90 +years. =Index=: =Ch= Abandons Chedabucto and goes to Cape Breton, thence +to Miscou and Gaspe, 236. =Bib.=: _Description and Natural History of +Acadia_, ed. by Ganong. For biog., _see_ Parkman, _Old Regime_. + +=De Peyster, Arent Schuyler= (1736-1832). Joined the 8th Regiment, 1755, +and served with distinction upon the British side in the Revolutionary +War. In command at Detroit, and also at Michilimackinac. Retired to +Dumfries, Scotland, where he enjoyed the friendship of Robert Burns, and +died there. =Index=: =Hd= Commander at Detroit, 146; Haldimand's letter +to, 158; on the freemasonry of Indians, 161; Haldimand's letter to, on +defence of frontier posts, 260; thought Du Calvet should have been +hanged, 314. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._ + +=Dequen, Jean.= =L= Jesuit, devotion of, 32; his death, 33. + +=Derby, Edward George Geoffrey Smith Stanley, fourteenth Earl= +(1799-1869). Entered Parliament, 1820; Irish secretary, 1830-1833; +colonial secretary, 1833-1834 and 1841-1844. Prime minister, 1852, +1858-1859, and 1866-1868. =Index=: =E= Induces Elgin to accept +governorship of Jamaica, 9; endorses Metcalfe's policy, 37; on an +elective Upper House, 121-122. =W= Receives New Brunswick delegates, 24; +on casual and territorial revenue, 25, 27, 29; on King's College Bill, +53, 54; increases New Brunswick Council, 69; cancels Reade's +appointment, 80-81; on initiation of money grants, 92; crown lands case, +101. =T= His government defeated, 63. =B= Offers governorship to +Metcalfe, 18; justifies his policy, 23. =BL= Restores Hagerman to +office, 16; threatens to curtail existing privileges of people of Lower +Canada, 21; petition and correspondence as to public affairs in Upper +Canada, 30; condemns Bagot's policy, 151; correspondence with Metcalfe, +160-166, 167, 168-169, 176, 186-187, 209-211; defends Metcalfe in House +of Commons, and expresses his views on colonial government, 230-234; his +confidential letters to Metcalfe, 230; Sullivan's criticism of his views +on responsible government, 244; on Metcalfe's resignation, 265. =Mc= +Restores Hagerman to office, 234; colonial secretary, 236; discusses +post office, 236. =Bib.=: Kebbel, _Earl of Derby_; _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Derby.= =D= Formerly Fort Langley--proposed as capital of British +Columbia, 246. + +=De Salaberry.= =WM= Seigniorial manor of, headquarters of Montcalm, 94; +council of war meets at, 147. + +=Desandrouins, Captain.= =WM= His account of massacre at Fort William +Henry, 47-50. + +=Des Barres, William Frederick= (1800-1885). Born in Nova Scotia. +Educated at Halifax Grammar School; called to the bar of Nova Scotia, +1821. Represented Guysborough in the Assembly, 1836-1848; +solicitor-general in Uniacke government, 1848; appointed judge of the +Supreme Court, 1848; resigned, 1881. =Index=: =H= Member of Uniacke +government, Nova Scotia, 1848, 110; solicitor-general, 111; commissioner +for Halifax-Windsor Railway, 118. =Bib.=: Campbell, _History of Nova +Scotia_. + +=Des Brisay, Alexander C.= =T= Confederate candidate in New Brunswick, +elected, 89; attacks government in Assembly, 102. + +=Deschamps.= =Ch= Surgeon, with the expedition at Port Royal, autopsy +performed by, 33. + +=Deschamps, Isaac= (1722-1801). A native of Switzerland; came to Nova +Scotia in early life. Elected to the Assembly, 1761; judge of the Court +of Common Pleas for King's County, 1761; judge of the Island of St. +John, 1768; assistant judge of the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia, 1770; +chief-justice, 1785. Appointed a member of the Council, 1783. =Bib.=: +Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_. + +=Desdames.= =Ch= Clerk sent to Gaspe, returns with news of English +depredations, 181; returns to France, 209. + +=Deseille, Father.= =L= Companion of Father Marquette, 62. + +=Desertions.= =S= Very prevalent, 72; punishments for, 72; causes of, +73. =WM= From ranks of Canadian militia frequent, 152. =Bk= Followed by +capture, 60; three shot, 63; two shot, 134; from United States regiments +of the line to the Canadian side, 281. + +=Des Groseilliers.= _See_ Chouart. + +=Des Marets, Claude Godet, Sieur de.= =Ch= Son-in-law of Pont-Grave, +arrives at Quebec, 47; accompanies Champlain in expedition against +Iroquois, 52; at Cap de la Victoire, 139. + +=De Soyres, Rev. John.= =T= Conducts funeral service of Sir Leonard +Tilley, 146. + +=Desportes, Pierre.= =Ch= An early settler in Quebec, 145, 146; goes to +Gaspe, 181; remains in Quebec during English occupation, 196, 208. + +=Desquerat, Captain.= =F= Killed at Laprairie, 313. + +=Des Rivieres, Captain.= =WM= Accompanies captured British officers to +Quebec, 90. + +=Dessaules, Louis A.= Born 1819. Member of Legislative Council, +1856-1863. Edited _Le Pays_ at Montreal. =Index=: =E= Member of _Parti +Rouge_, 108. =C= One of Liberal leaders in Quebec, 25; protests against +Dorion entering Cartier's ministry, 106-107. =Bib.=: Works: _Rouge et +Noir_; _Lectures sur l'Annexion du Canada aux Etats-Unis_; _Galilee, Ses +Travaux Scientifiques et sa Condamnation_; _La Guerre Americaine_. For +biog., _see_ Morgan, _Bib. Can._ + +=Destouches.= =Ch= Clerk, appointed by Champlain as his second +lieutenant, 155; returns to France, 209. + +=Detroit.= Founded by Antoine de la Motte Cadillac (_q.v._) in 1701. The +fort remained under Cadillac's command until 1710. A census taken that +year shows six settlers cultivating the land, and twenty-nine soldiers, +traders, etc., occupying houses within the fort. De la Forest succeeded +Cadillac at the fort, 1710. Fort surrendered to the British, 1760. +Pontiac laid siege to the fort, 1763, but failed to capture it. +Transferred to United States, 1796. Captured by Brock, in War of 1812; +restored by treaty of Ghent. =Index=: =S= The most important of western +fortified posts, 51; Great Britain retains possession of, pending +settlement of certain questions, 55, 119; threatened by army under +Wayne, 133; handed over to United States, 142; River aux Raisins the +boundary of territory dependent on, during British occupation, 145. =Dr= +Defence of by Major Gladwin, 5; retained with other western posts as +security for proper treatment of loyalists, 231; handed over to United +States, 291. =Bk= Founded by La Motte Cadillac, its exciting history, +54; Brock determines to attack, 248; its strength and garrison, 249, +250; attacked, 251, 254; Hull surrenders with his whole army, 255; +important results of capture, 256. =MS= Under French regime, 11; in days +of North West Company, 12. =Hd= Company of 8th Regiment sent to, 137; a +source of anxiety, 145; De Peyster in command at, 146, 158; +reinforcements sent to, 153; Jehu Hay, lieutenant-governor of, in 1784, +158; doubtful subjects settle round, 161; difficulty of navigation to, +163; Haldimand's letter to Henry Hamilton, lieutenant-governor at, on +means for recovery of Illinois country, 167; unfortunate expedition +from, 168; Haldimand's letter to De Peyster on importance of, 260; boat +built at by North West Company, 262; Major Mathews, lieutenant-governor +at, in 1787, 332. =Bib.=: _Cadillac Papers_ (Mich. Pion. & Hist. +_Coll._, vol. 33 _et seq._); Parkman, _Conspiracy of Pontiac_; Lucas, +_Canadian War of 1812_. + +=Detroit.= Brig. _See_ Adams. + +=Devil's Hole.= =Bk= Near Fort Niagara, massacre of British troops at, +55. + +=Devos, Frederick.= =Hd= Great-nephew of Haldimand, 312. + +=Dewart, Edward Hartley= (1828-1903). Born in Ireland. Came to Canada +with his parents at age of six. Educated at local schools and at the +Toronto Normal School. Taught school for a time; entered the ministry of +the Methodist Church, 1851; editor of _The Christian Guardian_, +1869-1894. =Bib.=: Works: _Selections from Canadian Poets_; _Songs of +Life: A Collection of Poems_; _Essays for the Times_. For biog., _see_ +Morgan, _Can. Men_. + +=Dewdney, Edgar= (1835- ). Born in Devonshire, England. Came to British +Columbia, 1859. Had charge of survey of site of New Westminster, and +other engineering works. First elected to provincial Legislature, 1869; +returned to Dominion House, 1872. Appointed Indian commissioner for +North-West Territories, 1879; and lieutenant-governor of North-West +Territories, 1881. Member of Dominion Cabinet as minister of interior, +1888-1892. Appointed lieutenant-governor of British Columbia, 1892. +=Index=: =D= Builds Dewdney trail, from Hope to Similkameen, 252-253. +=Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_. + +=Dickey, Robert Barry= (1811-1903). Born in Amherst, Nova Scotia. +Studied law, and called to the bar of Nova Scotia, and of New Brunswick, +1834. Sat in Legislative Council, Nova Scotia, 1858-1867. Appointed to +the Senate, 1867. Took an active part in the negotiations leading up to +the building of the Intercolonial Railway, and the Confederation of the +provinces. =Index=: =H= Delegate from Nova Scotia to Charlottetown +Conference, 177. =T= Delegate to Charlottetown Conference, 73; and to +Quebec Conference, 77. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; Campbell, _History of +Nova Scotia_. + +=Dickson, Walter Hamilton= (1806-1884). Born in Niagara. Called to the +bar of Upper Canada, 1830. Served during the Rebellion of 1837 as a +cavalry officer. Represented Niagara in the Assembly, 1841-1851; sat in +the Legislative Council of Canada, 1855-1867; appointed to the Dominion +Senate, 1867. + +=Dieskau, Jean Armand, Baron de= (1701-1777). Of German descent; served +with distinction under Marshal Saxe. When it was made known to the court +at Versailles that the British had sent two regiments to America under +Braddock, the French decided to fit out an expedition on a larger scale, +and six regiments embarked for Canada under Dieskau, who was given the +rank of general. Immediately after assuming command, prepared to attack +the British and marched at the head of a body of men against Johnson. +Although his plans appear to have been well laid, his position was +betrayed through the action of the Indians. Severely wounded, made +prisoner and well cared for by the British. Taken to England, ruined in +health and fortune. Liberated at the conclusion of the war in 1763; and +returned to France. =Index=: =WM= Defeated and taken prisoner at Lake +George, 22. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_; Bradley, _Fight with +France_. + +=Digby, Robert= (1732-1815). Commanded the _Dunkirk_ at Quiberon Bay, +1759; second in command in Rodney's expedition for relief of Gibraltar, +1779; commander-in-chief in North America, 1781. =Index=: =Dr= Appointed +to chief naval command in America, 194. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Disney, Captain.= =Dr= Accused in connection with Walker affair, 36; +tried and acquitted, 38. + +=Dissenters.= =S= Preponderance of, in Upper Canada, 159, 160. _See +also_ Presbyterian; Methodist. + +=District Courts.= =Sy= Establishment of in Lower Canada, 255. + +=Doak.= =W= Proprietor of _Loyalist_ newspaper, arrested and released, +75. + +=Dobson.= =Bk= Brock's faithful servant, 11. + +=Dodd, E. M.= =H= Solicitor-general and member of Executive and +Legislative Councils, Nova Scotia--makes statement as to ministerial +responsibility, 76; attempts to reconcile Joseph Howe and his colleagues +to the appointment of W. B. Almon to the Executive Council, 87. =Bib.=: +Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_. + +=Dollard des Ormeaux, Adam.= A young officer of the garrison at +Montreal, who saved Montreal and the colony from probable destruction by +the Iroquois, in 1660. With sixteen companions and a few Indian allies, +he intercepted the Iroquois at the Long Sault Rapids, on the Ottawa, and +with a heroism seldom equalled in the world's history, this little band +gave their lives for their country's sake. The Iroquois, discouraged by +such unexpected resistance, abandoned the projected raid on the colony. +=Index=: =L= His heroic resistance to Iroquois at the Long Sault, 39, +69-72. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Old Regime_; _Jesuit Relations_, 1660; Faillon, +_Histoire de la Colonie Francaise_; Dollier de Casson, _Histoire de +Montreal_. The exploit has inspired several Canadian poems. _See_ +Martin, _Marguerite_; Frechette, _Legende d'un Peuple_. + +=Dollebeau, Father.= =Ch= In charge of mission at Miscou, 235; death of, +235. + +=Dollier de Casson, Francis= (1636-1701). Born in Basse Bretagne. Served +with distinction as a cavalry officer under Turenne. Came to Montreal +and joined the Sulpicians in 1666. In 1669-1670 carried out with Galinee +an important exploration of the Great Lakes. Became superior of the +Seminary of Montreal, and later vicar-general of the diocese. =Index=: +=L= Labours with Galinee on the shores of Lake Erie, 11; gives account +of Dollard's exploit, 75; lays foundation stone of Montreal church, 89; +on evil effects of sale of liquor to the Indians, 175; at Quebec, 190. +=F= His history of Montreal, 34; depicts evils of liquor traffic, 335. +=Bib.=: _Histoire de Montreal_. For biog., _see_ Parkman, _Old Regime_; +_Exploration of the Great Lakes by Dollier de Casson and de Brehant de +Galinee_, ed. by Coyne. + +=Dolu.= =Ch= Grand almoner of France, intendant, 129; his instructions +to Champlain, 132. =Bib.=: Biggar, _Early Trading Companies of New +France_; Douglas, _Old France in the New World_. + +=Domergue, Lieutenant.= =F= Killed at Laprairie, 313. + +=Don de Dieu.= =Ch= Name of vessel in which Champlain sailed for Quebec +in 1608, 39; also one of vessels of Company of New France, 245. + +=Dongan, Thomas, Earl of Limerick= (1634-1715). Colonial governor of New +York. Sent to America as governor, 1682. Resigned, 1688. Became Earl of +Limerick, 1698. =Index=: =F= Governor of New York, correspondence with +La Barre, 182; policy with Iroquois, 183; correspondence with +Denonville, 199-200; claims right to trade with Lake tribes, 203; +demands destruction of Fort Niagara, 218; advice to Indians, 219. =L= +Governor of New York, stirs up Iroquois, 185, 191. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. +Biog._; _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Dorchester, Guy Carleton, first Baron= (1724-1808). =Dr= Birth and +parentage, 29; enters army, 29; lieutenant-colonel, 30; Wolfe's +friendship for, 30; military preceptor to Duke of Richmond, 30; Wolfe +secures him for quartermaster of Quebec expedition, 31; entrusted with +important tasks, 32; wounded at Battle of the Plains, 32; served under +Albemarle at siege of Havana, 32; appointed to succeed Murray at Quebec, +32; finds divisions in the country, 33; has difficulty with his Council, +34; forwards petition of Jesuits, 35; issues proclamation relinquishing +all fees, 35; his despatch on the subject, 36; has the Walker case on +his hands, 37; dismisses Irving and Mabane from the Council, 39; his +views in regard to English and French laws, 41, 43; on state of the +colony, 44-47; anticipates revolt of American colonies, 50; endeavours +to check legal abuses, 51; orders release of small debtors, 52; issues +new ordinance respecting administration of justice, 54, 55; opposed to +creation of House of Assembly, 55; his return to England, 57; becomes +governor-general on Murray's resignation, 1768, 57; absent in England +four years, 59; replaced by Cramahe, 59; his report on manufactures of +Canada, 59; took important part in framing Quebec Act, 63; his evidence +before House of Commons, 67; sails for Canada, 75; his marriage, 75; +sends troops to Boston on requisition of General Gage, 78; receives news +of Benedict Arnold's attack on St. John's, 83; forwards troops and +proceeds to Montreal, 85; calls out militia, 86; returns to Quebec, 89; +gives guinea to Canadian soldier, 89; hurries back to Montreal, 91; +applies to Gage for two regiments, 92; his despatch explaining fall of +St. John's and impossibility of defending Montreal, 103; reaches Quebec, +112; orders all to leave the city who would not help in its defence, +114; his courage and watchfulness, 124; his estimate of the killed in +the attack on Quebec, 131; great source of strength to his followers, +133; moves out to attack enemy, who took to flight, 138; makes search in +surrounding country for fugitives in distress, 139; makes arrangements +to pursue the retreating American army, 144; meets Burgoyne at Quebec, +144-145; his operations successful, 147; Lord George Germain's enmity +to, 149; plans to improve the defences of the country, 150-151; +re-establishes the Courts of Quebec, 151; defeats the Americans in naval +engagement on Lake Champlain, 153-157; refuses to attack +Ticonderoga--his reasons, 157-158; retires with army in winter quarters, +159; superseded in charge of next year's campaign by General Burgoyne, +163; his authority limited to Canada, 163; his bitter replies to +Germain's despatches, 164-166; indignant at transfer of command to +Burgoyne, he resigns, 169; no friction between him and Burgoyne, 174; +Burgoyne's testimony, 174; makes forced levy of militia to recruit +Burgoyne's army, 178; his correspondence with Hamilton in the West, 179; +his appointments to judgeships, 183; objects to appointment of Livius +and Owen as judges, 184; his protests against improper appointments, +185; calls out one-third of militia, 187; constitutes committee of +Council, 187; his last despatch to Germain, 188; returns to England, +189; sent to America as commander-in-chief and commissioner, 193; +arrives at New York, 195; instructed to make pacific representations to +Congress, 200; applies for recall on hearing that complete independence +is to be granted to the colonies, 203; his anxiety to protect the +Loyalists, 206; appoints commissioners for exchange of prisoners, 207; +the force under his command, 208; anxious to return home but urged to +remain at New York, 212; writes to governor of Nova Scotia on behalf of +the Loyalists, 214; his correspondence largely occupied with Loyalist +affairs, 218; his last despatch from New York, 219; supports petition of +Loyalist widows for pensions, 219; created Baron Dorchester, and accepts +governorship of Canada, 221; difficulties of his position, 221; his +acquaintance with Haldimand, 222; Shelburne's opinion of value of his +influence, 222; his reception at Quebec very cordial, 223; extent of his +commission, 224; brings out William Smith as chief-justice, 224; his +correspondence with Lord Sydney, 225; appoints committee to consider +state of the law, 225, 227; also committees on commerce, police, and +education, 226-230; negotiations with Silas Deane on subject of Chambly +Canal, 230; anxiety in regard to Indian question in the west, 231; +announces intention of visiting Nova Scotia, 235; recognizes necessity +for a more popular form of government, 237; visits Loyalists in western +Canada, 238; transfers Jesuit church at Montreal to Anglicans, 241; his +efforts to increase efficiency of militia, 243, 246; receives +propositions from Vermont and Kentucky looking to separation from other +American states, 244-247; declines to allow French minister to United +States to visit Canada, 248; receives draft of bill for better +government of province, 248; thought introduction of parliamentary +institutions premature, 258, 259; sends home lists of proposed +legislative councillors, 258; not pleased with Simcoe's appointment, +259; urges claims of Sir John Johnson, 259; sails for England, 269; +returns to Canada, 271; opens second session of Lower Canada +Legislature, 276; calls out militia, 277; fully expects war with United +States, 282; his speech to the Miami Indians, 282; speech not approved +by home government, 283; expresses desire to resign, 284; gets Alien Act +passed, 288; reports improved condition of affairs, 291; wages war on +fees and perquisites, 291; surrenders his own fees, 292; opposes holding +of appointments by absentees, 292; his relations with Simcoe, 293-296; a +believer in centralized power, 294; not being sustained by home +government, resigns, 297; points of difference with Simcoe, 302; meets +his last Parliament, 303; returns to England, 303; receives addresses of +regret, 303; his character, 304; his sympathy with French-Canadians, +305; saves Canada to the Empire, 306; wreck of the frigate in which he +sailed, 306; lands at Perce, proceeds to Halifax, and sails from there +to England, 306; his death, 307; his descendants, 307. =S= His +connection with the Constitutional Act, 2; not favourable to creation of +separate province of Upper Canada, 3; goes to England, 5; orders names +of Loyalists who declared themselves before treaty of 1783 to be +registered, 70; does not support Simcoe's views in regard to Indian +department, 127; controls military operations in Upper Canada, 131; his +bold speech to deputation of Indians, 133, 146; recommends Simcoe to +fortify post on the Miami, 134; proceedings not approved by home +government, 142; his resignation, 142; disapproves of Simcoe's plans for +defence of Upper Canada, 206; supersedes purchasing agent appointed by +Simcoe, 212; his relations with Simcoe, 228. =WM= Chief of staff to +Wolfe, 75; as governor of Canada, wins affection of Canadians, 75; +establishes fortified camp on island of Orleans, 108; lands near +Pointe-aux-Trembles and takes a number of prisoners, 125; wounded in +battle of the Plains, 199. =Sy= His Canadian policy, 67, 82. =Bk= His +defence of Quebec and liberal policy towards French-Canadians, 36. =E= +His character as governor, 1. =Hd= Leases St. Maurice forges, 62; his +failure to enlist Canadian militia, 111; governor of Canada, his defence +of Quebec, 112, 121; succeeded in military command by Burgoyne, 112; +resignation of, 113; Haldimand's opinion of, 119; Captain Schank writes +to, 159; pulls down houses during siege, 187; proposal to have him +supersede Haldimand at Quebec, 188; Haldimand writes to, 189; raises +Loyalist corps, 253; returns to Quebec as governor, with title of Lord +Dorchester, 314; his opinion of Dr. Mabane, 315; his relations with +Haldimand, 330-332. =W= Thomas Carleton, a brother of, 5. =Bib.=: +Kingsford, _History of Canada_; Lucas, _History of Canada_; Bradley, +_The Making of Canada_; Egerton and Grant, _Canadian Constitutional +Development_; Shortt and Doughty, _Documents Relating to Constitutional +History of Canada_. + +=Doreil.= =WM= Commissioner of war, goes to France, 62. + +=Dorion, Sir Antoine Aime= (1818-1891). Educated at Nicolet College. +Studied law, and called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1842. Represented +Montreal in Legislature, 1854-1861. Formed administration with George +Brown, 1858. Defeated by Cartier in Montreal, 1861. Provincial secretary +in Sandfield Macdonald-Sicotte government, 1862. Succeeded Sicotte as +attorney-general, 1863. Minister of justice in Mackenzie government, +1873-1874. Chief-justice of Quebec, 1874-1891. =Index=: =Md= Opposes +political domination of the priesthood, 45-46; leader of the _Rouge_ +party in Quebec, 64, 102; opposes Confederation, 115, 118, 142; moves +amendment on Intercolonial route, 152; refuses to act upon Pacific +Scandal Commission, 205. =C= Liberal leader, and disciple of Papineau, +25; his followers, and their revolutionary programme, 26; accepts policy +of representation by population, 28; his radicalism keeps him in +opposition, 29; offered seat in administration of 1858 by Cartier, and +declines, 106-107. =E= Signs Annexation Manifesto, 81; member of the +_Parti Rouge_, 108; becomes less radical in his views, 134. =B= Leader +of the _Rouges_--his character--friendly relations with George Brown, +80-81; consulted by Brown as to forming ministry, 101; enters his +government, 102, 105, 106; his part in converting George Brown to +Confederation, 132; moves resolution favouring union of the Canadas in +1856, 132; pledged to settlement of question, 132; opposed to coalition, +160; his speech against Confederation, 175-178, 207; his motion for +adjournment defeated, 185; opposed to Brown entering coalition ministry, +199. =Bib.=: Taylor, _Brit. Am._; Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty +Years_; Willison, _Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party_. + +=Dorion, Jean Baptiste Eric= (1826-1866). Brother of preceding. One of +founders of _L'Avenir_, 1848. Sat in the Legislature, 1854-1857, and +again in 1861. =Index=: =E= Member of _Parti Rouge_, 108. =C= A Liberal +leader in Lower Canada, 25; nicknamed _L'enfant terrible_, 25. =Bib.=: +Morgan, _Bib. Can._ + +=Dorland, Philip.= =S= Quaker, elected to Assembly, but, unable to take +oath, resigns, 81. + +=Dosquet, Pierre-Herman= (1691-1777). Native of Lille, France; came to +Canada, 1721; on his return to France, 1725, consecrated bishop of Samos +and appointed coadjutor to Bishop Mornay. Later made bishop of Quebec. +While in Canada lived in the style of a seignior, much in contrast to +the simple life of Laval and of St. Vallier. Died in Paris. =Index:= =L= +Succeeds Mornay as bishop of Quebec, 12. =Bib.=: Tetu, _Eveques de +Quebec_; Casgrain, _L'Habitation de Samos_ (R. S. C., 1906). + +=Double Majority.= =Md= Meaning of the term--attitude of public men +towards, 78-79; leading plank in platform of the Macdonald-Sicotte +government, 89. =B= Origin and meaning of the principle, 82; advocated +by John Sandfield Macdonald, 142; opposed by George Brown, 143; Duke of +Newcastle on, 143; and separate school question, 145. =BL= Beginnings of +the system, 258; Hincks's views on, 259; Baldwin opposed to, 352; +Turcotte and Hincks on, 352. =Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty Years_; Pope, +_Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald_; Mackenzie, _George Brown_. + +=Double Ministries.= Brown-Dorion; Hincks-Morin; La Fontaine-Baldwin; +Macdonald-Cartier; Macdonald-Dorion; Macdonald-Sicotte; MacNab-Morin; +MacNab-Tache; Sherwood-Daly; Tache-Macdonald. _See under_ names of +individual ministers. + +"=Double Shuffle=," 1858. =B= History of, 107-108. =Md= An ingenious +device resorted to by Macdonald, Cartier, and their colleagues, to avoid +the necessity of re-election, 85-87. =Bib.=: Pope, _Memoirs of Sir John +A. Macdonald_; Dent, _Last Forty Years_; Mackenzie, _George Brown_; +Biggar, _Sir Oliver Mowat_. + +=Doucett, Joseph.= Lieutenant-governor of the Fort of Annapolis, +1717-1726. Member of the governor's Council. + +=Dougall, John= (1808-1886). Born in Paisley, Scotland. Came to Canada, +1826, and took up mercantile pursuits. For a time editor of the _Canada +Temperance Advocate_; founded the _Montreal Witness_, 1826. Died in +Flushing, New York. + +=Douglas, David= (1798-1834). Made extensive botanical collections on +the Pacific coast of North America, for the Horticultural Society of +London, 1824-1826. Crossed the continent from Fort Vancouver, on the +Columbia, to Hudson Bay; met Sir John Franklin there and returned with +him to England. Came out again to the Columbia River on a similar +mission, 1829, and went from there to the Hawaiian Islands, where he was +killed. The gigantic Douglas fir named after him. + +=Douglas, Sir Howard= (1776-1861). Entered the army, 1794; commanded a +regiment at Quebec, 1797; served at Corunna and Flushing, 1809. After +discharging various military missions, appointed governor of New +Brunswick, 1823, holding the position until 1828. Lord high commissioner +of the Ionian Islands, 1835-1840. =Index=: =W= His efforts on behalf of +King's College, New Brunswick, 50-51. =T= His appearance described, 6. +=Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Douglas, Sir James= (1803-1877). =MS= A man of Imperial mind, 225; +highest qualities as administrator, 225; with Dr. McLoughlin, 225; +marries daughter of William Connolly, 225; chief factor, 1840, 226; +governor of Vancouver Island, 1851, 225; knighted, 225; receives Simpson +at Fort St. James, 238. =D= Visits Etoline, Russian governor, 1842, +45-46; in New Caledonia, 59-60; character, 84-91; dearth of documentary +material for his life, 90; born Demerara, Aug. 15, 1803, 91; parentage, +92; educated in Scotland, 92-93; sails for Canada, 1820, and enters +service of North West Company, 93; meets John McLoughlin at Fort +William, 93; McLoughlin persuades him to join Hudson's Bay Company, 94; +accompanies McLoughlin to Columbia department, 94; McLoughlin's +friendship for Douglas, 94; his training under McLoughlin, 96; sent to +New Caledonia, 96; accompanies William Connolly over mountains, 99; with +Connolly at Fort St. James, 100; with John Tod at McLeod Lake, 100; his +activities there, 100-102; marries Amelia Connolly, 103; transferred to +Fort Vancouver, 1830, 103-110; family life there, 103; eldest daughter +marries Dallas, afterwards governor of Hudson's Bay Company at Winnipeg, +103; his work in New Caledonia, 104; his connection with Fort George +massacre, 105-109; receives Sir George Simpson at Fort St. James, 109; +at Fort Vancouver, 110; revises system of accounting at Fort Vancouver, +121; in charge of York Factory express, 1835, 121; in charge of party +that raised British flag above Fort Stikine, 1840, 121-122; builds Fort +Durham, 122; sent to dismantle Fort Durham, 122; moves Fort McLoughlin +to head of Vancouver Island, 122; sent to treat with Mexican governor, +1840, 126-127; succeeds McLoughlin as manager of Puget Sound +Agricultural Company, 132; severs his connection, 1859, on accepting +governorship of Vancouver Island and British Columbia, 132; becomes +chief trader, 1852, 135; chief factor, 1840, 133; founds Victoria, 1843, +146; examines site for fort on Vancouver Island, 176; commands +expedition charged with the building of the fort, 177; selects site, +178; proceeds next to dismantle Forts Taku and McLoughlin, 178; brings +Bolduc, first missionary, to Vancouver Island, 178; completes Fort +Camosun (Victoria), 179; returns to Fort Vancouver, 180; associated with +McLoughlin and Ogden on board of management of western department, 187; +succeeds McLoughlin in charge of western department, 1846, 187; succeeds +Blanshard as governor of Vancouver Island, 205; dual position of +Hudson's Bay Company officer and representative of crown, 207; +establishes representative government, 1856, 208-210; his inaugural +speech, 211-215; reports gold on Queen Charlotte Island, 220; issues +gold-mining licenses, 221; reports gold discoveries on Upper Columbia, +etc., 223; difficulties with the miners, 227; visits the camps, 227-228; +appointed governor of British Columbia, 229; retires from Hudson's Bay +Company, 229-230; full powers of government given him under instructions +of colonial secretary, 1858, 231; Sir Edward Bulwer Lytton's opinion of +him, 234-235; his administration of the government, 236; appoints +provincial officers, 240-241; second visit to the mining camps, 243-245; +proposes Queensborough as name of capital of British Columbia, 247; +settles Hill's Bar affair, 248; builds roads, 249-253; 257; his +resourcefulness, 249-250; plans for a transcontinental road, 253-254; +financial problems, 258-262; charged with extravagance, 261; his +prejudice in favour of Hudson's Bay Company, 263; defends their policy, +264-265; justice to the natives, 267; recommends church endowments, +270-271; conflict with Assembly over site of public buildings, 272-273; +governorship of Vancouver Island ends, 1863,--knighthood,--succeeded by +Arthur Kennedy,--retires from governorship of mainland of British +Columbia, 1864, 289; advocates union of British Columbia and Vancouver +Island, 295; public appreciation of his rule as governor, 304; leaves +British Columbia and sails for Europe, 308-309; his personal side, 309; +death, Aug. 1, 1877, 310; wife dies, 1891, 310; his character and +achievements as man, fur trader, and statesman, 342-354; compared with +McLoughlin, 351-353; personal appearance, 350-351. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. +Can._; Dent, _Can. Por._; _Cyc. Am. Biog._; Bancroft, _History of +British Columbia_; Begg, _History of British Columbia_. + +=Douglas, Captain W. M.= =D= With Meares on North-West Coast, 1788, 27; +at Cook River, 27; arrives at Nootka from Cook River with cargo of +sea-otter, 28; sails for Sandwich Islands, 28; returns to Nootka, 28; +sails from Nootka to Queen Charlotte Islands, 29. + +=Doutre, Joseph= (1825-1886). Born in Beauharnois, Quebec. Called to the +bar, 1847. Early became a leader of the Liberal party. One of the +founders of _Le Pays_, besides contributing to other newspapers. As a +result of one of his articles, fought a duel with Georges E. Cartier, +but without serious consequences. Joined the _Institut Canadien_ at +Montreal, and became the president, 1852. Took a leading part in +opposition to the Roman Catholic Church in the "Joseph Guibord Case." +Counsel for the Dominion government before the Halifax Fisheries +Commission. =Index=: =C= Liberal leader in Quebec, 25; protests against +Dorion entering Cartier's administration, 106-107. =Bib.=: Works: _Les +Fiances de 1812_; _Le Frere et la Soeur_; _Les Sauvages du Canada_; _The +Constitution of Canada_. For biog., _see_ Willison, _Sir Wilfrid Laurier +and the Liberal Party_. + +=Doutre, R.= =E= Member of the _Parti Rouge_, 108. + +=Douville, d'Agneau.= =Hd= Abandons French post at Toronto, 26. + +=Dow, Dr=. =T= Candidate in York, New Brunswick, 108. + +=Downshire, Wills Hill, first Marquis of= (1718-1793). Secretary of +state for colonies, 1768-1772. =Index=: =Dr= Approves Carleton's +recommendations, 51. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Doyle, Sir Charles Hastings= (1805-1883). Served in the army. Commander +of the forces in Nova Scotia, 1861-1868; lieutenant-governor of New +Brunswick, 1866-1867; lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 1867-1870; +commander of the forces in British North America, 1870-1874. =Index=: +=H= Lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia; Sir John Macdonald his guest in +1868, 213, =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Campbell, _History of Nova +Scotia_. + +=Doyle, Lawrence O'Connor=. =H= Contributed to _The Club_ in Howe's +_Nova Scotian_, 9; his wit, 35; offered seat in government, 103-104; +elected for Halifax, 106; member of Uniacke government, 110. =Bib.=: +Bourinot, _Builders of Nova Scotia_. + +=Drake, Sir Francis= (1540?-1596). Sailed from Plymouth for the River +Plate, 1577; passed through the Straits of Magellan, 1578; plundered +Valparaiso, 1579, and explored the western coast of North America the +same year; returned to England, 1580, by way of the Cape of Good Hope. +Vice-admiral of the fleet in the defeat of the Spanish Armada off +Gravelines, 1588. Died on board his own ship off Porto Bello and buried +at sea. =Index=: =D= On Pacific coast, 7, 8; lays foundation of British +naval supremacy, 16; takes possession of Pacific coast for Queen +Elizabeth, 62; and the Spaniards, 147. =Bib.=: Southey, _Lives of the +Admirals_; Corbett, _Drake and the Tudor Navy_; Payne, _Voyages of the +Elizabethan Seamen to America_; Froude, _English Seamen in the +Seventeenth Century_; Laut, _Vikings of the Pacific_; _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Draper, William Henry= (1801-1877). Born in London, England. In his +youth ran away to sea and served on an East Indiaman. Came to Canada in +1821 and taught school at Port Hope; subsequently studied law and began +practice at York. Elected to Assembly of Upper Canada for city of +Toronto in 1836, and made a member of the Executive Council. During the +Rebellion of 1837 acted as aide-de-camp to the lieutenant-governor. In +March, 1837, became solicitor-general, and in 1840 promoted to office of +attorney-general. After the union of the provinces retained in the +Executive Council as attorney-general of Upper Canada. It fell to his +lot to pilot the ministry through the stormy debates of the first +session, and to resist the attacks of Baldwin, Hincks, and their +fellow-Reformers. In September, 1842, saw the necessity of resigning and +gave way in order that the La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry might be formed. +In 1843 appointed to the Legislative Council, where he led the +opposition. On the resignation of the La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry in +December, 1843, accepted office with Viger, and in the exciting election +held in the autumn of 1844 obtained a bare majority for the new +ministry. In January, 1845, resigned his seat in the Legislative Council +and elected to the Assembly for London. An unsuccessful attempt to +secure the support of the French-Canadian Reform section discredited him +with the Tories of Upper Canada, and in May, 1847, withdrew from the +Cabinet, and shortly afterwards resigned his seat in the Assembly. +Appointed puisne judge of the Court of Queen's Bench for Upper Canada, +and in 1856 made chief justice of the Court of Common Pleas. In July, +1863, succeeded Archibald McLean as chief justice of Upper Canada, and +in 1869 appointed president of the Court of Error and Appeal. Continued +to act in this position until his death. =Index=: =Md= Joins Metcalfe's +administration, 19; seeks seat in Assembly, 23-24; his administration, +24; recommends Macdonald for office of commissioner of crown lands, 26; +accepts judgeship and withdraws from public life, 27-28; commissioner to +represent Canada before Hudson's Bay Committee, 1857, 83. =BL= Appointed +attorney-general, Upper Canada, 1841, 76; his previous career, 77; his +character, 77; Baldwin's attitude to, 80; pledged to support the +administration, 81; succeeds in carrying on government, 85; in +discussion as to speakership, 88; his public policy, 90; defines his +position on question of responsible government, 91-92, 94; his nickname +of "Sweet William," 92; his successful policy, 95; difficulties with +French-Canadians, 96-97; realizes need for reconstruction of ministry, +115, 122; resigns office, 123; reads Bagot's letter to La Fontaine in +the Assembly, 124; his speech in the Assembly, Sept. 13, 1842, 127; +resigns, 132; appointed to Legislative Council, 177; opposes transfer of +capital to Montreal, 183; opposes Baldwin's University Bill, 197; +supports Metcalfe, 212; executive councillor, 216; referred to in George +Brown's speech, 224; visits Lower Canada, and reports to Metcalfe on +political situation, 236-263; forms ministry, 246; attorney-general for +Upper Canada, 247; secures narrow majority in elections, 1844, 250-251; +his political dexterity, 253-255; his University Bill, 256; his scheme +for obtaining French-Canadian support, 258-235; his policy, 266-267; his +government dying, 276; resigns and becomes puisne judge of Court of +Queen's Bench, 276; his University Bill, 293; his municipal legislation, +299; his Indemnification Bill of 1845, 307-308. =Sy= Solicitor-general, +introduces Union resolution in Upper Canada Legislative Assembly, 206, +213; brings in bill for settlement of Clergy Reserves question, 245; +made attorney-general, 252; appointed to same office under Union, 283. +=B= Becomes Metcalfe's chief adviser, 20; _Globe_ criticizes his attempt +to form a coalition, 27. =C= Forms ministry, 17. =E= Acknowledges +necessity of bringing French-Canadians into Cabinet, 31; forms ministry +under Lord Metcalfe, 35; his retirement, 43. =R= Ryerson's public +letters to, 100, 120; in the Metcalfe controversy, 126; presents case +for King's College before Legislature, 149; his Provincial University +Bill, 153; bill defeated, 155. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty +Years_; Pope, _Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald_; Read, _Lives of the +Judges_. For his own writings, _see_ Morgan, _Bib. Can._ + +=Dreuilletes, Gabriel= (1610-1681). Studied at Jesuit College, Toulouse. +In 1643 came to Canada and spent a year in study of Algonquian language. +Soon became proficient in that tongue and accompanied wandering bands on +their hunting trips. In 1646 went on an expedition to the Abnaki tribes +of Maine, who had become interested in Christianity through converts of +the Sillery mission. Remained with the Abnaki one year and then removed +to district of Tadoussac, where he spent three years among the +Montagnais. In 1651 again sent to the Abnaki to form an alliance with +the New England colonies against the Iroquois, but in this was +unsuccessful. Laboured for twenty years in missions of Sillery, Three +Rivers, and other posts. In 1661 had charge of the mission to the Cree +tribes, and in 1672 spent some time in the mission of Sault Ste. Marie. +Died at Quebec. =Index=: =L= One of the founders of the Sault Ste. Marie +mission, 11. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Jesuits in North America_ and _La +Salle_. + +=Drew, Andrew= (1792-1878). Entered the navy, 1806. Took part in many of +the most important engagements during the war with France, including the +Walcheren expedition. Promoted to lieutenant for gallantry during the +fight between the _Eurotas_ and the French frigate _Clorinde_, 1814. +Promoted to commander for his brilliant defence of Cape Coast Castle +against the Ashantees, 1824. Retired and settled in Canada. During +Rebellion of 1837 offered his services to the government. Conducted the +capture of the _Caroline_, for which he received the thanks of the Upper +Canada Parliament and was appointed commander of the provincial marine. +A grant by the Assembly to provide seventy-five guineas for the purchase +of a sword of honour was not approved by the Legislative Council. +Remained in active service in Canada until 1839. Appointed to the +command of the _Wasp_ on the West India Station, where he discovered and +surveyed a dangerous rock which still bears his name, 1842. Appointed +naval storekeeper at the Cape of Good Hope, 1850. Raised to the rank of +admiral, 1862. Retired from active service and resided in England until +his death. =Index=: =Mc= In charge of the expedition which cut out the +_Caroline_, 420-421; thanked by the Upper Canadian Assembly, 423. +=Bib.=: Drew and Woods, _The Burning of the Caroline_; Dent, _Upper +Canadian Rebellion_; Lizars, _Humours of '37_; Read, _Rebellion of +1837_. _See also_ Caroline. + +=Drewe, Rev. Edward.= =S= Accompanies Simcoe as chaplain, 47. + +=Driscoll, Captain.= =Bk= Letter of, relating to death of Brock, 307. + +=Drummond, Sir Gordon= (1771-1854). Son of Colin Drummond, at one time +deputy paymaster-general of the forces in Canada. Born at Quebec. +Entered the army, 1789, and rapidly promoted until in 1794 became +lieutenant-colonel of the 8th Liverpool Regiment. Saw distinguished +service in the Netherlands and in the West Indies; became colonel, 1798, +and commanded his regiment during the campaign in Egypt, assisting in +capture of Cairo and Alexandria. In 1805 given rank of major-general and +took command of a division in Jamaica. In December, 1808, transferred to +the staff in Canada, until 1811. Served for a time in Ireland; returned +to Canada as second in command to Sir George Prevost, 1813. Took a most +prominent part in the War of 1812. From December, 1813, to April, 1815, +president and administrator of Upper Canada, and during this period +succeeded in turning the tide of victory to the British forces. Defeated +the Americans at Niagara, July 28, 1814, and followed this up by +occupying Fort Erie in November. In recognition of his splendid services +during the war, gazetted a K. C. B. On the departure of Sir George +Prevost appointed administrator of Lower Canada, and assumed office Apr. +4, 1815. Had expressed a strong desire to return to England, as it was +understood that the appointment was to be only temporary. Accordingly +relieved by Major-General Wilson, and departed from Quebec, May 20, +1816. Obtained the rank of lieutenant-general in 1825. In 1827 made a G. +C. B. Died in London. =Index=: =Bk= Takes command of troops at Montreal, +115; commander of forces in Canada, 157. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; +Read, _Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada_; Lucas, _Canadian War of +1812_; Rattray, _The Scot in British North America_. + +=Drummond, Lewis Thomas= (1813-1882). Born in Londonderry, Ireland. Came +to Canada with his mother, 1825. Educated at Nicolet College; studied +law, and called to the bar, 1836. Elected to the Assembly for Montreal, +1843, but prevented from taking his seat by the dissolution of the +Assembly. Defeated in the general election that followed, but in the +same year elected for Portneuf. Held office in the La Fontaine-Baldwin +ministry as solicitor-general for Lower Canada, 1848-1851, and became +attorney-general for Lower Canada in the Hincks-Morin government, 1851. +Held office under various administrations until 1856, when he resigned, +owing to a dispute over the leadership of the Assembly. Again took +office as attorney-general in the short-lived Brown-Dorion +administration, 1861, and as commissioner of public works in the +Macdonald-Dorion government, 1863. In the same year defeated for +re-election and retired from political life. Appointed a judge of the +Superior Court for Lower Canada, 1864. Retired, 1873. Died in Montreal. +=Index=: =E= One of the leaders of the Liberals in Lower Canada in 1851, +109; becomes attorney-general for Lower Canada in Hincks-Morin +government, 113; retains same portfolio in reconstructed ministry, 126; +and in MacNab-Morin ministry, 141; takes a leading part in settlement of +the Seigniorial Tenure, 186. =B= Enters George Brown's ministry, 102. +=Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty Years_. + +=Du Bois d'Egriseilles, Abbe J. B.= =L= Devotes his fortune to religious +work at Montreal, 135. + +=Du Calvet, Pierre.= Under the French regime engaged in the fur trade, +and, having acquired considerable wealth, remained in the colony after +the conquest. In 1764 made a magistrate and justice of the peace. +Vigorously opposed an ordinance of 1770 regulating the administration of +justice, and on several subsequent occasions clashed with the executive +authority. Suspected by Haldimand of having been in secret +correspondence with the United States, and arrested in September, 1780; +from November, 1780, to May, 1783, kept in confinement without the +opportunity of a legal trial. In 1784 went to England, where he +denounced Haldimand and sought redress before the British ministry. In +this connection published an "_Appel a la Justice de l'Etat_," setting +forth his personal grievances, but concluding with a carefully prepared +plan of government, which was considered as the basis for that adopted +in the Constitutional Act of 1791. Complaints were not favourably +received, and returned to Canada. In March, 1786, left New York for +London on board the _Shelburne_, which is supposed to have been lost +with all on board. =Index=: =Hd= Arrested on suspicion of treason, +279-280; evidence against, 281; his resentment against Haldimand, 282; +being released, enters action against him, 283; his memorial to Lord +Sydney, 284-288; his misstatements, 288; supported in his action against +Haldimand by Maseres, 290; demands a Legislative Assembly and the +_Habeas Corpus_ Act, 291; drowned at sea, 292; praised by Frechette, +292; blames Mabane for ill will of Haldimand, 305; serves writ against +Haldimand, 310. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; _Cyc. Am. Biog._; Shortt +and Doughty, _Constitutional Documents of Canada_. For full titles of +his _Appel a la Justice de l'Etat_, and _The Case of Pierre Du Calvet_, +_see_ Morgan, _Bib. Can._ _See also_ Haldimand, Sir Frederick. + +=Duchesne, Adrien.= =Ch= Surgeon, early settler, 145. + +=Duchesne, David.= =Ch= Assisted in forming Company of New France, 168. + +=Duchesneau, Jacques.= Intendant of New France, 1675-1682. His +commission invested him with the title of president of the Sovereign +Council, an office which had hitherto been filled by the governor. As +Frontenac, a man of dominant spirit, was then governor, interminable +disputes arose between him and the intendant touching questions of +precedence. Frontenac lost no opportunity of showing his resentment; and +the intendant sided with the bishop in the vexed question of selling +brandy to the Indians. Finally the quarrel came to the ears of the king, +and both governor and intendant were recalled. =Index=: =L= Appointed +intendant, 166; disagrees with Frontenac, 167; recalled, 168. =F= +Intendant, 108; his instructions, 109; claims to rank above bishop, 115; +causes king's prohibition of trading licenses to be registered in +Frontenac's absence, 117; asked to furnish particulars as to ill effects +of liquor traffic, 118; censured for interfering in matters beyond his +sphere, 120; his recommendations on the _coureurs de bois_ question, +127; dispute with Frontenac as to presidency of the Sovereign Council, +133-140; severely censured in despatch from minister, 134; accuses +Frontenac of manufacturing the news he sends to the minister, 142; his +son imprisoned for disrespect to Frontenac, 143; recall of, 143; makes +report on Acadia, 271. =Bib.=: Douglas, _Old France in New World_; +Parkman, _Frontenac_; Roy, _Intendants de la Nouvelle-France_ (R. S. C., +1903). + +=Duclos, Captain.= =WM= Constructs and commands floating battery _Le +Diable_, 82, 87, 104. + +=Dudley, Joseph= (1647-1720). =F= Provisional governor of Massachusetts, +264. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._ + +=Dudouyt, Jean.= =F= Grand-vicar to bishop of Quebec, 111; sent to +France by bishop in connection with liquor question, 118; advice to +bishop, 171. =L= Director of seminary, 55; transfers his personal income +to seminary, 56; to administer diocese in case of necessity, 134; his +mission to France, 171; grand cantor of chapter of Quebec, 197; death +of, 219. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Frontenac_. + +=Dufferin and Ava, Frederick Temple Hamilton Blackwood, Marquess of= +(1826-1902). British commissioner to Syria, 1860; under-secretary for +India, 1864-1866, and for war, 1865-1867; governor-general of Canada, +1872-1878; ambassador to Russia, 1879; transferred to Constantinople, +1881; viceroy of India, 1884; ambassador to Italy, 1888; ambassador to +France, 1891; Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports, 1891. =Index=: =D= Visits +British Columbia in connection with Confederation negotiations, 323. +=Bib.=: Works: _Journey from Oxford to Skibbereen_; _Letters from High +Latitudes_; _Inquiry into State of Ireland_; _Irish Emigration_; +_Speeches and Addresses_, ed. by Milton. For biog., _see_ Leggo, +_History of the Administration of Lord Dufferin in Canada_; Stewart, +_Canada under Lord Dufferin_; Black, _The Marquess of Dufferin and Ava_; +Lyall, _The Life of the Marquis of Dufferin and Ava_; Dent, _Can. Por._; +_Cyc. Am. Biog._ + +=Dufort, Thomas.= =Mc= Agent of Papineau to Upper Canada, 345; sets out +for Michigan, 345; secures assistance in Michigan, 427. + +=Dugas, Du Gua, or Du Guast, Sieur de Monts.= _See_ Monts. + +=Duggan, Jeremiah.= =Dr= Citizen of Quebec, assists Americans, 120. + +=Du Lhut, Daniel Greysolon= (1640?-1710). Took part in the campaign in +Flanders, and present at the battle of Seneffe, 1664. Came to Canada +latter year. Left Montreal for the West, 1678, and the following year +took possession of the country of the Sioux for France; explored the +country about Lake Superior, and gained unusual influence over some of +the western tribes; commanded at Fort Frontenac, 1696, and later at +Detroit; the city of Duluth named after him. =Index=: =F= Explorer, +discoveries of, 162; imprisoned on return to Quebec, 163; appointed post +commander among north-western tribes, 164; diverts trade from English +posts on Hudson Bay to Montreal, 164; under orders from La Barre +confiscates goods in La Salle's fort of St. Louis, 179; instructed to +rendezvous at Niagara, 181, 186, 187;, fortifies post at outlet of Lake +Huron, 202. =Bib.=: Margry, _Decouvertes et Etablissements des +Francais_; _Sieur Du Lhut_ (Minn. Hist. _Coll._, vol. 1); McLennan, +_Death of Duluth_ (R. S. C., 1903); _Jesuit Relations_, ed. by Thwaites, +vol. 62; Roy, _DuLhut_ (Catholic Encyclopedia, vol. 4); Colby, _Canadian +Types of the Old Regime_. + +=Du Marche.= =Ch= Priest at Miscou, 234. + +=Dumas, N.= =E= Commissioner under Seigniorial Tenure law, 186. + +=Dumas, Major.= =WM= Commands night expedition to destroy British +batteries at Pointe Levis, 113-115; commands Canadians in battle of the +Plains, 192, 195. + +=Dumay, Captain.= =Ch= Champlain consults with, 133. + +=Dumont's House.= =WM= Occupied in turn by British and French, 256, 258. + +=Dumoulin.= =Ch= Murdered by Montagnais Indians, 164. + +=Duncan, Adam= (1731-1804). Entered the navy 1755; commanded the _Royal +Exchange_, 1759-1760; commander-in-chief in the North Sea, 1759-1801; +defeated the Dutch off Camperdown, 1797. Raised to the peerage as +Viscount Camperdown. =Index=: =Bk= Gains victory off Camperdown, 12. +=Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Duncan, Alexander.= =D= Sails for North-West Coast with Colnett, 22; +confirms discovery of Portlock and Dixon that Queen Charlotte Islands +are not part of mainland, 22. + +=Duncan, Richard.= =S= Member of Legislative Council, 79. + +=Duncan, William.= =D= Sent out from England, 1856, by Church of England +Missionary Society, 270; establishes native industrial community at +Metla Kahtla, 270; dispute with ecclesiastical authorities, and removal +to Alaska, 270. =Bib.=: Walbran, _British Columbia Coast Names_; +Arctander, _Apostle of Alaska: the Story of William Duncan_. + +=Duncombe, Charles.= Medical doctor. Resided at Burford Plains, near +Brantford. Elected to the Legislature, 1824, and re-elected, 1836. After +the failure of the Rebellion, escaped to the United States. In 1843 +returned to Canada, but remained only for a short time. =Mc= Complains +to Glenelg of Head, 315; deals with York election, 316; his letter +referred to a committee, 321; report of the committee, 322; assembles +his forces at Brantford, 425; retreats to Scotland village, 425; +increased by one thousand, 425; men disperse, 426; amnestied, 474. +=Bib.=: Dent, _Upper Canadian Rebellion_. + +=Dundas, George= (1819-1880). Lieutenant-governor of Prince Edward +Island, 1859-1869. Afterwards lieutenant-governor of St. Vincent, West +India Islands, where he died. + +=Dundas, Henry.= _See_ Melville. + +=Dundas Street.= Also known as the Governor's Road. Built by Governor +Simcoe; connected London with the village of Dundas. Place and road were +named after the then secretary for the colonies. =Index=: =S= Name given +by Simcoe to his military road from Burlington Bay to site of present +city of London, 201. =BL= Its extent, 8. + +=Dunfermline, James Abercromby, first Baron= (1776-1858). Sat in British +Parliament, 1807, 1812-1830 and 1832; Speaker of House of Commons, +1835-1839. =Index=: =Sy= Governor-generalship of Canada tendered to, 58. +=Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog_. + +=Dunkin, Christopher= (1811-1881). Born in London, England. Educated at +the Universities of London and Glasgow. Emigrated to America; studied at +Harvard University, and for a time tutor of Greek in that institution. +Came to Canada about 1836, and engaged in newspaper work. Appointed +secretary to the Education Commission, 1838, and subsequently secretary +to the Post-office Commission. Assistant-secretary for Lower Canada, +1841-1847; called to the bar, 1846. Unsuccessfully contested the county +of Drummond for a seat in the Legislative Assembly, 1844, but elected to +represent Drummond and Arthabaska, 1857. Defeated, 1861, but elected for +the county of Brome, 1862. Retained his seat until Confederation, when +elected by the same county to the House of Commons. At first an opponent +of Confederation, but afterwards a strong supporter. Provincial +treasurer of Quebec, 1867; entered the Dominion Cabinet as minister of +agriculture, 1869. Appointed a judge of the Superior Court of Quebec, +1871; held office until his death. Name associated with the Canada +Temperance Act, better known as the "Dunkin Act." =Bib.=: Dent's _Can. +Por._ and _Last Forty Years_. + +=Dunlop, William= (1795?-1848). Born in Scotland. Served as a regimental +surgeon in War of 1812 and in India. Came to Canada in 1826, with John +Galt (_q.v._); and took part in the establishment of the Canada Company +(_q.v._). In Scotland, had been the intimate of John Wilson +("Christopher North," of _Blackwood's_), Maginn, and Hogg, and had done +some literary work, which he continued in Canada. Founded the Toronto +Literary Club, 1836. Represented Huron in the Legislature, 1841-1846. +=Index=: =BL= Attacks proposed reconstruction of ministry, 1842, 132; +significance of his nickname of "Tiger," 132. _See also_ Canada Company; +Galt; Talbot. =Bib.=: _Statistical Sketches of Upper Canada_. For biog., +_see_ Lizars, _Days of the Canada Company_ and _Humours of '37_; Dent, +_Last Forty Years_; Rattray, _The Scot in British North America_; +Morgan, _Bib. Can._ + +=Dunmore, John Murray, Earl of= (1732-1809). Royal governor of Virginia, +appointed 1771. Returned to England after the Revolutionary War, and in +1786 appointed governor of the Bermudas. =Index=: =Hd= His letter to +Haldimand, 92. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._ + +=Dunn, John Henry.= Came to Canada in 1820, from England. +Receiver-general and member of Executive and Legislative Councils of +Upper Canada. Died in London, 1854. =Index=: =BL= Receiver-general, +appointed to Council by Head, 38-39; receiver-general, 1841, 76; a +moderate Reformer, 78; Baldwin's confidence in, 78; retains office under +La Fontaine-Baldwin government, 134; beaten in Toronto, 1844, 253. =Sy= +Made receiver-general of united province, 283, 332. =Mc= Appointed +executive councillor, 294; resigns, 294. =Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty +Years_. + +=Dunn, Oscar= (1844-1885). Journalist. =Index=: =C= His statements as to +Cartier's quarrel with Macdonald over terms of British North America +Act, 103. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._ + +=Dunn, Robert.= =S= Presbyterian clergyman, performed marriage services +in contravention of the law, 164; second clergyman to settle in Niagara +district, 165; drowned in wreck of the _Speedy_, 165. + +=Dunn, Thomas= (1731-1818). Engaged in mercantile life; came to Canada +shortly after the conquest. In 1764 appointed a member of the first +Legislative Council of Quebec. A member of the new Council formed under +Quebec Act, and one of the five selected by Carleton for the Special +Privy Council. On the passing of the Constitutional Act, appointed one +of the first executive and legislative councillors of the Lower +Province, and during five different periods acted as president of the +Legislative Council. On departure of Sir Robert Milnes, in 1805, assumed +the administration of the province and continued to act until the +arrival of Sir James Craig in October, 1807. Again in 1811, during the +interval between the departure of Sir James Craig and the arrival of Sir +George Prevost, entrusted with the administration. =Index=: =Dr= +Appointed judge, 183. =Bk= Becomes civil administrator with title of +president on departure of Sir R.S. Milnes, 69, 73; differences with +Brock, 77; confident of loyalty of French-Canadians, 86; calls out +one-fifth of militia, 94, 96; becomes administrator again on departure +of Craig, 157. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Christie, _History of Lower +Canada_. + +=Dunning, John.= _See_ Ashburton. + +=Dunvegan.= A trading-post on the left bank of the Peace River, about +lat. 56 deg., and long. 118 deg. 40'. Built by A. R. McLeod for the North +West Company about the beginning of the nineteenth century. It was named +after the "cold, bleak, rock-built castle of the McLeods of Skye." +Daniel Williams Harmon stationed there, 1808-1810, and Simon Fraser +visited him there on his way east from exploring the river that bears +his name. =Bib.=: Burpee, _Search for the Western Sea_. + +=Du Parc, Jean Godet, Sieur.= =Ch= Comes to Canada, 47; left in charge +of colony (1610), 60. + +=Dupleix, General.= =WM= Abandonment of, by French government, 53. + +=Duplessis-Bochart, Guillaume Guillemot.= Sent to Canada, 1632, by the +Company of New France. Led a trading expedition up the Ottawa River, +1636. Killed by the Iroquois at Three Rivers, 1651. =Index=: =Ch= +Presents pictures to church of Notre-Dame de la Recouvrance, 240; brings +out settlers, 252. + +=Du Plessis Bonneau, Thomas, Sieur.= =Ch= Director of Company of New +France, 170. + +=Duplessis de Ste. Helene, Mere Andre.= =L= Her piety, 92. + +=Duplessis-Mornay.= _See_ Mornay. + +=Duplessis, Pacifique.= Came to Canada with Champlain, 1615. Returned to +France, 1618. Came again, 1619, and died the same year. =Index=: =Ch= +Recollet missionary, 85; death of, 117. =Bib.=: Douglas, _Old France in +the New World_; Parkman, _Pioneers of France_. + +=Dupont, Nicolas.= =F= Member of Sovereign Council, 106. =L= Member of +Sovereign Council, 158, 166. + +=Dupont.= =Ch= Name given by Champlain to the Nicolet River, 52. + +=Dupont-Grave.= _See_ Pont-Grave. + +=Duprat, Captain.= =WM= Brings word of impending attack on left of +French position, 138. + +=Dupuis, Captain.= =L= Heads mission established at Gannentaha, 65, 67. + +=Dupuy, Claude Thomas.= Intendant of New France, 1726-1728. Although a +man of some ability, was extremely pretentious and self-opinionated, and +became involved in constant quarrels with the governor and the bishop. +=Bib.=: Roy, _Intendants de la Nouvelle-France_ (R. S. C., 1903). + +=Duquesne de Menneville, Michel Ange, Marquis de.= Appointed governor of +New France 1752, in succession to La Jonquiere. His policy was to +intercept communication between New England and the western Indians and +thus to restore the Indians to dependence on France. In the spring of +1753 sent a force of a thousand men under Morin to the Ohio district; a +fort was built at Presque Isle and another, Fort Le Boeuf, inland on +River Le Boeuf. Disease made ravages among the troops, and while 300 +were left to garrison the forts, the remainder were compelled to return +to Montreal, and Duquesne's plans for a further advance were frustrated. +Nevertheless the Indians were brought into submission to the French. +Improved the organization of the government of the colony, and through +thorough discipline raised the efficiency of the colonial troops. +Succeeded in 1755 by the Marquis de Vaudreuil. =Bib.=: Parkman, +_Montcalm and Wolfe_; Bradley, _The Fight for Canada_; Fiske, _New +France and New England_. + +=Durell, Philip.= Second-in-command, under Admiral Saunders, before +Quebec, 1759. =Index=: =WM= Instructed to cruise off St. Lawrence, 75; +makes some captures, 78; arrives at Ile-aux-Coudres, and establishes +camp, 88; his grandson captured, 90. =Bib.=: Wood, _Logs of the Conquest +of Canada_ and _The Fight for Canada_; Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_. + +=Durham, John George Lambton, Earl of= (1792-1840). Entered British +Parliament, 1814, for county of Durham, and won recognition as an +advanced Reformer. Brought forward plan of parliamentary reform in 1821. +Raised to peerage, 1828. Member of Grey's ministry, 1830. Sent to St. +Petersburg on special mission, 1833. Ambassador to Russia, 1836. Sent to +Canada in 1838 to bring order out of the chaos of the Rebellion. His +famous Report followed. His policy in Canada excited much opposition +both in Great Britain and Canada. The House of Lords voted disapproval +of some of his acts, and he took the extraordinary step of returning to +England without either being recalled or obtaining the royal consent. +Nevertheless the wisdom of his recommendations has since been abundantly +justified. Died at Cowes, in the Isle of Wight, soon after his return. +=Index=: =Mc= "A man ahead of his time," 6, 7; speech on the Reform +Bill, 14, 15; his report on the Constitutional Act, 55; on the position +of lieutenant-governor, 56; on the Legislative Council, 57; on the +Executive Council, 58, 63, 64; says Reformers are justified in demanding +responsible executive, 59, 67, 68, 69; points out powerlessness of +Assembly, 60; on the Family Compact, 62, 65; Clergy Reserves one of the +chief causes of Rebellion, 71, 72; on evils arising from Constitutional +Act, 75, 76; says representative government was guaranteed by +Constitutional Act, 76; his report justifies Reformers, 77; Stuart J. +Reid on the Report, 78, 79; analogy between Report and "Seventh Report +on Grievances," 79, 80; Union Act of 1840 based on Report, 80; +recommends responsible government, 81; authorship of Report, 82, 83; on +Head's interference in election, 309; on the causes of disaffection, +402; the remedy, 403. =Md= On representation by population, 71; on +federal union, 93-95. =T= His views on union, 61. =C= His inquiry and +report, 11-12; Poulett Thomson sent out to Canada to give effect to his +recommendations, 12; would merge French-Canadians in the Anglo-Saxon +race, 12; exposes frauds of Constitution of 1791, 13; in favour of +ministerial responsibility, 96. =H= His report before Nova Scotia +Legislature, 53; advocates Intercolonial Railway, 99. =P= On Papineau's +refusal to accept Lord Goderich's offer of control of the revenue, 77; +exiles leaders of Rebellion to Bermuda, 138; his action vetoed by +Imperial government, 139; vindicates his action in a parting +proclamation, 139; on the system of government in Lower Canada, 157; +denied access to Canadian documents in Paris archives, 165; his scheme +for union of the Canadas arouses opposition of French-Canadians, 170. +=R= Ryerson on, 115; Ryerson supports his recommendations, 117; his +Report, 120-122. =MS= Comes to Canada, 243; his Report, 243; appoints +Adam Thom to his staff, 245. =Sy= His lack of discretion, 57, 89; his +Report, 85, 89-97, 345; his Report welcomed by British party in Lower +Canada, 95; and Reformers of Upper Canada, 96; criticized in report of +the Upper Canada Assembly, 97-100; also in report of committee of +Legislative Council, 100-103; quoted against his own Report, 162. =B= On +causes of Rebellion in Lower Canada, 11, 53; his remedy for political +discontent, 12, 13; estimates numerical strength of Church of England in +Upper Canada, 52-53; his Report quoted, on land grants, 53-54; on +representation, 82-83; and Confederation, 129; his plan of legislative +union, 263. =BL= On political situation in Upper Canada, 17; and Lower +Canada, 17; in period of reconstruction, 50; sent to Canada, 53; +previous career, 53; his arbitrary methods in Canada, 54; attacked in +House of Lords, and his ordinance granting amnesty disallowed, 55; his +proclamation, 55; his recall, 55; his Report, 55-58; Imperial government +acts upon his advice, 59; his recommendations, 66; recommends +responsible government, 137, 273; John Stuart Mill on, 149; on the +duties of the governor, 161, 163; his Report quoted by Baldwin, 222; and +Elgin, 274; eulogized by Draper, 277. =E= His characteristics as a +statesman, 2; his daughter marries Lord Elgin, 14; sound principles laid +down in his Report indicated by Lord Elgin, 15; compared with Elgin, 15; +sums up nature of conflict in Lower Canada, 18; advocates ultimate +domination of English element, 23, 55; his views on representative +government, 25-26; on land grants to United Empire Loyalists, 144-145; +on Clergy Reserves, 148, 154-155; on American misconstruction of +conditions in Canada, 190-191; on economic conditions in Canada in +1838-1839, 191; suggests remedies, 192-193, 194, 195. =Bib.=: _Report on +the Affairs of British North America_; Haliburton, _Reply to the Report +of the Earl of Durham_; Bradshaw, _Self-Government in Canada_; Egerton +and Grant, _Canadian Constitutional Development_; Garnett, _The +Authorship of Lord Durham's Report_; Christie, _History of Lower Canada; +Dict. Nat. Biog.; Dict. Eng. Hist._; Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Dent, _Can. +Por._; Reid, _Life and Letters of Lord Durham_. + +=Dutch Colonists.= =Ch= Their relations with the Iroquois, 52. =Dr= +Admixture of, among United Empire Loyalists, 240. =Bk= Emigration of, +from Pennsylvania to Upper Canada, 49. + +=Duval, Jean.= =F= Executed for conspiracy against Champlain, 8. =Ch= +Locksmith, accompanies Champlain to Quebec, 41; leads conspiracy to +assassinate him, 42; executed, 43. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Pioneers of +France_. + +=Duval, Jean Francois Joseph= (1801-1881). Born in Quebec. Studied law +and called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1823. Represented Quebec in the +Assembly, 1830-1834. Appointed to the bench, 1839; judge of the Superior +Court, 1852; judge of the Queen's Bench, 1855; chief justice of the +Queen's Bench, 1864; retired, 1874. Died in Quebec. =Index=: =E= Member +of Seigniorial Court, 187. =Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty Years_. + +=Du Verger, Father.= =Ch= Promotes Recollet mission to Canada, 83. + +=Du Vernet.= =Ch= Interpreter, 144. + +=Du Vignau, Nicolas.= =Ch= His alleged discoveries, 74-77, interpreter, +144. =Bib.=: Champlain, _Voyages_; Parkman, _Pioneers of France_. + + +=Earthquake of 1663.= Known in Canadian history as the "Great +Earthquake." The most extravagant accounts have come down as to the +circumstances attending this earthquake, but it was undoubtedly the most +serious disturbance of the earth's crust, in Canadian territory, of +which we have any record. It affected chiefly the valley of the St. +Lawrence from Montreal to the gulf, a region more susceptible to seismic +disturbance than any other in Eastern Canada. Kingsford cites +contemporary reports of similar phenomena in 1638 and 1766. =Index=: =F= +Described by Avaugour, 46-47. =L= Lalemant's account of, 42-45; Marie de +l'Incarnation on, 45; conversions resulting from, 45-46. =Bib.=: +Charlevoix, _Histoire de la Nouvelle France_; Lalemant, _Relation, +1663_; Ragueneau, _Vie de Catherine de St. Augustin_; Marie de +l'Incarnation, _Lettres_; Parkman, _Old Regime_; Kingsford, _History of +Canada_. + +=Eastern Townships.= =Hd= Proposition to settle with disbanded +Loyalists, 264. =Dr= Settled by British Americans, 289; mixed population +of, 288. =Bib.=: Day, _Pioneers of the Eastern Townships_; Day, _History +of the Eastern Townships;_ Thomas, _History of the Eastern Townships_. + +=Easton, James.= =Dr= American officer, demands surrender of Carleton at +Sorel, 113. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._ + +=Eau, Chevalier d'.= =F= Goes on embassy to Iroquois, 262. + +=Echemin Indians.= A tribe closely resembling the Micmacs of Nova +Scotia, and inhabiting in the seventeenth century what is now eastern +Maine and New Brunswick. They lived by hunting and fishing. =Index=: +=WM= Enemies of the English, 16. + +=Edgar, Sir James David= (1841-1899). Studied law, and called to the bar +of Upper Canada, 1864. Elected to House of Commons, 1872. Sent on +political mission to British Columbia, in connection with Canadian +Pacific Railway. Returned to Parliament, 1884; elected Speaker of the +House of Commons, 1896. =Index=: =Md= Sent to British Columbia by +Mackenzie government, 234. =D= Sent to Victoria, 1874, as special agent +of Dominion government, in connection with Canadian Pacific Railway, +320. =Bib.=: Works: _This Canada of Ours and Other Poems_; _The White +Stone Canoe_; _Canada and its Capital_. For biog., _see_ Morgan, _Can. +Men_. + +=Edmonton.= Capital of province of Alberta. Situated on the North +Saskatchewan. Occupies site of Edmonton House, of the Hudson's Bay +Company, and, at a still earlier date, Fort Augustus, of the North West +Company. Later was built by Hughes, and known at one time as Fort des +Prairies. =Bib.=: Cameron, _The City on the Saskatchewan_. + +=Edmonton House.= =MS= Built by Hudson's Bay Company, 6. + +=Education.= =Md= University endowment in Upper Canada, 28-30; +Macdonald's connection with separate school question, 82, 84; compulsory +education established, 116. =W= State of, in New Brunswick, 83; Wilmot's +interest in, 83; grammar schools, 85-86; college of New Brunswick, 86; +Madras System, 86-87; lack of public interest in schools, 88-90; +Wilmot's views on education, 90-91. =T= Improvement in school system, +20; King's College, 20-22. =WM= Limited to a few, but excellent, 23. =R= +In Upper Canada, 51-59; petitions, 54-55; Common School Bill, 1816,--its +provisions, 56-57; Board of Education, 58; provisions of amending Act, +1824, 58; the university question, 133-162; the common school system, +163-213; separate school question, 215-245; grammar or high schools, +247-268. =E= Gradual improvements in common school system after 1841, +87-89; Mrs. Jamieson on the Upper Canadian schoolmaster, 87; Lord +Elgin's interest in educational problems, 88. =BL= System of common +schools provided for in government programme, 1841, 89; Act passed, 105; +previous legislation for higher education, 105-106; for elementary +schools, 106-107; terms of new Act of 1841, 107-108; school laws of +1843,189-190; Baldwin's University Act, 190; history of the university +movement in Upper Canada, 191-197; under second La Fontaine-Baldwin +ministry, 281, 286, 292, 338-339. =Sy= Demand that Clergy Reserves +should be applied to purposes of, 240-242. =S= Simcoe's efforts in cause +of, 166. =C= In the clerical colleges of Quebec, 3-5; Lord Elgin on, 5; +Cartier's work for, in Lower Canada, 114; in Quebec, 37-38. =Dr= +Committee on, appointed, 226; conflicting views on, 227-229. =H= In Nova +Scotia,--Joseph Howe advocates compulsory education, 79; and an +undenominational provincial university, 82; again introduces his measure +for public schools, 115. =B= George Brown's views on, 47, 59, 61, 62-64, +75, 121-123, 145; separate school question, 121-123, 144-145. =Hd= In +the early days of British rule, 233-236. _See_ Ryerson, Egerton; +Strachan, John; Simcoe, John Graves; Grammar Schools; Universities; +Public Schools; Libraries; Manitoba School Question; Separate Schools. +=Bib.=: _Canada: An Ency._, vols. 2, 3, and 4; Chauveau, _L'Instruction +Publique_; Dawson, _Fifty Years' Work in Canada_; Hodgins, _Documentary +History of Education in Upper Canada_; Ryerson, _Story of my Life_; +Meilleur, _L'Education du Bas-Canada_; Millar, _Educational System of +Ontario_; Ross, _Universities of Canada_; _Education in the Canadas_ +(Archives Report, 1899). + +=Edward VII= (1841-1910). Succeeded to throne, 1901. =Index=: =E= His +visit to Canada in 1860, 7. =Md= Visits Canada in 1860, and opens +Victoria bridge, 87. =Bib.=: _Dict. Eng. Hist._; Morgan, _Tour of Prince +of Wales through Canada_; Gough, _The King's Visit to Canada_. + +=Edward and Annie.= =MS= The vessel which brought the Red River settlers +from Stornoway to Hudson Bay, 150-151. + +=Effiat, Duc d'.= =Ch= Second in list of Hundred Associates (Company of +New France), 170. + +=Eldon, John Scott, first Earl= (1751-1838). British statesman. =Index=: +=Sy= Resigns from Cabinet, 16. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Election Frauds.= =B= In Russell County and Quebec City in 1857, +99-100, 106. + +=Election Laws.= =BL= Bill introduced, 99; rejected by Council, 100; La +Fontaine-Baldwin government brings in a broader measure, 144; its terms, +144-145; opposition of Conservative press, 145-146; electoral reform +measures, 286. + +=Elgin, James Bruce, eighth Earl of= (1811-1863). =E= His qualities as a +statesman, 3-4; his success in Canada, 4; his lineage, 5-6; his personal +character, 6-8; education, 6; his contemporaries at college, 7; enters +Parliament, 8; accepts governorship of Jamaica, 9; death of his first +wife, 9; his successful administration in Jamaica, 10-12; returns to +England, 1846, 13; accepts governor-generalship of Canada, 13; his +second marriage, 14; influence of Durham, 15; contrasted with Durham, +15; his arrival in Montreal, 1847, 16, 26, 40, 41; views on the +political situation, 41-43; obtains from Imperial government +reimbursement of plague expenses, 48; his tour through Upper Canada, 49; +on agricultural associations, 50; dissolves Parliament, 50; calls upon +La Fontaine and Baldwin to form administration, 52; comments on +character of new government, 52-53; his letters to Lord Grey, 54-56; +views on the French question, 55-56; his antipathy to Papineau, 56; on +economic conditions, 57-58; on annexation sentiment, 58; on +inter-imperial trade, 58-59; his course in connection with Rebellion +Losses Bill, 71-78; attacked by mob, 74; Imperial government approves +his action in signing bill, 78; second visit to Upper Canada, 79; raised +to peerage, 80; condemns Annexation Manifesto, 81; on causes of +commercial depression, 82; urges reciprocity with United States, 82, +101, 107; vindication of his policy on Rebellion Losses Bill, 83-84; +views on education, 88-89; his admiration for Baldwin, 104; on +parliamentary representation, 118-119; on an elective Upper House, +120-121; visits England in 1853, 123; tribute from United States +minister in London, 123-124; visits Washington and negotiates +Reciprocity Treaty, 124; resents John Sandfield Macdonald's rebuke, 129; +on the appeal to the country in 1854, 132, 133; opens fifth Parliament, +135; advises repeal of Imperial Act of 1840, 164-165, 167; on the +attitude of the Church of England in Canada, 169; his efforts to kill +annexation sentiment, 189-190, 194, 195; his efforts to secure +reciprocity, 196; visits United States and negotiates treaty, 197; signs +treaty June 8, 1854, 198, 201; succeeded as governor-general by Sir +Edmund Head, Dec. 19, 1854, 203; parting address from Legislature, 203; +his reply, 204-205; his last speech in Quebec, 205-208; returns to +England, 209; views on colonial self-defence, 209-212; accepts mission +to China, 212; his part in suppressing Indian Mutiny, 213; negotiates +treaty of Tientsin, 214; official visit to Japan, 214; negotiates treaty +of Yeddo, 214; returns to England, 215; British apathy as to colonies, +215; becomes postmaster-general in Palmerston government, 215; Lord +Rector of Glasgow University, 215; his second mission to China, 215; +governor-general of India, 216; his tour in Northern India, 218; holds +Durbar at Agra, 218; suppresses Nahabu outbreak, 218; illness and death, +Nov. 20, 1863, 218-219; his views on Imperial honours, 222; his +principles of self-government, 227; on British connection, 229, 231; on +the status of a constitutional governor, 231-232; beneficial results of +his policy, 233, 235; on colonial self-government, 239-240; on the +American political system, 257-258. =B= On causes of depression in +Canada, 32; his far-sighted statesmanship,--views on imperial unity, 33; +introduces self-government in Canada, 33; and the Rebellion Losses Bill, +34-38. =Md= Succeeds Cathcart as governor-general, 26; upholds +responsible government, 32-33; gives assent to Rebellion Losses Bill, +36-38; mobbed in Montreal, 38; sober second judgment of the people +justifies his action in approving the bill, 41; his action approved by +British government, 42; effects Reciprocity Treaty with United States, +45, 98, 216. =T= Brings about Reciprocity Treaty, 29. =BL= Mentioned, +75; attitude to responsible government, 138; chosen by Liberal +government as governor-general, 272; his character, 272; his grasp of +the colonial situation, and attitude towards responsible government, +273; first to apply successfully the principle, 273; liberally +interprets his instructions, 274; marries Durham's daughter, 274; a +thorough believer in Durham's doctrines, 274; his statesmanlike grasp of +the true attitude of the governor, 274-275; enters Montreal, January, +1847, 275; Hincks on, 275-276; Draper on, 277; dissolves Parliament, +Dec. 6, 1847, 278; his solution of the Canadian question, 282-283; calls +Parliament at Montreal, Feb. 25, 1848, 283; sends for La Fontaine to +form ministry, 284; his high opinion of second La Fontaine-Baldwin +ministry, 285; interview with Baldwin and La Fontaine, 285-286; brings +session to a close, 286; on commercial depression in Canada, 301; +consents to Rebellion Losses Bill, 321; mobbed in Montreal, 305, 322, +324; his attitude towards the bill, 332-334; loyal reception to in +Toronto, 338. =R= Concedes full measure of responsible government, 126. +=C= On education in Quebec, 5; urges Cartier to enter Cabinet, 22; and +the Rebellion Losses Bill, 32; his letter to Lord Grey on the state of +the country in 1849, 44; most enlightened and most popular governor +before Confederation, 98; aids cause of responsible government, 98. =H= +Attends public dinner to Joseph Howe at Toronto 1851, 138; represents +British North America at Boston railway celebration, 1851, 250. =Mc= +Assents to Amnesty Act, 480. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Dent, _Can. +Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Walrond, _Letters of +Lord Elgin_; Wrong, _The Earl of Elgin_; Le Moine, _Le Comte d'Elgin_ +(R. S. C., 1894). + +=Eliott, G. A.= _See_ Heathfield. + +=Elisa, Francisco.= Commanded Spanish expedition to Nootka, 1790. +Carried on extensive explorations in 1791, returning to Monterey the +following year. =Index=: =D= His attempt to explore Juan de Fuca Strait +in 1790, 26; sends Fidalgo to examine northern coast same year, 26. +=Bib.=: Bancroft, _North-West Coast_. + +=Ellice, Edward= (1781-1863). =P= Seignior of Beauharnois, suggests to +colonial secretary union of Upper and Lower Canada, 47; his design +revealed, 49; meets Papineau, 53. =MS= Opposes sale of Red River land to +Selkirk by Hudson's Bay Company, 210-212; quoted on Dr. John McLoughlin, +220; before Hudson's Bay Company Committee, 272. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. +Biog._ + +=Elliott, Colonel.= =Bk= Indian superintendent at Amherstburg, 151; in +charge of Indians in western district, 230. + +=Elliott.= =Dr= Commissioner for exchange of prisoners, 207. + +=Elmsley, John= (1762-1805). Born in England. Succeeded William Osgoode +as chief-justice of Upper Canada, 1796, and again as chief-justice of +Lower Canada, 1802. At the same time became a member of the Executive +Council. In February, 1803, appointed president of the Legislative +Council--a position he held until his death. =Index=: =S= Becomes +chief-justice, 178. =Bk= His death, 69. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; +Read, _Lives of the Judges_. + +=Embargo.= =Bk= On United States ships, 83, 108; benefits Canadian +trade, 109, 115; disastrous effects of, both in United States and in +England, 110, 111; withdrawn, 114. + +=Emigration.= =Sy= Sydenham's views on, 321; grant by British government +in aid of, 322. + +=Emulous.= =Bk= British ship, prizes taken by, 224. + +=End, William.= =W= Votes against address of New Brunswick Assembly, 46; +referred to by Wilmot, 95; moves amendment in regard to money grants, +97; interrupts Wilmot's speech, 108, 109. + +=Endemare, Father.= =Ch= Jesuit, goes to Fort Ste. Anne in Cape Breton, +237. + +=England.= =Bk= At war with republican France, 8; its invasion +threatened, 10; mutiny in the fleet and insubordination in the army, 11; +isolation of, 23; makes peace of Amiens, 30; declares war with France, +44; threatened by Napoleon, 71; the Berlin Decrees directed against, 81; +without an ally in Europe, 82; orders-in-council in reply to Berlin +Decrees, 93, 106, 111, 120; intense anxiety in, as to war in Peninsula +(1811), 140; prostration of trade, 167; neglect of military protection +of Canada (1812), 184; its main force necessarily concentrated on +struggle in Europe, 269. + +=English Colonies.= =F= Goods cheap in, 154; pay better price for furs, +154, 175, 201; political confusion prevailing in, after downfall of +James II, 263. =WM= Colonists sell goods to Indians on more advantageous +terms than the French, 21. + +=English Colonization.= =WM= Egoism the principle of, 17; Parkman on, +20; demoralizing effect of, 20. =Bib.=: Fiske, _New France and New +England_. + +=English Law.= =Hd= Introduction of, by the royal proclamation, 59. =Dr= +Sometimes inconsistently invoked by those who in general objected +thereto, 40. + +=English Settlers in Canada.= =Dr= Position taken by, 9; find French +laws irksome, 12; Murray's description of, 14, 24, 26; send delegate to +England, 16; petition for Murray's recall, 17; described by Carleton, +47; object to Carleton's ordinance of 1770, with respect to +administration of justice, 55. + +=Enos, General Roger= (1729-1808). =Hd= In command of Vermont troops, +211; proposes to settle two Canadian townships, 266. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. +Biog._ + +=Epidemics.= =L= Ravages of, 239. _See_ Smallpox. + +=Equal Rights Association.= Formed in Toronto, in 1889, to secure the +disallowance of the Jesuits' Estates Act, and generally to oppose what +was described as the "political encroachments of ultramontanism." Among +the principal founders were D'Alton McCarthy, William E. O'Brien, and +Clarke Wallace. =Index=: =Md= Grew out of agitation over Jesuits' +Estates question, 289. + +=Erie Indians.= A large tribe, of Iroquois stock, inhabiting in the +seventeenth century the country between Lake Erie and the Ohio. After a +long war, the Eries were practically wiped out by the Iroquois, in 1656, +the few survivors being adopted into the Iroquois confederacy. =Bib.=: +Hodge, _Handbook of American Indians_. + +=Erie, Lake.= Area 10,000 square miles. Discovered by Brebeuf and +Chaumonot, 1640. It is possible that the lake may have been first seen +by white men at a still earlier date, when the Franciscan friar, La +Roche Dallion, visited the Neutral nation, 1626, but there is no direct +evidence. The lake is mentioned under its present name in Lalemant's +_Relation_ of 1641, as well as in that of Ragueneau, 1648. La Salle's +_Griffon_ was the first ship to sail its waters, 1679. First clearly +shown on Sanson map of 1650. =Bib.=: Chaumonot, _Vie_; Harris, _Early +Missions_; Parkman, _Jesuits in North America_. + +=Ermatinger, Francis.= =D= His expedition to Sacramento in 1841, 132. +=Bib.=: Simpson, _Journey round the World_; Bryce, _Hudson's Bay +Company_. + +=Erskine, David Montagu, second Baron= (1776-1855). =Bk= British +minister at Washington, premature announcement of, with respect to +orders-in-council, 120. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Eskimos.= American aborigines, formerly occupying practically the +entire coast of North America from Newfoundland around to the Aleutian +Islands; now confined to the northern coast of the continent, and the +Arctic Islands. They call themselves Inuit, meaning "people," the name +"Eskimo" having been given them by some of their Indian neighbours. +=Bib.=: Hodge, _Handbook of American Indians_; Reclus, _Primitive Folk_. +_See also_ United States Bureau of Ethnology _Reports_. + +=Esquimalt.= Naval station, four miles from Victoria, Vancouver Island. +=Index=: =D= Suggested as site for city, 175; Douglas's spelling of +name, 175; H. M. S. _Constance_ arrives there, 184. + +=Essex.= =Bk= United States frigate, captures British transport, 225. + +=Estaing, Charles Hector Theodat, Count d'= (1729-1794). =Hd= His +proclamation to French-Canadians, 123. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._ + +=Esten, James C. Palmer= (1806-1864). Born in Bermuda. Educated at the +Charter House, London; called to the English bar. Came to Canada, 1836, +and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1838. Served as a volunteer +during Rebellion of 1837. Practised his profession at Toronto. Appointed +vice-chancellor, 1849. =Bib.=: Read, _Lives of the Judges_. + +=Etoline, Adolphus Karlovich.= Director of the Russian-American +colonies, 1841-1845. =Index=: =D= Succeeds Kuprianoff as governor of +Russian America, 1840, 45; splendour of his establishment, 45; visited +by James Douglas, 45. + +=European and North American Railway.= =W= Wilmot's attitude towards, +127. =T= Peto, Brassy, and Betts propose to construct, 26; subsidies +offered by province, 26; progress of, 44. + +=Eustache, Sir J. R.= Born 1795. Educated at St. Peter's College, +Cambridge. Entered the army; served in Upper Canada in command of the +19th Light Dragoons; present at the battle of Lundy's Lane and at the +storming of Fort Erie; knighted for distinguished services. Took part in +the suppression of the Rebellion of 1837-1838 in Lower Canada; +high-sheriff of Kildare, 1848; lieutenant-general, 1859. =Bib.=: Morgan, +_Cel. Can._ + +=Eustis, William= (1753-1825). =Bk= United States secretary of war, his +confident prediction of conquest of Canada, 215. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. +Biog._ + +=Evans, Lieutenant.= =Dr= Case against, in connection with Walker +affair, dismissed by grand jury, 38. + +=Evans, James= (1801-1846). Born in Kingston-upon-Hull, England. +Emigrated to Canada; opened a school near L'Original, and about 1828 +moved to Rice Lake, where he entered the Methodist ministry, and began +his life-long Work among the Indians. In 1840 given charge of missionary +work in the North-West, with headquarters at Norway House. Had already +devoted much time to the study of the native languages, and while at +Norway House invented the Cree syllabic characters, a simple, phonetic +system, by means of which the Indian was taught to read with surprising +facility. At first cast his own type, built his own press, and printed +on birchbark. Later obtained more effective materials, and set up +catechisms, hymn-books, and portions of the Bible in syllabic. =Bib.=: +Young, _The Apostle of the North_; McLean, _James Evans, Inventor of the +Syllabic System_; Carroll, _James Evans_ in the _Methodist Magazine_, +October, 1882; Pilling, _Bibliography of the Algonquian Languages_. + +=Ewan, John Alexander= (1854-1910). Born in Aberdeen, Scotland. Educated +in Scotland and in Canada. Assistant editor of the Toronto _Globe_ for +many years; war correspondent for that paper during Boer War, 1899-1902. +=Index=: =B= Witnesses shooting of George Brown by Bennett, 255-256; +seizes Bennett, 256. + +=Examiner.= Newspaper published at New York. =Index=: =Mc= Published by +William Lyon Mackenzie, 470. + +=Examiner.= Newspaper published at Toronto. =Index=: =Sy= Advocates +responsible government, 107; supports union of provinces as leading +thereto, 212; on Clergy Reserves question, 247. =E= Chief organ of the +Clear Grits,--owned by James Lesslie, 110. =BL= Established by Hincks, +July 3, 1838, 58; in the interests of responsible government, 58; +excites interest in Oxford County, 69; Hincks explains his political +position in, 104; on Hincks, 179-180; Macdougall contributes to, 341. +=Mc= Of Toronto, newspaper, published by Sir Francis Hincks, 483; on the +riots, 483; its estimate of Mackenzie, 484, 485. + +=Executive Council.= =Mc= In Upper Canada; created under Constitutional +Act, 53; irritating relations with Assembly, 55, 58; Durham on, 61; real +advisers of the governor, 63; responsibility of, demanded by Upper +Canada Reformers, 64, 69; Durham's view of effect of irresponsibility +of, 65, 66; Sir John Colborne's view of, 279; Lord Glenelg's view of, +286. =Dr= In Lower Canada, how composed, 269. =Sy= Its powers and +influence, 74-76, 78; practically controlled the governor, 175; +necessity for change in, 177; its defects described by Sydenham, 220, +221; changes made in, 334, 335; salaries of, 334. =W= In New Brunswick, +its irresponsibility, 5, 6. + +=Executive Office.= =Sy= Tenure of, in Canada, 175; Lord John Russell's +despatch on, 180-182; press comments on new regulations respecting, 183, +184. + +=Exhibitions.= The first industrial exhibition held in Canada, and +probably the first in the world, was that of 1737, promoted by the +Intendant Hocquart. It included fruits and grains, woods and furs, and +the products of the mines and the fisheries. The exhibition was +afterwards sent to France. A provincial exhibition was held in Toronto +in 1846; Ottawa had an exhibition in 1878; Montreal in 1880; Halifax in +1881; and St. John in 1883. Since then many other cities and towns have +used this means of illustrating the industrial resources of the locality +and the country. =Bib.=: Johnson, _First Things in Canada_. + +=Expulsion of Acadians.= _See_ Acadians, Expulsion of the. + +=Extradition with United States.= =Sy= Sydenham takes part in +negotiations for, 336. + +=Eyre, Eustache R.= =S= Fort major, 47. + + +=Faillon, Abbe Michel Etienne= (1799-1870). Historian. =Index=: =F= +Quoted, 4, 9; his description of conduct of Perrot, governor of +Montreal, 96, 97. =Ch= Error in history of, 207. =Bib.=: Works: _Vie de +Mme. d'Youville_; _Vie de Mlle. Mance_; _Vie de Mlle. Le Ber_; _Histoire +de la Colonie Francaise en Canada_. For biog., _see_ Desmazures, _L'Abbe +Faillon: Sa Vie et ses [OE]uvres_. + +=Fairchild, Mrs.= =Hd= Haldimand's housekeeper, 314, 328, 329. + +=Fairfield, John= (1797-1847). Sat in Congress, 1835-1839; governor of +Maine, 1839-1840, and 1842. Member of the United States Senate, +1843-1847. =Index=: =W= His connection with the Aroostook War, 135. +=Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._ + +=Falconbridge, Sir Glenholme= (1846- ). Born at Drummondville, Ontario. +Educated at the University of Toronto, graduating 1866. Called to the +bar, 1871. Appointed judge of the Queen's Bench, Ontario, 1887; +chief-justice, 1900. Knighted, 1909. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; +_Canadian Who's Who_. + +=Falkland, Lucius Bentinck, Viscount.= Governor of Nova Scotia, +1840-1846. =Index=: =H= Lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 69; his +character and policy, 69; invites Howe to join the Council, 69; his +administration, 71; calls upon Howe, Uniacke and MacNab to give reasons +for their resignation from Executive Council, 87; Howe upsets his +theories of government, 89-92; lampooned by Howe, 92-93; conflict for +supremacy, 94, 97; Howe makes insulting reference to, in Legislature, +100-101; returns to England, 1846, 102. =Bib.=: Campbell, _History of +Nova Scotia_; Saunders, _Three Premiers of Nova Scotia_. + +=Family Compact.= A group of Tory leaders in Upper Canada, so nicknamed +by their political opponents because they held power as a distinct +group, allied by bonds of political, social, and religious sympathy. +Term also used in other provinces, in connection with somewhat similar +conditions. =Index=: =Mc= Their loyalty tested, 10; Durham's view of, +62, 65, 66; great influence of, 66; lasting and extensive monopoly of +power, 66; decides on Gourlay's destruction, 89; destroys _Colonial +Advocate_, 115; incensed at Lord Goderich's concessions, 230; secures +Head's sympathy, 302. =Md= Its character and aims fiercely debated, 13; +opposition to, of Macdonald, Draper, and Morris, 27. =Sy= Its beginning, +77; its foundations laid by Governor Simcoe, 78; attempt to identify +Reform party with Mackenzie's rebellious proceedings, 85; condemned by +Durham in his Report, 96; criticisms of Report, 97-104; Sir George +Arthur allies himself with, 110; opposed to union of provinces, 130; +Sydenham's opinion of, as given by _Colonial Gazette_, 138; its +controlling influence, 177; not a political party, 179; not specially +connected by family relationship, 180. =B= Rebellion in Upper Canada +attributed by Durham to ascendancy of, 11. =E= Fight against, 21; +attacked by Hume Blake, 69; Mackenzie ill-used by, 91; selfishness of +its members, 92; Bishop Strachan and, 150. =BL= Its character, 11-12; +denounced by W. L. Mackenzie, 13; opposed to union of the Canadas, 61; +its restoration hoped for, 113. =MS= Responsible for Rebellion of 1837, +242. _See also_ Strachan, John; Mackenzie, W. L.; MacNab, Sir Allan +Napier; Robinson, Sir John Beverley. =Bib.=: Kingsford, _History of +Canada_; Durham, _Report_; Mackenzie, _Sketches of Canada_; Bradshaw, +_Self-Government in Canada_; Dent, _Upper Canadian Rebellion_; Robinson, +_Life of Sir John Beverley Robinson_. + +=Famine Creek.= =L= La Barre's expedition halts at, 193. + +=Fancamp, Baron de.= =L= Presents shrine to Bonsecours chapel, 177. + +=Fanning, Edmund= (1737-1818). Held various offices in the American +colonies before the Revolution. Removed to Nova Scotia, and in 1786 +governor of Prince Edward Island. Rose to the rank of general in the +army, 1808. =Index=: =Dr= Commands King's American Regiment, 202; +succeeds Patterson as governor of Prince Edward Island, 235. =Bib.=: +_Cyc. Am. Biog._ + +=Farnborough, Sir Thomas Erskine May, first Baron= (1815-1886). Born in +London. Assistant librarian of the House of Commons, 1831; examiner of +petitions for Parliament, 1847-1856; clerk of the House of Commons, +1871-1886; and president of the Statute Law Revision Committee, +1866-1884. Appointed privy councillor, 1885, and created Baron +Farnborough, 1886. =Index=: =Mc= On difficulties of granting responsible +government, 21; responsible government granted in Upper Canada in 1847, +25; principle of, adopted in other colonies about the same time, 25; on +effect of responsible government, 490. =Bib.=: _Constitutional History +of England since the Accession of George III._ + +=Farrer, Edward= (1850- ). Canadian journalist. =Index=: =Md= Chief +editorial writer of the _Globe_, 312; his pamphlet on annexation--its +terms, 312-313; assumes sole responsibility for, 314. =Bib.=: _Canadian +Who's Who_. + +=Fay, Jonas= (1737-1818). =Hd= Vermont emissary, 209. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. +Biog._ + +=Fenelon, Francois de Salignac.= =L= Sulpician, sent on mission to Lake +Ontario, 105; his reserve as to his own labours and sacrifices, 109; +school for young Indians established by, 125; attacks Frontenac from the +pulpit, 160; refuses to furnish copy of his sermon and is cited before +the Council, 162; his conduct not approved by his ecclesiastical +superiors, 162; nor by the king, 164. =F= Intermediary between Frontenac +and Perrot, 92; indignant at Perrot's arrest, 93; preaches sermon +against Frontenac, 93; circulates memorial in Perrot's favour, 96; +summoned to Quebec, 98; his conduct before the Council, 101; sent to +France, censured, and not allowed to return to Canada, 102, 103. _See +also_ Frontenac; Perrot. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Frontenac_; Garneau, _History +of Canada_. + +=Fenety, George E.= =W= On Wilmot, 131. + +=Fenian Raids.= The Fenian Brotherhood is said to have been formed about +1858 in Ireland and the United States, the object being to liberate +Ireland from its connection with England, and establish a republic. A +history of the movement in Ireland will be found in McCarthy's _History +of our Own Times_, and in O'Leary's _Recollections of Fenianism_. Early +in 1866 the American branch of the Brotherhood planned an invasion of +Canada. The Canadian militia was called out, but the invasion was +postponed. In April, the New Brunswick border was threatened, and troops +marched to the defence of St. Andrews and St. Stephen. The Fenians +thought better of it. Late in May another party, under one O'Neil, +crossed from Buffalo to Fort Erie and advanced to Ridgeway, where they +were driven back. In 1870 the same O'Neil led his followers into Quebec, +but was again repulsed. In 1871 he made a similar attempt in the West, +but a detachment of United States troops from Fort Pembina followed, +arrested him, and dispersed his followers. An aftermath of the earlier +Fenian Raids was the murder of Thomas D'Arcy McGee (_q.v._) in Ottawa, +1868. =Index=: =Md= Claims for damages, 166-167; claims withdrawn, +175-177; irritation in Canada, 176; Imperial government assumes +responsibility for their settlement, 177; gives Imperial guarantee of +loan for public works and defence in Canada, 178, 196. =T= Influence on +Confederation, 98; history of, 99, 105-107; referred to in address in +Assembly, 102. =BL= Feared by Metcalfe in 1843, 186. =B= Threatened in +1866--influences New Brunswick electorate towards Confederation, 188. +=C= As an argument for retaining British troops in Canada, 92; Cartier's +speech on, in House, 1872, 110. =Bib.=: Somerville, _Narrative of the +Fenian Invasion of Canada_; Campbell, _The Fenian Invasions of Canada of +1866 and 1870_; Dent, _Last Forty Years_; _Correspondence relating to +the Fenian Invasion_, Ottawa, 1869; _Trials of the Fenian Prisoners at +Toronto Who Were Captured at Fort Erie, C. W., in June, 1866_, ed. by +George R. Gregg, and E. P. Roden; McMicken, _Fenian Raid on Manitoba_ +(Manitoba Hist. and Sc. Society, 1888); Hannay, _History of New +Brunswick_; Macdonald, _Troublous Times in Canada_; Denison, _Soldiering +in Canada_ and _The Fenian Raid on Fort Erie_. + +=Fer, Jules de.= =Dr= His report on loyalty of French-Canadians, 301. + +=Feret.= =Ch= Of Dieppe, discovers manuscript of Champlain's _Brief +Discours_, 7. + +=Ferguson, Adam.= =R= Opposes Sir Charles Metcalfe, 126. + +=Ferland, John Antony Baptist= (1805-1865). Member of faculty of Laval +University, 1855-1865. =Index=: =L= Quoted as to difficulty of educating +young Indians, 63; passage quoted from on Mere de l'Incarnation, 93-95; +on enterprise of Talon, 114; on creation of bishopric of Quebec, 133; on +advantage of connection of seminary with Foreign Missions, 140; on La +Salle, 149; on educational labours of the nuns, 155; praises stand taken +by Laval in regard to liquor traffic, 173; on return of Laval in 1688, +220. =Bib.=: Works: _Cours d' Histoire du Canada_; _Opuscules_; _La +Gaspesie_; _Joseph-Octave Plessis_; _Voyage au Labrador_. For biog., +_see_ _Cyc. Am. Biog._; Bibaud, _Pan. Can._; Morgan, _Cel. Can._ + +=Ferrier, James.= =B= His account of the negotiations between Brown and +the government prior to Confederation, 152. + +=Fidalgo, Salvador.= Accompanied Elisa to North-West Coast, 1790; +founded a Spanish settlement in Fuca Strait, 1792, and removed the post +the same year to Nootka. Still there in 1793 when Vancouver visited the +place. =Index=: =D= Sent by Elisa to examine northern coast, 1790, 26. +=Bib.=: Bancroft, _History of the North-West Coast_. + +=Fidler, Peter= (1769-1822). Entered service of Hudson's Bay Company, +about 1791. Carried on extensive explorations and surveys in the +North-West. Left a series of manuscript journals, covering the records +of his explorations for over a quarter of a century. These are said to +be in the archives of the Hudson's Bay Company in London. Also left an +eccentric will, of which Bryce gives a synopsis. =Bib.=: Bryce, +_Hudson's Bay Company_; Burpee, _Search for the Western Sea_. + +=Fiedmont, Jacquot de.= =WM= Engineer, fortifies bridges over River St. +Charles, 85-86; opposes capitulation, 225; directs artillery fire +against British camp, 230. + +=Finances of Canada.= =Sy= Sydenham's efforts to rehabilitate, 315-320. + +=Finlay, Hugh.= =Dr= Deputy postmaster-general, 243; expresses views of +the English-speaking people of Quebec in letter to home government, 248. +=Hd= On political situation, 174. + +=Finlay, James.= =MS= Leaves Montreal for western fur country, 3. +=Bib.=: Mackenzie, _History of the Fur-Trade_ in his _Voyages_; +_Hendry's Journal_ (R. S. C., 1907); _Cocking's Journal_ (R. S. C., +1908). + +=Finlay, James, Jr.= =MS= Joins XY Company, 14; on Peace River, 1792, +62. + +=Finlayson, Duncan.= =MS= Chief factor Hudson's Bay Company, 1832, and +governor of Assiniboia, 225; Alexander Ross on, 225. + +=Finlayson, Roderick= (1818-1892). =D= Second in command at Victoria, +1843, 180; chief officer on death of Charles Ross, 1844, 181; his birth, +181; joins Hudson's Bay Company, 1837, 181; his service and character, +181; his narrative, 181; responsible for story of Captain Gordon and the +salmon that would not rise to a fly, 183-184; becomes chief accountant +of Western department, 188; holds position up to 1862, 188. =Bib.=: +Bancroft, _History of British Columbia_; Walbran, _British Columbia +Coast Names_. + +=Fire Rafts.= =WM= Unsuccessful employment of by French at Quebec, 131. + +=Fireships.= =WM= Ineffectual employment of by French, 98; described by +Captain Knox, 99; Montcalm on the cause of their failure, 99. + +=Fisher, Charles= (1808-1880). Born in Fredericton. Educated at King's +College and called to the bar, 1833. Contested York for the New +Brunswick Assembly, 1834, but defeated. Elected for York, 1837, and +continued to hold the seat with slight intervals until after +Confederation. Entered the New Brunswick government, 1848, but resigned, +1850, owing to a difference with the lieutenant-governor. Appointed a +delegate to the Portland Railway Convention, 1850. Became premier and +attorney-general in the first purely Liberal government formed in New +Brunswick, 1851. Resigned, 1856; in the following year resumed office +and remained at the head of affairs until 1861. Appointed a delegate to +the Trade Convention at Detroit, 1865. Again entered the government as +attorney-general, 1866. Represented New Brunswick as one of the +delegates to the Quebec and Westminster Conferences. Represented York in +the first Dominion House of Commons. Appointed a judge of the Supreme +Court of his native province, 1868. Died in Fredericton. =Index=: =W= +Elected for York, 47; defeated in York, 66; opposes address to Metcalfe, +74; his efforts on behalf of responsible government, 91; elected for +York, in 1846, 102; moves want of confidence resolution, 103, 105; +defeated, 111; supports responsible government, 116; his influence, 117; +defeated in 1850, 128; opposes reduction of number of judges, 130. =T= +His character, 12; resigns, 18-19; attacks the government, 30-31; +attorney-general in Fisher government, 43; retires from government, 51; +re-elected for York, 52; delegate to Quebec Conference, 77; elected as +Confederation candidate in York, 95-96; moves amendment to address, 102; +attorney-general, 105; defeats Pickard, 108; moves Confederation +resolution, 115-116; sent as delegate to England, 120; elected for York +to first Dominion Parliament, and moves the address, 131. =Bib.=: +Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_. + +=Fisheries Question.= =Md= Rights of American fishermen expire with +denunciation of Reciprocity Treaty, 166; the fishermen reluctant to +abandon former rights, 167; Canada's exclusive right to the inshore +fisheries recognized by Britain, 173; reciprocal trade proposed by +Canada as equivalent for the fishing rights, but rejected by Americans, +174; latter propose $1,000,000 for rights in perpetuity, 174; Macdonald +objects to any such arrangements, 174-175; Americans offer limited +reciprocity, 181; acceptable to British commissioners except Macdonald, +181-182; arbitration proposed by United States commissioners, 182; +Macdonald's dilemma, 183-185; opposition to treaty in Canada, 185; +Halifax Award, 190. =E= Under the Treaty of 1854, 198-200. =Bib.=: +Isham, _Fishery Question, its Origin, History and Present Situation_; +Bourinot, _Fishery Question, its Imperial Importance_; Elliott, _United +States and the North-Eastern Fisheries_; Ricci, _Fisheries Dispute and +Annexation to Canada_. + +=Fitzgerald, Edward.= =B= On agricultural possibilities of North-West +Territories. 214. + +=FitzGibbon, James= (1780-1863). Born in Ireland. Joined the Tarbert +Fencibles, 1798; served in Holland the following year, and in 1801 +present at the battle of Copenhagen. The same year came to Canada with +the 49th Regiment, and served under Brock with distinction in the War of +1812. In command of the British at Beaver Dam. In 1822 appointed +assistant adjutant-general; and in 1827 clerk of the House of Assembly. +Commissioned as colonel of the second West York Regiment 1831, and took +an active part in the suppression of the Rebellion of 1837. Returned to +England, where in 1850 made a military knight of Windsor. =Index=: =Bk= +Describes gallant conduct of Savery Brock at Egmont-op-Zee, 18-20; his +reminiscences of Brock, 66-67. =Sy= Made clerk of Legislative Council, +334. =Mc= Defeats rebels at Montgomery's farm, 379. =Bib.=: FitzGibbon, +_A Veteran of 1812_; Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_; Dent, _Upper +Canadian Rebellion_; Read, _Rebellion of 1837_; Lizars, _Humours of +'37_; Morgan, _Cel. Can._ + +=Fitzherbert, Mrs.= =Hd= Haldimand's opinion of, 335. + +=Fitzmaurice, Lord Edward.= =Dr= On Germain, 170. + +=Fitzpatrick, Sir Charles= (1853- ). Born in Quebec. Educated at Laval +University; studied law, and called to bar, 1876; chief counsel for +Louis Riel, 1885, and took part in several other famous trials; +represented Quebec County in provincial Assembly, 1890-1896; and in +House of Commons, 1896-1906; solicitor-general, 1901; minister of +justice, 1901-1906; chief justice of the Supreme Court of Canada, 1906. +=Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_. + +=Five Nations.= =Hd= Post at Oswego to be established for, 142; allies +of the British, 148; their rights respected, 166. _See_ Iroquois. + +=Flag Incident.= =L= In siege of Quebec, 230. =F= In siege of Quebec, +295-298. + +=Fleet, British, before Quebec.= =WM= Placed under general command of +Admiral Charles Saunders, 75; ascends the river, 78; anchors at +Ile-aux-Coudres, 83; anchors in Baie St. Paul, 90; at the entrance to +the harbour, 111; a few of its vessels pass the town, 123; several +vessels attempt the passage by Quebec, 152; sails for England, 238; +reappears in the harbour, 267. =Bib.=: Wood, _Logs of Naval Conquest of +Canada_ and _The Fight for Canada_; Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_; Bradley, +_The Fight with France_. + +=Fleet, French, at Quebec.= =WM= Protection afforded by to Bourlamaque's +army, 167. + +=Fleming, Sir Sandford= (1827- ). Born at Kirkaldy, Scotland. Came to +Canada, 1845. Chief engineer of the Intercolonial Railway; and of the +Canadian Pacific Railway; chancellor of Queen's University since 1880; +president of the Royal Society of Canada, 1888-1889. To his initiation +and persistent enthusiasm are due the establishment of a system of +universal or cosmic time; the laying of the Pacific cable, as part of an +inter-imperial telegraph service; and the building of the memorial tower +at Halifax to commemorate the opening of the first colonial Legislature. +=Bib.=: Works: _The Intercolonial; England and Canada_; and numerous +historical and scientific papers. _See_ Bibliog. of Royal Society (R. S. +C., 1894). For biog., _see_ Morgan, _Can. Men_; Dent, _Can. Por._; +_Who's Who_; Grant, _Ocean to Ocean_. + +=Flibot.= =Ch= Kirke's vessel before Quebec, 188, 196. + +=Florida.= =Hd= Under British rule, 64-81; Haldimand comes north from, +83, 87; Haldimand's interest in, 90; suggests closing of ports of, 104; +his career there, 121; proposed disposition of, 124; Haldimand's +property in, 316. + +=Florida, West.= =Bk= Occupation of, by United States, 139. + +=Flour-milling.= =B= Stimulated by British preference of, 1843, 32; +advantage swept away by free trade measure of 1846, 32; in 1834, 54. + +=Foley, M. H.= =B= In Tache ministry, 1864, 149; retires with Buchanan +and Simpson to make room for Brown, Mowat, and Macdougall, in Coalition +ministry, 159. =Bib.=: Pope, _Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald_; Dent, +_Last Forty Years_. + +=Foligne, Captain de.= =WM= On rapid construction of Beauport defences, +86; his report of fighting at Levis, 103; on pitiable condition of +Quebec, 160; quoted as to rout of French army, 206; on distress +following capture of Quebec, 236. + +=Fontbonne, Colonel.= =WM= His disposition of the Guienne Regiment, 192; +mortally wounded, 199. + +=Fonte, Bartholomew de.= His fictitious voyage of 1640 to the North-West +Coast was described in a letter published in the _Monthly Miscellany_, +London, 1708. =Index=: =D= His reputed strait, 19; his voyage again +credited, 23. =Bib.=: Bancroft, _History of the North-West Coast_. + +=Fontenay, Mareuil.= =Ch= French ambassador in London, instructions to, +214. + +=Forget, Amedee Emmanuel= (1847- ). Born in Ste. Marie de Monnoir, +Quebec. Studied law and called to the bar of Quebec, 1871. Secretary to +the Manitoba Half-Breed Commission, 1875; clerk of the North-West +Council, 1876-1888; Indian commissioner, 1895-1898; lieutenant-governor +of the North-West Territories, 1898-1905; first lieutenant-governor of +Saskatchewan, 1905. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_. + +=Fornel, Abbe.= =L= His funeral sermon on Bishop Saint-Vallier quoted, +238. + +=Forsythe, J.= =Sy= Member of Constitutional Association, 112. + +=Forsyth, Richardson and Co.= Fur trading firm, of Montreal. =Index=: +=Bk= Send Prevost news of declaration of war, 203. + +=Fort Albany.= Hudson's Bay Company post at mouth of Albany River, west +coast of James Bay. Established about 1683; captured by Iberville, 1686, +and held by the French for seven years. Finally restored to the Company. +=Index=: =F= Captured by Troyes, 206; captured alternately by French and +English, 343, 345. =Bib.=: Dawson, _The Saint Lawrence Basin_; Laut, +_Conquest of the Great North-West_ and _Pathfinders of the West_. + +=Fort Albert.= _See_ Victoria. + +=Fort Alexandria.= =D= Hudson's Bay Company post, built on Fraser River +in 1821, 98. + +=Fort Anne.= =Hd= Captured by Major Carleton, 149. + +=Fort Babine.= In Northern British Columbia. =Index=: =D= Hudson's Bay +Company post, on Babine Lake, built in 1822, 98-99. + +=Fort Bourbon.= On Hudson Bay. =Index=: =L= Captured by Iberville, 233. +_See_ Fort Nelson. + +=Fort Camosun.= =D= Hudson's Bay Company post, afterwards city of +Victoria, 178. + +=Fort Chilcotin.= =D= Built by Hudson's Bay Company, outpost of Fort +Alexandria, 99. + +=Fort Chipewyan.= Built by North West Company, 1788, on southern shore +of Lake Athabaska, near mouth of Athabaska River. Removed, 1820, by +Hudson's Bay Company to north shore, where it still stands. =Index=: +=MS= Built by Roderick Mackenzie, on Lake Athabaska, 24; its situation, +25; its famous library, 26; route to, from Grand Portage, 27; life at +the fort, 28; Mackenzie sets forth from, on his journey to Arctic, 32; +returns to, 50; McLeod builds new house, 50; Mackenzie winters there, +53; Turner winters there, and determines astronomical position, 57; +Governor Simpson at, 1828, 236; William McGillivray in charge of, 236. +=D= Mackenzie at, 53; his point of departure for Arctic journey, 53; and +Pacific expedition, 53. =Bib.=: Mackenzie, _History of Fur Trade_ in his +_Voyages_; Masson, _Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest_; Burpee, +_Search for the Western Sea_; Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_; Willson, +_The Great Company_; Laut, _Conquest of the Great North-West_. + +=Fort Chippawa.= =Bk= On Niagara River, a mile and a half above the +falls, 58; end of carrying-place, and a transport post, 58-59; had a +blockhouse enclosed with palisades, 59. =Bib.=: Lucas, _Canadian War of +1812_. + +=Fort Churchill.= _See_ Prince of Wales Fort. + +=Fort Colville.= =D= Distributing point for Upper Columbia and Kootenay, +Hudson's Bay Company post, 77; centre of Columbia trade, 77; founded, +1825-1826, 116. + +=Fort Conolly.= In northern British Columbia. =Index=: =D= Hudson's Bay +Company post, built on Bear Lake, 104. + +=Fort Crevecoeur.= =L= Established by La Salle in Illinois country, 148; +attacked by Iroquois, 149. =F= Built by La Salle, 160. =Bib.=: Parkman, +_La Salle_; Sulte, _Les Tonty_ (R. S. C., 1893). + +=Fort Dearborn= (=Chicago=). =Bk= Captured by Indians, 266. + +=Fort Dease.= On Dease Lake. =Index=: =D= Built by Robert Campbell in +1838, 123-124; burned by natives, 124. + +=Fort de Chartres.= =WM= On the Mississippi, 22. + +=Fort Douglas.= On Red River, about two miles below mouth of +Assiniboine. =Index=: =MS= Built by John McLeod, 176, 177; seized by +Cuthbert Grant, 182; retaken by the De Meurons, 191. =Bib.=: Bryce, +_Five Forts of Winnipeg._ + +=Fort Duquesne.= =WM= At junction of Alleghany and Monongahela Rivers, +22; battle at, 22. =Hd= Name changed to Fort Pitt by Bouquet, 16; plans +for recapture of, 25-26. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_. + +=Fort Edward.= =WM= General Webb in command at, 45. + +=Fort Erie.= On Niagara River, opposite Buffalo. =Index=: =S= Military +post in 1782, 51. =Bk= New fort planned by General Hunter, 59. =Bib.=: +Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_. + +=Fort Essington.= On the British Columbia coast. Used by the Hudson's +Bay Company as an intermediate post between Fort McLoughlin and Fort +Simpson. =Index=: =D= Built by Hudson's Bay Company in 1835, 118. +=Bib.=: Bancroft, _History of British Columbia_. + +=Fort Fraser.= In northern British Columbia. =Index=: =D= North West +Company post, built on Fraser Lake, 98. + +=Fort Frontenac.= =F= Erected at Cataraqui, 83; conceded to La Salle, +156; seized by La Barre, 178; restored to La Salle, 179; Dongan demands +its destruction, 218; Denonville gives orders for blowing it up, 288; +order partially carried out, 234; repaired, 234; rebuilt, 341. =WM= +Protected outlet of Great Lakes, 17. =L= Recollet mission at, 111. =BL= +Name altered to Kingston by the British, 73. _See also_ Cataraqui; +Kingston. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Frontenac_ and _La Salle_; Sulte, _Le Fort +de Frontenac_ (R. S. C., 1901). + +=Fort Garry.= At junction of Red and Assiniboine Rivers, where the city +of Winnipeg now stands. =Md= Wolseley and the expeditionary force arrive +there Aug. 24, 1870, 162; murder of Scott, 242. _See_ Winnipeg. + +=Fort George.= =Bk= Flag of Fort Niagara transferred to, 56; its +situation, 56; planned by Lieutenant-Governor Simcoe, 58; mutiny at, 61; +silences Fort Niagara, 309. =Hd= Captured by Major Carleton, 149. +=Bib.=: Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_. + +=Fort George.= On Fraser River. =Index=: =D= Simon Fraser sets out from, +to descend Fraser River, 61; returns to, 61; built on Fraser River, by +the North West Company, 98; massacre of Hudson's Bay Company men at, by +Indians, 1823, 105-107. =Bib.=: Bancroft, _History of British Columbia_. + +=Fort George.= At mouth of Columbia. =Index=: =D= Astoria renamed, 149. + +=Fort Gibraltar.= =MS= Built by North West Company, on site of Winnipeg, +99; begun in 1804, 158; captured by Colin Robertson, 178, and +dismantled, 179. =Bib.=: Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_ and _Five Forts +of Winnipeg_. + +=Fort Glenora.= =D= Hudson's Bay Company post, built on Upper Stikine +River, 121. + +=Fort Grey.= =Bk= American fort opposite Queenston, 300, 305. + +=Fort Halkett.= =D= Hudson's Bay Company post, built on branch of Liard +River, 123. + +=Fort Hope.= On Fraser River. =Index=: =D= Hudson's Bay Company post, +founded shortly after Fort Yale, 186. + +=Fort Kamloops= (=Fort Thompson=). =D= Hudson's Bay Company post, built +in 1813, 98. + +=Fort Kootenay.= On Kootenay River, built 1807. Otherwise known as +Kootenay House. =Index=: =D= Built by David Thompson, 58. =Bib.=: +Burpee, _Search for the Western Sea_. + +=Fort Langley.= =D= Hudson's Bay Company post, built on Lower Fraser +River, 1827, 116. =Bib.=: Bancroft, _History of British Columbia_. + +=Fort Lawrence.= Built in 1750, on Chignecto Bay, three miles south of +Beausejour, where the French shortly after built a rival fort. Fort +Lawrence became headquarters of the expedition sent in 1755, under +Monckton, to capture Fort Beausejour. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Montcalm and +Wolfe_; Hannay, _History of Acadia_. + +=Fort Le Boeuf.= =WM= Established communication with Lake Erie, 22. + +=Fort Liard.= =D= Hudson's Bay Company post, built on Liard River, 123; +pillaged by Indians, and traders murdered, 123. + +=Fort Loyal= (=Casco Bay=). =F= Captured by Canadians, 252. =L= Taken by +Canadians, 229. + +=Fort Machault.= =WM= Established communication with Lake Erie, 22, 122. + +=Fort McLeod.= On McLeod Lake, British Columbia. =Index=: =D= North West +Company post, first permanent trading-post built in British Columbia, +west of the mountains, 97-98. =Bib.=: Morice, _Northern Interior of +British Columbia_. + +=Fort McLoughlin.= On Milbank Sound, British Columbia. =Index=: =D= +Hudson's Bay Company post, built by Finlayson, Manson, and Anderson, +1833, 117; moved to head of Vancouver Island and renamed Fort Rupert, +122; abandoned, 1843, 178-179. =Bib.=: Bancroft, _History of British +Columbia_. + +=Fort Miami.= =WM= On Miami River, 22. =Bk= Reconstruction of, by order +of Lord Dorchester, 53. =S= Erected by Simcoe at rapids of Miami River, +136; measure strongly objected to by Americans, 137; General Wayne +demands evacuation of, which Major Campbell, officer in command, +refuses, 139; occupation of not approved by home government, 142. + +=Fort Mumford.= =D= Hudson's Bay Company post, built on Upper Stikine +River, 121. + +=Fort Nanaimo.= East coast Vancouver Island. =Index=: =D= Hudson's Bay +Company post, built in 1852, 191. =Bib.=: Walbran, _British Columbia +Coast Names_. + +=Fort Necessity.= =WM= Battle at, 22. + +=Fort Nelson.= =D= Hudson's Bay Company post, built on eastern branch of +Liard River, 123. + +=Fort Nelson.= _See_ York Factory. + +=Fort Niagara.= =WM= At mouth of Niagara River, 22; taken by British, +62; capitulates, 146. =Hd= In command of Captain Pouchot, 25, 36; taken +by British, 26; garrison at, 31, 32; shipment of goods to, 124, 136, +150, 163; position of, 145; Indians at, 148, 171, 256; expeditions in +its defence, 151, 153; number of refugees at, 152, 250; MacLean in +command at, 162, 307, 308; fraud discovered at, 166; Haldimand's refusal +to relinquish, 260. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Frontenac_ and _Montcalm and +Wolfe_; Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_. + +=Fort Nisqually.= At head of Puget Sound. =Index=: =D= Hudson's Bay +Company post, built in 1833, between Langley and Fort Vancouver, 118. + +=Fort Ontario= (=Oswego=). =Hd= Haldimand in command of, 29. + +=Fort Pemaquid.= =F= Destroyed, 1669, rebuilt, 1692, 328; taken by +Iberville, 331. + +=Fort Pitt.= =Hd= Formerly known as Fort Duquesne, Bouquet's victorious +march to, 16; Pouchot's designs on, 26; Bouquet stationed at, 40; +Haldimand's interest in, 90. _See_ Fort Duquesne. + +=Fort Presqu'ile.= =WM= Establishes communication with Lake Erie, 22. + +=Fort Prud'homme.= =L= At junction of Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, 150. + +=Fort Rupert= (=Fort Charles=). Built by Gillam, at mouth of Rupert +River, foot of James Bay, 1667. =Index=: =F= Captured by Troyes, 206. +=L= Captured from English, 204. =Bib.=: Burpee, _Search for the Western +Sea_; Laut, _Canada_ and _Conquest of the Great North-West_. + +=Fort Rupert.= North end of Vancouver Island. _See_ Fort McLoughlin. +=Index=: =D= Hudson's Bay Company post, coal mining at, 190. =Bib.=: +Walbran, _British Columbia Coast Names_. + +=Fort St. Frederic.= _See_ Crown Point. =Index=: =WM= At head of Lake +Champlain, 17; evacuated by Bourlamaque, 146. =Bib.=: Garneau, _History +of Canada_. + +=Fort St. James.= On Stuart Lake, northern British Columbia. =Index=: +=MS= Governor Simpson there in 1828, 237-238. =D= North West Company +post, built on Stuart Lake, 98. =Bib.=: Morice, _Northern Interior of +British Columbia_. + +=Fort St. Joseph.= =Bk= Stores despatched to, 202. + +=Fort St. Louis.= On Illinois River, near site of present town of La +Salle. =Index=: =F= Built by La Salle, 160; seized by La Barre, 179. + +=Fort St. Louis.= Quebec. _See_ Chateau St. Louis. =Index=: =Ch= A +school of religion and virtue, 258; erected on Cape Diamond, 157. +=Bib.=: Douglas, _Old France in the New World_; Gagnon, _Fort et Chateau +St. Louis_. + +=Fort St. Pierre.= =Ch= Founded by Nicolas Denys, in Cape Breton, 236. +=Bib.=: Denys, _History of Acadia_. + +=Fort Selkirk.= =D= Hudson's Bay Company post, built by Robert Campbell +on the Yukon River, 124. =Bib.=: Campbell, _Discovery of the Youcon_. + +=Fort Simpson.= At mouth of Liard River. =Index=: =D= Built by Hudson's +Bay Company, at mouth of Liard River, 125. =Bib.=: Richardson, _Arctic +Searching Expedition_. + +=Fort Simpson.= On coast of British Columbia, near Alaskan boundary. +=Index=: =D= Built by Hudson's Bay Company, at mouth of Naas River, +1831, 116; moved forty miles south, 1834, 120. =Bib.=: Walbran, _British +Columbia Coast Names_ (under _Port Simpson_). + +=Fort Stanwix.= On Mohawk River, near Lake Oneida. =Index=: =Dr= +Unsuccessful attack on, 173. =Hd= Abandonment of by rebels, 151. + +=Fort Stikine.= On Stikine River. =Index=: =D= Hudson's Bay Company +post, handed over by Russians, 121-122; Rae left in charge of, 122. + +=Fort Taku.= =D= Built by Hudson's Bay Company, on Taku River, 121; +known as Fort Durham--erected 1840, 122; abandoned, 1843, 178-179. + +=Fort Ticonderoga.= _See_ Ticonderoga. =Index=: =Dr= Fort seized by +American rebels, 82. =Hd= Carleton's raiders penetrate beyond, 149. + +=Fort Umpqua.= =D= Founded in 1832 by Hudson's Bay Company, on route +from Fort Vancouver to San Francisco Bay, 132. + +=Fort Vancouver.= On Columbia River. =Index=: =D= Established by +Hudson's Bay Company, in 1824, 47; depot of western department, 72; +described, 72, 110; built by John McLoughlin, 111, 113; its importance, +111; range of its operations, 111-112; agriculture at, 128; abandoned, +1849, 145. =Bib.=: Bancroft, _History of the North-West Coast_; Laut, +_Conquest of the Great North-West_. + +=Fort Vincennes.= =WM= On Wabash River, 22. + +=Fort Walla Walla.= Hudson's Bay Company post, on Columbia River. +=Index=: =D= Distributing point for Snake River country, 7. + +=Fort Wayne.= =Bk= Expedition to, under Captain Muir, 274, 275. + +=Fort William.= At mouth of Kaministiquia River, Lake Superior. =Index=: +=D= Headquarters of North West Company, 59. =MS= Replaces Grand Portage, +13; named after William MacGillivray, 100; Selkirk at, with the De +Meuron soldiers, 189. =Bib.=: Burpee, _Search for the Western Sea_; +Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_. + +=Fort William Henry.= On Lake George. =Index=: =WM= Siege and +destruction of, 37, 42-46; ensuing massacre, 47-52. =Bib.=: Parkman, +_Montcalm and Wolfe_. + +=Fort Yale.= =D= Founded in 1848, by the Hudson's Bay Company, on Fraser +River, 186. + +=Fort Yukon.= Built by Alexander Hunter Murray of the Hudson's Bay +Company, at the mouth of Porcupine River in 1847. John Bell had +descended the Porcupine to its mouth in 1844. Although Fort Yukon was on +Russian territory, the Company maintained it until the sale of Alaska to +the United States, when they were summarily ejected, 1869. The Company +thereupon moved up the Porcupine to the Ramparts, where they built +Rampart House, then supposed to be on British territory, but proved to +be west of the boundary. The fort was moved twelve miles up the river, +and in 1890 was again moved to the eastward. =Index=: =D= Built by +Murray (not Bell) near mouth of Porcupine River, 125. =Bib.=: Murray, +_Journal_ (Canadian Archives, 1910). + +=Forts.= _See also_ Carillon, Chambly, Crown Point, Frontenac, +Kaministiquia, Miami, Michilimackinac, Niagara, St. Johns, Sorel, Three +Rivers, Ticonderoga, Western Forts. + +=Foster, Captain.= =Dr= Captures American post at Cedars, 142; gives up +his prisoners under agreement with Arnold, 143. + +=Foster, George Eulas= (1847- ). Born in Carleton County, New Brunswick. +Entered political life as member for King's County, New Brunswick, in +the Dominion House of Commons, 1882; minister of marine and fisheries, +1885; minister of finance, 1888-1896. Elected for York, New Brunswick, +1896; and for Toronto North, 1904. =Index=: =Md= Minister of finance in +Macdonald administration--moves amendment to Sir Richard Cartwright's +resolution on unrestricted reciprocity, 299. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; +_Canadian Who's Who_. + +=Foster, S. K.= =T= Candidate for St. John, New Brunswick, defeated, 25. + +=Fothergill, Charles.= =Mc= Attacks Mackenzie in Upper Canada _Gazette_, +38; accuses Mackenzie of disloyalty, 99; moves to pay Mackenzie for +report of debates, 102, 103; dismissed from position of king's printer, +110. =Bib.=: Dent, _Upper Canadian Rebellion_. + +=Foucher, Jean.= =Ch= Chief farmer at Cap Tourmente, informs Champlain +of destruction of establishment at Tadoussac, 176. + +=Fouez.= _See_ St. Maurice River. + +=Fournier, Telesphore= (1824-1896). Studied law, and called to the bar, +1846; one of principal editorial writers on _Le National_; elected to +the House of Commons for Bellechasse, 1870; minister of inland revenue, +in Mackenzie government, 1873; minister of justice, 1874; +postmaster-general, 1875. Appointed judge of Supreme Court the latter +year; resigned, 1895. =Index=: =C= One of the leaders of the Quebec +Liberals, 24; a popular speaker, 25; kept in opposition by radical +programme, 29. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._ + +=Fox, Charles James= (1749-1806). British statesman. =Index=: =Dr= +Thought Quebec Act should have been introduced in Commons, 66; discusses +Constitutional Act in House of Commons, 265. _S_ Discusses +Constitutional Bill in House of Commons, 9. =Bk= Death of, 80. =Bib.=: +_Dict. Nat. Biog._; Russell, _Life of Fox_; Trevelyan, _Early Life of +Fox_; Egerton and Grant, _Canadian Constitutional Development_. + +=France.= =F= Condition of, in 1675-1676, 150, 151. =Dr= Declares war +against Britain, 271; anger in, on conclusion of Jay Treaty, 287; +refugees from, permitted to enter Canada, 289; some dangerous characters +arrive from, 289; takes revenge on Britain in American Revolution, 269. + +=Franchere, Gabriel= (1786-1856). Born at Montreal. Joined the Pacific +Fur Company, organized by John Jacob Astor, and sailed from New York for +the mouth of the Columbia, 1810. Returned overland, reaching Montreal in +September, 1814. Continuing in the fur trade, established at Sault Ste. +Marie in 1834; and later in New York. =Bib.=: _Relation d'un Voyage a la +Cote du Nord-Ouest de l'Amerique Septentrionale_, trans. by J. V. +Huntington. For biog., _see_ Morice, _Dict._; Bibaud, _Pan. Can._ + +=Franchise Act, 1885.= =Md= Its terms, 258-259; fiercely opposed by +Liberals, 259-260; repealed by Laurier administration, 260. =Bib.=: +Pope, _Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald_; Willison, _Sir Wilfrid Laurier +and the Liberal Party_. + +=Francois Xavier, Saint.= =L= Patron saint of Canada, 87. + +=Franklin, Benjamin= (1706-1790). American statesman and philosopher. +=Index=: =Dr= Heads commission to enquire into affairs in Canada, 135; +his report, 136. =WM= Did not believe British colonies would revolt, +269. =Bib.=: _Autobiography_; _Complete Works_, ed. by Bigelow. For +biog., _see Cyc. Amer. Biog._; _also_ Larned, _Lit. Am. Hist._ + +=Franklin, Sir John= (1786-1847). Served at Trafalgar, in the +_Bellerophon_. Headed overland expedition of 1819-1822, from York +Factory by way of Great Slave Lake, to the mouth of the Coppermine, and +the Arctic coast; and second expedition, 1825-1827, in which he +continued his explorations of the northern coast of the continent. +Started on third expedition, by sea, 1845, to make North-West Passage. +The ships had to be abandoned, and Franklin and all his men perished in +the attempt to reach one of the remote northern posts of the Hudson's +Bay Company. =Bib.=: Works: _Journey to the Shores of the Polar Sea, +1823_; _Second Expedition to the Shores of the Polar Sea_. For biog., +_see_ Richardson, _Arctic Searching Expedition_; Rae, _Narrative_; +McClintock, _Narrative of the Fate of Sir John Franklin_; Osborn, +_Career, Last Voyage, and Fate of Sir John Franklin_; _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Franklin, Michael.= Born in England. Came to Halifax, 1752. Elected to +the Assembly, 1759; appointed to the Council, 1762; lieutenant-governor, +1766. Organized the militia of the province, 1776-1777: largely +instrumental in securing the peace of Nova Scotia during the +Revolutionary War. Appointed commissioner of Indian affairs. Died, 1782. +=Bib.=: Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_. + +=Fraser.= =Dr= Appointed judge, 183. + +=Fraser, Captain.= =Dr= His connection with the Walker case, 19, 36, 38. + +=Fraser, Duncan Cameron= (1845-1910). Born in New Glasgow, Nova Scotia. +Educated at Dalhousie University; studied law and called to the bar of +Nova Scotia, 1873. Appointed to the Legislative Council, 1878, but +resigned same year to run for the Assembly. Again called to the +Legislative and Executive Councils, 1888. Sat in the House of Commons +for Guysborough, 1891-1904; appointed a judge of the Supreme Court of +Nova Scotia, 1904; lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 1906-1910. +=Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_. + +=Fraser, John James.= =T= Opposition candidate in York County, 86; +opposes Confederation, 87; afterwards governor of New Brunswick, 87; +defeated in York, 108. =Bib.=: Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_. + +=Fraser, Captain Malcolm.= =Dr= Of Royal Emigrants, 112, 124; with Laws +on rear attack on Arnold, 130; in charge at Three Rivers, 144; repulses +Thompson's attack, 145. =D= Grandfather of Dr. John McLoughlin, 94; +brings Highland Regiment to Canada, 94; settles on St. Lawrence +seigniory, 95. =Bib.=: Wrong, _A Canadian Manor and its Seigneurs_. + +=Fraser, Simon= (1776?-1862). Brought to Canada as a child from New York +state, his widowed mother settling near Cornwall. Joined the North West +Company in 1792, and ten years later became a _bourgeois_ or partner. +Served for a time at Grand Portage, and sent to the Athabaska district; +in 1805, when the Company decided to carry its operations beyond the +Rocky Mountains, put in charge of the new field. After establishing +trading-posts in New Caledonia, now northern British Columbia, set out +from Fort St. James on Stuart Lake, with Jules Maurice Quesnel, and a +party of voyageurs and Indians, upon the exploration of the great river +that bears his name. In 1811 promoted to the charge of the Red River +department, and offered knighthood as a recognition of his services in +the cause of exploration, but declined the honour. Was present at the +Seven Oaks affair, when Governor Semple of the Hudson's Bay Company lost +his life. Retired from the fur trade about the time of the coalition of +the Hudson's Bay Company and the North West Company. =Index=: =D= In +service of North West Company, 57; ordered to extend operations of +Company west of Rocky Mountains, 59; reaches Fraser River, 1806, 59; +builds forts on Stuart Lake and Fraser River, 59; ordered to explore +river to the sea, 60; his journey down the Fraser, 60-61; proves +Tacouche Tesse not the Columbia, 61; builds Rocky Mountain House and +other posts, 97-98; given command of Red River department, 1811, 98; +offered and declines knighthood, 98; dies, 1862, at age of 86, 98. =MS= +Sent to explore New Caledonia, 108; crosses Rocky Mountains, 1806, and +builds fort on Stuart River, 108; his journey down the Fraser, 108-110; +arrested by Selkirk at Fort William, 189. =Bib.=: Bancroft, _History of +the North-West Coast_; Masson, _Bourgeois de la Compagnie du +Nord-Ouest_; Morice, _Northern Interior of British Columbia_; Bryce, +_Hudson's Bay Company_; Laut, _Conquest of the Great North-West_; +Burpee, _Search for the Western Sea_. + +=Fraser River.= Rises in Rocky Mountains, and flows into Strait of +Georgia. Its upper waters discovered by Alexander Mackenzie, 1793; and +first explored down to its mouth by Simon Fraser, 1808. The total length +of the river is 695 miles. =Index=: =D= Mackenzie on, 54; supposed to be +the Oregon, 54; native name Tacouche Tesse, 54; mistaken for the +Columbia, 59; Simon Fraser on, 60-61; described, 60-61; route of +fur-brigades changed to, from the Columbia, 186. =MS= Mackenzie on, +77-79; Fraser on, 108-109. =Bib.=: Fraser _Journal_ in Masson, +_Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest_. + +=Fraser's Highlanders.= =WM= Captain of, replies to French sentries in +French, 180. =Bib.=: Kelly, _The Fighting Frasers of the Forty-Five and +Quebec_. + +=Frechette, Louis= (1839-1908). Practised law, and then journalism. +Represented Levis in the House of Commons, 1874-1878. Chiefly known as a +poet. Two of his poems were crowned by the French Academy, 1880, and he +was granted the first Montyon prize. =Index=: =Hd= His poem on Du +Calvet, 292. =Bib.=: Works: _Mes Loisirs; La Voix d'un Exile_; _Pele +Mele_; _Les Fleurs Boreales_; _Legende d'un Peuple_; _Les Feuilles +Volantes_; _Lettres Basile_; _Originaux et Detra-ques_; _Lettres sur +l'Education_. For biog., _see_ Dent, _Can. Por._; Morgan, _Can. Men_; +Tache, _Men of the Day_; Chapman, _Le Laureat_; Sauvalle, _Le Laureat +Manque_. + +=Fredericton.= Capital of New Brunswick. Situated on the west bank of +the St. John River. Founded by Sir Guy Carleton in 1785, and named by +him after the Duke of York. =Index=: =W= Popular demonstration at, 46; +education in, 85-86. =T= Abandonment of government house, 138-139. +=Bib.=: Hannay _History of New Brunswick_. + +=Fredin, Jean.= =L= House of charity established by, 245. + +=Free Trade.= =B= Its effect on Canadian invasion, 15, 31-32; +recommended by Reform convention of 1857, 217; advocated by George +Brown, 47, 233. =C= Peel's measure (1846) kills Canadian industries, +43-44; Cartier's views on, 115-116. =E= Protest from Canadian Assembly, +29; discussed in Legislature, 45; effects of, on Canada, 57-58. =T= +Unpopular in New Brunswick, 9. + +=Freeman.= Newspaper published at St. John, New Brunswick. =Index=: =T= +Edited by T. W. Anglin, 85. + +=Freemason's Hall, Niagara.= =S= First session of Upper Canada +Legislature held in, 83, 96; church services held in, 159. + +=Fremin, Father Jacques.= =Ch= Jesuit, put in charge of Richibucto +mission, 235. + +=French-Canadians.= =L= Aubert's description of, 118, 119; habits and +customs, 120-124. =Sy= Tenacious of their legal institutions, 69; become +disaffected, 70; inconsistency of British policy regarding, 71; +Constitutional Act increases their power of resistance, 72, 80; Lord +Durham on their aspirations for independent nationality, 94; favour +responsible government, but oppose union of the provinces, 117; opposed +to improving navigation of St. Lawrence and development of the upper +province, 206; regard Sydenham as enemy of their race, 233; Sydenham's +estimate of, politically considered, 305. =E= Resent terms of Union Act, +23-24; resent Durham's views on British domination in Canada, 23; +increase of their influence, 31. =Dr= Murray's description of, 25; +Carleton on their military strength, 45, 46; on their rapid increase, +47; his anxiety to win their allegiance, 50; indifferent to +representative government, 55, 61; their petition to the king, 61; +disappointing conduct of, 78; address king expressing satisfaction with +Quebec Act, 78; unwilling to enlist against Americans, 87, 150; British +government relies fully on their loyalty, 92; some insult their leaders +and insist on being disbanded, 99; tired of American occupation, 150; +Carleton's summing up of their attitude, 161; delusion of British +government on the subject, 178; petition against any further change in +their laws, 246; object to a House of Assembly, 246; Dorchester's +consideration for, 260; attempt to enroll them for militia service +causes riot, 278; more or less affected by revolutionary principles, +278; their attitude serious, 289; report on their state of feeling by +Jules de Fer, 301. =B= Durham and, 12; dissatisfied with terms of union, +15; Peel's distrust of, 16, 17; George Brown's relations with, 43, +48-49, 70, 71, 78-81, 101-102, 105, 123-127; restive about +Confederation, 166. =Bk= Prosperity of, under British rule, 35; their +loyalty recognized by Brock and President Dunn, 1807, 86, 87; distrusted +by Sir James Craig, 91, 404; Craig hesitates to issue arms to, 102, 103. +=Hd= Characterized, 42, 220-222; Haldimand's experience of, 51, 52; +satisfied with change of sovereignty, 53, 79; corps of, formed, 55-57, +139; object to introduction of English civil law, 59, 60; favoured by +Quebec Act, 101; their aversion to military service, 111; costume of, +114, 115, 240; fear of communication with rebels, 119, 134, 136, 140, +174, 297; Estaing's proclamation to, 123; affected by alliance of +France with revolted colonies, 126, 127, 128, 140; prisoners in Albany +take up arms for Congress, 130; averse to taxation, 173; restricted as +to disposal of produce, 177; Haldimand's policy towards, 180; his use of +corvees disliked by, 182; gratified by news of British defeats, 189; +Baroness de Riedesel's description of, 219-220; their attitude towards +Loyalists, 264, 271; continued attempts to undermine their loyalty, +273-282, 283; addressed by Congress, 276; MacLean pleads for, 306; +Dorchester's policy with, 314-315. =Md= Ignorance of national affairs, +347; Macdonald's influence with, 347-348. =WM= Their unfortunate +position, 131; two thousand desert the camp to protect their families, +152; placed on right of Montcalm's battle-line, 192; dislodge British +detachment from Borgia's house, 193, 195; in general defeat make brave +rally, 201-203; only those in vicinity of Quebec submit to the British, +237. =L= Pere Charlevoix on, 117; Aubert on, 118; Mere de l'Incarnation +on, 119; habits, dress, etc., of, 120 _et seq._ =Bib.=: Sulte, _Histoire +des Canadiens-Francais_; Garneau, _Histoire du Canada_; Bibaud, +_Histoire du Canada_; Christie, _History of Lower Canada_; Davidson, +_Growth of French-Canadian Race_; Aubert de Gaspe, _Les Anciens +Canadiens_; Salone, _La Colonisation de la Nouvelle France: Etude sur +les Origines de la Nation Canadienne Francaise_; Greenough, _Canadian +Folk-Life_; Tanguay, _Dictionnaire Genealogique_; Sulte, _Origin of the +French-Canadians_ (R. S. C., 1905); Nicholson, _The French Canadian_; +Fiske, _New France and New England_; Lambert, _Travels in Canada_. + +=French Colonization.= =WM= Principle of, 17; Parkman on, 19. + +=French Language.= =BL= Imperial Parliament repeals clause of Union Act +making English the sole official language, 287; Elgin reads speech from +the throne in French as well as English, 287. + +=French Priests.= =Hd= Attempts to introduce, 181, 187. + +=French Revolution.= =Dr= Its effect in the United States, 272, 273; +principles of, disseminated in Lower Canada, 279. =Sy= Effects of, in +Britain, 11. + +=Frobisher, Benjamin.= A partner of the North West Company. =Index=: +=Hd= Petition to Haldimand, 261. =Bib.=: _See_ the memorials of Benjamin +Frobisher and Joseph Frobisher, his brother, on the western fur trade, +in _Archives Report_, 1890, and particularly that of Oct. 4, 1784, +giving the early history of the North West Company; _also_ +correspondence in _Archives Report_, 1888. + +=Frobisher, Benjamin.= Probably, according to Masson, a son of Joseph +Frobisher. Entered service of North West Company, about 1798. Mentioned +as clerk of that Company, in 1804 and 1805, and took a violent part in +the troubles between the North West and Hudson's Bay Companies. Captured +by Hudson's Bay men in 1819, carried to York Factory and imprisoned; +escaped, and in a desperate attempt to make his way back to one of the +North West Company posts, died of exhaustion at Cedar Lake. =Bib.=: +Wilcocke, _Death of Frobisher_ in Masson, _Bourgeois de la Compagnie du +Nord-Ouest_. + +=Frobisher, Joseph.= A partner of the North West Company. Member of the +fur-trading firm of McTavish, Frobisher and Company. Built a fort on Red +River, and penetrated to the Churchill River, 1774, where, at Frog +Portage, he built a post. Gave the name of English River to the +Churchill. Accompanied Alexander Henry up the Saskatchewan in 1775. +Returned to Montreal, but retained a large interest in the fur trade +until 1798, when he retired. =Index=: =Hd= His petition to Haldimand, +261. =MS= Builds trading-post on Sturgeon Lake in 1772, 4. =Bib.=: +Henry, _Travels and Adventures_, ed. by Bain; Mackenzie, _History of the +Fur Trade_ in his _Voyages_. + +=Frobisher, Sir Martin= (1535?-1594). Navigator. Made three voyages to +America in search of the North-West Passage, 1576, 1577, and 1578. +Vice-admiral in Drake's expedition to West Indies, 1586; led one of the +squadrons against the Spanish Armada; took part in Hawkins's expedition, +1590. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Frobisher, Thomas= (1744-1788). Partner of the North West Company. With +Joseph Frobisher, Alexander Henry, and Peter Pond, in the North-West, +1775. In that year, explored the Churchill River as far as Isle a la +Crosse Lake. =Index=: =MS= Builds trading-post at Sturgeon Lake, 1772, +4. =Bib.=: Henry, _Travels and Adventures_; Mackenzie, _History of the +Fur Trade_ in his _Voyages_. + +=Frog Portage.= Or Portage de Traite, leading from the Saskatchewan +River, by way of Cumberland Lake, the Sturgeon-Weir River, Heron, +Pelican, and Woody Lakes, to the Churchill. It was discovered by Joseph +Frobisher, who built a temporary trading-post there in 1774. Two years +later Thomas Frobisher built a more substantial fort at the same place. +He was joined there in that year by Alexander Henry, and plans were +matured for intercepting the western Indians on their way down the +Churchill to trade at Prince of Wales Fort. Alexander Mackenzie says +that the Indians called the portage _Athiquisipichigan Ouinigam_, or the +Portage of the Stretched Frog Skin. =Bib.=: Bryce, _Hudson's Bay +Company_; Burpee, _Search for the Western Sea_. + +=Frontenac, Louis de Buade, Comte de Palluau et de= (1620-1698). =F= +Particulars respecting his early life scanty, 61; enters army under +Prince of Orange at age of fifteen, 62; promoted to rank of _marechal de +camp_, 62; peace of Westphalia, 1648, releases him from military life, +63; marriage, and birth of son, 63; his wife separates from him, 63; +extravagant habits of, 64; commands Venetian troops in defence of Crete +against Turks, 64; leaves France for Canada, midsummer of 1762, 65; +endeavours to constitute "three estates" and summons an Assembly, 67; +action disapproved by king, 67; his instructions regarding the +ecclesiastical power, 69; friendly to Sulpicians and Recollets, 74; +plans a visit to Cataraqui, 74; conducts an expedition to Cataraqui, +76-84; invites Indians to conference at that place, 79; harangues them +and distributes presents, 81, 82; erects fort, 83; expedition not +approved by minister, 84; Frontenac defends it, 85; difficulties with +Perrot, governor of Montreal, and the Abbe Fenelon, 90-104; captures +twelve _coureurs de bois_, 99; sends Perrot and Fenelon to France with +report on case, 102; the king's reply, 103; enemies at court, 110; +honour paid to him in church curtailed by Laval, 112; attitude towards +ecclesiastical powers, 113; difficulty with bishop over issue of trading +permits, involving carrying of liquor to Indians, 116; king prohibits +permits, 116; visits Cataraqui (Fort Frontenac), 117; appeals against +king's decision, 117; instructed not to meddle with questions of +finance, etc., 120; authorized to grant hunting permits, 125; number to +be issued restricted, 128; dispute with Intendant Duchesneau as to +presidency of Sovereign Council, 133-140; censured by minister for his +contentious spirit, 135; again cautioned by king and minister, 136; +recalled, 143, 144; asks home government for soldiers, 145; summons +conference on Indian question, 146; arranges peace between Senecas and +Ottawas, 146; orders strengthening of fortifications of Montreal, 147; +relations with Du Lhut, 162; has Recollet confessor, Father Maupassant, +165; alleged disorders in his household, 165; commends Sulpicians, 168; +his recall a triumph for clerical opponents, 171; on return to France +makes light of La Barre's demand for troops, 173; reappointed governor +of Canada, 229; arrives at Chedabucto, 232; arrives at Quebec, 232; goes +to Montreal, 233; exaggerates number of killed in Lachine massacre, +227; tries to arrest destruction of Fort Frontenac, 233; organizes +raiding parties against English colonies, 234-236; brings out with him +from France survivors of Indians captured for the galleys, 237; sends +deputation to Iroquois, 237; sends reinforcements to La Durantaye, 241; +his address to the Lake tribes, 242; result of his raids on English +settlements, 253; improves fortifications of Quebec, 254; his relations +with the Sovereign Council, 254-257; goes to Montreal where anxiety +prevails, 257; his expedition to Lake Indians successful, 258; dances a +war dance, 260; protests to Massachusetts authorities against attack on +Pentagouet, 270; gets news at Montreal of approach of expedition against +Quebec, 282; replies to Phipps's demand for surrender, 288, 289; +recommends attack on Boston by sea, 316; describes ravages of the +Abnaki, 317; estimate of military losses in Canada, 318; expresses +himself as opposed to large expeditions, 320; orders De Louvigny at +Michilimackinac to send down Indians with their furs, 323; firm in +negotiations with Iroquois, 325, 338; complaints made against, 333-336; +gives theatrical representations at Quebec, 336; question of _Tartuffe_, +337; restores Fort Frontenac against instructions of minister, 341; +directs campaign against Iroquois, 350-353; reports his victory to the +king and asks for recognition, 353; receives cross of St. Louis, 354; +receives news of peace of Ryswick, 354; corresponds on question of +sovereignty over Iroquois with Earl of Bellomont, governor of New York, +355; his last despatch to home government, 357; illness and death, +357-359; his will, 358; no known portrait, 360; funeral sermon and +critical annotations thereon, 361. =L= Governor, erects fort at +Cataraqui, 84, 145; takes Recollets under his protection, 112; arrival +of, 143; his services and character, 144; supports La Salle, 149; +prejudiced against the Jesuits, 157; tries to arrest _coureurs de bois_, +160; imprisons Perrot, governor of Montreal, 160; takes offence at +sermon preached by Abbe Fenelon, 161; previously annoyed by sermon of +Jesuit Father, 161; demands copy of Fenelon's sermon, 162; difficulty +with De Bernieres, 162, 163; censured by the king, 164, 165; quarrels +with intendant, 167; recalled, 168; sends unfavourable reports regarding +clergy, 170; summons conference on liquor traffic, 172; reappointed +governor, 218; arrival of, 228; organizes three detachments to operate +against English colonies, 229; his answer to Phipps, 229; attacks the +Iroquois, 233; death of, 234. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Frontenac_; Myrand, +_Frontenac et ses Amis_; Lorin, _Le Comte de Frontenac_; Legendre, +_Frontenac_; Brady, _Frontenac, the Saviour of Canada_. + +=Fulford, Francis= (1803-1868). Educated at Oxford; ordained, 1828. +Consecrated first Anglican bishop of Montreal, 1850, and sailed for +Canada the same year. In 1860 metropolitan of the ecclesiastical +province of Canada. =Bib.=: Taylor, _Brit. Am._ and _Last Three +Bishops_; Mockridge, _The Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and +Newfoundland_. + +=Fuller, Thomas Brock= (1810-1884). Born in Kingston. Educated at the +Grammar Schools at Hamilton and York and at Chambly Theological +Seminary. Ordained priest, 1835; laboured in various parts of Canada; +archdeacon of Niagara, 1869; bishop of Niagara, 1875. =Bib.=: Dent, +_Can. Por._; Mockridge, _The Bishops of the Church of England in Canada +and Newfoundland_. + +=Fundy, Bay of.= Explored by De Monts and Champlain in 1604. Probably +visited a hundred years earlier by Basque and Breton fishermen, and +possibly by the Northmen several centuries before. Known to the +Portuguese as Baia Fundo (Deep Bay). Named by De Monts, La Baie +Francaise. The year 1604 witnessed not only the first exploration of +which any narrative survives, but also the first European, settlement +on the shores of the bay. _See also_ Acadia. =Bib.=: Champlain, +_Voyages_. + +=Fur Trade.= =F= Burdensome restrictions on, 38, 154. =Ch= Short history +of, 119 _et seq._ =E= Under the French regime, 183. =Dr= Complicated +questions in connection with, 57. =Hd= Importance attached by Haldimand +to, 260-261. =S= In Upper Canada, 105-107. =D= Maintained supremacy of +British flag in far West, 37; of the Russians, stimulates adventure and +exploration, 38; forerunner of civilization, 49. =MS= Growth of, under +North West Company, 7; _coureurs de bois_ and _mangeurs de lard_, 14, +168; traders were men of intelligence and intellectual tastes, 27; +_bois-brules_, 167; predominance of Scottish element, 219; _mariage du +pays_, 263; Canada's debt to, 281-290; names of famous fur-traders given +to Canadian rivers, lakes, and towns, 282; fur-trader as pioneer of +settlement, 283-284; character of the traders, 288-289; stood for law +and order, 289. _See also_ Hudson's Bay Company; North West Company; X Y +Company; Pacific Fur Company; Company of New France, etc. =Bib.=: +Mackenzie, _History of the Fur Trade_ in his _Voyages_; Masson, +_Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest_; Biggar, _Early Trading +Companies of New France_; Parkman, _Works_; Henry, _Travels and +Adventures; Henry-Thompson Journals_, ed. by Coues; Harmon, _Journal_; +Franchere, _Narrative_; Larpenteur, _Forty Years a Fur Trader_; +Chittenden, _History of the American Fur-Trade_; Laut, _Conquest of the +Great North-West_; Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_; Willson, _The Great +Company_; Burpee, _Search for the Western Sea_; Begg, _History of the +North-West_. + + +=Gabriel.= =Ch= French vessel seized by English, 222. + +=Gage, Thomas= (1721-1787). Fought under Braddock at Monongahela, 1755, +and under Abercrombie at Ticonderoga, 1758. Took part in the campaign +for the conquest of Canada, 1759; made military governor of Montreal +after its capitulation, 1760. Succeeded Amherst, 1763, as +commander-in-chief, with headquarters at New York. Sailed for England, +1773, leaving Haldimand in command. Returned the following year, as +governor of Massachusetts. After the battle of Bunker Hill, 1775, +recalled. =Index=: =Dr= Requests Carleton to send him two regiments, 78. +=S= In command at Boston, 19. =Hd= At Ticonderoga, 19; his letters to +Haldimand, 22, 23; in command at Oswego, 28, 29; at Albany, 31, 33; +governor of Montreal after surrender, 40, 41; his opinion of Croix de +St. Louis wearers, 52; replaces Amherst at New York, 53, 57, 58, 60, 61, +66, 68, 70, 72, 73, 77, 79-81; visits England on leave of absence, 83; +correspondence with Haldimand, 89, 94, 95; resumes chief command in +America, 96-98, 121; his position in Boston, 101; intended retirement +of, 105; his lack of energy, 108; recall of, 110; Indian policy of, 147; +his reply to Washington's complaint as to treatment of prisoners, 249; +death of, 335. =Bib.=: _Letters of the Two Commanders-in-Chief, Generals +Gage and Washington_; _Detail and Conduct of the American War, under +General Gage_. _See also_ Mass. Hist. Soc. _Colls._, vols. 12, 14, and +34; and _Haldimand Papers_ (Canadian Archives). For biog., _see Dict. +Nat. Biog._; _Cyc. Am. Biog._ + +=Gaillardin, Claud J. C.= (1810-1880). =F= French historian, referred +to, 152. =Bib.=: _Histoire de Louis XIV_. + +=Gaillon, Michel.= =Ch= Member of Roberval's expedition, executed, 44. + +=Galiano, Dionisio.= Accompanied Maurelle in 1792 to North-West Coast. +Carried out considerable surveys for the Spanish government, partly in +conjunction with Vancouver. =Index=: =D= Explores North-West Coast with +Valdez, 35; meets Vancouver, 35; journal published at Madrid in 1802, +36. =Bib.=: Bancroft, _History of the North-West Coast_. + +=Galinee, Rene de Brehant de.= A member of a noble family of Brittany; +came to Canada in 1668. With his fellow-Sulpician, Dollier de Casson +(_q.v._), carried out an important exploration in 1669-1670, from +Montreal up the St. Lawrence, and around the south shore of Lake Ontario +to Burlington Bay; thence to the Grand River, which they descended to +Lake Erie, where they wintered. In March, 1670, they continued their +journey along the north shore, passed through Lake St. Clair, and +coasting the south side of Manitoulin Island, reached Sault Ste. Marie, +where they found Marquette and Dablon. They returned to Montreal by way +of Lake Nipissing and the Ottawa. Galinee's narrative of the journey was +sent home to the king. He himself returned to France in 1671. =Index=: +=L= With Dollier, plants the cross on shores of Lake Erie, 11; arrives +from France as missionary, 105; on Lake Erie, 108; La Salle accompanies +him to Niagara, 148. =Bib.=: _Exploration of the Great Lakes, +1669-1670_: _Galinee's Narrative and Map_, ed. by James H. Coyne (Ont. +Hist. Soc., 1903). + +=Gallatin, Albert= (1761-1849). American statesman. =Bk= United States +secretary of the treasury, 81, 108. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._; Adams, +_Writings of Albert Gallatin_; Adams, _Life of Gallatin_. + +=Galleran, Guillaume.= =Ch= Recollet priest, 149. + +=Gallicanism.= =L= Cause of difficulty between the court of France and +the pope, 184, 201. + +=Galt, Sir Alexander Tilloch= (1817-1893). Son of John Galt (_q.v._). +Elected to the Legislature, 1849, for Sherbrooke. Dropped out of public +life for several years, but in 1853 again elected for Sherbrooke. Took +an active part in the movement leading up to Confederation; a member of +several administrations before and after Confederation; high +commissioner in Great Britain, 1880-1883. =Index=: =Md= Declines task of +forming a ministry, 86; becomes minister of finance in Cartier-Macdonald +administration, 86; speaks in favour of Confederation, 96; goes to +England with Cartier and Rose to secure approval of British government +to proposed union, 97; one of commissioners sent to England in 1865 to +confer with Imperial government on Confederation, defence, reciprocity, +etc., 120-121; minister of finance in first Dominion ministry, 134; +resigns, 1867, and succeeded by Rose, 136; introduces high tariff +(1859), 218; his protection policy supported by Macdonald, 219; +appointed high commissioner, 227. =T= Makes Confederation a Cabinet +question, 63; delegate to Charlottetown Conference, 74-75; to Quebec +Conference, 76; presented to the queen, 124; minister of finance in +first Dominion ministry, 129, 130. =B= Asked by Sir Edmund Head to form +government, declines, 106, 133; favours federal union, 106; takes +Cayley's place in Macdonald-Cartier government, 107; advocates in 1858 +federal union of all British North American provinces, 132-133; pledges +Cartier government to federal union policy, 133; mission to England, +133; his connection with reciprocity negotiations in 1865, 193-196; his +connection with negotiations with George Brown as to Confederation, 152, +154-155, 160; goes to England on Confederation mission, 186. =C= Goes to +England with Cartier and Rose in connection with Confederation, 56-57; +refuses decoration of C. B., 126-127. =Bib.=: Works: _Canada from 1849 +to 1859_; _Union of the British North American Provinces_. For biog., +_see_ Taylor, _Brit. Am._: Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; +Pope, _Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald_; Egerton and Grant, _Canadian +Constitutional Development_. + +=Galt, John= (1779-1839). Came to Canada, 1824; returned to England; +came out again in 1826, remaining until 1829. Associated, in the Canada +Company, with William Dunlop, Thomas Talbot, and Samuel Strickland. +Founded towns of Guelph and Goderich. Town of Galt named after him. +_See_ Canada Company; Dunlop; Talbot; Strickland. =Bib.=: Works: +_Ayrshire Legatees_; _Annals of the Parish_; _Sir Andrew Wylie_; _The +Entail_; _Bogle Corbet_; _Stanley Buxton_; _Eken Erskine_; _The Lost +Child_; _The Member_; _The Radical_; _Laurie Todd_; _Life of Byron_; +_Lives of the Players_; _Autobiography_; _Literary Life and +Miscellanies_. For biog., _see_ Morgan, _Cel. Can._; _Dict. Nat. Biog._; +Lizars, _Days of the Canada Company_. + +=Galt.= A town in Ontario founded by the Canada Company, about 1827. +Named after John Galt. Situated on the Grand River. =Bib.=: Lizars, +_Days of the Canada Company_. + +=Gamache, Rene de Rohault, Marquis de.= =Ch= Endows Jesuit College at +Quebec, 228. + +=Gannentaha.= =L= Mission at, miraculously escapes massacre, 65. =Bib.=: +Parkman, _Jesuits in North America_. + +=Garakontie.= =L= Iroquois chief, conversion of, 65; edifying death of, +73. + +=Garfield, James Abram= (1831-1881). Twentieth president of the United +States. =Index=: =B= Favourable to proposed Reciprocity Treaty of 1864, +230-231. =Bib.=: Hinsdale, _Works of Garfield_; Gilmore, _Life of +Garfield_; _Cyc. Am. Biog._ + +=Garneau, Francois-Xavier= (1809-1866). Studied law and practised as a +notary; afterwards clerk of the Legislative Assembly and city clerk of +Quebec; member of the Council of Public Instruction; president of the +_Institut Canadien_. =Index=: =P= Condemns Papineau's conduct in +rejecting Lord Goderich's offer, 77. =E= Attacks Hincks for suggesting +amendment to Union Act, 123; Hincks's denial, 123. =Hd= On the evils of +English law, 59; on Murray, 60; on Haldimand, 291, 292. =Bib.=: +_Histoire du Canada_, trans. by Andrew Bell. For biog., _see_ Casgrain, +_F.-X. Garneau_; Morgan, _Cel. Can._ and _Bib. Can._ + +=Garnier, Charles.= Accompanied Jogues and Chatelain to the Huron +mission, 1636; and, with the former, to the Tobacco Nation, near +Nottawassaga Bay, 1639-1640. Returned to the Huron mission, where, in +1649, died a martyr to his faith, slain by an Iroquois hatchet. =Index=: +=L= Death of, 5. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Jesuits in North America_; Lalemant, +_Relation des Hurons_, 1640. + +=Garnier de Chapouin.= =Ch= Provincial of Recollets, appoints four +missionaries for Canada, 85. + +=Garreau, Leonard.= Jesuit father. =Index=: =L= Death of, 11. + +=Garry, Nicholas.= The Hudson's Bay Company and the North West Company +having been amalgamated in 1821, Garry, then a director of the former +Company, was sent out to the North-West with Simon McGillivray, in that +year, to make the necessary arrangements. Garry's diary of this journey +is published in the Royal Society _Trans._, 1900. Subsequently deputy +governor of the Hudson's Bay Company, 1822-1835. Fort Garry was named +after him. =Bib.=: Bryce, _Manitoba_ and _Hudson's Bay Company_. + +=Gaspe.= _See_ Aubert de Gaspe. + +=Gaspereau River.= A small tidal stream, flowing into the Basin of +Minas. Grand Pre, once a principal settlement of the Acadians, stands +upon its banks. + +=Gates, Sir Thomas= (1596-1621). Governor of Virginia. =Index=: =Ch= +Grant to, by James I of England, 223. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; _Cyc. +Am. Biog._ + +=Gaudais-Dupont, Louis.= =L= Comes out as royal commissioner to take +over Canada from Company of New France, 41. + +=Gaufestre, Jean.= =Ch= Recollet, returns to France, 209. + +=Gavazzi Riots.= =E= Father Gavazzi's lectures, 124; cause riots in +Quebec and Montreal, 124-125; Clear Grits attack Hincks and the +government for failure to suppress riots, 125. =Bib.=: Gavazzi, +_Lectures and Life_; Dent, _Last Forty Years_; Hincks, _Reminiscences_. + +=Gazette (Halifax).= Established 1752. First newspaper published in what +is now the Dominion of Canada. =Bib.=: Wallis, _Hist. Sketch of Can. +Journalism_ in _Canada: An Ency._, vol. 5. + +=Gazette (Montreal).= Established 1778. =Index=: =C= Denounces +ministerial responsibility, 97. =Hd= Establishment of, 276. =BL= +Denounces La Fontaine-Baldwin government, 140. =Bk= Editor of, arrested +by order of the Legislative Assembly, 93. =Mc= Mackenzie's obituary in, +514. =Bib.=: Wallis, _Hist. Sketch of Can. Journalism_ in _Canada: An +Ency._, vol. 5. + +=Gazette (Quebec).= Established 1764. =Index=: =Hd= First newspaper +printed in Quebec, 190; its news columns censored, 191; publishes +letters contained in an intercepted rebel mail, 225; advertisements in, +231-242; articles on moral themes, 246. =Sy= Its opposition to union of +the provinces, 194, 211, 212. =Bk= Falls under displeasure of +Legislative Assembly, 93. =Bib.=: Wallis, _Hist. Sketch of Can. +Journalism_ in _Canada: An Ency._, vol. 5. + +=Gazette (Toronto).= =Mc= Mackenzie's newspaper, first published May 12, +1838, 433; last issue, 461. =Bib.=: Dent, _Upper Canadian Rebellion_. + +=General Election=, 1841. =Sy= Rioting in connection with, 290, 291; +result of, 291. + +=Genest, Edmond Charles= (1765-1834). =Dr= Minister of France to the +United States, 272; his intrigues in Canada, 273, 274. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. +Biog._ + +=Genevay, Jean Francois Louis.= =Hd= French secretary to Haldimand, 305; +receives bequest from Haldimand, 342; his tomb, 346. + +=Geological Survey.= First suggested by Dr. Rae, in 1832. W. E. +(afterwards _Sir_) Logan was appointed provincial geologist, 1842, and, +the government having decided to carry out a geological survey of the +province, he took charge of the work the following year. The +establishment of the survey was largely the result of petitions +presented by the Natural History Society of Montreal, and the Quebec +Literary and Historical Society. The first report was for the year 1843. +Twenty years later, the reports 1843-1863 were summarized in a volume of +983 pages, _Geology of Canada_. The periods 1863-1866 and 1866-1869 were +each covered in a single report. Thereafter, annual volumes were +published. Two general indexes have been issued, one for the reports +1863-1884, and the second for 1885-1906. + +=George IV= (1762-1830). King of England, son of George III and the +Princess Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. In 1795 married the Princess +Caroline of Brunswick. In 1811 regent, and in 1820 succeeded George III. +=Index=: =W= Grants charter to King's College, Fredericton, 49. =Bib.=: +_Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=George, Sir Rupert D.= =H= Provincial secretary of Nova Scotia, 57; +dismissed from office, 111; challenges Joseph Howe to a duel, 244. +=Bib.=: Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_. + +=Georgian Bay.= An arm of Lake Huron. Discovered by Joseph Le Caron, a +Franciscan, 1615. Champlain reached the shores of the bay the same year. +=Index=: =Ch= Champlain crosses, 88. + +=Germain, Charles.= Appointed missionary to the Abnaki Indians on the +St. John River, 1845. Authorized agent of the government at Quebec for +the purpose of destroying British supremacy in Acadia. Assisted De +Ramezay in his plans for the attack on Mines, 1747. Removed to +Miramichi, 1757. After the fall of Quebec, took up the cause of the +British. Received a pension of L50 a year from the government at +Halifax, 1761. Retired to Quebec, taking with him a number of Indian +families. Died, 1779. =Bib.=: _Selections from the Public Documents of +Nova Scotia_, ed. by Akins. + +=Germain, Lord George.= _See_ Sackville. + +=German and Swiss Colonists.= =Hd= In America, scheme to enroll, 9. + +=German Troops.= =Hd= Commanded by Riedesel, 114; not adapted to work +required of them, 126, 136; reorganization of, 141; Haldimand not +satisfied with, 141; some settle near Cataraqui, 265; leave Canada, 293, +296. + +=Germans and Dutch.= =Dr= Large admixture of, among United Empire +Loyalists, 240. + +=Gerris, Sarah.= =F= Captured at Fort Loyal, exchanged for one of +Phipps's prisoners, 303. + +=Gerry, Elbridge= (1744-1814). American statesman. =Index=: =Bk= +Governor of Massachusetts, 172. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._ + +=Gerrymander.= _See_ Redistribution Bill. + +=Gibault, Pere.= =Hd= Absolves French of the west from their allegiance +to Britain, 167. + +=Gibbs, Thomas Nicholson= (1821-1883). Born in Terrebonne, Quebec. +Engaged in business pursuits at Oshawa. Defeated for election to the +Assembly for South Ontario, 1854, but successful, 1865. Elected to +represent South Ontario in the House of Commons, 1867, the defeated +candidate being George Brown. Secretary of state and minister of inland +revenue in the government of Sir John A. Macdonald, 1873. Appointed to +the senate, 1880. + +=Gibson, David.= =Mc= Organizes shooting matches, 342; rebels meet at +his house, 360; opposes advance on Toronto, 362; his house burned, 375; +objects to Mackenzie's plans, 376; escapes, 380. =Bib.=: Dent, _Upper +Canadian Rebellion_. + +=Gibson, John Morrison= (1842- ). Educated at the University of Toronto; +studied law and called to the bar of Ontario, 1867. Elected to the +Ontario Assembly for Hamilton, 1879; provincial secretary, 1889; +commissioner of crown lands, 1896; attorney-general, 1889-1905; +lieutenant-governor of Ontario, 1908. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; +_Canadian Who's Who_. + +=Giffard, Robert.= First seignior in New France. Mentioned at Quebec in +1627; returned to France, 1629; established at his Beauport seigneury, +1634; a member of the Council, 1646; syndic of Quebec, 1648; gave his +St. Gabriel property to the Jesuits, 1667. =Index=: =Ch= Landed with his +family by Kirke on St. Pierre Island, 174; comes to Canada with forty +colonists, 250; receives grant of land near Beauport, 251. =Bib.=: +Douglas, _Old France in the New World_. + +=Gilbert, Thomas.= =W= Member for Queens, New Brunswick, an advocate of +old-time Toryism, 96. =T= Proposes to convert King's College into +agricultural school, 20, 21; his bill defeated, 91. + +=Gillam, Benjamin.= Son of following. Commanded a trading expedition +from Boston to Hudson Bay in 1683, and built a fort some miles up the +Nelson River. Pierre Radisson captured the fort, and carried Gillam a +prisoner to Quebec, where he was promptly released by the governor. +Sailed for Boston, and arrested on behalf of the Hudson's Bay Company +for poaching in their territory. Seems to have turned pirate a year or +two later; captured at Boston, carried to England with Captain Kidd, who +had been arrested at the same time, and hanged with his fellow pirate. +=Bib.=: Laut, _Conquest of the Great North-West_. + +=Gillam, Zachariah.= A New England skipper, sent out in 1668 by Prince +Rupert and his associates, to Hudson Bay, in command of the _Nonsuch_, +on a voyage of exploration and trade. Medard Chouart (_q.v._) sailed +with him, while Pierre Radisson (_q.v._) followed, in 1669, in the +_Waveno_. Gillam's journal of the voyage is quoted in Joseph Robson's +_Hudson's Bay_. Made several subsequent voyages to the bay, on behalf of +the Hudson's Bay Company. In 1684 his ship crushed in the ice at the +mouth of Nelson River, and he and several of the crew perished. =Bib.=: +Robson, _Account of Six Years' Residence in Hudson's Bay_; Laut, +_Conquest of the Great North-West_; Burpee, _Search for the Western +Sea_; Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_. + +=Gillmor, A. H.= =T= Provincial secretary in Smith ministry, New +Brunswick, 91; a strong Liberal, 91. + +=Gilmore, George.= =Hd= School teacher at St. Johns, 235. + +=Ginseng.= =Hd= Gathered by Jesuits, for shipment to China, 148; brought +$5 a pound, 148; Indians engaged in trade, 148. + +=Gipps, Sir George= (1791-1847). Born at Ringwould, England. Educated at +King's School, Canterbury, and at the Military Academy, Woolwich. +Entered the army, 1809; served throughout the Peninsular War; employed +in the West Indies, 1824-1829; appointed private secretary to the first +lord of the Admiralty, 1834; sent to Canada as commissioner, together +with Lord Gosford and Sir Charles Grey, to attempt to allay prevailing +discontent, 1835; knighted, 1835; governor of New South Wales, +1836-1846. =Index=: =P= Royal commissioner sent to Canada with Lord +Gosford and Sir Charles Grey, in 1835, 111. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; +_Dict. Nat. Biog._; Lang, _New South Wales_. + +=Girouard, Desire= (1836- ). Born at St. Timothee, Quebec. Educated at +Montreal College; studied law and called to the bar of Lower Canada. For +some years sat in the House of Commons. Appointed judge of Supreme Court +of Canada, 1895. =Index=: =F= On loss of life in massacre of Lachine, +224; at La Chesnaye and other places, 226. =Bib.=: _Lake St. Louis and +Cavelier de la Salle._ For biog., _see_ Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Cyc. Am. +Biog._; _Canadian Who's Who_. + +=Girouard, John Joseph= (1795-1855). Born in Quebec. Studied law, and +called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1816. Elected to the Assembly, 1830; +a strong supporter of Papineau; took an active part in the Rebellion of +1837-1838; imprisoned at Montreal for six months. Resumed the practice +of law. Offered a portfolio on the La Fontaine-Baldwin administration, +but refused to accept office; took no further part in public life. +=Index=: =BL= Associated with La Fontaine in constitutional agitation in +Lower Canada, 49; commissionership of crown lands promised to, 124; +declines appointment, 134; referred to as a rebel in _Transcript_, 141; +attacked by Tory press, 150. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._; Christie, +_History of Lower Canada_. + +=Gisborne, Frederick Newton= (1824-1892). Came to Canada from England in +1845. Joined the staff of the British North American Electric Telegraph +Association, 1847, and became general manager. In 1852, laid the first +submarine cable in America, joining New Brunswick and Prince Edward +Island; and in 1856, laid another to Newfoundland. Conceived the idea of +connecting Europe and America by a submarine cable, and succeeded in +enlisting the interest of Cyrus W. Field. The cable finally completed, +1858. Appointed superintendent of the Dominion government telegraph and +signal service, 1879. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._ + +=Giscome Portage.= Leading from the Parsnip River to the Fraser, in +northern British Columbia. Named by an independent trader, Peter +Dunlevy, after his cook, about the year 1873. Both Mackenzie and Simon +Fraser crossed from the Parsnip to the Fraser, the former in 1793, and +the latter in 1806, but neither went by way of Giscome Portage, which +was not discovered until some years later. =Bib.=: Burpee, _Search for +the Western Sea_. + +=Givins, James.= =Bk= Appointed aide-de-camp, 247. + +=Gladstone, William Ewart= (1809-1898). British statesman. =Index=: =Sy= +Elected to Parliament for Newark, 22; defeated at Manchester, 48. =E= +His opinion of Lord Elgin, 7, 78; sympathy for Confederate States, 202. +=B= Defends free trade policy, 31; not in favour of Intercolonial +Railway, 143; on committee to discuss Confederation and defences of +Canada, 186. =BL= His speech on Rebellion Losses Bill, 326-327, 328; his +interview with Hincks, 328. =Md= Opposes Rebellion Losses Bill, 41; +withdraws claim against United States on account of Fenian Raids, +176-177. =T= Insists on sinking fund for Intercolonial scheme, 57. +=Bib.=: Works: _The State in its Relations with the Church_; _Gleanings +from Past Years_. For biog., _see_ Morley, _The Life of William Ewart +Gladstone_; _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Gladwin, Henry.= Joined the army, 1753; took part in the expedition +under Braddock; promoted to rank of major, 1759; in command at Detroit +during siege by Pontiac; served throughout the American Revolutionary +War; major-general, 1782. Died in England, 1791. =Index=: =Dr= Defence +of Detroit by, in Pontiac's War, 5. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Conspiracy of +Pontiac_; Moor, _The Gladwin Manuscripts_; _Cyc. Am. Biog._ + +=Glandelet, Abbe Charles.= =L= Accompanies Laval to Canada, 141; +theologist of chapter of Quebec, 197. =F= Preaches against theatre, 336. + +=Glassion, de.= =Dr= Superior of Jesuits, sends petition to the king, +through Carleton, 35. + +=Glegg, Captain J. B.= Aide-de-camp to General Brock. =Index=: =Bk= +Carries summons for surrender of Detroit, 251, 255; carries despatches +to Quebec, announcing victory, 259. =Bib.=: Richardson, _War of 1812_, +ed. by Casselman; Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_. + +=Glen, John Sanders.= =F= Magistrate of Schenectady, life spared, 247. + +=Glenelg, Charles Grant, Baron= (1778-1866). Born in Kidderpore, India. +Educated at Magdalen College, Cambridge, England, and called to the bar +at Lincoln's Inn, 1807. Member of the British House of Commons, +1811-1835. Appointed lord of the treasury, 1813; chief secretary for +Ireland and a member of the Privy Council, 1819; vice-president of the +Board of Trade and treasurer of the navy, 1823; president of the Board +of Control, 1830-1834, and colonial secretary, 1835. Created Baron +Glenelg, 1835. Resigned the secretaryship, 1839, and made land tax +commissioner. Died in Cannes. =Index=: =W= His incompetence and +procrastination, 42; on casual and territorial revenues of New +Brunswick, 61-62. =Sy= President of Board of Trade, 16; resigns, 16; +unequal to duties of colonial office, 57. =BL= Appointment of Head as +governor, 36; Head's letter to, 41. =H= Instructs Sir Colin Campbell to +grant a measure of responsible government to Nova Scotia, 44-45; Joseph +Howe's letter to, on ocean steamship service, 232. =Mc= Opposes +responsible government, 20; on colonial self-government, 73; refers +report of the Committee on Grievances to the king, 263; his reply to +report, 280; on Executive Councils, 302; schooled by Head, 304; Head +disobeys his orders, 307; on non-elective Legislative Council, 324. +=Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Glengarry.= A county in Ontario, on the St. Lawrence. Named after the +famous glen in Inverness, Scotland. Many Scottish Highlanders left their +native country after the battle of Culloden in 1746, and emigrated to +America. They were all intensely loyal, and when the Revolution broke +out many moved north into Canada, settling on the Niagara frontier, the +bay of Quinte, and the banks of the St. Lawrence. From the latter +settlement sprang the present Glengarry County. In 1804-1805 Bishop +McDonell obtained several grants of land in the district for the +Highlanders of the disbanded Scottish Glengarry Regiment, and for +twenty-five years promoted the interests of the colonists. He raised, in +1812, the Glengarry Fencibles Regiment, which rendered valuable service +during the war. =Bib.=: Macdonell, _Sketches Illustrating the Early +Settlement and History of Glengarry in Canada_. + +=Glengarry Fencibles.= =Bk= Canadian Highland corps, 180. + +=Glenie, James.= =W= Member for Sunbury, in New Brunswick Assembly, +1792-1809, 13; a pioneer reformer, 13. + +=Globe.= Newspaper published at Toronto; established, 1844. =Index=: =B= +Advocates responsible government, ix; its establishment, 9, 10; on +elections in Upper Canada in 1844, 25; criticism of Draper, 27; on +Toryism, 32; supports Elgin's attitude towards the Rebellion Losses +Bill, 36; attacks the Clear Grits, 40, 41; upholds British system of +responsible government, as superior to the American system, 42; gives +credit to French-Canadians for supporting Reform cause, 43; attitude +towards Roman Catholic questions, 44-46, 48; advocates secularization of +Clergy Reserves, 55; on free schools, 62; first issued as a daily, Oct. +1, 1853; its earlier history, absorbs _North American_ and _Examiner_, +1855, 74; its policy, 75; on the Quebec _Rouges_, 78-79; contains appeal +on behalf of fugitive slaves, 112; and the "no popery" agitation, 121, +123; advocates uniform legislation for Upper and Lower Canada, 130; +assails Separate School Bill, 145; Brown's pride in, 150, 247; effect of +Brown's position in Macdonald ministry, 209; contains R. B. Sullivan's +address on North-West Territories, 211; Brown's article on North-West, +1852, 213; letters of "Huron" on North-West, 215-216; advocates union of +North-West with Canada, 217, 218; attacks Canada First party, 236, 237, +238, 239, 241; Peter Brown writes for, 243; edited by Gordon Brown, 244, +245; reveals George Brown's views, 248, 249; its support of Wilson, 250; +attacks Mr. Justice Wilson, 250, 252, 253; the office of publication, +255; shooting of George Brown, 255-258. =E= Hostile at first to Clear +Grits, 111; edited by George Brown, 111. =BL= Established by George +Brown, Mar. 5, 1844, 223-224; its fighting policy, 224; attacks +Metcalfe, 225; denounces the Grits, 342; outcry against Roman +Catholicism, 343. =Mc= Justifies the Rebellion of 1837, 13; on +Mackenzie's expulsions, 254; on Mackenzie's retirement from public life, +498; Mackenzie's obituary, 511; on Mackenzie's personality, 523. =Md= +Founded by George Brown with his father, 52; on the Redistribution Bill, +275; on the elections of 1887, 282-283; supports commercial union, 295. +=Bib.=: Wallis, _Historical Sketch of Canadian Journalism_ in _Canada: +An Ency._, vol. 5; Buckingham, _George Brown and the Globe_ in _Canada: +An Ency._, vol. 5; Mackenzie, _Hon. George Brown_. + +=Godard, Charles.= =S= Agent for government of Upper Canada, 178. + +=Goddard, John.= =T= Elected for St. John, New Brunswick, 25. + +=Gode, Nicolas.= =L= Land bought from, for church at Montreal, 88. + +=Godefroy, Jean-Paul.= =Ch= Interpreter, 144. + +=Godefroy, Thomas.= =Ch= Interpreter, 144. + +=Goderich, Viscount.= _See_ Ripon. + +=Goderich.= Town in Ontario, situated at mouth of River Maitland, Huron +County, Ontario. Founded by John Galt and Wm. Dunlop about 1827. =Bib.=: +Lizars, _Days of the Canada Company_. + +=Gomara, Lopez de.= =Ch= Suggests a canal through Isthmus of Panama, 14. + +=Gondoin, Nicolas.= =Ch= Jesuit missionary at Miscou, 234. + +=Gordon, Brigadier-General.= =Dr= Murder of, 152. + +=Gordon, Arthur Hamilton.= _See_ Stanmore. + +=Gordon, Robert.= =T= Member for Gloucester in New Brunswick Assembly, +votes against Liberals, 18. + +=Gore, Sir Charles S.= Born in Scotland, 1793; the third son of the +second Earl of Arran. Entered the army, 1808; served throughout the +Peninsular War; ordered to Canada, 1814; returned to Europe and present +at the battle of Waterloo, 1815. Again came to Canada; in command of the +troops in Lower Canada during the Rebellion of 1837-1838; subsequently +knighted and advanced to the rank of lieutenant-general. =Index=: =C= At +St. Denis, 7. =P= In command of troops in Rebellion of 1837 in Lower +Canada, 128-129; marches on St. Denis, 130; second expedition against +St. Denis, 134. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Christie, _History of Lower +Canada_. + +=Gore, Sir Francis= (1769-1852). Served in the army; lieutenant-governor +of Bermuda, 1804; lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada, 1806-1817. +=Index=: =Bk= Lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada, 8, 78; his civil and +military service, 78; arms supplied to, 97; arrives at Quebec from the +west, 132; Brock's high opinion of, 143; goes to England on leave, 159. +=E= Postpones secularization of Clergy Reserves by proroguing +Legislature, 146. =Bib.=: Read, _Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada_; +Kingsford, _History of Canada_. + +=Gore District.= In Upper Canada; named after Governor Gore. =Index=: +=Sy= Resolutions in favour of responsible government adopted at meeting +of inhabitants, 125, 126. + +=Gorham, John.= A native of Massachusetts. Stationed at Annapolis in +command of a body of provincial troops, 1845; sent to Boston to procure +aid against a threatened attack; induced to proceed to the siege of +Louisbourg under Pepperrell; appointed colonel. Returned to Annapolis +and placed in command of the Boston troops sent to Mines with Colonel +Noble. Afterwards commanded a body of Rangers raised in New England for +service in Acadia. A member of the Council of Nova Scotia. Returned to +Massachusetts, 1752. =Bib.=: _Selections from the Public Documents of +Nova Scotia_, ed. by Akins; Marshall, _Life of Pepperell_. + +=Gosford, Archibald Acheson, second Earl of= (1775?-1849). +Governor-general of Canada, 1835-1838. =Index=: =P= His mission of +conciliation to French-Canadians, 110; hostility of Papineau, 110; +replaces Aylmer in 1835, 111; his character, 111-112; entertains +Papineau, 112-113; his appeal for reconciliation, in opening Parliament, +113; his secret instructions published in Toronto, 113; their terms, +114; session of 1836, 115-116; dismisses Parliament, 116; eve of the +Rebellion, 116-117; appoints Bedard judge, 117; proclaims martial law in +the district of Montreal, 137; returns to England, 138; on the official +class in Lower Canada, 158. =BL= His attempts to placate popular leaders +in Lower Canada, 45; compared to Bagot, 151. =C= His amnesty +proclamation, 9. =W= Conversation with William IV, 22. =Bib.=: Morgan, +_Cel. Can._; _Cyc. Am. Biog._ + +=Gosselin, Abbe Auguste= (1843- ). Born at St. Charles de Bellechasse, +Quebec. Educated at Quebec Seminary and at Laval University. Ordained +priest, 1866; subsequently chancellor of the Quebec Diocese, and vicar +of the Basilica. Retired from the ministry to devote himself to +literary work, 1893. =Index=: =L= On Laval's absolution, 35; on +mandement creating Seminary, 49; on policy of Laval, 169; on great +extent of parishes in Laval's time, 195. =F= His opinion of Talon, 54; +on administration of La Barre, 172; on Laval's choice of de +Saint-Vallier, 191; on Frontenac's attitude towards religion, 359. +=Bib.=: Works: _Vie de Laval_; _Henri de Bernieres_; _Le Docteur +Labrie_; _Quebec en 1730_; _Mgr. de Saint-Vallier et son Temps_; +_D'Iberville; Jean Bourdon_. For biog., _see_ Morgan, _Can. Men_; +_Canadian Who's Who_. + +=Gouin, Sir Lomer= (1861- ). Born in Grondines, Quebec. Educated at +Sorel College and Laval University, Montreal; studied law and called to +the bar of Quebec, 1884. Elected to the Assembly for the St. James +division of Montreal, 1897; minister of public works in the Parent +administration, 1900; premier, 1905; knighted, 1908. =Bib.=: _Canadian +Who's Who_. + +=Gourlay, Robert Fleming= (1778-1863). Born in the parish of Ceres, +Fifeshire, Scotland. Attended St. Andrews University. Took part in an +inquiry into the condition of the poor in Great Britain, and carried on +an aggressive agitation for a reform of the poor laws. Came to Canada, +1817, and settled at Kingston. Becoming convinced of the need of radical +changes in the land system of Upper Canada, attacked the administration +with so much energy that he was finally, after a grossly unfair trial, +expelled from the province. Returning to Scotland, devoted himself to +the preparation of his work on Upper Canada; lost most of his property +as the result of lawsuits; and imprisoned for a personal attack on Lord +Brougham in the lobby of the House of Commons. On his release, visited +the United States about 1836, and instrumental in dissuading Ohio +sympathizers from joining the movement under William Lyon Mackenzie. In +1842 his case brought before the Legislature of Upper Canada, and the +House decided that his arrest had been "illegal, unconstitutional and +without possibility of excuse and palliation, and the sentence declared +null and void." Did not, however, return to Canada until 1856, when he +was granted a pension of fifty pounds; this he refused because he +considered that his vindication had not been complete. Contested Oxford +County in 1860, but defeated; returned to Edinburgh, where he died. +=Index=: =Mc= Comes to Canada, 1817, 89; arouses public feeling, 89; +tried for libel at Kingston and again at Brockville, and acquitted at +both places, 89; tried under Alien Act, and ordered to leave province, +90; refuses and is committed to jail, 90; _habeas corpus_ proceedings +fail, 90; treatment in prison, 91; Chief-Justice Powell orders him to +leave province, 92; banished, 93. =BL= Exaggerated language of his +petition, 12. =E= Collects information on best means of developing +resources of Upper Canada, 147. =R= His statistics of education in Upper +Canada, 55; his imprisonment and banishment, 63, 67. =Bib.=: +_Statistical Account of Upper Canada_. For biog., _see_ Dent, _Can. +Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; Rattray, _The Scot in British North +America_; _Cyc. Am. Biog._ + +=Governors.= =Sy= Their powers and functions, and relations to the home +government on the one side and the colonial Legislatures on the other, +74-76. + +=Gowan, Ogle R.= (1796-1876). Born in Ireland. Edited for some years the +_Antidote_, published in Dublin. Came to Canada, 1829, and settled in +the county of Leeds. At once took a leading place in the politics of +Canada. First elected to the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada, 1834, +and continued as representative, with brief intervals, until 1861. +Served in the militia during the troubles of 1837-1838; commanded the +right wing at the battle of the "Windmill" and severely wounded. For +twenty years grandmaster of the Orange Order. =Index=: =BL= His +interview with Metcalfe, and his letter, 187; challenges Hincks, 218; +loses his seat in Assembly, 279. =E= Insults Lord Elgin at Brockville, +79. =Bib.=: _Responsible or Parliamentary Government_. For biog., _see +Cyc. Am. Biog._; Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Dent, _Last Forty Years_. + +=Goyer, Olivier.= =F= Recollet, preaches funeral sermon on Frontenac, +361. + +=Goyogouins.= _See_ Cayugas. + +=Graham, Sir James.= =Sy= His views on corn duties and Irish Church, 40. + +=Grammar Schools.= =S= Simcoe's desire to establish, 169. _See_ +Education. + +=Grand Jury.= =Dr= Presentment of, 14; protested against by Murray, 15. + +=Grand Portage.= Near western end of Lake Superior, about twenty miles +south of Fort William. As in the case of so many other historic Canadian +places, it is impossible to say who was the first white man to stand +upon this famous centre of the fur trade. Radisson came this way in +1662; Du Lhut in 1678; Noyon in 1688; La Nouee in 1717; but there is no +evidence that any of the four were actually at Grand Portage. It is +first mentioned in a memoir by Pachot, 1722; and the earliest +authenticated visit to the spot is that of La Verendrye, 1731. From that +time it grew steadily in importance until finally abandoned, 1801, in +favour of Fort William. The name was applied both to the trading-post on +the shore of Lake Superior, and to the portage thence to the Pigeon +River. =Index=: =MS= Described, 13; the portage, 13; as it is to-day, +13; in Mackenzie's day, 14; Mackenzie at, 54. =Bib.=: Mackenzie, +_History of Fur Trade_ in his _Voyages_; _Henry-Thompson Journals_, ed. +by Coues; Henry, _Travels and Adventures_; Carver, _Travels_; Masson, +_Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest_; Bryce, _Hudson's Bay +Company_; Burpee, _Search for the Western Sea_. + +=Grand Pre.= A village on the shores of the Basin of Minas. Stands upon +or near the site of the old village of the same name, one of the +principal settlements of the Acadians. The scene of many conflicts +between the French and English; and of the final expulsion of the +Acadians. _See_ Acadians. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Half Century of Conflict_ +and _Montcalm and Wolfe_. + +=Grand Trunk Railway.= =C= Entrusts Cartier with its legal business, 22; +Carrier's deep interest in its development, 48; line extended from +Quebec to Riviere du Loup, 49, 114. =BL= Construction of, up to 1848, +301. =B= Owners of said by Dorion to be the real authors of +Confederation, 176; Tache-Macdonald government condemned for +subsidizing, 176. =E= Early history of, 99, 100, 101, 115-116; Hincks's +connection with, 100, 115. =H= Hincks makes arrangements in England for +construction of, 143; terms and conditions not altogether satisfactory, +143. =Md= Early history, 45; financial difficulties, 90. =Bib.=: Brown, +_History of Grand Trunk Railway_; Lanning, _Historical Sketch of the +Grand Trunk Railway_ in _Canada: An Ency._, vol. 2. + +=Grant, Alexander= (1734-1813). Administered the government of Upper +Canada as senior member of the Executive Council, on death of General +Hunter, 1805. =Index=: =Bk= Administers government of Upper Canada, 69. +=S= Member of Legislative Council, 49, 79; member of the Executive +Council, 80. =Bib.=: Read, _Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada_. + +=Grant, Cuthbert.= One of the leading traders of the North West Company +in the West, in the early days. With Peter Pond on the Athabaska, and +sent by him, 1786, to establish a post near mouth of Slave River; at +Fort Chipewyan, 1789; at Fort Qu'Appelle, 1793; with David Thompson on +the Assiniboine, 1797. Died, 1798 or 1799. =Index=: =MS= Partner of the +North West Company, 58; in charge of the Centre (Red River and +Assiniboine) country, 58. =Bib.=: _Henry-Thompson Journals_, ed. by +Coues; Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_. + +=Grant, Cuthbert.= Son of foregoing. Scottish half-breed, in western fur +trade. Educated at Montreal, and entered service of North West Company. +Led the half-breeds in the Seven Oaks affair. Some years later settled +near White Horse Plains, on the Assiniboine, and appointed Warden of the +Plains by the Council of Assiniboia. Became himself a member of the +Council. =Index=: =MS= Leader of the half-breeds at Red River--serves +notice on the colonists to leave the district, 174; brings a party of +_bois-brules_ down from Qu'Appelle to drive out the settlers, 180; and +the Seven Oaks affair, 180-182. =Bib.=: Bryce, _Manitoba_ and _Hudson's +Bay Company_; Laut, _Conquest of the Great North-West_. + +=Grant, George Monro= (1835-1902). Born at Albion Mines, Nova Scotia. +Educated at University of Glasgow. Entered Presbyterian ministry in Nova +Scotia. Accompanied Sandford Fleming overland to British Columbia, 1872. +Principal of Queen's University, 1877, and built it up to the first rank +among Canadian universities. =Index=: =Md= Principal of Queen's +University--on ignorance in Maritime Provinces as to the West, 155; +opposes commercial union, 295; on character of Sir John A. Macdonald as +man and statesman, 329-330; one of Macdonald's strongest and most ardent +supporters, 340; but would not support him when he felt he was in the +wrong, 341. =Bib.=: Works: _Ocean to Ocean_; _Advantages of Imperial +Federation_; _Our National Objects and Aims_; _Religions of the World in +Relation to Christianity_; _Picturesque Canada_. For biog., _see_ +Morgan, _Can. Men_; Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._; Dent, _Can. Por._; Grant +and Hamilton, _Principal Grant_. + +=Grant, Sir William= (1752-1832). Commanded volunteers at siege of +Quebec, 1775; attorney-general of Canada, 1776; chief-justice of +Chester, 1798; solicitor-general, 1799-1801; master of the Rolls, +1801-1817. =Index=: =Dr= Removed from judgeship, returns to England and +becomes Master of the Rolls, 184. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Grave, Jeanne.= =Ch= Daughter of Dupont-Grave, 47. + +=Grave, Robert.= =Ch= Son of Dupont-Grave, accompanies Champlain on +voyage of discovery, 34. + +=Graves, Samuel= (1713-1787). British admiral. =Index=: =S= Godfather of +Simcoe, 15; commands naval force at Boston, 19. =Dr= Refuses to send +transports to Quebec, 92. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Gray, John Hamilton= (1814-1889). Born in Bermuda. Entered political +life in New Brunswick in 1850, and became a leading member of the +provincial government. Took part in the negotiations leading up to +Confederation, and sat in the first Dominion Parliament as member for +the city of St. John. In 1872 appointed to the Supreme Court of British +Columbia. =Index=: =T= Elected for St. John County, 1850, 10; his +character and appearance, 13; deserts the Liberals, 13; joins the +government, 18, 23; his course condemned, 24; member for St. John +County, 30; becomes attorney-general, 41; delegate to Charlottetown +Conference, 73; and to Quebec Conference, 77; Confederation candidate in +St. John County, 85, 109; becomes Speaker of Assembly, 114; elected to +House of Commons, 1867, 131. =Bib.=: Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_. + +=Gray, John Hamilton= (1811-1887). Born in Prince Edward Island. Entered +the army, 1831, and served for twenty-one years, retiring 1852. +Returning to Prince Edward Island, elected to the provincial +Legislature, and became premier in 1863. The following year presided at +the Charlottetown Conference, and also attended the Quebec Conference. +Made a C. M. G., 1871. =Index=: =T= Chairman of Charlottetown +Conference, 76; premier of Prince Edward Island, 77; delegate from +Prince Edward Island to Quebec Conference, 77. =Bib.=: Campbell, +_History of Prince Edward Island_. + +=Gray, Robert= (1755-1806). American captain and explorer. =Index=: =D= +Voyage to North-West Coast in 1787, 23; at Nootka, 1788-1789, 24; second +voyage--enters mouth of Columbia River, May 11, 1792, 24; names the +river, 24. =Bib.=: Bancroft, _History of the North-West Coast_; Laut, +_Vikings of the Pacific_. + +=Great Bear Lake.= In Northern Canada. Area 11,821 square miles. +Discovered by men of the North West Company, and a post established on +or near the lake about 1800. Fort Franklin built on south-west shore, +1825, where Franklin wintered with Richardson and Back. Fort Confidence +built by Dease and Simpson, 1873, at eastern end of Dease Bay, on the +lake. =Index=: =MS= Area of, 39. =Bib.=: Franklin, _Second Expedition_; +Simpson, _Narrative of Discoveries_; Bell, _Great Bear Lake_ (Geol. +Survey, 1899); Burpee, _Search for the Western Sea_. + +=Great Lakes.= =WM= The domain of France, 18. _See also_ under names of +the individual lakes. =Bib.=: Curwood, _The Great Lakes_; Channing, +_Story of the Great Lakes_. + +=Great Mohawk (Grand Agnie).= =F= Christian Mohawk leader, 246. + +=Great Portage.= =Hd= Trade route to the interior, 163. _See_ Grand +Portage. + +=Great Slave Lake.= In Northern Canada. Area 10,719 square miles. +Discovered by Samuel Hearne (_q.v._), in 1771. A post built there, 1786, +by Leroux and Grant, of the North West Company. Three years later +Alexander Mackenzie passed through the lake on his way to the mouth of +the Mackenzie River. Visited later by many other explorers and fur +traders, this being on the route to the far North and North-West. +=Index=: =MS= Discovered by Samuel Hearne, 3, 31; Leroux builds post on, +18; Mackenzie on, 35, 36, 48, 49; forts on, 54-55. =Bib.=: Hearne, +_Journey to Coppermine_; Mackenzie, _Voyages_; Burpee, _Search for the +Western Sea_. + +=Great Western Railway.= Charter granted 1834, and renewed 1845. +Absorbed by the Grand Trunk in 1882. Ran from Hamilton to the +international boundary opposite Detroit. =Index=: =E= Construction +stimulated by provincial guarantee, 1849, 99. =Bib.=: Trout, _History of +Canadian Railways_ in _Canada: An Ency._, vol. 2. + +=Greeley, Horace= (1811-1872). American journalist. =Index=: =Mc= Editor +of New York _Tribune_, 472; Mackenzie's friend, 473; his influence with +Mackenzie, 474. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._ + +=Green, Benjamin= (1713-1772). Accompanied the expedition against +Louisbourg as secretary, 1745; remained there as government secretary +until 1749; removed to Halifax, and appointed a member of the Council of +Nova Scotia. Treasurer of the province for many years. Administrator of +the government, 1776. =Bib.=: _Selections from the Public Documents of +Nova Scotia_, ed. by Akins. + +=Greene, Nathanael= (1742-1786). =Dr= American general, watches Leslie's +army in South Carolina, 197; destitute condition of his force, 204. +=Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._ + +=Greenway, Thomas= (1838-1909). Born in Cornwall, England. Came to +Canada with his parents, 1844. Educated at the public schools of Huron +County, Ontario. Engaged in business for ten years at Centralia. +Defeated on two occasions for election to the House of Commons, but +elected, 1875; did not offer for re-election. Removed to Manitoba, 1878, +and engaged in farming. Elected to the Assembly, 1879; leader of the +Liberal opposition, 1887; premier, 1888; his government defeated, 1899. +Elected to the House of Commons, 1904. Appointed a member of the +Dominion Railway Commission, 1898. =Bib.=: Begg, _History of the +North-West_; Morgan, _Can. Men_. + +=Gregory, John=. Born in England. Came to Montreal, and engaged in the +fur trade. Associated with A. N. McLeod, Alexander Mackenzie, Peter +Pangman, and others, in opposition to the North West Company. =Index=: +=MS= In opposition to North West Company, 10, 11; his share as partner +of North West Company, 58. =Bib.=: Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_. + +=Gregory, William=. The first chief-justice of the province of Quebec. +His commission bears date August 24, 1764; succeeded by William Hey, +September 25, 1766. + +=Grenville, George Leveson-Gower, second Earl= (1815-1891). Entered +Parliament, 1836; secretary for foreign affairs, 1851-1852, 1870-1874, +1880-1885; colonial secretary, 1868-1870 and 1886. =Index=: =Md= +Colonial secretary, his part in the transfer of North-West Territories +to Canada, 157. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Grenville, William Wyndham, Baron= (1759-1834). Entered Parliament, +1782; paymaster-general, 1783; Speaker of the House of Commons, 1789; +created Baron Grenville, 1790; secretary for foreign affairs, 1791; +first lord of the treasury, 1806. =Index=: =Dr= Succeeds Sydney in +colonial office, 248; sends out draft bill for better government of the +province, 248. =S= Sends draft of Constitutional Act to Lord Dorchester, +2. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Grenville, Thomas= (1755-1846). =Dr= Accompanies Oswald to Paris to +discuss terms of peace, 192. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Grey, Charles, second Earl= (1764-1845). Distinguished British +statesman, noted particularly for his connection with the first Reform +Bill. =Sy= Becomes prime minister, 25; resigns, 45. =Mc= W.L. +Mackenzie's opinion of, 221; favours amnesty for Mackenzie, 478; +Mackenzie's letter to, 479. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Grey, _Life of +Lord Grey_. + +=Grey, Henry George, third Earl= (1802-1894). Secretary for the +colonies, 1830-1833; secretary for war, 1835-1841; succeeded to the +earldom, 1845; again secretary for the colonies, 1846-1852. =Index=: =E= +Colonial secretary, 13; on Metcalfe's mistaken policy, 36; Elgin's +letters to, 54-55; persuades Elgin to retain governor-generalship, 77; +and the Clergy Reserves, 164-165. =BL= Colonial secretary--his attitude +towards Canada, 267-272; Baldwin's reference to, 268-269; sanctions +representative government, but with a reservation, 273; his instructions +to Elgin, 274; Elgin's letter to, 285. =Md= Friendly attitude towards +responsible government, 33; his despatch to Sir John Harvey on +responsible government, 33; text of the despatch, 47-50. =W= His +despatch on money grants, 1847, 96; on colonial administration, 113; +disallows Hemp Bounties Bill, 118. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Grey, Albert Henry George Grey, fourth Earl= (1851- ). Born Howick, +England. Educated at Harrow School and Trinity College, Cambridge. +Member of British House of Commons, 1880-1886; administrator of +Rhodesia, 1896-1897; director of British South Africa Company, +1898-1904. Succeeded Lord Minto as governor-general of Canada, 1904. +=Bib.=: _Hubert Hervey: a Memoir_. For biog., _see Who's Who_. + +=Grey, Sir Charles Edward= (1785-1865). Educated at Oxford University; +called to the bar, 1811; commissioner in bankruptcy, 1817; judge of the +Supreme Court of Madras, 1820; knighted, 1820; sent to Canada as one of +three commissioners to investigate causes of prevailing discontent, +1835; elected to the House of Commons, 1838; governor of the Barbados, +1841-1846; governor of Jamaica, 1847-1853. =Index=: =P= Royal +Commissioner, sent to Canada with Lord Gosford and Sir George Gipps in +1835, 111. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Greywell Hill.= =Dr= Hampshire residence of Lord Dorchester, 307. + +=Grisler, Charles.= =S= Shot for desertion, 73. + +=Griffon.= =F= Vessel built by La Salle and lost in Lake Michigan, 159. + +=Grignan, de.= =F= Son-in-law of Mme. de Sevigne, a candidate for +governorship of Canada, 65. + +=Grondines.= =WM= French vessels retreat to, 152. + +=Groseilliers.= _See_ Chouart. + +=Guelph.= A city of Western Ontario, situated on the Speed River, in the +county of Wellington. Founded by John Galt (_q.v._), 1827. =Bib.=: +Lizars, _Days of the Canada Company_. + +=Guernsey.= =Bk= Island of, birthplace of Brock, 1-6. + +=Guerriere.= =Bk= British ship taken by the _Constitution_, 284. + +=Guers, Jean-Baptiste.= =Ch= Accompanies Champlain to Quebec, 1620, 121. + +=Gugy, Conrad= (1730-1786). Born at the Hague; son of a Swiss officer in +the Dutch service. Educated for the engineers; disposed of his +commission and settled in Quebec. Subsequently secretary to Sir +Frederick Haldimand and a member of the Legislative and Executive +Councils. =Index=: =Hd= Swiss, Haldimand's secretary, 62; his tomb, 345. +=Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._ + +=Gugy, Conrad Augustus.= Educated at Cornwall under John Strachan. +Served for a time in the army; afterwards studied law and called to the +bar of Lower Canada. Elected a member of the Assembly. Led the troops at +the assault of St. Eustache. Subsequently adjutant-general and +commissioner of police. =Index=: =P= Defends the government in the +Assembly, 1835, 101-102; on French-Canadian grievances, 103; a major in +the militia, 103; serves with Colborne at St. Eustache in 1837, 103; +advocates native-born ministry, 196. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; +Christie, _History of Lower Canada_. + +=Guienne Regiment.= =WM= Soldier of saves Captain Ochterlony, mortally +wounded, from being scalped, 142; Wolfe wishes to reward him, but reward +declined by Vaudreuil, 145; ordered to Heights of Abraham, 160; unwise +withdrawal of, from Plains of Abraham, 184; in battle of Ste. Foy, 257. +=Bib.=: Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_; Wood, _The Fight for Canada_; +Bradley, _Fight with France_. + +=Guilbault.= =Ch= Merchant, assists in taking Fort St. Pierre, 236. + +=Guilford, Frederick North, second Earl of= (1732-1792). Entered +Parliament, 1754; chancellor of the exchequer 1767; premier, 1770; +resigned in 1783. =Index=: =Dr= On Quebec Act, 66; defeat of his +government, 191. =Hd= His difficulty with settlers at Vincennes, 92; +burnt in effigy, 97; Haldimand's letters to, 259, 265; his idea of a +military settlement in the Eastern Townships, 264. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. +Biog._ + +=Guines, Modiste.= =Ch= Recollet, 115. + +=Guise, Captain.= =D= His voyage to North-West Coast for sea-otter, 22. + +=Gunn, Donald= (1797-1878). Born in Falkirk, Scotland. Entered the +service of the Hudson's Bay Company, 1813. Left the service, 1823, but +continued to reside in the Red River Settlement. Appointed one of the +judges of the Court of Petty Sessions, and for a time president of the +Court. Appointed a member of the Legislative Council of Manitoba, 1870. +=Bib.=: Begg, _History of the North-West_. + +=Gurnett, George.= =Mc= Brought to the bar, 152; editor of the +_Courier_, 165; style of, 165. + +=Guyard, Marie.= _See_ Marie de l'Incarnation. + +=Guyon, Jean.= =Ch= Mason, accompanies Robert Giffard to Canada, 252. + +=Guyon, Jean.= =L= Canadian priest, accompanies Laval to France, 199; +death of, 219. + +=Gwillim, Elizabeth Posthuma.= =S= Married to Simcoe, 40; descent and +characteristics, 40. + + +=Habeas Corpus Act.= =Hd= Not in operation in Haldimand's time, 275; +demanded by Du Calvet, 291. =Bib.=: Shortt and Doughty, _Constitutional +Documents relating to Canada_; _Dict. Eng. Hist._ + +=Habitants.= The peasants of Quebec. =Index=: =Dr= More independent than +peasantry of France, 12; raised to dignity of jurymen, 40; their +objection to juries, 68. =WM= Superior to peasantry of France, 23. =C= +Home life and hospitality, 118-119. =Bib.=: Greenough, _Canadian +Folk-Life_; Frechette, _Christmas in French Canada_; Morgan and Burpee, +_Canadian Life in Town and Country_; Fiske, _New France and New +England_; Lambert, _Travels in Canada_. + +=Habitation de Quebec.= The first building in Quebec. Erected by +Champlain, 1608. Stood about where the church of Notre Dame des +Victoires stands to-day. An illustration of the _Habitation_ is in +Champlain's _Voyages_. _See also_ Chateau St. Louis. =Index=: =Ch= +Constructed by Champlain, 41; description of, 44. =Bib.=: Champlain, +_Voyages_; Douglas, _Old France in the New World_. + +=Hagarty, Sir John Hawkins= (1816-1900). Born in Dublin. Educated at +Trinity College there. Came to Canada, 1834. Studied law, and called to +the bar of Upper Canada, 1840. Appointed puisne judge of the Court of +Common Pleas, 1856; transferred to the Court of Queen's Bench, 1862; +appointed chief-justice of the Court of Common Pleas, 1868; +chief-justice of the Court of Queen's Bench, 1878; chief-justice of +Ontario, 1884. Served as administrator of the province, 1882. Retired +from the bench, 1897. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._; Morgan, _Can. Men_. + +=Hagerman, Christopher Alexander= (1792-1847). Born in Adolphustown, +Ontario. Educated at Kingston; studied law and called to the bar of +Upper Canada, 1815. Served during the War of 1812-1814 with the militia, +being for a time aide-de-camp to the governor-general. Collector of +customs at Kingston, and member of the Executive Council, 1815. Elected +a member of the Assembly, 1819. Appointed temporarily judge of the +King's Bench, 1828; solicitor-general, 1829. Removed from office by the +colonial secretary on the representations of William Lyon Mackenzie; +subsequently restored. Appointed attorney-general, 1837; puisne judge of +the Court of Queen's Bench, 1840. =Index=: =Mc= Solicitor-general, +accuses Mackenzie of libel, 208; dismissed from office, 232; goes to +England, 233; restored to office, 234; threatens House with vengeance of +troops, 298. =Sy= Attorney-general, opposes union of provinces, 207, +208; made judge, 252. =BL= Brands Mackenzie as "a reptile unworthy of +the notice of any gentleman," 15; removed from office of +solicitor-general, 15; restored, 16; succeeded in 1840 by Draper, 77. +=Bib.=: Kingsford, _History of Canada_; Dent, _Upper Canadian Rebellion_ +and _Last Forty Years_; Read, _Lives of the Judges_. + +=Halard, Jacques.= =Ch= Brings out stores for De Caen, 136. + +=Haldemans of Pennsylvania.= =Hd= Cousins of Sir Frederick Haldimand, +87, 343. + +=Haldimand, Antoine Francois.= =Hd= Nephew of Sir Frederick Haldimand, +settled in England, 72, 88, 105; goes bail for his uncle, 311; very +successful in business. 311; his intimate relations with his uncle, +312, 332, 338, 341, 342. + +=Haldimand, Barthelemi.= =Hd= Uncle of Sir Frederick Haldimand, 2; a +philanthropic fighting Calvinist, 2. + +=Haldimand, Bertrand.= =Hd= Nephew of Sir Frederick Haldimand, 311, 340. + +=Haldimand, Francois-Lois.= =Hd= Father of Sir Frederick Haldimand, 2. + +=Haldimand, Francois-Louis.= =Hd= Brother of Sir Frederick Haldimand, 2, +312, 343. + +=Haldimand, Sir Frederick= (1718-1791). =Hd= Descent and birth, 1-3; +antagonism to French nation, 3; joins Prussian army, 3; previous +military service, 5; present at battle of Mollwitz, 6; his admiration +for the king of Prussia, 6; recommended to command of second battalion, +Royal American regiment, 9; stationed at Philadelphia, 11; sent to +Albany and afterwards to southern colonies to recruit, 13; but slightly +acquainted with the English language, 15; popular in the military +profession, 15; resemblance to George Washington, 15; exchanges to +fourth battalion of Royal Americans, 17; joins expedition against +Canada, 17; wounded at Ticonderoga (Carillon), 21; in correspondence +with General Gage, 22, 23; in command at Fort Edward, 22; marches to +Oswego, 25; repulses attack of French under La Corne de St. Luc, 26; +yields precedence at Niagara to Sir W. Johnson, 27; returns to Oswego, +27; builds block-houses, 32; makes vegetable gardens for benefit of his +troops, 33; joins in attack on Fort de Levis, 36; ordered to take +possession of one of the gates of Montreal, 38; demands the French +flags, 39; remains two years at Montreal under Gage, 40; succeeds Burton +at Three Rivers, 42; promoted to rank of colonel in British army, 42; +becomes British subject, 42; divides government of Three Rivers into +four districts, 43; his proclamations, 45; his relations with Murray, +49; with his nephew, 50; his land purchases, 50, 51; on Burton's return +to Montreal, 53; again at Three Rivers, 53; suppresses irregular trading +with Indians, 54; difficulties of his position, 60; obtains leave of +absence and visits England, 61; transferred to Florida, 63; unpleasant +relations with Governor Johnstone, 65, 73; improves conditions for the +troops, 66-69; lays out gardens, 71; tries to promote agriculture among +Indian tribes, 72; surveys Mobile River and Bay, 77, 78; transferred to +St. Augustine, 78; his farm of _Mon Plaisir_, 78; sent back to +Pensacola, 80; his position pecuniarily burdensome, 82, 87; made major +and placed in command at New York, 83; his attitude in relation to +colonial trouble, 84, 85; visits relatives in Pennsylvania, 87; +relations with Governor Tryon, 89; his views on employment of troops in +Indian and civil disturbances, 89, 90, 92; foresees civil war, 98; +summoned by Gage to Boston, 102; his property in New York stolen or +destroyed, 103; recalled to England, 105; his reception there, 106; made +inspector-general of forces in West Indies, and raised to rank of +general in America and lieutenant-general in the army, 107; receives +L3000 to cover past outlays, 107; appointed governor of Canada, in +succession to Carleton, 113; visits Yverdun, 113, 116; his reception at +Quebec, and at Montreal, 117, 119; receives news of a treaty between +France, Spain, and the revolted colonies, 124; fortifies post on +Carleton Island, 124; his distrust of French-Canadians, 127, 128; issues +letters of marque, 130; improves mail service with England, 131; his +report to Lord George Germaine, 132-143; his policy with the Indians, +147, 259; opens letter addressed by Guy Johnson to Germaine, 155; +reprimanded, 156; his efforts to keep peace between rival officers, +157-159; prohibited trading by officials, 162; on the value of Indian +allies, 164; negotiates with Washington for Henry Hamilton's release +from prison, 169; his later opinion of Indians in battle, 170; +disapproves the savagery of Butler's Indians, 170; suspends Allsopp, +member of Council, for sedition, 175; surrounded by spies, 175; +disagreements with Council, 176-178; prohibits exportation of grain, +177; befriends Ursuline nuns, 179; his rules of conduct, 179; sends back +two priests from France, 181; strengthens fortifications of Quebec, 183; +causes canals to be made at Coteau du Lac and Cascades, 185; visit to +Montreal and benefactions to its institutions, 186; greatly mortified by +despatch hinting that, in case of extreme danger, Carleton might be sent +to take command, 188; desires to resign his post, 189; concerned at +sympathy of leading French-Canadians with the French in the war, 190; +takes census, 190; founds library at Quebec, 190; exercises a certain +censorship of press, 191; his proclamations, 192; consents to remain in +Canada till conclusion of peace, 194; his cautious attitude in +connection with the Vermont question, 200, 208, 211, 212; breaks off +negotiations, 217; his instructions regarding vaccination, 230; +exercises fatherly care over his officers, 236; his opinion of Canadian +horses, 245; his resemblance in character to Washington, 250; receives +Baron Steuben at Sorel, 259; declines to surrender western forts, 260; +assists the North West Company, 261; his advice to home government +respecting western posts, 262; opposed to idea of military settlement in +eastern townships, 264; efforts on behalf of Loyalists, 265; the founder +of Ontario, 271; his unpopularity, 273; has to grapple with treasonable +intrigues, 273-282; admissions in his favour by French-Canadian +authorities, 291, 292; the kindness of his disposition, 293-296; +godfather to two of Baron Riedesel's children, 296, 299; his physical +ailments, 299; his garden at Quebec, 299; his regard for the Riedesels, +299-304; his departure from Canada, 309; arrested at suit of Du Calvet, +310; bailed by his nephew, 311; receives Order of the Bath, 313, 322; +promoted to be general in America, 313; his papers in the Archives in +Ottawa, 319; Dr. Brymner's opinion of, 320; his diary, 321; the king's +high regard for him, 321, 322; the queen's, 322, 336; characteristics, +323-329; his opinion of Lord Amherst, 326; on friendly terms with Lord +Sydney, 326; his hospitality to Canadians, 327; meets Sir Guy Carleton, +in London, 330; his opinions of various persons, 332, 333; notes from +his diary, 333-340; poor opinion of the French, 335; goes to +Switzerland, 336; returns to London, 337; his death, 340; his will, +340-343; memorial tablet to, in Westminster Abbey, 346; his devotion to +British interests, 347. =Bk= His able administration of the government +of Canada, 37; first canals made under his orders, 48. =Dr= His valuable +papers, 7; news received of his appointment as governor, 183; his +unwillingness to accept post, 183; arrival of, 189; exchange of +prisoners made by, 207. =E= Constructs St. Lawrence canals, 97. =Bib.=: +Kingsford, _History of Canada_; Lucas, _History of Canada_; Bradley, +_The Making of Canada_; _Dict. Nat. Biog._; _Haldimand Papers_ (Canadian +Archives). + +=Haldimand, Frederick.= =Hd= Nephew of Sir Frederick Haldimand, 17; +serves in his uncle's battalion, 49; runs into debt, 50; drowned, 61, +294; Haldimand's affection for, 62. + +=Haldimand, Henry.= =Hd= Nephew of Sir Frederick Haldimand, 311; his +death, 312. + +=Haldimand, Honnete Gaspard.= =Hd= Grandfather of Sir Frederick +Haldimand, 2, 17, 72, 311. + +=Haldimand, Jean Abraham.= =Hd= Younger brother of Sir Frederick +Haldimand, 2, 17, 72, 88, 311. + +=Haldimand, Jean-Lois.= =Hd= Uncle of Sir Frederick Haldimand, 2, 4. + +[Illustration: Halifax and Harbour from Dartmouth about 1760 Drawn on +the spot by Richard Short] + +=Haldimand, Justine.= =Hd= Sister of Sir Frederick Haldimand, 3; death +of, 338. + +=Haldimand, Louis.= =Hd= Nephew of Sir Frederick Haldimand, 88; his +arrival and reception in Boston, 109; promoted, 110, 294; his debts, +312. + +=Haldimand, Pierre.= =Hd= Nephew of Sir Frederick Haldimand, joins him +in Florida, 72; placed in charge of seigniory of Pabos, 73, 111; +appointed ranger of the woods, 294; death of, 294. + +=Haldimand, William.= =Hd= Grand-nephew of Sir Frederick Haldimand; and +director of Bank of England, 343. + +=Haldimand Papers.= =Hd= In Canadian Archives, 319, 320. + +=Haliburton, Thomas Chandler= (1796-1865). Born at Windsor, Nova Scotia. +Educated at the Grammar School and at King's College there. Called to +the bar and practised for a time at Annapolis. Represented the county of +Annapolis in the Nova Scotia Legislature, and in 1829 appointed district +judge of the Court of Common Pleas. In 1841 transferred to the Supreme +Court. Resigned in 1856, and removed to England, where three years +later, entered Parliament as member for Launceston. Died at his home, +Gordon House, on the Thames. =Index=: =H= Contributes to _Nova Scotian_, +9; his _History of Nova Scotia_ published by Joseph Howe, a financial +failure, 10; friendship for Howe, 10; sails for England with Howe, 267; +Howe's poetical toast to, 267-268. =Md= Advocates Confederation, 96. +=Bib.=: Works: _An Historical and Statistical Account of Nova Scotia_; +_The Clockmaker, or The Sayings and Doings of Samuel Slick of +Slickville_; _Bubbles of Canada_; _Reply to the Report of the Earl of +Durham_; _Letter-bag of the Great Western, or Life in a Steamer_; +_Attache, or Sam Slick in England_; _Old Judge, or Life in a Colony_; +_English in America_; _Traits of American Humour_; _Wise Saws and Modern +Instances_; _Americans at Home_; _Nature and Human Nature_; _Address on +the Present Condition, Resources, and Prospects of British North +America_; _Season Ticket_. Brief biographies are found in _Dict. Nat. +Biog._; Morgan, _Bib. Can._; Allibone, _Dict. Eng. Lit._; Calnek and +Savery, _History of the County of Annapolis_; Chasles, _Etudes sur +Litterature des Anglo-Americains_; Crofton, _Haliburton: a Centenary +Chaplet_. _See also_ last-mentioned volume for a bibliography of the +various editions of his works and a list of articles, in books and +magazines, on the man and his works; _also_ A. H. O'Brien's exhaustive +bibliography, in R. S. C., _Trans._, 1909. + +=Halifax.= A seaport, and the capital of Nova Scotia; founded in 1749 +and named after the Earl of Halifax, then president of the Board of +Trade. The first settlers were brought out from England in that year by +Governor Cornwallis, in thirteen transports; following year made the +capital of the province (then including New Brunswick), instead of +Annapolis; in 1842 incorporated as a city; became, with its +fortifications, observatory stations, harbour mines, etc., one of the +fortresses of the Empire and the chief British naval station in North +America; garrisoned by Imperial troops until 1905, when they were +withdrawn and replaced by a Canadian garrison. =Index=: =H= Birthplace +of Joseph Howe, 1; the North-West Arm, 1; Melville Island, 5; newspapers +(_see_ _Chronicle_; _Acadian_; _Nova Scotian_); municipal government in, +in 1835, 20; Howe's trial for libelling magistrates of the city, 21, 29; +represented by Howe and Annand, 1836, 29; bill for incorporation of, 69; +Howe re-elected for, 73; James MacNab elected for, 106; railway +communication with Windsor, 118. =Bib.=: MacMechan, _Halifax in Books_, +a collection of pen-pictures of Halifax and its people by many writers +from Edmund Burke to Rudyard Kipling, and including Marsden, +_Narrative_; Tom Moore, _Letters_; McGregor, _Maritime Colonies of +British America_; Moorsom, _Letters from Nova Scotia_; Sleigh, _Pine +Forests_; Mrs. Williams, _Neutral French_; Marryat, _Frank Mildmay_; +Dickens, _American Notes_; Johnston, _Notes on North America_; Cozzens, +_Acadia_; Sladen, _On the Cars and Off_; Haliburton, _Nova Scotia_; +Thomas B. Akins, _History of Halifax_ (Nova Scotia Hist. Soc. _Trans._, +vol. 8); Mackay, _Sketch of City of Halifax_, in _Canada: An Ency._, +vol. 5; Regan, _Sketches and Traditions of the North-West Arm_; +_Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia_, ed. by Akins. + +=Halifax Award.= The treaty of Washington having provided for a +commission, to settle the compensation due Canada by the United States +for the use of her fisheries, in 1877 the United States appointed E.H. +Kellogg, Canada appointed Sir Alexander Galt, and these two agreed upon +M. Delfosse, Belgian minister to Washington, as a third. The commission +met at Halifax, and after long and careful deliberation, decided that +Canada should be paid $5,500,000, the American commissioner protesting. +The award was paid, after some delay. _See_ Washington, Treaty of. +=Bib.=: _Record of the Proceedings of the Halifax Fisheries Commission_, +1877. + +=Hall, Major George D.= =Sy= Appointed military secretary and +aide-de-camp, 152. + +=Halliburton, Sir Brenton= (1773-1860). =H= Chief-justice, of Nova +Scotia, presides at trial of Joseph Howe for libel, 24; contest for his +office, 168; his son challenges Howe, because of supposed insulting +references to the father, 236. =Bib.=: Hill, _Memoir of Sir Brenton +Halliburton_; Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_. + +=Halliburton, John Croke= (1806-1884). Eldest son of Sir Brenton +Halliburton, chief-justice of Nova Scotia. Called to the bar, 1829; +appointed deputy-clerk of the Legislative Council, 1830, and clerk, +1838. In early life challenged Joseph Howe to a duel, but neither of the +duellists injured. =Index=: =H= Challenges Joseph Howe, 236; the duel, +236-244. + +=Haly, Sir William O'Grady= (1811-1878). Entered the army, 1828. Served +with distinction in the Crimea and in India. Created K.C.B., 1855. +Appointed commander-in-chief of the forces in British North America, +1873. Acted as administrator of the government of Canada during the +absence of Lord Dufferin, 1875. Attained the rank of general, 1877. Died +in Halifax. + +=Hamilton.= City of Ontario, on Burlington Bay, west end of Lake +Ontario. Laid out and settled, 1813, by George Hamilton, from whom it +takes its name. =Index=: =BL= Early municipal government of, 298, 300. +=Bib.=: Lovell, _Gazetteer_. + +=Hamilton, Alexander= (1757-1804). American statesman. =Index=: =Dr= +Anxious to keep on good terms with Britain, 286; Talleyrand's opinion +of, 287. =Bib.=: Hamilton, _Life of Alexander Hamilton_. For further +biog., and bibliog. of works by and of him, _see Cyc. Am. Biog._ and +_Lit. Am. Hist._ + +=Hamilton, John= (1801-1882). Born in Queenston, Ontario. Removed to +Kingston, 1840. Throughout his life largely interested in inland +navigation, and the first to introduce iron vessels on Canadian waters. +Sat in the Legislative Council of Upper Canada, 1831-1841; in the +Legislative Council of Canada, 1841-1867; and in the Senate from 1867 +until his death. On the completion of his fiftieth year of continuous +service in the Upper Chamber, presented with an address of +congratulation by his fellow-senators. + +=Hamilton, Henry.= Lieutenant-governor of Detroit during Revolutionary +War; captured at Vincennes, 1779, and imprisoned. Retired from the army, +1783; lieutenant-governor of Quebec, 1784-1785; governor of Bermuda, +1790-1794. Died in Antigua, 1796. =Index=: =Hd= Governor of Detroit, +occupies Vincennes on Wabash, 167; captured and imprisoned by +Americans, 168; made lieutenant-governor of Quebec, 314. Died, 1796. +=Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._; Shortt and Doughty, _Constitutional Documents +of Canada_. + +=Hamilton, Paul= (1762-1816). =Bk= United States secretary of the navy, +173. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._ + +=Hamilton, Pierce Stevens= (1826-1893). Studied law, and called to the +bar, 1851. Entered journalism, and edited _Acadian Recorder_, 1853-1861. +Appointed chief commissioner of mines for Nova Scotia. An early advocate +of Confederation. =Index=: =B= Advocates Confederation, 129. =T= His +views on union of the colonies, 65-66. =Bib.=: Works: _Union of the +Colonies of British North America_; _Feast of Ste. Anne and other +Poems_. + +=Hamilton, Robert.= =S= Member of Legislative Council, 79; accused by +Simcoe of "republicanism," 97; visits England and takes legal advice +respecting land matters in Upper Canada, 103; his house at Queenston, +179; entertains Prince Edward, 184; appointed lieutenant of county of +Lincoln, 198. + +=Hammond, George= (1763-1853). =S= British minister at Philadelphia, +consulted by Simcoe on the situation, 134, 144. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. +Biog._ + +=Hampton, Sir John Somerset Pakington, first Baron= (1799-1880). Sat for +Droitwich in British Parliament, 1837-1874; secretary for war and +colonies, 1852; first lord of Admiralty, 1858 and 1866; secretary for +war, 1867-1868. =Index=: =E= Opposes the secularization of Clergy +Reserves, 165, 166, 167. =B= And the Clergy Reserves, 59. =Bib.=: _Dict. +Nat. Biog._ + +=Hancock.= =Bk= Private of 41st, first man killed in War of 1812, 236. + +=Hancock's House.= =S= Skirmish at, 24. + +=Handy, Henry S.= =Mc= Commander of "patriot" army, 427; quarrels with +"General" Sutherland, 427; occupies Sugar Island, 428; put to flight, +428; forms new plot to revolutionize Canada, 437; its extent, 438; +failure of, 439. =Bib.=: Dent, _Upper Canadian Rebellion_. + +=Hanington, Daniel= (1804-1889). Sat for over half a century in one or +other of the branches of the New Brunswick Legislature. Elected to +Assembly, 1834, for Westmoreland, which he represented up to 1862. A +member of the Executive Council under Sir Edmund Head; Speaker of the +Assembly for several years; appointed to the Legislative Council, 1867, +and president of that body, 1883-1886. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; +Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_. + +=Hanington, Daniel Lionel= (1835-1909). Born at Shediac, New Brunswick. +Called to the bar, 1861; in 1870 entered the New Brunswick Assembly, +representing Westmoreland until 1874; and reelected, 1878; member of the +Executive Council, 1878; premier of the province, 1882; resigned, 1883. +In 1892 appointed a puisne judge of the Supreme Court of New Brunswick. +=Index=: =T= Elected Speaker of New Brunswick Assembly, 30. =Bib.=: +Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_. + +=Hanks, Captain.= =Bk= Surrenders Michilimackinac, 211; killed at +Detroit, 255. + +=Hanna, James.= =D= Voyage of 1785, 22; on enormous profits of sea-otter +trade, 22. + +=Hanna, Michael= (1821-1882). Born in Ireland. Came to Canada, 1839, and +completed his studies at St. Mary's College. Ordained to the priesthood, +1845. Held various charges in Nova Scotia. Subsequently became +vicar-general of the diocese of Halifax and archbishop, 1877. Died in +Halifax. + +=Harding, James A.= =T= Returned for St. John, 25, 30, 43. + +=Hardy, Arthur Sturgis= (1837-1899). Born at Mount Pleasant, Ontario. +Studied law, and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1865; practised his +profession at Brantford; Q. C., 1876. Elected to the Ontario +Legislature, 1873; provincial secretary, 1877; commissioner of crown +lands, 1889; premier, 1896. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; Biggar, _Sir +Oliver Mowat_. + +=Hargrave, James.= Chief factor of the Hudson's Bay Company. =Index=: +=MS= In charge of York Factory, 226; correspondence with Rev. Wm. +Cochrane, 227; made chief trader, 1833, and chief factor, 1844, 227; +Simpson's letters to, 261-262. =Bib.=: Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_. + +=Harlay, de.= =L= Archbishop of Rouen, desires ecclesiastical +jurisdiction over Canada, 133; called to the see of Paris, 134; desires +to bring diocese of Quebec under his jurisdiction, 184. + +=Harmon, Daniel Williams.= Born in Vermont. Entered service of North +West Company, 1800, at Montreal, and left immediately for the western +fur country. Returned to the east in 1819, bringing with him his +_Journals_, covering this period, which were edited by Daniel Haskel, of +Burlington, Vt., and published at that place in 1820; reprinted in New +York, with a brief introduction, 1903. Returned to the West, and +remained there several years, finally settling with his native wife and +family on the shores of Lake Champlain. One of his daughters conducted a +private school in Ottawa for many years. =Index=: =D= Stuart's +lieutenant in New Caledonia, 98. =Bib.=: _Journal of Voyages and Travels +in the Interior of North America_. For biog., _see_ Bryce, _Hudson's Bay +Company_; Laut, _Conquest of the Great North-West_; Burpee, _Search for +the Western Sea_. + +=Haro, Gonzalez Lopez de.= =D= Finds Russian establishments, 38. =Bib.=: +Bancroft, _North-West Coast_. + +=Harrison, Robert Alexander= (1833-1878). Studied law, and appointed to +crown law department of Upper Canada, 1854. Retired, 1859, and practised +in Toronto. Member for Toronto in first Dominion Parliament, 1867-1872. +Chief-justice of the Court of Queen's Bench, Ontario, 1875-1878. One of +the arbitrators in Ontario boundary dispute, 1878. Author of many legal +works; and edited _Poker_, a humorous paper, 1859-1860. =Index=: =B= His +connection with the contempt of court suit against George Brown, +249-254. =Md= Chief-justice, serves on Ontario Boundary Commission, 255. +=Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._; Read, _Lives of the Judges_. + +=Harrison, Samuel Bealey.= =Sy= Provincial secretary for Upper Canada, +283; his resolutions on responsible government, 310, 311. =BL= +Provincial secretary for Upper Canada, 1841, 76; a moderate Liberal, 78; +Baldwin's confidence in, 78; retains office under La Fontaine-Baldwin +administration, 134; Constitutional Society of Orillia recommends his +dismissal, 167; member for Kingston--opposes transfer of capital to +Montreal, and resigns as provincial secretary, 182; Gowan predicts his +dismissal from office, 187. =Mc= Moves resolution for responsible +government, which carries, 408. =Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty Years_. + +=Harrison, T. T. J.= =Mc= His account of the Haldimand election, 487. + +=Harrison, William Henry= (1773-1841). Ninth president of the United +States. =Index=: =Bk= United States general, his Tippecanoe exploit, +174-176. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._ + +=Harvey, Sir John= (1778-1852). Entered the British army, and saw active +service in Holland, France, at the Cape of Good Hope, Ceylon, India, and +Egypt. In 1812 deputy adjutant-general of the army in Canada, and +defeated the American generals Chandler and Winder at Stoney Creek. Took +part in the battles of Lundy's Lane, Fort Erie, and Chrystler's Farm. In +1815 aide-de-camp to the Duke of Wellington, and fought at Waterloo. In +1837-1841 governor of New Brunswick; governor and commander-in-chief of +Newfoundland, 1841-1846; and governor of Nova Scotia, 1846-1852. Buried +at Halifax. =Index=: =Md= Governor of Nova Scotia, Grey's despatch on +responsible government, 33; text of the despatch, 47-50. =BL= Earl +Grey's despatch to, on responsible government in Nova Scotia, 269-272. +=H= Appointed lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 103; his broad views +on responsible government, 112-113; his correspondence with Earl Grey as +to proposed Intercolonial Railway, 124; his death, 143. =W= Succeeds Sir +Archibald Campbell as lieutenant-governor, 47; assents to Civil List +Bill, 47; on tenure of public office, 57, 113; his connection with the +Aroostook War, 135. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Lucas, _Canadian War of +1812_; Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_; Campbell, _History of Nova +Scotia_; Saunders, _Three Premiers of Nova Scotia_. + +=Hatheway, George L.= =T= Chief commissioner of the Board of Works, New +Brunswick, 86; deserts the government and runs as opposition candidate +in York, 86; deserts Anti-Confederates, in 1866, 108. + +=Haultain, Frederick William Gordon= (1857- ). Born in Woolwich, +England. Educated at Montreal High School, Peterborough Collegiate +Institute, and the University of Toronto. Called to the bar of Ontario, +1882; removed to the North-West Territories and settled at Fort McLeod, +1884. Elected to the North-West Council, 1887, and to the first +Territorial Assembly, 1888. Member of the Advisory Council, 1888; +Territorial premier, 1897; held office until the formation of the +provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan, 1905. =Bib.=: Begg, _History of +the North-West_; Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_. + +=Haviland, T. H.= (1822-1895). Born at Charlottetown, Prince Edward +Island. Studied law and called to the bar of Prince Edward Island, 1846; +elected to the Assembly for Georgetown the same year; member of the +Legislative Council, 1870; colonial secretary in the provincial +government, 1859-1862, 1866-1867, 1870-1872; solicitor-general, 1865; +Speaker of the Assembly, 1863-1864; provincial secretary, 1873-1876; +called to the Senate, 1873; lieutenant-governor of Prince Edward Island, +1879. =Index=: =T= Delegate from Prince Edward Island to Quebec +Conference, 77. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._ + +=Hawke.= =B= His evidence on land grants in Upper Canada, 53-54. + +=Hay, Charles.= =Hd= Imprisoned on charge of treason, 279. + +=Hay, Jehu.= =Hd= Lieutenant-governor of Detroit, 158. + +=Hay, Robert.= =Mc= Generosity of, 505. + +=Hayes Route.= The main route of the fur traders, from Hudson Bay to +Lake Winnipeg and the interior. It was adopted at a very early date, the +more obvious route by way of Nelson River having proved impracticable. +The Hayes route runs up Hayes River to Oxford Lake, and thence by a +series of small lakes and rivers over the height of land and down the +Echimamish River to Little Playgreen Lake, and Lake Winnipeg. York +Factory stands at the Hudson Bay end of the route, and Norway House at +the entrance to Lake Winnipeg. + +=Hazen, John Douglas= (1860- ). Born in Oromocto, New Brunswick. +Educated at the University of New Brunswick; studied law and called to +the bar of New Brunswick, 1883. Alderman of Fredericton and mayor for +two years. Elected to the House of Commons for St. John City and County, +1891; but defeated, 1896. Elected to the New Brunswick Assembly for +Sunbury, 1899; chosen leader of the opposition in the Assembly; premier +and attorney-general, 1908. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's +Who_. + +=Hazen, Moses.= =Dr= Brings news of Arnold's attack on St. Johns, 34. +=Hd= A rebel spy, 130; mentioned by Haldimand in despatch, 132-133. + +=Hazen, Robert Leonard= (1806-1874). Born in St. John, New Brunswick. +Studied law and called to the bar, 1832; sat for St. John in New +Brunswick Assembly, 1837-1848; in Legislative Council, 1848-1867; member +of Executive Council without portfolio, 1844-1854, and again, 1856-1857; +called to the Senate, 1867; judge of Vice-Admiralty Court of New +Brunswick, 1846-1874. =Index=: =W= On responsible government, 63-64; +appointed to Executive Council, New Brunswick, 72; resigns, 76; referred +to in Wilmot's speech, 104, 105, 106, 108, 109, 110. =T= Member of +Gray-Wilmot ministry, 41. =Bib.=: _Parl. Comp._, 1873; Hannay, _History +of New Brunswick_. + +=Hazen's Rangers.= =WM= In battle of the Plains, 257. + +=Head, Sir Edmund Walker= (1805-1868). Fellow of Merton College, Oxford, +1830-1837; lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick, 1847; governor-general +of Canada, 1854-1861. Afterwards appointed a civil service commissioner +and elected governor of the Hudson's Bay Company. =Index=: =Md= Calls +upon Tache to form ministry, 80; suggests Bytown (Ottawa) as capital, +85. =E= Succeeds Elgin as governor-general, Dec. 19, 1854, 203; Elgin's +opinion of, 208; visits Elgin, 239. =B= Sends for George Brown to form +ministry--relations with, 101-105, 108. =R= Requests report on separate +school question from Ryerson, 234. =W= On reducing number of judges in +New Brunswick, 129, 130; and Wilmot, 131. =T= Judicial appointments, 31; +and Confederation question, 63. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Dent, _Can. +Por._ and _Last Forty Years; Dict. Nat. Biog._; Pope, _Memoirs of Sir +John A. Macdonald_; Mackenzie, _Hon. George Brown_. + +=Head, Sir Francis Bond= (1793-1875). Served in Royal Engineers at +Waterloo; travelled in South America, 1825-1826; appointed +lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada, 1835-1837; made privy councillor, +1867. =Index=: =Mc= Governor of Upper Canada, states his position on +responsible government, 22; Durham says he purposely invited rebellion, +23; his instructions on taking office, 263; makes public a confidential +despatch, 280; arrives in Canada, 291; his appointment, 291; states his +position, 293; appoints three executive councillors, 294; Council +resigns, 294; his views of responsibility, 295; censured by committee of +the House, 296; House adopts the report, 297; refuses supplies, 297; he +replies to address of deputation, 298; deputation's reply, 300; appoints +four new councillors, 300; schooled by Lord Glenelg, 301; joins Family +Compact, 302; dissolves the House, 303; refuses assent to money bills, +303; interferes in elections, 304; insults Glenelg, 304; denounces +Robert Baldwin, 305; quarrels with imperial commission of inquiry, 305; +refuses to obey Lord Glenelg, 307; W. J. Rattray on, 307; his success in +the elections, 308; unscrupulous influence in, 309; Lord Durham on, 309; +some of his addresses, 313; charged with undue influence in, 313; +sustained by partisan House, 314; refuses offer of troops, 353; invites +revolt, 354, 355; prepares to escape, 364; sends flag of truce, 368; +offers reward for Mackenzie's apprehension, 380; orders burning of +property, 381; seeks Mackenzie's extradition, 415. =Sy= Recall of, 109. +=BL= Comes as governor, 16, 32; his appointment, 35; his character, 36; +his arrival in Toronto, 37; relations with the Reformers, 37; appoints +Baldwin, Rolph, and Dunn to the Council, 38; their resignation, 41; +quarrels with Reform party, 41-42; dissolves Assembly and throws his +influence on Tory side in the elections, 41-42; wins the election, 42; +his Tory Parliament, 62; attitude towards colonial self-government, 64; +Draper a member of his Council, 77; compared to Bagot, 151. =R= His +instructions, 112; his conciliatory promises not fulfilled, 113; end of +his administration, 114; advances funds to Upper Canada Academy, +142-143. =E= An unfortunate choice as governor, 1; and the Upper Canada +Rebellion, 22. =Bib.=: Works: _Narrative_; _The Emigrant_; _Journeys in +the Pampas and Andes_; _Life of Bruce, the Traveller; Life of Burgoyne_. +For biog., _see_ Morgan, _Cel. Can._; _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Read, +_Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada_ and _Rebellion of 1837_; Dent, +_Can. Por._ and _Upper Canadian Rebellion_; Lizars, _Humours of '37_; +Fitz Gibbon, _A Veteran of 1812_; Robinson, _Sir John Beverley +Robinson_; Ryerson, _Story of my Life_; Egerton and Grant, _Canadian +Constitutional Development_; Durham, _Report_; _Lord Glenelg's +Despatches to Sir F.B. Head_, London, 1839. + +=Hearne, Samuel= (1745-1792). Came to Fort Prince of Wales on the +Hudson's Bay Company's ship _Prince Rupert_. Under instructions from the +Company, and after two abortive attempts, set forth in December, 1770, +on his memorable journey to the mouth of the Coppermine River, which he +reached in July of the following year. Returning by way of Great Slave +Lake, arrived at Fort Prince of Wales in June, 1772. Two years later +sent to the Saskatchewan, where he built Cumberland House. On his return +in 1775, appointed governor of Fort Prince of Wales, and still in charge +when the fort was captured by La Perouse in 1782. Brief accounts of his +journey published after his return from the Coppermine, and some of his +statements severely criticized by Alexander Dalrymple. The complete +account of the expedition did not appear until three years after his +death. =Index=: =MS= Sent inland by Hudson's Bay Company, 3; discovers +Coppermine River and Great Slave Lake, 3, 31; builds Cumberland House, +4; magnitude of his explorations, 31; his guide Matonabee, 32. =D= His +expedition to Coppermine River made on behalf of Hudson's Bay Company, +51; his discoveries known to Alexander Mackenzie, 53. =Bib.=: Works: +_Journey from Prince of Wales Fort in Hudson's Bay to the Northern +Ocean_, etc., 1769-1772 (Lond., 1795). New ed., edited by J. B. Tyrrell, +Champlain Soc., 1910; French trans. by M. Lallemant in 2 vols. (Paris, +1799). Also, abridged in Mavor's collection of _Voyages_, xxiv, 1-66. +Brief accounts of Hearne and his explorations will be found in Bryce, +_Hudson's Bay Company_; Willson, _Great Company_; Laut, _Pathfinders of +the West_ and _Conquest of the Great North-West_; Burpee, _Search for +the Western Sea_. + +=Heath, General William= (1737-1814). =Dr= Commissioner on American side +for exchange of prisoners, 208. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog_. + +=Heathfield, George Augustus Eliott, first Baron= (1717-1790). Defender +of Gibraltar. =Index=: =Hd= His marriage, 316. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. +Biog._ + +=Heavysege, Charles= (1816-1876). Born in Liverpool, England. Came to +Canada, 1853. Settled in Montreal, and engaged in his trade of +cabinet-making. Afterwards connected with the staff of the _Witness_. +Author of a number of dramas, the most remarkable of which was _Saul_. +=Bib.=: For his works, _see_ James, _Bibliography of Canadian Poetry_. +For biog., _see_ Burpee, _Charles Heavysege_ (R. S. C., 1901); Rose, +_Cyc. Can. Biog._; MacMurchy, _Canadian Literature_. + +=Hebert, Anne.= Eldest daughter of Louis Hebert, Quebec; married to +Stephen Jonquest in the autumn of 1617, Father Le Caron officiating. +This was the first marriage in New France. =Index=: =Ch= Her marriage, +113; her death, 117. + +=Hebert, Guillaume.= =Ch= Son of Louis, 146. + +=Hebert, Louis.= Came from Paris to Acadia, 1604; mentioned there in +1610, and again in 1613-1614. Returned to France, and in 1617 came to +Quebec, becoming the first permanent settler in New France. Died 1627. +=Index=: =F= First regular settler at Quebec, 16. =Ch= Consents to +accompany Champlain to Canada, 111, 112; a valuable member of the +colony, 112; signs complaint of the inhabitants, 136; his family, 146; +previous life, 147; death of, 148; a native of Paris, 250; receives fief +of Sault au Matelot, 251. =Bib.=: Colby, _Canadian Types of the Old +Regime_; Douglas, _Old France in the New World_. + +=Hebert, Guillemette.= =Ch= Wife of Guillaume Couillard, 146. + +=Hebert, Madame.= =Ch= Mass celebrated in her house on restoration of +Quebec, 225. + +=Heceta, Bruno.= Commanded Spanish expedition to North-West Coast, 1775. +=Index=: =D= Discovers mouth of Columbia, 14, 15. =Bib.=: Bancroft, +_History of the North-West Coast_. + +=Helmcken, John Sebastian.= Born in England, 1832. Studied medicine and +admitted a member of the Royal College of Surgeons, London, 1848. +Appointed surgeon at Vancouver Island by Hudson's Bay Company; first +magistrate appointed in the colony. As magistrate stationed at Fort +Rupert, where the miners were very unruly. In 1856 elected for Esquimalt +district to the first Legislature of the colony; took a very active part +in its deliberations; and became Speaker. Member of Executive Council, +1864-1871. Opposed Confederation in 1870. Sent to Ottawa the same year +as one of the delegates to negotiate terms of union. =Index=: =D= +Speaker of first Legislature of Vancouver Island, 210. =Bib.=: Morgan, +_Can. Men_; Begg, _History of British Columbia_. + +=Henderson, Captain.= =Dr= With crews of two war vessels assists in +defence of Quebec, 112. + +=Henderson.= =WM= Private of grenadiers, helps to carry Wolfe off the +field, 200. + +=Hennepin, Louis.= Born in Ath, Belgium, about 1640. Entered order of +Recollets. Sailed for Quebec, 1675. Stationed at Fort Frontenac, 1676. +Accompanied La Salle to the West, 1678. From Fort Crevecoeur (Peoria, +Ill.), in 1680, descended the Illinois and explored the upper waters of +the Mississippi. Captured by the Sioux and carried to their country. +After eight months, rescued by Du Lhut (_q.v._), passed the winter at +Michilimackinac, and returned to Quebec, 1682. Apparently satisfied with +his adventures in the wilderness, returned to Europe, and settled in +Holland, where devoted himself to the preparation of a series of +narratives of his explorations, real and imaginary. Died there about +1706. =Bib.=: Works: _Description de la Louisiane_, etc.; _Nouvelle +Decouverte,_ etc.; _Nouveau Voyage_, etc. For biog., and bibliog. +details of Hennepin's works, _see_ Thwaites's edition of the _New +Discovery_, 1903. _See also_ Parkman, _La Salle_. + +=Henri.= =Ch= Servant of Madame Hebert, murdered by Montagnais Indian, +164. + +=Henrietta of France, Queen of England.= =Ch= Dowry of, 216. + +=Henry IV, King of France= (1553-1610). Succeeded Henry III in 1589. +=Index=: =F= Assassination of, 11. =Ch= Assassinated, 64. =Bib.=: +Chambers, _Biog. Dict._ + +=Henry, Alexander, the Elder= (1739-1824). One of the pioneer fur +traders in north-western America. Born in New Jersey. Entered the fur +trade as a young man, 1760, or perhaps earlier. His _Travels and +Adventures_ open in that year and describe his experiences in the West +for the following sixteen years. Sailed for Europe in 1776, where he +made the acquaintance of Sir Joseph Banks, president of the Royal +Society, and had an opportunity of describing his adventures to Marie +Antoinette. Afterwards settled in Montreal as a merchant. =Index=: =MS= +Leaves Montreal for western fur country, 3. =Bib.=: _Travels and +Adventures in Canada and the Indian Territories_, New York, 1809; new +ed., with biog. and other notes, by James Bain, Toronto, 1901. _See +also_ Burpee, _Search for the Western Sea_. + +=Henry, Alexander, the Younger.= Nephew of preceding. Entered service of +North West Company about 1792. His _Journal_, the original manuscript of +which is in the Library of Parliament at Ottawa, and which was published +in 1897, with introduction and elaborate notes by Elliott Coues, +contains an account of his western travels and experiences, 1799 to +1814. Drowned near Fort George, at the mouth of the Columbia, May 22, +1814. =Bib.=: Works: _New Light on the Early History of the Greater +North-West_; _The Manuscript Journals of Alexander Henry and David +Thompson_, ed. by Elliott Coues, New York, 1897. _See also_ Burpee, +_Search for the Western Sea_; Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_. + +=Henry, John.= =Bk= His mission to the New England states, 120; use made +of his letters, 120; referred to in message of Madison to Congress, 186, +187; sells his letters to United States government, 187. =Bib.=: _Cyc. +Am. Biog._ + +=Henry, Patrick= (1736-1799). American statesman. =Index=: =Dr= His +rhetorical exaggerations, 197. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._ + +=Henry, William Alexander= (1816-1888). =H= Solicitor-general, Nova +Scotia--becomes provincial secretary, 1856, 157; resigns from +government, 164; delegate to Charlottetown Conference, 177. =T= Delegate +from Nova Scotia to Charlottetown Conference, 73; and to Quebec +Conference, 76. =Bib.=: Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_. + +=Herald.= Newspaper published at Montreal. Established 1808. =Index=: +=BL= On debate on responsible government in Legislature, 1841, 94-95. + +=Herald.= Newspaper published at Toronto. =Index=: =BL= Account of scene +in Parliament, 1842, 126-127. + +=Herbin.= =WM= Commands the Montreal militia with Prud'homme, 105. + +=Heriot, George= (1766-1844). Born in Island of Jersey. Came to Canada, +and appointed a clerk in the ordnance department at Quebec, 1799; deputy +postmaster-general of British North America, 1800; and afterwards +postmaster-general. Served in the War of 1812; second in command under +De Salaberry at Chateauguay; major-general, 1841. =Bib.=: Works: +_History of Canada; Travels through the Canadas_. For biog., _see Cyc. +Am. Biog._ + +=Hermione.= =Bk= British war vessel, mutiny of crew, 11. + +=Hermitage at Caen. L= Laval passes three years at, 25. + +=Hersault, Mme.= _See_ Camaret, Marie. + +=Hertel, Francois.= =F= Commands Three Rivers war party, 235; his old +age, 235; leader in massacre of Salmon Falls, 251; joins De Portneuf in +attack on Fort Loyal, 251. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Frontenac_. + +=Hertel, Jacques.= =Ch= Interpreter, 144; arrives from France in 1613, +144. + +=Hertel de Rouville=. =Dr= Appointed judge, 183. + +=Hervey, William= (1732-1815). British soldier. Spent the eight years +1755-1763 in North America. =Bib.=: _Journals of the Hon. William Hervey +in North America and Europe from 1765 to 1814, with Order Books at +Montreal, 1760-1763._ + +=Hessians.= =Hd= Established near Cataraqui, 265. =Dr= Applications +from, for land grants, 218. + +=Hey, William.= An English lawyer; succeeded William Gregory as +chief-justice of Quebec, 1766. Went to England, 1773, in connection with +the Quebec Act, and did not return to Canada until 1775. Left Canada +finally the same year, having been elected to the British House of +Commons for Sandwich, in 1774. Vacated his seat in 1776, and appointed a +commissioner of customs. Died, 1797. =Index=: =Dr= Chief-justice, not +favourable to Walker, 37, 39; called as witness in connection with the +Quebec Act, 63; evidence of, before House of Commons, 68; makes strong +appeal to British at Montreal, 88. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can_.; Lucas, +_History of Canada_; Bradley, _Making of Canada_; Egerton and Grant, +_Canadian Constitutional Development_; Shortt and Doughty, +_Constitutional Documents of Canada_. + +=Hickson, Sir Joseph= (1830-1897). Born at Otterburn, England. After +some years' practical experience on various English railways, came to +Canada, 1862, as chief accountant of the Grand Trunk. Subsequently +promoted to the office of secretary of the company; general manager, +1874. Between that year and 1890, when he retired, succeeded in bringing +the Grand Trunk to the first rank among the railways of the continent. + +=Higginson, Captain.= Private secretary to Sir Charles Metcalfe. +=Index=: =BL= His interview with La Fontaine--discusses constitutional +government, 172-173, 174, 175, 176. + +=Highlanders.= =WM= In battle of Ste. Foy, 259, 260. + +=Hill, G. S.= =W= Member for Charlotte, in New Brunswick Assembly, +nominates Wilmot for speakership, 66. + +=Hill, P. C.= =H= Member of first Nova Scotia government after +Confederation, 198. + +=Hincks, Sir Francis= (1807-1885). =E= Appointed inspector-general by +Sir Charles Bagot, 31; on Metcalfe, 38; returned in elections of 1848, +50; becomes inspector-general in La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 53; +Ryerson's letter to, 90; his capacity for discreet, practical +statesmanship, 93; his influence on railway construction, 99, 100; +controversy with Howe, 101; his character and influence, 107; forms +ministry, 107-108; makes concessions to leaders of Clear Grits, 112; +inspector-general in Hincks-Morin ministry, 113; Brown's attitude to, +114; and the Grand Trunk, 115; and the Clergy Reserves, 119; attacked by +Garneau, 123; bitterly attacked by Brown, 125; reorganizes government, +125-126; his government defeated, 127; relations with John Sandfield +Macdonald, 128; on the appeal to the country in 1854, 133; result of the +elections, 133-134; elected in two constituencies, 134; and the +speakership in 1854, 135-136; resignation of ministry, 136; leader of +the Liberals, 138; supports MacNab-Morin Liberal-Conservative +government, 140, 141; visits London, 1852, 156; his views on Clergy +Reserves, 163, 165, 166, 196; appointed governor of Barbados, 220; +becomes governor of British Guiana, 220, 222; made Commander of the +Bath, 222; his retirement from Imperial service, 1869, 222; receives +knighthood, 222; returns to Canada, and becomes finance minister in Sir +John Macdonald's ministry, 223; his final retirement from public life, +223; his character and his closing years, 223-224; writes his +_Reminiscences_, 224; his death at Montreal, 1885, 224. =Sy= Publisher +of _Examiner_, advocate of responsible government, 107; supports union +of provinces as leading thereto, 212; his attitude on Clergy Reserves +question, 247; supports useful legislation introduced by Sydenham, 296; +finds Lower Canada Conservatives much more liberal than the "Liberals," +297; disapproves Baldwin's action, 298; a man of more political wisdom +than Baldwin, 299; supports Local Government Bill, 323; partially +adopts, as finance minister of the Dominion, Sydenham's idea of bank of +issue, 330; Sydenham's high opinion of his financial abilities, 333; +made inspector-general by Sir Charles Bagot, 333. =B= On Metcalfe's +policy, 18-49; opposed by George Brown--Brown's letters to, 48-49, +54-55; protests against attitude of Derby government in England on +Clergy Reserves, 59; his action in legislature, 59; and the University +of Toronto Bill, 63; Brown acknowledges his services for responsible +government, 67; warns George Brown that the logical conclusion of his +course in Parliament was dissolution of the union, 70; his ministry +defeated in June, 1854, 77; his retirement--supports MacNab-Morin +government, 77; his argument against representation by population, 84; +and the fight for responsible government, 261; his brief and troubled +reign, 262. =BL= Associated with Baldwin, 32; born in Cork, Dec. 14, +1807--came to Canada, 1830, 32; early years, 32; his marriage, 34; +manager of the Bank of the People, 34; friendship for Baldwin, 34; +commercial interests, 34-35; on Head's appointment, 36; secretary of +Constitutional Reform Society, 42; took no part in Rebellion of 1837, +44; establishes the _Examiner_, 58; supports Durham, 58; meets La +Fontaine and Morin in Lower Canada, 63; and enters into correspondence +with them, 63; elected for Oxford, 69; his address to the electors, 69; +his attitude in the Legislature of 1841, 85; explains reasons for +supporting Cavillier for speakership--challenges government to a vote, +87; presses government for a statement of policy on question of +responsible government, 91; supports Neilson's motion against Union Act, +96; his speech, 96-97; supports government's policy as to public works, +98-99; defends Municipal Government Bill, 102-103; charged with +desertion of his party, 102; repudiates charge, 103; explains his +position in the _Examiner_, 104; votes for Municipal Bill, 105; Bagot +makes him inspector-general, 118-119; address to his constituents, +119-120; his appointment criticized, 120, 121, 130; moves postponement +of debate, 131-132; remains in office in La Fontaine-Baldwin government, +133, 134; Constitutional Society of Orillia recommends his dismissal, +167; on La Fontaine, 170; takes charge of fiscal and commercial +legislation in the Assembly, 178-179; contemporary account of him, +178-180; Gowan predicts his dismissal, 187; burnt in effigy at Toronto, +187; his measure for protection of agriculture against competition of +United States, 189; supports Baldwin, 214; severs his connection with +_Examiner_, 1842--returns to newspaper work--edits _Times_, +Montreal--establishes _Pilot_, 217-218; challenged to duel, 218; his +letters to London _Morning Chronicle_, 218, 219, 220; exposes +Wakefield's fallacies, 219-220; referred to by George Brown, 224; on +Metcalfe, 230; in political controversy, 1844, 238; beaten in Oxford, +253; remains out of Parliament until 1848, 253; protests against +election of his opponent, 253; on "double majority," 259; Draper's plan +discussed, 261, 262; on Elgin, 275-276; elected for Oxford during his +absence in Ireland, 279; inspector-general, 1848, 284; charged with +commercial and economic measures in the Legislature, 301; his +transportation policy, 301-302; advocates reciprocity, 302; Customs Act, +302; defends Rebellion Losses Bill, 317-318; requests Elgin to assent to +Tariff Bill, 321; his house attacked by mob, 324; his letter to the +_Times_, 327-330; strengthens Canada's credit in London market, 331; his +letters to _Daily Mail_, 332; reconstructs the Reform government, 335; +on the Reform party, 336; his letters and views on the Clergy Reserves, +347-348; his later career in Canada, Barbados, and Guiana, 358-359; his +death, Aug. 18, 1885, 359; his _Reminiscences_, 359. =H= Confers with +New Brunswick and Nova Scotia representatives on Intercolonial Railway, +142; goes to England to consult Imperial government, 142; quarrels with +Sir John Packington, 143; arranges for construction of Grand Trunk +Railway, 143; represents British North America at railway celebration, +Boston, 1851, 250. =R= Forms opposition party with Baldwin, La Fontaine, +and others, 122; his University Bill, 159-161; his opinion of the Roman +Catholic School Bill, 222; and separate schools, 224. =C= Urges Cartier +to enter Cabinet, 22. =Mc= On Welland canal, 265; befriends Mackenzie, +481; publishes _Examiner_, 483; his _Reminiscences,_ 483; his estimate +of Mackenzie, 484; becomes prime minister, 487. =Md= Forms ministry with +Morin, 1851, 47; finance minister--succeeds Rose, 136; his political +attitude, 136; defeated in election, 1872, 197; serves on Ontario +Boundary Commission, 255. =T= Goes to England on Intercolonial mission, +26, 54; becomes minister of finance, 1869, 130; resigns, 133. =Bib.=: +Works: _Canada and its Financial Resources_; _Political History of +Canada_; _Reminiscences of his Public Life_. For biog., _see_ Davin, +_The Irishman in Canada_; Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; +Taylor, _Brit. Am._; Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._; _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Pope, +_Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald_. + +=Hind, Henry Youle.= Born in Nottingham, England, 1823. Travelled in +Mexico, 1846. Came to Canada, 1847, and appointed lecturer in chemistry +and natural philosophy at the Toronto Normal School, Toronto. Five years +later became professor of chemistry and geology in Trinity College. +Geologist to the Red River exploring expedition, 1857; and had charge of +the expedition of 1858 to explore the country between Red River and the +Saskatchewan. In 1860 carried out an exploration of a portion of +Labrador peninsula. In 1854 resigned his chair at Trinity, and undertook +a preliminary geological survey of New Brunswick; and in subsequent +years carried out similar work for the government of Nova Scotia. In +1876 engaged by the Newfoundland government to report on northern cod +banks, but abandoned this work to assist the Canadian government in +preparing their case for the Halifax Fisheries Commission. =Index=: =R= +On staff of Toronto Normal School, 174. =Bib.=: Works: _Narrative of the +Canadian Red River Exploring Expedition of 1857, and the Assiniboine and +Saskatchewan Expedition of 1858_; _Sketch of the Overland Route to +British Columbia_; _Explorations in the Interior of the Labrador +Peninsula_; _Eighty Years' Progress of British North America_ (by Hind +and others). For biog., _see_ Morgan, _Cel. Can._ and _Can. Men_; Rose, +_Cyc. Can. Biog._ + +=Hochelaga.= An Iroquoian town situated, in 1535, on Montreal Island. +The site is now covered by the city of Montreal. Cartier visited the +town in the year mentioned, and describes it as encircled by a triple +row of palisades, with galleries for the defenders. Within stood some +fifty large oblong lodges, each housing several families. In 1603, when +Champlain visited the place, nothing remained of the town, and Indians +of a different stock occupied the island. =Bib.=: Cartier, _Bref recit_, +etc.; Parkman, _Pioneers of France_; Fiske, _New France and New +England_. + +=Hocquart, Gilles.= Intendant of New France. Son of Jean-Hyacinthe +Hocquart, chevalier, and seigneur d'Essenlis et de Muscourt. Held for a +time the office of commissary of marine, and in 1729 obtained from the +king a commission as commissary-general of New France. Arrived at Quebec +in 1729; and in 1731 succeeded Dupuy as intendant. After nearly twenty +years of service in New France, during which he devoted his energies +unselfishly to the welfare of the colony, returned to France in 1748, +and for some years filled the office of intendant at Brest. Appointed a +councillor of state, 1753. =Index=: =WM= Receives Montcalm at Brest, 2. +=Bib.=: Roy, _Intendants de la Nouvelle France_ (R. S. C., 1903); +Parkman, _Half Century of Conflict_. + +=Hodgins, John George= (1821- ). Born in Dublin. Came to Canada, 1833. +Educated at Upper Canada Academy, Victoria College, and Toronto +University. Appointed to department of education of Upper Canada, 1844; +secretary of provincial board of education; 1846; deputy superintendent +of education, 1855; deputy minister of education, 1876-1889; librarian +and historiographer of the education department since 1889. =Index=: =R= +Graduate of Victoria College, 144; Ryerson's right-hand man, 179, 202; +his estimate of children attending school in 1845, 189; objections noted +to School Act of 1870-1871, 205; his history of separate schools in +Upper Canada, 234; on Ryerson's last days, 295-296. =Bib.=: Works: +_Documentary History of Education in Upper Canada_; _Legislation and +History of Separate Schools in Upper Canada_. For biog., _see_ Morgan, +_Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_. + +=Hodgson, Sir Robert= (1798-1880). Born in Charlottetown, Prince Edward +Island. Educated at Windsor, Nova Scotia, and called to the bar of Nova +Scotia and of Prince Edward Island, 1819. Appointed judge of Probate and +attorney-general for Prince Edward Island, 1828; president of the +Legislative Council, 1840. Appointed chief-justice, 1852, and judge of +the Court of Vice-Admiralty, 1853; resigned both offices to accept the +lieutenant-governorship of Prince Edward Island, 1874. Held office until +1879. Died in Charlottetown. =Bib.=: Campbell, _History of Prince Edward +Island_. + +=Holdernesse, Robert D'Arcy, fourth Earl of= (1718-1778). =WM= Wolfe's +letter to, 166. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Holland.= =S= Surveyor-general, Upper Canada, 178. + +=Holland.= =Hd= Revolution in places William of Orange at head of +affairs, 7. =Bk= British expedition to, under Duke of York, 13-22. + +=Holland House.= =Dr= Occupied by Montgomery, 123. + +=Holmes, B. E.= One of leaders of the Liberal party in Lower Canada, 50. +=Index=: =BL= At farewell banquet to La Fontaine, 1851, 354. + +=Holmes, Charles= (1711-1761). Third in command under Sir Charles +Saunders (_q.v._) before Quebec, 1759; commander-in-chief in West +Indies, 1760-1761. =Index=: =WM= In command of second British fleet, 75; +commands ships above Quebec, 152; movements of his fleet up and down the +river, 160, 163, 171. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Woods, _Logs of the +Conquest of Canada_ and _The Fight for Canada_; Parkman, _Montcalm and +Wolfe_. + +=Holton, Luther Hamilton= (1817-1880). Entered public life, 1854, as one +of the members for Montreal; elected to Legislative Council, 1862; +resigned, 1863, and returned to the Assembly as member for Chateauguay, +which he represented to the time of his death; accepted portfolio of +commissioner of public works in the short-lived Brown-Dorion government, +1858; minister of finance in the Macdonald-Dorion administration, +1863-1864. =Index=: =E= Signs Annexation Manifesto, 81; associated with +_Parti Rouge_, 108; adopts less radical views, 134. =B= Enters George +Brown's ministry, 102; Brown's letter to, on Confederation, 131; on +English views of Canadian politics, 143; opposed to coalition, 160; +opposes Confederation scheme, 185; George Brown takes up question of +reciprocity with, 192; Brown urges that he be sent to Washington on +reciprocity mission, 192; opposed to Brown entering coalition ministry, +199, 200-203; George Brown writes of his determination to leave public +life, 245-246. =C= Countenances annexation movement in 1849, 44-45. +=Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; Mackenzie, _Hon. +George Brown_; Pope, _Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald_; Willison, _Sir +Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party_; _Confederation Debates_. + +=Holy Family.= =L= Devotion to, encouraged by Laval, 86; commended by +Leo XIII, 86. + +=Holy Scapulary.= =L= Chapel dedicated to, in church at Quebec, 84. + +=Home Rule in Ireland.= =Md= Resolutions on, in Canadian Parliament, +1882, 277. + +=Hope, Henry.= Lieutenant-governor of Quebec, 1785-1789. =Index=: =Dr= +Lieutenant-governor and administrator, receives Carleton on his arrival +at Quebec, 222; death of, 249. =Bib.=: Shortt and Doughty, +_Constitutional Documents of Canada_. + +=Hopkins, Caleb.= =B= A leader of the Clear Grits, 39. =E= One of the +leaders of the Clear Grits, 110. + +=Hopson, Peregrine Thomas.= Early entered the army and advanced rapidly. +Commander-in-chief of Louisbourg, when the place was restored to the +French, 1649. Came to Halifax and appointed a member of the Council. +Governor of Nova Scotia, 1752; went to England, 1753. Raised to the rank +of major general, 1757. Commanded an expedition against the French West +India Islands, 1758; died before Guadaloupe, 1759. =Bib.=: Campbell, +_History of Nova Scotia_; _Selections from the Public Documents of Nova +Scotia_, ed. by Akins. + +=Hornwork.= =WM= A strong defence on left bank of St. Charles River, +207; panic among troops crowding into, 207. + +=Hospital Nuns.= =WM= Take refuge in the General Hospital, 115. + +=Hosta, Captain d'.= =F= Killed at Laprairie, 312. + +=Hotel-Dieu Nuns.= =WM= Take refuge in General Hospital, and render +assistance there, 153; return to their convent, 237. + +=Houeel, Louis, Sieur du Petit-Pre.= =Ch= Consulted by Champlain as to +obtaining missionaries for Canada, 83; assisted in forming Company of +New France, 168; made director, 170. + +=House of Assembly.= =Hd= British government prepared to grant, 174; +Haldimand not favourable to, as matters stood, 195. =Dr= Of Lower +Canada, agitation for, by English residents, 55, 60; opposition to by +seigniors, 55; indifference of _habitants_, 55; Carleton's views on, 56; +not provided for in Quebec Act, 64; meeting of, 269. =W= In New +Brunswick, early character of, 6. + +=Houssart.= =L= Devoted servant of Bishop Laval, 251; details furnished +by, 251-253. + +=How, Edward.= Member of the Council of Nova Scotia, 1744. Took part in +the affair at Mines under Colonel Noble, 1747; severely wounded and +taken prisoner, but afterwards exchanged. Confidential agent of the +government in dealing with the Indians. Treacherously murdered by +Indians, it is said, at the instigation of Le Loutre. =Bib.=: +_Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia_, ed. by Akins. + +=Howard, Joseph.= =Dr= Accused in connection with Walker affair, 36; +tried and acquitted, 38. + +=Howard, Lady Maria.= =Dr= Carleton marries, 75; characteristics of, 77. + +=Howe, George Augustus, third Viscount= (1724-1758). Came to Halifax, +1757, in command of 60th Regiment. Transferred to command of 55th same +year, and promoted brigadier-general. Accompanied Abercromby to Lake +George, 1758, and fell July 8, while leading his men in a skirmish at +Fort Ticonderoga. _See_ Abercromby; Ticonderoga. =Index=: =Hd= Killed at +Ticonderoga, 18, 21. =Bib.=: Smith, _Our Struggle for the Fourteenth +Colony_; Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_; Bradley, _Fight for North +America_; _Cyc. Am. Biog._; _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Howe, John.= =H= Father of Joseph Howe; a United Empire Loyalist, 1; +his son's tribute to his memory, 1-2, 4; his marriages, 2; becomes +king's printer and postmaster-general, 3; educates his son, 3; his +character, 4; religious views, 279. + +=Howe, Joseph= (1804-1873). =H= Born at Halifax, 1804, 1; his father, +John Howe, a United Empire Loyalist, 1, 2; his Southampton speech, 1851, +1, 2; his character, 3; his education, 3; a voracious reader, 3; +tributes to his father, 2, 4; learns trade of printer, 4; early poems, +5; establishes the _Acadian_, 6; buys _Nova Scotian_, 6; extends its +influence, 7; his _Rambles_, 8; his marriage, 8; _The Club_, 9; +friendship for Haliburton, 10; political writings, 10,11; develops +Liberal principles, 19, 20; attacks Halifax magistrates in his paper, +20; sued for libel, 1835, 21; pleads his own case, 22-25; his address to +jury, 25-28; wins case, 28; elected to represent Halifax in Legislature, +1836, 29; his principles of government, 29-31; physical and mental +characteristics, 31-33; his moral courage, 33; in Legislature, 1837, +36-44; debate on the resolutions, 41; moves address to crown, praying +for responsible government, 45; his speech in Legislature, 1838, 47; +advocates constitutional reform, but opposed to rebellion, 50, 51; his +patriotic action in Maine boundary dispute, 52, 53; letters to Lord John +Russell, 54, 55; his political principles, 59; moves want of confidence +in Executive Council, 62; moves address to queen praying for recall of +Sir Colin Campbell, 66; meets Poulett Thompson, 68; invited to a seat in +the Council, 69; defends his action in accepting office, 72-73; +re-elected for Halifax, 73; becomes Speaker of the House, 74; appointed +collector of customs at Halifax, 74; resigns speakership, 75; question +of ministerial responsibility, 75-76; his quarrel with the Baptists, +77-78; advocates compulsory education, 79-80; and a central, +undenominational college, 82; the election of 1843, 84-85; resigns from +the Cabinet, 86-87; attacks Lord Falkland through the newspapers, 90; +assumes editorial management of the _Nova Scotian_ and _Morning +Chronicle_, 90; his first editorial, 91; described by Annand, 92; he +lampoons Falkland in verse, 93; political tour of the province, 94; his +speech at Cornwallis, 95-96; complimentary addresses, 96-97; speeches in +the Legislature, 1845, 97-98; attacks Falkland in Legislature, 100-101; +justifies his action in letter to his constituents, 101-102; again +offered seat in the Council, 103; declines the offer, 104; moves his +family from Halifax to Musquodoboit, 104-105; wins the election of 1847, +106-107; his character, 109; becomes provincial secretary in Uniacke +government, 111; secures responsible government for Nova Scotia, 113; +his reply to the manifesto of the British American League, 114-115; +advocates railway from Halifax to Windsor, in 1835, 117; 120-121; +favourable to government ownership of railways, 120, 123; sails for +England to explain Intercolonial Railway project to the government, 125; +his letters on the subject to Earl Grey, 125-126; his Southampton +speech, 1851, 127-128; obtains Imperial guarantee of railway, 130-132; +secures co-operation of New Brunswick and Canada, 134-138; predicts +transcontinental railway, 135; given public dinners at Toronto and +Montreal, 138; elected for Cumberland County, 1851, 139-141; brings down +railway measures, 141; Intercolonial scheme blocked, 141-143; reverts to +his original policy of building railways in Nova Scotia as a government +work, 143; raises a provincial loan in England, 144; railway measures +passed by Legislature, 145; becomes chief commissioner of railways, 146; +visits United States to secure recruits for British army, 151-155; +defeated by Tupper in Cumberland, 1855, 156; returned by acclamation for +Hants County, 1856, 157-158; his open letter to Gladstone, 159; attacks +Irish Roman Catholics, 160-162; results in defeat of government, +163-167; Liberals returned to power in 1859, 168; and Howe becomes +premier, 169; appointed fishery commissioner for carrying out provisions +of Reciprocity Treaty of 1854, 170; defeated, with his party, in +election of 1863, 171; opposes Confederation, 173; an Imperial +federationist, 174; declines to take part in Charlottetown Conference, +1864, 177; offered editorship of New York _Albion_, 182-183; his +articles against Confederation, 186, 189; outlines grounds of his +opposition, 190-191; continues the fight in London, 192; correspondence +with W.J. Stairs, 192-197; works up Anti-Confederation sentiment in Nova +Scotia, 199; his Bridgetown meeting, 200-202; sweeps the province in +both Dominion and Provincial elections, 202; fight for repeal of the +union, 203; meets Tupper in London, 205; hesitates as to further +agitation for repeal, 207-210; rebukes _Acadian Recorder_ for suggesting +violence to Sir John Macdonald, 210-212; meets Macdonald at Halifax, +213; correspondence with Macdonald, 215-216; interview with Annand, +217-218; refuses overtures of repealers, 219-223; conference at Portland +with A.W. McLellan, and Sir John Rose, 223-224; enters Dominion Cabinet, +1868, 225; re-elected in Hants, 226; visits Winnipeg, 1869, 227; +correspondence in relation to Red River Rebellion, 227; his character as +a statesman contrasted with that of Sir John Macdonald, 228-229; becomes +lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 1873, 229; visits England and the +continent, 1838, 231; advocates ocean steamship service, 232-235; +challenged by Dr. Almon, 236; and by John C. Haliburton, 236; justifies +acceptance of the challenge in letter to his sister, 237-241; the duel, +241-242; letters to his wife and to the people of Nova Scotia, 242-244; +Sir Rupert D. George's challenge, 244; his practical interest in the +Micmacs, 245; opposes prohibition, 248-250; his speech at Boston, 1851, +250; his tribute to Edward Everett in 1857, 251; his Detroit speech of +1865 on trade relations, 252-254; acts as member of Prince Edward Island +Land Grants Commission, 254-255; as a man of letters, 257-270; his +poems, 260-268; oration at Shakespeare tercentenary, 264; his friendship +for Haliburton, 267; his social qualities, 271; secret of his +popularity, 272-274; his influence upon public men and public life, +277-278; his religious views, 279-280; his family, 282; as governor of +Nova Scotia, 283-284; his death, 284; funeral, 285-286; estimate of his +public work, 287-290; opposed to Pacific Railway policy in 1872, +299-300. =E= A consistent advocate of British connection, 22; on +parliamentary government, 51, 90; the father of responsible government +in the Maritime Provinces, 92; a constitutional agitator, 92; accuses +Hincks of breach of faith in Intercolonial Railway scheme, 101; on +Imperial honours and offices for distinguished colonials, 221; becomes +lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 221; a constructive statesman, 236. +=B= In Dominion government--relations with Sir John Macdonald, 203. =Sy= +Advocates responsible government, 107, 257; approves of Sydenham's +propositions, 261; editor of _Nova Scotian_, 110. =T= Goes to England in +Intercolonial matter, 55; second mission to England, 57; advocates +Confederation, 62, 63; discusses tariff with Tilley, 70, 71; quoted for +and against Confederation, 117. =Bib.=: Works: _Speeches and Public +Letters of Joseph Howe_, ed. by Chisholm; _Poems and Essays_. For biog., +_see_ Fenety, _Life and Times of Joseph Howe_; Bourinot, _Builders of +Nova Scotia_; Saunders, _Three Premiers of Nova Scotia_; Dent, _Can. +Por._; Taylor, _Brit. Am._; Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._ + +=Howe, William, Viscount= (1729-1814). Brother of George Augustus, +Viscount Howe (_q.v._), and Admiral Lord Howe. Commanded light infantry +under Wolfe at Quebec, 1759. Succeeded Gage as commander-in-chief in +America, 1775. Commanded forces at Bunker Hill. Defeated Washington at +White Plains, 1776, and at Brandywine, 1777. Recalled, 1778. Became +governor of Berwick, and later of Plymouth. =Index=: =Hd= Replaces Gage +as commander-in-chief, 110; his estimate of Loyalists, 268. =Dr= Orders +reinforcements to Quebec, 92; abandons Boston and occupies New York, +160; his weak conduct of campaign, 160; Germain's neglect to inform him +of his plan of campaign, 172. =WM= Calls for volunteers for first +landing at Wolfe's Cove, 176; captures posts at Samos and Sillery, 183. +=Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._; Rhodes, _History of the United States_. + +=Howland, Sir William Pearce= (1811-1907). Born at Paulings, New York. +Came to Canada in 1830. Represented West York in the Legislature, +1857-1868. Member of Macdonald-Sicotte ministry, 1862, as minister of +finance; receiver-general, 1863-1864; postmaster-general, 1864-1866; +minister of finance, 1866-1867. Minister of inland revenue in first +Dominion Cabinet, 1867. Appointed lieutenant-governor of Ontario, 1868; +retired, 1873; knighted, 1879. =Index=: =Md= Minister of inland revenue +in first Dominion Cabinet, 134; defends his political attitude, 137; +becomes lieutenant-governor of Ontario, 138; heads syndicate offering to +build Canadian Pacific Railway, 237. =B= Presents address to Elgin, 36; +his connection with reciprocity negotiations in 1865, 193-196; defends +his action in remaining in coalition ministry after Confederation, 202, +209; becomes lieutenant-governor of Ontario, 202. =T= Invited to join +first Dominion ministry, 128; minister of inland revenue, 129. =Bib.=: +Dent, _Can. Por._; Morgan, _Can. Men_; Read, _Lieutenant-Governors of +Upper Canada_. + +=Howe's Pass.= _See_ Howse Pass. + +=Howse Pass.= In Rocky Mountains; source of North Saskatchewan River. +Discovered by Duncan McGillivray, 1800. Named after Joseph Howse, of the +North West Company. =Index=: =D= Its discovery, 58. + +=Hubert, Jean Francois.= Bishop of Quebec, 1788-1797. =Index=: =Dr= +Bishop of Quebec, his views on education, 227, 228; recognizes +reasonableness of not permitting priests to be brought from France, 257. + +=Hubou, Guillaume.= =Ch= Early settler, remains in Quebec during English +occupation, 196, 208. + +=Huddy, Captain Joshua.= =Dr= Hanging of, 198. + +=Hudson, Henry.= Made four notable voyages: the first, in 1607, for the +Muscovy Company, in search of a north-eastern passage to China; the +second, in 1608, for the same Company, and in search of the same +passage; the third, in 1609, at the expense of the Dutch East India +Company, begun, like the two former, in search of a north-eastern +passage, but changed to a quest of a north-western passage; the fourth, +in 1610, in search of a north-western passage, the expense borne by +three English gentlemen. In his first voyage, explored the coast of +Spitzbergen; in the second, part of Nova Zembla; in the third, the +Hudson River; and in the last, Hudson Strait and part of the bay. +Wintered, 1610-1611, at the foot of James Bay, and on the return voyage +was set adrift with eight companions in a small boat, and never again +heard of. =Bib.=: Asher, _Henry Hudson, the Navigator_; Read, +_Historical Enquiry concerning Henry Hudson_; Laut, _Conquest of the +Great North-West_. _See also_ bibliog. list in Asher. + +=Hudson Bay.= Explored by Henry Hudson, 1610, and named after him. +Explored by Sir Thomas Button, 1612; Jens Munk, 1619; Foxe and James. +1631. In 1668 the first trading-ship of the Hudson's Bay Company entered +the bay, and their first fort was built at the mouth of Rupert River. +=Index=: =F= English claim to, disputed by France, 204; La Barre +instructed to check English encroachments in, 205; expedition under De +Troyes captures English forts, 205; Iberville's exploits in, 342-350; +English possessions in, restored by peace of Ryswick, 349. =L= +Expedition against English forts in, 204; later exploits of Iberville +in, 233. =Bib.=: Asher, _Henry Hudson, the Navigator_; Gosch, +_Expedition of Jens Munk_; Christy, _Voyages of Foxe and James_; Coats, +_Geography of Hudson's Bay_; Robson, _Account of Six Years' Residence in +Hudson's Bay_; Dobbs, _Account of Countries Adjoining Hudson's Bay_; +Gordon, _Report on Hudson's Bay Expedition_; Wakeham, _Second Hudson Bay +Expedition_; Low, _Expedition to Hudson Bay_; Berrier, _Report on +Expedition to Arctic Islands_; Laut, _Conquest of the Great North-West_; +Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_. _See also_ General Indexes to Reports of +Geol. Survey; Henry Hudson; Hudson's Bay Company. + +=Hudson's Bay Company.= Organized by a number of English gentlemen, who +sent out a trading expedition to Hudson Bay, in the _Nonsuch_, in 1668. +This initial venture proved so successful that two other ships were sent +out in 1670; and the same year King Charles granted a charter +incorporating them as "The Governor and Company of Adventurers of +England trading into Hudson's Bay." For many years the operations of the +Company were confined to the shores of Hudson Bay, but the pressure of +competition eventually forced them inland, and at the height of their +power they had established trading-posts from Labrador to the Pacific, +and from California almost to the Arctic. In 1821, the rival North West +Company (_q.v._) was absorbed; and in 1869 the company surrendered to +Canada its territorial rights in British North America. =Index=: =F= +203; trading done and posts established by, 204; redress claimed by, for +losses inflicted by the French, 343. =Dr= Its territory not included in +Canada, 7. =B= Deputation of Red River settlers sent to England to +complain of misgovernment by, 212; Gladstone admits charter of Company +not valid, 212; _Globe_ on company's misgovernment of North-West +Territories, 213-214; attacked in series of letters in the _Globe_, +signed "Huron," 215-216; Toronto Board of Trade on, 216; George Brown +on, 219; Canada takes over North-West Territories, and compensates +Company therefor, 220-221. =MS= Early policy of, 1; attitude of natives +to, 2; opposition of Montreal traders (afterwards North West Company), +2, 3; sends Hearne inland, 3; averse to conflict with North West +Company, 5; builds posts in Assiniboine and Red River country, 5, 6; +absorbs North West Company, 8; policy towards natives, 51; sends George +Clarke to explore, 56; his incompetence, 56; then sends Philip Turner, +1791, 56; legal basis of its title, 143-145; Selkirk purchases tract of +land in Red River valley, 146; Parliamentary Report of 1857, 212; union +of the Companies, 213-214; takes over management of Selkirk colony, 222; +establishes Council of Assiniboia, 223; notable leaders after the union +of the Companies, 220-223; its influence on side of government, in +Rebellion of 1837, 242; its license to trade renewed, 271; the Report of +1857, 271; opposition to further renewal, 271; evidence taken by +committee, 272-278; committee's report, 279; defended by Sir George +Simpson before Parliamentary committee, 272-278. =D= Influence upon +development of Pacific coast, 4; operations typical of British colonial +policy, 11; established in the interior, 12; conserves British interests +in Western America, 17, 18; charged with neglecting to search for route +to Pacific, 51; absorbs North West Company, 1821, 73, 93; birth of, 73; +provisions of its charter, 73-74; its trade and explorations, 74; its +organization, 75-76; its Western department, 76-77; trade routes, 77-78; +its farms on Puget Sound, etc., 78; grist mills and other enterprises, +78; supplies Russians with flour, etc., 78; opens coal mines on +Vancouver Island, 78; influence of these industries on settlement, 79; +treatment of Indians, 79-81; trading-posts, 82; brigades and "York +boats," 82; famous officers of, 83-86; ambitious designs on Pacific +coast and beyond, 114; attempt to establish post on Stikine River, +119-120; permission obtained from Russians to build post on Taku River, +121; operations on Liard and Yukon, 123-125; invades California before +1830, 126; builds post at junction of Sacramento and Jesus Maria rivers, +126; establishes post on San Francisco Bay, 127; sells post and retires +from San Francisco Bay, 127; meets competition of American traders and +companies, 134-136; attitude towards Oregon settlers, 143-144; license +to trade of 1821 renewed in 1838, 191; its provisions, 192; acquires +Vancouver Island, 194; attitude towards settlement there, 194-195; +quarrels with settlers, 198-199; Report of Committee, 1857, 201-202; +license to trade in British Columbia revoked, 1858, 229; relations +towards British Columbia government, 1858, 233-234; Douglas's relation +towards, 263; defends its policy, 264-265; officers of Company at +Victoria, 265; influence with natives, 266-267; builds first Protestant +church at Victoria, 1855, 269. =C= Cartier and MacDougall sent to +England by Canadian government in 1869 to negotiate purchase of +Company's territories in North-West, 68; Company asks exorbitant price, +68; persuaded by Lord Grey to accept L300,000, 68. =Bk= Its voyageurs +assist in capture of Michilimackinac, 210. =Md= Its claims investigated, +83; terms upon which it agreed to transfer to the crown its rights to +North-West Territories, 156; protest against unauthorized proceedings in +Red River Settlement, 157. _See_ North-West Company; X Y Company; Fur +Trade; Selkirk. =Bib.=: Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_; Willson, _Great +Company_; Laut, _Conquest of the Great North-West_; Burpee, _Search for +the Western Sea_; Bryce, _Romantic History of Lord Selkirk's Colonists_; +Ross, _Red River Settlement_; Hargrave, _Red River_; Begg, _History of +the North-West_. + +=Huet, Paul.= =Ch= Recollet missionary, 87; sails for Canada as +assistant commissary, 112; accompanies Champlain to France, 116; returns +to Canada, 116; goes to Three Rivers, 149. + +=Huguenots.= =Ch= Had larger share of trade, 110; proposal to exclude, +110; disagreements with Recollet missionaries, 150; their psalm-singing +on board ship objected to, 156; fanaticism of, 224; their doubtful +loyalty, 254; not permitted to settle in Canada, 255. + +=Hugues.= =L= Priest, comes to Canada, 41. + +=Hull, William= (1753-1825). Born in Derby, Conn. Educated at Yale +University, and called to the bar, 1775. Served with distinction during +the Revolutionary War; major-general of militia in Massachusetts and a +member of the federal Senate; appointed governor of Michigan, 1805; +commander of the north-western army of the United States, 1812. +Surrendered Detroit to General Brock, 1812; tried by court-martial, and +sentenced to be shot; sentence commuted. Resided at Newton, Mass., until +his death. =Index=: =Bk= Marches north, 203; crosses Detroit River and +occupies Sandwich, 208, 213; his proclamation to the people of Canada, +213, 217, 235; his baggage and stores captured, 218; his supplies under +Major Van Horne captured, 237; re-crosses river to Detroit, 238; +summoned to surrender, and refuses, 251; surrenders with his whole army, +255; sent to Montreal as prisoner of war, 261, 265; released on parole, +283; makes bad impression on English officers, 283; court-martialled, +sentenced to death, but sentence remitted, 283, 284. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. +Biog._; Campbell, _Life and Services of General William Hull_; +Cruikshank, _General Hull's Invasion of Canada in 1812_ (R. S. C., +1907-1908). + +=Humbert.= =W= Candidate in St. John County, opposes responsible +government, 64. + +=Hume, Joseph= (1777-1855). Born at Montrose, Scotland. Studied +medicine; entered the service of the East India Company, 1797; returned +to England, 1808. Entered Parliament, 1812, but on account of his +independent principles compelled to resign his seat. Again elected, +1818, and continued a member of the House of Commons until his death. A +strong Radical in his opinions and effected many useful reforms. +=Index=: =BL= Correspondence with Mackenzie and Papineau, 229. =Mc= Lays +Mackenzie's petition before the House, 222; presents case against Upper +Canadian officials, 231; suggests independence of Canada, 250; his +"baneful domination" letter, 262-263; thanked by Mackenzie, 289; +predicts civil war, 326; letter to Mackenzie, on the Rebellion, and +question of amnesty, 475-479; urges amnesty for Mackenzie, 480. =Sy= An +associate of Sydenham's, 13; proposes reduction of corn duties, 39; his +speech on union resolutions in House of Commons, 122. =B= Attacks +Metcalfe's policy, 23. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Dent, _Upper Canadian +Rebellion_. + +=Humphreys, Captain.= =Bk= Captain of _Leopard_, fires on _Chesapeake_, +83. + +=Hundred Associates.= _See_ Company of New France. + +=Hundredth Regiment.= =Bk= Quartered in Quebec and Montreal, 74; +disaster to, by shipwreck, 74. + +"=Hungry Year.=" =S= Year 1787, so called from failure of harvest, 65, +69. + +=Hunt, Thomas Sterry= (1826-1892). Born in Norwich, Conn. Came to +Canada, 1847, at the invitation of Sir William E. Logan, to accept the +position of chemist and mineralogist to the Geological Survey, which he +held until 1872. Also occupied the chair of chemistry in Laval +University, 1856-1862; and in McGill University, 1862-1868. In 1872 +professor of geology in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. +Author of several scientific works, and a large number of papers +contributed to learned societies and scientific periodicals. Died in New +York. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._ + +=Hunter, Peter= (1746-1805). =Bk= Lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada +and commander of forces in British North America, 45; calls attention of +home government to lack of proper accommodation for provincial +government and Legislature, 50; a Scotsman, previously governor of +Barbados, 51; death of, 69. =Bib.=: Read, _Lieutenant-Governors of Upper +Canada_; Rattray, _The Scot in British North America_. + +=Hunter.= =Bk= British sloop, her boats capture United States schooner +_Cayahoga_, with stores of General Hull, 218. + +=Hunter, Captain of.= =WM= Obtains information as to movements of French +provision boats, 172. + +=Hunters' Lodges.= =Mc= Convention of, 440; attack on Prescott, 442. + +=Hunting Permits.= =F= Issue of, sanctioned, 125; number to be issued +annually limited, 128; issue of, becomes a form of patronage, 129. + +=Huntington, Herbert.= =H= Appointed to Executive Council, Nova Scotia, +47; sent as delegate to England, to urge concession of responsible +government, 51, 56; candidate for speakership, 1843, 75; advocates +non-sectarian education, 82; member of Uniacke government, 110; finance +minister, 112; acts as Joseph Howe's second in duel, 236. =Bib.=: +Saunders, _Three Premiers of Nova Scotia_. + +=Huntington, Lucius Seth= (1827-1886). Born at Compton, Quebec. Studied +law, and engaged in journalism, in the Eastern Townships. Elected to the +Legislature for Shefford, 1861; solicitor-general, 1863-1864. Advocated +independence of Canada. Became president of the Council, in the +Mackenzie government, 1874-1875; and postmaster-general, 1875-1878. +Defeated for Shefford, 1882, and retired from public life. Died in New +York. =Index=: =C= Brings charges against government in connection with +Pacific Scandal, 53. =Md= Prefers his charges in the House of Commons, +201-203. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; Buckingham +and Ross, _Alexander Mackenzie_; Pope, _Memoirs of Sir John A. +Macdonald_; Willison, _Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party_. + +=Huot, P. G.= =C= One of the leaders of the Quebec Liberals, 24. + +=Huron Indians.= Name applied by the French to a confederacy of four +Iroquoian tribes. When French missionaries and explorers first went +among them, they occupied the country about Lake Simcoe and Georgian +Bay. They had been at enmity with the Iroquois for many years, and had +repeatedly ravaged their country. Finally the Iroquois determined to +make an end of the Hurons. They invaded their country in force in 1648, +and in 1650 had destroyed all their villages, killed most of the +inhabitants, and driven the remnant far to the westward. A few of the +Hurons escaped to Quebec, and settled at the mission of Lorette. In the +seventeenth century their population was estimated at from 20,000 to +35,000. In 1905 there remained a total of 832, in Canada and the United +States. =Index=: =F= Destruction of, by Iroquois, 26, 35; join +Frontenac's expedition to Cataraqui, 79; dread being abandoned to +Iroquois, 222. =L= Extermination of, by the Iroquois, 39; devotion +displayed by a band of, 64; desert Dollard at Long Sault, 70; burnt by +their enemies, 72. =Ch= Champlain visits country of, 88; their +cultivation of the soil, 89; their language very widely spoken, 90; +their mode of life, 94; customs and beliefs, 95-100. =Bib.=: Hodge, +_Handbook of American Indians_; Parkman, _Old Regime_. + +=Huron, Lake.= Area 23,200 square miles. Discovered by Le Caron, 1615, +and first seen by Champlain the same year. The route of missionaries, +explorers, and fur traders lay along the north shore of the lake, or the +south shore of Manitoulin Island, to Michilimackinac and Sault Ste. +Marie, at the western end. + +=Huskisson, William= (1770-1830). British statesman. =Index=: =Sy= +Criticizes British commercial policy, 12; president of Board of Trade, +15; colonial secretary, 16; resigns, 16; commends Poulett Thomson's +speech on Navigation Acts, 17; his proposals in regard to silk industry, +18; death of, 25. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Hutcheson, Major.= =Hd= Haldimand's secretary, 108, 110, 112; in charge +of Louis Haldimand, at Boston, 294. + +=Hutchinson, Richard.= =T= Of Miramichi, member of Smith government, New +Brunswick, represents lumber interests, 91, 92. + +=Hutchinson, Thomas= (1711-1780). =Hd= Governor of Massachusetts, +quoted, 84. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._ + + +=Iberville, Pierre Le Moyne, Sieur d'= (1661-1706). Third son of Charles +Le Moyne, Sieur de Longueuil. Entered the French navy, returning to +Canada in 1683. Three years later accompanied De Troyes in the +expedition against the English on Hudson Bay, and took part in the +capture of Moose Factory, Fort Rupert, and Albany. Returned to Quebec in +1687; and the following year was again on the bay. In 1689 captured the +_Hampshire_, and brought her to Quebec with her cargo of furs. In 1690 +took part in the raid on Schenectady; and the same year captured Fort +Severn on Hudson Bay. In 1694 sailed to the bay with a French fleet, and +captured Fort Nelson. Two years later captured Pemaquid; and, sailing to +Newfoundland, captured St. John's and raided the villages along the +coast. In 1697 again sailed to Hudson Bay, defeated a superior fleet, +and recaptured Fort Nelson. The following year sailed from Brest in +command of an expedition to discover the mouth of the Mississippi and +plant a colony there, in both of which he was successful. The remaining +years of his life spent in building up the colony of Louisiana. =Index=: +=F= Accompanies expedition to Hudson Bay, 206; joins war party against +Schenectady, 235; arrives from Hudson Bay with two captured vessels, +325; takes Fort Pemaquid, 331; exploits in Hudson Bay, 342-350; sails +for France, and returns with two French ships, 343; captures Fort +Nelson, 345; sails for France, 346; attacks English settlements in +Newfoundland, 346; takes St. John's, 347; in his ship _Pelican_ +successfully engages three English vessels, 349; sails for France, 349. +=L= Commands expedition against English in Hudson Bay, 204; his exploits +in Newfoundland and Hudson Bay, 232; subsequent services and death of, +233. =Bib.=: Reed, _First Great Canadian_; Parkman, _Half Century of +Conflict_; Laut, _Conquest of the Great North-West_; Colby, _Canadian +Types of the Old Regime_; Desmazures, _Histoire du Chevalier +d'Iberville_; Gayarre, _History of Louisiana_; Margry, _Decouvertes des +Francais_; Wallace, _Louisiana under the French_; Martin, _History of +Louisiana_; Bacqueville de la Potherie, _Histoire de l'Amerique +Septentrionale_; Jeremie, _Relation du Detroit et de la Baye d'Hudson_ +(Bernard, _Recueil de Voiages au Nord_). _See also_ bibliography at the +end of Reed's work. + +=Ihonatiria.= =Ch= Jesuit mission to Hurons founded at, 228. + +=Ile a la Crosse.= Lake and trading-post. The lake is on the upper +waters of the Churchill River, in about long. 108 deg. Its name is derived +from the Indian game of lacrosse, which was very popular there. The +first trading-post was built on a peninsula on the western side of the +lake by Thomas Frobisher in 1776. Other forts were built there later by +the North West Company and the Hudson's Bay Company, the lake being a +strategic point in the western fur trade. + +=Ile-aux-Coudres.= On north shore of the St. Lawrence, above Murray Bay. +=Index=: =WM= Arrival of British advance squadron at, 83; camp +established on, 89; capture by Canadians of two British officers on, 89. + +=Ile-aux-Noix.= =WM= Fortified post on Lake Champlain frontier, 146, +158, 233. + +=Ile Jesus.= At the junction of the Ottawa and the St. Lawrence. +=Index=: =L= Seigniory of Beaupre exchanged by Laval for, 58; obtained +by Laval in exchange for Island of Orleans, 138. + +=Ile Perce.= =L= Recollet mission at, 111. + +=Ile Royale.= A large island in Lake Superior, United States territory. +Mentioned in Carver's _Travels_ and other early narratives. + +=Illinois Indians.= Of Algonquian stock. First mentioned in the Jesuit +_Relation_ of 1660 as living south-west of Green Bay. They ranged +throughout the country between Lake Michigan and the Mississippi, and +down the west bank of that river as far as the Des Moines; and have been +described by Allouez, Marquette, Hennepin, Rasles, and other early +French explorers. Harassed on one side by the Sioux and Foxes, and on +the other by the Iroquois, their numbers were reduced from six or eight +thousand, at the end of the seventeenth century, to less than two +thousand about 1750. The murder of Pontiac by one of their warriors +brought upon them a war of extermination. To-day only a handful remain, +in Oklahoma. =Index=: =F= Allies of the French against the Iroquois, +144. =L= La Salle forms alliance with, 148. =Bib.=: Hodge, _Handbook of +American Indians_. + +=Immaculate Conception.= =L= Church at Quebec placed under patronage of, +85. =Ch= Church of Notre Dame de la Recouvrance consecrated under name +of, 240; feast of, observed by people of Quebec, 240. + +=Immigration.= =Mc= To colonies in 1820, state of, 88. _See also_ Irish +Immigrants. + +=Imperial Conference.= Held in London, 1887. Canada was represented by +Sir Alexander Campbell and Sandford Fleming. Among the questions +discussed were those of inter-Imperial defence and trade, the Pacific +cable, etc. Another conference was held in Ottawa in 1894 (_see_ +Colonial Conference, 1894); and another in London in June, 1896, Canada +being represented by Sir Mackenzie Bowell and Sandford Fleming. At an +adjourned meeting in October, 1896, Sir Donald Smith and Hon. A.G. Jones +represented the Dominion, Mr. Fleming being present in an advisory +capacity. On the occasion of Queen Victoria's diamond jubilee, 1897, +another conference was held in London, Joseph Chamberlain presiding, and +the self-governing colonies being represented by their premiers. Again, +in 1902, the colonial premiers met in London, under the presidency of +Joseph Chamberlain. The London Conference of 1907, presided over by Lord +Elgin, discussed various Imperial questions, but was chiefly memorable +because of the decision to hold similar meetings every four years, and +to provide a permanent bureau at London devoted specifically to the +interests of the Empire. + +=Imperial Federation.= Advocated by Thomas Pownall, governor of +Massachusetts Bay, in 1764. He proposed a scheme by which "Great Britain +may be no more considered as the Kingdom of this Isle alone, with many +appendages of provinces, colonies, settlements, and other extraneous +parts, but as a grand marine dominion, consisting of our possessions in +the Atlantic and in America united into one Empire." Subsequently +proposed by Joseph Howe, in 1855, and again in 1863; also by Thomas +Chandler Haliburton and other Canadian statesmen and writers. =Index=: +=B= Elgin's conception of, 33; advocated by Edward Blake, 240. =H= +Joseph Howe a pioneer in the movement for, 174. =Bib.=: Denison, +_Struggle for Imperial Unity_; Macphail, _Essays in Politics_; Brassey, +_Imperial Federation and Colonization_; Ewart, _Kingdom of Canada_, +_Imperial Federation_, etc.; Parkin, _Imperial Federation_; Young, _A +Pioneer of Imperial Federation in Canada_; Milner, _Speeches in Canada_; +_The Empire and the Century_; Argyll, _Imperial Federation_. + +=Imperial Federation League.= Formed in Canada at a meeting in Montreal, +in May, 1885. A conference to the same end had been held in London, in +July, 1884. The league in Canada changed its name, in 1896, to the +British Empire League in Canada, at the suggestion of Sir Charles +Tupper. _See_ Denison. + +=Incarnation, Marie de L'.= _See_ Marie de L'Incarnation. + +=Inches, Dr.= =T= Attends Sir Leonard Tilley in his last illness, 145. + +=Independence.= =B= George Brown writes Macdonald of widespread +sentiment in England in 1864 in favour of British American colonies +securing complete autonomy, 167; and the Canada First party, 236, 237, +238, 239; advocated by Goldwin Smith, 238, 239. =P= Advocated by +Papineau, 167. =Mc= Declaration of, July, 1837, its history, 330; work +of Rolph and O'Grady, 330; object of Association of Canadian Refugees, +449. + +=Indians.= =Ch= Superstitions of, 10, 12; council held to consider best +policy to adopt in dealing with them, 108-111; murders committed by, +115; their great esteem for Champlain, 159; difficulty of educating +their children, 233. =S= Their general friendliness to Upper Canada +settlers, 62; their good conduct rewarded, 62; lands allotted to on +Grand River, 74; schools and churches provided for, 74; Simcoe's +estimate of, 75; engagements made with, faithfully kept, 76; their lands +encroached upon by Americans, 119; their defeat of expedition under St. +Clair, 121; great council of, 122, 124; failure of negotiations with +American commissioners, 123-125. =WM= Generally friendly to France, 17; +appearance of, on field of battle, 31; swell army of Montcalm at Fort +Carillon, 38; their habits in camp, 39; Christian Indians different from +the pagans, 39; attack British boats, 40; general meeting of, called by +Montcalm, 40-42; repulse British force on left bank of Montmorency, 129; +scalp the wounded after battle, 142; paid well for prisoners, but less +amount for scalps, 150; fly from battlefield, 202; form part of Levis's +army, 245; in battle of Ste. Foy, 265. =Hd= Their lands secured by +treaty, 12; allies of the French, 13, 16, 21; help Pouchot at Niagara, +25; Sir William Johnson's following of, 28, 29; irregular traffic with, +prohibited, 32, 54; fears of an uprising among, 55; impressed by +enlistment of French-Canadians under British flag, 57; in Florida, 66, +71, 73; Haldimand's treatment of, 91-93, 131, 145, 146, 147, 150, 153, +157, 258-259, 266, 347; uncertain allies, 126, 137, 170, 260; rebels try +to gain for France, 127-128, 134, 136, 279; indignant at terms of peace +between Britain and colonies, 256-257; American cruelty towards, 307. +=F= Menacing attitude of, 17; defrauded by traders, 18, 154; not readily +receptive of Christian doctrine, 167. =Dr= Those with Burgoyne worse +than useless, 178; ignored in treaty of peace between Britain and +American colonies, 231; their lands invaded by frontiersmen, 233; +attacked by American troops, 234; trouble with western tribes, 249, 262, +276. =L= Violent effects of intoxicating liquor upon, 36, 37; three of +the nations sue for peace, 53; conversion of, very precarious, 62; +difficult to civilize them, 63, 126; sincere devotion of many, 64. _See_ +Abnaki; Algonquian; Cree; Creek; Delaware; Dene; Etchemin; Huron; +Illinois; Iroquois; Micmac; Ottawa; Tete de Boule. =Bib.=: Hodge, +_Handbook of American Indians_; Brinton, _The American Race_; Bancroft, +_Native Races of the Pacific States_; Catlin, _Manners, Customs, and +Condition of the North American Indians_; Drake, _Aboriginal Races of +North America_; Lafitau, _Moeurs des Sauvages Ameriquains_; Maclean, +_Canadian Savage Folk_; Morgan, _Houses and House-Life of the American +Aborigines_; Schoolcraft, _Indian Tribes of the United States_. + +=Indian Department.= =S= In Upper Canada, independent of the governor, +126-127. + +=Indian Posts in West.= =Dr= Temporary retention of, by Great Britain, +231. + +=Inflexible.= =Dr= Largest vessel of flotilla on Lake Champlain, 154. + +=Inglis, Charles= (1734-1816). Born in Ireland. Emigrated to America; +taught school in Pennsylvania for a time, and then took holy orders. In +1764 became assistant to Dr. Auchmuty, rector of Trinity Church, New +York, and in 1777 succeeded him as rector. His sympathies being with the +mother country, removed to Nova Scotia after the Revolution, and thence +to England. First bishop of Nova Scotia, with jurisdiction over +practically all British North America, 1787. One of the notable events +of his episcopate was his establishment of King's College, Windsor. In +1793 his huge diocese divided by the creation of the diocese of Quebec, +of which Jacob Mountain (_q.v._) became first bishop. =Index=: =Dr= +Appointed bishop of Nova Scotia with jurisdiction over Quebec, 241. +=Bib.=: Mockridge, _The Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and +Newfoundland_. + +=Inglis, John.= =MS= Opposes sale by Hudson's Bay Company of land in Red +River valley to Selkirk, 146. + +=Ingraham, Captain.= =D= Explores coast of Queen Charlotte Islands in +1791, 25; describes geography and natural history of the islands and +language, manners, and customs of the natives, 25. + +=Innocent XI, Pope= (1611-1689). Benedetto Odescalchi; elected pope, +1676. =Index=: =L= Misunderstanding with Louis XIV, 20. + +=Institut Canadien.= A literary and scientific society, founded at +Montreal in 1844, and incorporated in 1852. It included among its early +members most of the leaders of the more progressive and independent +element in Quebec political life, among them A. A. Dorion, Eric Dorion, +Joseph Doutre, Rodolphe Laflamme, and Wilfrid Laurier. The success of +the parent society led to the founding of similar Instituts throughout +the province. Although popular among the laity, these societies +encountered the determined opposition of the Roman Catholic Church, led +by Bishop Bourget of Montreal. The outside societies yielded to clerical +pressure, but the Montreal Institut stood upon its rights. The fight +went on for many years, but finally most of the Roman Catholic members +dropped out, and the books and papers were transferred to the Fraser +Institute. =Bib.=: Willison, _Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal +Party_. + +=Intendant.= An office created originally by Richelieu, in France, and +transferred to New France. The first intendant of Canada was Robert, +appointed in 1663, who was succeeded two years later by the ablest +occupant of the office, Jean Talon. The intendant was charged with the +supervision of practically all the civil affairs of the colony, +including the administration of justice, but his most important +function, from the point of view of the court, was to act as a virtual +spy upon the acts of the governor. Inevitably, harmony was impossible +between these two officials, and the history of New France is punctuated +with their perpetual quarrels. =Index=: =F= Jean Talon appointed as, 51; +office revived, 105; Jacques Duchesneau appointed, 108; Jacques de +Meulles, 171; Jean Bochart de Champigny, 207. _See also_ under names of +individual intendants. =Bib.=: Roy, _Intendants de la Nouvelle France_ +(R. S. C., 1903); Parkman, _Old Regime_; Munro, _The Office of Intendant +in New France_ in _The American Historical Review_, October, 1906. + +=Intendant's Palace.= =Bk= In Quebec, completely destroyed in siege of +1775, 90. + +=Intemperance.= =S= A prevailing vice in Upper Canada, 71, 72. _See_ +Liquor question; Brandy question. + +=Intercolonial Railway.= Surveys proposed by the government of Canada in +1863. Three engineers were to be appointed, one by the Imperial +government, one by Canada, and one by the Maritime Provinces. They all +nominated the same man, Sandford Fleming, by whom the surveys were +accordingly carried out. The railway was made a condition of the union +of the Maritime Provinces with Canada, and the work of construction was +pushed forward, the line being formally opened July 1, 1876. In 1871 the +Prince Edward Island Railway was begun, and in 1873 it became a portion +of the Intercolonial system. Other extensions and branches were built or +acquired, the line finally running from Sydney and Halifax to Montreal. +=Index=: =Md= Negotiations for, begun, 45, 117; arranged for, by British +North America Act, 151; difficulty in selecting route, 152,153; northern +route finally adopted, 153. =E= Project to combine with Grand Trunk, +100; history of negotiations after failure of larger scheme, 100-101. +=H= Recommended in Durham's Report, 118; company formed in London, +118-119; "Robinson Line" surveyed, 119; Joseph Howe's connection with +(_see_ under Howe); new route proposed, 141-143; Imperial guarantee +refused, 143. =BL= Brought under consideration, 1849, 287; Hincks on, +332. =B= Members of British government in 1862 favourable to, except +Gladstone, 143; George Brown a convert to the scheme, 166; opposed by +Dorion, 175. =C= Cartier advocates roundabout route, for military and +political reasons, 49-50; Major Robinson's report, 49. =T= Proposal to +build through St. John Valley, 26; delegates consult British government, +26; arrangements made with Jackson. 27; British government refuses to +guarantee interest, 45; St. John to Shediac line, 46-47; history of, +53-58, 90, 111-112, 116, 119, 122. =Bib.=: Fleming, _The Intercolonial_; +Fleming, _Historical Sketch of the Intercolonial Railway_ in _Canada: An +Ency._, vol. 2. + +=Interpreters.= =Ch= Brule, Marsolet, _et al._, 144. + +=Irish Immigrants.= =E= Measures for their relief, 1847-1848, 46-47; +bring plague to Canada, 47-48; prominent victims, 48; Elgin persuades +British government to reimburse Canada for expenses incurred in relief +work. 48-49. + +=Iroquet.= Algonquian chief. =Index=: =Ch= Urges Champlain to attack the +Iroquois, 48; his son meets Champlain, 51; a leader of the Hurons, 69; +chief of the Petite Nation--captures small party of Iroquois, 102; +adopts an Iroquois prisoner as his son, 104. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Old +Regime_. + +=Iroquois.= A confederation of tribes, at first five, the Cayuga, +Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, and Seneca, to which the Tuscarora was added +after 1726, as well as the remnants of many other tribes. They were +known to the English colonists as the Five Nations, and later as the Six +Nations. They called themselves _Ongwanonsionni_, "we are of the +extended lodge." When they first came into contact with Europeans, they +occupied the country between Lake Champlain and the Genesee River, and +this remained their home territory, but they ranged far and wide, +carrying their conquering raids eastwards to the Kennebec, westwards to +Lake Michigan, north to the Hudson Bay watershed, and south to the +Tennessee. They numbered about 16,000 in 1677, and after dropping to +10,000 in the next century, they returned to their original strength at +the opening of the twentieth century. About two-thirds are on +reservations in Canada; the remainder in New York. =Index=: =F= +Champlain joins Hurons and Algonquians in attacking, 9, 10, 14; nearly +exterminate Hurons, 26, 35; demand establishment of French colony in +their country, 40; their confederacy, of what tribes composed, 41; +attack remnant of Hurons on Island of Orleans, 41; checked at Long Sault +on the Ottawa by heroism of Dollard and his companions, 44; Governor +Courcelles marches against, 52; similar expedition led by Tracy, 53; +invited by Frontenac to conference, 79; consent to make a peace +including Indian allies of French, 82; under La Barre's administration, +seize canoes of French traders, 181; La Barre's expedition against, 183; +Denonville's, 207-214; capture of a number of peaceful Iroquois for +king's galleys, 215; reprisals, 218, 219; massacre of Lachine, 224; send +envoys to meet Frontenac, 238; native eloquence, 239; worsted in +skirmish on Ottawa River, 243; Mohawk opinion of Schenectady massacre, +248; ill-treat embassy from Frontenac, 262; renew their attacks, 307; +party of, destroyed at Repentigny, 308; three prisoners burnt alive, +309; another party surprised and destroyed, 319; expedition against +(Mohawks), 321; peace negotiations, 337; Onondaga orator, Teganissorens +(Decanisora), 338; Frontenac's campaign against, 350. =Ch= Champlain +assists his Indian allies against, 49; originally settled on the St. +Lawrence, 50; form great confederation of five tribes, 50; attacked by +Montaignais, assisted by Champlain, near mouth of Richelieu River, 62; +again, by Hurons, assisted by Champlain, on the Oswego River, 102; make +an attack near Quebec, 139; embassy sent to, 163. =Hd= Destroy mission +at Three Rivers, 43; in general alliance with British, 148; country of, +pillaged by Butler's Rangers, 151. =WM= Traditional foes of the French, +16. =L= Destroy Huron mission, 5; converted settlements of, 9; their +extermination of the Hurons, 39; heroic resistance offered to, at the +Long Sault, 72; depredations committed by, 191; La Barre's expedition +against, 193; threatening attitude of, 213; Denonville's expedition +against, 215; negotiations with, 216; descend on Lachine, 225; ravage +surrounding country, 227; Frontenac marches against, 233. =Bk= Their +lands encroached upon by Americans, 149; attacked by United States +troops at Tippecanoe, 174-176; their bitter sense of wrong, 177; obtain +grant of land on the Grand River, 189; effect on, of Hull's advance +into Canada, 214; greatly impressed by the capture of Detroit, 263. +_See_ Senecas; Mohawks; Onondagas; Cayugas; Oneidas. =Bib.=: Hodge, +_Handbook of American Indians_; Schoolcraft, _Indian Tribes_; Morgan, +_League of the Iroquois_; Colden, _History of the Five Nations_; +McKenzie, _The Six Nations Indians in Canada_; Hale, _Iroquois Book of +Rites_; Parkman, _Old Regime_, _Jesuits in North America_, _Frontenac_, +and _Half Century of Conflict_; Fiske, _New France and New England_. + +=Irving, Jacob AEmilius= (1797-1856). Born at Charleston, South Carolina. +Entered the army at an early age; severely wounded at Waterloo; +presented with freedom of Liverpool for gallant conduct during the +French war. Came to Canada, 1834; served during the Rebellion of 1837; +appointed first warden for the district of Simcoe; appointed to the +Legislative Council of Canada, 1843. =Index=: =BL= Appointed to +Legislative Council, Upper Canada, 177. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._ + +=Irving, Paulus AEmilius= (1714-1796). Served under Wolfe at Quebec; +administered government of Canada, 1765; appointed lieutenant-governor +of Guernsey, 1771; and afterwards governor of Upnor Castle, Kent. +=Index=: =Dr= Becomes administrator, 23; protests, as member of Council, +against position taken by Carleton, 34; dismissed from Council, 39. +=Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._ + +=Isbister, Alexander K.= (1820-1883). Born in the territories of the +Hudson's Bay Company; employed by the Company, 1838-1840, in the +Mackenzie River district. Went to England, about 1841; educated there, +and practised law in London. A half-breed himself, he ably pressed the +cause of the Indians and half-breeds upon the attention of the British +government. Also gave evidence before the parliamentary Committee of +1857. For some years master of the Stationers' School in England and +Dean of the College of Preceptors. Left a large sum of money to found +scholarships in connection with the University of Manitoba. =Index=: =B= +A native of the North-West Territories--his good work on behalf of the +Red River Settlement, 212; Brown's high opinion of, 212; suggests +annexation by Canada of western territory, 213. =Bib.=: _Report on +Hudson's Bay Company_, 1857; Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_. + +=Isis.= =Dr= British war vessel, arrival of, 137. + +=Isle aux Noix.= On the Richelieu River. =Index=: =Hd= Fortifications +of, 125, 133; Sherwood and Ira Allen in conference at, 204; refugees +transported to, 250. + + +=Jack, William Brydone= (1819-1886). Born in Scotland. Educated at St. +Andrews University. Came to New Brunswick as professor of mathematics at +King's College, 1840. When King's College received its charter as +University of New Brunswick in 1861, appointed president. Retired from +office, 1885. + +=Jackson.= =T= British Member of Parliament, and capitalist, his company +offers to build railways in New Brunswick, 26; visits the province, 27; +agreement with government, 27. + +=Jackson, Francis James= (1770-1814). British diplomatist. =Index=: =Bk= +Succeeds W. Erskine as British minister at Washington, 122. =Bib.=: +_Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Jackson, Sir Richard Downes.= Served in Peninsular campaign; +commander-in-chief of forces in Canada. Administrator, 1841-1842. Died +at Montreal. =Index=: =BL= Carries on government after Sydenham's death, +113. =Sy= Commander of forces, appointed administrator for Lower Canada, +194. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._ + +=Jacob, Dr.=, of Salisbury. =Sy= Maternal grandfather of Sydenham, 4. + +=Jacques.= =Ch= English vessel seized by French, 221. + +=Jacques Cartier River.= A tributary of the St. Lawrence, north shore, +above Quebec. =Index=: =WM= Retreat of French army to, 212, 216, 217; +retreat described as disorderly flight, 217. + +=James Bay.= Southern extension of Hudson Bay, discovered in 1610, by +Henry Hudson who wintered there, 1610-1611, with the _Discovery_. The +bay was named after Captain Thomas James of Bristol, who explored the +west coast in 1631. + +=Jameson, Anna Brownell= (1794-1860). Author. Married Robert Jameson, +afterwards vice-chancellor of the Court of Equity of Upper Canada. +=Index=: =E= On Upper Canadian schoolmasters, 87; compares conditions on +both sides of boundary, to the detriment of Canada, 191-192. =Bib.=: +Works: _Diary of an Ennuyee_; _Characteristics of Women_; _Visits and +Sketches_; _Essays_; _Sacred and Legendary Art_; _Legends of the +Madonna_; _History of Our Lord_; _Early Italian Painters_; _Sketches in +Canada_; _Winter Studies and Summer Rambles in Canada_. For biog., _see_ +Dent, _Can. Por._; _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Read, _Lives of the Judges_. + +=Jameson, Robert Simpson.= A member of the English bar. Reporter in Lord +Eldon's Court, 1824. Married Anna Brownell Murphy, 1826. Judge in the +Island of Dominica, 1829; retired, 1833, and returned to England. +Appointed attorney-general of Upper Canada by the Imperial government, +1833, and took up his residence at York. Called to the bar of Upper +Canada, 1833. Member of the Assembly, 1835-1837. Appointed +vice-chancellor of the Court of Equity. Died in Toronto, 1854. =Bib.=: +Read, _Lives of the Judges_. + +=Jamet, Father Denis.= =Ch= Recollet missionary and commissary of the +order in Canada, 85; returns to France, where he remains, 111, 112. + +=Jarvis, F. S.= =Sy= Gentleman usher of black rod, 334. + +=Jarvis, William.= =S= Recommended by Simcoe as clerk of Council, 46; +provincial secretary, 79, 178. + +=Jarvis, W. B.= =Mc= Loyalists retreat under, 373. + +=Jay, John= (1745-1829). American statesman and jurist. =Index=: =Dr= +Negotiates treaty with Great Britain, 283, 286. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._ + +=Jay's Treaty.= Between Great Britain and the United States; negotiated +Nov. 19, 1794. Provided for the evacuation by Great Britain of the +western posts; the settlement by commission of pecuniary claims between +the two countries; the appointment of a joint commission to determine +the identity of the St. Croix River; and closer commercial relations. +Negotiated by John Jay on behalf of the United States, and Lord +Grenville representing Great Britain. =Index=: =S= Between Britain and +the United States, 142. =Dr= Copies of, circulated in Canada, 290; +ratified, 291. =Bib.=: Hertslet, _Treaties and Conventions_. + +=Jefferson, Thomas= (1743-1826). Third president of the United States. +=Index=: =Dr= His hostility to Great Britain, 273, 274, 281; his defeat +for the presidency, in 1797, 298. =Bk= Purchases Louisiana from France, +41, 42; his embargo on United States ships trading to British ports, 85, +108; withdraws embargo, 114; confident of easy conquest of Canada, 259, +285. =D= His influence in determining policy of United States as to the +Pacific coast, 64-66; sends Lewis and Clark overland to Pacific, 66. +=Bib.=: His _Works_, ed. by Henry A. Washington, were published by order +of Congress, in 9 vols., 1853. _See also_ Randolph, _Memoirs, +Correspondence and Miscellanies of Jefferson_. For biog., _see_ Randall, +_Life of Jefferson_; Tucker, _Life of Thomas Jefferson_; Parton, _Life +of Thomas Jefferson_; _Cyc. Am. Biog._ + +=Jemseg.= On Jemseg Creek, Queen's County, New Brunswick. =Index=: =F= +For a time headquarters in Acadia, 270. + +=Jenkins, William.= =T= Teacher in Gagetown Grammar School, New +Brunswick, 5; conducts large school in Quebec, 6; visited by Sir Leonard +Tilley in 1858, 6; dies in 1863, 6. + +=Jersey Volunteers.= =Dr= Loyalists, 202. + +=Jervis, John.= _See_ St. Vincent. + +=Jesuits' Estates Act.= Passed by the Mercier government in Quebec, +1888. Following the suppression of the Society of Jesus by the pope, in +1773, the property of the order in Canada became vested in the crown, +and was set apart for purposes of education in the province of Quebec. +By the British North America Act, it was vested in the provincial +government. The Mercier Act authorized payment of $400,000 as +compensation to the Jesuits for the lands confiscated by the crown. An +agitation in Ontario for disallowance of the Act, was followed by a +formal motion in the Dominion House, by Colonel O'Brien, but only +thirteen members voted for disallowance. =Index=: =Md= Origin, 286; +claimed by Society of Jesus, 286; Act passed by Quebec Legislature +authorizing payment for lands Jesuits held before the conquest, 286, +287; motion favouring federal disallowance, proposed, 288, 289; motion +defeated, 289; agitation ends by formation of Equal Rights Association +and later by the Protestant Protective Association, 289. =Dr= Proposal +to apply revenues of, to educational purposes, 230; General Amherst's +claim to, 230. =BL= Revenue from, 18. =Bk= Appropriation of property a +grievance with French-Canadians, 77. =Bib.=: Willison, _Sir Wilfrid +Laurier and the Liberal Party_; Grant and Hamilton, _Principal Grant_; +Pope, _Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald_. + +=Jesuit Missions.= =L= Zeal of the missionaries compared with that of +the Apostles, 61; among the Iroquois, 64-67; wide extension of, 103; to +the Algonquians, destroyed by drunkenness, 175. =F= Pure lives of +missionaries produces good effect, 168. _See_ under names of individual +missionaries. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Jesuits in North America_. _See also_ +Jesuits. + +=Jesuit Relations.= _The Relations_ were published in Paris, by the +provincial of the order, in small annual volumes. The original +narratives were written in Canada, or in one or other of the remote +mission fields, by the devoted missionaries, and are invaluable as a +record of the condition and character of the various Indian tribes in +the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. =Index=: =Ch= Promoted +immigration to Canada, 250; describe religious condition of the colony, +256-258; also last days of Champlain, 262, 263. =F= Parkman on, 30; +Rochemonteix on, 30; Marie de l'Incarnation on, 30; their influence in +securing support for the missions, 30-31. =Bib.=: _Jesuit Relations and +Allied Documents, 1610-1791_, ed. by Thwaites, Cleveland, 1896-1901, 73 +vols.; _Relations des Jesuites_, Quebec, 1858, 3 vols. + +=Jesuits.= The first missionaries of the order, Lalemant, Masse, and +Brebeuf, arrived in Canada in 1625. Work among the Algonquians began +that year; and among the Hurons in 1626. The mission to the Iroquois +dates from 1642. With the Iroquois mission are particularly associated +the names of Jogues, Le Moyne, Ragueneau, Fremin, and De Carheil; and +with the mission to the Hurons, those of Brebeuf, Lalemant, Chabanel, +Garnier, and Chaumonot. _See also_ under names of individual +missionaries. =Index=: =Hd= Their mission at Three Rivers, 43; an +unworthy member of the order, 48-49; suspected of sympathy with rebels, +130, 181; engage in the ginseng trade, 148; vestibule of their church +turned into theatre, 306-307. =F= Arrival of, 17; return after +restoration of Canada to France, 25; Frontenac's attitude towards, 113; +their missions, 166. =L= Their devotion to the cause of missions, 4, 5; +recommend Laval as vicar apostolic, 26; re-establish mission in Iroquois +country, 73; place church at Quebec under patronage of Immaculate +Conception, and St. Louis, 85; works of piety instituted by, 86. =Dr= +Expelled from France, controversy respecting their property in Canada, +23; petition the king for restoration of their property, 35. =Ch= +Recollets decide to ask assistance of, 150; not favoured by the traders, +152; arrival of, at Quebec, 153; their convent robbed by English, 196; +embark for Tadousac on board Kirke's ship, 196; sail for France, 206; +take charge of Quebec mission on restoration of the country to France, +225; establish their convent of Notre Dame des Anges, 227; their convent +at Quebec, 228, 229; give banquet to Emery de Caen, temporary governor, +228; found missions at Three Rivers and in Huron country, 228; also at +Miscou and Cape Breton, 229. =D= As factors in spread of civilization in +America, 2-3. =Bib.=: _Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents_, ed. by +Thwaites; Parkman, _Jesuits in North America_; Rochemonteix, _Les +Jesuites et la Nouvelle France_; Kip, _Early Jesuit Missions_; Campbell, +_Pioneer Priests of North America_. + +=Jette, Sir Louis= (1836- ). Studied law, and called to the bar, 1857. +Practised in Montreal. Entered public life in 1872 as member for +Montreal East, defeating Sir Georges E. Cartier. Appointed puisne judge +of Supreme Court of Quebec, 1878; and the same year became professor of +civil law in Laval University; later dean of the faculty. Member of the +commission for revision of the civil code of Quebec, 1887; and of the +Alaskan Boundary Commission. Appointed lieutenant-governor of Quebec, +1898, and for a second term in 1903. Chief-justice of the Superior Court +of Quebec, 1909. =Index=: =C= One of the founders of _Le Parti +National_, and its organ _Le National_, 29-30; defeats Cartier in +Montreal East, 84. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._ + +=Jews.= =Bk= Resolution of Lower Canada Assembly excluding, 104; further +discussion of question, 116. + +=Joannes.= =WM= Town mayor of Quebec, strikes insubordinate officers, +230; protests against order to propose capitulation, 230, 231; goes to +British camp with articles of capitulation, 231, 232. + +=Jogues, Isaac= (1607-1646). Born at Orleans, France. Entered the +Society of Jesus, and sailed for Canada in 1636. Set out almost +immediately for the Huron mission. From there sent to the Tobacco +nation; and in 1641 visited the Chippewas at Sault Ste. Marie, and stood +upon the shores of Lake Superior. Went to Quebec the following year, and +on the return journey captured by a party of Mohawks and carried off to +the Iroquois country. After being repeatedly tortured, escaped at Fort +Orange, with the help of the Dutch governor, and sailed for France, +arriving at Rennes in 1643. After an interview with the queen regent, +Anne of Austria, returned to Canada the following year, and sent as an +ambassador to the Mohawks, 1646. Concluded a treaty of peace, and +returned to Quebec. Sept. 27 of the same year, again set out for the +Iroquois country, this time as a missionary. The attitude of the Indians +had changed, and on Oct. 18 he was tomahawked as he entered one of the +lodges at Tionnontoguen. =Index=: =Ch= Professor in college of Rouen, +207. =L= Sufferings and death of, 5, 62. =Bib.=: Campbell, _Pioneer +Priests of North America_; Parkman, _Jesuits in North America_; Martin, +_Isaac Jogues_; Withrow, _Adventures of Isaac Jogues_ (R. S. C., 1885). + +=John and Thomas.= =F= Vice-admiral's ship in Phipps's squadron, 281. + +=Johnson, Guy= (1740-1788). Deputy to Sir William Johnson, as +superintendent of Indian affairs, and succeeded latter in office after +his death. Served under Amherst against the French, in 1759. At the +opening of the Revolutionary War, abandoned his home in Amsterdam, New +York, and brought his family to Montreal, and later went to England. +Returned in 1776, and served in New York. Also with Brant in the Mohawk +Valley, two years later. His estates confiscated by the New York +Assembly, 1779. =Index=: =Hd= His letter to Lord George Germaine, 155; +removed from his position of Indian agent, 156. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._ + +=Johnson, John.= =T= Returned for St. John, 25. + +=Johnson, John M.= (1818-1868). =T= Solicitor-general, New Brunswick, +32-33; member of Fisher ministry, postmaster-general, 43; +attorney-general, delegate to Quebec Conference, 77; elected for +Northumberland as Confederation candidate, 107; goes to England as +Confederation delegate, 120; his views on County Courts, 125. =Bib.=: +Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_. + +=Johnson, Sir John= (1742-1830). Son of Sir William Johnson (_q.v._). +Appointed major-general of militia, 1774. Fled to Canada, 1776, and +served under St. Leger against Arnold the following year. After the +close of the Revolutionary War, became superintendent-general of Indian +affairs in British North America. =Index=: =Dr= Commissioned to raise +regiment, 151; advises Dorchester in regard to Upper Canada, 258; his +claims to be first governor of that province, 259; Indian agent in Upper +Canada, 302. =S= Disappointed at not being made governor of Upper +Canada, 99; head of Indian department, 127. =Hd= Made Indian agent, 156; +raises King's Royal Regiment of New York, 156; Haldimand's instructions +to, in regard to smallpox, 231; his consent necessary to marriage, 237; +Haldimand stands sponsor to child of, 296; MacLean's opinion of, 308. +=Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; _Cyc. Am. Biog._; Myers, _The Tories or +Loyalists in America_. + +=Johnson, Sir William= (1715-1774). Born in Ireland. Came to America, in +1738, to take charge of the estates of his uncle, Sir Peter Warren. +Appointed Indian agent in 1744, and obtained unrivalled influence over +the Six Nations. In 1755 became superintendent of the affairs of the Six +Nations. The same year made major-general and commander-in-chief of the +expedition against the French. Defeated Dieskau at Lake George, and +received the thanks of Parliament, a baronetcy, and a vote of L5000. +Served with Abercrombie in 1758, and in 1759 captured Niagara from the +French. Accompanied Amherst to Montreal in 1760. Mainly instrumental in +settling and developing the Mohawk Valley. =Index=: =Dr= Quiets +discontent of Six Nations, 5, 6. =Hd= Takes possession of Fort Niagara, +26; takes precedence of Haldimand, 27; his influence with Six Nations +Indians, 27; his Indians not allowed to attack La Galette, 28; retires +for the winter, 29; leaves Oswego for Montreal, under Amherst, 35; his +opinion on enlistment of Canadian corps, 57; takes Niagara, 121; his +Indian widow, 154; death of, 155; Indians' opinion of, 157; leave +granted to, to hold western posts for England, 257. =WM= Captures Fort +Niagara, 146. =Bib.=: _Language, Customs, and Manners of the Six +Nations_ (Phil. Soc. of Phila. _Trans._, 1772); _Correspondence_ (Doc. +Hist. N. Y.); Reid, _Story of Old Fort Johnson_. For biog., _see_ +Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Stone, _Life of Sir William Johnson_; Buell, _Sir +William Johnson_; Bradley, _The Fight with France_; Parkman, _Montcalm +and Wolfe_ and _Conspiracy of Pontiac_; _Cyc. Am. Biog._ + +=Johnson-Clarendon Treaty.= =Md= Attempt to settle Alabama question by, +167; United States Senate refuses to ratify treaty, 167. =Bib.=: +Hertslet, _Treaties and Conventions_. + +=Johnston, Hugh.= =W= Appointed to Executive Council, New Brunswick, +1843, 72; resigns, 1845, 76; retires, 1848, 116. + +=Johnston, Sir W.= =C= Chief-justice of Quebec, 119; his views on +French-Canadian cooking, 119. + +=Johnstone, Chevalier.= =WM= Aide-de-camp to Levis, 139; his redoubt +evacuated, 140; with Montcalm on night preceding battle, 175; his +opinion of Bougainville, 177; on brave rally of Canadians, 203; on +demoralization of French troops, 207; on Vaudreuil and proposed +capitulation, 209; on the flight to Jacques Cartier, 217; on battle of +Ste. Foy, 261, 263, 264. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_. + +=Johnstone, James William= (1793-1873). Born in Jamaica. Came to Nova +Scotia, studied law in Annapolis, and practised in Kentville and +Halifax. Appointed solicitor-general and a member of the governor's +Council, and became the recognized leader of the Conservative party in +Nova Scotia. Resigned his seat in the Council in 1843 to contest +Annapolis for the Assembly, and represented the county until 1864, when +appointed judge in Equity. On the death of Howe in 1873 made +lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia. Died in England the same year. +=Index=: =H= Appointed solicitor-general, 1834, 57; becomes member of +Executive and Legislative Councils, 1838, 57; leader of party opposed to +responsible government, 58; his birth, ancestry, and character, 58; Sir +Colin Campbell's chief adviser, 71; obnoxious to the Liberals, 71; +opposes Howe's views as to responsibility of ministers to the Assembly, +75; makes public declaration as to dual responsibility of ministers, to +the governor and the Legislature, 76; joins the Baptists, 77-78; defends +denominational schools, 83; the election of 1843, 85-86; W. B. Almon +called to Executive and Legislative Councils, 86-87; secures majority in +new Legislature, 87; contest with Howe, 89-90; makes speech against +Howe, 98; carries measure for simultaneous polling, 104; resigns with +his government, 1848, 107; member of Railway Convention at Portland, +1850, 121; opposes government railways, 144; moves vote of want of +confidence, 165, 167; forms new government, 167; his party defeated in +elections of 1859, 168; the chief-justiceship, 168; leader of the +opposition, 171; becomes attorney-general in 1863, and judge in Equity, +1864, 172; favours Confederation, 174; introduces bill prohibiting sale +of intoxicants to Indians, 247-248. =T= Advocates Confederation in Nova +Scotia Assembly, in 1854, 62. =Bib.=: Saunders, _Three Premiers of Nova +Scotia_; Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_; Bourinot, _Builders of Nova +Scotia_; Rattray, _The Scot in British North America_; Rose, _Cyc. Can. +Biog._ + +=Johnstone's Redoubt.= =WM= French position on Beauport shore, 133, 136, +140. + +=Joint High Commission, British-American=, 1898-1899. Met in Quebec, +Aug. 23, 1898, and again in Washington, Nov. 10. The meetings continued +until Feb. 20, 1899, ending in a disagreement. Canada was represented by +Sir Wilfrid Laurier, Sir Richard Cartwright, Sir Louis Davies, and John +Charlton; the United States by Gen. J. W. Foster, Hon. George Gray, Hon. +C.W. Fairbanks, Hon. John A. Kasson, Hon. N. Dingley, and T. Jefferson +Coolidge; and Newfoundland by Sir J. S. Winter and Hon. A. B. Morine. +Lord Herschell acted as chairman. Among the questions discussed were +reciprocity, the Atlantic fisheries, the Alaskan boundary, the seal +fisheries, war vessels on the Great Lakes, the bonding privilege, alien +labour laws, and mining rights. =Bib.=: Willison, _Sir Wilfrid Laurier +and the Liberal Party_. + +=Jolliet, Louis= (1645-1700). Born at Quebec; son of a wagon-maker in +the employ of the Company of New France. Educated by the Jesuits, and +took minor orders, but renounced his clerical vocation to engage in the +fur trade. Sent by Talon to discover copper-mines on Lake Superior, and +met La Salle on his return journey, 1669, near the site of the city of +Hamilton. In 1673 set out with Jacques Marquette (_q.v._) to discover +the Mississippi. Leaving Michilimackinac on May 17, they coasted the +north shore of Lake Michigan, to the foot of Green Bay, ascended Fox +River to Lake Winnebago, and descended the Wisconsin to the Mississippi, +which they reached a month after leaving Michilimackinac. Descended the +great river, passing the mouths of the Illinois, Missouri, Ohio, and +Arkansas, and turned back from a village of the Arkansas Indians on July +17; returning to Lake Michigan by way of the Illinois. Jolliet was +unfortunate enough to lose the records of his journey at the foot of the +Lachine rapids, almost within sight of Montreal. Made a journey to +Hudson Bay in 1679; and the following year received a grant of the +Island of Anticosti, where he settled with his family. In 1694 explored +the coast of Labrador. On his return made royal pilot for the St. +Lawrence, and hydrographer of the colony. =Index=: =F= Discoverer of +Mississippi, 155. =WM= Descends Mississippi, 19. =L= Follows course of +Mississippi, 11; abandons priestly career and becomes explorer, 59; his +exploration of Mississippi, 146; his burial, 147. =Bib.=: Parkman, _La +Salle_; Faillon, _Colonie Francaise en Canada_; Margry, _Decouvertes et +Etablissements des Francais_; Gagnon, _Louis Jolliet_. _See also_ +Marquette. + +=Jolliet, Zachary.= =F= His December journey from Michilimackinac to +Quebec, 240. + +=Joly de Lotbiniere, Sir Henri Gustave= (1829-1908). Studied law and +called to the bar, 1855. Elected to Assembly for Lotbiniere, 1861. Took +a prominent part in opposition to Confederation. In 1867 elected for +both Dominion and Quebec Houses, and sat in both up to 1874. Led +opposition in Assembly until 1878, when he was called upon to form a +ministry. His government defeated in 1879, and in 1885 dropped out of +public life for a time. Returned for Portneuf in 1896, and became +controller of inland revenue; the following year called to the Cabinet +as minister of inland revenue. Appointed lieutenant-governor of British +Columbia, 1900. =Index=: =Md= Liberal leader in Quebec, sustained in +provincial election by majority of one, 249; his connection with the +Letellier case, 249. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; Dent, _Can. Por._; +Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._ + +=Jones, Alfred Gilpin= (1824-1906). Born at Weymouth, Nova Scotia, of +United Empire Loyalist stock. Built up great shipping industry at +Halifax. Entered public life as an opponent of Confederation. +Represented Halifax in Dominion House 1867-1872, 1874-1878. Became +minister of militia, 1878. Defeated in general election of that year, +and again in 1881; elected in 1887, but defeated in 1891. +Lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia 1900-1906. =Index=: =H= Asked by Howe +to attend conference with Sir John Rose, on financial situation, 223; +his reasons for declining, 224; leader of Anti-Confederate party in Nova +Scotia, 224. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._; Morgan, _Can. Men_; Rose, _Cyc. +Can. Biog._ + +=Jones, John Paul= (1747-1792). Born in Scotland; son of John Paul, of +Arbigland; assumed name of Jones. Entered American navy, 1775. Captured +the _Serapis_, 1779. Entered Russian naval service, 1788, with rank of +rear-admiral. Died in Paris. =Index=: =Hd= Mentioned in Haldimand's +correspondence, 245. =Bib.=: Sherbourne, _Life of Paul Jones_; +Mackenzie, _Life of Paul Jones_; Hamilton, _Life of Paul Jones_; _Cyc. +Am. Biog._ + +=Jones, Jonas= (1791-1848). Educated at Cornwall under John Strachan. +Served as an officer of militia during the War of 1812-1814, attaining +the rank of colonel. Called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1815. Elected to +the Assembly for Leeds and Grenville, 1821, 1825, and again in 1832. A +strong supporter of the union of Upper and Lower Canada. Appointed a +puisne judge of the Court of Queen's Bench, 1837. =Bib.=: Read, _Lives +of the Judges_. + +=Jones, Peter.= =R= His visit to England in 1831, 90. + +=Jonquest, Etienne.= =Ch= Marries Anne Hebert, 113; death of, 117. + +=Jordan, John.= =W= Member for St. John in New Brunswick Assembly, 105; +referred to in Wilmot's speech, 105. =T= Defeated in St. John County in +1850, 11. + +=Joseph, Saint.= =L= Chapel dedicated to, in church at Quebec, 84; +patron saint of Canada, 87. =Ch= Jesuit mission in Huron country, 93; +French colony placed under patronage of, 150. + +=Jotard.= =Hd= Editor of Mesplet's publications, 277. + +=Journal de Quebec.= =C= Cauchon writes for, 24; praises Cartier in, 88. + +=Journal Tenu a l'Armee.= =WM= Quoted, 169; severe criticism of +Montcalm, 205; Canadians praised, 196; quoted as to loss on French side, +205. + +=Juan de Fuca.= =D= His real name Apostolos Velerianos, 9; expedition to +North-West Coast, 9; authenticity of his _Voyage_, 9, 19; his name +rescued from oblivion, 23. =Bib.=: Walbran, _British Columbia Coast +Names_. + +=Juan de Fuca Strait.= Between Vancouver Island and United States +mainland. =Index=: =D= Its discovery, 9, 14, 19; rediscovered by +Kendrick, 25. =Bib.=: Walbran, _British Columbia Coast Names_. + +=Jubilee.= =Ch= Granted by pope, celebrated in Quebec, 1618, 114. + +=Juchereau, Jean.= =Ch= A settler from La Ferte Vidame, in Thimerais, +252. + +=Juchereau, Mere.= =F= Reports repulse of some of Phipps's men at +Riviere Ouelle, 291; on flag incident, 296; on divine protection of +Quebec, 301. =L= On Laval's patience in trial, 240. + +=Juchereau de St. Denis.= =F= Wounded in skirmish on Beauport flats, +294. + +=Judah, Henry Hague= (1808-1883). Born in London, England. Came to +Canada, and called to the bar, 1829. Represented Champlain in the +Assembly, 1843-1844. Appointed one of the Commissioners under the Act +abolishing the Seigniorial Tenure, 1854. =Index=: =E= Commissioner under +Federal Tenure law, 186. + +=Judges.= =Bk= Bill for exclusion of, passed by Lower Canada Assembly, +but thrown out by Council, 104; further discussion of question, 116; +instructions from Great Britain regarding, 117, 126; Act of Exclusion +passed, 145. + +=Judicature.= =E= Measures relating to, passed by second La +Fontaine-Baldwin government, 86-87; =S= Act for establishing Superior +Court for Upper Canada passed, 92; amended, 94. =Sy= Bill passed by +Special Council, 255. =BL= Revisions of system, 286, 300-301; terms of +the Act, 292, 302-303, 339. + +=Jurisdiction, Question of.= =L= In New France, 163. + +=Justices of the Peace.= _See_ Magistrates. + + +=Kaministiquia, or Kaministikwia, Fort.= At mouth of river of same name, +north-west shore of Lake Superior. Built by Zacharie Robutel de La Nouee, +in 1717. La Verendrye wintered there in 1731, while making preparations +for his western explorations. The site abandoned in favour of Grand +Portage, which became for many years, under both French and British +rule, the jumping-off place for the western fur country. Fort William +was afterwards built on or near the site of the old French fort. + +=Kane, Paul= (1810-1871). Born in Toronto. Received his first training +under Drury, the drawing-master at Upper Canada College. Spent the years +1836-1840 in the United States; and then sailed for Europe, where he +studied art in Italy and throughout the continent. Returned to Toronto +in 1845, and shortly after set out on a tour of the western territories +of the Hudson's Bay Company. Visited many of the tribes, from Lake +Superior to the Pacific, and brought back with him in 1848 several +hundred sketches, from which he painted a series of oil pictures of +Indian life and western scenery. Some years after, published a narrative +of this journey, illustrated from his own sketches. =Bib.=: _Wanderings +of an Artist among the Indians of North America_. For biog., _see_ +Morgan, _Cel. Can._; _Cyc. Am. Biog._; MacMurchy, _Canadian Literature_. + +=Kaye, John W.= =BL= Quoted on Metcalfe, 156, 158; on La Fontaine and +Baldwin, 169-171; on Metcalfe, 176, 186, 236, 237. =B= Defends +Metcalfe's attitude towards political parties in Canada, 24. =Bib.=: +Works: _Life and Correspondence of Lord Metcalfe_; _Administration of +East India Company_; _Lives of Indian Officers_; _Life of Sir John +Malcolm_. + +=Keefer, Thomas Coltrin= (1821- ). Born at Thorold, Ontario. Engaged in +the enlargement of the Welland Canal, 1841-1845, and then transferred to +the Ottawa River works, 1845-1849. Made a survey of the St. Lawrence +rapids, 1850; and prepared the report and plans which resulted in the +building of the Victoria bridge at Montreal. Instrumental in securing +the deepening of the St. Lawrence channel and the adoption of the +standard gauge on Canadian railways. Served as Canadian commissioner at +the London exhibitions of 1851 and 1862, and the Paris exhibition of +1878, and also on the International Deep Waterways Commission. Author of +a number of articles and papers on engineering and public questions. +=Bib.=: Works: _Philosophy of Railways_; _Canals of Canada_; _Report on +Victoria Bridge_; _Canadian Waterways_. _See also_ in Bourinot's +bibliography (R. S. C., 1894). For biog., _see_ Morgan, _Can. Men_; +Dent, _Can. Por._ + +=Kempt, Sir James= (1764-1854). Commanded brigade in Peninsula, 1812; +and division at Waterloo, 1815; governor of Nova Scotia, 1820-1828; and +governor of Canada, 1828-1830. Made a privy-councillor, 1830; +master-general of ordnance, 1834-1838; general, 1841. =Index=: =BL= His +efforts at conciliation, 20. =P= Succeeds Lord Dalhousie as governor, +70; his attitude towards Canadians, 70; his report, 1829, on the +political situation in Lower Canada, 71. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; +_Dict. Nat. Biog._; Christie, _History of Lower Canada_. + +=Kendrick, Captain John.= American seaman. Trading on North-West Coast, +1787-1793. Killed in Sandwich Islands, 1793. =Index=: =D= Voyage to +North-West Coast in 1787, 23; at Nootka, 24; credited with rediscovery +of strait of Juan de Fuca, 25. + +=Kennebec River.= A river of the state of Maine, rising in Moosehead +Lake; about 200 miles long. =Index=: =Dr= Arnold's march up, 107. + +=Kennedy, Captain.= =B= Agitates through newspapers and Toronto Board of +Trade importance of acquiring and settling North-West Territories, 216; +writes Lord Elgin on same subject, 216. + +=Kennedy, Sir Arthur Edward= (1810-1883). Governor of Vancouver Island, +1863-1867. Subsequently governor of Queensland. Died in Brisbane. + +=Kennedy, William Nassau= (1839-1885). Born at Darlington, Ontario. +Served as a lieutenant in the Ontario Rifles with the Red River +Expedition, 1870. Settled in Winnipeg, and appointed registrar of deeds, +1872. A member of the North-West Council, 1873; mayor of Winnipeg, +1875-1876. Organized the Winnipeg Field Battery and subsequently +colonel of the 90th Rifles. Accompanied the Canadian _Voyageurs_ to +Egypt, as paymaster of the contingent, 1885. Served through the +campaign, but died at London on his way home to Canada. + +=Kennedy's Regiment.= =WM= On British right, 189. + +=Kenny, Sir Edward= (1800-1891). Born in Kerry County, Ireland. +Emigrated to Nova Scotia. Summoned to the Senate at Confederation. +Became receiver-general in federal ministry, 1867-1869; president of the +Privy Council, 1869-1870. For a time acting lieutenant-governor of Nova +Scotia. Vacated his seat in the Senate, 1876. =Index=: =Md= +Receiver-general in first Dominion Cabinet, 134; represents Irish Roman +Catholics, 135. =T= receiver-general in first Dominion Cabinet, 129. =H= +Member of first Dominion Cabinet, 198. + +=Kent and Strathern, Edward Augustus, Duke of= (1767-1820). Fourth son +of George III and father of Queen Victoria. Sent to Canada, 1791; served +in West Indies, 1794; returned to Canada, 1796; commander-in-chief of +forces in British North America, 1799-1800; governor of Gibraltar, +1802-1803; field-marshal, 1805. =Index=: =S= Commands 7th Fusiliers in +garrison at Quebec, 47; visits Simcoe at Navy Hall, 183; visits Niagara +Falls, 183; is entertained by Robert Hamilton at Queenston, 184. =Dr= +Arrival of, 270; popularity of, 275; service at Halifax, 276. =MS= +Stationed in Canada, 98; his friendship for Alexander Mackenzie, 98. +=Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Kent Lodge.= Near Quebec. =Index=: =Hd= Formerly Montmorency House, +Haldimand's summer residence, 345. + +=Kentucky.= =Dr= Movements on foot in, for separation from other +American states, 247, 249. + +=Kerr.= =T= Elected as Confederation candidate for Northumberland, N. +B., 107; moves the address in New Brunswick Assembly, 115. + +=Kerr, D. S.= =W= Council for Doak and Hill in libel case, 75. + +=Kerr, W. J.= =Mc= Attempts Mackenzie's assassination, 218; tried and +convicted, 220. + +=Ketchum, Jesse.= =Mc= Elected to the Assembly, 150; delivers rejoinder +to governor, 300. + +=Kicking Horse Pass.= Through Rocky Mountains, north of lat. 51 deg., +length 104 miles, and elevation at watershed 5300 feet. This pass is +followed by the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway. It was +explored and named by Dr. Hector, of the Palliser expedition, in 1858. + +=Killaly, H. H.= Represented town of London in first Parliament after +the union of 1841; chairman of the board of public works, 1841-1844, and +1844-1846. =Index=: =Sy= Made president of board of works for united +province, 333. =BL= Commissioner of public works, 1841, 76; a moderate +Liberal, 78; remains in office under La Fontaine-Baldwin government, +133, 134. =Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty Years_. + +=Killian, Doran.= =T= Recruits Fenian army in New York, 105; his force +arrives at Eastport, 105. + +=King, Dr.= =Mc= Aids Mackenzie's escape, 389. + +=King, Rev. Wm.= =B= Moving spirit in negro settlement in Upper Canada, +113. + +=King's American Regiment.= =Dr= Commanded by Fanning, 202. + +=King's College (New Brunswick).= =W= Charter granted by George IV, +1828, 49; endowed by New Brunswick Legislature, 49; controlled by Church +of England, 49-50, 51; proposed amendments to charter, 51-56; amendment +bill finally passed, 56; becomes University of New Brunswick, 86; +originated in College of New Brunswick and chartered, 1800, 86. =T= +Proposal to convert into agricultural school, 20; cause of its +unpopularity, 21, 48; terms of the Act of 1859, 48-49. _See_ New +Brunswick, College of; New Brunswick, University of. + +=King's College (Nova Scotia).= An academy opened at Windsor, Nova +Scotia, 1788. The following year an Act passed for "the permanent +establishment and effectual support of a college at Windsor," and L400 +per annum granted towards its maintenance. Under this act, King's +College opened in 1790. Received royal charter, 1802. =Index=: =H= +Founded by Church of England, 81. =E= Directly under control of Church +of England, 93. =Bib.=: Partridge, _University of King's College_ in +_Canada: An Ency._, vol. 4; Akins, _Brief Account of the Origin of +King's College_; Hind, _University of King's College_. + +=King's College (Upper Canada).= Granted royal charter, Mar. 15, 1827. +=Index=: =Md= Proposed government subsidy in connection with university +scheme, 29; college and its property secularized, becoming University of +Toronto, 30; replaced as Church of England College by University of +Trinity College, 30. =BL= Conceived by Simcoe, land grant made, royal +charter granted, Strachan president of, 191-192; opposition to terms of +charter, amendments, building erected, teaching begins, 1843, 192-193; +its land grant, 194; Baldwin proposes transfer of its property to +University of Toronto, 195, 293; Strachan opposes transfer, 195, 196. +=E= Its history and connection with the university question, 93-94. =R= +Strachan secures royal charter, 72; and becomes first president, 73; +terms of charter, 73-74; inauguration, 1843, 147; its financial +position, 147; council of, charged with control of grammar schools, +248-249. _See_ Toronto University. =Bib.=: Hopkins, _Canada: An Ency._, +vol. 4; Bethune, _Memoir of Bishop Strachan_; Robinson, _Sir John +Beverley Robinson_. + +=King's Printer, Upper Canada.= =S= Louis Roy, first incumbent of +office, 172; Roy succeeded by G. Tiffany, 173. + +=King's Royal Regiment of New York.= =Hd= Raised by Sir John Johnson, +156; Beverley Robinson colonel of, 201; disbanded and receive grants of +land, 255. + +=Kingsford, William= (1819-1898). Came to Canada from England in 1837. +Qualified as a civil engineer in Montreal, and practised his profession +for some years. The author of many pamphlets, in addition to his +monumental history, the preparation of which he took up late in life, +and completed shortly before his death. =Index=: =L= On Dollard's +exploit, 75. =Bib.=: Works: _Impressions of the West and South during a +Six Weeks' Holiday_; _Canadian Canals_; _Canadian Archaeology_; _Early +Bibliography of Ontario_; _History of Canada_, 10 vols. For list of Dr. +Kingsford's contributions to periodicals, _see_ R. S. C. _Trans._, 1894, +47-48. For biog., _see_ Morgan, _Can. Men_; MacMurchy, _Canadian +Literature_. + +=Kingston.= City of Ontario, founded by United Empire Loyalists, 1783. +=Index=: =Md= Sir John A. Macdonald's early life in, 2; practises law +there, 5; elected alderman of, 10; asked to be Conservative candidate +for, 11; elected for, 12; constituency represented by Macdonald, with +one short break, throughout his whole public career, 12, 16, 31, 211; +its rivalry for seat of government, 39; meeting at, protests against +Rebellion Losses Bill, 42; dissatisfied with selection of Ottawa as +capital, 85; difficulty over visit of Prince of Wales, 1860, 88; +Macdonald defeated in, 1878, 228. =S= Government of Upper Canada +organized at, 79; rejected by Simcoe in favour of York as arsenal for +Lake Ontario, 204; Simcoe spends winter of 1794-1795 at, 211; growth of +the town, 211. =BL= Selected by Sydenham as capital, reasons for the +choice, 73; its history, 73-75; the legislative building, 85-86; +Assembly passes resolution declaring city not suitable as seat of +government, 147; reception to Metcalfe, 155; not satisfactory as +capital, 180; Harrison member for, 182; serious trouble between +Orangemen and Roman Catholics, 187; severe fire of 1812, 298; special +powers granted to magistrates of, 298, 300. =Sy= Chosen as seat of +government, 282, 292; accommodation at, for Legislature and government +offices, 293. =Bk= An important military post, 56; differing views of +Dorchester and Simcoe respecting, 56; Brock stations deputy +quartermaster-general at, 80. _See_ Frontenac; Cataraqui. =Bib.=: +Machar, _Old Kingston_. + +=Kinnear.= =W= Solicitor-general, New Brunswick, 1846, 116; joins the +government, 116; proposed for judgeship, 130. + +=Kirby, William= (1817-1906). Born in Kingston-upon-Hull, England. Came +to Canada, 1832, but educated at Cincinnati, Ohio. Settled at Niagara, +Ontario, 1839, where edited and published the _Mail_ for twenty years. +Collector of customs at Niagara, 1871-1895. =Bib.=: Works: _The United +Empire_; _Le Chien d'Or_; _Pontiac_; _Canadian Idylls_; _Annals of +Niagara_. For biog., _see_ MacMurchy, _Canadian Literature_. + +=Kirke, Sir David= (1596-1655?). Born in Dieppe, son of a Scottish +merchant. Went to England, and, with his two brothers, given command of +an expedition against the French in Canada, 1627. Appeared before +Quebec, but Champlain, who was then in charge, refused to surrender. +Returned down the river, met and defeated the French squadron under De +Roquemont, in July, 1628, and reappeared before Quebec the following +year, when the garrison, reduced to starvation, was forced to surrender. +Knighted by Charles I, 1633, and obtained a grant of lands in +Newfoundland. Appointed governor of the island; removed by Cromwell; and +returned in 1652. =Index=: =Ch= Commands expedition against Quebec, 173; +acts under authority of Sir William Alexander, 176; his letter to +Champlain, 176; sails for Europe, 179; spends several days in Quebec, +204; accused by Champlain of intolerance, 205, 206; learns of treaty of +peace between England and France, 207. =F= Captures Quebec, 21. =Bib.=: +Kirke, _The First English Conquest of Canada_; Parkman, _Pioneers of +France_; _Cyc. Am. Biog._ + +=Kirke, Sir Lewis.= Born 1599. Accompanied his brother Sir David Kirke +on his expeditions to Canada and Newfoundland. Fought on the side of +Charles during the Civil War. Commanded a troop of horse at the battle +of Edgehill; took part in the siege of Gloucester and in the battle of +Newbury; knighted by the king, 1643; made governor of Bridgenorth +Castle; heavily fined under Cromwell for his loyalty to Charles. After +the Restoration appointed captain and paymaster of the corps of +gentleman-at-arms. =Index=: =F= Left in charge of Quebec, surrenders it +to French on conclusion of peace, 23. =Ch= Resides in Fort St. Louis +after capitulation, 158; demands surrender of Quebec, 188-190; grants +articles of capitulation, 191, 192; receives keys of the fort, 195; +hoists English flag, 196; his courteous treatment of Champlain, 199; +shows religious intolerance, 206. =Bib.=: Kirke, _The First English +Conquest of Canada_; Parkman, _Pioneers of France_. + +=Kirke, Thomas.= Born 1603. Brother of Sir David and Sir Lewis Kirke. +Accompanied them on their expeditions in Canada and Newfoundland. Killed +during the Civil War, fighting on the side of Charles. =Index=: =Ch= +Demands surrender of Quebec, 188-190; signs articles of capitulation, +192; takes Emery de Caen prisoner, 220. =Bib.=: Kirke, _The First +English Conquest of Canada_. + +=Kirkpatrick, Sir George Airey= (1841-1899). Born in Kingston. Educated +at Trinity College, Dublin; studied law, and called to the bar, 1865. +Sat for Frontenac in Dominion House, 1870-92; Speaker, 1883-1887; +member of Privy Council, 1891; lieutenant-governor of Ontario, +1892-1897; K. C. M. G., 1897. =Bib.=: Read, _Lieutenant-Governors of +Upper Canada_; Morgan, _Can. Men_. + +=Kishon= (=the Fish=). =F= Indian name for governors of Massachusetts, +253. + +=Knox, Henry= (1750-1806). American general, in Revolutionary War. +=Index=: =Dr= Commissioner on American side for exchange of prisoners, +208. =Bib.=: Drake, _Life and Correspondence of Henry Knox_. + +=Knox, Captain.= Served under Wolfe at Quebec. Wrote an account of the +campaigns in North America from 1757 to 1769. =WM= His first impression +of Island of Orleans and surrounding country, 91; his description of +fireships, 99; as to appearance and demeanour of French troops, 163, +164; on Murray's order that civilians should leave the city, 250. +=Bib.=: _An Historical Journal of the Campaigns in North America, +1757-60_. _See also_ Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_. + +=Knox College.= Presbyterian Theological College, established, 1844. +=Index=: =R= Established by Free Church Presbyterians, a secondary +school at first, 155. =Bib.=: Caven, _Historical Sketch of Knox College_ +in _Canada: An Ency._, vol. 4. + +=Knutsford, Henry Thurston Holland, first Viscount= (1825- ). +Represented Midhurst in Parliament, 1874-1885, and Hampstead, 1885-1888; +secretary of state for the colonies, 1887-1892. =Index=: =Md= +Macdonald's letter to, on Confederation, 158. + +=Kondiaronk.= =F= Huron chief, wrecks peace negotiations with Iroquois, +222. =L= Treachery of, 216; becomes friend of the French, 235. =Bib.=: +Parkman, _Frontenac_. + +=Kootenay District.= In British Columbia. =Index=: =D= First explored by +David Thompson, 58. + +=Kuprianoff, Ivan Andreevich.= =D= Succeeds Wrangell in Russian America, +1836, 45. + + +=L'Alouette.= =Ch= One of De Caen's vessels, 156. + +=L'Ange, Captain.= =Ch= Meets Champlain on his return from the Upper +Ottawa, 78. + +=L'Anticoton.= =Ch= Pamphlet against Jesuits, 153. + +=L'Avenir.= Newspaper, of Montreal. =C= Organ of _Club democratique_, +26, 27. =E= Organ of the _Parti Rouge_, 108. =BL= Organ of the Radicals +of Lower Canada,--demands universal suffrage, etc., 343. + +=Laas, Captain de.= =WM= In battle of Ste. Foy, 263. + +=La Barre, Joseph Antoine Lefebvre de.= Governor of La Guyane in 1665; +and in 1682 arrived in Quebec as governor of Canada. His administration +marked by hopeless incompetence; recalled, 1685. =Index=: =L= Succeeds +Frontenac as governor, 168; a feeble administrator, 185; prejudiced at +first against the bishop, 188; convokes a special assembly, 190; asks +for more troops, 191; his expedition against Iroquois, 193; makes terms +of peace, 193; recalled, 193. =F= Governor, arrival of, 171; summons +conference on Indian question, 172; applies for troops, 172; criticized +in despatches by intendant, 173, 174; takes to illegitimate trading, +175; disparages discoveries of La Salle, 176; seizes Fort Frontenac and +Fort St. Louis, 177, 179; instructed to restore to La Salle all his +property, 180; his unwise instruction to Iroquois, 180; decides to make +war on Senecas, 181; corresponds with Colonel Dongan, governor of New +York, 182; leads expedition, 183; arranges ignominious terms of peace, +186; recalled, 188; unfitness for his position, 189; results of his weak +policy, 198, 209. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Frontenac_ and _La Salle_. + +=Laberge, C. J.= =C= A Liberal leader in Quebec, 25; on Dorion, 28; kept +in opposition by Radical programme, 29. + +=Labrador.= The name has been popularly applied to the whole territory +bounded by the Atlantic, Hudson Strait, and Hudson Bay, which includes +not only the Labrador coast-strip, but also a portion of the North-West +Territories. Also known at one time as New Britain. The name is properly +applied to the strip of coast from Cape Chidley to Blanc Sablon, forming +a dependency of the colony of Newfoundland. On various theories as to +origin of name, _see_ Ganong, _Cartography of Gulf of St. Lawrence_ (R. +S. C., 1889). The boundaries have long been in dispute between +Newfoundland and Canada, and the territory has several times changed +hands. The Labrador coast was first discovered by the Northmen, in the +tenth century. Cabot sailed along the coast in 1498, and Corte-Real in +1500. The interior remained practically unexplored till traversed by +officers of the Hudson's Bay Company about 1840. There are a few posts +of the Hudson's Bay Company on the coast. The southern portion is +inhabited by a primitive race of fishermen; in the north are several +missions of the Moravian Brethren, first established there in 1764. +=Index=: =Dr= Canadians petition for its restoration to Canada. =Bib.=: +Cartwright, _Sixteen Years on the Coast of Labrador_; Hind, +_Explorations in Interior of Labrador_; Packard, _The Labrador Coast_; +Stearns, _Labrador_; Dawson, _Canada and Newfoundland_; Grenfell, +_Labrador_; Hubbard, _A Woman's Way through Unknown Labrador_; Gosling, +_Labrador, Its Discovery and Development_. + +=Labreche, L.= =E= Member of the _Parti Rouge_, 108. + +=La Caffiniere, De.= =F= Commander of squadron sent against New York, +234. + +=La Canardiere.= =F= Former name of Beauport flats, 293. =WM= French +position on Beauport shore, 94, 105, 134. + +=Lac aux Claies.= =S= Renamed Lake Simcoe in honour of Governor Simcoe's +father, 207. _See_ Simcoe. + +=Lac de Soissons.= =Ch= Name given by Champlain to Lake of Two +Mountains, 75. + +=La Chaise, Francois d'Aix= (1624-1709). Born at the castle of Aix in +Forez. Entered Society of Jesus, and provincial of his order when +selected by Louis XIV as his confessor in 1675. Retained that difficult +position up to the time of his death. =Index=: =L= His report on the +liquor question, 174; his letter to Laval, 238. + +=La Chesnaye.= _See_ Aubert de la Chesnaye. + +=La Chesnaye Settlement.= =F= Iroquois raid on, 226. =L= Ravaged by +Iroquois, 228. + +=Lachine.= Said to have been named by La Salle's men, in derision of his +dream of a westward passage to China. The land was granted by the +Sulpicians to La Salle as a seigniory in 1666; and from here he set +forth on his memorable explorations, in 1669. Twenty years later, this +was the scene of a terrible massacre by the Iroquois. In the eighteenth +and nineteenth centuries, Lachine became of importance as the +starting-point of the brigades of the fur traders, bound for the far +West. =Index=: =L= Origin of the name, 148; massacre of, 225. =F= +Description of massacre at, 10, 224, 225. =Bib.=: Parkman, _La Salle_ +and _Frontenac_; Girouard, _Lake St. Louis and Cavelier de la Salle_. + +=Lachine Canal.= =BL= Construction of, provided for by government in +1841, 98. =Bib.=: Rheaume, _Lachine and Origin of its Canal_ (Women's +Can. Hist. Soc. _Trans._, vol. 2). _See also_ Canals. + +=Lachine Railway.= =E= Commenced in 1846, 99. + +=La Colonbiere, De.= =L= On zeal and devotion of Laval, 23; preaches +Laval's funeral sermon, 40, 265; his account of Laval, 256, 257. + +=Lacombe, Albert= (1827- ). Born at St. Sulpice, Quebec. Ordained +priest, 1849, and immediately left for the western field. Laboured among +the Crees and other western tribes for many years, and devoted much time +to the study of their languages. Vicar-general of the diocese of St. +Albert. =Bib.=: _Dictionnaire et Grammaire de la Langue des Cris_. _See +also_ Pilling, _Bibliography of Algonquian Languages_. + +=La Corne de St. Luc, Louis Luc.= Stationed at Fort St. Frederic (Crown +Point), 1741-1747; at La Presentation in 1752; and the following year +sent to take command of the posts west of Lake Superior. In 1758 +mentioned at Quebec; and the following year back once more at La +Presentation. In 1761, one of the seven survivors of the wreck of +_L'Auguste_. Remained in Canada after the conquest, and in 1775 raised a +company of Indians to act against the Americans. =Index=: =Dr= Accused +in connection with Walker affair, 36; tried and acquitted, 38; member of +Council appointed under Quebec Act, 91. =WM= Unable to cope with Sir +William Johnson's army, 146. =Hd= Repulsed by Haldimand at Fort Ontario, +26; one of the few saved in wreck of _L'Auguste_, 40. =Bib.=: Parkman, +_Montcalm and Wolfe_ and _Pontiac_. + +=La Corne, Pierre.= Accompanied Joncaire on an embassy to the Indians of +Niagara, 1720. Sent to Acadia with De Ramezay, 1747. Took part in the +action at Grand Pre. Returned to Quebec, but again sent to Nova Scotia +to induce the Acadians to remove from the province. After the failure of +the attempt, returned to Quebec, and took an active share in the +military expeditions of the next ten years. Distinguished himself at the +siege of Quebec, 1759, where he had command of a body of local troops. +=Bib.=: Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_; _Historical Documents +relating to the Province of Nova Scotia_, ed. by Akins. + +=Lacoste, Sir Alexandre= (1842- ). Born at Boucherville, Quebec. +Educated at Laval University; studied law and called to the bar of Lower +Canada, 1863. A member of the Legislative Council of Quebec, 1882; and +in 1884 called to the Senate; appointed Speaker, 1891. Chief-justice of +the Court of Appeal of Quebec, 1891-1907. Sworn of the Privy Council, +and knighted, 1892. Administrator of Quebec, 1898. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. +Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_. + +=Lacoste, Louis= (1798-1878). Born at Boucherville, Quebec. Educated at +St. Sulpice College, Montreal, and called to the bar of Lower Canada. +Sat in the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada, 1834-1838, and in the +Legislative Assembly of Canada, 1843-1861. Elected a member of the +Legislative Council, 1861. Appointed to the Dominion Senate, 1867. + +=La Dauversiere, Roger de.= =F= One of the founders of Montreal colony, +32. + +=La Durantaye.= _See_ Morel de la Durantaye. + +=Lady Maria.= =Dr= British vessel on Lake Champlain, 154. + +=La Famine.= =F= La Barre's army encamps at, 184. + +=Lafayette, Marie Jean Paul Joseph Roche Yves Gilbert du Motier, Marquis +de= (1757-1834). Sailed for America in 1777, with a number of other +French officers, and appointed by Congress a major-general. Met +Washington at Philadelphia, and a close friendship sprang up between the +two. Wounded at Brandywine. Given command of a division of Washington's +army. In 1778 appointed to the command of an expedition against Canada, +which ended in a fiasco. Served with distinction at Monmouth, and later +in Virginia. Secured from France an auxiliary force of 6000 men to +assist the Americans. After the close of the war, commanded a division +of the French army in the war against Austria, 1792, but removed by the +Jacobins, and fled to Belgium. Captured, and imprisoned by the +Austrians, and not set free until 1797. After Waterloo, sat in the +Chamber of Deputies, 1818-1824; visited the United States in the latter +year; and in 1830 instrumental in placing Louis Philippe on the throne. +=Index=: =Hd= His letter to Canadians, 128; Pillon's treasonable +correspondence with, 278. =Bib.=: _Memoires, etc., de Lafayette_; La +Bedolliere, _Vie Politique du Lafayette_; Cloquet, _Souvenirs de la Vie +Privee du Lafayette_. _See also_ _Cyc. Am. Biog._, with further bibliog. + +=Lafitau, Joseph-Francois.= Jesuit missionary in Canada for many years. +Afterwards returned to France, where he became a professor of +belles-lettres. Chiefly remembered because of his invaluable work on the +manners and customs of the Indian tribes of Canada in the early years of +the eighteenth century. =Bib.=: _Moeurs des Sauvages Ameriquains_. + +=Laflamme, Rodolphe= (1827-1893). Born in Montreal. Entered public life +as member for Jacques-Cartier in Dominion House, 1872; minister of +inland revenue, 1876; resigned with the government, 1878. =Index=: =E= +Member of _Parti Rouge_, 108. =C= Liberal leader in Quebec, 25, 20; +protests against Dorion entering Cartier's administration, 106-107. +=Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_. + +=La Fleche, College of.= =L= Laval studies at, 19, 20. + +=La Fleque.= =Ch= One of De Caen's vessels, 156. + +=La Fontaine, Sir Louis-Hippolyte, Bart.= (1807-1864). =BL= His name +associated with responsible government, ix; espouses cause of Reformers +in Lower Canada, 46; no sympathy with Rebellion, 47; his birth and +parentage, 47; education--practises law in Montreal--his marriage, 47; +in politics, 47-48; arrested for complicity in Rebellion, but released, +49; on the union, 57; opposes union of the provinces, 61; offered and +refuses solicitor-generalship, 61; meets Hincks, 63; defeated in +Terrebonne, 70; favours ministerial responsibility, 70-71; reconciled to +the union, 71; his refusal to accept office leaves French-Canadians +without representation in executive, 1841, 78, 79; elected for +York,116-117; Bagot's letter to, offering attorney-generalship of Lower +Canada, 123-124; declines appointment, 125; referred to in Draper's +speech, 127; his speech in reply to Draper, 128; takes office, 132; +attorney-general for Lower Canada, 133; re-elected in York, 134; +attitude of Tories, 139; significance of his alliance with Baldwin, +142-143; personal appearance, 147-148; attacked by London _Times_, 150; +relations with Metcalfe, 164-176; Kaye's description of, 169; Hincks' +comments on Kaye, 170; interview with Higginson, 172-173; his published +memorandum, 173-176; his work in the Assembly, 178-179; seconds +resolution to remove capital to Montreal, 182; his act for securing +independence of Legislative Assembly, 184; reorganization of judicial +system of Lower Canada, 184-185; resigns office, 1843, 199; interview +with Metcalfe, 201; draws up official statement of reasons for +resignation of ministers, 201-205; Metcalfe's statement, 205-209; +announces resignation in Assembly, 213; returns to practise law in +Montreal, 217; Wakefield on, 219; his health proposed at Toronto +banquet, 221; Viger's criticism of, 236; Draper on, 236; resigns as +Queen's Counsel, 250; elected in Terrebonne, 251; his proposed +resolution on use of French in the Legislature, 255; Draper's overtures +to, 258-263; his contention for responsible government, 273; seconds +Baldwin's amendment to address on responsible government, 277; his +speech, 277; elected, 1848, for both Montreal and Terrebonne, 279; forms +with Baldwin the second La Fontaine-Baldwin administration, 281, 284; +interview with Elgin, 285-286; re-elected, 286; secures a pardon for +Papineau, 288; attacked by Papineau, 289; his reply, 290-292; his bill +amending judicial system of Lower Canada, and the general law of +amnesty, 302-303; his bill for redistributing seats in the Legislature +is defeated, 303; the Rebellion Losses Bill, 303, 305-334; his political +views, 339, 340; relations with George Brown, 342; opposition of +Papineau and the Radicals, 342, 343; not in favour of secularization of +Clergy Reserves, 348; his views on Seigniorial Tenure, 350-351, 353; +votes against Mackenzie's motion for abolishing the Court of Chancery, +352; his letter to Baldwin, 353; his retirement from public life, 354; +banquet in his honour at Montreal, 1851, 354; his farewell speech, +354-357; his resignation, 357; appointed chief-justice, of Lower Canada, +and created a baronet, 358; his second marriage, 358; his death at +Montreal, Feb. 26, 1864, 358; value of his political work, 239-260. =B= +Brought into Cabinet by Bagot, 16; dispute with Metcalfe, 19; his wise +leadership, 24; introduces resolutions on Rebellion Losses questions, +35; disintegration of old Reform party hastened by his retirement, 262. +=E= Denounces Union Act, 24; accepts the union and turns it to the +advantage of his compatriots, 32; conflict with Metcalfe, 33-34; as +opposition leader, 44-45; returned in 1848, 50; his plans thwarted by +Papineau, 51, 108; forms administration with Baldwin, 52, 53; his +resolution on Rebellion Losses Bill, 67-68; takes part in the debate, +69-70; mob attacks his house and burns his library, 74; second attack by +mob, 76-77; his retirement, 1851, and dissolution of government, 85; his +part in the establishment of the parliamentary system, 90; his attitude +towards Clergy Reserves question, 102, 103, 162-164; his resignation, +104, 107; practises law, 105; becomes chief justice of Court of Appeals +of Lower Canada, 105; receives baronetcy, 105; his rank as statesman and +jurist, 105; his death, 105, 220; his conservative influence, 138; his +views on Seigniorial Tenure question, 185, 187; as a constructive +statesman, 236. =C= Sides against the government, 6; statesmanlike +attitude towards Union of 1841, 16; forms alliance with Baldwin, 16, 97; +forms ministry, 16; resigns, 17; called to power again in 1846, 18; +standing as a statesman, 23; his party splits in two, 25-26; protests +against Union Act of 1840, 96; his fight for ministerial responsibility, +97; long lease of power, 99; wins constitutional battle, 100; his +retirement from politics, 132. =P= Refuses seat in Draper ministry, 72; +joins Papineau's party, 78; supports him in his violent attitude towards +government, 86; at meeting of Constitutional Committee, 88; his +character, 109; ridiculed by the _Mercury_, 123; relations with Papineau +in 1847 and after, 167-180; split in Liberal party causes retirement, +179-180; his farewell speech, 179. =R= Forms opposition party with +Baldwin, Hincks, and others, 122. =Mc= Addresses revolutionary meetings, +328. =Md= Given seat in administration by Bagot, 18; resigns, 1843, 18; +attacked by extreme Reformers, 22; forms administration with Baldwin, +30; elevated to the bench, 46-47. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last +Forty Years_; Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Taylor, _Brit. Am._; David, +_Biographie et Portraits_; Hincks, _Reminiscences_. + +=La Forest.= =F= Left in charge of Port Nelson, 346. + +=La Franchise, Sieur de.= =Ch= Letter from in Champlain's first +narrative, 14. + +=La Galissonniere, Rolland-Michel Barren, Comte de.= Came to New France +as administrator of the government until the arrival of the governor, +Marquis de la Jonquiere. Returned to France, 1749; the same year +appointed one of the commissioners on behalf of the French government, +to settle the boundaries of Acadia. Head of the department of nautical +charts at Paris. Commanded the French fleet at Minorca, 1756, and +defeated the British under Admiral Byng. Died in Nemours, France, 1756. +Is said to have furnished money and supplies to the Abbe de la Loutre to +enable him to carry on his work in Acadia. =Index=: =WM= Foresaw danger +from British colonies, 21. =Bib.=: _Memoire sur les Colonies de la +France dans l'Amerique Septentrionale_. For biog., _see_ Parkman, +_Montcalm and Wolfe_; _Selections from the Public Documents of Nova +Scotia_, ed. by Akins; Tyrrell, _Papers_ in _Nova Scotia Documents_. + +=La Grange-Trianon, Mlle. de.= =F= Becomes wife of Frontenac, 63. + +=Laguide, Madeleine.= =F= Niece of Talon, wife of Francois Perrot, 97. + +=La Hontan, Louis Armand de Lom d'Arce, Baron de= (1666-1715). Arrived +in Canada in 1683; spent some time at Quebec, and also travelled +extensively in the West. Embodied the result of his Canadian experiences +in a volume of travels, which, especially his extraordinary story of the +Riviere Longue, has been the subject of much controversy. Visited +Newfoundland in 1692 and 1693; and afterwards travelled in Portugal, +Spain, and Holland. =Index=: =F= On treatment of captured Indians at +Fort Frontenac, 216; on interview between Frontenac and Denonville, 233; +declines to go on embassy to Iroquois, 261; his account of attack on +Quebec by Phipps, 285. =Bib.=: _Nouveaux Voyages dans l'Amerique +Septentrionale_, La Haye, 1703. Published in English, London, 1735. For +other editions, _see_ Thwaites's edition of the _Voyages_, Chicago, +1905. _See also_ Roy, _Le Baron de Lahontan_ (R. S. C., 1894). + +=Laird, David= (1833- ). Born at New Glasgow, Prince Edward Island. +Represented Queens County, in House of Commons, 1873-1876; became +became minister of the interior, 1873; and in 1876 appointed +lieutenant-governor of the North-West Territories. Succeeded by Edgar +Dewdney in 1881. Appointed Indian commissioner for the western provinces +and territories, 1898. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._; Morgan, _Can. Men_; +_Canadian Who's Who_; Rattray, _The Scot in British North America_. + +=Lajoie, Antoine Gerin= (1824-1882). Born in Yamachiche, Quebec. +Educated at Nicolet College, and while there wrote the song _Le Canadien +Errant_. Studied law and called to the bar, 1848. One of the founders of +the _Institut Canadien_, 1849. Took up journalism and was editor of _La +Minerve_, 1845-1852. Appointed a French translator to the Canadian +Assembly, and later made assistant to the librarian of Parliament. +Retired from the public service, 1880. =Bib.=: Works: _Cathechisme +Politique, ou Elements du Droit Public et Constitutionne du Canada_; +_Jean Renard_. + +=La Jonquiere, Jacques-Pierre de Taffanel, Marquis de.= Rear-admiral +under d'Anville in the disastrous expedition against Acadia, 1746. +Commanded another expedition with a similar purpose, 1747, which was +defeated by Anson and Warren. Captured and held for a time in England as +prisoner of war. Governor of Canada, 1749-1752. His administration +marked by nothing that would further the welfare of the colony; but +rather by a determined effort to enrich himself at the expense of the +country. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Half-Century of Conflict_ and _Montcalm and +Wolfe_. + +=Lake Champlain.= _See_ Champlain, Lake. + +=Lake George.= South of Lake Champlain. This beautiful lake was known to +the Indians as Horicon, and to the French as Lac St. Sacrament. The +outlet of the lake, after circling through the forest and passing over a +series of leaps in the falls of Ticonderoga, flows nearly two miles and +enters Lake Champlain just above Fort George. Lying on the recognized +thoroughfare, north and south, this lake has been the scene of many +memorable conflicts, in the Indian and colonial wars. =Index=: =Ch= +Champlain's expedition against Iroquois arrives at, 53. =WM= Battle at, +22; commanded by Fort William Henry, 43. =Bib.=: Reid, _Lake George and +Lake Champlain_; Smith, _Our Struggle for the Fourteenth Colony_. + +=Lake of the Woods.= On the international boundary, west of Lake +Superior. Probably discovered by Jacques De Noyon, about the year 1688. +Fort St. Charles was built by La Verendrye, on the western shore of the +lake, in 1732. His son Jean, with the Jesuit missionary Aulneau, and a +number of voyageurs, were murdered by the Sioux on an island in the +lake, in 1736. In addition to its present name, which is a translation +of the name given it by the French, Lac des Bois, it has also borne +several other names, Lac des Sioux, Lac des Isles, Lake of the +Sandhills, etc. + +=Lalemant, Charles.= First superior of Jesuit missions in Canada; +arrived at Quebec from France in 1625, with Enemond Masse and Jean de +Brebeuf. They were the guests of the Recollets for two years, until +their own home on the banks of the St. Charles was built. Lalemant's +_Relation_ of 1625 affords a graphic picture of the life of the little +settlement at Quebec, and the early beginnings of the Jesuit missions. +=Index=: =Ch= Jesuit, director of missions, 152; his letter to +Provincial of Recollets, 154; wrecked off Canseau Island, 200; professor +in College of Rouen, 207; conducts seminary for young Indians, 229; +first parish priest, 238; administers last rites to Champlain, 261, 263. +=Bib.=: Douglas, _Quebec in Seventeenth Century; Relation_, 1625; Le +Clercq, _Etablissement de la Foy_; Parkman, _Jesuits in North America_. + +=Lalemant, Gabriel= (1610-1649). Jesuit missionary; laboured with +Brebeuf at the mission of St. Ignace, among the Hurons, where he was +killed by the Iroquois in 1649. A Parisian by birth, and his family +belonged to the class of _gens de robe_. =Index=: =L= Sufferings and +death of, 5, 62; mentioned, 16. =Bib.=: Ragueneau, _Relations des +Hurons_, 1649; Parkman, _Jesuits in North America_. + +=Lalemant, Jerome= (1593-1673). Superior of Jesuit missions in Canada, +1645-1650, and 1659-1665. A missionary to the Hurons until 1645, when +called to Quebec to assume the office of superior. Sailed for France in +1650, and returned in 1659 to resume the office of superior. Appointed +grand vicar, and his name suggested for bishop of Quebec. =Index=: =L= +His opinion of Laval, 35; his exaggerated account of the earthquake, +42-45. =Bib.=: _Journal des Jesuites_; Parkman, _Jesuits in North +America_; Douglas, _Old France in the New World_. + +=La Loutre, Louis Joseph de.= Sent to Canada by the Society of Foreign +Missions at Paris, 1737. Missionary to the Micmac Indians, 1740. +Vicar-general of Acadia under the bishop of Quebec. A determined enemy +of British supremacy in Acadia. After the fall of Fort Beausejour, +escaped and fled to Quebec. The following year embarked for France, but +on the voyage was taken prisoner by a British vessel and kept in +confinement for eight years. Returned to France when peace concluded in +1663. Died in obscurity. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_; Richard, +_Acadia; Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia_, ed. by +Akins. _See also_ Acadians, Expulsion of the. + +=Lambert, Captain.= =Bk= Commander of _Iphigenie_, and subsequently of +_Java_, 123; his death, 123. + +=Lamberville, John de= (1633-1714). Jesuit missionary to the Onondagas; +forced to leave his mission in 1687, because of Denonville's expedition +against the Iroquois. Remained at Cataraqui as chaplain for a time, and +at Denonville's request returned to the Onondagas to arrange a treaty +of peace. Succeeded in this mission, and resumed his ministry at +Cataraqui. In 1688 carried to Montreal, suffering from a severe attack +of scurvy. The following year returned to France, as procurator of the +mission. Died in Paris. =Index=: =F= Jesuit father, missionary to the +Iroquois, 144, 188, 208. =L= Describes the death of Garakontie, 73, 74; +his position imperilled, by action of governor and intendant, 215. +=Bib.=: Campbell, _Pioneer Priests of North America_; Parkman, +_Frontenac_ and _Jesuits in North America_. + +=Le Milletiere, Dubois de.= =WM= Perishes with his men on fireship, 98. + +=La Minerve.= Montreal newspaper, established 1826. =Index=: =P= Morin's +seditious articles in, 101; denounces every one opposed to Papineau, +122-123. =BL= Praises policy of La Fontaine-Baldwin government, 142; +discusses debate in Imperial Parliament on colonial government, 232; La +Fontaine's speech in reply to Papineau, printed in, 292. =C= Praises +Cartier, 88. + +=Lamontagne.= =Ch= Interpreter, 144. + +=La Montagne.= A settlement near Montreal. =Index=: =L= Settlement of +Christian Indians at, 9, 74. + +=Lamotte.= =WM= Chief of the Follis-Avoines, 41. + +=La Motte, Pierre de St. Paul, Sieur de.= Came to Canada with the +Carignan Regiment, 1665. Built Fort Ste. Anne, at the northern extremity +of Lake Champlain, 1666. Two years later took the place of Zacharie +Dupuis as commandant at Montreal. Returned to France, 1670. =Index=: =L= +Foundation stone of the parish church of Montreal laid on his behalf by +Philippe de Carion, 88. + +=La Motte Cadillac, Antoine de.= Son of Jean de La Motte, Sieur de +Cadillac, de Launay et de Montet. Served for a time in the army, and +about 1683 came to Canada in search of fortune or adventure. Married +Marie-Therese Guyon at Quebec in 1687; stationed for several years at +Port Royal; returned to Quebec, and sent by Frontenac in 1694 to command +the post at Michilimackinac. In 1701 built a post at Detroit, went to +Quebec in 1709, sailed for France, and in 1713 sent out to Louisiana as +governor. =Index=: =F= Post commander at Michilimackinac, 340. =Bib.=: +_Cadillac Papers_ (Michigan Hist. _Papers_, 1903); Sulte, _Les Tonty_ +(R. S. C., 1893); Roy, _Le Baron de Lahontan_ (R. S. C., 1894); Verreau, +_Quelques Notes sur Antoine de Lamothe de Cadillac_; Parkman, _Old +Regime_ and _Frontenac_. + +=La Mouche.= =L= Nephew of Huron chief, deserts to the Iroquois at Long +Sault, 71. + +=Lampman, Archibald= (1861-1899). Educated at Trinity University, +Toronto, graduating in 1882; appointed to a clerkship in the post-office +department at Ottawa the following year, and remained there up to the +time of his death. Put the best of himself into his poems, in which he +interpreted with rare discernment and charm the spirit of the woods and +fields of his native country. =Bib.=: Works: _Among the Millet_; _Lyrics +of Earth; Poems_, ed. by Duncan Campbell Scott, with biog. sketch. For +biog., _see_ Morgan, _Can. Men_; MacMurchy, _Canadian Literature_. + +=Lancaster, Joseph= (1778-1838). Founded the Lancasterian system of +education. In 1798 began teaching poor children on the Madras system; +and gradually introduced improvements. In 1818 came to America, and at +one time conducted a school in Montreal. Published several books on his +system of education. =Index=: =W= Founder of Madras system of national +schools, 86. _See also_ Madras schools. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Landry, Pierre Armand= (1846- ). Born in Dorchester, New Brunswick. +Educated at St. Joseph's College, Memramcook; studied law and called to +the bar of New Brunswick, 1870. Member of the Assembly, 1878-1883; +elected to the House of Commons, 1883; appointed judge of the County +Court, 1890; puisne judge of the Supreme Court of New Brunswick, 1893. +=Index=: =Md= His motion of regret that sentence of death passed upon +Riel not commuted, 280-281. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_. + +=Lands, Public.= =Mc= Evils of methods of granting, 74; list of grants +in first thirty-five years, 74. =Bk= Grants made near Niagara to +previously disloyal persons, 64. =W= Dissatisfaction over management of, +in New Brunswick, and movement to bring under provincial control, 18-30, +38, 48. =T= Improper sales of, 51-52. =S= Land boards attempt to check +speculation, 102; discontinued, 104; grants of, dealt with by Executive +Council after discontinuance of boards, 101-103, 104; grants of, made to +officers of the government, 215. + +=Langelier, Francois Charles Stanislas= (1838- ). Born at Ste. Rosalie, +Quebec. Educated at Laval University; studied law and called to the bar, +1861. Joined the staff of Laval, and became dean of the law faculty, and +member of the council. Entered public life in 1871; returned for +Montmagny, 1873, and for Portneuf, 1878, in Legislature; sat for +Megantic, 1884; and for Quebec Centre, 1887, in Dominion House. Held the +offices of commissioner of crown lands, and provincial treasurer, in the +Quebec government, 1878-1879. =Index=: =C= One of the founders of _Le +Parti National_ and its organ _Le National_, 30. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. +Men_. + +=Langevin, Sir Hector Louis= (1826-1906). Born at Quebec. Entered +Parliament in 1867, as member for Dorchester; subsequently represented, +successively, Charlevoix, and Three Rivers. Appointed secretary of +state, 1867; minister of public works, 1869; postmaster-general, 1878; +and again minister of public works, 1879; resigned 1891. =Index=: =Md= +Secretary of state in first Dominion Cabinet, 134; his organizing +ability and great local influence, 140; announces death of Sir John A. +Macdonald, 325-326. =T= Delegate to Charlottetown Conference, 74-75; to +Quebec Conference, 76; member of first Dominion ministry, 129. =Bib.=: +Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; Taylor, _Brit. Am._; Rose, +_Cyc. Can. Biog._ + +=Langhorn, John.= =S= Second Church of England clergyman to arrive in +Upper Canada, 158. + +=Langlade.= _See_ Mouet de Moras de Langlade. + +=Langlois, Francoise.= =Ch= Wife of Pierre Desportes, 146. + +=Langlois, Marguerite.= =Ch= Wife of Abraham Martin, 146. + +=Langlois, Noel.= =Ch= Settler from Normandy, 252. + +=Langoissieux, Pierre.= =Ch= Recollet, assumes monastic habit, 149; +returns to France, 209. + +=Languedoc.= =WM= Battalion of regular troops, 29, 105, 118, 192. + +=La Nouee.= _See_ Robutel. + +=Lanjuere, de.= =L= _Life of Olier_ by, 135. + +=Lansdowne, Henry Charles Keith Petty-Fitzmaurice, fifth Marquis of.= +Born in 1845. Educated at Eton and Balliol College, Oxford; succeeded to +marquisate, 1866. After holding minor offices in the government, became +under-secretary for war in 1872, and in 1880 under-secretary for India. +In 1883 appointed governor-general of Canada; and at the end of his +term, 1888, went to India as viceroy. On his return, became secretary +for war in 1895, and in 1900 foreign secretary. Since the death of the +Duke of Devonshire, has been the leader of the Conservatives in the +House of Lords. =Bib.=: _Who's Who_. + +=Lapause, De.= =WM= Sent to erect defences at fords of Montmorency, 112; +accompanies Levis to the West, 147; in battle of Ste. Foy, 257, 261. + +=La Peltrie, Marie Madeleine de= (_nee_ =de Chauvigny=). Daughter of the +Seigneur de Vaubougon, in Normandy; married early in life, and while +still young was left a widow with a large fortune. Filled with religious +zeal, devoted herself and her fortune to the founding of the Ursuline +convent in Canada. In 1639 sailed for Quebec, and with her companions +began there the important work of ministering to the sick and educating +Indian girls. With tireless energy, carried on the work for thirty-two +years, dying in November, 1671, a few months before her lifelong friend +and co-worker, Marie de l'Incarnation (_q.v._). =Index=: =F= Arrival of, +at Quebec, 28; accompanies Maisonneuve to Montreal, 33. =L= Her piety, +92; Ursuline convent established by, 125; death of, 153; appearance and +character, 153, 154. =Bib.=: Douglas, _Old France in the New World_; +Parkman, _Jesuits in North America_ and _Old Regime_. + +=La Perouse, Jean Francois de Galaup, Comte de= (1741-1788). French +admiral. =D= Explores North-West Coast in 1788, 25. =Bib.=: _Voyage +autour du Monde_; Marcel, _Vie de La Perouse_. + +=La Perriere.= =WM= Commanded to evacuate Johnstone's redoubt, 140. + +=La Place, Jacques de.= =Ch= Jesuit missionary at Miscou, 234. + +=La Potherie.= _See_ Bacqueville. + +=Laprairie.= On south shore of St. Lawrence, above Montreal. =Index=: +=F= Attack on, by war party under John Schuyler, 281; serious encounter +at, between Canadian forces and party under Peter Schuyler, 312. + +=La Rabeyre, De.= =L= French officer, put to death by Iroquois, 227. + +=La Ralde, Raymond de.= =Ch= Accompanies De Caen to Quebec, 138; returns +to France, 141; appointed admiral of Company's fleet, 154. + +=La Riborde, Gabriel de.= Recollet missionary; arrived from France in +1670, and sent to Cataraqui as chaplain to the garrison. Was in the West +with La Salle and Hennepin, in 1679-1680. =Index=: =L= With Tonti and +Membre at Fort Crevecoeur, 149; murdered by the Illinois, 150. =Bib.=: +Parkman, _La Salle_. + +=La Rochebeaucour, De.= =WM= Second aide-de-camp to Montcalm, 2; forms +cavalry corps, 87; commands Bougainville's cavalry, 222; brings +provisions into Quebec, 232. + +=La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, Francois Alexandre Frederic, Duc de= +(1747-1827). Chiefly remembered because of his valuable and entertaining +_Travels_, "full of keen, fair-minded observation regarding every +variety of detail of life in America as this exiled French nobleman +found it, told in a readable style, not without an occasional touch of +humour." Exiled from France in 1768; returned, for several years, and +went into retirement until after Waterloo. Made a peer of France at the +Restoration. =Index=: =Dr= Not allowed to visit Lower Canada, 290. =S= +Visitor to Upper Canada, 56; his observations, 71, 73, 74; describes +opening of Legislature, 92, 93; high opinion of Simcoe's secretary, 178; +describes Colonel Smith's house, 179; on scarcity of servants, 182; +entertained by Simcoe at Navy Hall, 187, 230; on Simcoe's household, +187; Simcoe objects to some of his remarks, 188; on Simcoe's military +talent, 225. =Bib.=: Works: _Voyage dans les Etats-Unis d'Amerique fait +en 1795-97_; _Etat des Pauvres en Angleterre_; _Le Bonheur du Peuple_. + +=La Rochelle.= French seaport, on the Atlantic, long a stronghold of the +Huguenots. =Index=: =Ch= Merchants of, contraband traders, 140. + +=La Rouette.= =Ch= Pilot, accompanies Champlain in his expedition +against the Iroquois, 52. + +=La Salle, Jean Baptiste de= (1651-1719). Abbe; canon of Rheims. +=Index=: =L= Founder (1684) of the order of Christian Brothers, 125. + +=La Salle, Rene-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de= (1643-1687). Sailed for +Canada in the spring of 1666; granted by the Sulpicians the seigniory of +Lachine, from which, in 1669, he set out with Dollier de Casson and +Galinee upon the first of those explorations towards the west and south +for which he was to become famous. Meeting Jolliet at the western end of +Lake Ontario, Dollier de Casson and Galinee decided to make their way to +the upper lakes, while La Salle turned south and explored the Ohio. His +later explorations have been the subject of long controversy--the point +in dispute being whether he explored the Mississippi before or after +Marquette and Jolliet. In any event, he first descended the river to its +mouth, 1681-1682. Upon his return, sailed for France, and in 1684 set +out with four ships to establish a colony at the mouth of the +Mississippi. This unfortunate expedition culminated in the murder of La +Salle by his own men. =Index=: =F= Sent to invite Indians to conference, +79; first commandant of Fort Frontenac (Cataraqui), 86; reports Perrot's +defiant proceedings to Frontenac, 92; his views on sale of liquor to +Indians, 123; obtains grant of Fort Frontenac from the king, 156; +obtains exclusive right of trading in Mississippi region, 158; +difficulties encountered by, 159, 161; relations with Frontenac, 162; +discoveries disparaged by La Barre and also by the king, 176; financial +affairs, 178; his forts and other property seized by La Barre, restored +to him, 179; king takes him under his special protection, 180. =L= Sells +liquor to Indians, 116; obtains letters of nobility, and concession at +Fort Frontenac (Cataraqui), 145; birth and character, 147; explorations, +148-153; goes to France, 151; misfortunes and death of, 152; reports +sermon of Abbe Fenelon, 160. =WM= Discovers mouth of Mississippi, 19. +=Bib.=: _Memoir_, in French, _Hist. Coll._ of _Louisiana_, 2d Ser., vol. +2; letters and other documents, in Margry, _Decouvertes_; Shea, _Voyages +up and down Mississippi_; Parkman, _La Salle_; Winsor, _Nar. and Crit. +Hist._; Falconer, _Discovery of Mississippi_; Griffin, _Discovery of +Mississippi_; Sparks, _La Salle_ in _Lib. of Am. Biog._; Gravier, +_Decouvertes_; Harrisse, _Notes pour Servir_; Joutel, _Journal +Historique_; Chesnel, _Histoire de Cavelier de la Salle_; Guenin, +_Cavelier de la Salle_; Sulte, _La Morte de la Salle_; Girouard, _Lake +St. Louis and Cavelier de la Salle_. + +=La Sarre Regiment.= =WM= One battalion of, sent to Canada, 12, 29; in +battle of the Plains, 192; in battle of Ste. Foy, 259, 261. + +=Lascelles' Regiment.= =WM= In centre under Murray, 189; in battle of +Ste. Foy, 259. + +=La Taille.= =Ch= Accompanies Champlain to Quebec, 41. + +=La Terriere, Pierre de Sales.= Came to Canada from France, 1766; +appointed agent at Quebec for the St. Maurice forges, 1771; his place of +business in front of the lower town market, facing the church of Notre +Dame; in 1775 appointed inspector of works, and removed to the forges, +on the banks of the St. Maurice, a few miles above Three Rivers. Left an +interesting account of the works, in his _Memoires de Laterriere_. +Implicated in the American invasion of 1776, and arrested. =Index=: =Hd= +Inspector of St. Maurice forges, 48; arrest of, 277; dislike of +Haldimand, 277; suspected of supplying Americans with petards and +cannon-balls from St. Maurice forges, 277-278; his defence of Du Calvet, +284-287; his description of Haldimand, 293. =Bib.=: Christie, _History +of Lower Canada_. + +=La Terriere de Sales.= Represented Saguenay in Assembly, 1844-1854; +appointed to Legislative Council, 1856. =Index=: =E= Votes against +secularization of Clergy Reserves, 164. + +=La Tesserie, De.= =L= Member of the Sovereign Council, 158. + +=Latour, Abbe Bertrand de.= =L= On the humility of Laval, 33; on the +evils flowing from the sale of liquor to the Indians, 36; on mental +characteristics of Canadian children, 100; on the virtues of Laval, 187. +=Bib.=: _Memoire sur la Vie de Laval_. + +=La Tour, Charles Amador de.= Son of Claude de la Tour. Came to Acadia +in 1610 with his father. Driven out of Port Royal by the English; built +a post near Cape Sable, on what is now known as Port Latour. In 1632, +when Acadia was restored to France, Razilly came out with Charnisay to +strengthen the colony. Razilly died in 1636, and a bitter conflict +followed between Charnisay and La Tour, both of whom claimed to +represent the king in Acadia. Charnisay had rebuilt Port Royal, and La +Tour occupied a fort at the mouth of the St. John. The outcome of the +quarrel was an order for the arrest of La Tour. Charnisay attacked La +Tour's fort, but was driven off. When he blockaded the harbour, La Tour +escaped to Boston, returned with English ships, and drove Charnisay to +the shelter of Port Royal. The latter's opportunity came, however, +later. He attacked the fort during La Tour's absence. La Tour's wife +made a gallant defence, and Charnisay succeeded in the end only by +resorting to treachery. He carried Madame La Tour to Port Royal, where +she died in 1645. Some years later, after the death of Charnisay, La +Tour brought this curious drama to a conclusion by marrying the widow of +his rival. He had already obtained restitution from the king, who made +him governor of Acadia; and some years later showed his powers of +persuasion by obtaining a generous grant of land from Cromwell, who had, +in 1654, taken possession of the colony. Died about 1666. =Bib.=: +Parkman, _Old Regime_; Hannay, _History of Acadia_; Kirke, _The First +English Conquest of Canada_. + +=La Tour, Claude de.= A Huguenot gentleman; came to Port Royal in 1610 +with Poutrincourt; in 1614 had a trading-post on the Penobscot. Sailed +for France in 1627, and on his return the following year, with supplies +for the defence of Acadia, captured by Kirke and carried to England. +There married one of the queen's French maids of honour, and was +persuaded to throw in his lot with the English. Promised to win over his +son Charles (_q.v._), but the latter scornfully refused to change his +allegiance. Afterwards built a fort at the mouth of the St. John, for +the French, to whom he had once more transferred his services. =Index=: +=Ch= Captured by Kirke, 177. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Old Regime_; Hannay, +_History of Acadia_; Kirke, _The First English Conquest of Canada_. + +=Lattaignant, Gabriel de.= =Ch= Assists in forming Company of New +France, 168; made a director, 170. + +=L'Auberiviere, Francois Louis de Pourroy de.= Roman Catholic bishop of +Quebec, 1739-1740, succeeding Dosquet. Died at Quebec, 1740. =Index=: +=L= bishop of Quebec, 12. + +=Laurier, Sir Wilfrid= (1841- ). Born at St. Lin, Quebec. Studied law at +McGill University, and called to the bar, 1864. Entered public life in +1871 as member for Drummond and Arthabaska in the Quebec Assembly; three +years later returned to the House of Commons for the same constituency. +Entered the Mackenzie Cabinet, 1877, as minister of inland revenue. In +1887 leader of the opposition; and in 1896, upon the defeat of the +Tupper government, called upon to form an administration, himself taking +the office of president of the Council. Received the honour of G. C. M. +G. in 1897, and the same year called to the Imperial Privy Council. +=Index=: =Mc= Justifies Upper Canada Rebellion, 30, 31. =Md= His +administration repeals Franchise Act of 1885, 260; succeeds Blake as +leader of Liberal party, 1887, 261, 263; lukewarm towards policy of +commercial union, 296; his reply to Macdonald's appeal to the +electorate, 1891, 311; finally disposes of unrestricted reciprocity, +317; his speech in Parliament on death of Macdonald, 326-329. =C= On the +Quebec radicals, 27-28; one of the founders of _Le Parti National_ and +its organ _Le National_, 30; on Cartier, 116-117. =Bib.=: _Discours sur +le liberalisme politique_; Barthe, _Discours de Laurier, depuis 1871 a +1890_. For biog., _see_ Willison, _Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal +Party_; Frechette, _Wilfrid Laurier_; Moreau, _Sir Wilfrid Laurier_; +David, _Laurier et son Temps_; Morgan, _Can. Men_; Dent, _Can. Por._ + +[Illustration: Sir Wilfrid Laurier] + +=Lausaunne.= =Hd= The resort of savants, 3. + +=Lauzon, Jean de.= Born, 1582. Governor of New France, 1651-1656; had +already been associated with the interests of the colony by reason of +his position as president of the Company of New France, and had used his +office to acquire the island of Montreal and Point Levis opposite +Quebec. His administration as governor made odious not only by a long +series of public mistakes, but by his too obvious intention of using the +office to enrich himself and his sons. Returned to France in 1656; and +mentioned in contemporary narratives as late as 1660. =Index=: =Ch= +Intendant of Company of New France, 170; objects to return of Recollets, +225. =F= Governor, 38; returns to France, 42. =Bib.=: Douglas, _Old +France in the New World_; Parkman, _Old Regime_. + +=Lauzon-Charny, Charles de.= Son of Jean de Lauzon, and administrator of +New France after the departure of his father in 1656. During his +father's governorship, had been invested with the high-sounding but +empty title of _Grand Maitre des Eaux et Forets de la Nouvelle France_. +Returned to France in 1656; entered the church; and returned in 1659 +with Laval, who made him a member of the Ecclesiastical Council. +=Index=: =L= Director of Seminary, 55; grand vicar, accompanies Laval to +France, 134. =Bib.=: Douglas, _Old France in the New World_. + +=Laval, Anne Charlotte.= =L= Only sister of Bishop Laval, 19. + +=Laval, Charles Francois Guy= (=Fanchon=). =L= Nephew of Laval, educated +by him at Quebec, 140. + +=Laval-Montmorency, Francois de= (1623-1708). =L= Appointed apostolic +vicar with title of bishop of Petraea _in partibus_, 7; opposes liquor +traffic, 10; founds Seminary at Quebec, 10; created bishop of Quebec, +12; not fully appreciated in his lifetime, 15; his noble birth, 17; his +devotion to St. Francois Xavier and St. Francois d'Assisi, 18; a scholar +at College of La Fleche, 19; inherits patrimony of Montigny, and called +for a time Abbe de Montigny, 19; yields patrimony to his younger +brother, Jean-Louis, 19, 21; admitted to congregation of the Holy +Virgin, 20; receives tonsure at nine years of age and made canon of +Evreux at fifteen, 20; leaves La Fleche at nineteen and goes to the +College of Clermont at Paris, 21; death of his two elder brothers, 21; +his mother desires him to marry, 21; appointed archdeacon of cathedral +of Evreux, 22; his zealous performance of his duties, 23; goes to Rome +in expectation of an appointment as one of three bishops for Asia, 23; +resigns his archdeaconry, 23; becomes inmate of Hermitage of de +Bernieres at Caen, 24, 25; recommended by Jesuits as vicar apostolic for +Canada, 26; consecrated as such by papal nuncio, 26; arrives at Quebec, +June 16, 1659, 26; his authority questioned, 27; demands written +recognition of his authority, 28; suspends the Abbe de Queylus, 28; +manner and personal appearance, 28, 29; attention to the sick, 33; his +different places of residence in Quebec, 33; friction with Governor +D'Argenson, 34; his efforts to prevent sale of brandy to the Indians, +36-39; sails for France, obtains recall of D'Avaugour, and military +reinforcements for colony, 39; his influence in the creation of the +Sovereign Council, 40; returns to Canada, 41; founds Seminary, 47, 48; +his regulations therefor approved by the king, 50; obtains authority to +collect tithes, 50; receives flattering letters from the king and +Colbert, with gift of money, 52; resides at Seminary, 55; opposed to +permanent livings for clergy, 55; his personal income transferred to the +Seminary, 56; imposes on himself many privations, 56; affiliates +Seminary with Foreign Missions of Paris, 57; acquires seigniory of +Beaupre and exchanges it for Ile Jesus, 58; baptizes Iroquois chief, 65; +visits various settlements of Christian Indians, 74; bears testimony to +the high character of De Tracy, 81; describes church at Quebec in letter +to Pope, 84; approves of works of piety instituted by Jesuits, 86; +encourages devotion to the Holy Family, 86; his visits to Montreal, 87; +his wise views, 98; watches over instruction of youth, 99; establishes +boarding school at St. Joachim, 100; encourages Brotherhood of Ste. +Anne, 101; builds first sanctuary of Ste. Anne at Beaupre, 101; makes +pilgrimage to Beaupre, 101; his instructions to missionaries, 105-107; +receives Recollets with benevolence, 111; his zeal for primary +education, 124; appointed bishop, 129, 136; his letter to the +Propaganda, 131; has manager appointed for his abbey of Lestrees, 138; +rents it to Berthelot, 138; exchanges Island of Orleans for Ile Jesus, +138; visits his family in France, 139; family troubles, 139; renews +connection of Seminary with Foreign Missions of Paris, 140; returns to +Canada, 141, 169; sails for France in connection with liquor traffic +question, 173; erects parish of Notre Dame de Montreal, 175; joins it to +Seminary of St. Sulpice, 175; his interest in chapel of Bonsecours, 178; +bows to king's decision on tithes question, 181; returns to Canada, 184; +resists attempt to connect his diocese with archbishopric of Paris, 184; +bestows all his property on the Seminary of Quebec, 185; letter to the +king, 187; visits parishes and missions, 189, 190; illness, 190; letter +to king as to need for reinforcements, 192; establishes chapter of +diocese, 197; sails for France, 198; resigns as bishop in favour of +Saint-Vallier, 200; returns to Canada, 202, 220; physical suffering, +205; letter to Saint-Vallier, 206; disagreement with Saint-Vallier on +the subject of the Seminary, 208; his return to Canada delayed, 211; +returns, 219, 220; receives his successor, 221; his conduct during siege +of Quebec, 231; his grief over the policy adopted in regard to the +Seminary, 235; his escape from burning building, 240; his labours in +extreme age, 244; his admiration of the Charron brothers, 247; his +habits and practices described by Brother Houssart, 251-256; by De la +Colombiere, 256, 257; his death, 263; miraculous cures attributed to, +264; burial in cathedral and subsequent transfer of remains to Seminary, +265, 266. =F= Arrival of, as vicar apostolic and bishop of Petraea _in +partibus_, 43; sends De Queylus back to France, 43; disagrees with +Governor D'Argenson, 45; also with D'Avaugour, 46; sails for France, +1662, 46; procures recall of D'Avaugour and appointment of Mezy, 48; +returns to Quebec, September, 1663, 48; establishes Quebec Seminary, 48; +and Lesser Seminary, 49; quarrels with Mezy, 50; sails for France to +settle question of bishopric, May, 1672, 70; made bishop of Quebec, and +returns to Canada, 1675, 71; establishes Ecclesiastical Court, 111; +curtails honours paid to governor in church, 112; king's instructions on +the subject, 113; Frontenac's estimate of bishop's revenue, 114; objects +to trading permits issued by governor, as involving selling of liquor to +Indians, 116; gains the king over to his views, 116; sends grand-vicar +to France to uphold his policy, 118; goes to France to press his views, +1678, 125; effect of his elevation to rank of bishop, 164; not +favourable to permanent curacies, 165, 190; rejects offer of Recollets +to serve the parishes without any fixed provision for their support, +165; determines to resign, 190; goes to France, 1684, 191; chooses +Saint-Vallier as his successor, 191; describes Canada as "the country of +miracles," 301. =Bib.=: Tetu, _Esquisse Biographique de Laval_; +_Esquisse de la Vie, etc., de Laval_; Parkman, _Old Regime_; Gosselin, +_Francois de Montmorency-Laval_; Colby, _Canadian Types of the Old +Regime_; _Le Venerable Francois de Montmorency-Laval_; Douglas, _Old +France in the New World_; Dent, _Can. Por._ + +=Laval, Guy de.= =L= Ancestor of Bishop Laval, 17. + +=Laval, Henri de.= =L= His letter to his brother the bishop, 139; second +letter, 141. + +=Laval, Hugues de.= =L= Father of Bishop Laval, 17. + +=Laval, Jean-Louis.= =L= Brother of Bishop Laval, 19; bad conduct of, +139. + +=Laval University.= Founded, 1668, as the Quebec Seminary, and granted a +royal charter in 1852, at the instance of Lord Elgin, then +governor-general. =Index=: =L= Its origin traced to Quebec Seminary, 99. +_See also_ Quebec Seminary. =Bib.=: Hamel, _Sketch of Laval University_ +in _Canada: An Ency._, vol. 4; Roy, _L'Universite Laval et les Fetes du +Cinquantenaire_. + +=Lavalette.= =Ch= A Basque, fishes on Acadian coast as early as 1565, +59. + +=La Vallee, de.= =Ch= Godfather of young Hurons, 233. + +=La Valtrie, Seraphin Marganne, Sieur de= (1643-1693). A native of St. +Benoit de Paris. Obtained a lieutenancy in the Lignieres Regiment; took +service under De Tracy, 1664, and came to Canada the following year. +Granted the seigniory of Lavaltrie in 1672; sent to the western posts as +commandant, and replaced by La Durantaye, 1683; accompanied Denonville +on his expedition against the Iroquois, 1687. Killed, 1693. =Index=: =F= +Seignior, commands militia; in 1687 in attack on Iroquois, 209; killed +by Iroquois in 1693, 323. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Frontenac_. + +=Laverdiere, Charles Honore= (1826-1873). Educated at Laval University. +Studied for the church and ordained priest. Joined the faculty of Laval, +and became university librarian. =Ch= On question of Champlain's tomb, +261-262. =Bib.=: Edited the _Works_ and _Voyages_ of Champlain; and +completed Ferland's _Cours d'Histoire du Canada_; author of _Histoire du +Canada_; _Samuel de Champlain_; edited, with Abbe Casgrain, the _Journal +des Jesuites_, 1645-1668. + +=La Verendrye, Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, Sieur de= (1685-1749). Son +of Rene Gaultier, Sieur de Varennes, governor of Three Rivers. Served in +the New England campaign of 1704, and the following year in +Newfoundland. In 1707 with the army in Flanders, and wounded at +Malplaquet in 1709. Returning to Canada, engaged in the fur trade, for +some years on the St. Maurice, and 1727-1728 on Lake Nipigon. There +conceived the idea of exploring the unknown country beyond Lake +Superior, to discover the Western Sea, a project to which he devoted the +remainder of his life. Left Montreal for the West in 1731; built forts +on Rainy Lake and Lake of the Woods, and in the succeeding years +penetrated to Lake Winnipeg, Red River, and the Assiniboine. In 1738 +made a journey to the Mandan villages on the Missouri; and the following +year one of his sons penetrated to the Saskatchewan. In 1742, unable to +go himself, sent two of his sons far to the south-west. They hoped, as +he had always hoped, to reach at last the Western Sea, but were baffled +by hostile tribes and the barrier of the Rocky Mountains. In 1743 +returned finally to Montreal, broken in health and heavily in debt. Six +years later died there. His sons begged to be allowed to continue his +western explorations, but hostile influences made this impossible. =WM= +Discoverer of the Rocky Mountains, 19. =L= Carries explorations as far +as the Rocky Mountains, 11. =MS= Leads the way inland from Lake +Superior, 3; his search for Western Sea, 40; his reply to charge of +making money in fur trade, 281. =Bib.=: Prud'homme, _Pierre Gaultier de +Varennes, Sieur de La Verendrye_ (R. S. C., 1905); Laut, _Pathfinders of +the West_; Parkman, _Half Century of Conflict_; Bryce, _Hudson's Bay +Company_; Burpee, _Search for the Western Sea_. _See also_ his journals +in _Canadian Archives Report_, 1889; Richard's _Summary_ (Can. Arch., +1904); and Margry, _Decouvertes et Etablissements des Francais_. His +_Journals_ are now being edited for the Champlain Society, Toronto. + +=La Vigne, Captain de.= =Ch= Sails for France with Champlain, 141. + +=Laviolette.= =Hd= Three Rivers founded by, in 1634, 43-44. + +=Law.= =Dr= Confusion and abuse in administration of, 51-55. + +=Law, Captain John.= =S= First sergeant at arms of the Upper Canada +Assembly, 85; a retired officer of the Queen's Rangers, 85. + +=Law, John.= =R= Headmaster of Gore district Grammar School, Upper +Canada, 4; Egerton Ryerson studies under, 5. + +=Lawrence, Charles.= Entered the army as ensign, 1727; captain, 1742; +and major, 1747. Accompanied Warburton's Infantry to Nova Scotia, and +engaged in the French wars at Cobequid, 1749-1750; brigadier-general +under Amherst at the siege of Louisbourg, 1758. Nine years earlier had +been appointed a member of the Council of Nova Scotia; administered +the government on the retirement of Governor Hopson, 1753; +lieutenant-governor, 1754; and governor, 1756. The first Assembly met +under his governorship, 1758. Responsible for the expulsion of the +Acadians. Died at Halifax, Oct. 19, 1760. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; +Akins, _History of Halifax_; Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_; Hannay, +_History of Acadia_; Richard, _Acadia_. _See also_ Acadians, Expulsion +of the. + +=Lawrence, Joseph W.= =T= Supports Tilley in 1850, 10. + +=Laws, Captain.= =Dr= Sent with seventy men to attack Arnold in rear, +129; completes discomfiture of enemy, 131. =Hd= Effects arrest of Du +Calvet, 285. + +=Le Baillif.= =Ch= Under clerk at Tadoussac, 133; placed in charge of +storehouse by Kirke, 195; a bad character, 202-204. + +=Le Baillif, George.= =Ch= Recollet missionary, 87; goes to France, as +delegate from colony, 136. + +=Lebel, J. G.= =E= Commissioner under Seigniorial Tenure law, 187. + +=Le Ber, Jeanne=, daughter of Jacques Le Ber, of Montreal. =Index=: =L= +Birth, baptism, and virtues of, 91; mortifications practised by, 92. + +=Le Ber, Pierre.= =L= House of charity established by, 245. + +=Le Ber de Senneville, Jacques= (1633-1706). One of the principal +merchants of Montreal; married in 1658 Jeanne, sister of Charles Le +Moyne. In 1673 engaged with Aubert de la Chesnaye in the fur trade at +Cataraqui, and aroused the hostility of Governor Perrot of Montreal, who +was also interested in the fur trade. In 1675 sold out his rights at +Cataraqui to La Salle; and four years later acquired the seigniory of +Senneville. Mentioned in 1691 as in a fur-trading partnership with +Frontenac. =Index=: =F= Imprisoned by Perrot, 92; La Barre's dealings +with, 175. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Frontenac_. + +=Le Borgne de Belle Isle, Emmanuel.= =Ch= Takes Fort St. Pierre, 236. + +=Le Brun de Duplessis, Jean-Baptiste.= Born at Corbie, in Picardy, about +1730. Came to Canada about 1755 and joined the Bearn Regiment; practised +as a notary in Quebec for many years. Died there some time after 1796. +_See_ R. S. C., _Trans._, 1900, I, 129-130. =Index=: =Dr= Carleton's +account of, 68. + +=Le Canadien.= Newspaper, published at Quebec. =Index=: =BL= On the +political situation in 1842, 116. =C= First French newspaper in Quebec, +95; suppressed by Governor Craig, 95. =P= Established in 1806 by Bedard, +Panet, and other French-Canadian leaders, 28; suppressed by Sir James +Craig, 29. + +=Le Caron, Joseph.= =Ch= Recollet missionary, 85; goes to country of the +Hurons, 88; with Champlain visits the Tionnontates or Petuneux, 106; +meets Father d'Olbeau at Three Rivers, 107; sails for France, 111; +becomes commissary of the Recollets, in Canada, 112; performs first +marriage ceremony in Canada, 113; proceeds to Huron country, 149; +returns to France, 208; death of, 226. =L= Missionary labours of, 3. +=Bib.=: Parkman, _Pioneers of France_. + +=Le Chausseur.= =F= Secretary to Frontenac, 139. + +=Le Clercq, Chrestien.= Recollet missionary in Canada, and historian of +his order. =Index=: =F= On great need for Recollet order in Canada, 72; +on Schenectady massacre, 247; on "flag" incident in siege of Quebec, +296. =Ch= Quoted, 112, 114; praises virtue of early Canadian settlers, +258. =Bib.=: _Etablissement de la Foy dans la Nouvelle France_, trans. +by Shea, under the title _First Establishment of the Faith_; _Nouvelle +Relation de la Gaspesie_, trans. for the Champlain Society by Ganong, +under the title _New Relation of Gaspesia_. Both these translations give +in the introductions biographical details of the author as far as known. + +=Lecompte-Dupre, J. B.= =Dr= Colonel of Quebec militia, 246. + +=Le Diable.= =WM= Name given to floating battery, 87, 104. + +=Le Du.= =S= French priest, deported, 190. + +=Lee.= =W= Receiver-general, New Brunswick, 69. + +=Le Faucheur.= =Ch= One of the men landed by Kirke on St. Pierre Island, +174. + +=Le Foulon.= Now known as Wolfe's Cove. =Index=: =WM= Guard of 100 men +at, 160; Wolfe carefully examines from the river, 168; learns that it is +poorly guarded, 171; effects landing at, 181. + +=Le Gardeur de Repentigny, Jean Baptiste= (1632-1709). Son of Pierre Le +Gardeur (_q.v._). His father brought him to Canada at the age of four +years. Resided in Montreal, 1642-1643; and in 1656 married Marguerite, +daughter of Jean Nicolet, the explorer. In 1663 elected mayor of Quebec, +but promptly resigned under official pressure, the policy of the +government being opposed to anything approaching popular government. +Raised a company of volunteers at Quebec in 1665, and accompanied the +regulars to Three Rivers, which they were just in time to save from an +Iroquois attack. In 1687 accompanied Denonville on his expedition +against the Iroquois. =Index=: =F= Goes to France on behalf of Montreal +colonists, 36. =Ch= Acts as godfather to young Hurons, 233. =Bib.=: +Parkman, _Frontenac_. + +=Le Gardeur de Repentigny, Pierre.= Arrived at Quebec from Normandy with +his wife and family, 1636. Obtained a grant of land from the Company of +New France, and engaged in the fur trade. In 1644 went to France to +secure concessions for the Company of Habitants, which he had been +instrumental in organizing. In 1647 granted the seigniories of Cournoyer +and Repentigny, but did not live long to enjoy them, as he died the +following year on his way to France. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Frontenac_. + +=Le Gardeur de Tilly, Charles= (1611-1695). Brother of Pierre Le Gardeur +de Repentigny; a native of Normandy; came to Canada in 1636; and in 1648 +made governor of Three Rivers. Married the same year Genevieve +Juchereau. In 1660 granted the fief of St. Michel by the Company of New +France; and transferred it to the Seminary in 1668. In 1673 acted for +the governor, Frontenac, during his absence at Cataraqui, but +afterwards fell into his bad graces. =Index=: =L= Member of Sovereign +Council, 158, 166; temporarily banished from Quebec, 167. =F= Member of +Sovereign Council, 106. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Frontenac_. + +=Legendre, Lucas.= =Ch= Purchases supplies for De Monts's second +expedition to Quebec, 56. + +=Legislative Assembly.= =Mc= Composition of, under Constitutional Act, +53; Goldwin Smith on, 54; irritation between, and Executive Council, 54, +55; Lord Durham on, 56, 58, 59, 60; true principle of government, 61, +63. =S= First of Upper Canada, list of members and their counties, 80; +opening of, at Niagara, 82. + +=Legislative Council.= =Mc= Created by Constitutional Act, 52; Lord +Durham criticizes and suggests revision, 57; attitude of Lower Canada +Reformers to, 69; rejects three hundred and twenty-five bills in eight +years, 73; Sir John Colborne on, 268; collision with Assembly, 276; +should be elective, 277; Glenelg insists that it shall be non-elective, +324. =Sy= Its constitution, 77, 175; its activity under Constitutional +Act, 80; in Lower Canada English-speaking element dominant in, 81; +demand that it should be made elective, 84; Sydenham's description of, +220; enlarged by Sir George Arthur with good results, 220; members +opposed to union record their dissent, 231; =S= Suspicious of later +Loyalist emigration, 57. =Dr= Appointed under Quebec Act, first meeting +of, 90; how composed, 269; its power of veto, 277; its sympathies with +governor and against people, 277. =Hd= Its welcome to Haldimand, +117-118; composition of, 175; statement made regarding power of, 188; +sees Haldimand depart, 309; changes in membership of, at change of +governor, 314. + +=Legislative Union.= =Md= Strongly favoured by Macdonald; opposed by +Maritime Provinces and Lower Canada, 107-109, 245. + +=L'Huillier, Raoul.= =Ch= Director of Company of New France, 170. + +=Leisler, Jacob.= =F= Seizes government of New York, 266. + +=Le Jeune, Paul.= Superior of Jesuits in Canada. Came to Canada in 1632, +and went on a mission to the Algonquians the following year; succeeded +by Vimont as superior, 1639; appointed to the governor's Council, 1640; +returned to France the same year; proposed for bishop of Quebec. +=Index=: =L= Bishopric of Quebec offered to, 25. =F= Preaches funeral +sermon on Champlain, 27. =Ch= Celebrates mass in house of Mme. Hebert, +148; his letter on education of Indian children, 230, 231; describes +first service in church, 239; preaches funeral sermon over Champlain, +261; advises Mme. Champlain, 264. =Bib.=: _Relations_, 1632-1640; +Parkman, _Jesuits in North America_; Douglas, _Old France in the New +World_. + +=Lelievre, S.= =E= Commissioner under Seigniorial Tenure law, 186. + +=Lemaire.= =L= Servant in the Seminary, Laval's account of, 250. + +=Lemaistre, Simon.= =Ch= Director of Company of New France, 170. + +=Lemaitre.= =L= Sulpician, comes out in _St. Andre_, 31; his attentions +to those suffering from the plague, 32; dies a martyr, 91. + +=Le Marchant, Sir John Gaspard= (1803-1874). =H= Becomes governor of +Nova Scotia, 1852, 143; his connection with the Foreign Enlistment Act, +149-152. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_. + +=Lemoyne, Mme. Jacques.= =L= Land bought from, for church at Montreal, +88. + +=Le Moyne, Paul, Sieur de Maricourt= (1663-1704). Son of Charles Le +Moyne, Sieur de Longueuil. Born in Montreal. Accompanied De Troyes and +Iberville on the expedition against the Hudson Bay forts, Moose Factory, +Rupert, and Albany, in 1686; and left in charge of the captured posts +when the leaders returned to Quebec. Again served with Iberville on the +bay in 1689, in the capture of the _Hampshire_. The following year +brought a party of voyageurs to help in the defence of Quebec against +Admiral Phipps. Once more with his brother Iberville on Hudson Bay, in +1694, and took part in the capture of Fort Nelson. Inherited much of his +father's remarkable influence over the Iroquois, and negotiated an +important treaty with them about the beginning of the eighteenth +century. =Index=: =F= Accompanies expedition to Hudson Bay, 206; arrives +at Quebec, during siege by Phipps, 292; with his brother, Iberville, in +Hudson Bay, 343. =L= Takes part in expedition to Hudson Bay, 204. +=Bib.=: Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_; Laut, _Conquest of the Great +North-West_. _See also_ Iberville. + +=Lemoyne, Simon.= =Ch= Jesuit, professor in College of Rouen, 207. + +=Le Moyne de Ste. Helene, Jacques= (1659-1690). Son of Charles Le Moyne, +and brother of Iberville, Bienville, and other members of this noted +family. Trained, like Iberville, for the navy; returned to Canada, and +in 1686 accompanied De Troyes on the Hudson Bay expedition. Took part in +the raid on Schenectady in 1690; and mortally wounded during the siege +of Quebec by Phipps. =Index=: =F= Accompanies expedition to Hudson Bay, +208; commands in war party against Schenectady, 235; mortally wounded in +skirmish on Beauport flats, 299. =L= Takes part in expedition to Hudson +Bay, 204; killed in siege of Quebec, 231. =Bib.=: _See_ Iberville. + +=Le Moyne de Serigny, Joseph= (1668-1734). Son of Charles Le Moyne, and +brother of Iberville, Bienville, and St. Helene. Accompanied Iberville +to Hudson Bay, 1690, and left in command of Fort Albany after its +capture. Again in the bay with Iberville in 1694 and in 1697. Given +command of Fort Nelson the latter year. Joined Iberville in Louisiana in +1700, and associated with him in the development of the colony. Reached +high rank in the navy, and was governor of Rochefort at the time of his +death. =Index=: =F= Goes to France on affairs of Hudson Bay, 345. +=Bib.=: _See_ Iberville. + +=Le Moyne.= _See_ Bienville; Iberville; Longueuil. + +=Le National.= Newspaper published at Montreal. =Index=: =C= Founded as +organ of _Le Parti National_, in 1872, 30. + +=Leonard, Samuel.= =T= English schoolmaster, 5. + +=Leopard and Chesapeake.= =Bk= Affair of, 82-86. + +=Leroux, Laurent= (1758-1855). Western fur trader. =Index=: =MS= Builds +post on Great Slave Lake, 18; sends Sutherland and the "English Chief" +to northern tribes, 18; with Mackenzie at Chipewyan, 33; Mackenzie's +return, 48; post on Great Slave Lake, 49; sent to Beaver Indians, 49. +=Bib.=: Morice, _Dict. Hist. des Canadiens de l'Ouest_; Burpee, _Search +for the Western Sea_. + +=Le Roy, Marguerite.= =Ch= Mother of Champlain, 1. + +=Le Sage, Captain.= =WM= Repulses landing of English, 107. + +=Lesage, Marguerite.= =Ch= Wife of Nicolas Rivert, 146. + +=Lescarbot, Marc.= Born at Vervins, near Laon, France, about 1570. +Studied law and called to the bar in 1599. The previous year delivered +two Latin orations before the papal legate sent by Clement VIII to +arrange the terms of the treaty of Vervins. Through Poutrincourt +(_q.v._), who had been one of his clients, induced to sail for Port +Royal, 1606; and spent twelve months in the New World, returning to +France in 1607. While at Port Royal, took an active part in the work of +building, gardening, etc., spent much of his time hunting and fishing; +and in the evening read and composed many of the poems afterwards +included in his _Muses de la Nouvelle France_. On his return, set to +work to prepare his account of Acadia. Spent the years 1612 to 1614 in +Switzerland; married in 1619. Beyond this year, nothing is known of his +life. =Index=: =Ch= Arrival of, at Port Royal, 35; useful in the colony, +37; returns to France, 37. =Bib.=: _Histoire de la Nouvelle France_, +Paris, 1609; 2nd ed., 1611; reprinted 1612; 3rd ed., 1618; reprint of +1612 issue, 1866. In 1907 the Champlain Society, Toronto, published a +new edition, with an English translation and notes by W. L. Grant, and +an introduction by H. P. Biggar. _See also_ Demarsy, _Notes sur Marc +Lescarbot_; Parkman, _Pioneers of France_; Hannay, _History of Acadia_. + +=Le Sire.= =Ch= Clerk in De Caen's company, 138. + +=Leslie, Alexander= (1740?-1794). British general. =Index=: =Dr= In +command at Charleston, S. C., 197; embarks his force with large number +of refugees, 204; joins Carleton at New York, 205. + +=Leslie, James.= =BL= Victim of election frauds in 1841--elected for +Vercheres, 1842, 116; president of Executive Council, 1848, 284; a +radical, 284; given seat in Legislative Council, 285; at farewell +banquet to La Fontaine, 354. =Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty Years_. + +=Lesseps, Ferdinand de= (1805-1894). Eminent French engineer. =Index=: +=Ch= Undertakes Panama Canal, 6. =Bib.=: Chambers, _Biog. Dict._ + +=Leslie, James= (1802-1885). Born in Dundee, Scotland. Came to Canada, +1820, settling first at Kingston, and afterwards at Toronto. A member of +the first city council of Toronto. Arrested and imprisoned in connection +with the Rebellion of 1837. Purchased the _Examiner_, 1844, and +conducted it for ten years. One of the founders of the Clear Grit party. +=Index=: =E= Proprietor of the Toronto _Examiner_, and a leader of the +Clear Grits, 110-111. =Mc= President of Canadian Alliance Society, 258; +delivers rejoinder to governor, 300; refuses to sign "declaration of +independence," 331. =B= Leader of the Clear Grits, 39. =Bib.=: Dent, +_Upper Canadian Rebellion_ and _Last Forty Years_. + +=Lestrees, Abbey of.= =L= Bestowed by king on diocese of Quebec, 136. + +=Le Sueur, Jean de St. Sauveur.= =Ch= Comes to Quebec, 252; Godfather to +young Hurons, 223. + +=Le Tardif, Olivier.= Born in Normandy, 1601. Came to Canada, 1620, and +employed as an interpreter at Quebec. Married Louise Couillard, 1637. +=Index=: =Ch= Interpreter, 144; remains in Quebec during English +occupation, 208. + +=Letellier de St. Just, Luc= (1820-1881). Born at Riviere Ouelle, +Quebec. Called to the Senate for the division of Grandville, 1867; a +member of the ministry, 1873; and in 1876 appointed lieutenant-governor +of Quebec; dismissed from office, 1879. =Index=: =Md= Appointed +lieutenant-governor of Quebec, 247; quarrels with and dismisses the +provincial ministry, 247-248; Macdonald brings the matter before +Parliament, 248-249; his dismissal on the advice of the Dominion +Cabinet, 249-250; his death, 250; political reasons for his dismissal, +251. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._; Willison, _Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the +Liberal Party_; Pope, _Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald_. + +=Le Testu, Captain.= =Ch= Member of court to try Duval for conspiracy, +43. + +=Le Valois, Father.= =L= Recommends Saint-Vallier to succeed Laval, 199. + +=Levis, Gaston-Francois, Chevalier de= (1720-1787). Entered French army +in 1735; named second in command to Montcalm, 1756; sailed for Canada +the same year. On the death of Montcalm at Quebec, succeeded to the +command of the French forces, and won the battle of Ste. Foy, 1760. +After the capitulation, returned to France, and served under Conde +against Prince Ferdinand. Created a marshal, 1783, and the following +year a duke and peer of France. =Index=: =WM= Second in command to +Montcalm, 2; his birth and descent, 8; military service 9, 10; +character, 11; at battle of Carillon, 55, 60; confidence of Montcalm +in, 85; persuades Montcalm to extend line of defence to Montmorency +River, 105; his great activity, 110, 118, 126; his bravery, 137; praises +courage of troops, both regulars and Canadians, 143; congratulated by +Vaudreuil on victory at Montmorency, 144; sent to defend western +frontiers, 147; his absence from principal scene of conflict has +disastrous results, 147; sends encouraging news from Montreal, 157; his +presence and counsel much desired by Montcalm, 165; his absence on eve +of battle greatly felt by Montcalm, 195; Montcalm bequeaths his papers +to, 219; arrives at Jacques Cartier and takes command, 227; disapproves +of retreat, 227; marches army back in hope of relieving Quebec, 229; his +regret for death of Montcalm, 233; hears of capitulation of Quebec, 234; +decides to march on Quebec in the spring, 241; his efforts to supply +needs of his army, 242; occupies Ste. Foy, 256-266; takes possession of +General Hospital, 265; arrival of British fleet compels him to retire, +267; surrender at Montreal, 268; his high military qualities, 268. =L= +French general, burning of his flags by, 12. =Hd= Defeats Murray, 34; +his final struggle, 36-37; surrenders, 38; account of having burned +French flags, 39; not forgotten, 122. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Montcalm and +Wolfe_; Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_; Wood, _The Fight for Canada_; +Bradley, _Fight with France_; _Collection des Manuscrits du Marechal de +Levis_, ed. by Casgrain. + +=Levis, Heights of.= Opposite Quebec. =Index=: =WM= Skirmishing on, 102. + +=Lewis, John.= =T= Confederation candidate, elected in Albert County, +New Brunswick, 89, 107. + +=Lewis, Meriwether= (1774-1809), and =Clark, William= (1770-1838). +American explorers. Sent by the United States Government, in 1803, to +find an overland route to the Pacific by way of the Missouri. They +ascended the Missouri in 1804, to the Mandan villages; wintered there; +continued their journey in 1805, crossed the Rocky Mountains, and +descended the Columbia River to its mouth. They spent the winter there, +and retraced their steps in 1806 to the Missouri and St. Louis. Their +party consisted of fourteen soldiers, nine young men from Kentucky, two +boatmen, an interpreter, a hunter, and a negro servant of Captain Clark. +=Index=: =D= At Clatsop, 44; on the Columbia, 59; their overland +expedition, 60, 64, 66; mouth of the Columbia the objective, 66; objects +of the enterprise, 66; personnel of the expedition, 67; route followed +by, 67; information collected, 67; winter at Fort Clatsop, 67. =Bib.=: +_History of the Expedition to the Pacific Ocean_, Philadelphia, 1814; +new ed., New York, 1843. In addition to other reprints, three recent +editions are: the Chicago edition of 1902, with introd. by Dr. J.K. +Hosmer; the edition of 1893, in 4 vols., with copious notes and other +critical equipment by Dr. Elliott Coues; and the even more elaborate +edition prepared by Dr. R.G. Thwaites, New York, 1905, 8 vols. For biog. +of Lewis and Clark, _see_ Jefferson's _Life of Lewis_ in _Old South +Leaflets_, no. 44, and in the Hosmer edition; _Cyc. Am. Biog._ + +=Lexington.= =Hd= Skirmish at, 103. + +=Liard River.= A tributary of the Mackenzie; rises in the Yukon +district, south-west of Frances Lake, about lat. 61 deg., long. 131 deg. +Its length is about 550 miles. Explored by McLeod in 1834, and by Campbell +in 1840. The Upper Liard is known only by Indian report. Fort Simpson, +of the Hudson's Bay Company, is at the mouth of the main river; and Fort +Liard at the confluence of Black River and the Liard, not far from the +point where British Columbia, the Yukon, and the North-West Territories +meet. =Index=: =D= Operations of Hudson's Bay Company on, 123. + +=Libel.= =Mc= Mackenzie's bill on, 163. + +=Liberal.= Newspaper published at Toronto. =Index=: =B= Radical journal, +founded after Liberal victory of 1874, 235. + +=Liberal Party.= =B= Growth of, 209; overthrows Sir John A. Macdonald's +government, and Ontario coalition government, 209-210. _See_ Reform +Party. + +=Libraries.= The first public library in Canada was the Quebec library, +founded in 1779 largely through the efforts of Haldimand. After many +vicissitudes, the library was absorbed by the Literary and Historical +Society of Quebec. The first college library was that of the Seminary at +Quebec, 1668; Montreal College library was opened in 1767; and King's +College library in 1790. Legislative libraries were established in each +of the provinces at an early date. In 1841 the libraries of Upper and +Lower Canada were combined, and from this year dates the establishment +of the library of Parliament. The first circulating library in Upper +Canada was founded at Niagara in 1800. Similar libraries existed in +Montreal as early as 1824, and at Kingston in 1836; the Red River +library was founded at Fort Garry in 1847. =Index=: =Hd= First in Canada +established by Haldimand, 190; merged in 1869 into Literary and +Historical Society of Quebec, 190; objects and cost of, 191; +appreciation of, 191. =R= Public school libraries established by Dr. +Ryerson, for use by the community, 185-187. =MS= One established by +Roderick Mackenzie at Fort Chipewyan, 26. =BL= W. L. Mackenzie maintains +a circulating library, 13. =E= Provided for in Upper Canada after 1841, +88. =S= For Upper Canada, Simcoe recommends government to establish, 46; +plan not adopted, 175. _See also_ Books. =Bib.=: Bain, _Public Libraries +of Canada_ in _Canada: An Ency._, vol. 5. + +=Licorne.= =WM= Frigate in which Montcalm embarked at Brest, 12. + +=Lieutenant-governor.= =Mc= Office of, Durham's view of power of, 56, +57; surroundings of, in 1838, 61; position in both Upper and Lower +Canada, 62. + +=Lieutenants.= =S= Intended to be analogous to lords-lieutenant in +England, appointed by Governor Simcoe for the principal counties in +Upper Canada, 197; measure not approved by secretary of state, 197; +appointments not continued by later governors, 198. + +=Ligneris.= =WM= Force gathered by, and Aubry, dispersed, 146. + +=Lincoln, Abraham= (1809-1865). Fourteenth president of the United +States. =Index=: =B= Believed by George Brown to be favourable to +renewal of Reciprocity Treaty, 192. =Bib.=: For biog. sketch, and +bibliog. of lives, _see Cyc. Am. Biog._; Larned, _Lit. Am. Hist._ + +=Lincoln, Benjamin= (1733-1810). American general. =Index=: =S= United +States commissioner, entertained by Simcoe at Navy Hall, 184, 229. +=Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._ + +=Lindsay, W. B.= =Sy= Made clerk of Legislative Assembly, 334. + +=Lindsay, William.= =T= Elected for the county of Carleton, New +Brunswick, 89, 107. + +=Linschot.= =Ch= His definition of the territory of New France, 211. + +=Lippincott, Captain.= =Dr= Hangs Joshua Huddy, 198. + +=Liquor Question.= =B= Agitated by Brown and the _Globe_, 75; the Canada +Company and cheap whiskey, 75; the movement in and out of Parliament, +75-76. _See also_ Brandy question; Stills; Cas reserve. + +=Lisgar, John Young, Baron= (1807-1876). Born at Bombay. Entered +Parliament in 1831; became lord of treasury in 1841, and secretary of +the treasury, 1844-1846; chief secretary for Ireland, 1852-1855; and +lord high commissioner of the Ionian Islands, 1855-1859. In 1861 sent to +New South Wales as governor-general. Seven years later came to Canada as +administrator; and the following year appointed governor-general. +Succeeded by Lord Dufferin in 1872. =Index=: =C= His arrival in Canada, +89; expresses views of Little Englanders--advises Canada to declare her +independence, 89. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Dent, _Can. Por._ + +=Literary and Historical Society of Quebec.= =P= Founded by Lord +Dalhousie, 41. =Bib.=: _See_ list of publications, from 1829, in _Lit. +Am. Hist._; _also_ Wurtele, _List of Lectures, Papers, etc., 1829-1891_. + +=Little Belt.= =Bk= British corvette, fired on by United States frigate +_President_, 173. + +=Littlehales, Edward B.= =S= Accompanies Simcoe as major of brigade, 47; +clerk of Council, 79; aide-de-camp to governor, 177; describes the site +of the present city of London, 200, 201. + +=Livingstone.= =Dr= Of Montreal, his disaffection, 79; commands rebel +Canadians at Quebec, 132. + +=Livingstone, Philip= (1716-1778). =Dr= President of Continental +(American) Congress, 201. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._ + +=Livius, Peter= (1727?-1795). Resided at Portsmouth, New Hampshire. A +member of the Council under the royal government; quarrelled with the +governor and went to England to lay his complaints before the crown. +Complaints dismissed, but appointed chief-justice of New Hampshire. At +once transferred to Quebec as chief-justice; held office from 1777 to +1786; retired and went to England, where he died. =Index=: =Dr= +Appointed chief-justice, 184; his character and abilities, 185; +disagrees with Carleton, 188; carries dispute to Privy Council, 188. +=Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._ + +=Logan, Sir William Edmond= (1798-1875). Born at Montreal, of United +Empire Loyalist descent. Educated at the University of Edinburgh. After +some years spent in business in England, and incidentally in studying +the geological formation of the coal-fields of Wales, returned to +Canada, and in 1842 appointed the first director of the Geological +Survey. In 1863 issued an elaborate summary of the work accomplished by +the Survey up to that time. Retired in 1870. =Bib.=: _Geology of +Canada_. For biog., _see_ Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Harrington, _Life of Sir +William E. Logan_. + +=London.= City of Ontario; founded by Peter McGregor, in 1826. =Index=: +=S= Site of present city, selected by Simcoe as best place for capital +of Upper Canada, 200, 205. + +=London Conference.= _See_ Westminster Conference. + +=Long Point.= Lake Erie, north shore. =Index=: =S= Chosen by Simcoe as +arsenal for Lake Erie, 204. + +=Longueuil, Charles Colmer Grant, Baron de.= =Sy= Owner of "Alwington," +294. + +=Longueuil, Charles Le Moyne, Sieur de= (1625?-1685). Son of an +innkeeper of Dieppe. Came to Canada in 1641. In 1657 granted the +seigniory of Longueuil. In De Tracy's expedition against the Iroquois, +in 1666, commanded the Montreal militia, and was with Frontenac at +Cataraqui in 1673. La Barre sent him to the Iroquois, 1682, to persuade +them to meet him in council at Montreal. When, two years later, La Barre +led an abortive expedition against the Iroquois, he was again compelled +to depend upon Le Moyne's influence with the Iroquois to patch up a +peace. =Index=: =F= Sent to invite Onondagas to a conference, 183, 184. +=Bib.=: Parkman, _Frontenac_. + +=Longueuil, Charles Le Moyne, Baron de= (1656-1729). Son of Charles Le +Moyne, Sieur de Longueuil (_q.v._) Wounded, in 1687, in the Iroquois +raid on Lachine. Governor of Montreal. Administered the colony in 1725, +before the arrival of Beauharnois. =Index=: =F= Commands militia in +attack on Iroquois, 1687, 209. =E= Barony conferred on, in 1700, 181. + +=Longueuil, Charles Le Moyne, Baron de= (1687-1755). Son of preceding. +Administered the colony in 1752, after the departure of La Jonquiere. +=Index=: =Dr= In command of militia, in 1777, 187. + +=Loquin.= =Ch= Company's clerk at Quebec, 139. + +=Longworth, John= (1814-1885). Born at Charlottetown. Called to the bar +of Prince Edward Island, 1838. Elected to the Assembly, 1846. Occupied +offices in several successive administrations. Drafted the "No Terms +Resolution" of the Assembly in connection with Confederation. Appointed +prothonotary of the Supreme Court of Prince Edward Island, 1883. =Bib.=: +Campbell, _History of Prince Edward Island_. + +=Loranger, Thomas Jean Jacques= (1823-1885). Born in Ste Anne +d'Yamachiche, Quebec. Educated at Nicolet College; called to the bar, +1844. Sat in the Assembly, 1854-1863; held office in the +Macdonald-Cartier ministry, 1857-1858. Appointed a judge of the Superior +Court, 1863; retired, 1879. Subsequently engaged in the consolidation of +the statutes of Quebec. Created by the pope a commander of the Order of +Pius IX. =Index=: =C= Conservative leader in Quebec, his character, 25. +=Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty Years_. + +=Lorette.= =L= Settlement of Christian Indians at, 74. =WM= British +abandon their position at, 249. + +=Lorimer, Dr.= =Hd= Consulted by Haldimand as to sanitary measures, 66, +70. + +=Lorin, Henri.= =F= Author of _Le Comte de Frontenac_, referred to, 109, +126, 128, 142, 165, 174, 216, 231, 250. + +=Lormel, Captain de.= =Ch= Brings out settlers, 252. + +=Lorne.= _See_ Argyll. + +=Lotbiniere.= _See_ Joly de Lotbiniere; Chartier de Lotbiniere. + +=Louche, de.= =WM= Takes direction of fireships, 98. + +=Loudon, James= (1841- ). Born in Toronto. Educated at Upper Canada +College and Toronto University, graduating 1862. Appointed to the staff +of the university; professor of mathematics, 1875; and president of the +university, 1892, succeeding Sir Daniel Wilson. One of the original +fellows of the Royal Society of Canada. Retired from presidency of +university, 1906. =Index=: =BL= Quoted on Baldwin's University Bill, +293. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; _The University of Toronto and its +Colleges, 1827-1906_. + +=Loudon, John Campbell, fourth Earl of= (1705-1782). General. =Index=: +=WM= Made commander-in-chief of British forces in America, 33. =Hd= +Commands Royal Americans, 11; his opinion of Pennsylvanians, 11. =Bib.=: +_Dict. Nat. Biog._; Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_; Bradley, _Fight with +France_. + +=Louis XIII, King of France= (1601-1643). Succeeded his father, Henry +IV, in 1610. =Index=: =F= Close relations of Frontenac family with, 62. +=Ch= Demands restitution of Acadia, 212; plot against, 215. =L= +Dedicated France to the Virgin Mary, 87. =Bib.=: Larousse, _Dictionnaire +Universel_. + +=Louis XIV, King of France= (1638-1715). Succeeded his father, Louis +XIII, in 1643. =Index=: =F= His war with Holland, 148; absolutism of his +rule 151-153; desires to have permanent curacies (_cures fixes_) +established in Canada, 164; private life of, 166; pronounces La Salle's +discoveries useless, 176; later takes him under his special protection, +180. =L= Recommends creation of bishopric for New France and appointment +of Laval thereto, 131; stipulates that archbishop of Rouen shall be +metropolitan, 133; yields the point, 134; bestows abbey of Lestrees on +new diocese, 136; his decision on liquor question, 174; grants 8000 +francs annually to Canadian clergy, 182; later reduces amount, 183; his +disagreement with Pope Innocent XI, 201. =Bib.=: Voltaire, _Siecle de +Louis XIV_; Saint-Simon, _Memoires_. + +[Illustration: Remains of the King's Bastion, Louisbourg] + +=Louis XVI, King of France= (1754-1793). Succeeded to the throne in +1774. =Index=: =S= Public mourning ordered in Upper Canada for death of, +193. =Bib.=: Larousse, _Dictionnaire Universel_. + +=Louisbourg.= A seaport on the south-east coast of Cape Breton. Formerly +the chief stronghold of France in America. The fortress, named after +Louis XIV, was begun in 1790; twenty-five years were spent in fortifying +it; and the cost was estimated at thirty million livres. Captured by the +British under Pepperell and Warren in 1745; ceded back to France by the +treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle; and again captured by the British under +Amherst and Boscawen, in 1758. =Index=: =WM= Guards Gulf of St. +Lawrence, 17; composition of garrison, 30; capture of, 71; expedition +against Quebec, sails to, 85. =Ch= Commonly known as Port aux Anglais, +236. _See also_ Cape Breton; Boscawen; Wolfe; Amherst. =Bib.=: Parkman, +_Half-Century of Conflict_ and _Montcalm and Wolfe_; _Lettre d'un +Habitant_, ed. by Wrong; Archibald, _First Siege of Louisbourg_ (R. S. +C., 1887); Bourinot, _Cape Breton and its Memorials_; Wood, _Logs of the +Conquest of Canada_. + +=Louisbourg Grenadiers.= =WM= On British right, at Quebec, 189; +re-embark after fall of Quebec, 236. + +=Louise, Princess.= Daughter of Queen Victoria; born 1848. =Index=: =E= +Comes to Canada with her husband, the Marquis of Lorne, 122. + +=Louisiana.= =Hd= Secretly transferred to Spain by France, 64; Spanish +rule unpopular, 77; revolution in, 79; counter-revolution, 81; +contemplated invasion of, 81. =L= Colony sent to, 152. =Bk= Cession of +by France to Spain, 38; re-ceded to France, 38; purchased by United +States, 42; acquisition of, changes attitude of United States towards +Great Britain, 43. =Bib.=: Le Page du Pratz, _Histoire de la Louisiane_. +For further material, _see_ _Lit. Am. Hist._ + +=Lount, Samuel= (1791-1838). =Mc= Member for Simcoe, 316; election +corruption, 317; given command of rebels, 360; arrives at Montgomery's +tavern, 362; his account of the flag of truce, 369; his first +engagement, 373; his second engagement, 379; leaves country, 380; +executed, 435; his fidelity, 435; petitions for commutation, 435; effect +of his execution, 436; monument to, 436. =BL= Hanged for his share in +the Rebellion of 1837, 44-45. =Bib.=: Dent, _Upper Canadian Rebellion_; +Kingsford, _History of Canada_. + +=L'Ouverture, Toussaint.= =Bk= Establishes independent republic in St. +Domingo, 39, 40; death of, 40. + +=Louvigny, Louis de la Porte, Sieur de= (1652-1730). Accompanied +Denonville on his expedition against the Iroquois, 1687; sent by +Frontenac to relieve La Durantaye in 1690; in command at Three Rivers in +1701; two years later commanded an expedition to Detroit; major of +Quebec, 1706; sent to Michilimackinac in 1713; four years later at +Detroit, and led an expedition against the Fox Indians; at Quebec in +1724 as _lieutenant du roi_. =Index=: =F= Sent with reinforcements to +Michilimackinac, 241. =Bib.=: _Cadillac Papers_ (Michigan Hist. _Coll._, +vol. 33); Parkman, _Frontenac_. + +=Lovett, John.= =Bk= Secretary to General Van Rensselaer, letters of, +263-265, 286. + +=Low, Albert Peter= (1861- ). Born in Montreal. Educated at McGill +University, graduating in 1882 with honours. Appointed to Geological +Survey 1881, and promoted to geologist, 1891. Spent many years in +exploring the Labrador peninsula, and is the chief authority on its +geography and geology. Appointed director of the Survey, and deputy +minister of mines, 1907. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who_. + +=Lowell=. =S= White settler among Grand River Indians, murdered by Isaac +Brant, 191. + +=Lower Canada=. =Mc= Crisis approaching in, 287; Imperial commissioners' +report, 323; against responsible government, 325; events leading to +Rebellion, 327; asks other provinces for support, 329; crisis arrives, +August, 1837, 344; arrest of editors, 344; condition of, in 1837, 347; +rebellion in, 358. =BL= Population of, at time of conquest, 1; its +character, 1; British immigration, 8; racial conflict, 8; political +situation after 1815, 9, 16-21; reorganization of its judicial system, +184-185. =Bk= Population of, 45. =Sy= Desire of majority to have the +province wholly French, 68; Pitt's expectations regarding, 68; governors +of, ally themselves with English-speaking element, 69; rupture between +the two races inevitable, 86, 87; Rebellion, 87. =Bib.=: Kingsford, +_History of Canada_; Christie, _History of Lower Canada_; Garneau, +_History of Canada_; McMullen, _History of Canada_; Bibaud, _Histoire du +Canada sous la Domination Anglaise; Political and Historical Account of +Lower Canada_, by a Canadian, London, 1830. + +=Lowther, Catherine=. =WM= Wolfe's attachment to, 70, 72; Wolfe entrusts +her portrait to Captain Jervis, 175. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_; +Willson, _Life and Letters of James Wolfe_; Wood, _The Fight for +Canada_. + +=Loyal American Regiment=. =Dr= Commanded by Beverley Robinson, 202. =W= +Commanded by Beverley Robinson, 3; Lemuel Wilmot a captain in, 3. + +=Loyalist=. Newspaper published at St. John, New Brunswick. =W= Attacks +Wilmot and Fisher, 74-75; libel case arising out of, 75. + +=Loyalist Corps.= =Hd= Formed, 253. =Dr= Practice of purchase of +commissions prevented in, 217; six disbanded and settled in Nova Scotia, +218. + +=Loyalists, United Empire=. Name applied to the inhabitants of the +Thirteen Colonies who remained loyal to Great Britain, and rather than +submit to the new republic, migrated to Canada, New Brunswick, Nova +Scotia, and Prince Edward Island. No adequate provision having been made +for them by the mother country, in the treaty of Paris (1783), the +Loyalists were compelled in most cases to abandon all their worldly +possessions, and start life anew in the pioneer settlements of the +north. May 18, 1783, one great section of the refugees landed at the +mouth of the St. John River, and built a town, first named Parrtown, +later St. John. Other settlements were made, about the same time, at +various points on the coasts of Nova Scotia, as well as on St. John's +Island (Prince Edward Island). The bulk of the migration to what was +then Quebec (now Ontario and Quebec) took place in 1784, the eastern +Loyalists going north by way of Lake Champlain and the Richelieu, and +settling in the Eastern Townships; those of the West crossing the +boundary at Niagara and other points, and spreading throughout the +backbone of the future province of Upper Canada. =Index=: =B= Land +grants to their children fall into hands of speculators, 53. =S= +Settlement of Upper Canada by, 1; Carleton's interest in, 51; their +sufferings, 52, 54; claims for losses paid to, 55; settlements of, +during and after war, 56; pretenders among, 57; those from England not +generally good settlers, 58; assisted by government, 60; their +hardships, 61; their mode of life, 62-69; names of those who had joined +British side before treaty of 1783, registered, 70; clauses of treaty of +Paris respecting, not carried out by United States, 118; consequently +further emigration of to Canada, 119. =Sy= Constitutional Act an attempt +to placate, 68. =Bk= Rations issued to, from Fort Niagara, 58; Brock +(1804) observes and reports on comfortable condition of many of them, +65. =Dr= Emigration of, 64; commended to Carleton's special care, 194; +their pitiable condition, 196; twenty regiments of, in Carleton's +command, 202; their consternation on learning of proposed terms of +peace, 206; left unprotected by treaty of peace, 213; large number of, +embark for Nova Scotia, 214; Carleton continues occupation of New York +till all have left the country, 215, 216; their emigration to different +British provinces, 218; widows of, apply for pensions, 218, 219; effect +of their settlement in Canada, 221, 244, 248; increase of their numbers +in western Canada, 224; two distinct waves of emigration, 236; +settlements of at Niagara, and Sorel, 236, 237; claim representative +institutions, 237; those in Kingston district petition for church +establishments, 238; their destitute condition, 238; their political +weight underestimated by Dorchester, 248; the Seigniorial Tenure system +unsuited to, 256; Dorchester's suggestion for conferring distinction on, +260. =E= Extravagant land grants to, 144; Durham on, 144-145; settled +along Niagara River, 194. =MS= In the wilderness, 11. =R= Methodist +preachers in Upper Canada of Loyalist stock, 38; included many of the +influential families, 62; Ryerson's history of, 270, 274, 279. =H= +Emigrate to the loyal western colonies, 13, 17. =BL= Come to Maritime +Provinces and Canada, 4-5; their numbers and character, 5; in Lower +Canada, 17; support Common School Bill, 105; =Md= Dread possibility of +revolution, 20. =T= Severe treatment of, 3; they settle in Nova Scotia +and New Brunswick, 3-4, 35. =Hd= Come to Canada, 125; houses built for, +138, 182; military service of, 136, 137; at Niagara, 152; employed on +fortifications of Quebec, 183; in Vermont negotiations, 200, 202, 206; +at Cataraqui, 236, 265; Washington's severity towards, 249, 250; +arrangements for their reception in Canada, 250, 254; not less patriotic +than the opposite party, 251; brutal treatment of, 252; compared with +Jacobites, 253; Haldimand's care of, 254; lands allotted to, 255; +surveys made for, 263; flock into Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, 263; +their advent viewed with alarm by French Canadians, 264; fed and clothed +by government for three years, 265; not fully appreciative of assistance +given, 266; difficulty of dealing with, 267-271, 348; some impostors +among, 268, 306. =Mc= Hardships suffered by, on account of +naturalization laws, 140-141; bills for their relief, 142-143. =Bib.=: +Sabine, _Loyalists of the American Revolution_; Ryerson, _Loyalists of +America_; Campbell, _Travels in North America_; Canniff, _The Settlement +of Upper Canada_; Casselman, _United Empire Loyalists of the County of +Dundas, Ontario_; Haight, _Country Life in Canada Fifty Years Ago_; +Bourinot, _Builders of Nova Scotia_; Frousac, _Rise of the Loyalists_; +_Loyalists of New York in the American Revolution_ in _Columbia +University Studies_; Curwen, _Journal and Letters_; Myers, _The Tories +or Loyalists in America_; Eardley-Wilmot, _Loyalists' Centennial +Souvenir_; St. John, _The Centennial of the Settlement of Upper Canada +by the United Empire Loyalists_; Denison, _United Empire Loyalists_; (R. +S. C., 1904); Van Tyne, _Loyalists in the American Revolution_; Shortt +and Doughty, _Constitutional Documents of Canada_. + +=Ludovica.= =Ch= Name proposed by Champlain for Quebec; 124. + +=Lumagne.= =Ch= Merchant, compensation awarded to, for goods seized, +221. + +=Lumber Trade.= =Bk= Canadian, great increase of, 125. + +=Lundy's Lane, Battle of= (1814). British troops, including Canadian +militia, numbered 1600 at the beginning of the battle, later increased +to 2800, under the command of Sir Gordon Drummond; United States troops +about 4000, under General Jacob Brown. The engagement opened in the +evening, and continued late into the night; the Americans finally +withdrew from the field. =Bib.=: Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_. _See +also_ War of 1812. + +=Lusignan, Paul Louis Dazemard de.= Commanded Fort St. Frederic (Crown +Point) in 1749, when the Swedish naturalist, Peter Kalm, visited the +place; and remained there for several years. Served under Montcalm at +the siege of Quebec. =Index=: =WM= Relieves Montcalm, 120. + +=Luth, De.= =L= Royal engineer, directs erection of fortifications, 214. + +=Lymburner, Adam= (1746-1836). Born in Kilmarnock, Scotland. Came to +Canada about 1776, and settled at Quebec, where he succeeded to the +business of his brother John, who had been lost at sea in 1775. For many +years a member of the Executive Council, and took an active part in +public affairs. Died in London at the age of ninety. =Index=: =Dr= +Proceeds to England with petition for political changes, 243; arrives in +England, 251; opposes division of province, 257. =S= Recommends system +of representation adapted to strengthen English-speaking minority, 2; +heard at bar of House of Commons, 6. =Bk= Sent to England to oppose +division of Canada into two provinces, 49. =Bib.=: Lucas, _History of +Canada_; Bradley, _Making of Canada_; Shortt and Doughty, +_Constitutional Documents of Canada_. + +=Lynch, John Joseph= (1816-1888). Born near Clones, Ireland. Studied in +Dublin, and entered the Lazarist order. Came to America in 1847; +laboured as a missionary in Texas, 1847-1848; became president of the +Lazarist College of St. Mary, Missouri, 1848; coadjutor to the bishop of +Toronto, 1859; and bishop, 1860. In 1870, consecrated archbishop of +Toronto and metropolitan of Ontario. His jubilee celebrated in 1884. +=Index=: =R= His policy as to separate schools, 235-236; proposed as +member of Council of Public Instruction of Upper Canada, 236. =Bib.=: +Dent, _Can. Por._; _Cyc. Am. Biog._ + +=Lyndhurst, John Singleton Copley, Baron= (1772-1863). British +statesman. =Index=: =Md= Denounces Rebellion Losses Bill, 241. =Bib.=: +_Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Lyonne, De.= =Ch= Jesuit, founder of missions at Nipisiguit and +Chedabucto, 235. + +=Lyons, Richard Bickerton Pemell, Earl= (1817-1887). British +diplomatist. =Index=: =B= British ambassador at Washington--suggested +that he confer with Canadian agent on reciprocity, 192. =Bib.=: _Dict. +Nat. Biog._ + +=Lyons.= =S= Teaches school at Hay Bay, 167. + +=Lytton, Edward George Earle Lytton Bulwer, Baron= (1803-1873). Novelist +and statesman. =Index=: =E= Colonial secretary,--his views on the duties +of colonial governors, 4. =D= His series of despatches, 1858, on +government of British Columbia, 231-235. =T= On the Confederation +question, 63. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Escott, _Edward Bulwer, First +Baron Lytton of Knebworth_. + +=Lyveden, Robert Vernon, Baron= (1800-1873). British statesman. =Index=: +=B= Dwells upon defencelessness of Canada, 184. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. +Biog._ + + +=Mabane, Adam= (1734-1792). Born in Scotland. Studied medicine at +Edinburgh University; came to Canada, and practised his profession in +Quebec. In 1764 appointed a judge, and presided over the first civil +court held in Quebec. Member of the provincial Council; and in 1766 +surgeon of the garrison of Quebec. =Index=: =Dr= Member of Council, +protests against position taken by Carleton, 34; dismissed from Council, +39; appointed judge, 183. =Hd= Head of military hospital, 178; intimate +friend of Haldimand, 300, 304; made judge and member of Legislative +Council, 305; not in favour under Dorchester regime, 314, 315; his +headstrong temper, 332; his letter to Haldimand, 340; receives bequest +from Haldimand, 342. =Bib.=: Bradley, _Making of Canada_; Shortt and +Doughty, _Constitutional Documents of Canada_. + +=M'Afee, Samuel.= =Mc= Aids Mackenzie's escape, 400. + +=Macallum, A.= =R= In charge of union school at Hamilton, 195. + +=McBride, Richard= (1870- ). Born in New Westminster, British Columbia. +Educated at the public and high schools, New Westminster. Elected to the +British Columbia Assembly, 1898; minister of mines in Dunsmuir +administration; premier of British Columbia, 1903. =Bib.=: _Canadian +Who's Who_. + +=McCarthy, Charles Justin.= =R= Martyr of early Canadian Methodism, 41. + +=McCarthy, D'Alton= (1836-1898). Born in Dublin, Ireland. Came to Canada +with his parents, 1847. In 1858 called to the bar; in 1871 a bencher of +the Law society; and in 1872 made a Q. C. In 1876 elected to Parliament +for Cardwell, as a Conservative, but in 1889 severed his connection with +the party on the question of the Jesuits' Estates Act. In 1896 member of +Parliament for North Simcoe. Index: =Md= Opposes commercial union, 295. +=Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; Hopkins, _D'Alton McCarthy_ in _Men of the +Day_. + +=Macartney, Captain.= =WM= Rescues French soldiers from floating ice, +251. + +=Macaulay, Sir James Buchan= (1793-1859). Born at Niagara, Ontario. +Served in the Glengarry Fencibles during the War of 1812. In 1822 called +to the bar and rose rapidly in his profession. A strong opponent of +William Lyon Mackenzie, and in 1826 appeared as counsel against him. In +1829 became judge of the King's Bench; chief justice of the Court of +Common Pleas, 1849-1856; and subsequently of the Court of Error and +Appeal. Chairman of the commission to revise and consolidate the +statutes of Canada and Upper Canada. Knighted, 1859. =Index=: =Mc= +Defends destroyers of _Colonial Advocate_, 115; offers compensation, +117; Mackenzie's opinion of, 118; violates secrecy of private letters, +121; taunts Mackenzie, 123; Mackenzie retaliates, 124; writes venomous +pamphlet, 125; Mackenzie's reply, 126. =Bib.=: Read, _Lives of the +Judges_; Dent, _Upper Canadian Rebellion_. + +=Macauley, John.= =BL= Inspector-general, retires and succeeded by +Hincks, 119. + +=McClelan, Abner Reid= (1831- ). Born in Hopewell, New Brunswick. +Educated at Mount Allison Academy. Engaged in mercantile life. +Represented Albert County in the Assembly, 1854-1867; chief commissioner +of public works, 1866-1867; appointed to the Senate, 1867; +lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick, 1896-1902. =Index=: =T= Elected as +Confederation candidate in Albert, New Brunswick, 89; chief commissioner +of public works in Mitchell government, 105; elected for Albert, 107. +=Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_. + +=McCulloch, Dr.= =BL= Defeats La Fontaine in Terrebonne; affiliated with +Draper, 82. + +=McCulloch, J. R.= =Sy= Political economist, 13. + +=McCully, Jonathan= (1809-1877). Born in Halifax, Nova Scotia. In 1837 +called to the bar, and practised in Halifax, 1849. In 1860 appointed +solicitor-general; from 1847 to 1867 member of the Legislative Council; +and served as chairman of the Board of Railways; delegate to the +Charlottetown and Quebec Conferences, 1864; appointed to the Dominion +Senate, 1867; and in 1870 judge of the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia. +=Index=: =H= Leader of Liberal party in Nova Scotia, 1864, 177; delegate +to Charlottetown Conference, 177; edits _Morning Chronicle_, 186; firm +advocate of Confederation, 186. =Bib.=: Campbell, _History of Nova +Scotia_; Saunders, _Three Premiers of Nova Scotia_. + +=Macdonald, Andrew Archibald= (1829- ). Born in Brudenell, Prince +Edward Island. Engaged in business as a general merchant. Sat in Prince +Edward Island Assembly, 1853-1860; represented Kings South in +Legislative Council, 1863-1873; member of Executive Council, 1867-1871 +and 1872-1873; lieutenant-governor of Prince Edward Island, 1884-1889. +Called to the Senate, 1891. =Index=: =T= Delegate to Quebec Conference, +77. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_. + +=Macdonald, Archibald.= =MS= His account of the voyage of the third +party of Red River settlers in 1813, 162-163; in charge at Red River, +173; colonists demand that he hand over field pieces, 173-174. =Bib.=: +Bryce, _The Romantic Settlement of Lord Selkirk's Colonists_. + +=Macdonald, Donald Alexander= (1816-1896). Born in St. Raphael's, +Quebec. Engaged in business as railway contractor. Represented Glengarry +in the Assembly of Canada, 1857-1867, and after Confederation in the +House of Commons, 1867-1875. Postmaster-general in the Mackenzie +administration, 1873-1878; lieutenant-governor of Ontario, +1875-1880. After his retirement lived at Montreal. =Bib.=: Read, +_Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada_. + +=MacDonald, Hugh.= Born in Antigonish, Nova Scotia, 1827. Studied law +and called to the bar, 1855; made a Q. C., 1872. In 1859 elected member +for Inverness to the provincial Legislature. Member of a delegation, +including Joseph Howe, that visited England in 1861 to represent the +views of those opposing the Confederation of the British North American +provinces. In 1867-1873 a member of the Dominion Parliament, and in 1873 +president of the Privy Council. On Nov. 5, 1873, appointed judge of the +Supreme Court of Nova Scotia; retired 1893. =Index=: =H= Delegate of +Anti-Confederation party, goes to England with Howe and Annand to oppose +Confederation, 192; expenses paid by subscription, 219. =Bib.=: +Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_; Saunders, _Three Premiers of Nova +Scotia_. + +=Macdonald, Hugh.= =Md= Father of Sir John A. Macdonald, native of +Sutherlandshire, removes to Glasgow, and in 1820 emigrates to Canada, 1; +settles at Kingston, 2; moves to Hay Bay, thence to Stone Mills, on Bay +of Quinte, 2; unsuccessful in business, he returns to Kingston, 1836, +and secures position in Commercial Bank, 2; his death, 1841, 2; his +character, 2. + +=Macdonald, Hugh John= (1850- ). Born in Kingston, Ontario; second son +of Sir John A. Macdonald. Educated at Queen's and Toronto Universities; +called to the bar, 1872; and practised for some years with his father +and James Patton. In 1882 removed to Winnipeg, and entered into +partnership with J. S. Tupper. In 1890-1891 represented Winnipeg in the +House of Commons; in 1896 minister of the interior in the Tupper +administration; in 1897 leader of the Conservatives in Manitoba; and +from Jan. 8 to Oct. 29, 1900, premier of the province. =Index=: =Md= +Second son of Sir John A. Macdonald--represents Winnipeg in Dominion +Parliament, 10; premier of Manitoba, 10. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; +_Canadian Who's Who_. + +=Macdonald, John Alexander.= =Md= Eldest son of Sir John A. +Macdonald--accidentally killed when quite young, 10. + +=Macdonald, Sir John Alexander= (1815-1891). =H= Attends Charlottetown +Conference, 1864, and proposes union of all the provinces, 178; premier +of first Dominion Cabinet, 198; Tupper writes him as to Howe's political +plans, 207; Tilley and Tupper urge him to visit Nova Scotia, 209; visits +Halifax with Sir Georges Cartier, Peter Mitchell, and William +Macdougall, 210; _Acadian Recorder_ suggests violence, 210; Howe +denounces the suggestion, 210-212; arrives in Halifax, and guest of Sir +Hastings Doyle, 213; meets Howe, 213; appears before committee of +Legislature, 213-214; urges Howe to put an end to the agitation for +repeal of the union, 215-218; persuades Howe to enter Dominion Cabinet, +225; his public letters, 257; contrasted with Howe, 287; correspondence +with Howe on Pacific Railway policy, 299-300. =R= His University Bill, +1847--its terms, 155-157; withdrawn, 156; referred to, 161; amends +Separate School Bill, 231; supports Ryerson's stand as to separate +schools, 233. =D= And the Pacific Scandal, 321. =C= His alliance with +Cartier, 31, 33; his first appearance in Parliament as an uncompromising +Tory, 31; opposed to La Fontaine, 32; votes against settlement of +Seigniorial Tenure, 32; opposes Indemnity Bill, 32; and the Pacific +Scandal, 53; his resignation, 53; at Quebec Conference--favours +legislative union of provinces, 57; defends proposed constitution, +59-60; forms first Dominion administration, 67; resists demand for +disallowance of New Brunswick Act abolishing separate schools, 74; +sympathizes with Roman Catholic minority, 76; presents Militia Bill, +1862, 87; helps Cartier to establish political union, 100; freedom from +racial or religious prejudice, 100; his qualities, 101-102; strained +relations with Cartier, 102-103; Cartier's knowledge of service to, 111; +receives knighthood, 124, 129; explains Wolseley's quarrel with Cartier, +130. =E= Becomes receiver-general in Sherwood ministry, 43; his +statesmanlike qualities, 43-44; re-elected, 1848, 50; his political +sagacity, 110; rivalry with George Brown, 114; on provincial +representation, 118; on the dissolution of Parliament in 1853, 127; on +the Representation Bill, 132, 133; Liberal-Conservative party owed its +birth to his inspiration, 137; persuades Sir Allan MacNab to agree to +coalition government, 139, 141; attorney-general in MacNab-Morin +ministry, 140; his views on Clergy Reserves, 163; takes charge of bill +for secularization of the Clergy Reserves, 168; Hincks enters his +ministry, 223; one of the builders of the British Empire--honours +conferred upon him, 225; monuments erected to his memory, 226. =B= +Relations with George Brown, x; leads his party, 42; frames bill for +settlement of Clergy Reserves, 60; reveals political sagacity, 69; on +the character of the union, 82; bitter relations with George Brown, +87-91; offers seat in Cabinet to John Sandfield Macdonald, 100; the +"Double Shuffle," 107-108; moves want of confidence in Sandfield +Macdonald government, 1863, 146; Brown's motion for constitutional +changes, 1864, takes him by surprise, 150; his account of negotiations +between George Brown and government as to Confederation, 151, 154-156; +his connection with, 152,. 154-155; announces agreement, 153, 160; +favours nominative Senate, 164; describes new constitution, in +Confederation debate, 170-171; announces in Parliament decision of +government to carry Confederation at once and send mission to England, +182; explains intentions of government, 183; on defence of Canada, 183, +184-185; goes to England, 186; relations with George Brown, 189-192; +asked to form government, 1865, 189; interview with Brown, 189-191; his +proposal that Belleau be premier accepted by Brown, 191; virtual leader +of government, 191; charged with using Brown as a stepping-stone to his +own political ambition, 199; benefits by Brown's entry into ministry, +199, 200; Holton describes his path as "studded all along by the +gravestones of his slaughtered colleagues," 201; on friendly terms with +Holton, 202; his essential conservatism, 202; relations with Macdougall +and Howland, 202, 209; with Joseph Howe, 203-206, 210; his ideal of a +legislative union, 207; anomalous position of his Liberal colleagues, +209-210; his government overthrown, 210, 235. =BL= Co-operates in +founding United Empire Association, 228; elected in 1844, 252; enters +ministry as receiver-general, 276; re-elected, 279; offers Baldwin +chief-justiceship of Common Pleas, 357; Hincks in his Cabinet, 359. +=Md= Assigned foremost place among Canadian statesmen, i; national +recognition of his services after his death by creation of peerage for +his widow, i; memorial tablet in St. Paul's Cathedral, and statues in +Canadian cities, i; his personal popularity, i-ii; his personality made +Confederation possible, ii; Canada's debt to him, iii-iv; his birth and +ancestry, 1; brought to Canada in 1820, 1; boyhood days at Kingston and +on the Bay of Quinte, 2; his debt to his mother, her strong personality, +2; educated at Kingston Grammar School, 3; Mowat's tribute, 3; studies +law, 4-5; called to the bar, 1836, 5; begins practice at age of +twenty-one, 5; Oliver Mowat and Alexander Campbell students in his +office, 6; called out as a volunteer in Rebellion of 1837, 7; defends +Schoultz and Ashley, 8-9; his first visit to England, 1842, 9; takes +Alexander Campbell into partnership, 9; elected alderman for Kingston, +10; marries his cousin, Miss Isabella Clark, Sept. 1, 1843, 10; their +children, 10; enters public life, 1854, as member for Kingston, 11-12; +his firm belief from the beginning that Canada's prosperity depended on +permanent connection with the mother country, 12; impelling motives of +his long public career, 13; unsettled problems in 1844, 13-14; +Confederation movement, 14; difficulties of his position, 15-16; his +election address, 23; takes little part in discussions during his first +session, 25; Draper recommends him for position of commissioner of crown +lands, 26; had no sympathy with political creed of Family Compact, 27; +becomes receiver-general, 27; his views on university endowment, 28-29; +Alexander Campbell's letter to, 31; opposes Rebellion Losses Bill, 36; +refuses to join the annexation movement, 40; strong supporter of British +American League, 40; acts as moderating force in conflict over Rebellion +Losses Bill, 42, 43; his character contrasted with George Brown's, 53, +54; conceives idea of Liberal-Conservative party, 62, 63; appointed +attorney-general for Upper Canada, 63; introduces bill for +secularization of Clergy Reserves, 65; Pope's pen-portrait of his +appearance and character, 73; supports measure proposing to make +Legislative Council elective, 75; has no desire and makes no effort to +hasten Sir Allan MacNab's resignation, though circumstances force him +into leadership, 76-77; resigns from the MacNab-Tache ministry, 78; +reasons for resignation, 79, 80; forms an administration with Tache, May +24, 1856, 80; his quarrel with George Brown, 80-81; challenged by +Colonel Rankin, 81-82; his views on the separate school system, 82; on +the resignation of Tache, forms an administration with Cartier, 83; +becomes premier of the province of Canada on Nov. 26, 1857, 83; +dissolves House and appeals to people on questions of separate schools +and representation by population, 84; makes proposition to Sandfield +Macdonald, which is rejected, 84, 85; forms administration with Cartier +as premier, 86; the "Double Shuffle," 86, 87; becomes less opposed to +representation by population, 89; forms administration with Sir E. P. +Tache, which lasts only a few weeks, 90; buries the hatchet and forms +coalition with Brown to work for Confederation, 93, 100-102; anticipates +results of Confederation, 103; attends Charlottetown and Quebec +Conferences, 104-114; though strongly in favour of legislative union, +modifies his views after discussion at Quebec Conference, and accepts +scheme of a federal union, 107-108, 245; introduces in Parliament the +resolutions adopted at Quebec Conference, 118, 119; one of commissioners +to British government in regard to Confederation, 120; upon death of +Tache, is called upon to form a ministry, but Brown refusing to act with +him, or with Cartier, they sit together under the nominal presidency of +Sir Narcisse Belleau, 122, 123; his answer to Lord Monck on delay in +Confederation, 124; his wariness and skill in presenting Confederation +resolutions, 126, 127; made a K. C. B. in recognition of his services +in Confederation negotiations, 128, 267, 344; first prime minister of +Dominion of Canada, 131; his second marriage, 131; granted a special +audience by the queen, 132; returns to Canada, 132; difficulties in +formation of first Dominion Cabinet, 133; list of members, 134-135; his +party adopts name of Liberal-Conservative, 138; seeks able colleagues, +139, 140; results of first Dominion election, 141; sends Tupper to +oppose Howe and his movement for repeal, 143; visits Halifax for purpose +of winning Howe over to Confederation, 144; Howe persuaded to enter +Dominion Cabinet, 145; acts passed by first Dominion Parliament, 151; on +verge of ministerial crisis over Intercolonial Railway, 153, 154; his +desire to annex North-West Territories, 156; difficulties in +accomplishing it, 157-163; introduces bill for establishment and +government of province of Manitoba, 161; taken seriously ill, 161; +returns to Ottawa, 163; goes to Washington as member of commission, 163, +165, 169; his reluctance to become a member of the commission, 171-173; +objects to any permanent sale of the fisheries, 174-175; his connection +with, and reasons for withdrawal of Fenian Raid claims, 175-178; on +decision in San Juan boundary dispute, 179-181; on the fisheries +question, 182-184; signs Washington Treaty, 185; moves ratification of +certain clauses of Washington Treaty, 186-190; general election of 1872, +193 _et seq._; the "Pacific Scandal," 200 _et seq._; his defence, 208, +209; sends in his resignation, 210; leads opposition, 211; his +resolution in favour of a national policy, 217, 225; puts the new policy +before the country, 220-223; urges preferential trade with mother +country, 227; again in power, 1878, 228; inaugurates the national policy +and reverts to transcontinental railway scheme, 234; crosses continent +on Canadian Pacific Railway, 238; firm in his conviction that Riel +should be hanged, 243, 244, 280; brings Letellier difficulty before +Parliament, 248-250; Ontario boundary dispute, 254-258; introduces +Franchise Act of 1885, 258-260; country's devotion to, 262, 263; +qualities which maintained loyalty and devotion of his followers, +263-265; Confederation honours cause a break in his friendship with +Cartier, 267, 268; introduces bill to adjust representation in House of +Commons, 273; election of 1882, 273-276; resolutions on home rule in +Ireland, 277; contrasted with Blake, 277-279; election of 1887, 279-283; +adoption of jubilee address to queen, 283; compromises with Canadian +Pacific Railway over their monopoly of transportation, 285; takes a +constitutional stand on Jesuits' Estates Act, 289; commercial union +policy, 291 _et seq._; contemplates a general election, 300-302; takes +steps to renew commercial intercourse with United States, 303; his last +appeal to electors of Dominion, 304-311; makes the most of contents of +Farrer pamphlet, 313-314; throws himself with energy into election +campaign of 1891, 314; for fourth time his government is sustained, 315; +receives a chill while attending demonstration at Napanee, 319; attends +opening of the session, 320; suffers a slight stroke of paralysis, 320; +his last appearance in the House, 320; suffers a final stroke on May 29, +1891, 321; and dies on June 6, 1891, 321; funeral, 321, 322; tribute +from Queen Victoria, 322; memorial service in Westminster Abbey, and +tablet to his memory in St. Paul's Cathedral, 322-323; a summing up of +his work and influence, 333-353; a practical politician, 333-336; his +political methods, 335-338; his personal magnetism, 339; anecdotes of, +340-341; not an orator, but an effective debater, 341-342; proposed +preferential trade in 1879, 342; in favour of Imperial federation, 343; +letter to, from Cecil Rhodes, 349; kept in touch with Imperial affairs, +344; Imperial honours bestowed on, 344-345; a self-made man, 345; +tributes to his statesmanship, 346; his sympathy with French-Canadians, +347-348; a peacemaker, 348; Lord Dufferin on, 348-349; a poor man, +349-350; sum raised for, in 1870, 351; statues to, in many Canadian +cities, 351; his greatness and shortcomings, 351-353. =T= At +Charlottetown Conference, 74, 75; at Quebec Conference, 76, 78; at +Westminster Conference, 121; presented to the Queen, 124; forms first +Dominion ministry, 127-128, 129; forms second ministry, 136; his +national policy, 137. =Bib.=: Pope, _Memoirs of Sir John Alexander +Macdonald_; Macpherson, _Life of Macdonald_; Collins, _Life and Times of +Macdonald_; Adam, _Life and Career of Macdonald_; Hopkins, _Life of +Macdonald_; Biggar, _Anecdotal Life of Macdonald_; Dent, _Can. Por._ and +_Last Forty Years_; Taylor, _Brit. Am._; _Cyc. Am. Biog._ + +=Macdonald, John Sandfield= (1812-1872). Born in St. Raphaels, +Glengarry. In 1840 called to the bar, and practised in Cornwall. In 1841 +elected to the Parliament of the recently united provinces of Upper and +Lower Canada; and in 1849 solicitor-general in the La Fontaine-Baldwin +government. In 1852-1854 Speaker; and attorney-general in the brief +Brown-Dorion ministry; premier in 1862, and resigned, 1864. Formed the +first government of the Province of Ontario, 1867; defeated in the House +and resigned, 1871. =Index=: =E= Returned in elections of 1848, 50; his +discourtesy to Lord Elgin, 127-131; Hincks succeeds in humiliating him, +135-136. =B= Offered seat in Cabinet by John A. Macdonald, 100; enters +George Brown's ministry, 102; called on to form government, 1861, 142; +an enthusiastic advocate of the "double majority," 142; in Confederation +debate, 182-183; asks Brown to go on mission to Washington to discuss +reciprocity, 192, 196. =Md= Upholds principle of "double majority," but +later throws it overboard, 79; separate schools established by his +administration, 1862-1863, 82; refuses John A. Macdonald's offer of a +seat in the Cabinet, 1858, 84, 85; leads the moderate "Reformers," +84-89; forms ministry with Sicotte, 1862, 88-89; government defeated +same year on vote of want of confidence, 89; refuses to resign, and +reconstructs government by joining forces with Brown, Dorion, and the +Rouges, 89; resigns, March, 1864, 90; objects to passing of resolutions +adopted at Quebec Conference without submitting them to the people, 119; +becomes leader of provincial government in Ontario at Confederation, +141; his character, 141-142. =T= Resigns in 1864, 68. =Bib.=: Dent, +_Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; Taylor, _Brit. Am._ + +=Macdonell, Alexander.= Represented Lord Selkirk's interests as governor +of the Red River Settlement. Had been for some years in the employment +of the Hudson's Bay Company. Left the Red River Settlement, 1821, when +it was discovered that he had been lining his own pockets at the expense +of Selkirk and the settlers. Popularly known as _Gouverneur Sauterelle_, +or the Grasshopper Governor. =Bib.=: Bryce, _Manitoba_ and _The Romantic +Settlement of Lord Selkirk's Colonists_; Ross, _Red River Settlement_. + +=Macdonell, Alexander.= =MS= Sheriff of the home district, Upper Canada, +133; Selkirk puts him in charge of the Baldoon Settlement, near Lake St. +Clair, Upper Canada, 133. + +=Macdonell, Alexander.= =MS= Sent by North West Company, with Duncan +Cameron, to Red River, to break up the Red River Settlement, 172-173; +leads attack on the colonists, 175. =Bib.=: Bryce, _The Romantic +Settlement of Lord Selkirk's Colonists_. + +=Macdonell, Alexander= (1769-1840). Born at Glen Urquhart, Scotland. +Raised a Roman Catholic regiment of which he was appointed chaplain and +saw service in Ireland; after the regiment had been disbanded, succeeded +in bringing the men to Canada in 1803-1804, and obtained for them an +extensive tract of land on the St. Lawrence, in what is now Glengarry +County. When the War of 1812 was threatened, assisted in raising the +Glengarry Fencibles and accompanied them into action. In 1826 +consecrated bishop of Kingston. In 1839 returned to England to promote a +scheme of emigration from the Highlands, and died at Dumfries the +following year. =Index=: =Bk= Recommended as chaplain of Glengarry +corps, 97. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Macdonell, _Sketches +Illustrating the Early Settlement and History of Glengarry in Canada_. + +=Macdonell, George= (1770-1870). Member of the well-known Glengarry +family of that name. Served for several years in the King's Regiment; +instrumental in organizing the Glengarry Fencibles in 1811, of which he +was given command. Served with distinction in the War of 1812, +particularly in the capture of Ogdensburg and the battle of Chateauguay. +=Index=: =Bk= Becomes colonel of Glengarry Fencibles, 180. =Bib.=: +Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_; Macdonell, _Sketches Illustrating the +Early Settlement and History of Glengarry in Canada_. _See also_ War of +1812. + +=Macdonell, John.= =S= Speaker of first Assembly of Upper Canada, 80, +85. + +=Macdonell, Lieutenant-Colonel John.= Born in Glengarry; son of +Lieutenant-Colonel Alexander Macdonell, of the 1st Glengarry militia. +Present at the capture of Detroit and mentioned in despatches. In 1812 +aide-de-camp to Sir Isaac Brock, and took an important part in the +battle of Queenston Heights, where he was killed. At the time of his +appointment to General Brock's staff was acting attorney-general of +Upper Canada. =Index=: =Bk= Proposes to raise corps from among Scottish +settlers in Glengarry, 97; his report on American fort at Detroit, 190; +Brock makes him his aide-de-camp, 230; carries summons for surrender of +Detroit, 251, 255; death of, at Queenston Heights, 306. =Bib.=: Lucas, +_Canadian War of 1812_; Edgar, _Ten Years of Upper Canada_; Macdonell, +_Sketches Illustrating the Early Settlement and History of Glengarry in +Canada_. _See also_ War of 1812. + +=Macdonell, Miles= (1767-1828). Governor of Assiniboia. Born in +Scotland. Came to America with his father, Colonel John Macdonell, in +1773; and entered the army. In 1794 lieutenant in the Royal Canadian +Volunteers, and captain in 1796. Appointed by Lord Selkirk governor of +his projected colony on Red River, and arrived there with a party of +colonists in 1812. Opposition on the part of the North West Company +culminated in an attack, June 11, 1815, by the Company's agents, on the +colonists, and Macdonell, to avoid bloodshed, surrendered. A threatened +trial at Montreal fell through, and returned to Red River Settlement, +where for nearly twelve years was one of its leading pioneers. =Index=: +=MS= Quoted on Selkirk's Red River scheme, 100; a United Empire +Loyalist, settled in Glengarry, Upper Canada, 150; sent for by Selkirk +to take charge of the Red River Colony, 150; sails for Scotland, 150; at +Stornoway in the Hebrides, 151; at York Factory, 153-155; at the Red +River, 157; winters at Pembina, 158; returns to the Forks, 158-159; +difficulties in feeding the colonists, 161; beginning of troubles with +the North West Company, 161-164; goes to meet new settlers, 163; +summoned to Montreal to answer charges, 164; his proclamation, 169; and +its effect, 170-171; sends John Spencer to seize North West Company's +provisions at Souris River, 171-172; is arrested and taken to Montreal, +174. =Bib.=: Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_ and _The Romantic Settlement +of Lord Selkirk's Colonists_; Ross, _Red River Settlement_; Laut, +_Conquest of the Great North-West_. + +=MacDonnell, Alan.= =B= Addresses Toronto Board of Trade on importance +of acquiring North-West Territories, 216. + +=Macdougall, William= (1822-1905). Born in Toronto. Educated at +Victoria College, Cobourg; admitted as a solicitor in 1847, and as +barrister, 1862. Engaged in journalism; founded the _Canada Farmer_ in +1848, and the _North American_ in 1850. A member of the Assembly from +1858 to 1867; of the Dominion Parliament, 1867-1882; and of the Ontario +Legislature, 1875-1878. In 1862-1864 commissioner of crown lands; and +provincial secretary, 1864; minister of public works in first Dominion +government, 1867; attended the Westminster Conference, 1866-1867; +commissioner to London for the acquisition of North-West Territories, +1868; lieutenant-governor of Rupert's Land, 1869; and member of the +Ontario Boundary Commission. =Index=: =BL= One of the leaders of the new +Radicalism,--editor of the _North American_, 341. =E= A leader of the +Clear Grits, 110. =B= A leader of the Clear Grits, 39; a young lawyer +and journalist, 40; edits the _North American_, 40; denounces George +Brown, 40; secretary of Reform Convention, 1859, 137; suggests joint +authority for federal purposes, in Confederation debate, 137; enters +coalition ministry, 159; defeated in North Ontario, 160; elected in +North Lanark, 160; favours elective Senate, 164; relations with +Macdonald, 202-203; defends his action in remaining in coalition +ministry after Confederation, 202, 209; his work on the _Globe_, 245. +=H= Accompanies Macdonald to Halifax, 1868, 210; meets Joseph Howe, on +his way to Fort Garry to assume duties of governor, 227; blames Howe for +fomenting trouble, 227. =C= On mission for purchase of Hudson's Bay +Company's territories, 68; attempts to enter North-West as +lieutenant-governor, 69. =R= Graduate of Victoria College, 144. =Md= +Minister of public works, 134; agrees to maintenance of coalition, 137; +lieutenant-governor of Rupert's Land, 1869, 138; accompanies Macdonald +to Halifax, 144; quarrels with Howe, 153, 154; introduces series of +resolutions on acquisition of North-West Territories, 156; sent to +London to negotiate annexation of territories, 156-157; appointed +lieutenant-governor of Rupert's Land, 158; refused admittance to the +territory, 159. =T= Enters coalition government, 69; at Charlottetown +Conference, 74, 75; at Quebec Conference, 76; enters first Dominion +government, 128, 129. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; +Morgan, _Can. Men_. + +=Mace, Sister de.= =L= Her labours in the hospital at Montreal, 91. + +=McEvoy, J. M.= =S= His pamphlet on _The Ontario Township_ quoted, 89. + +=McGee, Thomas D'Arcy= (1825-1868). Emigrated from Ireland to the United +States, 1842, and became editor of the Boston _Pilot_; returned to +Ireland and edited _The Nation_, the Young Ireland's party organ; fled +to New York; came to Canada in 1857. Established and edited the _New +Era_ in Montreal; elected to Parliament for the same city; president of +Executive Council, 1862-1863; minister of agriculture, 1864-1867. Took a +leading part in the movement for the Confederation of the provinces. +Shot by a Fenian, P. J. Whelan, in Ottawa, April 9, 1868, =Index=: =B= +On Confederation movement, xi; his speech on Confederation--names +founders of movement, 129, 130, 147; in Tache's government, 1864, 149. +=Md= Takes part in debates on resolutions adopted at Quebec Conference, +118. =T= His work for Confederation, 65, 67; at Charlottetown +Conference, 74, 75; at Quebec Conference, 76. =Bib.=: Works: _Canadian +Ballads_; _Popular History of Ireland_; _Notes on Federal Governments_; +_Speeches and Addresses Chiefly on Subject of British American Union_; +_Poems_, with biog. sketch by Mrs. J. Sadlier. For his minor +publications in Canada, and works published before coming to Canada, +_see_ Morgan, _Bib. Can._ For biog., _see_ Taylor, _Brit. Am._ and +_Thomas D'Arcy McGee: Sketch of his Life and Death_; Dent, _Can. Por._ +and _Last Forty Years_. + +=McGill, James= (1744-1813). Born in Glasgow, Scotland. Emigrated to +Canada. For some years engaged in the western fur trade; and in +partnership with his brother, Andrew McGill, acquired a large fortune. +Sat in Lower Canada Parliament for several years, and in the Legislative +and Executive Councils. An officer of the Montreal militia, and in 1812 +brigadier-general. Devoted a large part of his wealth to various +institutions in Montreal, and was the founder of the university that +bears his name. =Index=: =Bk= Founder of McGill University, 100. =Bib.=: +Morgan, _Cel. Can._ =See also= McGill University. + +=McGill, John= (1752-1834). Born in Scotland. Emigrated to Virginia in +1773. Espoused the royal cause in the Revolution; in 1777 a lieutenant +in the Loyal Virginians, and in 1782 a captain in the Queen's Rangers. +In 1783 came to St. John, New Brunswick, and in 1792 to Upper Canada. +Became a member of the Executive Council, 1796, and of the Legislative +Council, 1797. In 1801 appointed inspector-general of accounts. =Index=: +=S= Accompanies Simcoe as commissary of stores, 47; appointed by Simcoe +purchasing agent for military supplies, 212; temporarily superseded, but +later confirmed in appointment, 213. + +=McGill, Peter= (1789-1860). Born in Scotland. Emigrated to Canada in +1809; became a wealthy merchant of Montreal. President of the Bank of +Montreal, 1834 to 1860. In 1841 appointed to the Legislative Council; +Speaker, 1847; a member of the Executive Council. In 1834-1838 chairman +of the St. Lawrence and Champlain Railway Company; in 1840-1842 mayor of +Montreal. A governor of McGill University; and of Montreal general +hospital. =Index=: =Sy= Member of Constitutional Association, 112. =E= +President of Legislative Council and member of Sherwood administration, +45; his vote helps to keep government in power, 45. =BL= Member of +Legislative Council, 1841, 83. =Bib.=: Taylor, _Brit. Am._; Dent, _Last +Forty Years_. + +=McGill University.= Founded through the far-sighted liberality of James +McGill, a merchant of Montreal, who in his will left his property of +Burnside and L10,000 to found the college. It was granted a royal +charter in 1820, and opened in 1829. The original bequest proving +insufficient to complete the college buildings, a further sum was given +by William Molson for that purpose. A new charter was obtained in 1852. +The period of greatest development of the university dates from 1855, +when J. W. Dawson was appointed principal. The university has been +fortunate in receiving generous bequests from wealthy citizens of +Montreal, notably from Peter Redpath, Sir W. C. Macdonald, and Lord +Strathcona. =Bib.=: Dawson, _Historical Sketch of McGill University_ in +_Canada: An Ency._, vol. 4; _Ency. Brit.; Ency. Amer._ + +=McGillivray, Simon.= One of the leading partners of the North West +Company. Signed the agreement of 1821 under which the Hudson's Bay and +North West Companies were amalgamated. =Index=: =MS= His declaration +that "Lord Selkirk must be driven to abandon his project, for his +success would strike at the very existence of our trade," 172; arrested +by Selkirk at Fort William, 189. =Bib.=: Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_. + +=MacGillivray, William.= Born in Scotland. Came to Canada, and entered +the service of the North West Company. In 1786-1787 had charge of the +North West Company post at Lac des Serpents, in opposition to Roderick +McKenzie of the rival Company. In the spring, the two traders with their +men set out together for their respective headquarters at Grand Portage, +and arrived there side by side, the crews singing in chorus, to the no +small amazement of the Grand Portage people. MacGillivray and McKenzie +were ever after firm friends. The former became a partner of the North +West Company in 1790; signed the agreement of 1804; and was one of the +most influential of the _bourgeois_. Fort William was named after him in +1807. Made a legislative councillor of Lower Canada in 1814, in +recognition of his services to the government during the War of 1812. +Returned to Scotland before the fusion of the Hudson's Bay Company and +North West Company; bought an estate in Argyllshire, and died there +about 1825. =Index=: =MS= Friendly rivalry with Roderick Mackenzie, of +the X Y Company, 15; buys Pond's share in North West Company, 58; Fort +William named after, 100. =Bib.=: Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_; Masson, +_Bourgeois de la Compagnie Nord-Ouest_. + +=M'Govoch.= =Dr= Discharged soldier, offers testimony in Walker case, +35; tried for perjury and sent to prison, 38. + +=Machray, Robert= (1831-1904). Born in Scotland. Educated at Aberdeen +and Cambridge; ordained deacon, 1855; and priest, 1856; in 1858 elected +dean of his college; vicar of Madingley till 1865, when appointed bishop +of Rupert's Land; in 1893, on the union of the Anglican churches in +Canada, became archbishop of Rupert's Land and primate of all Canada. +Professor of ecclesiastical history and liturgiology in St. John's +College, Winnipeg, and chancellor of the University of Manitoba. =Bib.=: +Morgan, _Can. Men_; Dent, _Can. Por._; Machray, _Life of Archbishop +Machray_; Mockridge, _Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and +Newfoundland_. + +=McIntosh, John.= =Mc= Mackenzie's brother-in-law, 482; house attacked +by mob, 482. + +=MacIntyre, Duncan.= =Md= Director of the Canadian Pacific Railway, 236. + +=Mack, Karl Freiherr von= (1752-1822). =Bk= Austrian general, surrender +of, 72. + +=Mackay, Alexander.= Accompanied Alexander Mackenzie on his memorable +journey of 1793 to the shores of the Pacific. In charge of Ile a la +Crosse House, 1797-1799; signed the Montreal agreement of 1804, as one +of the partners of the North West Company; joined the Pacific Fur +Company, 1810, and sailed to Astoria with Franchere that year. Murdered +on the _Tonquin_, near Nootka, in 1811. =Index=: =MS= With Mackenzie on +expedition to Pacific, 67; at Astoria, 67; killed on the _Tonquin_, 67. +=D= Engaged by Astor for the Pacific, 95; slain by Indians on the +_Tonquin_, 95; his widow marries Dr. John McLoughlin, 95; succeeds +Douglas in command of northern posts, 187. =Bib.=: Bryce, _Hudson's Bay +Company_. _See also_ Douglas; Mackenzie; _Tonquin_. + +=McKay, James.= Born in Edmonton, Alberta. Educated at the Red River +Settlement. For a time in the service of the Hudson's Bay Company. A +member of the Council of Assiniboia and of the North-West Council. +Appointed to the Legislative Council of Manitoba, 1870. Minister of +agriculture, 1875-1878. Died, 1879. + +=McKay, Joseph William= (1829-1900). Born at Rupert House, Hudson Bay. +Crossed the mountains to Fort Vancouver in 1844; had charge of various +trading posts west of the mountains, and rose to the rank of chief +trader; also made important explorations in what is now the province of +British Columbia. Became one of the first members of the Legislative +Assembly of Vancouver Island, 1855. Retired from the Company's service, +1879. Appointed to the Department of Indian Affairs of Canada in 1883. +=Bib.=: Walbran, _British Columbia Coast Names_. + +=McKee, Colonel.= =S= Indian superintendent in the west, 126, 141, 210. +=Bk= His influence over the Indians, 280. + +=Mackellar.= =WM= Chief engineer, accompanies Wolfe in reconnaissance of +Island of Orleans, 93. + +=Mackenzie, Alexander= (1822-1892). Born in Scotland. Emigrated to +Kingston, Canada, in 1842; in 1848 started in business at Sarnia as +builder and contractor; in 1852 editor of the _Lambton Shield_, a reform +newspaper; member for Lambton in the provincial Parliament 1861-1867; +and from 1867 to 1892 a member of the Dominion Parliament. In 1873 +became premier and minister of public works, the first liberal premier +of the Dominion. In 1878 his government defeated by the Conservative +party. Leader of the opposition until 1880, when he resigned on account +of ill-health, but remained in Parliament for some years, being elected +for East York in 1882 and 1887. Declined knighthood three times. +=Index=: =Mc= His letter in reference to George Brown, 496. =Md= Leader +of opposition in succession to George Brown, 150; Supreme Court +organized under his administration, 1875, 151; moves an amendment to the +address, 208; called upon to form a ministry, 1873, 211; pessimistic +over the Canadian Pacific Railway scheme, 234, 235; replaced in +leadership by Edward Blake, 235, 261. =E= Premier of Liberal government +under which simultaneous voting was required by law, 133. =B= Signs +requisition to George Brown to stand for Kent, 61; votes against +proposal that three members of opposition should enter the government, +157; opposes Reformers taking seats in coalition ministry, but holds +that they should give Confederation an outside support, 199, 204; on +George Brown's character, 243; on Brown's relations with the +parliamentary leaders after retirement, 247-248; on Brown's last days, +257; character of his speeches, 259. =D= His connection with the +Canadian Pacific Railway negotiations, 321. =T= His Cabinet, 90; opposes +coalition idea, 128; his ministry resigns, 136. =Bib.=: Works: _Speeches +in Scotland and Canada_; _Life and Speeches of George Brown_. For biog., +_see_ Buckingham and Ross, _Life of Alexander Mackenzie_; Dent, _Can. +Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; Leggo, _History of the Administration of +the Earl of Dufferin in Canada_; Stewart, _Canada under the +Administration of the Earl of Dufferin_. + +=Mackenzie, Sir Alexander= (1755-1820). =S= Visits Simcoe, 188; +recommends establishment of two trading-posts on Pacific coast, 189. +=MS= Joins North West Company, 7; opposes Selkirk's plans, 7, 146, 151, +159, 167; his death, 8; born 1763 at Stornoway, Island of Lewis, +Scotland, 10; parentage, 10; education, 10; emigrates to Canada, 1779, +10; enters fur trade and joins opposition to McTavish, 10, 11; his +keenness and daring, 11; leads trading expedition to Detroit, 11; at +Grand Portage, 1785, 12; becomes a _bourgeois_, 12; assigned to English +River department, 14; friendly relations with officers of rival North +West Company, 15; goes to Athabaska, 17; his administrative ability, 17, +18; plans for expansion, 18; sends Leroux to build post on Great Slave +Lake, 18; and Boyer to build one on Peace River, 19; describes life of +fur trader, 22; his ambitious designs for discovery, 22; unpopular with +McTavish, 23; hears of a great river in the north, 31; preparation for +his journey, 32; his narrative, 32; his party, 33; sets out June 3, +1789, from Fort Chipewyan, 33; reaches Great Slave Lake, 35; meets +Yellow Knife Indians, 36; enters Mackenzie River, 37; meets Slave and +Dog-Rib Indians, 28; their account of the river, 38; passes mouth of +Great Bear River, 28, 47; meets Hare Indians, 39; and Quarrellers, 39; +enters the delta, 39; lands on Whale Island, at mouth of the river, 40; +erects post with inscription, 40; uncertainty as to his having reached +the sea, 43, 61; the return journey, 43; coal seam on fire, 47; +difficulties with "English Chief," 45, 46, 48; returns to Great Slave +Lake, 48; meets Leroux, 48-49; reaches Chipewyan, Sept. 12, 1789, 50; +results of the journey, 50-51; establishes existence and course of +Yukon, 50-51; his treatment of natives, 51; his account of fauna, 51; +his character, 51-52, 59; winters at Chipewyan, 53; unfriendliness of +partners of Company, 53; his project for a journey to the West, 53; goes +down to Grand Portage, 53; cool reception there, 54; returns to +Chipewyan, 54; his letters, 54; meets Philip Turner, 57; his share in +North West Company, 58; goes to England to acquire instruction and +instruments for his second journey, 59; returns to Athabaska, 61; +preparations for journey to the Pacific, 61; sends men to Peace River to +cut timber for a post, 61; leaves Chipewyan, Oct. 10, 1792, 61; ascends +Peace River, passes the falls and Boyer's "Old Establishment," and +reaches Finlay's fort, 62; his method of dealing with the Indians, +62-63; winters at the forks, 63-65; Chinook winds, 65; sets out for the +mountains and beyond, 66; members of his party, 67; a man of heroic +mould, 68; leaves Finlay's fort, May 9, 1793, 69; describes Peace River, +69; difficulties in crossing the mountains, 70, 72; meets strange +Indians, 74; ascends the Parsnip River, 75; reaches its source, 75; +descends the Fraser, 77; retraces his steps, and travels overland to the +sea, 79-85; describes visit to the Coast Indians, 83; natives refer to +Vancouver's party, 85; reaches coast and paints record of his journey on +a rock, 86; the return journey, 86; trouble with the natives, 87; +reaches Peace River, 88; reaches Finlay's fort, 89; and Chipewyan, 89; +leaves the West, 89; increased reputation among partners of North West +Company, 92; withdraws from Company and sails for England, 93; publishes +his book, 94; King Bernadotte of Sweden's tribute to explorer, 95; +Napoleon has his _Voyages_ translated into French, 96, 97; friendship of +duke of Kent, 98; receives knighthood, 98; becomes head of X Y Company, +99; elected to Legislature of Lower Canada, 100; returns to Scotland, +1808, 100; opposes Selkirk's scheme, 100; his marriage, 101; his family, +101; his death, March 12, 1820, 102; compared with Selkirk, 209. =D= His +expeditions to the Arctic and Pacific, 51; his personality, 52; +parentage, 52; arrival in Canada, 53; enters fur trade, 53; in command +of Fort Chipewyan, 53; his desire to rival Samuel Hearne, 53; sets out +from Chipewyan in 1789 to explore Mackenzie River, 53; river named after +him, 53; proves futility of search for North-West Passage, 53; visits +England and, prepares himself for further discoveries, 53; returns to +the West, and leaves Chipewyan, Oct. 10, 1792, for the Pacific, 53; +ascends Peace River and crosses the mountains, 54; reaches Tacouche +Tesse (Fraser), which he supposes to be the Oregon (Columbia), 54; +difficulties and dangers of the journey, 54-55; his printed narrative +translated into French for Napoleon, 55; his burial-place, 55; his wife, +55; the legend he printed on a rock on the shores of the Pacific, 56; +results of his journey, 56. =Bib.=: _Voyages from Montreal through the +Continent of North America_, 1789 and 1793, London, 1801; trans, into +French, Paris, 1802. _See also_ his letters, in Roderick McKenzie's +_Reminiscences_ (Masson, _Bourgeois du Nord-Ouest_). For biog., _see_ +Willson, _The Great Company_; Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_; Burpee, +_Search for the Western Sea_; Laut, _Conquest of the Great North-West_. + +=Mackenzie, Donald= (1783-1851). Born in Scotland. Emigrated to Canada +in 1800, and engaged in the service of the North West Company for +several years. In 1809 associated with John Jacob Astor in fur-trading +on the Columbia. Returned to the service of the North West Company; and +in 1821, on its absorption by the Hudson's Bay Company, became a chief +factor in the united Company. In 1825 appointed governor of the Red +River Settlement, and held the position till 1832, when he retired to +the United States. Died at Mayville, New York. =Index=: =MS= Chief +factor, and afterwards governor, of Assiniboia, 222. =Bib.=: Bryce, _The +Romantic Settlement of Lord Selkirk's Colonists_. + +=Mackenzie, Geddes.= =MS= Marries Sir Alexander Mackenzie, 101; her +parentage, 101. + +=Mackenzie, George.= =Md= Macdonald studies law in his office, 4; death +of, 9. + +=Mackenzie, Hope.= =B= Moves approval of George Brown's course in +Confederation negotiations, 156-157. + +=Mackenzie, Isabel.= =Mc= Wife of William Lyon Mackenzie, granted $4000 +by Parliament, 240; at Navy Island, 424; death of, 508. + +=McKenzie, Roderick.= Cousin of Sir Alexander Mackenzie. Came to Canada +from Scotland in 1784, and entered the service of the fur-trading firm +of Gregory, McTavish & Co., of Montreal. The following year reached +Grand Portage, where employed as a clerk. Accompanied his cousin to the +far West in 1786; built the original Fort Chipewyan, on the south shore +of Lake Athabaska, in 1788; and in charge of the post during Alexander +Mackenzie's expeditions of 1789 and 1792 to the Arctic and Pacific. In +1797, on his way to Montreal, after a long absence, rediscovered the old +Kaministiquia route, first discovered by the French many years before, +but afterwards abandoned. Became a partner of the North West Company, +1799; and signed the Montreal agreement of 1804 by which the X Y Company +was absorbed by the North West Company. A year or two later retired from +the fur trade, and began gathering material for a history of the North +West Company. The work was never published, nor even completed, but many +of the original journals which were to have formed its basis are +included in Masson's _Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest_. Settled +at Terrebonne, in Lower Canada, and became a member of the Legislative +Council of the province. =Index=: =MS= Joins X Y Company, 14; friendly +rivalry with McGillivray (North West Company) in English River +department, 15; at Ile a la Crosse, 16; brings news of death of Ross to +Grand Portage, 16; joins his cousin Alexander Mackenzie in Athabaska +department, 23; their friendship, 23; his _Reminiscences_, 24; builds +Fort Chipewyan, 24; plans library there, 26; winters there, 1788-1789, +27; at Chipewyan, 53; goes down to Grand Portage, 53; sent to Great +Slave Lake, 54. =Bib.=: _Reminiscences_ in Masson, _Bourgeois de la +Compagnie du Nord-Ouest_; Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_; Burpee, _Search +for the Western Sea_. + +=Mackenzie, William Lyon= (1795-1861). =Mc= His personality, Goldwin +Smith on, 3; Dr. Harrison on, 4; W. J. Rattray on, 5, 6; first to +enunciate principle of responsible government, 5; "a man ahead of his +time," 6; his loyalty, 10; not an annexationist, 11; constitutional +reformer, 12; parentage and ancestry, 34-36; defends himself from +charges of disloyalty, 36-38; books read by him from 1806 to 1809, 40, +41; enters commerce, 41, 42; goes to Canada, 43; physical description +of, 43; joins survey of Lachine Canal, 44; enters business with John +Lesslie, 44; moves to Queenston, 44; marries, 45; declares war on +Constitutional Act, 72; starts _Colonial Advocate_, 85; describes Upper +Canada in 1820, 85-87; warns Canadians against union with United States, +87, 97; attitude on Clergy Reserves, 94; advocates provincial +university, 95; reforms advocated by, which have come into effect, 97, +98; defends himself against disloyalty charge, 98-101; advocates +federation of all North American colonies, 104, 105; moves to York, 106; +pictures life of editors, 111; assists to bring about a party +revolution, 112; mob destroys _Colonial Advocate_, 113; Macaulay offers +damages, 115; personal attacks, 117-120; Macaulay's treatment of, +121-123; retaliates, 124, 125; answers Macaulay's pamphlet, 126; gets +L625 damages, 129; refuses to prosecute criminally, 129; indicted for +libel, 130; prosecution abandoned, 135; friendship of Robert Randal, +138; secures Randal's mission to England, 139; advocates responsible +government, 146, 148; elected for York, 150; moves committal of Allan +MacNab, 152; chairman of committee on post-office, 153; chairman of +committee on privileges of House, 154; carries many motions and +addresses, 154; introduces Thirty-two Resolutions, 155; opinions stated, +156; visits New York, 157; letter in _National Gazette_, 158; supports +Robert Baldwin, 159; chairman of committee on banking, 161, 162; moves +Libel Bill, 162, 163; letters to Sir John Colborne, 164; advocates +responsible government, 166, 167; appeal to the people of Upper Canada, +168; re-elected for York, 169; banks oppose, 170; gets committee on +state of representation, 171; committee reports, 175; he prints journals +of House, 172; accused of printing libel on House, 175; arouses Upper +Canada, 176, 177; visits Quebec, 178; first expulsion from Assembly, +181-201; libel complained of, 182, 183; his speech in his defence, 185; +House refuses committee of inquiry, 201; petitions to the governor, 203; +governor's answer, 203; backed up by the people, 204; again elected, +205; presented by constituents with gold medal, 205; second expulsion +moved, 207; defends himself, 209; expelled a second time, 209; appeals +to electors, 210-213; again elected, 215; attempt to assassinate, 219; +_Colonial Advocate_ office again attacked, 221; his mission to England, +221; estimate of Earl Grey, 221; his friendship with Joseph Hume, 222; +introduces George Ryerson to Lord Goderich, 223; offered management of +post-office department, 225; prepares statement for minister, 226; reply +to Lord Goderich, 227; concessions obtained, 227-230; third expulsion, +232, 242; secures dismissal of Boulton and Hagerman, 232; scheme of +post-office reform, 236; asks control of post-office revenue for +Canadians, 236; obtains veto of Bank Charter Acts, 237; introduces +Egerton Ryerson to colonial office, 238; publishes _Sketches of Canada +and the United States_, 238; visits Scotland, 239; pays old creditors, +239; refuses banquets in Montreal and Quebec, 240; left to pay his own +expenses, 240; unanimously re-elected for the third time, 242; not +permitted to take oath, 242; new election ordered, 244; unanimously +re-elected for the fourth time, 244; ejected from the House, 245; +governor orders that he be allowed to take oath, 248; takes the oath, +251; again ejected from the House, 252; first mayor of Toronto, 255; +designs city arms, 256; helps cholera patients, 256; takes cholera, 257; +defeated for second mayoralty term, 257; forms Canadian Alliance +Society, 258; retires from journalism, 259; estimate of, as a +journalist, 260; again elected for York, 261; obtains select "Committee +on Grievances," 263; obtains committee on Welland canal, 264; appointed +director, 264; anticipates official report of canal committee, 265; sued +for libel, 265; report of "Committee on Grievances," 270; urges +responsible government, 279; visits Quebec, 287; meets Papineau, 288; +opposes British restraint on trade, 292; anticipates Reciprocity Treaty, +292; defeated for the House, 308; claims the election was unfair, +309-314; insulted by Tory press, 317; his replies, 318; visits New York, +320; begins the _Constitution_, 320; "Declaration of Independence" of +Upper Canada, 329, 330; meetings at Doel's brewery, 330-332; becomes +agent of convention committee, 332; addresses nearly two hundred public +meetings, 333-338; advises run on Bank of Upper Canada, 340; second +meeting at Doel's brewery, 346; urges seizing arms and proclaiming +provisional government, 349; drafts constitution, 355; organizes +Rebellion, 359; warrant issued for his arrest, 360; tries to correct +Rolph's mistake, 361; his advice disregarded, 362; sets out for the +city, 363; again proposes to march on the city, 366; meets Head's flag +of truce, 367, 368; urges Lount to march into the city, 371; skirmish at +Montgomery's tavern, 379; ransom offered for, 380; account of his +escape, 381 _et seq._; addresses Buffalo audience, 411; meets Van +Rensselaer, 412; Head seeks his extradition, 414; occupies Navy Island, +415; president of provisional government, 416; arrested at Buffalo, 424; +threats of assassination, 428; abandons Van Rensselaer, 430; visits New +York and Philadelphia, 433; begins _Mackenzie's Gazette_, 433; no +connection with later frontier movements, 439, 444, 446; moves to +Rochester, 448; forms association of Canadian refugees, 448; tried for +breach of neutrality laws, 452; found guilty, 454; his sentence, 454; +rigorous treatment in gaol, 455-458; released, 459; publishes _Caroline +Almanac_, 459; his exchange attempted, 463; attempts to kidnap him, 464; +publishes _Volunteer_, 467; moves to New York, 468; appointed to +Mechanics' Institute, 468; publishes _Lives of one Thousand Remarkable +Irishmen_, 469; publishes the _Examiner_, 470; appointed to New York +customs house, 470; publishes _Lives of Butler and Hoyt_, in 1845, 471; +and _Life and Times of Martin Van Buren_, 1846, 472; goes on _Tribune_, +472; Hume's letter to, 475; writes to Earl Grey, 479; amnestied, 480; +visits Toronto, 481; brings family back, 486; elected for Haldimand, +486; his relations with George Brown, 487; his work in Parliament, 492; +again elected for Haldimand, 497; resigns, 498; later parliamentary +life, 500; love of his children, 504; Buchanan's proffered friendship, +504; Robert Hay's generosity, 505; offered office, 505; publishes +_Mackenzie's Message_, 505; friends purchase homestead for, 505; +financial difficulties, 506; declining health, 506; death of, Aug. 28, +1861, 507; funeral, 507, 508; one of the founders of St. Andrew's +Church, 507; tributes of the press, 509-523. =Md= Leads Rebellion of +1837 in Upper Canada, 7; supports Brown in his quarrel with Macdonald, +81. =R= Views on relation of church and state in 1824, 45; his work for +popular government, 66; his policy, 111; his "Seventh Report on +Grievances," 112; opposes separate schools, 224. =B= His return to +Canada, 36; burnt in effigy at Toronto, 36; defeats George Brown in +Haldimand, 40, 44, 46; his resolution for abolition of Court of +Chancery, 47. =BL= His parentage, 12; early days in Canada, 12, 13; in +politics, 13-16, 26, 27, 33; aids Baldwin to secure seat in Legislature, +31; organizes revolutionary clubs, etc., 43; his proposed constitution +for Upper Canada, 43; plans attack on Toronto by rebels, 43; described +as a "mountebank," 120; his correspondence with Hume and Roebuck, 229; +founds Canadian Alliance Association, 1834, 229; returns to Canada, 312, +318, 319; one of the leaders of the new Radicalism, 340-341; brings in +motion to abolish Court of Chancery, 352. =Sy= Reform party falsely +identified with his proceedings, 85, 138. =E= And the Rebellion of 1837, +17; leads Radical wing of Liberal party, in Upper Canada, 21, 22; and +parliamentary government, 51; and MacNab, 75, 76; returns from his +exile, 91; causes of his failure as a political leader, 91-93; proposes +abolition of Court of Chancery, 103, 112; defeats George Brown, 113; +attacks the government, 127; aftermath of the Rebellion, 190. =P= His +correspondence with Papineau, 189. =H= Effect of his action in Upper +Canada, upon popular party, in Nova Scotia, 49. =Bib.=: Works: _Life and +Times of Martin Van Buren_; _Life and Opinions of B. F. Butler_; +_Sketches of Canada and the United States_. For biog., _see_ Morgan, +_Cel. Can._; Lindsey, _Life and Times of W. L. McKenzie_; Dent, _Can. +Por._, _Upper Canadian Rebellion_, and _Last Forty Years_; King, _Other +Side of the Story_; Read, _Rebellion of 1837_. _See also_ Rebellion of +1837 (Upper Canada.) + +=Mackenzie River.= Named after Sir Alexander Mackenzie, who explored it +from Great Slave Lake to the Arctic in 1789. It was known at one time as +Disappointment River. Its ultimate source is in Thutage Lake, the +headwaters of the Finlay in northern British Columbia. Its total length +from Thutage Lake to the sea is 2525 miles. The Hudson's Bay Company +has the following trading-posts on the main stream: Fort Providence, +near entrance of Great Slave Lake; Fort Simpson, at the mouth of the +Liard; Fort Wrigley, in lat. 63 deg.; Fort Norman, at the mouth of Great +Bear River; Fort Good Hope near the Ramparts; and Fort MacPherson on +Peel River. The Company now operates a steamer from Fort Smith, on Slave +River, to the Arctic Ocean. =Index=: =MS= Alexander Mackenzie discovers +and explores, 37-48; "Great River," 53; Mackenzie refers to as "River +Disappointment," 55. =Bib.=: Mackenzie, _Voyages_; Franklin, _Narrative +of Second Expedition_; Richardson, _Arctic Searching Expedition_; +Cameron, _The New North_. + +=Mackenzie's Message.= Published at Toronto. =Index=: =Mc= Newspaper, +published 1853, 505. + +=McKim, R. P.= =T= Assists at funeral service of Sir Leonard Tilley, +146. + +=McLachlan, Alexander= (1818-1896). Born in Scotland. Came to Canada, +1840; engaged in farming. Government emigration agent for Scotland, +1862. Collected edition of his _Poems_ published, 1900. =Bib.=: +MacMurchy, _Canadian Literature_. + +=McLane, David.= =Dr= Hanged for treason, 301. + +=McLaren, Dr. Murray.= =T= Attends Sir Leonard Tilley, 145. + +=MacLean, Judge.= =B= Proposes Metcalfe's health at St. Andrew's Society +banquet, 27. + +=MacLean, Colonel Allan= (1725-1784). Born in Scotland. Served in +Holland, 1747. In 1757 served with Montgomery's Highlanders in America, +and in 1761 major-commandant of the 114th Royal Highlanders. In 1775 +lieutenant-colonel of the Royal Highland Emigrants. Served under +Carleton in the defence of Quebec, 1775-1776. =Index=: =Hd= Raises +regiment of Royal Highland Emigrants, 111; takes part in repulse of +Arnold and Montgomery, 112; on methods of trade, 162; speech of Indians +to, 171; his precipitancy in arresting Pillon, 279, 280, 285; departure +of, 294; his correspondence with Haldimand, 306; his opinion of the +Americans, 307; letter to Haldimand regarding Du Calvet's movements, +209, 310; visits Haldimand in London, 311, 327. =Bib.=: Bradley, _The +Making of Canada_; Lucas, _History of Canada_. + +=McLean, Archibald= (1791-1865). Born in Scotland. Emigrated to Canada +with his father; educated at Cornwall Grammar School. In 1812 served in +the war with the United States. After the war, called to the bar, and +built up an extensive practice. For several years member for Stormont +and Cornwall in the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada, of which he +was twice elected Speaker. In 1837 judge of the Court of King's Bench, +and held the position till 1856. In 1862-1863 chief-justice of Upper +Canada, and in 1864-1865 judge of the Court of Error and Appeal. +=Index=: =Mc= Elected Speaker, 1831, 170. =Bib.=: Read, _Lives of the +Judges_. + +=McLean, John= (1828-1886). Born in Scotland. Educated at the University +of Aberdeen; ordained priest, 1858, and became curate of St. Paul's, +London, Ontario. Removed to the Red River Settlement as archdeacon of +Assiniboia, and professor in St. John's College, 1866. Made bishop of +Saskatchewan, 1874. Died at Prince Albert as the result of an accident. +=Bib.=: Mockridge, _The Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and +Newfoundland_; Machray, _Life of Archbishop Machray_. + +=McLeod, Alexander.= =Mc= Charged with murder of Amos Durfee, 423; trial +and acquittal, 424. + +=McLeod, Alexander Norman.= Of the North West Company. =Index=: =MS= +Associated with Gregory and others in opposition to North West Company, +10, 11; visits Mackenzie at Detroit, 12; his character, 14; builds new +house at Chipewyan, 50; brings North West men from Fort William, 182; +arrives seven days after the Seven Oaks affair, 183. + +=McLeod, Archibald Norman.= Entered the service of the North West +Company some time before 1790. In charge of Fort Dauphin, 1799, and Swan +River, 1800. Three years later moved to the Athabaska department, and +remained there until 1809, when he took charge of New Caledonia. Had +already become a partner of the Company, signing the agreement of 1804 +as such. + +=McLeod, Donald= (1779-1879). Born in Scotland. Educated at Aberdeen +University for the church, but entered the navy, 1803, and the army, +1808. Served in the Peninsula under Sir John Moore, and in Canada during +War of 1812-1814; wounded at the battles of Chrystler's Farm and Lundy's +Lane. Returned to Europe and fought at the battle of Waterloo. Came to +Canada, 1816; opened a classical school at Prescott; began publication +of the _Grenville Gazette._ Took part in the Rebellion of 1837, as a +major-general in the insurgent army. Fled to the United States; arrested +and tried at Detroit, but acquitted. Settled at Cleveland, Ohio, where +he died. =Index=: =Mc= Occupies Point Pelee Island, 430. =Bib.=: +_History of the Canadian Insurrection_. For biog., _see_ Dent, _Upper +Canadian Rebellion_. + +=McLeod, John= (1788-1849). Born in Scotland. Entered the service of the +Hudson's Bay Company; conducted Selkirk's colonists from York Factory to +the Red River, 1811; from that date to the union of the two fur +companies in 1821, engaged in building trading-posts and extending the +operations of the Hudson's Bay Company towards the Rocky Mountains. Had +taken a leading part in the long conflict between the Hudson's Bay +Company and the North West Company, some account of which is given in +his diary, 1814-1815, reproduced in part in Bryce's _Hudson's Bay +Company_. On the union of the Companies, given charge of the New +Caledonia department, west of the mountains, where he remained for many +years, finally retiring from the service, and spending the remainder of +his days on the banks of the Ottawa. =Index=: =MS= Leads the Selkirk +colonists in their opposition to Cuthbert Grant and the half-breeds, +175; his journal, 175, 176; builds house for governor, 176. =D= Ascends +upper Liard to its southern source in Dease Lake, 1834, 123. =Bib.=: +Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_; Burpee, _Search for the Western Sea_. + +=McLoughlin, John= (1784-1857). Born at Riviere du Loup. Studied +medicine in Edinburgh; joined the North West Company; engaged for +several years in the Rainy Lake country; in charge of Fort William in +1821, when the North West and Hudson's Bay Companies were amalgamated, +and appointed to take charge of the Columbia River department, 1823. +Built Fort Vancouver, 1824, and made it the headquarters for the whole +territory west of the mountains. Did more than any other man to +strengthen the hold of the Company on the fur trade of the Pacific +coast. Through misunderstandings over his attitude towards the American +settlers on the Columbia, retired from the Company's service, 1846, and +spent the rest of his life in Oregon City. =Index=: =MS= Edward Ellice +on, 220; impresses Sir George Simpson, 220; travels in state, 221. =D= +First great Hudson's Bay Company leader in Oregon, 84; his character, +84, 86; takes Douglas under his charge, in North West Company, at Fort +William, 93; persuades Douglas to join Hudson's Bay Company, 94; his +friendship for Douglas, 94; born, 1784, at Riviere du Loup, 94; grandson +of Malcolm Fraser, 94; his early home and training, 94-95; studies +medicine in Edinburgh, 95; returns to Canada and enters North West +Company, 95; sent to Sault Ste. Marie, 95; there when post burned in War +of 1812, 95; marries widow of Alexander Mackay, 95; goes to Fort +William, 95-96; at Fort Vancouver, his practically absolute rule, 111; +ambitious plans for development of western department, 114; sends +expedition to Fraser River by sea, 115; builds Fort Colville, 1825-1826, +116; builds Fort Langley, 1827, 116; builds Fort Simpson, 1831, 116; +sends Findlayson, Manson, and Anderson, 1833, to build Fort McLoughlin, +117; sends Douglas to receive Fort Stikine from Russians, 1840, 122; +expedition to Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys, 126; recognizes +agricultural possibilities of Oregon, 128; organizes Puget Sound +Agricultural Company, 130; his attitude towards Oregon settlers, 144; +forced out of Hudson's Bay Company, 145; Douglas and Ogden associated +with him in management of western department, 187; resigns from Hudson's +Bay Company, 1846, 187; removes to Oregon City, 187; treatment of, by +American settlers, 187; his death, 187; his character contrasted with +that of Douglas, 351-353. =Bib.=: Holman, _Dr. John McLoughlin: the +Father of Oregon_; Laut, _Conquest of the Great North-West_; Bryce, +_Hudson's Bay Company_; Bancroft, _History of the North-West Coast_. + +=McLoughlin, John.= =D= Son of Dr. John McLoughlin, accompanies Douglas +to Sitka, 122; succeeds Rae at Fort Stikine, 122; shot by Indians, 1842, +122-123. + +=McMaster University.= Located at Toronto. Formed in 1887 from the union +of Toronto Baptist College and Woodstock College. Mainly indebted for +endowment to William McMaster. Woodstock College, Woodstock, and Moulton +Ladies' College, Toronto, are maintained in close connection. + +=McMillan, John= (1816-1886). Born in Scotland. Came to New Brunswick, +1832. Represented Restigouche in the Assembly, 1857-1867; +surveyor-general, 1861-1865; postmaster-general, 1867-1868; inspector of +post offices for New Brunswick, 1868-1886. A strong advocate of +Confederation. =Index=: =T= Elected for Restigouche, 89; +postmaster-general in Mitchell ministry, 105. + +=MacNab, Sir Allan Napier= (1798-1862). Born at Newark (now Niagara), +Ontario. On the American invasion of Canada joined the army in 1813 and +served throughout the war. In 1826 called to the bar of Upper Canada and +practised in Hamilton. In 1829 first elected for Wentworth County in the +Assembly, and during 1837-1841 Speaker of the House. Took an active part +in the Rebellion of 1837-1838 and knighted for his services. After the +union of Upper and Lower Canada became Conservative leader and elected +Speaker of the House, 1844-1848, and again in 1862. Premier, 1854, and +resigned, 1856. =Index=: =H= Entertains Joseph Howe at Hamilton, 138. +=BL= Brings loyal troops from Hamilton, to disperse rebels under +Mackenzie, 44; taunts Baldwin with his share in the Rebellion, 45; his +exploits in 1837 win him knighthood, 82; leader of Tories in +Legislature, 1841, 82; proposed for speakership, 87; withdraws his name, +88; his faction welcomes Bagot's appointment as governor, 113; raises +racial question, 178; opposes transfer of capital to Montreal, 183; +Baldwin on, 183; attacks La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 214; referred to +by George Brown, 224; elected in 1844, 252; elected Speaker, 279; his +opposition to Rebellion Losses Bill, 314; his quarrel with Blake, 315; +warns ministry of riot, 322; rescues portrait of the queen, 324; +proposed for Speaker, Baldwin's tribute to his qualifications, Morin +elected in his stead, 283; and Papineau, 343; and Baldwin, 353. =E= His +part in suppressing Rebellion of 1837-1838, 31; returned in 1848, 50; +defeated for speakership, 51; takes part in stormy debate on Rebellion +Losses Bill, 68-69; his responsibility for the disturbances of 1849, 75; +nominal leader of Conservative party, 119; called upon by Lord Elgin for +advice, 137; agrees to coalition ministry, 139-140; forms government +with Morin, 140; his last resting-place, 224. =B= And the old Tory +party, 69; his farcical amendment to prohibition motion, 76; forms +coalition ministry with Morin, 77; on the charges against George Brown, +89. =C= His alliance with Quebec Liberals, 33. =Mc= Committed to gaol by +Speaker, 152; moves Mackenzie's expulsion, 241; admits error, 242; leads +forces against Navy Island, 417; orders cutting out of _Caroline_, 420; +knighted, 423; goes to Brantford, 425; seizes Dr. Duncombe's papers, +426; goes to Sandwich, 427; in debate on Rebellion Losses Bill, 489. +=Md= Called upon to form an administration, 61; forms government with A. +N. Morin, 63; Morin resigns and he forms a new administration with +Colonel Tache, 74; his ideal of government, 76; problem of superseding +him, 76, 77; resigns, 80; supports Brown in his quarrel with Macdonald, +81. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Taylor, _Brit. Am._; Dent, _Can. Por._ +and _Last Forty Years_; Pope, _Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald_. + +=MacNab, James.= =H= Member of Lord Falkland's Council, 69; declaration +as to ministerial responsibility, 75; retires from government, 87; +offered seat in Executive Council, 1846, 103; declines offer, 104; +elected for Halifax, 106; member of Uniacke government, 110; becomes +receiver-general, 112. =Bib.=: Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_. + +=McPhelim, Francis.= =T= Deserts Liberals in New Brunswick, 18; +postmaster-general in Gray ministry, 41. + +=McPherson, Charles.= =T= Member of Executive Council, New Brunswick, +41. + +=Macpherson, Sir David Lewis= (1818-1896). Born in Scotland. Came to +Canada, 1835. In 1842 entered business in Montreal; in 1851 he, with +others, obtained a charter for a railway from Montreal to Kingston, and +associated with the construction of other lines; formed the +Inter-Oceanic Railway Company for the purpose of constructing the +projected Canadian Pacific Railway, but the contract given to the +syndicate headed by Sir Hugh Allan. In 1864-1867 a member of the +Legislative Council of Canada; in 1867 appointed to the Senate; Speaker, +1880; member of the Cabinet without portfolio; minister of the interior, +1883-1885; knighted, 1884. =Index=: =Md= Heads the Inter-Oceanic Company +which received charter from government, 200. =E= Signs Annexation +Manifesto, 81. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; Pope, +_Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald_. + +=McTavish, Dugald.= =D= Member of Victoria board of management, 265; +becomes president of board, 265; transferred to Montreal, in 1870, 265. + +=McTavish, Simon= (1750-1804). Born in the Highlands of Scotland. A man +of "enormous energy and decision of character." Settled at Montreal. +Engaged in the fur trade soon after the cession of Canada to England, +and chiefly instrumental in organizing the North West Company, 1784. +Purchased the seigniory of Terrebonne; entertained in princely style at +his home in Montreal; and at the time of his death was engaged in +building a huge mansion at the foot of Mount Royal. =Index=: =MS= A +leader in the fur trade, 10; known as _le Marquis_ and _le Premier_, 23, +91; his dislike for Alexander Mackenzie, 23; his haughty temper and +domineering spirit make him unpopular, 54, 91, 93; compared with +Mackenzie, 92; puts new life into North West Company, 99; his death, +1804, 99. =Bk= And McGillivray of North West Company, send news of +declaration of war, 203. =Bib.=: Masson, _Bourgeois de la Compagnie du +Nord-Ouest_; Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_. + +=McTavish, William.= =MS= Chief factor, 1851, 228; last governor of +Assiniboia under Hudson's Bay Company, 228. + +=Madison, James= (1751-1836). Fourth president of the United States. +=Index=: =Dr= His hatred of Great Britain, 274, 281. =Bk= Maintains +non-intercourse with Britain and France, 120; his warlike messages to +Congress, 173, 185; places temporary embargo on United States ships, +192; informs Congress of Hull's advance into Canada, 213. =Bib.=: _Cyc. +Am. Biog._ + +=Madocawando.= =F= Abenaquis chief, 329. + +=Madras Schools.= =W= Founded by Joseph Lancaster, 86; the system +described, 86-87; established in New Brunswick, 87. =T= At Gagetown, 5; +system popular, 5. + +=Magdalen Islands.= In Gulf of St. Lawrence. Uncertain who first +discovered the group. They were known for many years as the Isles +Ramees, or Ramea. This name first appears in narratives of voyages to +the Gulf in 1590-1597, in Hakluyt. Champlain applied the present name to +what is now known as Amherst Island, in the 1632 ed. of his _Voyages_. +It was afterwards applied to the whole group. =Bib.=: Ganong, +_Cartography of Gulf of St. Lawrence_ (R. S. C., 1889). + +=Magistrates.= =Dr= Poor character and scandalous methods of many of +them, 52; some of them most worthy men, 55. + +=Magnan, Pierre.= =Ch= Goes on embassy to Iroquois, 163; is murdered, +164. + +=Maguaga.= =Bk= Americans successful in skirmish at, 238-243. + +=Mahicanaticouche.= =Ch= Montagnais chief, 139, 163; found to have been +guilty of murder, 165. + +=Mail.= Newspaper published at Niagara. =Index=: =B= Ridicules _Globe's_ +proposal for annexation of North-West Territories, 217-218. + +=Maillard, Antoine Simon.= Missionary to the Indians and French of +Acadia and Cape Breton, 1734. Vicar-general at Louisbourg for several +years. Invited by the governor of Nova Scotia to settle at Halifax, +1759. At first opposed British supremacy, but afterwards a strong +supporter of the government. Died in Halifax, 1768. =Bib.=: _Selections +from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia_, ed. by Akins. + +=Mair, Charles= (1840- ). Born in Lanark, Ontario. Educated at Queen's +University, Kingston. Paymaster for the Dominion government at Fort +Garry, 1868; captured by the rebels in Riel's first rising, 1869; +condemned to death, but escaped. In the second rising, 1885, served as +quartermaster of the Governor-General's Body Guard. In 1893, appointed +Canadian government immigration agent in charge of the Lethbridge +district, Southern Alberta. =Index=: =Md= Comes to Ottawa from Prince +Albert to impress on authorities the serious situation in the West, 241. +=Bib.=: Works: _Dreamland and other Poems_; _Tecumseh: a Drama_. For +biog., _see_ Morgan, _Can. Men_; MacMurchy, _Canadian Literature_. + +=Maisonneuve, Paul de Chomedy, Sieur de.= In this "devout and valiant +gentleman," as Parkman says, lived again the spirit of Godfrey de +Bouillon, leader of the first Crusade. He had seen much service in +European wars, before the opportunity came to consecrate his sword to +the church in Canada. A group of enthusiasts in France had obtained a +grant of the Island of Montreal from Lauson and the Company of New +France, and purposed to establish there a religious colony, of which +Maisonneuve was appointed governor. Sailed from Rochelle, in 1641, with +a company of soldiers and artisans; wintered at Quebec; and on the +eighteenth of May, 1642, landed on the same spot where Champlain had +stood thirty-one years before. Here he and his men set to work to build +a chapel, fort, and their simple habitations, thereby laying the +foundation of the future city of Montreal. Was for 22 years governor of +Montreal, but through the jealousy of De Mesy, governor-general of +Canada, was recalled to France by De Tracy in 1664. Though no charges +were made against him he found no possibility of reinstatement in office +and resigned in 1669; died in 1676. =Index=: =F= Conducts mission colony +to Montreal, 29, 33; bravery of, 34; goes back to France for +reinforcements, 38; returns to Canada with one hundred soldiers, 39; +removed from governorship by Marquis de Tracy, 54. =L= Governor of +Montreal, his piety, 8; carries cross on his shoulders to summit of +Mount Royal, 91; removed from his position, 176; presents a cannon from +which to make a bell, to Bonsecours chapel, 177. =Ch= Comes out in 1613 +with three vessels licensed to trade, 78; Champlain returns to France in +his ship, 79. =Bk= Founder of Montreal, 99. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Jesuits in +North America_ and _Old Regime_; Faillon, _La Colonie Francaise_; +Dollier de Casson, _Histoire de Montreal_. + +=Maitland, Sir Peregrine= (1777-1854). Born in Hampshire, England. +Entered the army, 1792. Served in Flanders, 1794-1798; in Spain, 1809 +and 1812; promoted major-general, 1814; took part in the battle of +Waterloo and made K.C.B for his services. Lieutenant-governor of Upper +Canada, 1818-1828; and lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 1828-1834. +Commander-in-chief of the Madras army, 1836-1838; and governor and +commander-in-chief at the Cape of Good Hope, 1844-1847. Knighted, 1852. +=Index=: =E= Grants charter to King's College, 93. =BL= Dismisses Willis +from office, 28. =R= Favours encouragement to British Methodists +in Canada, 87-88. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Read, _The +Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada_; Campbell, _History of Nova +Scotia_. + +=Maizerets, Louis Ange de.= =L= Comes to Canada, 41; director of the +Seminary, 55; transfers his personal income to Seminary, 56; made +archdeacon of chapter of Quebec, 197; administers diocese, with +Glandelet, in absence of Laval, 243. + +=Malartic, Anne Joseph Hyppolite, Count de= (1730-1800). Born in France. +In 1745 entered the army; and in 1749 came to Quebec as assistant major. +In 1756 served under Montcalm, and took part in all his campaigns; bore +a conspicuous part in the siege of Quebec, 1759-1760, and severely +wounded at the battle of Ste. Foy; served on the American side in the +War of Independence. =Index=: =WM= Anxious as to line of defence above +the city, 159, 162; in battle of Ste. Foy, 261; wounded, 264; Murray's +conversation with, 269. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_; Doughty, +_Siege of Quebec_. + +=Malaspina.= =Dr= In search for Strait of Anian, 26. + +=Malot, Louis.= =Ch= Jesuit, drowned, 200. + +=Mance, Jeanne= (1606-1673). Born at Nogent-le-Roi. Infected with the +prevailing enthusiasm for missionary work in Canada, and in 1640 +journeyed to Rochelle, intending to embark for the New World. At +Rochelle met Dauversiere and others interested in the project of a +missionary settlement at Montreal, and determined to throw in her lot +with them. Sailed to Quebec with Maisonneuve, and spent the winter there +with the Ursulines. In May, 1642, the colonists ascended the river, +having gained another convert at Quebec in the person of Madame de la +Peltrie. The following year a hospital was built at Montreal, with money +supplied by Madame de Bullion. Jeanne Mance was put in charge, and +devoted the remainder of her life to ministering to the sick, native as +well as white. =Index=: =F= Establishes Hotel Dieu at Montreal, 29; +death of, 78. =L= Founder of hospital at Montreal, 8; smitten by plague +on board the _St. Andre_, 31; laid one of the foundation stones of +Montreal church, 89; her labours in the hospital at Montreal, 91. +=Bib.=: Parkman, _Jesuits in North America_; Faillon, _Vie de Mlle. +Mance_. + +=Manchester.= In England. =Index=: =Sy= Poulett Thomson elected for, 31; +his free trade views find support in, 36; great dinner to Thomson in, +37. + +=Manet, Jean.= =Ch= Interpreter, 144. + +=Manitoba.= Area, 73,956 square miles. The province was created in 1870, +the old Red River Settlement, founded by Lord Selkirk, forming the +nucleus. The name is a contraction of the Cree word _Manitowaban_. La +Verendrye and his sons were the first white men to set foot within what +now forms the province. They built Fort Maurepas, at the mouth of +Winnipeg River, in 1734; Fort Rouge, at the mouth of the Assiniboine, in +1733; and Fort La Reine, near present Portage la Prairie, in 1738. They +afterwards built Fort Dauphin, on or near Lake Dauphin. _See also_ Red +River Colony; Winnipeg. =Index=: =C= Bill creating province introduced +by Cartier, 71; meaning of name, _The God That Speaks_, 71. =Md= Bill +passed for establishment of, as province, 161; restrictions against +rival lines to Canadian Pacific Railway removed, 236, 284; boundary +dispute, 256; its connection with commercial union, 298. =Bib.=: Bryce, +_Manitoba_; Gunn and Tuttle, _History of Manitoba_; Begg, _History of +the North-West_; Bryce, _Romantic Settlement of Lord Selkirk's +Colonists_; Hargrave, _Red River_; Ross, _Red River Settlement_. + +=Manson, Donald.= Engaged in the service of the Hudson's Bay Company, +west of the Rocky Mountains. Led three brigades from the Columbia to +Langley on the Fraser, 1848. Appointed a justice of the peace. =Index=: +=D= At Fort McLoughlin, 117; establishes first circulating library on +Pacific slope, 117-118. + +=Mantet, Nicholas d'Ailleboust, Sieur de= (1663-1709). In 1689 defeated +the Iroquois at the Lake of the Two Mountains; and in 1690 led an +expedition against Schenectady. Killed during an attack on Fort St. +Anne, Hudson Bay. =Index=: =F= One of the leaders of war party against +Schenectady, 235. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Old Regime_. + +=Maquinna.= =D= His relations with Captain Meares at Nootka, 27; keeps +armourer and sailmaker of the _Boston_ in slavery four years, 37. + +=Marcel, Captain.= =WM= Third aide-de-camp to Montcalm, 2; accompanies +Montcalm on visit of inspection, 173; with Montcalm in his last hours, +219; informs Levis of Montcalm's death, 220; departure for France, 238. + +=Marcet, Mrs.= =Hd= Grand-niece of Haldimand, 343. + +=Marchand, Etienne= (1755-1793). Engaged in the trade between the West +Indies and North and South America. In 1790 sailed from Marseilles on a +voyage of trade and exploration, in which he made careful surveys of the +coast of Tierra del Fuego and Patagonia, visited the islands of +Polynesia, sailed up the west coast of America, visited China and +Siberia, and finally returned to Europe, 1792. =Index=: =D= Explores +North-West Coast, 1791, 25; his narrative, 25. =Bib.=: _Voyage autour du +Monde_, ed. by Fleurien. For biog., _see Cyc. Am. Biog._ + +=Marchand, Felix Gabriel= (1832-1900). Born in St. Johns, Quebec. +Educated at St. Hyacinthe College. Elected to the Legislative Assembly +of Quebec, 1867; provincial Secretary, 1878-1879; commissioner of crown +lands, 1879; Speaker of the Assembly, 1887-1892; premier of Quebec, +1897. For many years proprietor and editor of _Le Franco-Canadien_. +=Bib.=: Works: _Manuel et Formulaire du Notariat_; _Fatenville_; _Erreur +n'est pas Compte_; _Un Bonheur en Attire un Autre_; _Les Faus +Brillants_. For biog., _see_ Morgan, _Can. Men_. + +=Marche, Charles de.= =Ch= Jesuit missionary at Miscou, 234. + +=Marcy, William Learned= (1786-1857). =Mc= Governor of New York, +declines to surrender Mackenzie, 414. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._ + +=Mariana.= =Ch= Jesuit, book written by, ordered to be burnt, 153. + +=Marie.= =WM= A storeship launched at Montreal, 244. + +=Marie Antoinette= (1755-1793). Queen of France. =Index=: =S= Public +mourning in Upper Canada for death of, 193. + +=Marie de l'Incarnation= (=Marie Martin=, =_nee_ Guyart=) (1599-1672). +Born at Tours, France. Married early, and was left a widow after two +years, with an only child. For twelve years devoted herself to his +education; and then entered the Ursuline convent at Tours; in 1639 +accompanied Madame de la Peltrie to Canada, and became the first +superior of the Ursuline convent at Quebec. Her _Lettres Historiques_, +written for the edification of her son Claude Martin, form one of the +most valuable sources of information on the history of the period. +Composed a catechism in Huron, three in Algonquian and a dictionary of +French and Algonquian. =Index=: =F= Arrival of, at Quebec, 28; on +_Jesuit Relations_, 30; on influence of convent teaching, 89; on rapid +decline of Indian population, 168. =L= On the devotion of Laval to the +sick, 33; on his saintliness, 34, 254; on conversions wrought by the +earthquake, 45; mentions Dollard's exploit, 75; on piety of the +soldiery, 79; her piety, 92; called the Theresa of New France, 93; Abbe +Ferland's account of, 93; on the zeal of Fenelon and Trouve, 109; on the +sale of brandy to the Indians, 113; praises Talon, 114; on Canadians, +119; on education of Indian girls, 125; death of, 153, 154; character +and influence, 155. =Ch= Praises virtues of early settlers, 258. =Bib.=: +_Lettres de la Venerable Mere Marie de l'Incarnation_; Martin, _La Vie +de la Venerable Mere Marie de l'Incarnation_; Charlevoix, _Vie de Mere +Marie de l'Incarnation_; Casgrain, _Vie; Life_, by a Religious of the +Ursuline Community. + +=Marion, Nicholas.= =Ch= Captain of the _Levrier_, one of the two +vessels of Champlain's first expedition to Quebec, 40. + +=Maritime Provinces.= =B= Movement for union of, 161, 186; Tache argues +advantages of union with, 169-170; coal mines of, 170; shipping of, 170, +174; inclusion of, in Confederation, opposed by Dorion, 176; British +government brings pressure upon, in interests of Confederation, 186-187; +involved in reciprocity negotiations, 194. =Md= Their determined +opposition to Confederation, 116-118. =T= History of union movement in, +69-71; Charlottetown Conference, 73-75. _See also_ New Brunswick; Nova +Scotia; Prince Edward Island; Cape Breton. =Bib.=: _See_ under foregoing +titles. + +=Markland, George H.= =R= Member of Legislative Council, Upper Canada, +and of Board of Education, 58. + +=Marquette, Jacques= (1637-1675). Born at Laon, in the north of France. +Joined the Society of Jesus about 1654, and sailed for Canada, 1666. +Sent to the Upper Lakes, 1668, and stationed at La Pointe, near the +western end of Lake Superior, 1670. Here he heard from the Illinois of a +great river flowing far to the south, and was filled with an ardent +desire to explore it. His opportunity came two years later, when he was +chosen by the Intendant Talon to accompany Louis Jolliet on his +memorable exploration of the Mississippi, 1673. Descending the river to +the mouth of the Arkansas, and satisfying themselves that it flowed +neither into the Atlantic nor the Gulf of California, but into the Gulf +of Mexico, they returned to Green Bay, arriving in Sept. 1673. Marquette +remained at the mission of De Pere until 1675, when he established a +mission at Kaskaskia, on the Illinois. His strength had been broken by +the difficult journey of 1673, and on his return from Kaskaskia to +Michilimackinac, died on the shore of Lake Michigan, May 18, 1675. In +the winter of 1676 his bones were brought to Michilimackinac and buried +there. =Index=: =F= Accompanies Jolliet in his explorations, 155. =L= +One of the founders of mission at Sault Ste. Marie, 11; follows course +of Mississippi, 11, 146; accompanies Jolliet in his explorations, 59; +his death, 146. =WM= Descends the Mississippi with Jolliet, 19. =Bib.=: +Shea, _Discovery and Exploration of the Mississippi Valley_; Griffin, +_Discovery of the Mississippi_; Parkman, _La Salle_; Breese, _Early +History of Illinois_; Sparks, _American Biography_, ser. 1, vol. 10. + +=Marriages.= =W= Dissenting ministers forbidden to perform ceremony in +New Brunswick, 14, 15; the Dissenters' Marriage Bill, 14, 15; question +settled in 1834, 16. =F= Stimulated by civil authorities, 57. =S= +Question of, in Upper Canada, 85-88, 161. + +=Marriott, Sir James= (1730?-1803). Advocate general, 1764; +vice-chancellor, 1767; sat in Parliament for Sudbury, 1781-1784, and +1796-1802. =Index=: His views on question of Canadian laws, 62; examined +in connection with the Quebec Act, 63, 69. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Marshall, John George= (1786-1880). Born in Nova Scotia. Educated at +Halifax, and called to the bar, 1808. Represented Sydney in the Nova +Scotia Assembly, 1811-1823. Subsequently appointed chief-justice of the +Court of Common Pleas. Died in Halifax. =Bib.=: _Brief History of Events +in Nova Scotia during the Earliest Years of the Present Century_. + +=Marsolet, Nicolas= (1587-1677). Came to Canada from France about 1608, +and for many years an interpreter for the Montagnais and Algonquian +tribes. In 1629, when Kirke took Quebec, deserted to the English. +=Index=: =Ch= Accompanies Champlain to Quebec, 41; joins Algonquians to +learn their language, 63; interpreter of Algonquian language, 144; sides +with the Kirkes, 194; subsequent career, 203. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Pioneers +of France_. + +=Marteilhe.= =Dr= Appointed judge, 183. + +=Martial Law.= =Bk= Question respecting, 226. =Hd= Canada under, for +four years after conquest, 41, 43; abolished, 59; Haldimand's opinion +of, for Florida, 65; at Vincennes, 93; not strictly enforced by +Haldimand, 275. + +=Martin, Abraham= (1589-1664). Born in Scotland. Came to Canada in 1614, +having married Marguerite Langlois the previous year. Engaged as a pilot +at Quebec. In 1635 granted lands on the heights of Quebec by the Hundred +Associates, and in 1648 and 1652 received further gifts of land from +Adrien Duchesne. =Index=: =WM= First proprietor of Plains of Abraham, +186. =Ch= Early settler, 145, 146; his property, 147. =Bib.=: Doughty, +_Siege of Quebec_; Wood, _Fight for Canada_. + +=Martin, Anne.= =Ch= Daughter of Abraham Martin, 146. + +=Martin, Charles Amador.= =Ch= Priest, 146. + +=Martin (or Marten), Sir Henry= (1562-1641). Born in London. Educated at +Oxford. Sent to the Palatinate, 1613; chancellor of London diocese, +1616; judge of the Admiralty Court, 1617-1641. A member of the Court of +High Commission, 1620-1641. One of the commissioners appointed to +negotiate a settlement in Canadian affairs between England and France, +1629-1630. =Index=: =Ch= English commissioner in matter of Canada, 214. +=Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Martin, Joseph= (1852- ). Born in Milton, Ontario. Educated at the +public schools and at the Toronto Normal School. Taught school for a +time; studied law at Ottawa; removed to Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, +1882, and the same year called to the bar of Manitoba. Member of the +Manitoba Assembly, 1883-1892; attorney-general, 1888-1891; carried +through the Act abolishing separate schools in Manitoba, 1890. In 1891 +contested Selkirk for the House of Commons, but defeated; elected for +Winnipeg, 1893, but defeated, 1896. Removed to British Columbia, 1897; +elected to the British Columbia Assembly for Vancouver; subsequently +attorney-general and premier of the province. Removed to England, 1909, +and in same year contested Stratford-on-Avon for the British House of +Commons, but defeated; elected to represent East St. Pancras, London, +1910. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_; Ewart, _The +Manitoba School Question_. + +=Martin, Marguerite.= =Ch= Daughter of Abraham Martin, 146. + +=Martinez, Estevan Jose.= Accompanied Perez to North-West Coast in 1773 +as pilot. In 1788 sent again to the North-West Coast as joint commander +with De Haro of an expedition to watch the operations of the Russians; +the following year again sent north from Mexico in command of the +_Princessa_. Seized the _Iphigenia_ at Nootka, but afterwards released +it; fortified Hog Island near Friendly Cove, and took formal possession +of Nootka; also seized several other vessels at Nootka, and imprisoned +Captain Colnett. After carrying out some local explorations returned to +Mexico. =Index=: =D= Asserts Spanish sovereignty over Pacific, 28; at +Nootka, 28; seizes _Iphigenia_ and _North-West America_, and claims +Nootka by right of conquest, 28; claims disproved by Douglas, 28; +_Iphigenia_ released, but _North-West America_ retained, 29; seizes +_Princess Royal_ and _Argonaut_, 29. =Bib.=: Bancroft, _History of the +North-West Coast_. + +=Marylanders.= =Dr= Loyalists, commanded by Chalmers, 202. + +=Mascarene, Paul= (1684-1760). Born in Castras, in the south of France. +Educated at Geneva, and afterwards went to England; naturalized, 1706. +Entered the army, 1708; accompanied his regiment to America, 1710; took +part in the capture of Port Royal. Became lieutenant-colonel of +Philipps's regiment, and a member of the Council of Nova Scotia. +Lieutenant-governor of Annapolis, 1740, and administrator of the +government of the province until the arrival of Governor Cornwallis, +1749. Defended Annapolis against Du Vivier, 1744. Retired from active +service on account of advancing age; gazetted major-general. Lived in +Boston until his death. =Bib.=: _Selections from the Public Documents of +Nova Scotia_, ed. by Akins; Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_. _See +also_ Acadians, Expulsion of the. + +=Mascouten Indians.= An Algonquian tribe. The name means "Little prairie +people." They were known to the French as _Nation du feu_. First +mentioned by Champlain in 1616; Perrot visited their village, near Fox +River, Wis., some time before 1669. They were also seen by Allouez in +1670, and by Marquette in 1673. Always a small tribe, they disappeared +entirely before the end of the eighteenth century. =Bib.=: Hodge, +_Handbook of American Indians_. + +=Maseres, Francis= (1731-1824). Born in London. Educated at Cambridge. +In 1766 appointed attorney-general of Quebec, holding the position until +1769. Returned to England and was cursitor baron of the Exchequer, +1773-1824, and in 1780 became senior judge of the Sheriff's Court, +London. =Index=: =Dr= Attorney-general, of Huguenot descent, conducts +prosecution in Walker Case, 37; called upon to report on a system of +law for the country, 41; goes to England, 56; opposed to Carleton and +others on question of Canadian laws, 62; called as witness in connection +with Quebec Act, 63; evidence before House of Commons, 68. =Hd= Supports +Du Calvet, 290, 291, 305; mentioned by MacLean, 310; his opinion of +Mabane, 315. =Bib.=: Works: _Account of the Proceedings of the British +and other Protestant Inhabitants of the Province of Quebec, in Order to +Obtain an House of Assembly_; _Additional Papers Concerning the Province +of Quebec_; _Canadian Freeholder_; _Collection of Commissions, etc., +Relating to the Province of Quebec_; _Occasional Essays_. For biog., +_see Dict. Nat. Biog._; Bradley, _The Making of Canada_. + +=Massachusetts.= =F= Charter of, declared null and void, 264; takes lead +in expedition against Quebec, 277. =Bk= War of 1812 unpopular in, 208. + +=Masse, Enemond= (1574-1646). Born in France. Entered the Society of +Jesus, 1596. In 1611 went to Port Royal (Annapolis); and later to Mount +Desert Island, where he established a mission and built a fort. In 1613 +Captain Samuel Argall (_q.v._), attacked the fort, and Masse and most of +the colonists were taken prisoners. In 1614 went to France; returned in +1625, and spent the remainder of his life in mission work among the +Algonquians and Montagnais. Taken prisoner at Quebec in 1629, but +afterwards released. =Index=: =Ch= Jesuit, 152; returns to college of La +Fleche, 207; returns to Canada, 228. =Bib.=: Charlevoix, _History of New +France_; Parkman, _Old Regime_; Murdoch, _History of Nova Scotia_. + +=Masson, Louis Francois Rodrigue= (1833-1903). Born at Terrebonne. +Entered Parliament in 1867 as member for Terrebonne; minister of militia +and defence, 1878; president of the Council, 1880; called to the Senate, +1882; lieutenant-governor of Quebec, 1884; again called to the Senate, +1890. =Bib.=: _Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest_. For biog., +_see_ Morgan, _Can. Men_. + +=Mather, Cotton= (1663-1728). =F= On failure of Phipps's expedition, +302; on rescue of some men cast ashore on Anticosti, 304. =Bib.=: _Cyc. +Am. Biog._ + +=Matheron.= =L= Steward of abbey of Maubec, 137. + +=Mathews, Peter.= =Mc= Executed, 435; monument to, 436. + +=Mathews, Robert.= =Hd= English secretary to Haldimand, 245, 305; signs +order for arrest of Du Calvet, 286; sails for England with Haldimand, +309; on Mrs. Fairchild, 314; Haldimand's interest in, 331; returns to +Canada as aide-de-camp to Lord Dorchester, 332; sent to Detroit as +lieutenant-governor, 332; receives bequest from Haldimand, 342. + +=Maubec, Abbey of.= =L= Revenues of, assigned to bishopric of Quebec, +131, 132, 136, 137. + +=Maupassant.= =F= Recollet father, Frontenac's confessor, 165. + +=Maurelle, Francisco Antonio.= Sailed to the North-West Coast with +Quadra in 1775, and again in 1779. Embodied the results of the +explorations in several charts of the coast with explanatory text, which +were published in Mexico and also in London. His journal of the 1775 +expedition published in Barrington's _Miscellany_, 1781. Commanded the +_Princessa_, 1781-1782, on a voyage from Manilla to San Bias. =Index=: +=D= On North-West Coast, 15. =Bib.=: Walbran, _British Columbia Coast +Names_; Bancroft, _History of the North-West Coast_. + +=Maxwell, Colonel.= =W= Sent to frontier with troops in 1839, 135. + +=May, Sir Humphrey= (1573-1630). Born in England. Educated at Oxford. In +1604 groom of the King's privy chamber; in 1618 surveyor of the Court of +Wards, and chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster; and in 1625 privy +councillor; in 1629 one of the commissioners appointed to negotiate a +settlement in North American affairs between England and France. +=Index=: =Ch= English commissioner in matter of Canada, 214. =Bib.=: +_Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=May, Sir Thomas Erskine.= _See_ Farnborough. + +=Meade, George Gordon= (1815-1872). In 1865-1866 commanded the military +division of the Atlantic, during which period prevented the Fenians from +making Eastport, Maine, the base of operations against New Brunswick. +=Index=: =T= Sent to check Fenians, 107. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._ + +=Meares, John= (1756-1809). Born in England. Entered the navy, 1776, and +served against the French until 1783. Entered the merchant service, +1783, and explored the coast of Alaska, 1786. Explored and surveyed the +north-west coast of America, 1789. =Index=: =D= Winters 1786-1787 in +Prince William Sound, 22; half his crew die of scurvy, 22; voyage of +1788, and his connection with "Nootka Affair," 26; at Canton, 1788, 27; +expedition to North-West Coast, 27; at Nootka, 27; purchases land from +Maquinna for fur-trading post, 27; builds _North-West America_, at +Nootka,--first ship launched in what is now British Columbia, 28; +explores coast southwards, 28; enters and examines Strait of Juan de +Fuca, and takes possession for Great Britain, 28; sails for China, 28. +=Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Medley, John= (1804-1892). Born in London, England. Graduated at +Oxford, 1826; ordained priest, 1829; vicar of St. John's, Truro, 1831; +of St. Thomas, Exeter, 1838, and prebendary of Exeter cathedral, 1842. +Elected first bishop of Fredericton, New Brunswick, 1845; metropolitan +of Canada, 1879. =Bib.=: Mockridge, _The Bishops of the Church of +England in Canada and Newfoundland_; Dent, _Can. Por._ + +=Meech, Lieutenant.= =WM= Makes reconnaissance of Island of Orleans, 92. + +=Meilleur, Jean Baptiste= (1795-1878). Born in St. Laurent, near +Montreal. Educated at the College of St. Sulpice, Montreal; studied law, +and, later, medicine. Elected to the Assembly, 1834, and appointed +superintendent of public instruction by Sir Charles Bagot, 1842. Held +this position for fifteen years, during which time forty-five +educational institutions were established. In 1862 appointed postmaster +of Montreal. One of the founders of the College of L'Assomption. +=Index=: =BL= Appointed superintendent of public instruction by Bagot, +115. =Bib.=: Bibaud, _Dict. Hist._ and _Pan. Can._ + +=Melbourne, William Lamb, second Viscount= (1779-1848). Born in London, +England. Educated at Eton, Cambridge, and Glasgow. Entered Parliament, +1805; Irish secretary under Canning, 1827, and under Wellington, 1828; +and in 1830-1834 home secretary under Grey; for a few months in 1834, +prime minister. In 1835 again became prime minister and retained office +for six years; from 1837 to 1841 acted as adviser to the young Queen +Victoria. =Index=: =Sy= Becomes prime minister, 45; dismissed by the +king, 45; recalled to power, 46; weakness of his government, 47; his +estimate of Poulett Thomson, 6; resigns, 56; returns to office, 57; +Cabinet reorganized, 57. =W= Negotiations _re_ New Brunswick crown +lands, 37. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; _Letters of Queen Victoria_. + +=Melville, Henry Dundas, first Viscount= (1742-1811). Sat for +Midlothian, 1774-1790, and for Edinburgh, 1790-1802; home secretary, +1791-1794; secretary of war, 1794-1801; first lord of admiralty, +1804-1805. =Index=: =S= Secretary of state, thought Simcoe's educational +schemes premature, 169. =Dr= Colonial secretary, disapproves of +Dorchester's speech to Miami Indians, 283. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Melville, Henry Dundas, third Viscount= (1801-1876). Served through +Rebellion of 1837. General, 1868. =Index=: =Mc= Defends Windmill Point, +443; accepts Van Schoultz's surrender, 444. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Membertou, Henry= (1510?-1611). Micmac sagamore; became a convert to +Christianity in extreme old age. In 1604 De Monts and his band of +colonists landed in Acadia, and the chief received them hospitably. +Assisted the French against hostile Indians, and in 1607 with a force of +Micmacs defeated the Armouchiquois Indians. In 1610 baptized, with his +family and other Indians; and was counted a zealous son of the church. +Is reputed to have been over a hundred years of age at his death. +=Index=: =Ch= Aged Indian who claimed to have known Jacques Cartier, 36. +=Bib.=: Parkman, _Pioneers of France_. + +=Membre, Zenobius= (1645-1687). Born in France. The first novice in the +Recollet province of St. Anthony. In 1675 came to Canada; in 1679 a +member of La Salle's expedition to the West; and in 1682 accompanied La +Salle on his voyage down the Mississippi. In 1684 again associated with +La Salle on his second expedition to the mouth of the Mississippi. +Killed at Fort St. Louis, in an Indian attack. =Index=: =L= Recollet +missionary, 149, 150. =Bib.=: Parkman, _La Salle_. + +=Menneval, Robineau de.= Governor of Acadia in 1689, with headquarters +at Port Royal. In 1690 Port Royal was attacked by the English, and after +vainly attempting to defend it, captured and sent as prisoner to +England. =Index=: =F= Governor of Acadia, 272; surrenders to Phipps, +274; carried prisoner to Boston, 276; released, 277. =Bib.=: Charlevoix, +_History of New France_; Murdoch, _History of Nova Scotia_. + +=Mercier, Honore= (1840-1894). Born at Ste. Athanase, Quebec. Educated +at the Jesuit College, Montreal. In 1865 called to the Quebec bar; and +in 1872 elected to the Dominion Parliament for Rouville. In 1879 +appointed solicitor-general in the Quebec provincial Assembly; and in +1883 elected member for St. Hyacinthe, and liberal leader in the House. +In 1887 premier of Quebec and held office until Dec. 15, 1891, when the +ministry was dismissed because of the Baie de Chaleur Railway scandal. +Introduced the Jesuits' Estates Act in the Quebec Legislature. =Index=: +=C= One of the founders of _Le Parti National_ and its organ _Le +National_, 30; eulogizes the clergy, 30. =Md= Heads an agitation in +favour of Riel, 243; incorporates the Society of Jesus, 286; introduces +and passes the Jesuits' Estates Act in Quebec Legislature, 186, 287. +=Bib.=: Legendre, _Honore Mercier_ in _Men of the Day_; Willison, _Sir +Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party_. + +=Mercury.= Newspaper of Quebec, established, 1805. =Index=: =BL= Voices +sentiments of dominant faction in Lower Canada, 20. =P= Antagonistic +attitude to French-Canadians, 28; makes merry at expense of Papineau's +followers, 122-123. =Bk= Editor of, forced to apologize to Legislative +Assembly, 93; opinions expressed in, 93, 116. + +=Meredith, Sir William Collis= (1812-1894). Born in Dublin, Ireland. +Emigrated to Canada; in 1836 called to the bar of Montreal, and in 1844 +appointed Q. C. From 1849 to 1859 a judge of the Superior Court for the +province of Quebec; in 1859-1866 judge of the Queen's Bench; in 1866 +chief justice of the Superior Court; retired in 1884. During Lord +Elgin's administration as governor-general of Canada (1847-1854), one of +the judges of the Seigniorial Court. In 1886 knighted. =Index=: =E= +Member of Seigniorial Court, 187. + +=Meredith, Sir William Ralph= (1840- ). Born in the county of Middlesex, +Ontario. Educated at the London District Grammar School, and at the +University of Toronto. Studied law, and called to the bar, 1861. Sat in +the Ontario Assembly, 1872-1894; leader of the opposition, 1878-1894. +Appointed chief justice of the Common Pleas Division of the High Court +of Justice, 1894. Knighted, 1896. Chancellor of the University of +Toronto. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_. + +=Merritt, William Hamilton= (1793-1862). Born in Westchester County, New +York. Came to Canada with his parents, 1796. Served during the war of +1812-1814; took part in the capture of Detroit and the battles of +Queenston Heights, Stony Creek, and Lundy's Lane. The principal promoter +of the Welland Canal, opened in 1830. In 1832 elected to the Legislative +Assembly; and in 1845 projected the Niagara Falls suspension bridge. In +1848 president of the Council in the La Fontaine-Baldwin administration; +in 1850 commissioner of public works; and in 1860 member of the +Legislative Council. =Index=: =Bk= Commands troop of cavalry at +Queenston Heights, 310. =E= Elected in 1848, 50; Welland Canal due to +his enterprise, 97; a member of the La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 97. +=Mc= President of Welland Canal, 265; sues Mackenzie for libel, 265. +=Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; Merritt, _Hon. W. H. +Merritt_. + +=Mesnard, Father.= =L= Death of, 11. + +=Mesnu, Peuvret de.= =L= Clerk of the Sovereign Council, 158, 167. + +=Mesplet, Fleury.= =Hd= Publisher of first books printed in Canada, 276; +founder of Montreal _Gazette_, 276; publishes scurrilous sheet in +French, and is arrested, 277. =S= Prints Simcoe's first proclamation, +80, 173. + +=Metaberoutin.= _See_ St. Maurice River. + +=Metcalfe, Charles Theophilus, Baron= (1785-1846). Born in Calcutta, +India. Educated at Eton. Resident of Delhi, 1811-1820; in 1820-1827 +resident of Hyderabad; and member of the Supreme Council of India, 1827. +Provisional governor-general, 1835-1836; and lieutenant-governor of the +North-West Provinces, 1836-1838; governor of Jamaica, 1839-1842. In 1843 +appointed governor-general of Canada, and held the position until 1845. +=Index=: =Sy= Did not believe that Sydenham was really in favour of +responsible government, 312; his reactionary policy, 313. =C= On the +union of 1841, 14-15; his high-handedness, 17; his political schemes, +18; constitutional battle with La Fontaine as to meaning of ministerial +responsibility, 97. =R= Ryerson's defence of, 126, 129-130, 163; +opposition to, 126-131; confers with Ryerson on popular education, 163. +=B= Reasons for his selection as governor, 18-19; Hincks on, 18-19; +rupture with his advisers, 19; his character and attitude towards +responsible government, 19-20, 23, 24; defended by Ryerson, 22; wins +elections, 26; leaves Canada, 27; his death, 27; Brown refuses to drink +his health, 27-28. =H= His narrow views and arbitrary conduct, delays +full development of responsible government, 55. =BL= The great political +controversy during his administration, x; on responsible government, +138; his arrival in Kingston, reception, and appearance, 155; his +character and views on representative government, 156-166; his birth, +158; difficulties of his position, 166-168; relations with Baldwin and +La Fontaine, 169-176; 199-214; defended by Daly and MacNab, 214-215; +forms provisional government, 216; defended by Wakefield, 219, 220; +agitation of the Reform Association, 221-223; attacked by the _Globe_, +224, 225; public addresses, 226-228; supported by Stanley, the colonial +secretary, in his quarrel with the Reformers, 230-234; and by Lord John +Russell, Peel, and Buller, 234-235; attempts to form a Cabinet, 235-236; +defended by Ryerson, 240-242; Sullivan's reply, 243-244; Ryerson's +rejoinder, 245-246; forms Cabinet, 246-247; uses personal influence in +elections, 1844, 249-250; wins the election, 250; elevation to peerage, +256-257; his recall, 263, 265; his illness and death, 265; succeeded by +Cathcart, 265; his mistaken policy, 272, 274, 285; refuses La Fontaine's +request for amnesty, 288, 291; and Baldwin's University Bill, 293; and +the Indemnification Bill, 308; La Fontaine's reference to, in his +farewell speech, 356. =E= Succeeds Bagot as governor-general, 32; his +defects as governor, 32, 33, 39; comes into conflict with La Fontaine +and Baldwin, 33-34; his views on patronage, 34-35; attempts to form a +ministry, 35-36, 66, 119; and Ryerson, 36, 90; Kaye's views on, 36; +raised to peerage, 37; his death, 37; Macaulay on, 37-38; Hincks on, 38; +succeeded by Cathcart, 38; and the Rebellion Losses question, 64; rebels +allowed to return from exile, 91. =Md= Succeeds Sir Charles Bagot as +governor-general of Canada, 18; previous appointments, 18; disagrees +with Baldwin and La Fontaine on question of patronage, 18, 19; +difficulty in forming administration, 19; his high-handed policy, 20; +carries on government with three ministers, 20; his administration +sustained in general election, 21; resigns, 24; leaves Canada, 24, 25. +=W= New Brunswick House of Assembly presents address to, 74; attacked by +Wilmot and Fisher, 74; addresses from St. John and county of York, +74-75; his unconstitutional attitude, 75, 76. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. +Biog._; Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; Kaye, _Life and +Correspondence of Lord Metcalfe_; Ryerson, _Story of my Life_; Pope, +_Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald_. + +=Methodist Church in Canada.= Can be traced back to 1772, when a party +of Yorkshire Methodists settled in Nova Scotia. The first provincial +Methodist Conference was held at Halifax in 1786. In 1814 the British +Conference appointed missionaries to Quebec and Montreal; and in 1807 +the first Methodist Conference was held at Elizabethtown (Brockville). +In 1828 the Canada Conference became independent of the Methodist +Episcopal Church of the United States; and in 1833 the Canada Methodist +Episcopal Church united with the British Wesleyans. In 1874 the Wesleyan +Methodist Conference of Canada, the Canadian Wesleyan New Connexion +Conference, and the Wesleyan Conference of Eastern British America +became one as the Methodist Church of Canada. The first session of the +General Conference was held the same year. In 1883 the Primitive +Methodist Church and the Methodist Episcopal Church also became part of +the Methodist Church in Canada. =Index=: =R= History of church in +Canada, 38; without civil rights, 40; independent Canadian church +established, 81; English Methodism in Canada, 87; Wesleyan missionaries, +89; Canadian bodies united, 287-288. =S= Bishop Mountain's low opinion +of Methodist preachers in Upper Canada, 159; their earnest labours, +162-164. =Bib.=: Sanderson, _The First Century of Methodism in Canada_; +Ryerson, _Canadian Methodism_; Carman, _Historical Sketch of Canadian +Methodism_ in _Canada: An Ency._, vol. 2. + +=Methye Portage.= Also known as Portage La Loche. Named after the methye +or loche (_Lota maculosa_), which has always been abundant in +neighbouring waters. This portage was an important point in the palmy +days of the fur trade. It leads from the Churchill to the Clearwater, +and so to the Athabaska and the immense systems of northern and western +waterways that lie beyond. It was noted for its beautiful scenery, which +has been described or mentioned by Mackenzie, Franklin, Back, and other +northern travellers. It was first crossed by Peter Pond in 1778. The +route has now been abandoned for some years, supplies for the northern +posts of the Hudson's Bay Company being transported overland from +Edmonton to Athabaska Landing, and thence down the Athabaska. =Bib.=: +Burpee, _Search for the Western Sea_; Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_. + +=Metiomegne.= =L= Algonquian chief, joins Dollard at Long Sault, 69. + +=Metis.= =Md= Or Half-breeds, view with alarm the prospect of annexation +of territories to Canada, 157; their complaints as to division of lands, +240; their sympathy with Riel, 243. + +=Meulles, Chevalier Jacques de.= Intendant of New France, 1682-1686. The +son of Francois Meulles, seignior of the forest of Montpensier, in +Poitou; held the office of grand bailiff, or magistrate, of Orleans, +before coming to Canada. Married a sister of Michel Begon, intendant of +Rochefort, and father of Michel Begon, afterwards intendant of New +France. =Index=: =F= Intendant, opposed to popular representation, 69; +arrival of, 171; criticizes La Barre in despatches, 173, 174; on La +Barre's expedition against Senecas, 188; recalled, 207; visits Acadia, +and makes census, 271. =L= Succeeds Duchesneau as intendant, 68; +incapable and conceited, 186; the king's instructions to, 186, =Bib.=: +Roy, _Intendants de la Nouvelle-France_ (R. S. C., 1903); Parkman, +_Frontenac_. + +=Mexico.= =Ch= Visited and described by Champlain, 4. + +=Mezy, Augustin de Saffray, Chevalier de.= Governor of New France from +1663 until his death in 1665. =Index=: =F= Appointed governor on Laval's +recommendation, 48; quarrels with Laval, 50; death of, 50. =L= Governor, +sides with traders on the liquor question, 10; succeeds D'Avaugour, 41; +supports the bishop at first, and then quarrels with him, 51; death of, +51. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Frontenac_ and _Old Regime_. + +=Miami Indians.= A tribe of the Algonquian family, belonging chiefly to +what is now Wisconsin, where the French first came in contact with them +in 1690. After 1700 many removed to Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, and +adjoining territory. In the colonial wars they fought indifferently on +both sides. In 1812 they served under Tecumseh with the British against +the Americans. =Index=: =Dr= Dorchester's speech to, 282. =Bib.=: Hodge, +_Handbook of American Indians_. + +=Miami River.= Rises in Hardin County, Ohio, and flowing south and +south-west for about 150 miles, enters the Ohio River, twenty miles west +of Cincinnati. =Index=: =S= General Wayne defeats Indians on, 139. + +=Michel, Jacques.= =Ch= Huguenot, violent conduct of, towards Father +Jean de Brebeuf, 201; his fate, 202. + +=Michigan Territory.= =Bk= Ceded to Britain with surrender of Detroit, +255, 260. + +=Michilimackinac.= A missionary station and fur-trading post, which +stood on the straits between Lakes Huron and Michigan. The name was +derived from an Algonquian tribe, the Mishinimaki, and in its original +form meant "Place of the big wounded person." The name is now shortened +to Mackinac. It was an important place throughout the period of French +rule in Canada; and was the scene of the famous massacre of 1763, +described by Alexander Henry, and by Parkman in his _Conspiracy of +Pontiac_. =Index=: =Bk= Resort of fur traders, 53; United States fort, +captured by Captain Roberts, 211. =S= Handed over to United States, 142. +=MS= Migration of French to, from Detroit, 12. =Hd= Situation of, 145, +153; Sinclair in charge at, 158; an expensive fort to maintain, 161, +163; plan for settling Loyalists near, 259; Haldimand's determination +regarding defence of, 260; surrender of, in 1796, 262. =Bib.=: Kelton, +_Annals of Fort Mackinac_; Parkman, _Conspiracy of Pontiac_; Lucas, +_Canadian War of 1812_. + +=Micmac Indians.= An Algonquian tribe, called by the French, Souriquois. +Their habitat was in Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and northern New +Brunswick. Visited by Cabot in 1497; and by Corte-Real in 1501. They +were for a long time bitterly hostile to the British. In 1611 they +numbered about 3000; and their population in 1884 was given as 4000. +=Index=: =WM= Indian tribe, enemies of the English, 16; =H= Howe +interests himself in their welfare, 245; his report on their condition, +246. =Bib.=: Biard, _Relation_, 1616; Rand, _Micmac Dictionary_; Hodge, +_Handbook of American Indians_. + +=Middleton, Sir Frederick Dobson= (1825-1898). Born in Belfast, Ireland. +Educated at Sandhurst, and entered the army, 1842. Served in India +during the mutiny, 1857-1858. In 1868 stationed in Canada; and in 1884 +general in command of the militia of Canada. In 1885 commanded the +Canadian troops during the Riel Rebellion, and, for his services in +suppressing it, knighted and received a grant of $20,000. Appointed, +1896, keeper of the crown jewels in the Tower of London. _See_ Riel +Rebellion, 1885. =Index=: =Md= Commands troops sent to quell Riel +Rebellion, 242. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; Denison, _Soldiering in +Canada_. + +=Milan Decree.= =Bk= Issued by Napoleon in 1808, 110; disastrous effects +of, 110-111; 171, 172. =Bib.=: _Dict. Eng. Hist._ + +=Milbank Sound.= West coast of British Columbia, north of Queen +Charlotte Sound, and south of Princess Royal Island. Named in 1788 by +Captain Charles Duncan, of the _Princess Royal_, after Vice-admiral Mark +Milbanke. =Index=: =D= Natives of, attack the _Atahualpa_, 1805, and +kill the captain, mate, and six seamen, 37. =Bib.=: Walbran, _British +Columbia Coast Names_. + +=Militia and Defence.= =WM= Militia in Canada raised by conscription and +receive no pay, 30; composition of military forces, 29-30; desertions, +119. =Dr= French-Canadian militia called out, 86; their unwillingness to +serve, 87; their good behaviour at Quebec, 111, 124, 144; lose +confidence in British regulars as result of American war, 242; strongly +object to being enrolled, 278, 290; Militia Bill of 1777 disliked by +_habitants_, 186. =Bk= Military roads in Upper Canada, 52; military +posts in Upper Canada, 53-59; militia organization in Upper and Lower +Canada, 190; Brock's commendation of militia in general order, 212. =S= +Passage of Militia Act of Upper Canada, 91. =C= Militia reorganized +after Trent affair, and again after Confederation, 87; Cartier's +interest in, 87-88, 110. =E= Under French regime, 177-178; Elgin's views +on colonial defence, 209-210. =B= Government defeated on Militia Bill of +1862, 142; its terms, 142; disappointment in England over, 142; question +of defence one of forces leading towards Confederation, 142, 147, 181, +182; debate in House of Lords on Canadian defence, 181, 183-184; scheme +of defence, 184-185, 186; improved militia system advocated by Canada +First Association, 236. =Md= Bill defeated for better organization of, +88; militia organized, 151. + +=Mill, John Stuart= (1806-1873). English philosopher. =Index=: =Sy= +Sydenham's acquaintance with, 13. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Miller, James Andrew= (1839-1886). Born in Galt, Ontario. Called to the +bar, 1863; judge of the Court of Queen's Bench for Manitoba, 1880-1882; +attorney-general of Manitoba, 1882-1885; prepared, along with Oliver +Mowat, the special case on the boundaries of Ontario and Manitoba for +submission to the Privy Council; registrar-general of titles of +Manitoba, 1885. + +=Miller, William.= =H= Anti-Confederationist, changes his views, and +moves resolution authorizing Nova Scotia delegates to frame +Confederation scheme in London, 179; brings action against Annand for +libel, 188. + +=Millet, Pierre= (1635-1708). Born at Bourges, France. Came to Canada, +1667; sent to the Onondaga mission the following year; and in 1672 to +Oneida, where he remained until 1686, labouring with characteristic +devotion among his savage flock. Met Denonville at Cataraqui in 1686, +and, as a result of the governor's expedition against the Iroquois, +unjustly suspected by the Oneidas of being implicated. Captured by a +war-party at Cataraqui, in 1689, and carried back to Oneida as a +prisoner. The Oneidas threatened to kill him, but he was finally +released, and adopted into the tribe. Remained at Oneida until 1694, +when he returned to Quebec, where he spent his latter years. =Index=: +=F= Tortured by Oneida Indians, 216. =L= On the Christian character of +Garakontie, 73. =Bib.=: Campbell, _Pioneer Priests of North America_. + +=Mills, David= (1831-1903). Born in the township of Orford, Kent County, +Ontario. Educated at the University of Michigan. Taught school for +several years; afterwards inspector of schools for Kent County until +1865. In 1867 entered the Dominion Parliament; and in 1876-1878 minister +of the interior in Mackenzie administration. In 1883 called to the bar +of Ontario; practised in London; and created Q. C., 1890. Appointed to +the Senate, 1896; minister of justice in the Laurier administration, +1897; justice of the Supreme Court of Canada, 1901-1903. =Index=: =Md= +On national policy, 224. =Bib.=: Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._; Morgan, _Can. +Men_. + +=Milnes, Sir Robert Shore= (1746-1836). Born in England. Entered the +army. In 1795 governor of the island of Martinique; in 1799 appointed +lieutenant-governor of Lower Canada; and during the absence of Gen. +Robert Prescott acting governor; retired, 1803. =Index=: =P= His +governorship marked by bitter relations between French and English in +Lower Canada, 27. =Bk= Lieutenant-governor of Lower Canada, 34, 45; +distrusted French-Canadians, 47. =Bib.=: Christie, _History of Lower +Canada_. + +=Minchin, George.= =W= Appointed to New Brunswick Council, 69. + +=Minto, Gilbert John Murray Kynynmond Elliot, Earl= (1847- ). Educated +at Eton and Cambridge, and entered the army, 1867. Served with the +Turkish army, 1877; in the Afghan War, 1879; private secretary to Lord +Roberts at the Cape, 1881; took part in the Egyptian campaign, 1882. +Military secretary to the Marquis of Lansdowne when governor-general of +Canada, 1883-1885; and in 1885 served through the Riel Rebellion as +chief of staff to General Middleton. Governor-general of Canada, +1898-1904; viceroy of India, 1905-1910. =Index=: =Md= On Louis Riel, +240. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_. + +=Miristou.= =Ch= Montagnais chief, 159. + +=Miscou.= An island on the southern side of the entrance to the Baie de +Chaleur. Name probably of Indian origin. First appears in Champlain's +narrative. It was the reputed home of the Gougou, a very remarkable +monster, described by Champlain. Cartier sighted the island in 1534, +when sailing into the Baie de Chaleur. He named Miscou Point, Cap +d'Esperance. A Basque establishment is mentioned here as early as 1623; +and in 1645 Nicolas Denys built a fort about the same place, having +secured a concession from the Company of Miscou. =Index=: =Ch= French +habitation at, seized by Kirke, 177; Jesuit mission at, 234, 235. +=Bib.=: Ganong, _Place-Nomenclature of New Brunswick_ (R. S. C., 1896); +Denys, _Acadia_, ed. by Ganong; Dawson, _St. Lawrence Basin_. + +=Mississagua Indians.= A tribe of Algonquian stock. They are named on +Galinee's map of 1670 as occupying the north shore of Lake Huron, about +the mouth of Thessalon River. Some were at the mission of Sault Ste. +Marie, 1670-1673. After the great Iroquois raid of 1650, they scattered +to the north country. A hundred years later, some of the tribe were +found on the borders of Lake Ontario. They had been absorbed by the +Iroquois in 1746. About seven hundred are now living on reservations in +Ontario. =Index=: =Hd= Engage in ginseng trade, 148; lands purchased +from, 265. =Bib.=: Chamberlain, _Notes on the History, Customs and +Beliefs of the Mississaguas_; Pilling, _Bibliography of the Algonquian +Languages; Jesuit Relations_, ed. by Thwaites. + +=Mississagua Point.= =Bk= At entrance to Niagara River, lighthouse, +dockyard, and a fort at, 58. + +=Mississippi River.= Rises in northern Minnesota, its chief source being +Itasca Lake, and enters the Gulf of Mexico, after a course of 2550 +miles. It was discovered by the Spaniards, early in the sixteenth +century. De Soto explored the lower part of the river, and died on its +banks in 1541. Radisson was probably the first white man to see its +upper waters, in 1659. Jean Nicolet reached Wisconsin River in 1634, but +did not descend it to the Mississippi. Jolliet and Marquette in 1673 +reached the Mississippi, and descended as far as the mouth of the +Arkansas. In 1682 La Salle descended the river from the mouth of the +Illinois to the Gulf of Mexico. Its headwaters were discovered by David +Thompson, of the North West Company, in 1798. =Index=: =WM= Exploration +of, 19. =L= Exploration of, 145; La Salle reaches mouth of, 150; taken +possession of, in name of king of France, 151. =Hd= Proposed canal route +to, 77. =Bib.=: Lippincott's _Gazetteer of the World_; Parkman, _La +Salle_; Chambers, _The Mississippi River and its Wonderful Valley_. + +=Mitchell, Peter= (1824-1899). Born in Newcastle, New Brunswick. +Educated at the Newcastle Grammar School; called to the bar, 1848. +Engaged in the lumbering and shipbuilding trades. Elected to the +Assembly, 1856; appointed to the Legislative Council, 1860. Became a +member of the government, 1858. A strong advocate of Confederation. +Delegate to the Charlottetown, Quebec, and Westminster Conferences. +Premier of New Brunswick, 1865. Called to the Senate, 1867. Entered the +government of Sir John A. Macdonald as minister of marine and fisheries, +1867. Resigned from the Senate, 1874, and elected to the House of +Commons. Defeated, 1878, but again elected, 1882; defeated at general +election of 1896. Appointed inspector of fisheries for Quebec, New +Brunswick, and Nova Scotia, 1897. For some years after 1885, proprietor +and editor of the _Montreal Herald_. =Index=: =B= Forms government in +New Brunswick favourable to Confederation, 188. =H= Accompanies Sir John +Macdonald to Halifax in 1868, 210. =Md= Minister of marine and fisheries +in first Dominion Cabinet, 135, 138; supports route along Gulf of St. +Lawrence for Intercolonial Railway, 152-153. =T= Delegate to Quebec in +Intercolonial Railway Conference, 56; attends Quebec Conference, 77; +forms ministry in New Brunswick, 104-105; delegate to England _re_ +Confederation, 140-141; in first Dominion ministry, 128, 129. =Bib.=: +Works: _Notes of a Holiday Trip_; _Review of President Grant's Message +Relative to Canadian Fisheries_. For biog., _see_ Morgan, _Can. Men_; +Dent, _Last Forty Years_. + +=Moberley, Walter.= =D= Associated with Edgar Dewdney in building road +from Hope to Similkameen, British Columbia, 252-253. + +=Moffatt, George= (1787-1865). Born in England. Emigrated to Canada; and +engaged in business in Montreal. Served during the War of 1812. In 1831 +appointed to the Legislative Council of Lower Canada, being leader of +the British party in that house and a member of the Constitutional +Association. In 1841 elected for Montreal to the House of Assembly, and +in 1844 re-elected, retiring 1847. President of the British American +League, formed to oppose the annexation movement of 1849. =Index=: =Sy= +Member of Constitutional Association, 112; delegated to promote union of +provinces in Upper Canada, 112. =Bib.=: Taylor, _Brit. Am._; Christie, +_History of Lower Canada_. + +=Mohawk Indians.= A tribe of the Iroquois confederacy. Their villages +stood in the valley of the Mohawk River. From their position as the +easternmost of the Iroquois tribes, they came first in contact with both +the Dutch and English to the south and the French on the north. They +took a leading part in most of the wars between the Iroquois and the +French, as well as with other tribes. In the Revolutionary War they +sided with the British; and afterwards removed to Canada, settling +principally on Grand River, in the Niagara peninsula. _See also_ +Iroquois. =Index=: =L= Tracy marches against, 53. =Ch= (Agniers), +Iroquois tribe or nation, 50. =Dr= Join British forces, 88; easily +depressed by reverses, 99; Caughnawagas desert at St. Johns, 100. =Hd= +Loath at first to fight against the English colonists, 148; lands +allotted to, on Grand River, 258; payment made to, for land, 259; +education of, 265. =F= Attack Hurons on Island of Orleans, 41; +Courcelles leads expedition against, 52; Tracy leads a second, 53; +expedition against, 331. =Bib.=: Hodge, _Handbook of American Indians_; +Diefendorf, _The Historic Mohawk_. + +=Mohier, Gervais.= =Ch= Recollet, returns to France, 208. + +=Molson, John= (1787-1860). Born in Montreal. In 1837 a member of the +Special Council of Lower Canada; served during the Rebellion; in 1849 as +a protest against the passing of the Rebellion Losses Bill, signed, with +others, the Annexation Manifesto, and was in consequence relieved of his +commission as colonel of militia and justice of the peace. In +partnership with his brother William founded, in 1853, the Molsons Bank. +=Index=: =E= Signs Annexation Manifesto, 81. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. +Can._; Weir, _Sixty Years in Canada_. + +=Monck, Sir Charles Stanley, fourth Viscount= (1819-1894). Born in +Ireland. Educated at Trinity College, Dublin; and called to the Irish +bar, 1841. Entered Parliament, 1852; lord of the treasury, 1855-1858. In +1861 appointed governor-general of Canada and British North America; in +1867 governor-general of the Dominion of Canada; in 1868 resigned +office, after successfully inaugurating Confederation. In 1869 appointed +a member of the Imperial Privy Council. =Index=: =B= Attempts to secure +a ministry, 149; proposes coalition government, 151; his keen interest +in the negotiations prior to Confederation, 157; writes George Brown +urging him to join Cabinet, 157-158. =C= Enlists Tache in task of +forming a Cabinet, on advice of Cartier, 68; correspondence in regard to +Cartier's refusal of the C. B. decoration, 125-128. =Md= +Governor-general of Canada, 90; induces Brown to enter coalition +ministry, 121; calls on Macdonald to form a ministry, 122; impatient at +delay in Confederation, 123, 124; charges Macdonald with formation of a +government, 131; letter to, from Macdonald, in reference to election of +1872, 197. =T= Renders valuable assistance in Confederation scheme, 123; +entrusts Macdonald with formation of ministry, 128. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. +Biog._; Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; Pope, _Memoirs of Sir +John A. Macdonald_. + +=Monckton, Robert= (1726-1782). Born in England. Served in Flanders, +1742; sent to Nova Scotia, 1752, and appointed lieutenant-governor of +Annapolis Royal, 1754. In 1755 captured several French forts; in 1759 +brigadier-general, and served under Wolfe at the siege of Quebec, where +he was wounded. In 1761 promoted major-general, and made governor of New +York. In 1762 co-operated with Rodney in the expedition which resulted +in the capture of Martinique, Grenada, St. Lucia, and St. Vincent. +=Index=: =WM= Brigadier under Wolfe, character of, 74; occupies village +of Beaumont, 100; commands British left in battle of Montmorency, 134, +140, 142; moves up the river with his command to join fleet, 161; at St. +Nicholas, 165; Wolfe's bequest to, 175; commands British right in +battle of Plains, 189; wounded, 189. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_; +Campbell, _History of Quebec_; Wood, _The Fight for Canada_. + +=Mondelet, Charles Joseph Elzear= (1801-1877). Born in St. Charles, +Quebec. Educated at Nicolet and Montreal. In 1822 called to the bar of +Lower Canada; practised at Three Rivers and Montreal. Arrested in 1828 +and 1838 for political offences, but never brought to trial. In 1842 +district judge for Terrebonne, L'Assomption, and Berthier; in 1844 +circuit judge at Montreal; and judge of the Superior Court, 1849; +appointed judge of the Seigniorial Court, 1855, and in 1858 assistant +judge in Appeals, Court of Queen's Bench. =Index=: =E= Member of +Seigniorial Court, 187. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._ + +=Mondelet, Dominique.= =P= Called to the Council, 72; expelled from +Lower Canada Assembly, 72. + +=Monk, James.= =Dr= Attorney-general, his account of state of feeling +among French Canadians, 278. + +=Monmouth.= =S= Battle of, Simcoe at, 26; description of, 26-29. + +=Monro, Lieutenant-Colonel.= =WM= In command of Fort William Henry, 45; +despatch to, from Webb, intercepted by French, 46. =Bib.=: Bradley, _The +Fight with France_. + +=Monroe, James= (1758-1831). Fifth president of the United States. +=Index=: =Bk= United States representative in England, presents claims +on account of _Chesapeake_ matter, 84; United States secretary of state, +purchases the John Henry letters, 187. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._ + +=Monsabre, Father.= =L= On Laval University, 99. + +=Monseignat.= =F= Frontenac's secretary, 260, 297. + +=Montagnais Indians.= A tribe of Algonquian stock. Occupied the Saguenay +country in 1608, when Champlain visited Tadoussac, and acted as +intermediaries between the French and the tribes of the far north. They +defeated a party of Iroquois in 1610, with Champlain's assistance; but +paid bitterly for their success in later years, when the warriors of the +Five Nations hunted them relentlessly throughout all the region of their +northern fastnesses. In 1633 the Jesuits first established missions +among them, and laboured diligently for many years among this most +degraded of the Algonquian tribes. They are described in modern +narratives of exploration and travel in northern Quebec and Labrador. +=Index=: =Ch= Induced to cultivate land near Quebec, 159; allies of the +French, 162, 163; murders committed by, 164; give Champlain three young +girls to be educated, 165. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Pioneers of France_ and +_Jesuits in North America_; Pilling, _Bibliography of Algonquian +Languages_; Comeau, _Life and Sport on the North Shore of the Lower St. +Lawrence and Gulf_; Low, _Report on Labrador_ (Geol. Survey, 1895). + +=Montagne, Perche, France.= =Ch= Colonists from, 252. + +=Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley= (1689-1762). =WM= On death of Wolfe, 239. +=Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Montbeillard.= =WM= Receives note from Bougainville, 162; his letter to +Bougainville, 178. + +=Montcalm, Louis Joseph, Marquis de= (1712-1759). =WM= Seigneur de Saint +Veran, his appointment as commander-in-chief in New France, 1; his +friendship with Chevalier de Levis, 3; birth and descent of, 3; +education, 4; enters the army, 4; returns to Candiac, his birthplace, 5; +his marriage, 5; colonel of Auxerrois Regiment, 6; promoted to be +brigadier, 7; major-general with command of troops in North America, 7; +character of, 11; his expedition sails from Brest, 12; lands at Cap +Tourmente, 12; greatly interested in Quebec, 15; goes to Montreal to +meet Vaudreuil, 27; king's instructions made him subordinate to +Vaudreuil, 28; places troops of Fort Carillon under charge of Levis, 32; +goes to Fort Frontenac, 34; captures Oswego, 34; erects a cross in +commemoration of the event, 35; calls a general assembly of the Indian +warriors, 40-42; vainly endeavours to arrest massacre at Fort William +Henry, 50; destroys the fort, 51; reports to home government destitute +condition of country and army, 53; his victory at Fort Carillon, 54-61; +erects cross with Latin inscription, 61; inveterate hatred between him +and Vaudreuil, 62; returning to Quebec, finds nothing in readiness, 79; +summons meeting of naval men, 80; speaks of Vaudreuil as playing the +general, 83; promoted to rank of lieutenant-general, 84; sarcastic +entries in his journal, 87; makes manor of De Salaberry at Beauport his +headquarters, 94; his military prudence, 96; little confidence in +fireships, 98; prepares for an attack on Beauport side, 104; consults +Levis as to concentration of their forces, 106; not anxious to dislodge +British from left bank of Montmorency, 119; gains battle at the +Montmorency River, 138-141; accuses English of scalping, 150; +despondent, 151; letter to Bourlamaque, 157; rearranges his forces, 159; +thought cliff above Quebec inaccessible, 160; writes to Levis expressing +desire to have him near, 165; despondent but determined to hold out, +173; completely deceived by feint made by British at Beauport, 174; his +anxiety respecting boats bringing provisions, 175; learns that the +British have gained the heights, 187, 188; sends forward troops and +immediately follows, 188; orders all remaining troops forward, 190; +disregards Vaudreuil's request not to precipitate engagement, 193; his +action severely criticized, 193, 194; encourages his troops, 196; +mortally wounded, 201; consulted by Vaudreuil as to best course to +pursue, 212; carried into house of Dr. Arnoux, 218; his message to +Townshend, 219; death and burial, 220, 221; forgotten in France, +remembered and honoured in Canada, 239. =P= Causes of his defeat at +Quebec, 143. =Hd= At Carillon, 18; unable to take advantage of victory +there, 22; destroys fort at Oswego, 25; a forged letter of, 49; his +memory green with Canadians, 122; referred to in D'Estaing's appeal, +123. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_; Wood, _The Fight for Canada_; +Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_; Bradley, _The Fight with France_; +Bonnechose, _Montcalm et le Canada Francais_; Casgrain, _Montcalm et +Levis_; Martin, _Le Marquis de Montcalm_; Guerin, _Montcalm_; +_Manuscrits de Levis_, ed. by Casgrain, vols. 6 and 7. + +=Monteagle, Thomas Spring-Rice, Baron= (1790-1866). British statesman. +=Index=: =Sy= Chancellor of the Exchequer, 55, 56; elevated to the +peerage as Lord Monteagle, 57. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Montgomery, John=. =W= Becomes member of New Brunswick government, 72. +=T= Surveyor-general, 41. + +=Montgomery, John= (1783-1879). Born in Gagetown, New Brunswick. +Accompanied his father to York about 1799, where he settled. Served with +the York Volunteers during the War of 1812-1814. An active supporter of +the Reform party in Upper Canada. At outbreak of Rebellion of 1837 was a +boarder at the tavern, of which he was owner, on Yonge Street, Toronto. +Charged with treason and arrested; imprisoned at Fort Henry, but escaped +to the United States. After the passing of the Amnesty Act, returned to +Canada and appointed postmaster at Davidtown. =Index=: =Mc= Banished, +437; escapes from Fort Henry, 437; president of Association of Canadian +Refugees, 448. =Bib.=: Dent, _Upper Canadian Rebellion_. + +=Montgomery, Richard= (1736-1775). Born in Ireland. Entered the British +army, 1754, and in 1757 stationed at Halifax, Nova Scotia; served under +Wolfe at the siege of Louisbourg, and in 1759 in command of the force +that captured the French forts on Lake Champlain; in 1760 took part in +the campaign against Montreal; in 1775 joined the American +revolutionists; made brigadier-general, and in command of expedition to +Canada; after reducing the fortresses of St. Johns and Chambly, and +capturing Montreal, laid siege to Quebec, and on a final and +unsuccessful attack on Dec. 31, 1775, mortally wounded. =Index=: =Dr= +Commands American force on Lake Champlain, 96; his previous service in +British army, 97; captures fort at St. Johns, 102; greatly assisted by +boats captured from Carleton, 114; describes difficulty of taking +Quebec, 115; joins Arnold at Pointe-aux-Trembles, 116; his summons and +warning to Carleton, 118; despondent, 123; attacks Quebec, 125; his +death, 126; his body recovered from snow and buried, 132. =Hd= Captures +Montreal, 111; death of, 112; inhabitants neutral during attack of, 127. +=Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._; Bradley, _The Making of Canada_; Lucas, +_History of Canada_; Smith, _Our Struggle for the Fourteenth Colony_; +Jones, _The Campaign for the Conquest of Canada in 1776_. + +=Montigny, Abbe de.= =L= Title borne by Laval in his youth, 7, 19. + +=Montigny-sur-Avre.= =L= Birthplace of Laval, 17. + +=Montmagny, Charles Jacques Hualt de.= Came to Canada as governor, 1636. +Strongly opposed the settlement at Montreal, 1641-1642, but finding +Maisonneuve determined, accompanied him from Quebec, and gave his +official countenance to the founding of the new town; in 1642 built a +fort at the mouth of the Richelieu, where Sorel now stands, to check the +inroads of the Iroquois; three years later arranged a treaty of peace +with these troublesome neighbours; returned to France in 1648; and died +there shortly afterwards. =Index=: =Ch= Restored Fort St. Louis, and +named it Chateau St. Louis, 158. =F= Second governor of Canada, 27; +retirement of, 35. =L= His pious administration, 8. =Bib.=: _Jesuit +Relations_, ed. by Thwaites; Parkman, _Jesuits in North America_; +Charlevoix, _History of New France_. + +=Montmorency.= Seven miles below Quebec. =Index=: =WM= British establish +themselves on left bank of river, 112; unsuccessful attack by British on +French position, 135-141; British loss in battle at, 142; French loss, +143; victory raises morale of French army, 145; the British evacuate +their position, 158. + +=Montmorency Family.= =L= Great distinction of, 16; motto of, 18. _See +also_ Laval. + +=Montmorency, Henri, Duc de= (1595-1632). In 1620 purchased the +viceroyalty of New France from the Comte de Soissons, his +brother-in-law, and retained Champlain as his lieutenant; in 1624 +conveyed his rights as viceroy to Henri de Levi, Duc de Ventadour; +served at the sieges of Montaubon and Montpellier, and in 1625 captured +the islands of Re and Oleron. Having taken part in the rebellion of +Gaston of Orleans against Louis XIII in 1632, was arrested and executed. +=Index=: =Ch= Becomes viceroy of New France, 129; his administration +causes dissatisfaction, 130; his letter to Champlain, 130; resigns +position of viceroy, 151; executed for treason, 215. =F= Becomes +lieutenant for Canada, 17; executed for revolt, 22. =L= Executed, 18. +=Bib.=: Charlevoix, _History of New France_; Parkman, _Pioneers of +France_. + +=Montmorency, Mathieu.= =L= Ancestor of Laval, 17. + +=Montmorency House.= Below Quebec. =Index=: =Hd= Residence of Haldimand, +301; occupied later by Prince William Henry and the Duke of Kent, 345. + +=Montpensier, Mlle. de.= =F= Mme. Frontenac's relations with, 63. + +=Montreal.= Founded May 17, 1642, by Chomedy de Maisonneuve. Champlain +had selected the site thirty-one years before, as adapted to a +settlement. With Maisonneuve, at the historic ceremony which gave birth +to the future city of Canada, were Montmagny, governor of Quebec, +Vimont, superior of the Jesuits, Madame de la Peltrie, and Mademoiselle +Mance. Several years later another heroic woman, Marguerite Bourgeoys, +joined the builders of the infant town. In 1653 colonization began in +earnest, and in 1667 Montreal counted a population of 766. Its later +history has been largely one of material progress. =Index=: =Hd= Levis +at, 34; Amherst prepares to capture, 36, 37; surrender of, 38; Haldimand +takes possession of, 39; Gage at, 40; under martial law, 41; Haldimand +improves roads to, 45, 46; change of command at, 53; enlistment of +French-Canadians in, 55-56; difficulties of government, 60; Tryon at, +91; surrenders to rebels, 111; trade with upper lakes, 124, 140; rebel +spies in, 130, 274, 278; Sulpician priests deported from, 181; Haldimand +visits, 186; rebel prisoners at, 187, 250; census taken, 190; postal +service in, 193; its people present loyal addresses, 225; schools of, +233, 235, 236; North West Company formed at, 261; Indians in, 266; first +printing press in, 276; the Riedesels at, 300; MacLean at, 306; old +burying-ground in, 345. =T= Transaction connected with its bonds causes +defeat of Tache government, 69. =L= Church erected at, 84; foundation +stone laid by De Courcelles, 88; completion of edifice, 89; description +of, 89. =F= Hotel Dieu established by Mlle. Mance, 29; beginnings of, +33; settlement in danger of extinction, 38; population in 1666, 56; +Frontenac's arrival at, on his way to Cataraqui, 76; description of, 77; +expedition from Albany against, 268; great rejoicings at, on arrival of +trading canoes from the lakes, 324. =E= Public reception to Elgin, 41; +riots at, in opposition to Rebellion Losses Bill, 73-74, 77, 78, 79; +ceases to be seat of government, 78; Elgin's reference to, in his +farewell address, 204. =B= Election methods in 1844, 25. =Dr= British +residents of, dissatisfied with Quebec Act, 79; king's bust at, +disfigured, 82; British at, with few exceptions, refuse to serve against +Americans, 88; gaiety in, during winter of 1776-1777, 162. =BL= Sir +Charles Bagot's public reception there, 118; Sydenham's gerrymander, +146; original boundaries restored, 146; aspires to be chosen as capital, +181; its population, etc., in 1843, 181; Dr. Tache on, 181; opposition +in Upper Canada to its selection as capital, 182-183; resolution carried +recommending it for capital, 182-183; MacNab's and Draper's opposition, +183; gerrymandered by government, 1844, and elects two supporters of +government, 252; becomes capital, 254; address of welcome to Elgin, 275; +returns La Fontaine in elections of 1848, 279; riots in, over Rebellion +Losses Bill, 305, 322-325. =Sy= Charter of, reestablished, 255; change +in electoral limits of, 285; two members assigned to, 285. =Bk= +Description and early history of, 99, 100; centre of fur trade, 100. +=Md= Ceases to be seat of government after the riots, 28, 29; issues +Annexation Manifesto in 1849, 39, 40. =S= The entrepot between Britain +and Upper Canada, 109. =C= Cartier warns people of the importance to +city's welfare of means of transportation, 47; urged as terminus of +Canadian Pacific Railway, 52. _See also_ Ville Marie; Mount Royal. +=Bib.=: Dollier de Casson, _Histoire du Montreal, 1640-1672_; Morin, _Le +vieux Montreal_; McLennan, _Anciens Montrealais_ ("Canada Francais," +vol. 3); Bosworth, _Hochelaga Depicta_; Sandham, _Ville-Marie_; +Warburton, _Hochelaga_; Leblond de Brumath, _Histoire Populaire de +Montreal_; Lighthall, _Montreal after Two Hundred and Fifty Years_; +McLennan, _Montreal, 1642-1842_, and Dawson, _Montreal, 1842-1892_ in +the _Semi-centennial Report of the Montreal Board of Trade_. _See also_ +under Maisonneuve; Jean-Jacques Olier; Marguerite Bourgeoys; +Mademoiselle Mance; Jeanne Le Ber; Madame d'Youville; and in +publications of the Soc. Hist. de Montreal, Quebec Literary and +Historical Society, and Royal Society of Canada. Contemporary +descriptions are found in narratives of Kalm, Lambert, and Landmann. + +=Montreal, Island of.= =Dr= Limit of French settlement, 8; governorship +of, abolished, 21. =L= Consecrated to the Virgin Mary, 8, 85; granted to +the Sulpicians, 108. + +=Montreal Company.= Founded at Montreal, 1784, in opposition to the +North West Company. Two Montreal merchants, John Gregory and Alexander +Norman McLeod, formed a partnership with Peter Pond and Peter Pangman, +western fur traders. Alexander Mackenzie joined the Company, and much of +its success was due to his energy and resourcefulness. His cousin, +Roderick Mackenzie, was also in its service. Keen rivalry resulted +between the two companies, finally culminating in a tragedy; in the +Athabaska department, Pond, who had deserted to the North West Company, +quarrelled with his rival, Ross, and in the scuffle Ross was fatally +shot. This serious news being brought down to the headquarters at Grand +Portage, a conference was held, resulting in the union of the Companies +in 1788. =Bib.=: Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_; Willson, _The Great +Company_. _See also_ North West Company; X Y Company. + +=Montresor.= =Dr= His survey of route through Maine, 106. + +=Montreuil, Chevalier de.= Served during the French campaigns in America +from 1754 to 1758 as adjutant-general, and during the siege of Quebec in +1759 took part in the battle of the Plains and the battle of Ste. Foy, +with the rank of major-general. =Index=: =WM= Advances Guienne regiment +to meet British, 188; his views in council of war, 195. =Bib.=: Doughty, +_Siege of Quebec_. + +=Monts, Pierre du Guast, Comte de= (1560-1611). In 1603 became head of +the Company formed by Champlain to plant colonies in New France, and to +which a monopoly of the fur trade had been granted by the king. Had made +the voyage to Tadoussac with Pont-Grave in 1603, and had conceived no +very high opinion of the St. Lawrence as a field for colonization; it +was therefore decided to direct the operations of the Company to Acadia. +In 1604, with Champlain, sailed to Acadia, explored the Bay of Fundy, +and discovered Annapolis Basin and the St. John River; settlements were +established at Ste. Croix Island and Port Royal; in 1606 returned to +France; and the following year sent Champlain and Pont-Grave on an +expedition to the St. Lawrence. =Index=: =F= Ten years trading patent, +with position of lieutenant-general granted to, 5; conducts expedition +to Acadia, 6; patent cancelled but renewed for one year, 7; sails for +Quebec, 8; resigns lieutenancy, 12. =Ch= Commissioned as +lieutenant-general in Acadia, 17; forms Company and obtains ten years' +privilege of exclusive trading, 18; is joined by Champlain, 19; occupies +Ste. Croix Island, 21; decides to abandon it, 25; transfers post to Port +Royal, 31; returns to France, 32; obtains monopoly of fur trade for one +year and sends Champlain to Quebec as his lieutenant, 39; encouraged by +Champlain's report, decides to extend operations, 56; his commission not +renewed, 56; serious loss incurred by, 64; present at Champlain's +marriage, 66; his Company dissolved, 71; applies to the king (Louis +XIII) for assistance, but without success, 71; signs agreement on behalf +of Company, 127; his Company abolished, 132. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Pioneers +of France_. _See also_ Champlain. + +=Moodie, Colonel.= =Mc= Shot at Montgomery's hotel, 365. =Bib.=: Dent, +_Upper Canadian Rebellion_; Read, _Rebellion of 1837_. + +=Moodie, Susanna= (1803-1885). Born in England. Daughter of Thomas +Strickland, and sister of Agnes Strickland and Katherine Parr Traill. In +1832 emigrated to Canada with her husband, John Wedderbar Dunbar Moodie, +and settled in the forest near the present city of Peterborough. In 1839 +her home was in Belleville, and later in Toronto. Published numerous +works of fiction and poetry. =Bib.=: Works: _Roughing it in the Bush_; +_Life in the Clearings_. For full list of her writings, _see_ Morgan, +_Bib. Can._ For biog., _see_ McMurchy, _Canadian Literature_. + +=Moody, Richard Clement= (1813-1887). Born in the Barbados, West Indies. +Entered Woolwich Military Academy, 1827; first lieutenant, 1835; and +professor of fortifications, 1838. In 1841 governor of the Falkland +Islands; promoted lieutenant-colonel, 1858; appointed chief commissioner +of lands and works in British Columbia, 1858. Founded New Westminster, +the former capital, and built a number of roads and other public works. +In 1863 returned to England. Promoted major-general, 1866. =Index=: =D= +In charge of lands and works in British Columbia, 1858, 235-237; +arrives, 246-247; reports in favour of site of New Westminster as +capital of British Columbia, 247; proposes Queensborough as name of +capital, 247; returns to England, 1863, 254. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; +Begg, _History of British Columbia_. + +=Moravian Indians.= =Hd= Massacre of, by Americans after conclusion of +peace, 171. + +=Moreau, M.= =Ch= On the settlement at Ste. Croix, 25. =Bib.=: _Histoire +de l'Acadie Francaise, 1598-1755_. + +=Morel.= =Ch= Captain of vessel in which Champlain returned to Canada in +1617, 112. + +=Morel, Thomas.= Arrived at Quebec in August, 1661; appointed first cure +of Chateau Richer and attached as mission priest to the Seminary at +Quebec; spent several years in missionary work among the Indian tribes. +=Index=: =L= Director of Seminary, 55; chaplain of Beaupre, 101; +arrested, 163; released, 164; death of, 219. + +=Morel de la Durantaye, Olivier= (1641-1717). Born at Notre-Dame de +Gaure, in the diocese of Nantes. Entered the army, and obtained a +lieutenancy in the regiment of Chambelle, afterwards being promoted to +the rank of captain in the regiment of Carignan; came to Canada, 1665, +and was with La Motte the following year at Fort Ste. Anne; sailed for +France, and returned in 1670; granted the seigniory of Bellechasse, and +that of La Durantaye; served as an officer of the garrison at Quebec; +and took part in the expeditions against the Iroquois in 1684 and 1687, +and again in 1696; named a member of the Superior Council in 1701, and +granted a pension of six hundred francs. =Index=: =F= Post commander, +ordered to rendezvous at Niagara, 181; captures English canoes on the +way, 210; reports critical situation among lake tribes, 240; reinforced, +241. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Old Regime_. + +=Morgan, Daniel= (1736?-1802). Served in the Indian and French wars. +Took the colonial side in the Revolution; marched with Arnold to Quebec; +captured in an assault on one of the batteries, 1776, and released on +parole. Subsequently served under Washington against Burgoyne, and +defeated Tarleton at Cowpens. =Index=: =Dr= Leader of Virginia +Mountaineers in attack on Quebec, 128. =Bib.=: Graham, _Life of Daniel +Morgan_; _Cyc. Am. Biog._ + +=Morgan, Maurice.= =Dr= Sent to Canada to study legal situation, 43, 51; +returns to England, 56; Carleton's private secretary, 203. + +=Morin.= =L= Describes church at Montreal, 89. + +=Morin, Augustin Norbert= (1803-1865). Born in St. Michel, Quebec. +Educated at the Seminary of Quebec, and called to the bar of Lower +Canada, 1828. Elected to the Assembly, 1830; commissioner of crown lands +in the La Fontaine-Baldwin administration, 1842-1843; Speaker of the +House, 1848. In 1851 joined Francis Hincks in forming an administration, +Hincks being premier, and Morin provincial secretary until 1853; +commissioner of crown lands, 1853. Appointed judge of the Superior Court +of Lower Canada, 1855; a commissioner for codifying the laws of Lower +Canada, 1859. =Index=: =BL= On the union, 57; meets Hincks, 63; his +letters to Hincks, 79; member for Nicolet, relations with Reform party +in Upper Canada, 79; supports Cavillier for Speaker, 1841, 87; +commissioner of crown lands, 134; elected for two constituencies, 1844, +252; Draper attempts to secure his support, 259; elected Speaker, 1848, +283; occupies the chair at farewell banquet to La Fontaine, 354; joint +premiership with Hincks, 359. =B= Brown acknowledges his services in +cause of responsible government, 67. =C= Sides against the government, +7; his standing as a statesman, 23; forms alliance with Upper Canadian +Conservatives, 99-100. =E= Member of first La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, +32; his character, 32; refuses seat in Draper government, 43; elected in +1848, 50; opposed by Papineau, 51; forms ministry with Hincks, 113; +commissioner of crown lands in reconstructed ministry, 126, 127; +defeated in Terrebonne, 1854, 133; his conservative influence in Lower +Canada, 138; forms coalition government with MacNab, 140, 141; favours +secularization of Clergy Reserves, 166-167; member of Seigniorial Court, +187; his services as a statesman, 236. =Sy= His letter to Hincks, 294. +=P= Joins Papineau's party, 78; drafts "Ninety-Two Resolutions," 85; +supports Papineau in his violent attitude towards government, 86; at +meeting of Constitutional Committee, 1834, 88; in the Assembly, 100-109; +his articles in _La Minerve_, 101. =Md= Forms administration with +Hincks, 47; their administration defeated on a technicality, 47; +accepts, in 1855, a seat on the bench, 74. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; +Dent, _Last Forty Years_; Hincks, _Reminiscences_. + +=Mornay, Louis-Francois Duplessis de.= Bishop of Quebec, 1727-1733. +Consecrated at Paris, 1714, as coadjutor to the bishop of Quebec, but +never came to America. =Index=: =L= Appointed bishop of Quebec, 12. + +=Morris, Colonel.= =Dr= Presided over department of Loyalist claims, +202. + +=Morris, Alexander= (1826-1889). Born at Perth, Upper Canada. Educated +at the University of Glasgow and McGill University; studied law and +called to the bar of both Upper and Lower Canada, 1851. Entered public +life in 1861 as member for South Lanark; minister of inland revenue, +1869-1872; appointed chief justice of the Court of Queen's Bench of +Manitoba, 1872; and the same year lieutenant-governor of Manitoba and +the North-West Territories; returned to Ontario, 1877, and sat in the +Ontario Legislature for East Toronto from 1878 to 1886. =Index=: =B= +Member for South Lanark, advocates Confederation in a pamphlet, _Nova +Britannia_, 129; conference with George Brown on Confederation, 152, +154. =Bib.=: Works: _Nova Britannia_; _Canada and Her Resources_; +_Treaties of Canada_. For biog., _see_ Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty +Years_. + +=Morris, Charles.= Born in England. Under the direction of Governor +Shirley of Massachusetts made a survey of the whole of Nova Scotia. In +command of a company during the action at Grand Pre. Assisted in laying +out the city of Halifax. Member of the Council of Nova Scotia, 1775; +surveyor-general; acting judge of the Supreme Court. Died, 1781. =Bib.=: +_Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia_, ed. by Akins. + +=Morris, James= (1798-1865). Born in Scotland. Came to Canada as a child +with his parents; in business at Brockville with his brothers, William +and Alexander. Member for Leeds County in the Upper Canada Assembly, +1837; a commissioner for the improvement of navigation of the St. +Lawrence, 1838; and member of the United Canada Parliament, 1841. In +1844 appointed to the Legislative Council; in 1851 to the Executive +Council, and postmaster-general; in 1853-1854 Speaker of the Legislative +Assembly; in 1858 member of the Executive Council and Speaker of the +Legislative Council; in 1862-1863 receiver-general. =Index=: =E= +Postmaster-general in Hincks-Morin ministry, 113; president of +Legislative Council in reconstructed government, 1853, 126. =Bib.=: +Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Taylor, _Brit. Am._; Dent, _Last Forty Years_. + +=Morris, William= (1786-1858). Born in Scotland. Emigrated with his +parents to Canada in 1801, and engaged in business in Montreal; served +in the militia in the War of 1812, and in 1816 settled in Perth. Member +for Lanark in the Upper Canada Assembly, 1820-1836, when he was +appointed to the Legislative Council; in 1837-1838 served as colonel of +the militia during the Rebellion; in 1844 appointed receiver-general; +and in 1846-1848 president of the Executive Council. =Index=: =Sy= +Claims share of Clergy Reserves for Church of Scotland, 239. =BL= Member +of Legislative Council, 1841, 83; previous career, 83; protests against +removal of capital to Montreal, 183-184; receiver-general, 247. =Bib.=: +Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_. + +=Morrison, Joseph Curran= (1816-1885). Born in Ireland. Came to Canada +with his father. In 1839 called to the bar of Upper Canada; in 1843-1847 +deputy clerk of the Executive Council of Canada; in 1847 elected for +West York to the Assembly; solicitor-general in the Hincks-Morin +ministry, 1853-1854; a member of the Executive Council, 1856; and the +same year receiver-general in the Tache-Macdonald administration. +Registrar of Toronto, 1859; solicitor-general in the Cartier-Macdonald +ministry, 1860. Puisne judge of the Court of Common Pleas, 1862; judge +in the Court of Queen's Bench, 1863; judge of the Court of Appeal, +1877, which position he filled until his death. =Index=: =E= +Solicitor-general, West, in Hincks-Morin ministry, 1853, 126. =B= His +connection with the contempt of court case against George Brown, +249-254; solicitor-general under Hincks, and a colleague of John A. +Macdonald, 250. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; Read, +_Lives of the Judges_. + +=Morrison, Thomas David.= =Mc= Defends Joseph Hume, 263; aids +Mackenzie's petition, 310; aids Lower Canada, 330; refuses to sign +"Declaration of Independence," 331; at Doel's brewery, 346; his conduct +explained, 350; joins Rebellion movement, 357. =Bib.=: Dent, _Upper +Canadian Rebellion_. + +=Morse, Colonel.= =S= Recommends union of British North American +provinces, 4. + +=Moss, Sir Charles= (1840- ). Born in Cobourg, Ontario. Studied law and +called to the bar of Ontario, 1869. Lecturer and examiner to the Law +Society, 1872-1879; bencher, 1880; Q. C., 1881; vice-chancellor of the +University of Toronto, 1900-1906; judge of the Court of Appeal, 1897; +chief justice of Ontario, 1902. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian +Who's Who_. + +=Moss, Thomas= (1836-1881). Born in Cobourg, Ontario. Educated at Gale's +Institute, Upper Canada College, Toronto, and at the University of +Toronto; graduated with triple first-class honours and gold medals in +classics, mathematics, and modern languages. Studied law and called to +the bar of Upper Canada, 1861. For a time lecturer in equity at Osgoode +Hall, and registrar of the University of Toronto. Bencher of the Law +Society, 1871; Q. C., 1872; member of the Law Reform Commission, 1875. +Sat in the House of Commons for West Toronto, 1873-1875. Appointed +judge of the Court of Appeal, 1875; chief justice of Ontario, 1877. +Vice-chancellor of the University of Toronto, 1874. Died in Nice, +France. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._; Read, _Lives of the Judges_. + +=Motin.= =Ch= Author of an ode to Champlain, 72. + +=Mouet de Moras de Langlade, Charles de= (1729-1800). =WM= With band of +Indians crosses Montmorency, and attacks English, 112, 113. =Bib.=: +Morice, _Dict. des Canadiens de l'Ouest_. + +=Mounier.= =Dr= One of protesting members of Council under Carleton, 34. + +=Mount Allison College.= Located at Sackville, New Brunswick. In 1858 an +Act of the New Brunswick Legislature authorized the trustees of the +Mount Allison Wesleyan College to establish a degree-conferring +institution at Sackville, under the name of the Mount Allison Wesleyan +College. Work regularly organized, 1862. Corporate name changed to +University of Mount Allison College, 1886. + +=Mount Royal.= =L= Cross planted on summit, by Maisonneuve, 91. + +=Mount-Stephen, George Stephen, first Baron= (1829- ). Born in Dufftown, +Banffshire, Scotland. In 1850 came to Canada; built up a successful +business in Montreal; in 1873 vice-president of the Bank of Montreal, +and in 1876 president. In 1881 elected president of the Canadian Pacific +Railway, and for his valuable services in promoting its construction +created a baronet, 1886. Joined Lord Strathcona in 1886 in donating +$1,000,000 for the erection of the Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal. In +1888 retired from the presidency of the Canadian Pacific Railway. In +1891 created a baron; and in 1905 G.C.V.O. =Index=: =Md= Director of the +Canadian Pacific Railway, 236. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Who's Who_. + +=Mountain, George Jehoshaphat= (1789-1863). Born in England. Educated at +Cambridge; ordained deacon, 1812, and priest, 1816. In 1814-1817 rector +of Fredericton, New Brunswick; in 1817 rector of Quebec; and in 1821 +archdeacon of Lower Canada. Appointed suffragan bishop of Montreal, +1836, as coadjutor to Dr. C. J. Stewart, bishop of Quebec; and in 1850 +bishop of Quebec. Established Bishop's College, Lennoxville, which was +incorporated as a college, 1843, and as a university, 1853. =Index=: =R= +Secures incorporation of Church of England in Canada, 48. =Bib.=: +Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Taylor, _Brit. Am._ and _Last Three Bishops_; +Mockridge, _Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and +Newfoundland_. + +=Mountain, Jacob= (1750-1825). Born in Norfolk, England. Graduated at +Cambridge, 1774, and became fellow, 1779. After holding several livings, +appointed castor prebendary of Lincoln cathedral, 1788. Through the +friendship of William Pitt, appointed in 1793 first Anglican bishop of +Quebec. During his administration the number of clergy increased from +nine to sixty-one. The cathedral of Quebec erected under his auspices. +=Index=: =Dr= First bishop of Quebec, 271. =S= Appointed bishop of +Quebec, 158; visits Upper Canada, 158; made legislative and executive +councillor, 160. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Mockridge, _Bishops of the +Church of England in Canada and Newfoundland_. + +=Mounted Police.= _See_ Royal North-West Mounted Police. + +=Moustier, Count.= =Dr= French minister to United States, proposes to +visit Canada, 247-248. + +=Mowat, Sir Oliver= (1820-1903). Born in Kingston, Ontario. Educated +there; called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1841, and practised in +Kingston and Toronto. In 1857-1864 represented South Ontario in the +Canada Assembly; in 1858 provincial secretary in the Brown-Dorion +ministry; postmaster-general in the Macdonald-Dorion administration, +1863-1864, and in the Tache coalition government, 1864. From 1864 to +1872 vice-chancellor of Ontario. In 1872 premier and attorney-general of +Ontario, and held office until 1896. In 1896 minister of justice in the +Dominion Cabinet, with leadership in the Senate; and in 1897 +lieutenant-governor of Ontario, a position he held until his death. +=Index=: =B= Member of brief Brown ministry, 102; on committee of +Anti-Slavery Society, 112; speech on Confederation, 1859, 135; George +Brown's letter to, on his contemplated retirement from the leadership, +141; opposes proposal that opposition members should enter government, +to further Confederation movement, 157; enters coalition government, +158; reelected, 160; favours elective Senate, 164; his successful fight +for provincial rights, 207. =Md= Enters Macdonald's office as a student, +6; succeeds Edward Blake as premier of Ontario, and leader of Liberal +party, 252; his characteristics, 252; takes prominent part in Ontario +boundary dispute, 252-258. =T= Enters coalition ministry, 69; attends +Quebec Conference, 76. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; +Morgan, _Can. Men_; Biggar, _Sir Oliver Mowat_; Clarke, _Sixty Years in +Upper Canada_. + +=Muir, Major.= =Bk= Commands detachment of 41st Regiment at Brownstown +and Maguaga, 237, 238-241. + +=Mulock, Sir William= (1843- ). Born in Bond Head, Simcoe County, +Ontario. Educated at the University of Toronto. In 1868 called to the +bar of Ontario, and appointed an examiner and a lecturer on equity of +the Law Society. In 1882 entered the Dominion Parliament; 1896-1905, +postmaster-general of Canada, and through his initiative the +Inter-Imperial Postal Conference adopted penny postage within the +empire. Created K.C.M.G., 1902. In 1905 appointed chief-justice of the +Exchequer Division of the High Court of Justice for the province of +Ontario. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_. + +=Municipal Government.= =BL= Legislation under Sydenham, 100-105; bill +passed, 105; Baldwin Act of 1849, 105; regulation of, 287, 292; _Law +Journal_ on the bill, 296; Shortt on, 296; municipal history, 297-298; +terms of Baldwin Act, 299-300. =Sy= Lack of, noted in Lord Durham's +Report, 92; provided for in first draft of Union Bill, 273; Sydenham's +deep interest in the subject, 273-275; municipal clauses struck out of +Union Bill, 275; ordinance respecting, passed by Special Council of +Lower Canada, 276; and later (for Upper Canada) by Legislature, 277; +Sydenham's bill providing for, in Upper Canada, 323; provisions of bill, +324; bill passed, 325. =S= Beginnings of, in Upper Canada, 89. =Bib.=: +Wickett, _City Government in Canada_ and _Municipal Government in +North-West Territories_; Shortt, _Municipal Government in Ontario_; +Ewart, _Municipal History of Manitoba_; Weir, _Municipal Institutions in +Quebec_ (Toronto Univ. Studies in Hist, and Econ.). + +=Munro, John.= =S= Member of Legislative Council, 79. + +=Murders.= =Ch= Committed by Indians near Quebec, 115; in colony, 209. + +=Murdoch, Beamish.= Historian. =Index=: =H= Contributes to _The Club_ +edited by Joseph Howe in the _Nova Scotian_, 10; his independent stand +in the Nova Scotia Assembly, 18. =Bib.=: _History of Nova Scotia_. + +=Murdoch, T. W. C.= =Sy= Appointed civil secretary, 152. + +=Murray.= =R= Appointed to take charge of improvement of popular +education in Upper Canada, 163. + +=Murray.= =Dr= One of the protesting members of Council under Carleton, +34. + +=Murray, Sir George= (1772-1846). Born in Scotland. Educated at +Edinburgh University, and entered the army, 1789. Served in Flanders, +1794; in the West Indies, 1795-1796; in Egypt, 1801; in the Baltic +expedition, and in Portugal, 1808; quartermaster-general in the +Peninsular War, and for his services promoted major-general, and made +K.C.B., 1813. In 1814 appointed governor of Canada. Entered Parliament, +1823; commander-in-chief in Ireland, 1825-1828; colonial secretary, +1828-1830. =Index=: =Sy= Colonial secretary, 16. =Bk= Disapproves +employment of German troops, 136. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Murray, Mrs. George.= =Bk= Wife of Colonel (afterwards Sir George) +Murray 142. + +=Murray, George Henry= (1861- ). Born in Grand Narrows, Nova Scotia. +Educated at the public schools and at Boston University; studied law and +called to the bar of Nova Scotia, 1883. Appointed to the Nova Scotia +Legislative Council, 1899; took office in the Fielding administration, +1891; premier, 1896; sustained at general elections of 1897, 1901, and +1906. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_. + +=Murray, James= (1719-1794). Entered the army, 1740, and served in the +West Indies, Flanders, and Brittany. In 1758 commanded a brigade at +Louisbourg; and the left wing of the army at the battle of the Plains, +1759. After the surrender of Quebec, left in command, and defended the +city against the French, 1760. On Oct. 27, 1760, appointed governor of +Quebec, and from 1763 to 1766 governor of Canada. In 1772 +lieutenant-general; in 1774 governor of Minorca; and 1783 promoted +general. =Index=: =WM= Under Wolfe, character of, 74; governor of +Canada, and highly esteemed by Canadians, 74; joins Holmes's fleet with +four battalions, 161; commands British centre in battle of Plains, 189; +takes command at Quebec, 235; issues proclamation, 236; maintains strict +discipline, 237; learns of intended attack on Quebec, 250, 251; his +proclamation ordering civilians to leave the city, 250; goes out to meet +Levis and occupies Ste. Foy, 252; returns to city, 253; his character +described by Bernier, 254; leads army out to give battle to Levis, 256; +orders attack, 258; loses battle, 263; foresees coming trouble with +British colonies, 269. =Dr= Administrator of Canada, 2; character of his +government, 4; quells mutiny, 4; after cession (1763) appointed governor +of Canada, 9; his troubles with English settlers, 9, 10, 14; wins +confidence of French-Canadians, 10; appoints Council, 13; sends Cramahe +to London to represent condition of affairs, 16; his recall petitioned +for by certain of the English settlers, 17; defended by Canadian +seigniors, 18; goes to Montreal in connection with Walker case, 21; +summoned home, 23; presents report on colony, 24-28; somewhat offended +at Carleton's proclamation relinquishing fees, 35; resigns governorship, +57. =B= Instructed to provide for support of Protestant clergy and +schools, 51-52. =Bk= His heroic defence of Quebec, 35. =P= His iron rule +relaxed, 8. =Hd= Marches on Montreal, 34, 36, 37; governor of Quebec, +41; his feelings towards French-Canadians, 42; his precautionary +measures, 43; threatened friction with Haldimand, 49; his friendship for +Haldimand's nephew, 49-50; made governor-general, 53; petitions against +and in favour of, 60; his high regard for Haldimand, 94. =Bib.=: _Dict. +Nat. Biog._; Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_; Wood, _The +Fight for Canada_; Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_; Bradley, _The Fight +with France_ and _The Making of Canada_; Lucas, _History of Canada_. + +=Murray, Colonel John.= =W= Massachusetts Loyalist, 4. + +=Musgrave, Sir Anthony= (1828-1888). Born in England. Entered the Inner +Temple, London, 1851; governor of the colony of Neiro, 1860; governor of +the island of St. Vincent, 1861; governor of Newfoundland, 1864-1869; +governor of British Columbia, 1869; governor of Natal, 1872; governor of +South Australia, 1873; governor of Jamaica, 1877; governor of +Queensland, 1888. =Index=: =Md= Governor of British Columbia, succeeding +Seymour, 149. =D= His work for Confederation, 312, 313. =Bib.=: _Dict. +Nat. Biog._; Begg, _History of British Columbia_. + +=Myers, Lieutenant-Colonel.= =Bk= In command at Fort George, 225. + +=Myrand, Ernest.= =F= Author of _Frontenac et Ses Amis_, 229; his work, +_Sir William Phipps devant Quebec_, quoted, 293; on losses incurred in +siege of Quebec, by Phipps, 302; discusses question of Frontenac's +portrait, 361. + + +=Nairne, Captain John.= =Hd= Haldimand gives him rank of major, 294. + +=Napagabiscou.= =Ch= Indian, brings news to Champlain of Kirke's +arrival, 176. + +=Napoleon I= (1769-1821). Born at Ajaccio, Corsica. First consul, 1799. +Crowned Emperor, 1804. Abdicated, 1814, and retired to Elba. Escaped, +raised another army, and finally defeated at Waterloo, 1815. Banished to +St. Helena, where he died. =Index=: =Bk= Crowned as emperor, 71; +threatens Britain, 71; battle of Austerlitz, 72; Jena and the Berlin +Decrees, 81; endeavours to force on war between Britain and the United +States, 98, 111; enforces Berlin Decrees, 105; dominates Europe, +106-108; his Milan Decree, 110; his reverses in Spain, 112, 113; +triumphs over Austria at Wagram, 117. =Bib.=: Larousse, _Dictionnaire +Universel_; Chambers, _Biog. Dict._, and lives mentioned in article. + +=Natel, Antoine.= =Ch= Accompanies Champlain to Quebec, 41; reveals +conspiracy against Champlain, 43; death of, 46. + +=Nation.= Newspaper published at Toronto. =Index=: =B= Radical journal, +founded after Liberal victory of 1874, 235; its programme, 236. + +=National Club.= Social club at Toronto. =Index=: =B= Founded during +Canada First movement, 235. + +=National Policy.= =B= Secret of its success in 1878, 241. =Md= +Description and history of, 217-219; political picnics used as means of +placing its advantages before the country, 220-223; Macdonald on its +advantages, 221-223; Blake in favour of, 224; Mills on, 224; comes into +effect, 228-230; adopted by Liberal party in 1896, 262; comments on, +after its operation for three years, 273. _See also_ Macdonald, Sir John +A.; Conservative Party. + +=Navigation, Art of.= =Ch= Highly praised by Champlain, 7. + +=Navigation Acts.= =Sy= Poulett Thomson's speech on, 17. =E= Their +disastrous effect on Canadian development, 38-39; Legislature passes +address praying for repeal of, 45; repealed in 1849, 83. + +=Navy Hall.= =S= Simcoe's residence at Niagara, 99, 180; guests +entertained at, 183-188, 229, 230; erected by Haldimand for +accommodation of naval officers, 195; description of, 195, 196. =Bk= +Residence of Governor Simcoe at Niagara, 57. + +=Naxouat.= =F= Governor Villebon of Acadia establishes himself at, 327. + +=Needham, William H.= =T= Elected for St. John, 10, 18; character, 12, +86-87; refuses to resign his seat, 24; candidate in York County, New +Brunswick, 86; elected for York, 95; defeated in York, 108. + +=Negroes.= =Dr= Disputed property in, at close of war, 216. _See also_ +Slavery. + +=Neilson, John= (1776-1848). Born in Scotland. In 1790 came to Canada, +and in 1797 edited the Quebec _Gazette_. Member of the provincial +Assembly for Quebec County, 1818. In 1822 one of the delegates, with +Papineau, sent to England to oppose the union of Upper and Lower +Canada; and in 1830 went on a similar mission. Member of the Canadian +Parliament, 1840; and Speaker of the Legislative Council, 1844. =Index=: +=Sy= Proprietor of Quebec _Gazette_, and member of Special Council of +Lower Canada, his opposition to union, 193, 194, 211, 234, 309; opposed +also to responsible government, 211; continued opposition to Union Act, +287; the real leader of the French-Canadians in 1841, 295. =P= +Proprietor of Quebec _Gazette_--supports Papineau in his opposition to +proposed union of Upper and Lower Canada in 1822, 46-47; sent as +delegate to London, 46; persecuted by Dalhousie, 55; again sent to +England with French-Canadian petition, 63; Papineau's friendship for, +67; Papineau's letters to, 67-68; deserts Papineau because of his +violent attitude towards government, 86; loses his seat in Assembly, +102; attacked by Papineau, 169. =BL= Supports Papineau and popular +party, 20; moves amendment against Act of 1840, 96; his amendment voted +down, 97. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Christie, _History of Lower +Canada_; Dent, _Last Forty Years_. + +=Nelles, S. S.= =R= Graduate of Victoria College, 143. + +=Nelson, Horatio, Viscount= (1758-1805). Born at Burnham Thorpe, +England. In 1770 entered the navy; in 1794 served under Lord Hood in the +capture of Corsica; under Sir John Jervis at the battle of Cape St. +Vincent, 1797; and in 1798 defeated the French fleet in Aboukir Bay; in +1801 destroyed the Danish ships and batteries at Copenhagen; at the +battle of Trafalgar Bay, 1805, overwhelmed the French and Spanish +fleets, but his own life was sacrificed. =Index=: =Bk= His victory at +Copenhagen, 24-31; ignores signal to cease firing, 28. =Hd= Captain of +_Albemarle_, enamoured of Miss Mary Simpson of Quebec, 244. =Bib.=: +_Dict. Nat. Biog._; Southey, _Life of Nelson_; Mahan, _Life of Nelson_; +_Dispatches and Letters_, ed. by Nicolas. _See also_ lives by Clarke and +McArthur, Pettigrew, Browne, Laughton. + +=Nelson, Robert= (1794-1873). Born in Montreal. Practised as a surveyor; +and in 1812 served during the War. In 1827 elected with Louis J. +Papineau to the Assembly as member for Montreal. In 1838, while residing +in the United States, organized a force of 600 filibusters, and invaded +Canada, making his headquarters at Napierville, and as president of a +provisional government proclaimed a Canadian republic. The insurgents +were defeated at Lacolle and Odelltown, and Nelson fled to the United +States. In 1862-1873 practised as a surgeon in New York. =Index=: =P= +Leads outbreak at Lacolle and Odelltown in 1838, 139-140. =Bib.=: +Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Christie, _History of Lower Canada_. + +=Nelson, Wolfred= (1792-1863). Born in Montreal. Practised medicine and +served as a surgeon in the War of 1812. One of the leaders of the +Rebellion of 1837; captured and banished to the Bermudas, but released +in October, 1838. In 1842 returned to Montreal and resumed the practice +of his profession. In 1844 elected to Parliament for Richelieu County; +inspector of prisons, 1851, and chairman of the Board of Prison +Inspectors, 1859. =Index=: =P= With Papineau at St. Charles meeting, +1837, 125; preaches rebellion, 126; leads _Patriotes_ at St. Denis, 128; +said to have advised Papineau to leave the field, 132; a price put on +his head, 137; captured, 137; exiled to Bermuda, 138; extent of his +responsibility for the Rebellion, 143; throws blame on Papineau, 145. +=E= His misguided attitude, 22; elected to Parliament after his return +from exile, 50; his actions compared with disturbances of 1849, 76; +permitted to return from exile, 91. =BL= Arrested after Rebellion in +Lower Canada, 49; defeats Viger in election of 1844, 252; his house in +Montreal attacked by mob, 324; at farewell banquet to La Fontaine, 354. +=C= Defeated by Colonel Wetherall, 7; entrusts Cartier with a mission, +8. =Mc= Addresses revolutionary meetings, 328; takes the field, 358. +=Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._; Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Christie, _History of +Lower Canada_. + +=Nelson River.= Rises in the Rocky Mountains, at the headwaters of Bow +River, a branch of the South Saskatchewan. Length to Lake Winnipeg, 390 +miles; to headwaters of the Bow, 1660 miles. The mouth of the river was +discovered, and named, by Sir Thomas Button in 1612. He wintered there, +1612-1613. Captain Luke Foxe spent eleven days at Port Nelson in 1631. +The river itself was explored by David Thompson in 1792. Pierre Radisson +visited the mouth of the river in 1669, and built the first trading-fort +there. In later years the post was repeatedly captured by the French, +and recaptured by or restored to the Hudson's Bay Company, in whose +hands it finally remained, under the name of York Factory (_q.v._). +=Bib.=: Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_; Laut, _Pathfinders of the West_ +and _Conquest of the Great North-West_. + +=Neptune.= =WM= Ship in which Wolfe sailed for Quebec, 75. + +=Nesbitt, William.= Accompanied Governor Cornwallis to Halifax. Acted as +Secretary of Nova Scotia for several years. Afterwards practised the +profession of law at Halifax. Attorney-general for twenty-five years. +Elected to the Assembly, 1758; Speaker of the House, 1759-1783; retired +on a pension, 1783. Died, 1784. =Bib.=: _Selections from the Public +Documents of Nova Scotia_, ed. by Akins. + +=Nesle, Captain de.= =Ch= Brings out settlers, 252. + +=Neuchatel, Canton of.= =Hd= Haldimand born in, 3. + +=Neutral Nation.= An Iroquoian tribe, occupying the north shore of Lake +Erie. First visited by the Jesuit Fathers, Brebeuf and Chaumonot, in +1640, who described them as ferocious and extremely superstitious. +Despite all efforts, the attempted mission had to be abandoned. The +tribe was exterminated by the Iroquois in 1650. =Bib.=: Parkman, +_Jesuits in North America_; Lalemant, _Relations_, 1641, 1643; +Ragueneau, _Relations_, 1648, 1651. + +=New Brunswick.= The gulf coast of the province was discovered by +Cartier in 1534; first settlement made by De Monts and Champlain, on St. +Croix Island, near the entrance to the Bay of Fundy, in 1604. The same +year they discovered and named the St. John River, at the mouth of which +La Tour built a fort in 1635. The territory embraced in this province +formed part of Acadie under French rule. It was included in Nova Scotia +from the date of the cession to England up to 1784, when it became a +separate province. =Index=: =Dr= Creation of province, 224. =Sy= +Satisfactory political condition of, 265. =B= Confederation an issue in, +and government defeated, 182-183; British government brings pressure on, +in interests of Confederation, 186-187, 206. =Md= Its attitude towards +Confederation, 123; appoints delegates to confer on question of, 125; +sullen on completion of, 129; result of first general election in, 141; +selection of routes for Intercolonial through, 152; boundary dispute, +152; low tariff in, before Confederation, 218; supports Mackenzie in +election of 1878, 228; assents to resolution in favour of unrestricted +reciprocity, 298. _See also_ Acadia; Nova Scotia; St. John; De Monts; +Champlain. =Bib.=: Hannay, _History of Acadia_ and _History of New +Brunswick_. + +=New Brunswick, College of.= =W= Early history of, 10. _See also_ New +Brunswick, University of; King's College (New Brunswick). + +=New Brunswick, University of.= =W= Established as provincial +university, 1859, 51; formerly King's College, previous history, 86; +part of Madras school property handed over to, 88. =T= History of, +48-49. _See also_ New Brunswick, College of; King's College (New +Brunswick). + +=New Brunswick Land Company.= =W= Involved in crown lands dispute, 26, +29, 36. + +=New Caledonia.= =D= Traversed by Mackenzie, 56; origin of name, 56; +extent of district, 56; so named about 1806, 59; described, 97; furs and +other products of the district, 99. =Bib.=: Bancroft, _History of the +North-West Coast_; Morice, _Northern Interior of British Columbia_. + +=New Company.= =F= Name given to trading Company formed by inhabitants +of Canada in 1645, 36. + +=New France.= Name given to the French possessions in North America, +otherwise known as Canada and Acadia. First discovered by Jacques +Cartier in 1534. First settlement made in Acadia by De Monts, in 1604; +and in Canada, by Champlain, in 1608. =Index=: =E= Government of, +171-172; feudal tenure, etc., in, 171-185. =Ch= Population of colony in +1629, 208; births, deaths, and marriages, 209; restoration of, demanded +by French king, 212; ceded back to France, 213; limits of, not clearly +defined, 222; colony based on religion, 255. _See also_ Canada; Acadia; +Quebec; Port Royal; Montreal; Cartier; Champlain; Monts; Frontenac; La +Salle. =Bib.=: Charlevoix, _Histoire de la Nouvelle France_; Lescarbot, +_Histoire de la Nouvelle France_; Cartier, _Voyages_; Champlain, +_Voyages_; Parkman, _Works_. + +=Newfoundland.= Discovered by Cabot in 1497. Sir Humphrey Gilbert +established a short-lived colony on the island in 1583. Another attempt +was made in 1610, by the Company of London. A more successful effort at +colonization was that of Lord Baltimore in 1621. For a time the colony +was governed by the so-called "Fishing Admirals," the most famous of +whom was Richard Whitbourne, author of _A Discourse and Discoverie of +Newfoundland_. French influence on the island dated from the founding of +Placentia in 1660. In 1696 Iberville captured St. John's, and laid waste +the coast settlements. St. John's was again captured by a French +squadron, in 1760. A Legislative Assembly was granted to the colony in +1832 as a result of popular agitation; and responsible government +established in 1855. Efforts to bring about the union of the island with +Canada were made in 1864, and again in 1895, but without success. +=Index=: =B= Withdraws from Confederation scheme, 185-186. =F= English +settlements in, attacked, 46. =L= French successful in, 232. =Md= +Withdraws from Confederation negotiations, 117; further negotiations +unsuccessful, 146; fishery question, 303. =Bib.=: Kirke, _The First +English Conquest of Canada_; Prowse, _History of Newfoundland_; Reeves, +_Governors of Newfoundland_; Dawson, _Canada and Newfoundland_; Hatton +and Harvey, _Newfoundland_; Willson, _The Tenth Island_. + +=New Langley.= =D= Or Derby, proposed as capital of British Columbia, +246. + +=New Ontario.= Includes that part of the province known as northern and +north-western Ontario, lying west of the Upper Ottawa River and its +tributary lakes north of Lake Huron and Lake Superior, and extending to +the eastern boundary of the province of Manitoba on the west, and to the +Albany River and James Bay on the north. =Bib.=: _North-Western Ontario, +its Boundaries, Resources, and Communications_. + +=New Orleans.= =Hd= Haldimand's enquiries regarding, 64; embassy to, 73; +dissatisfaction at, 77; Haldimand's visit to, 78; Spaniards send troops +to, 80, 81. + +=New Westminster.= A city of British Columbia, founded by Colonel R. C. +Moody in 1859, and first named Queensborough. The present name was given +by Queen Victoria the same year, when the new town was selected as the +capital of British Columbia. It was incorporated in 1860; and in 1868 +the seat of government was removed to Victoria. =Index=: =D= Chosen as +capital of colony of British Columbia, 247; local dispute as to name, +247; present name given by Queen Victoria, 247; sale of town lots, 247. +=Bib.=: Walbran, _British Columbia Coast Names_; Begg, _History of +British Columbia_. + +=New York City.= =Hd= Haldimand in command at, 1, 87, 90, 91, 96, 121; +Amherst in command at, 41; Gage in command at, 53; influenced by +outbreak of violence at Boston, 86; rioting in, 91, 95; Lord North burnt +in effigy at, 97; Haldimand's departure from, 102; his property in, 103, +107; difficulties of communication with, 129; animosity against British +in, 252. + +=New York State.= =Hd= Proposal to build Florida barracks there, 79; +slow in joining revolt, 98, 101; Vermont's dispute with, 198, 203, 209, +215, 217; Indians migrate from, 258. =F= British colony, plan for +conquest of, 231. + +=Newark.= _See_ Niagara. + +=Newcastle, Henry Pelham Tiennes Pelham Clinton, Duke of= (1811-1864). +Entered Parliament, 1832; chief secretary for Ireland, 1846; and +secretary for war and the colonies, 1852-1854; secretary for war in +1854-1855; colonial secretary, 1859-1864; visited Canada in 1860, with +the Prince of Wales, afterwards Edward VII. =Index=: =E= Secretary of +state for colonies, 167. =Md= Colonial secretary, accompanies Prince of +Wales on his visit to Canada in 1860, 88; his difficulty at Kingston +with Orange Order, 88; threatens to disallow high tariff measure, 218. +=T= And Intercolonial Railway question, 55, 56; on Confederation +question, 64. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=News.= Newspaper published at Toronto. Established, 1880. =Index=: =Mc= +Urges monument to Mackenzie, 521. + +=Newspapers.= =Mc= Postage on, 93, 103, 106; their tributes to +Mackenzie, 509-523. _See also_ under names of individual newspapers. + +=Niagara= (=Newark=). Settled by Loyalists about 1782. Selected by +Simcoe ten years later as the capital of Upper Canada, and named by him +Newark. The first Legislature of the province met there in 1792. The +first public library in the province established in 1800. =Index=: =Bk= +First seat of government of Upper Canada, 57. =S= First seat of +government of Upper Canada, 50; Loyalists settled at, 58; social life +at, 181. =L= Fort built at, 216. =Bib.=: Kirby, _Annals of Niagara_; +_Reminiscences of Niagara_ (Niagara Hist. Soc., n.d.); Carnochan, +_Niagara Library, 1800 to 1820_. + +=Niagara Falls.= First described from actual observation by Father +Hennepin, in the narrative of his journey of 1678. The falls are +indicated on Champlain's map of 1632, and are briefly mentioned in +Ragueneau's _Relation des Hurons,_ 1648. The name is of Iroquois origin. +=Bib.=: Hulbert, _Niagara River_; Spencer, _Falls of Niagara_. + +=Niagara, Fort.= =S= Guards entrance to Niagara River, 51; held by the +British pending settlement of Loyalist affairs, 55; cannon mounted on, +129; handed over to United States, 142. =Hd= Surrendered to British, 26; +number of refugees at, 152. =Bk= Its history, 54-56; its transfer to +United States, 56; rations issued from, to Loyalists, 58; silenced by +Fort George, 309. + +=Nichol, Lieutenant-Colonel.= =Bk= Quartermaster-general of militia, +Upper Canada, 206; his statistical account of Upper Canada, 207; +supports Brock's proposal to attack Detroit, 248. + +=Nicholson, Sir Francis= (1660-1728). Born in England. Entered the army, +1678; lieutenant-governor of the colonies north of Chesapeake Bay, +1686-1689; and lieutenant-governor of Virginia, 1690-1694. Governor of +Maryland, 1694; and of Virginia, 1698-1705. From 1705 to 1713 engaged in +military operations against the French in Canada, and, by capturing +Port Royal, made Acadia British territory. In 1712 appointed governor of +Nova Scotia; and in 1719 of South Carolina. Subsequently appointed +commander-in-chief of the forces in North America, and a +lieutenant-general. =Index=: =F= Lieutenant-governor of New York, 263; +uprising against, 266. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Campbell, _History of +Nova Scotia_; Parkman, _Half Century of Conflict_. + +=Nicolet, Jean= (1598-1642). Born at Cherbourg, Normandy. Came to +Canada, 1618, and the same year sent to the Algonquians of Allumette +Island, on the Ottawa, to learn their language. Remained with the tribe +two years; and afterwards spent eight or nine years with the Nipissings, +gaining so much of their confidence that he was made a member of the +tribe and took part in their councils. His memoirs on this tribe, +furnished to Father Le Jeune, were embodied in the _Jesuit Relations_. +Returned to Quebec, 1633, after an absence of fifteen years. There met +Champlain, who sent him west once more, in 1634. Reached Green Bay the +same year, and ascended Fox River to the Wisconsin portage. The +following year returned to Quebec, and employed as commissary of the fur +trade, and interpreter at Three Rivers, till his death. =Index=: =Ch= +Arrives in Canada, 144. =Bib.=: Butterfield, _Discovery of the +North-West by Jean Nicolet_; Parkman, _Pioneers of France_. + +=Ninety-Two Resolutions.= =P= Drafted by Morin--embodied the grievances +of Papineau and his followers, 85; inspired by Papineau, 85-86; their +intemperate language, 89-93; real grievances set forth, 94-96; voiced +complaints and indignation of the people, 99; criticized by Lord Aylmer, +106. =BL= Denounce Upper House, 21; Cuvillier votes against, 86. =Bib.=: +Christie, _History of Lower Canada_. + +=Nipigon Lake.= Discovered by Charles de Greysolon, Sieur de La +Tourette, brother of Du Lhut, about 1678. Built several trading-posts on +or near the lake, between 1678 and 1686. La Verendrye had charge of +these forts in 1727-1728, and acquired there much of the information +which induced him to undertake his long search for the Western Sea. In +1784 Edouard Umfreville was sent by the North West Company to discover a +canoe route from the lake west to the Winnipeg River. The narrative of +his successful expedition is in the archives of McGill University. + +=Nipisiguit.= =Ch= Jesuit mission at, 235. + +=Nipissing Indians.= A tribe of the widespread Algonquian family, +occupying the upper waters of the Ottawa River, and the country about +Lake Nipissing. First mentioned and described by Champlain, who calls +them the _Nebecerini_. The name also appears, in ever-varying form, in +the narratives of other early French explorers and missionaries. Parkman +mentions that they were also known as _Sorciers_, from their ill repute +as magicians. =Index=: =Ch= Indian tribe alleged to be sorcerers, 77. +=Bib.=: Hodge, _Handbook of North American Indians_; Parkman, _Pioneers +of France_. + +=Nipissing Lake.= Named after the Algonquian tribe of the same name. +Discovered by the Recollet missionary Le Caron in 1615, on his way to +the country of the Hurons. Traversed by Champlain the same year. +Constant references are made to the lake in the early journals of +explorers, missionaries, and fur traders. It formed part of the western +route of the fur traders under both French and British rule. =Index=: +=Ch= Visited by Champlain, 88. + +=Nipissirini.= _See_ Nipissing. + +=Noble, Colonel Arthur.= A Massachusetts officer, sent by Governor +Shirley in 1746 to oppose Ramesay in Acadia. Occupied Grand Pre without +opposition, Ramesay having retreated to Chignecto. In February of the +following year a party of Canadians and Indians under Coulon de Villiers +surprised the British garrison at Grand Pre, and in the fight Noble and +his brother, with a large number of men, were killed, and the rest +forced to capitulate. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Half Century of Conflict_; +Hannay, _History of Acadia_. + +=Nomenclature.= =D= Of Pacific coast, largely due to Vancouver, 34, 36; +Spanish, 36. =Bib.=: Walbran, _British Columbia Coast Names_. + +=Non-importation Act.= =Bk= Passed by Congress, 84. + +=Nootka Affair.= =D= Origin of the dispute, 26; history of, 26-35; +Martinez claims Nootka by right of discovery, 28; Martinez seizes +_Iphigenie_ and _North-West America_, 28; held by Spaniards until 1795, +29; restored to British, 31; terms of treaty, 31-33, 36; act of +restitution completed, 35; no actual occupation by Britain at end of +eighteenth century, 62. =Dr= Dorchester's connection with the Nootka +incident, 250, 259. =Bib.=: Bancroft, _History of North-West Coast_. + +=Nootka Sound.= On west coast of Vancouver Island. Discovered and named +by Captain James Cook in 1778. Prior discovery in 1774 claimed by +Spaniards, but not established. They built a fort there in 1789, and +remained in possession until 1795, when the district was taken over on +behalf of Britain. Here Vancouver and Quadra carried on the negotiations +of 1792 for the restoration of the territory. =Index=: =D= Supposed to +have been visited by Perez, 14; visited by Cook, 14; Captain Cook refits +his ships at, 20; Gray and Kendrick at, in 1788-1789, 24; visited by +Metcalfe in 1789, 25; Spanish establishment at Friendly Cove in 1790, +26; Douglas arrives from Sandwich Islands, 28; Spaniards name the place +Port San Lorenzo, 28; Meares at, in 1788, 27; builds _North-West +America_ there, 28; natives destroy American ship _Boston_ and murder +crew, 1803, 37. =Bib.=: Bancroft, _History of the North-West Coast_; +Walbran, _British Columbia Coast Names_. + +=Normanby, Constantine Henry Phipps, Marquis of= (1797-1863). Entered +Parliament, 1818; appointed governor of Jamaica, 1832; entered the +Cabinet as lord of the privy seal, 1834; lord lieutenant of Ireland, +1835; secretary of war and the colonies, 1839; home secretary, +1839-1841; ambassador at Paris, 1846-1852; minister at Florence, +1854-1858. =Index=: =Sy= Succeeds Lord Glenelg in the colonial office, +57; offers to go to Canada as governor-general, 58. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. +Biog._ + +=Normandy.= =L= Many of colonists natives of, 116. + +=Norquay, John= (1841-1889). Born in St. Andrews, Manitoba. After the +suppression of the Riel Rebellion, elected to the Assembly of Manitoba, +and entered the ministry as minister of public works. Defeated for +election to the House of Commons, 1872. Resigned from the ministry, +1874, but became provincial secretary, 1875; and again minister of +public works, 1876; premier, 1878. Held office continuously until 1887, +when he resigned. =Bib.=: Begg, _History of the North-West_; Rose, _Cyc. +Can. Biog._ + +=North, Lord Frederick.= _See_ Guilford. + +=North American.= Newspaper published at Toronto. =Index.=: =B= The +organ of the Clear Grits, edited by Macdougall, 40; absorbed by the +_Globe_, 74; publishes personal attack on George Brown, editor +apologizes, 93. =BL= Radical publication, edited by Macdougall, 341. + +=North American Colonial Association.= =Sy= On appointment of Poulett +Thomson (Sydenham), 132. + +=North American Fur Company.= =D= Succeeds Pacific Fur Company, 134; +Astor at head of, 134. _See also_ Astor; Pacific Fur Company. + +=North-West America.= =D= Built by Meares at Nootka--first ship launched +in what is now British Columbia, 28; seized by Martinez, 28; crew sent +to China, 29. + +=North-West Coast.= =D= Spanish influence delays colonization, 4; +history of, affected by Russian occupation of Alaska, 4; by British +trade interests by sea, 4; by North West Company, 4; by Hudson's Bay +Company, 4; by Astorians, 4; unvisited by European navigators during +whole of seventeenth and three-quarters of eighteenth century, 11, 12; +final era of exploration of, 18; American voyages to, 23, 24, 25; La +Perouse explores in 1788, 25; Etienne Marchand explores in 1791, 25; +Malaspina's voyage to, in 1791, 25; Elisa's and Quimper's visit to, 26. +=Bib.=: Bancroft, _History of the North-West Coast_. + +=North West Company.= Organized in 1795, by a number of merchants +chiefly of Montreal, engaged in the fur trade. The first "partners," or +_bourgeois_, of the Company were Simon McTavish, Joseph Frobisher, John +Gregory, William McGillivray, Angus Shaw, Roderick McKenzie, Cuthbert +Grant, Alexander McLeod, and William Thorburn. Most of them had +previously been in the North-West as independent fur traders. A new +agreement was entered into by the then partners in 1802; in 1804 the +Company absorbed its vigorous rival, the X Y Company, and in 1821 was +itself absorbed by the Hudson's Bay Company. =Index=: =MS= Early +beginnings--Montreal traders enter the North-West, 2; oppose the +Hudson's Bay Company, 3; the Frobishers build a post on Sturgeon Lake, +4; penetrate to Lake Athabaska, 5; their aggressiveness, 5; more than a +match for the Hudson's Bay Company, 6; Company organized, 1783-1784, 6; +opposition (X Y) Company formed, 6; absorbs rival interests, 1787, 6, +16; growth of fur trade, 7; amalgamates with Hudson's Bay Company, 8; +rearrangements of partners and stock, 58; operations extended to Hudson +Bay, 99; absorbs X Y Company, 1804, 99; opposes Red River settlers, +161-164; resents Miles Macdonell's proclamation, 170-171; sends Duncan +Cameron and Alexander Macdonell to Red River, 172-173; breaks up the +colony, 174-176. =D= Influence upon development of Pacific slope, 4; +conserves British interests in western America, 17, 18. =Hd= +Establishment of, 261-263. =Bk= Its headquarters at Montreal, 99. _See +also_ Hudson's Bay Company; X Y Company; Montreal Company. =Bib.=: +Mackenzie, _Voyages_; Henry, _Travels and Adventures_; Henry-Thompson, +_Journals_, ed. by Coues; Harmon, _Journal_; _Narrative of Occurrences +in the Indian Country_; _Sketch of the British Fur Trade_; Bancroft, +_History of the North-West Coast_; Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_; Begg, +_History of the North-West_; Masson, _Bourgeois de la Compagnie du +Nord-Ouest_; Tasse, _Canadiens de l'Ouest_; Laut, _Conquest of the Great +North-West_; Burpee, _Search for the Western Sea_. + +=North-West Passage.= =D= Tenacity of belief in its existence, 50; +Mackenzie's journey to Pacific is additional blow to belief in, 55. + +=North-West Rebellion.= _See_ Riel Rebellion. + +=North-West Territories.= Comprised all the western portions of Canada, +except Manitoba and British Columbia. Its early history is the history +of the western fur trade, whose forts became in time centres of +settlement. In 1870, the territories were transferred to Canada by the +Hudson's Bay Company. In 1882, four provisional districts were +formed--Assiniboia, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and Athabaska. In 1905 these +were made into the two provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. =Index=: +=B= Annexation of, advocated by George Brown, 137; communication to be +opened with, 166; value of, 174; acquisition of, 186; Brown's interest +in, 211-213, 217, 218-221; R.B. Sullivan's address on, 1847, 211; warns +Canadians of danger of American occupation, and urges immediate steps to +settle and develop the country, 211; Isbister's work on behalf of, 212, +213; _Globe_ article on, 213-215; value of the country, 214; Edward +Fitzgerald on agricultural possibilities of, 214; "Huron's" letters in +the _Globe_ on, 216; Toronto Board of Trade urges acquisition and +settlement of, 216; _Globe_ carries on vigorous campaign, 216-217; +William Macdougall an enthusiastic advocate, 217; incorporation of, +adopted as part of Reform Convention of 1857, 217; project ridiculed by +Niagara _Mail_, 217-218; and Montreal _Transcript_, 218; matter taken up +by Canadian government, and arrangements made for acquiring the +territories, 220-221; bill for government of, provision for separate +schools opposed by George Brown, 249. =Md= Terms upon which Hudson's Bay +Company transfers territory to the crown, 156-157; causes of discontent +and rebellion involved in annexation of, 157-163. _See also_ Assiniboia; +Alberta; Athabaska; Saskatchewan. =Bib.=: Adam, _Canadian North-West_; +Tasse, _Canadiens de l'Ouest_; Dugas, _Legendes du Nord-Ouest_; Begg, +_History of the North-West_; Hind, _North-West Territory_; MacBeth, +_Making of the Canadian West_. + +=Northern Railway.= Chartered in 1849 as the Toronto, Sarnia, and Lake +Huron Railway. The line ran north from Toronto to Lake Simcoe, thence to +Georgian Bay. In 1879 the Northern acquired the Hamilton and +North-Western; and in 1888 was itself absorbed by the Grand Trunk. +=Index=: =E= Construction of, stimulated by provincial guarantee, 1849, +99. + +=Norton, John.= Born in Scotland. Came to America and settled among the +Mohawks, who made him a chief. After the close of the War of 1812, went +to Georgia. Died in Scotland. =Index=: =Bk= In battle of Queenston +Heights, 310. =Bib.=: Richardson, _War of 1812_, ed. by Casselman. + +=Norway House.= Also known at one time as Jack River House. A post of +the Hudson's Bay Company, on Little Playgreen Lake, at the northern end +of Lake Winnipeg. The post formerly stood on Mossy Point, where the +Nelson River flows out of Lake Winnipeg, but was burnt to the ground +about 1826. The present fort was completed in 1828. It is described in +McLeod's _Peace River_, pp. 49-50. In Sir George Simpson's day, Norway +House was the headquarters of the Company, where the governor and +Council met annually to discuss and arrange its affairs. The name +originated in the fact that a party of Scandinavians had been employed +in building the old fort. =Index=: =MS= Selkirk colonists at Jack River, +163-164, 175; becomes headquarters of Hudson's Bay Company, 216; +Governor Simpson at, 1828, 233-236. =Bib.=: Bryce, _Hudson's Bay +Company_; Laut, _Conquest of the Great North-West_. + +=Notre Dame de la Recouvrance.= First parish church of Quebec; built by +Champlain, 1633, and enlarged, 1635. Totally destroyed by fire, June 14, +1640. Replaced in 1645 by the Church of Notre Dame de la Paix, now the +Basilica of Quebec. =Index=: =Ch= First service in, 239; Champlain's +bequest to, 239; gifts to, 240; consecrated under name of Immaculate +Conception, 240; burnt, 241. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Cradle of New France_. + +=Notre Dame de Montreal.= =L= Parish erected, 175; united to Seminary, +175, 176. + +=Notre Dame des Anges.= =Ch= Jesuit convent, 45, 227; views of Jesuits +in connection with, 229; instruction of Indian children, 232, 233; +Recollet convent dedicated to, 148. + +=Notre Dame des Victoires.= Church in Quebec. The corner-stone was laid +May 1, 1688, Bishop Laval officiating. The building was completed the +following year. In 1690 the name was changed to Notre Dame de la +Victoire, to commemorate the repulse of Phipps. In 1711 the name was +again changed, to its present form, to mark the second deliverance of +the city from the English fleet under Walker. The church was destroyed +in the siege of 1759; restored in 1765; and the interior completed in +1817. =Index=: =L= Church of, 185. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Cradle of New +France_. + +=Nouee, Anne de= (1587-1646). Born in France. Entered the Jesuit +novitiate in 1612; and came to Canada in 1626. For several years +laboured among the Hurons and Montagnais, and from 1632 spent the +remainder of his life in mission work in the French settlements along +the St. Lawrence. =Index=: =Ch= Jesuit, goes to Bourges, 207. =L= Death +of, 5. =Bib.=: Charlevoix, _History of New France_. + +=Nouveau Monde.= =C= Edited by Canon Lamarche, 81; bitterly attacks +Cartier, 81-82. + +=Nova Scotia.= Acadia of the French regime. The present name dates from +1621, when Sir William Alexander (_q.v._) obtained from King James I a +grant of all the territory now constituting the provinces of Nova Scotia +and New Brunswick. After many vicissitudes the territory was finally +ceded to England. Halifax was founded in 1749, as the capital of the +young colony; and in 1784 New Brunswick was made a separate colony. +=Index=: =Ch= Grant of, to Sir William Alexander, 223. =Dr= Carleton +arranges to visit, 235; population of, 236; communication with England +and Quebec, 236. =B= Strong feeling against Confederation in, 186, 206. +=Md= Its agitation for "better terms" in Confederation scheme, 110; +opposes Confederation, 116-117; though discarding Quebec Resolutions, +compromises by appointing delegates to arrange question with Imperial +government, 122; dissatisfied with terms offered, demands and receives +"better terms" before entering Dominion, 145. _See also_ Acadia; New +Brunswick; Halifax. =Bib.=: Murdoch, _History of Nova Scotia_; +Haliburton, _Historical and Statistical Account of Nova Scotia_; +Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_; Bourinot, _Builders of Nova Scotia_; +Kirke, _The First English Conquest of Canada_; Moorson, _Letters from +Nova Scotia_; Cozzens, _Acadia_. + +=Nova Scotian.= Newspaper published at Halifax. =Index=: =H= Joseph Howe +becomes editor and proprietor of, 1828, 6; extends its influence +throughout the province, 7; Haliburton contributes to, 9; also Lawrence +O'Connor, Doyle, and others, 9; published by William Annand, 75; Howe +contributes to, 90-93, 117, 231. + +=Noyrot, Father.= =Ch= Jesuit, sails for Canada, 167; vessel did not +reach Quebec, 168, 177; drowned, 200. + + +=Oblate Fathers.= A religious order founded in 1816 in France, and first +established in Canada at St. Hillaire, Quebec, in 1841. Its headquarters +in Canada are at Montreal, and it has missions in Quebec, Ontario, and +in the North-West. =Index=: =L= Their labours in Canada, 1. + +=O'Brien, William Edward= (1831- ). Born at Thornhill, Ontario. Educated +at Upper Canada College; engaged in journalism at Toronto; studied law +and called to the bar of Ontario, 1874. In command of the York and +Simcoe Regiment during the Rebellion of 1885. Sat in the House of +Commons, 1882-1896; defeated in the general election of 1896. A strong +opponent of the Jesuits' Estates Act and of the Remedial Bill, 1896. +=Index=: =Md= His motion for disallowance of Jesuits' Estates Act, 288; +its defeat, 289. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_. + +=Observer.= =Mc= Carey's newspaper, allowed to print legislative +reports, 107; defends Judge Willis, 132, 133. + +=O'Callaghan, Edmund Bailey= (1797-1880). Born in Ireland. In 1823 +emigrated to Canada, and practised medicine at Quebec. Edited the +_Vindicator_, 1834. Elected to the Assembly of Lower Canada, 1836, as a +supporter of Papineau. Having been involved in the Rebellion of 1837, +after its collapse he retired to New York, and for many years employed +in editing the records of the state at Albany. =Index=: =P= Edits the +_Vindicator_, 86; elected through Papineau's influence in Richelieu +County, 86; advocates annexation, 97; ridiculed by Quebec _Mercury_, +122; charged with high treason, 128; extent of his responsibility for +the Rebellion, 143; a born conspirator, 145; calls the Rebellion a +spontaneous explosion, 145; blames Gosford, 146; his letter to Garneau, +145-149. =BL= Flies the country, after collapse of Rebellion, 49. +=Bib.=: Christie, _History of Lower Canada_. + +=O'Connell, Daniel= (1775-1847). Irish statesman. =Index=: =Mc= +Befriends Mackenzie, 221. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Chambers, _Biog. +Dict._, and lives mentioned in article. + +=O'Connor, John= (1824-1887). Born in Boston, Mass. Came to Canada, +1828. Studied law and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1854. Practised +at Sandwich. Defeated for the Assembly, 1861; elected, 1863, but +unseated by order of the House. Elected to the House of Commons, 1867; +president of the Council, 1872; minister of inland revenue, 1873; +postmaster-general, 1873; defeated for re-election, 1874; again elected, +1878; held successively the offices of president of the Council, +postmaster-general, and secretary of state. Appointed judge of the Court +of Queen's Bench, 1884. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._; Read, _Lives of the +Judges_. + +=Ochateguin.= =Ch= Huron chief, 48; forms alliance with Champlain, 55; +wounded in battle, 103. + +=Ochterlony, Captain.= =WM= Rescued by French grenadier from Indian +about to scalp him, 142; carefully tended by nuns of General Hospital, +145. + +=Odell.= =W= Father of W. F. Odell, 8; provincial secretary, New +Brunswick, 8, 34, 57. + +=Odell, William Franklin.= =W= Provincial secretary, New Brunswick, 8, +34, 57, 72; dies at Fredericton, 1844, 75, 76. + +=Odell, William Hunter= (1811-1891). Born in New Brunswick. Called to +the bar, 1838; appointed clerk of the Supreme Court of New Brunswick, +and subsequently deputy provincial secretary, registrar and clerk of the +Executive Council. In 1847 appointed judge of the Court of Common Pleas; +and in 1850 a member of the Legislative Council of New Brunswick. A +member of the Executive Council, and postmaster-general of the province, +1865-1866. Called to the Dominion Senate, 1867. =Index=: =T= Son of W. +F. Odell, and postmaster-general, New Brunswick, 91-92; his character, +92. =Bib.=: Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_. + +=O'Donoghue, William B.= A professor in St. Boniface College. Elected a +member of the first convention called by Louis Riel, and afterwards a +member of the Council. When the Rebellion was suppressed, fled to the +United States. Pardoned, 1877. Died in St. Paul, Minn., 1878. + +=Ogden.= =S= Methodist preacher, not allowed to officiate, being a +citizen of the United States, 190. + +=Ogden, Charles Richard= (1791-1866). Son of following. Studied law and +called to the bar, 1812; elected to the Assembly for Three Rivers, 1815; +attorney-general for district of Three Rivers, 1818; solicitor-general, +1823; attorney-general for Lower Canada, 1833-1842. On his retirement +went to England, and appointed attorney-general for the Isle of Man, as +well as district registrar at Liverpool. =Index=: =Sy= Attorney-general +for Lower Canada, 283. =BL= Attorney-general for Lower Canada, 1841, 76; +unpopular with French, 78; Baldwin's attitude to, 80; his retirement +suggested by Bagot, with a pension, 123; pension objected to by La +Fontaine, 125; is given Imperial appointment, 133. =Bib.=: Taylor, +_Brit. Am._; Dent, _Last Forty Years_. + +=Ogden, Isaac.= Born in New England. Took the Loyalist side in the +Revolution, and, when New York was evacuated in 1783, went to England. +Came to Canada, 1784, and appointed judge of the Admiralty Court for the +Montreal district; judge of the Superior Court, 1796. + +=Ogden, Peter Skene= (1794?-1854). Son of Isaac Ogden (_q.v._). Entered +the fur trade, was sent out to Astoria by Astor, and, finding that +Astoria had been transferred to the North West Company, entered their +service. Led trading expeditions into the interior, explored the +Yellowstone country, Lewis River and Utah, and discovered the Ogden +River in California. After the union of the North West and Hudson's Bay +Companies, moved to New Caledonia and became chief factor in 1835, with +headquarters at Fort St. James. Died at Ogden City, Oregon. =Index=: =D= +Sent with Anderson to establish post on the Stikine, 1834, 120; +frustrated by Russians, 120; reaches Sacramento River, 126; associated +with McLoughlin and Douglas on board of management of western +department, 187; dies, 1854, 265; in charge of New Caledonia, 285. +=Bib.=: Laut, _Conquest of the Great North-West_; Bancroft, _History of +the North-West Coast_. + +=Ogdensburg.= _See_ Oswegatchie. + +=O'Grady, Doctor.= =Mc= Publishes _Correspondent and Advocate_, 259; +visits Quebec with Mackenzie, 287; prepares answer to governor, 298; +pens "Declaration of Independence," 330. =Bib.=: Dent, _Upper Canadian +Rebellion_. + +=Ohio River.= One of the largest tributaries of the Mississippi, +discovered by La Salle in 1669. Its short portages from Lake Erie to the +navigable tributaries of the Ohio, and the continuous waterway to the +Gulf of Mexico, made the river an important route for the explorer, +missionary, and settler of the early colonial days. =Index=: =WM= First +named La Belle Riviere, 19. =S= Demanded as boundary of Indian +territory, 120, 122. =Bib.=: Parkman, _La Salle_. + +=Ohio Valley.= =WM= French retreat from, 62. + +=Olbeau, Jean d'.= Born in Langres. Joined the Jesuit College there in +1628. In 1640 came to Canada, and laboured as a missionary at Miscou +until 1643. =Index=: =Ch= Recollet missionary, 85; his missionary +labours, 107; returns to France to report to the king, 113; lays +foundation stone of Recollet convent, 148; sees its doors closed in +1629, 167. =Bib.=: Charlevoix, _History of New France_. + +=Old Company.= =F= Name given to Company of New France after 1645, 36. +_See also_ Company of New France. + +=Olier de Verneuil, Jean Jacques= (1608-1687). In 1640 parish priest of +St. Sulpice, Paris, and established the St. Sulpice Seminary in 1645. +Founded in 1636 the Company of Montreal, through whose instrumentality +Maisonneuve was sent out in 1641-1642 to lay the foundations of the +future city. =Index=: =L= His designs for establishing a religious +centre at Montreal, 6; trained by St. Vincent de Paul, 24; sends four +priests to Canada, 25; dying, recommends work to his successor, 135. =F= +Founder of Sulpician Order, obtains grant of island of Montreal, 32. +=Bib.=: Parkman, _Old Regime_. + +=Oneidas.= A tribe of the Iroquois confederacy. Their villages stood +between those of the Mohawks on the east and the Onondagas on the west. +In the American Revolution, they alone with some of the Tuscaroras took +the side of the rebellious colonists, the remainder of the confederacy +remaining loyal to Great Britain. The remnant of the tribe is now +settled on reservations in New York, in Wisconsin, and in the Niagara +peninsula. =Index=: =F= Torture Father Millet, 216; party of, destroyed, +308; three burnt alive, 309; negotiate for peace, 324. =Ch= Iroquois +tribe, 50. =L= Frontenac marches against, 233. =Hd= Their wavering +fidelity, 148; Brant burns village of, 153. =Bib.=: _See_ Iroquois. + +=Onneyouts.= _See_ Oneidas. + +=Onondaga.= =S= Armed schooner of eighty tons, 113; Prince Edward +embarks on, at Kingston, 183. + +=Onondagas.= A tribe of the Iroquois confederacy. Their country lay west +of that of the Oneidas. They took the British side in the Revolutionary +War; and on its conclusion many of them settled on Canadian +reservations. Some are now on reservations in New York. =Index=: =F= +Iroquois tribe, demand a French colony, 40; escape of, 41; a number +treacherously captured for king's galleys, 215; their orator, +Teganissorens, 338; campaign against, 250-253. =Ch= Indian tribe, 50. +=L= Frontenac marches against, 233. _See also_ Iroquois. =Bib.=: _See_ +Iroquois. + +=Onontagues.= _See_ Onondagas. + +=Onontio (Big Mountain).= =F= Name applied by Indians to French +governors, 35. + +=Ontario.= =Hd= Armed vessel, foundering of, 163. + +=Ontario.= Area, 260,862 square miles. Formerly Upper Canada. As a +separate province, its existence dates from 1791. The population at that +time was insignificant. Simcoe became the first governor, and the first +Legislature met at Newark (Niagara) in 1792. The province was reunited +to Lower Canada in 1841; and in 1867 became a member of the new +Confederation, under its present name. The greater part of the province +was explored by Champlain, Etienne Brule, and Brebeuf, Chaumonot, and +other Jesuit missionaries, in the first half of the seventeenth century. +=Index=: =W= Abolishes second chamber, 71. _See also_ Upper Canada; New +Ontario. =Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty Years_; Smith, _Geographical View of +Upper Canada_; Gourlay, _Statistical Account of Upper Canada_; Haight, +_Country Life in Canada_; Canniff, _History of the Settlement of Upper +Canada_; Moodie, _Roughing it in the Bush_; Edgar, _Ten Years of Upper +Canada_; Strickland, _Twenty-Seven Years in Canada West_; Clarke, _Sixty +Years in Upper Canada_; Conant, _Upper Canada Sketches_. + +=Ontario Boundary Dispute.= =Md= Began in 1871, 254; arbitration +arranged, 254-255; Macdonald refuses to accept award, 255; federal +influence in Manitoba dispute, 255-256; Manitoba's claims, 256; +settlement of, 257-258. =Bib.=: Mills, _Report on Boundaries of +Ontario_; Lindsey, _Unsettled Boundaries of Ontario_; _Documents +relating to the Boundaries of Ontario, 1878_; _Correspondence, etc., +relating to the Boundaries of Ontario, 1882_; _Proceedings before the +Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, 1889_; Biggar, _Life of Sir +Oliver Mowat_. + +=Ontario, Lake.= The smallest of the Great Lakes; area, 7,260 square +miles. Discovered by Etienne Brule in 1615. + +=Orders-in-Council.= =Bk= British, prohibiting neutral trade between +hostile ports, 93, 106, 111; premature announcement of withdrawal of, +120, 121; difficulty of withdrawing, 192, 193; repealed, 193. =Bib.=: +_Dict. Eng. Hist._ + +=Ordre du Bon Temps.= =Ch= Social club established at Port Royal, 36. + +=Oregon.= =D= Extent of district, 56-57; origin of name, 56-57; arrival +of ships _Convoy_ and _Owyhee_, 1829, 136; first missionaries, 136-142; +coming of the settlers, 138-142; provisional government, 143; John +Gordon sent to report on its value, 183; incident of his salmon fishing, +183-184; question of ownership, conflicting views of Great Britain and +the United States, 62-64. =Bib.=: Bancroft, _History of the North-West +Coast_; Nicolay, _Oregon Territory_; Foster, _Bibliography of Oregon_ in +_Mag. of Amer. Hist._, vol. xxv. + +=Oregon Boundary Question.= =D= Settled in 1846, 27; occupation of the +Columbia by the Astorians made basis of United States claims, 72; Oregon +Treaty, 1846, 114; fundamental elements of dispute, 147-149; the Spanish +title, 148; the collision at Nootka, 148; Gray's exploit strengthens +United States claim, 148; negotiations between Great Britain and the +United States, 149-150; United States flag raised over Astoria, 150; +agreement of Oct. 20, 1818, 151; Florida Treaty, 1819, and the Spanish +title in the west, 153; negotiations reopened at London, 154; attitude +of British and American governments, 154; compromise of 1827, 155; +popular feeling in United States, 156; "fifty-four forty or fight," 157; +arbitration refused, 157; 49th parallel proposed by Britain as boundary, +157; analyses of opposing claims, 159-168; mutual ignorance concerning +Oregon, 169-170; British and American diplomacy, 171-172; negotiations +and treaty of 1846, 275; history of the dispute, 276-283. =BL= Treaty +removes any immediate prospect of rupture with the United States, 272. +=E= Threatening aspect of dispute leads to selection of a military +governor; Lord Cathcart, 38; settlement of, 40. =Md= Settled by treaty +of June 15, 1846, 178. =Bib.=: _Lit. Amer. Hist._; Kingsford, _History +of Canada_; Nicolay, _Oregon Territory_; Gray, _History of Oregon_; +Hodgins, _British and American Diplomacy Affecting Canada_; Begg, +_History of British Columbia_; Schafer, _History of the Pacific +North-West_; _History and Digest of International Arbitrations to which +United States has been a Party_; Egerton, _Canada_. + +=Orehaoue.= =F= Cayuga chief, brought back from France by Frontenac, +237; services rendered by, 315, 339. + +=Orford, Horace Walpole, fourth Earl of= (1717-1797). Sat in Parliament, +1741-1767; established a private press at Strawberry Hill, at which he +printed his various works. =Index=: =WM= His statement regarding +Townshend, 74; on fall of Quebec, 238. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Oriskany.= =Dr= Battle of, Indians lose heavily in, 173. + +=Orleans, Jean Baptiste Gaston, Duke of= (1608-1660). =Ch= Conspires +against his brother Louis XIII, 215. + +=Orleans, Isle of.= In the St. Lawrence River, below Quebec. It was +first named by Jacques Cartier, in 1535, the Island of Bacchus, on +account of the numerous grape-vines growing there. In 1759 it was +occupied by Wolfe and the British troops during the siege of Quebec. +=Index=: =WM= Evacuated, 90; British establish fortified camp on, 108; +settlements on, burned by Wolfe's orders, 150. =L= Exchanged by Laval +for Ile Jesus, 138. =Ch= Granted to Guillaume de Caen, 140. =Bib.=: +Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_; Wood, _The Fight for Canada_. + +=Ormiston, William.= Born in the parish of Symington, on the banks of +the Clyde, Scotland, 1821. Came to Upper Canada 1834, and settled with +his parents in the township of Darlington, then a comparative +wilderness; studied divinity at Victoria College under Egerton Ryerson, +1843; appointed professor of moral philosophy and logic, 1847; +mathematical master at Toronto Normal School, 1853-1861; minister of the +Central Presbyterian Church, Hamilton, 1857. =Index=: =R= Graduate of +Victoria College, 144; his tribute to Ryerson, 144-146; on staff of +Toronto Normal School, 174; inspector of schools, 253; his report on +union schools, 254-255, 257. + +=Ormsby, Major.= =Bk= Brings up supply of ordnance from Quebec, 229. + +=Osgoode, William= (1754-1824). Born in England. Educated at Oxford; +studied law, and called to the English bar, 1779. Appointed +chief-justice of Upper Canada, 1792; and chief-justice of Lower Canada, +1794. In 1801 resigned and returned to England. Osgoode Hall, Toronto, +the seat of the provincial law courts, is named after him. =Index=: =S= +Legislative councillor, 49; executive councillor, 79; chief-justice, +178. =Dr= Chief-justice of Lower Canada, 291. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. +Can._; Dent, _Can. Por._; Read, _Lives of the Judges_. + +=Osler, William= (1849- ). Born in Bond Head, Ontario. Educated at +Toronto and McGill Universities; from 1874 to 1884 professor of medicine +at McGill University; from 1884 to 1889 professor of clinical medicine +in the University of Pennsylvania; Gulstonian lecturer at the Royal +College of Physicians, London, 1885; and professor of medicine at Johns +Hopkins University, 1889-1904; appointed regius professor of medicine at +Oxford, 1904. =Bib.=: _Who's Who_. + +=Oswald, Richard= (1705-1784). =Dr= Sent to discuss matters with +Franklin, 192, 213. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Oswegatchie.= Former name of the town of Ogdensburg. =Index=: =Dr= +Captain Foster stationed at, 142. =Hd= Starting-point of many scouting +parties, 150. + +=Oswego.= =Hd= British post at mouth of Oswego River, 25; battle at, 26, +40, 121; Haldimand returns to, from Niagara, 27; Indians around, 28; +derivation of name, 32; Amherst at, 33, 34, 35; Haldimand insists on +importance of suitably fortifying, 142; fear of rebels taking post, 150; +retaken, after falling into hands of enemy, by Major Ross, 157; +Loyalists at, 250; Haldimand's determination regarding defence of, 260. +=WM= Capture of, 34. + +=Otis, Charles Pomeroy.= =Ch= Translator of Champlain's _Voyages_, 277. + +=Otoucha.= =Ch= Huron village, 88. + +=Ottawa.= Formerly Bytown. Founded about the year 1827, and named after +Colonel By, a Royal Engineer, who built the Rideau Canal, and whose +workmen formed the nucleus of the infant town. The name was changed to +Ottawa in 1854, and Queen Victoria, in 1858, selected the place as the +seat of government. In 1867 it became the capital of the new Dominion. +=Index=: =E= Selected as seat of government, and later as capital of the +Dominion, 79. =B= Selection of, as capital, opposed by George Brown, +100. _See also_ Bytown. =Bib.=: Edgar, _Canada and its Capital_; +Gourlay, _History of the Ottawa Valley_; Gard, _The Hub and the Spokes_; +Scott, _The Choice of the Capital_. _See also_ papers by Mrs. H. J. +Friel, M. Jamieson, F. G. Kenny, Eva Read, in Women's Can. Hist. Soc. of +Ottawa _Trans._, vol. 1; B. Sulte, _The Name of Ottawa_ in Ottawa Lit. & +Sc. Soc. _Trans._, 1898-1899. + +=Ottawa Indians.= A tribe of the Algonquian family. First mentioned in +Champlain's narrative, 1615. The explorer met a party of these Indians +on French River. They were called the _Cheveux Releves_, because of +their peculiar method of dressing the hair. They occupied Manitoulin +Island from about 1615 to 1650; were attacked and dispersed by the +Iroquois the latter year, and settled West of Green Bay. They were keen +fur traders, and throughout the greater part of the seventeenth century +continued to bring down quantities of furs from the west to Montreal by +way of the Ottawa River. Fought under Pontiac in 1763; made peace with +Sir William Johnson at Niagara in 1764. A few thousand are now scattered +on reservations in Ontario. =Index=: =F= Keen for trade and cheap goods, +259; entertained at Quebec, 310. =Hd= Sioux offer to attack, 148. +=Bib.=: Pilling, _Bibliography of Algonquian Languages_; Champlain, +_Voyages_; Parkman, _Conspiracy of Pontiac_; Schoolcraft, _Indian Tribes +of the United States_; _Jesuit Relations_, ed. by Thwaites. _See also_ +Sulte's papers in the Royal Society of Canada _Trans._, 1903 and 1904. + +=Ottawa River.= A tributary of the St. Lawrence. Total length, 685 +miles. Explored by Champlain in 1613 and 1615. Named after Ottawa +Indians. The river formed for many years the thoroughfare of explorers, +missionaries, and fur traders, from Montreal to the far West. It will +furnish the major portion of the route of the proposed Georgian Bay +Canal. =Index=: =P= Papineau's home at Montebello, 6. =Bib.=: Champlain, +_Voyages_; Sulte, _The Valley of the Grand River, 1600-1650_ (R. S. C., +1898-1899); Parkman, _Pioneers of France_; Keefer, _Montreal and the +Ottawa_; Stewart, _Georgian Bay Canal_. + +=Ottawa, University of.= Established, 1848. Originally incorporated +under the title of "College of Bytown"; received the title of "College +of Ottawa," 1866. Pope Leo XIII raised it to the rank of a Roman +Catholic University, 1889. It suffered from a serious fire, 1903. The +university is conducted by the Oblate Fathers of Mary Immaculate. + +=Otway's Regiment.= =WM= On British right, 189. + +=Ouendats.= =Ch= General name given by French to four Huron tribes, 89. + +=Ouentaron.= =S= Indian name of Lake Simcoe, 93. _See also_ Lake Simcoe. + +=Ourouehate.= _See_ Big Mouth. + +=Overman.= =Ch= Farmer of county of Renfrew, Ontario, discovers +astrolabe lost by Champlain, 76. + +=Owen, Admiral.= =W= Member of New Brunswick Council, 69. + + +=Pabos.= =Hd= Haldimand acquires seigniory of, 50; sends his nephew +there, 73; not profitable, 111. + +=Pacific Coast.= _See_ North-West Coast. + +=Pacific Fur Company.= Organized by John Jacob Astor in 1810. Sometimes +known as the Astor Fur Company. Astor had made a fortune in the fur +trade, and formed the plan of extending his operations to the Pacific +coast, and building a post at the mouth of the Columbia. He suggested to +the North West Company that the project be undertaken jointly, but the +Company declining the offer, he induced several of its partners and +employees to join him. These men sailed to the Columbia by way of Cape +Horn, while another party went overland by the route followed by Lewis +and Clark. Astoria was built in 1811, at the mouth of the Columbia, but +the energetic competition of the North West Company, and complications +arising out of the War of 1812, defeated Astor's plans. =Index=: =D= +Logical sequel to journey of Lewis and Clark, 68; formed in 1810 by John +Jacob Astor, 68; made famous by Washington Irving, 68; character and +extent of its operations, 69-71; employees recruited in Montreal, 70; +expeditions sent out, 71. _See also_ Astoria. =Bib.=: Cox, _Adventures +on the Columbia River_; Ross, _Fur Hunters of the Far West_; Franchere, +_Voyage to North-West Coast of America_; Irving, _Astoria_. + +=Pacific Scandal.= =D= Difficulties aroused by episode, 321. =C= +Cartier's connection with, 53-54, 105-106. =Md= History of, 199-211; +grew out of Pacific Railway project, 200; the two syndicates, 200; +government subsidies, 201; Huntington's motion for a committee to +investigate charges against Sir Hugh Allan and the government, 201-203; +motion defeated, 203; Macdonald's motion for select committee, 203-204; +Allan's letters and telegrams published, with other documents, 205; +royal commission issued, 206; Macdonald's letter to Dufferin, 207; +Mackenzie moves vote of censure, 208; Macdonald's defence, 208-209; +Donald A. Smith's speech, 210; Macdonald resigns, 210; his party +defeated at the elections, 211. =T= Tilley not involved in, 131. _See +also_ Macdonald, Sir John A.; Macpherson, Sir David L.; Cartier, Sir +Georges E. + +=Pagan, William.= =W= Appointed to New Brunswick Council, 7. + +=Pakington, Sir John.= _See_ Hampton. + +=Palliser, Hugh.= Captain of the _Shrewsbury_ in 1759. =Index=: =WM= +British marines under, occupy Lower Town of Quebec, 235. + +=Pallu.= =L= Proposed appointment of, as bishop in Asia, 23. + +=Palmer, Edward= (1809-1889). =T= Represents Prince Edward Island at +Quebec Conference, 77. + +=Palmerston, Henry John Temple, third Viscount= (1784-1865). Born in +Hampshire, England. Educated at Harrow, Edinburgh, and Cambridge. First +entered Parliament, 1807; lord of the admiralty, 1808; secretary of war, +1809-1828; foreign secretary, 1830-1840 and 1846-1851; home secretary, +1852; prime minister, 1855; defeated, but returned to power, 1857; again +defeated, 1858, and once more prime minister, 1859; warden of the Cinque +Ports, 1861. =Index=: =E= Sends Elgin on mission to China, 212. =Sy= +Resigns from Duke of Wellington's Cabinet, 16. =T= On Intercolonial +Railway question, 55; on Confederation negotiations, 63-64. =Bib.=: +_Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Pambrun, Pierre Chrysologue.= Served in the Canadian Voltigeurs during +the War of 1812. Entered the service of the Hudson's Bay Company, and +sent to the Qu'Appelle district. Captured there by Cuthbert Grant, of +the North West Company, in 1816, and held prisoner for five days, +shortly before the Seven Oaks affair. Stationed at Stuart Lake, New +Caledonia, in 1824, and still in the same district in 1828 when Sir +George Simpson made his overland journey to the Pacific. In 1842 in +charge of Fort Halkett. =Index=: =D= At Stuart Lake, 99. =Bib.=: Bryce, +_Hudson's Bay Company_; Bancroft, _History of British Columbia_; Morice, +_History of the Northern Interior of British Columbia_. + +=Panama Canal.= =Ch= Suggested by Champlain, 5; undertaken by De +Lesseps, 6. + +=Panet, Jean Antoine= (1751-1815). Practised as an advocate and notary +in Montreal, represented Quebec in the Legislature, 1792, and presented +a petition from the citizens of Quebec for the abolition of slavery. +First Speaker of the Legislature of Quebec; appointed judge of the Court +of Common Pleas by Lord Dorchester, 1793, but resigned almost +immediately and re-elected to the Legislature of Lower Canada where he +sat until 1815; appointed a member of the Legislative Council, 1815. +=Index=: =Bk= Speaker of Lower Canada Assembly, his commission as +lieutenant-colonel of militia cancelled by Governor Craig, 105; elected +for Huntingdon and again made Speaker, 115. =Dr= Speaker of first Lower +Canada Assembly, 276; appointed to judgeship, 277. =C= Claims liberty of +the press, 95; sent to jail, 95. =P= Establishes _Le Canadien_, 28; name +struck off militia list by Sir James Craig, 28; sent to jail, 29; +released, 29; Speaker of Assembly succeeded by Papineau, 33. =Bib.=: +Bibaud, _Pan. Can._; Christie, _History of Lower Canada_. + +=Panet, Jean Claude.= =Dr= Appointed judge, 183. + +=Pangman, Peter.= Born in New England. Engaged in the fur trade west of +Lake Superior about 1780. With Peter Pond, John Gregory, and A. N. +McLeod, organized in 1784 a company in opposition to the North West +Company. Afterwards for some years in the service of the North West +Company. In 1793 retired from the fur trade, and purchased seigniory of +Mascouche in Lower Canada. =Index=: =MS= Associated with Pond and others +in opposition to North West Company, 11; sent to Saskatchewan, 14; his +share as partner of North West Company, 58. =Bib.=: Bryce, _Hudson's Bay +Company_. + +=Paper Currency.= =Bk= Issue of, in Upper Canada, 198. =Hd= Redemption +of, 58, =Dr= French, in circulation in Canada, 23; _habitants_ object to +American, 116, 135, 150. =Bib.=: Weir, _Sixty Years in Canada_. + +=Papin.= =C= Liberal leader in Quebec, 25; protests against Dorion +entering Cartier administration, 106-107. + +=Papineau, Denis B.= =E= Brother of Louis Joseph Papineau, 35; Metcalfe +brings into Cabinet, 35; his lack of influence in Lower Canada, 44, 66. +=BL= Elected for Ottawa, 116; becomes commissioner of crown lands, 1844, +246; attacked, 246-247; elected for Ottawa, 1844, 252; introduces +question of French language, 255-256; Draper prepared to throw him over, +259, 260. =Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty Years_. + +=Papineau, Joseph.= =P= Represents Montreal in first Parliament, 1792, +4; his patriotism, 4; oratorical gifts, 4; services during American +invasion, 1775-1776, 5, 33; acquires seigniory of La Petite Nation, 5-6. + +=Papineau, Louis Joseph= (1786-1870). =P= Tribune of the people, 1; a +melodious speaker, 1-3; compared with Cartier, 2; his parentage, 3-4; +services in War of 1812, 5, 33; his house at Montebello, 6; college +days, 32; enters Assembly, 1812, and immediately springs to front, 32; +succeeds Panet as Speaker, 1815, 33; studies history and constitutional +law, 33; his speeches, 34; leadership acknowledged, 34; his opinion of +the constitution of 1791, 34-38; insists on budget being voted item by +item, 42; sent to England to oppose proposed union of Upper and Lower +Canada, 1822, 44-53; attacks Dalhousie in the Assembly, 56; Bibaud on, +56; fight for control of the budget, and removal of political abuses, +56-64; criticized for accepting mission to England, 65-66; revolt +against his leadership, 66; friendship for Neilson, 67; difficulties +with his followers, 68-69; refuses offer of seat in the Council, 1822, +72; his unsuccessful fight for responsible government, 75; defeats +motion for adoption of Goderich's offer, 77; his action defended in +Durham's _Report_, 77; advocates reform of Legislative Council, 79; his +Montreal speech, 1834, 79-82; question of patronage, 84; his immoderate +attitude, 86; deserted by Neilson and other moderate men, 86; blames +government for ravages of cholera, 88-89; Ninety-Two Resolutions, 85-97; +becomes an annexationist, 97, 113; stormy scenes in the Legislature, +1835, 99; his outbursts of passion, 100; replies to Gugy's speech in +Assembly, 103-106; has Lord Aylmer's remarks about Ninety-Two +Resolutions erased from journals of Assembly, 106, 109; bitter attack on +Aylmer, 107-108; and Craig, 109; becomes an irreconcilable, 110; +conflict with Lord Gosford, 110; criticized by Dr. Henry, 112; accepts +invitations to Government House, 112-113; refuses to vote supplies, 115; +the eve of the Rebellion, 116; moderate French, with the clergy, break +away from his leadership, 116-117; fails to secure support of +malcontents in other provinces, 118-119; his seditious speeches, +119-125; influenced by example of American Revolution, 121-122; at the +St. Charles meeting, 1837, 125-126; leaves Montreal for St. Hyacinthe, +127; charged with high treason, 128; leaves St. Denis on the eve of the +fight, 132; a price put on his head, 137; escapes to the United States, +137-138; extent of his responsibility for Rebellion, 143; denies having +advocated violence, 143; his speeches evidence against him, 144; his +letters, 144; and the government, 156; the people follow him blindly, +indifferent to political rights, 160-161; spends the period of his exile +in France, 163; letter to his brother, 164; returns to Canada in 1845, +165; historical studies in Paris, examines Canadian Archives there, +164-165; his pamphlet on the Rebellion, 165; again enters Parliament, +1847-1854, 166; relations with La Fontaine, 167-180; advocates +independence, 167; attacks La Fontaine, 170-172; La Fontaine's reply, +172-176; his hatred of all forms of compromise, 177; forms new party, +_Le parti democratique_, 1849, 178, 187; its leaders, 178; its +programme, 178; retires from public life, 180; his letters to Christie, +144, 180, 191, 194; criticism of the Act of 1840, 181-182; his +correspondence with his friends, 183; lectures before Canadian +Institute, Montreal, 1867, 183, 199; his portrait, 185; his character, +185; his father's influence, 186; merits and defects of his public life, +186-188; his correspondence with W. L. Mackenzie, 189; his home on the +Ottawa, 190; his social qualities, 190-191; home life, 192; friendly +attitude towards the English, 196; his letters, 197; his death, Sept. +23, 1870, 198; attitude towards the church, 198; opposed to +Confederation, 199; his love for his country, 200. =BL= Born in +Montreal, 19; political life, 19, 20; his connection with the Rebellion +in Lower Canada, 45, 46, 49; anxious to conciliate clergy, 47; Cuvillier +votes against his Ninety-Two Resolutions, 86; his correspondence with +Hume and Roebuck, 229; his life in exile, 288; La Fontaine secures his +pardon, 288; his return and election for St. Maurice, 288; his lost +leadership, 289; attacks La Fontaine and his policy, 289-290; La +Fontaine's reply, 290-292; for Radical party, 292; opposes +Redistribution Bill, 303; in the Assembly, 312; leads Radical party, +342; opposes La Fontaine, 342, 343; Elgin calls him "Guy Fawkes," 342; +attitude on Seigniorial Tenure, 350. =E= Causes of Rebellion, 17, 75, +76; his dangerous eloquence, 17-18; an agitator rather than a statesman, +20; fights for an elective Council, 21; mistaken attitude, 22; returns +from exile, 50, 91; elected to Parliament, 50; his career in Parliament, +50-51; Elgin's antipathy for, 56, 57, 72, 73; contrasted with Mackenzie, +91, 92; controls Legislature of Lower Canada, 97; opposes development of +St. Lawrence, 97, 98; forms _Parti Rouge_, 108, 109; factious opposition +to law increasing representation, 117; held responsible by Cartier for +amendment to Union Act, 122; his defeat and retirement from public life, +134; aftermath of Rebellion, 190. =Bk= Elected to the Lower Canada +Legislature, 117. =C= His influence on Cartier, 1, 5; his St. Charles +meeting, 3; standing as a statesman, 23; founds Democratic party, 26; +advocates reforms, but crosses limits of constitutional agitation, 96. +=Md= Heads Rebellion of 1837, in Lower Canada, 7; Cartier goes to United +States with, after defeat of rebels, 266; in struggle against political +domination of priesthood, 45. =Mc= Visited by Mackenzie, 288; addresses +meetings, 328; amnestied, 474. _See also_ Rebellion of 1837. =Bib.=: +Dent, _Can. Por._; Taylor, _Brit. Am._; _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Christie, +_History of Lower Canada_. + +=Pardoe, Avern= (1845- ). =B= Librarian of Legislative Assembly of +Ontario, 255; a witness of the shooting of George Brown by Bennett, +255-256. + +=Parent, Etienne= (1801-1874). Born at Beauport, near Quebec. Educated +at the Seminary of Quebec, and at the College of Nicolet. In 1822 editor +of _Le Canadien_, but resigned, 1825, to study law. After being called +to the bar and practising for a short time, abandoned the profession on +his appointment as French translator to the Legislative Assembly of +Lower Canada. In 1831 editor of _Le Canadien_, and held the position for +eleven years. During the Rebellion of 1837-1838 strongly supported the +extreme measures of Papineau, and imprisoned in Quebec jail. In 1841 +elected to the Assembly for Saguenay. In 1842 appointed clerk of the +Executive Council; and in 1847 assistant secretary for Lower Canada. +=Index=: =P= Applies name of Chouayens to those who would not follow +Papineau, 68; withdraws from Papineau's party, 117; denounced by _La +Minerve_ as a traitor, 123. =Bib.=: Christie, _History of Lower Canada_. + +=Paris, Treaty of.= Between England and France, signed 1763. Ceded +Canada to Britain, France retaining islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon. +=Index=: =E= Guarantees institutions of French-Canadians, 24. =P= Grants +free exercise of Roman Catholic religion, 9; breadth of view of framers +of, 9. =Dr= Cedes Canada to Great Britain, 7. =Sy= Liberal provisions +of, 62. =WM= Signed Feb. 10, 1763, 268; ends the Seven Years' War, 269. +=Bib.=: Hertslet, _Treaties and Conventions_. + +=Parke, Thomas.= Born in Ireland. Emigrated to Canada, and settled in +York (Toronto) in 1820. Member for the county of Middlesex in the two +last Parliaments of the province of Upper Canada. Member of the first +Parliament of Canada, 1841-1844; surveyor-general in the La +Fontaine-Baldwin administration, 1841-1845, when the office was +abolished. Died, 1864. =Index=: =Sy= Made surveyor-general, 333. =Bib.=: +Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._; Dent, _Last Forty Years_. + +=Parker, Sir Hyde= (1739-1807). Second son of Vice-Admiral Sir Hyde +Parker. Born in England. Served in the navy under his father. In 1757 +became lieutenant, and in 1763 commanded the _Baleine_. In 1766 +transferred to the _Hussar_, and served under Lord Hood on the North +American station until 1770; served with Howe at New York; Rhode Island +in 1778; and in 1779 convoyed the troops to Savannah; knighted for his +services, 1779; commander-in-chief at Jamaica, 1796-1800; promoted +rear-admiral of the _Red_ in 1799; commanded the fleet which attacked +Copenhagen in 1807. =Index=: =Bk= In command of expedition to the +Baltic, 24; signals Nelson at Copenhagen to leave off action, 28. +=Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Parker, Robert.= =T= Attorney-general, New Brunswick, appointed to +bench, 19; made chief-justice, 1865, 93-94; dies same year, 94. + +=Parkes, Sir Henry= (1815-1896). Australian statesman. =Index=: =Md= +Rhodes suggests scheme of Imperial preferential trade to, 343. + +=Parkman, Francis= (1823-1893). Born in Boston. Educated at Harvard, +where he graduated, 1844. While still at college decided to write the +history of the struggle between France and Britain for the dominion of +the New World, and the remainder of his life was devoted to carrying out +this great plan. Lived among the western tribes for months at a time, +and on several occasions visited Canada and Europe for material for his +work. =Index=: =F= On the _Jesuit Relations_, 30; on the beginnings of +education and its founders, 31-32; on the encouragement of marriage, +57-58; reference to his account of the defence of fort at Vercheres, +319-320. =L= On the friction of Laval with the governor-general and +others, 34. =WM= On French colonization, 19. =Bib.=: Works: _Pioneers of +France in the New World_; _Count Frontenac_; _The Jesuits in North +America_; _La Salle and the Discovery of the Great West_; _The Old +Regime in Canada_; _A Half Century of Conflict_; _Montcalm and Wolfe_; +_The Conspiracy of Pontiac_; _The Oregon Trail_. For biog., _see_ +Farnham, _Life of Francis Parkman_. + +=Parliamentary Government.= =E= Canadian and American systems compared, +239-267. =P= Not at first welcomed by French-Canadians, 19, 20; their +change of view, 22; Lower Canadian Assembly petitions the king to be +allowed to provide for expenses of administration, 30; partial control +of budget granted in 1818, 30. =H= Granted to Canada and the Maritime +Provinces, 14; its limitations, 14-17. =Bib.=: Bourinot, _Parliamentary +Procedure and Government_; Todd, _Parliamentary Government in the +British Colonies_. + +=Parliaments in France.= =F= Subjection of, to royal power, 152. + +=Parr, John.= Served in the army for some years; appointed governor of +Nova Scotia, 1782; lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 1786-1791. The +last governor of the province previous to the separation of New +Brunswick from the old province of Nova Scotia, and instrumental in +bringing about the change. Created widespread dissatisfaction by bad +management of the affairs of the Loyalists in Nova Scotia. Parrtown, +afterwards St. John, was named after him. =Index=: =Dr= +Lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 206, 235; arranges for receiving +Loyalists, 214. =Bib.=: Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_. + +=Partelow, John R.= =W= Opposed to responsible government, 65; his views +on initiation of money grants, referred to in Wilmot's speech, 104, 108; +enters government as provincial secretary, 116. =T= Defeated for St. +John County, 11; Speaker of House of Assembly, 11; mayor of St. John, +11; elected for Victoria, 14; his character, 14-15; elected for St. John +County, 30; defeated, 32. =Bib.=: Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_. + +=Parti Catholique.= =C= An extreme faction of Quebec Conservatives, 82; +its policy, 82; attacks Cartier, 82-83. + +=Parti Rouge.= =B= Origin of, 78-79; alliance with, of George Brown and +Upper Canadian Reformers, 78, 80; led by A. A. Dorion, 80; significance +of movement, 235. =E= Its history and members, 108; help to defeat +Hincks-Morin government, 127; Papineau becomes leader of, 134. =BL= +Origin of, 335, 351. =Md= Formed to fight against domination of +priesthood, 45, 46; members of, in Legislature in 1854, 51; defeated in +1857, 84; George Brown's rupture with, 102. =Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty +Years_; Willison, _Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party_. + +=Party Government.= =B= Origin of the double ministries, 81. =Sy= +Absence of necessary conditions for, 185, 186, 303; Robert Baldwin's +premature demand for, 187, 294; party names in Canada without +significance, 303. _See also_ Representative government; Responsible +government. + +=Paterson, General.= =Hd= His report on state of affairs at Boston, 95. + +=Patriot.= Newspaper published at Toronto. =Index=: =Mc= Publishes +proceedings of House, 174. =BL= Attacks Bagot, 142, 153; on the election +law, 145-146; its abuse of Bagot, 153; on Rebellion Losses Bill, 319. + +=Patriotes.= =P= Name assumed by popular party in Lower +Canada--particularly the followers of Papineau, 40, 68; Neilson checks +the more violent among them, 46; vacillation of Quebec wing of party, +68; their press publish violent articles, 86; prepare Ninety-Two +Resolutions, 85-97; Gugy belittles their cause, 103; influenced by +American Revolution, 121; advocate smuggling, 122; boycott English +goods, 122; the St. Charles meeting, 125; under Nelson and Brown at St. +Denis and St. Charles, 128; they kill Lieutenant Weir, 134; crushed at +St. Eustache, 137; in the Montreal election, 1834, 144. =Bib.=: +Christie, _History of Lower Canada_. + +=Patriotic Fund.= =Bk= Raised in Canada during war with Napoleon, 46. + +=Patterson, James Colebrooke= (1839- ). Born in Ireland. Came to Canada, +1857; entered civil service at Ottawa; studied law and called to the +Ontario bar, 1876. Represented North Essex in the Ontario Assembly, +1874-1878; and the county of Essex in the House of Commons, 1882-1891. +Defeated at the general election of 1891, but elected for West Huron, +1892. Secretory of State, 1892; minister of militia, 1892-1895; +lieutenant-governor of Manitoba, 1895-1900. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; +_Canadian Who's Who_. + +=Patterson, Walter.= Born in Ireland. Entered the army; came to Prince +Edward Island in 1770 as first governor of the colony. It was then known +as the Island of St. John. Patterson, who was one the largest landed +proprietors in the Island, had an Act passed by the Assembly in 1780 +changing the name to New Ireland, but the Act was disallowed by the +Imperial government. The present name was given in 1798, in honor of the +Duke of Kent. Patterson was recalled in 1787. =Index=: =Dr= Governor of +Prince Edward Island, objects to make way for his successor, Fanning, +235. =Bib.=: Davin, _The Irishman in Canada_. + +=Paul I= (1754-1801). Czar of Russia, son of Peter III and Catherine II. +Ascended the throne, 1796. =Index=: =Bk= Withdraws from British +alliance, 23; murder of, 30. + +=Paul V, Pope= (1552-1621). Camillo Borghese: elected pope, 1605. +=Index=: =Ch= Grants brief to Recollets for their mission in Canada, 84. + +=Payne, Captain.= =Dr= His connection with the Walker case, 19. + +=Peace River.= A tributary of the Mackenzie; rises in Thutage Lake, in +northern British Columbia, its total length being 1065 miles. It is +first mentioned in the _Voyages_ of Alexander Mackenzie. Mackenzie +ascended the river, in 1792, on his way to the Pacific. He says that it +took its name from a place on its banks known as Peace Point, where the +Crees and Beaver Indians settled their disputes. Alexander Henry learned +of the river, under the same name, in 1776, from a party of Chipewyans +whom he met at Ile a la Crosse Lake. =Index=: =MS= Post built on, by +Boyer, 1788, 19, 61; its outlet, 33, 34; described, 34; Mackenzie on, +34, 62; sends party to build post on, 61; Boyer's post known as "Old +Establishment," 61; fertility of the region, 61; the falls, 62; +Mackenzie winters there, 64-66; beautiful scenery, 69; Mackenzie's +description of, 69, 71. =D= Mackenzie ascends, 54; visited by Thompson, +58; ascended by Simon Fraser, 59. =Bib.=: Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_; +Burpee, _Search for the Western Sea_. + +=Peace River Pass.= The gorge cut by the Peace River through the Rocky +Mountains. The summit of the pass is 2000 feet above the sea. First +traversed and described by Alexander Mackenzie, 1793. Simon Fraser +followed in 1805, to build several trading-posts in New Caledonia, and +explore the river that bears his name. + +=Pean, Mdme. Hugues, nee Davennes des Meloises.= =WM= Casemate made for, +87. + +=Pearson, Lieutenant-Colonel.= =Bk= Captured at sea by United States +privateer, 224. + +=Peel, Sir Robert= (1788-1850). Born in Lancaster, England. Educated at +Harrow, and Christ Church, Oxford. Entered Parliament, 1809; +under-secretary for war and the colonies, 1811-1812; chief secretary for +Ireland, 1812-1818; and home secretary, 1822; premier in 1834, but +resigned the following year; again premier, 1841-1846. =Index=: =E= +Supports Rebellion Losses Bill, 78. =B= His government misunderstands +situation in Canada, 14, 15; his distrust of French-Canadians, 16; +disapproves of Bagot's policy, 16-17; reasons for selection of Metcalfe, +18; justifies Metcalfe's action in withholding responsible government, +23. =Sy= Resigns from Cabinet, 16; returns to office as home secretary, +16; assists Duke of Wellington to form a government, 46; brief tenure of +office, 56; anxious for due representation of commercial interest in +Canada, 285; desires to give representation to Chambers of Commerce, +286; his moderation as leader of the opposition, 350. =Mc= His attitude +towards great political movements, 16; condemns Head for inducing +rebellion, 355. =W= Fails to form administration, 37. =Bib.=: _Dict. +Nat. Biog._ + +=Pellegrin.= =WM= Pilot of Montcalm's squadron, 81. + +=Pelletier, Captain.= =WM= Takes soundings in the Traverse, 82. + +=Pelletier, Sir Charles Alphonse Pantaleon= (1837- ). Born at Riviere +Ouelle, Quebec. Educated at Laval University; studied law, and called to +the bar, of Lower Canada, 1860. Represented Kamouraska in House of +Commons, 1869-1877. Appointed minister of agriculture in Mackenzie +ministry, 1877. President of the Canadian Commission at the Paris +exhibition, 1878. Called to the Senate, 1877; Speaker, 1896-1901. +Appointed lieutenant-governor of Quebec, 1908. =Index=: =C= One of the +founders of _Le Parti National_ and its organ _Le National_, 30. =Bib.=: +Dent, _Can. Por._; Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_. + +=Pelly River.= Rises in the Pelly Mountains about lat. 62 deg., and flows +into the Yukon after a course of 330 miles. Discovered and explored by +Robert Campbell between the years 1840-1848. Campbell reached the upper +waters of the Pelly, by way of the Liard, in 1840; built Fort Pelly +Banks, 1842; and descended the river to the junction of the Pelly and +Lewes in 1843. He built Fort Selkirk at the forks in 1848. The river was +named after Sir H. Pelly, the governor of the Hudson's Bay Company. +=Index=: =D= Explored by Robert Campbell, 124. =Bib.=: Campbell, +_Discovery and Exploration of the Youcon_; Dawson, _Report on the Yukon_ +(_Geol. Survey_, 1887-1888); Burpee, _Search for the Western Sea_. + +=Pennahouel.= =WM= Ancient Indian warrior, 38, 41, 42. + +=Pennsylvania.= =Hd= Independent temper of the colony, 11. + +=Pennsylvania Loyalists.= =Dr= Commanded by Allen, 202. + +=Penny, Edward Goff= (1820-1881). Born in England. In 1844 came to +Canada, studied law, and in 1850 called to the bar of Lower Canada. +Became editor-in-chief of the Montreal _Herald_ and afterwards one of +the proprietors. In 1869 published a pamphlet giving his views in +opposition to Confederation. In 1874 appointed to the Senate. =Index=: +=E= Signs Annexation Manifesto, 81. + +=Pensacola.= =Hd= Bouquet at, 58, 63; Haldimand's headquarters in +Florida, 63, 65, 70; his labours to improve, 67, 68; watch kept on +Spaniards from, 77; troops transferred from, to St. Augustine, 78; +Haldimand again in charge at, 79, 80; barracks built at, 81, 90; +Haldimand's house at, 104, 316. + +=Pentagouet.= =F= Fortress on western boundary of Acadia, captured by +freebooters, 269; captured by New Englanders, 275. + +=Perceval, Spencer= (1762-1812). =Bk= British prime minister, +assassinated, 192. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Perche= (=France=). =L= Many colonists natives of, 116. + +=Perez, Juan.= Voyage of, in 1774, 13, 14. + +=Pericard, Michelle de.= =L= Mother of Laval, 17; death of, 26. + +=Pericard, Mgr. de, Bishop of Evreux.= =L= Cousin of Bishop Laval, 21. + +=Perley, Moses Henry= (1804-1863). Born in Maugerville, New Brunswick. +Educated at St. John. In 1828 became an attorney; called to the bar of +New Brunswick, 1830, but soon forsook his profession. For some years +engaged in milling and lumbering, and, having mixed much with the Micmac +and Melicete Indians, appointed commissioner of Indian affairs and +immigration officer. In 1841 and succeeding years spent much time +visiting the Indian tribes and investigating their grievances. Also +active in advertising the resources of the province, and in 1846 asked +to report on the capabilities of the country. A line of railway being +projected, sent to England in 1847 to report on the matter. Returning to +New Brunswick, pursued his investigations into the fisheries of the +province. In 1849 commissioned to report on the fisheries of the Gulf of +St. Lawrence; in 1850 those of the sea and rivers of New Brunswick; and +in 1851 those of the Bay of Fundy. In 1852-1853 compiled the trade +statistics which were used in the negotiations for the Reciprocity +Treaty between Canada and the United States. In 1854 the treaty was +signed, and he was appointed a commissioner to carry out the terms +arranged. =Index=: =H= Fishery commissioner on behalf of Great Britain, +170; his death in Newfoundland, 1863, 170. =Bib.=: _Sea and River +Fisheries of New Brunswick_. For biog., _see_ Hannay, _History of New +Brunswick_. + +=Perrault, Joseph Francois= (1753-1844). Born in Quebec, the son of a +rich merchant trading with New England and the West Indies. Given the +appointment of prothonotary in Quebec, and held it throughout his life. +Took a deep interest in educational matters; founded a number of schools +on the Lancaster system; and is regarded in Quebec as the father of the +provincial school system. Also did much, both by his writings and by +furthering the establishment of model farms, to place agriculture upon a +better and more scientific basis. =Bib.=: _Biographie de Joseph Francois +Perrault ecrite par Lui-Meme, a l'Age de Quatre-Vingt Ans, sans +Lunettes_; Casgrain, _Vie de Joseph Francois Perrault_; Bender, _Old and +New Canada_. For list of his writings, _see_ Casgrain's work mentioned +above. + +=Perrault, Father Julien.= =Ch= Jesuit, carries on mission at Cape +Breton, 236, 237. + +=Perrot.= =F= Cure of Montreal, disapproves of Abbe Fenelon's sermon, +95. + +=Perrot, Francois-Marie.= Sent to Canada as governor of Montreal, 1670. +Obtained a grant of Isle Perrot in 1672. Used his office to further his +own interests; quarrelled violently with Frontenac, who had him arrested +and sent to France. Imprisoned for a short time in the Bastile, +released, and restored to his governorship, which he held until 1684. +Governor of Acadia, 1684-1687. =Index=: =F= Succeeds Maisonneuve as +governor of Montreal, 54; engages in illicit trading and shields +_coureurs de bois_, 90; arrests Bizard, an officer of Frontenac's, 91; +summoned before Sovereign Council, 92; arrested at Quebec, 93; character +and conduct of, 96-97; protests competency of Sovereign Council to try +him, 99; specially commended to Frontenac in a despatch from minister, +101; sent to France, 102; allowed to return to Canada, after brief +imprisonment, 103; removed to government of Acadia, 270; continues to +trade, 271; dismissal, and death, 272. =L= Governor of Montreal, lays +foundation stone of church, 89; comes into contact with Frontenac, 160; +punished by the king, 164. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Frontenac_. + +=Perrot, Nicolas= (1620-1697). Born in France. Came to Canada, and +entered the service of the government at Quebec. Went on several +exploring expeditions, living among the Indian tribes, and mastering the +Algonquian language. In 1665 returned to Quebec; and accompanied as +interpreter Daumont de St. Lusson to the Falls of St. Mary. In 1684 +induced a number of the western tribes to join Lefebvre de la Barre in +his campaign against the Iroquois. In 1687 his influence with the +Indians proved of great service to the Marquis de Denonville, and later +to Vaudreuil. Among his other notable achievements was the discovery of +the lead mines on the Des Moines River, Iowa. Left manuscripts +describing his sojourn among the different Indian tribes, and their +manners and customs. =Index=: =F= Ordered to rendezvous at Niagara with +Indians, 181, 186, 187; arrives with contingent, 210; accompanies +Louvigny to Michilimackinac, 242; exhibits Iroquois scalps, 243. =L= +Sent by Talon to visit northern and western tribes, 82. =Bib.=: _Memoire +sur les Moeurs, Coustumes et Religion des Sauvages de l'Amerique +Septentrionale_. For biog., _see_ Stickney, _Nicolas Perrot_; Parkman, +_Frontenac_. + +=Perry, Peter.= Born at Ernestown, Upper Canada. Followed his father's +occupation as farmer; entered public life, 1824, as member for Lennox +and Addington in the Upper Canada Assembly, and became a leader of the +Reform party; defeated, 1836; again elected in 1849, for the east riding +of York, succeeding William Hume Blake. =Index=: =R= Leading member of +Upper Canada Assembly, on popular side, 66. =B= Leader of the Clear +Grits, 39. =E= One of the leaders of Clear Grits, 110; founder of +Liberal party in Upper Canada before the Union, 110. =BL= Fights for +reform, 13; Baldwin's letter to, 39-40. =Mc= Expenditure of L50,000 road +money, 303; defeated for the House, 308. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._ and +_Last Forty Years_. + +=Peters.= =W= Attorney-general, New Brunswick, 50. + +=Peters, Harry.= =W= Retires from New Brunswick Council, 69. =T= Speaker +of House of Assembly, 6. + +=Peters, Samuel Leonard.= =T= Uncle of Sir Leonard Tilley, 5. + +=Peters, Susan Ann.= =T= Mother of Sir Leonard Tilley, 5. + +=Peters, T. H.= =W= Appointed to New Brunswick Council, 69. + +=Peters, William.= =W= Grandfather of Sir L. Tilley, 3. =T= Member of +Assembly, 4. + +=Petit, Father.= =L= Companion of Father Marquette, 62. + +=Petitot, Emile Fortune Stanislas Joseph.= Roman Catholic missionary in +the North-West, particularly in the Mackenzie River district. Author of +several works on the languages, manners, and customs of the native +tribes. =Bib.=: _Traditions Indiennes du Canada Nord-Ouest_; _On the +Athabaska District of the Canadian North-West_ in _Canadian Record of +Science_, 1884; _Essai sur une Legende Americaine_ (Societe +Philologique, _Actes_, Alencon, 1883). + +=Peto.= =T= His proposal to build railways in New Brunswick, 25, 27. + +=Peuvret, de Mesnu.= =L= Clerk of Sovereign Council, 158, 167. =F= Clerk +of the Council, imprisoned by Frontenac, 135. + +=Peyras, Jean Baptiste.= =F= Member of Sovereign Council, 106; visits +Acadia, 271. =L= Appointed to Sovereign Council, 166. + +=Philadelphia.= =S= British army evacuates, 25. =Hd= Spirit of rebellion +strong in, 104. + +=Philipps, Richard= (1661-1751). Early entered the army. Served at the +battle of the Boyne; lieutenant-colonel, 1712; governor of Nova Scotia, +1717. Arrived in Nova Scotia, 1720, and remained until 1722. Again +visited Nova Scotia for a short time, returning to England, 1731. +Arranged for a lieutenant-governor to act during his absence. Did not +return to Nova Scotia, but continued to draw full pay as governor until +1849. =Bib.=: Murdoch, _History of Nova Scotia_; Campbell, _History of +Nova Scotia_; _Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia_, ed. +by Akins. + +=Phillips, Mary.= =Dr= Sister-in-law of Colonel Beverley Robinson, +becomes wife of Colonel Morris, 202. + +=Phillips, William= (1731-1781). Born in England. Entered the Royal +Military Academy at Woolwich as a cadet, 1746; promoted captain, 1756; +commanded three companies of British artillery attached to the Duke of +Brunswick's army, at Minden, 1759; served also at Warberg, 1760. In 1772 +became colonel and in 1776 sent to Canada on the staff of General +Burgoyne; in command of the artillery at the battles of Skenesborough, +near Ticonderoga, and Mount Independence, at both of which distinguished +himself; afterwards promoted major-general; in 1777 took a leading part +in the two battles which led to the capitulation at Saratoga. =Index=: +=Dr= Comes out with Burgoyne, 152; disappointed that Crown Point not +occupied, 159. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Phipps, Sir William= (1651-1695). Born in Maine. In 1669, employed as a +ship carpenter, and later became captain of a merchantman sailing from +Boston. In 1687 succeeded in raising a Spanish treasure-ship which had +been sunk near the Bahamas, recovering L300,000, of which his share was +L16,000. Knighted the same year, and given the office of provost-marshal +of New England. In 1690 commanded an expedition against Acadia, and +captured Port Royal. His expedition the same year against Quebec met +with failure. In 1692 appointed governor of Massachusetts, with a +special commission to take aggressive measures against the French in +Canada, but accomplished little. Summoned to England in 1694 to account +for his administration, but died before the inquiry was held. =Index=: +=F= Birth and early life, 272; conducts expedition against Acadia, 273; +captures Port Royal, but violates terms of surrender, 274; ravages +committed by his men, 274; captures other Acadian posts, and establishes +government, 275; returns to Boston with prisoners and booty, 176; sails +from Nantasket, 279; arrives at Quebec, 282; demands surrender, 285-287; +his attack repulsed, 295; decides on retreat, 299; his estimate of his +losses, 302; disastrous return voyage, 303; goes to England, 315; +returns as governor of Massachusetts, 328; recall and death of, 331. =L= +Commands expedition against Quebec, 11, 229-231; is forced to retreat, +231. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; _Cyc. Am. Biog._; Parkman, _Frontenac_. + +=Piat, Father.= =Ch= Recollet, sails for France, 141; goes on mission to +Montagnais, 149; complains of negligence of trading company, 150; +recommends seminary for young Indians, 150. + +=Pichon, Thomas.= A native of France; in early life a medical student. +Secretary to the governor of Louisbourg, 1751-1753. Sent to Fort +Beausejour as commissary of stores. Furnished information to the +British, which was of great assistance in the capture of the place. +Acted as a spy for the British while confined with the French prisoners +held at Halifax. Went to London, 1758; resided there until his death, +1781. =Bib.=: Murdoch, _History of Nova Scotia_; _Selections from the +Public Documents of Nova Scotia_, ed. by Akins. + +=Pickard, John.= =T= Candidate in York, New Brunswick, 95; defeated, 96, +108. + +=Pickering, Timothy= (1745-1829). Joined the revolutionary army; +appointed adjutant-general, 1776, and took part in the battles of +Brandywine and Germantown. In 1790 sent on a commission to the Seneca +Indians, and arranged a treaty. In 1795 secretary of war, an office +which also included Indian affairs; later secretary of state in the +administration of John Adams; dismissed in 1800, and returned to +Massachusetts, where he was appointed chief-justice of the Court of +Common Pleas, 1802. =Index=: =S= American commissioner to treat with +Indians, 123; entertained at Navy Hall by Simcoe, 184, 229. =Bk= +Massachusetts Senator, his toast to Great Britain, 172. =Bib.=: _Cyc. +Am. Biog._ + +=Picquet.= =L= Proposed appointment of, as bishop in Asia, 23. + +=Pierre, Captain.= _See_ Chauvin, Pierre de. + +=Pijard, Father.= =L= Establishes first brotherhood of the Holy Family, +86. + +=Pillet.= =Ch= Frenchman, murdered by Montagnais Indians, 161. + +=Pillon.= =Hd= Surgeon, arrested for treason, 278, 279, 280. + +=Pilot.= Newspaper published at Montreal. =Index=: =BL= Established, +March 5, 1844, by Hincks, and edited by him, 217-218; on Elgin, 275-276; +offices wrecked by mob, 323. + +[Illustration: Battle of the Plains of Abraham] + +=Pilots, Canadian.= =WM= Deceived by the hoisting of French flag on +British men-of-war, 78; forced to steer English ships, 90. _See also_ +Quebec, Siege of, 1759. + +=Piraube, Martial.= =Ch= Godfather to young Hurons, 233. + +=Pitt, William= (1759-1806). Son of William Pitt, Earl of Chatham; born +at Hayes, England. Educated at Pembroke Hall, Cambridge. Entered +Parliament, 1781, becoming prime minister in 1783. In consequence of +French aggressions, formed in 1793 a great coalition with Russia, +Sardinia, Spain, Prussia, and Austria. In 1798 formed a second coalition +against France, including Russia, Austria, and other countries. Resigned +office, 1801. Again premier in 1804; and in 1805 formed a third +coalition with Russia, Austria, and Sweden. The union of Ireland with +Great Britain was effected by his influence and under his +administration. =Index=: =S= Constitutional Act introduced by, 1, 7. +=Dr= Introduces Constitutional Act in House of Commons, 263. =Sy= His +expectations regarding Lower Canada, 68. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Pivert, Nicolas.= =Ch= Early settler, 145. + +=Plague.= =L= Breaks out on the _St. Andre_, 31. + +=Plains of Abraham.= Above city of Quebec. Named after Abraham Martin, a +Quebec pilot, who owned a portion of these lands in the early days of +the colony. The Plains have now been set apart by the Dominion +government as a national park. =Index=: =WM= Origin of name, situation +and extent of, 186; battle of, the arrangement of British troops, 188; +of French troops, 192, 195; engagement begins at ten o'clock in the +morning, 197; defeat of French, 200, 201; losses, 205; French army +seized by panic, 206. =Ch= Origin of name, 146-147; famous conflict +fought on, Sept. 13, 1759. _See also_ Martin, Abraham. =Bib.=: Doughty, +_Siege of Quebec_; Woods, _The Fight for Canada_; Bradley, _The Fight +with France_. + +=Plamondon, Marc Aurele.= Born in Quebec, 1823. Educated at the Quebec +Seminary. In 1846 called to the bar, and practised for many years in +Quebec, achieving success in the criminal courts. In his early years +closely connected with newspapers published in the Liberal interests, +among others the _Artisan_; also established _Le Menestre_ and the +_Courrier Commercial_. In 1855 founded _Le National_, for several years +one of the leading organs of the Reform party in Lower Canada. In 1874 +appointed a puisne judge of the Supreme Court of Quebec. In 1896 the +members of the profession in Quebec celebrated the 50th anniversary of +his call to the bar. Retired from the bench, November, 1897. =Index=: +=C= One of the leaders of the Quebec Liberals, 24. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. +Men_. + +=Plessis, Joseph Octave.= Bishop of Quebec, 1806 to 1825. Named +archbishop of Quebec in 1819, but never assumed the title. =Index=: =Bk= +His staunch support of British rule, 87. =P= Accepts leadership of +Papineau, 34, 45. + +=Plet.= =F= Cousin of La Salle, comes from France in connection with +financial matters, 177. + +=Pointe au Fer.= =Dr= British troops concentrated at, 153. + +=Pointe-aux-Trembles.= On north shore of St. Lawrence, Portneuf County. +=Index=: =WM= Carleton lands at, and makes prisoners, 125; retreating +army halts at, 218; Levis's army lands at, 246. + +=Pointe Levis.= On south shore of St. Lawrence, opposite Quebec. +=Index=: =WM= Abortive attempt to capture British batteries at, 133-135; +Quebec bombarded from, 115, 116; sailors landed at daily, for military +exercises, 120; Wolfe assembles three army corps at, 159. + +=Pollock, Duncan.= =MS= Sent to Red River district by X Y Company, 14. + +=Pommier, Hugues.= =L= Director of Seminary, 55. + +=Pomone.= =WM= French frigate, loads stores at Sorel, 243. + +=Pompadour, Jean Antoinette Poisson, Marquise de= (1721-1764). =WM= +Assisted in Bougainville's promotion, 177. + +=Pond, Peter.= =MS= Associated with Pangman and others in opposition to +McTavish, 10, 11; returns to North West Company, 15; his character, 15, +17; causes death of Wadin, 15; relations with Ross, 15; death of Ross, +16; leads way to Athabaska, 21; builds post on Elk (Athabaska) River, +1778, 21; his map, 55; his error as to distance from Lake Athabaska to +Pacific, 57; sells his share in North West Company to McGillivray, 58. +=Bib.=: Burpee, _Search for the Western Sea_; Bryce, _Hudson's Bay +Company_. + +=Pontbriand, Henri-Marie Dubreuil de= (1709-1760). Born in Vannes, +France. In 1741 consecrated bishop of Quebec, and left Paris for Canada. +Soon after his arrival in Quebec engaged in a lawsuit with the nuns of +the general hospital as to the ownership of the episcopal palace, which +they claimed Bishop Saint-Vallier had bequeathed to them. The king, +however, confirmed him in its possession. Another royal decree +prohibited religious congregations from holding lands in mortmain, but +the bishop refused to enforce it. In 1760, after the fall of Quebec, he +appointed a vicar-general, admonished the clergy to observe strictly the +terms of capitulation, and went to Montreal, where he died after a short +illness. =Index=: =WM= Bishop of Quebec, urges inhabitants to take to +arms, 63; his palace converted into redoubt, 86; visits hospital in +spite of fatal illness, 153; administers last sacrament to Montcalm, +220; issues _mandemant_ in support of Levis' attack on Quebec, 245. =L= +Bishop of Quebec, 12. =Bib.=: Tetu, _Eveques de Quebec_. + +=Pontchartrain, Louis Phelypeaux, Comte de= (1643-1727). Chancellor of +France. =Index=: =F= Minister of marine, 72. + +=Pont-Grave, Francois Grave, Sieur du Pont.= A merchant of St. Malo; +sailed for Tadoussac with Chauvin, 1600. Had already made several +voyages to the St. Lawrence; accompanied Champlain in the voyage of +1603, and again in 1613. =Index=: =Ch= Joins expedition to Acadia, 19; +arrives at Island of Ste. Croix, 26; in temporary charge of colony, 32; +sails for Quebec, 40; his vessel disarmed by a Basque captain, 40; +member of court to try Duval for conspiracy, 43; sails for France, 45; +returns to Canada, 47; in command of the colony during Champlain's +absence, 48; returns to France with Champlain, 54; sent out in charge of +second expedition to Quebec, 56; sails for France, 64; returns to +Quebec, 106; trades at Three Rivers, 121; rivalry with Champlain, 125; +comes to Canada as representative of De Monts' (Rouen) Company, 133; +proceeds to Three Rivers to trade, 135; returns to France, 136; comes to +Canada with De Caen, 138; placed in charge at Quebec, 138; sails for +France, 141; very ill at Quebec, 156; his commission read publicly at +Quebec, 181; with Champlain signs articles of capitulation of Quebec, +191; too sick to leave Quebec, 196. =F= Voyages of, to St. Lawrence, 3, +8. _See also_ Champlain. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Pioneers of France_; Biggar, +_Early Trading Companies of New France_; Douglas, _Old France in the New +World_. + +=Pontiac= (1720-1769). Born on the Ottawa River. An ally of the French +during their struggles against the British colonists. In 1746 he and his +Indians assisted the French at Detroit in an attack by northern tribes, +and in 1755 he led the Ottawas when General Braddock was defeated. In +1763 began a campaign against the British; destroyed several forts from +Lake Michigan to Niagara, and massacred their garrisons. Detroit then +attacked and besieged for nearly a year, until relieved by Colonel +Bradstreet; Pittsburg saved only by the timely arrival of Colonel +Bouquet. Eight out of twelve fortified forts destroyed by Pontiac and +his Indians. They were finally subdued by Sir William Johnson, who in +1766 concluded a treaty of peace. In 1769 assassinated by a Kaskaskia +Indian. =Index=: =Hd= Rouses western tribes against British, 55; his +rising quelled, 57; after effects of, 259. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Conspiracy +of Pontiac_. + +=Pontiac's War.= =Dr= History of, 4; fomented by French traders, 5; +conduct of the colonies in connection with, 5, 6. _See also_ Pontiac. +=Bib.=: Parkman, _Conspiracy of Pontiac_; Smith, _Historical Account of +Bouquet's Expedition_. + +=Pontleroy.= =WM= French military engineer, 85, 90. + +=Pope, James Colledge= (1826-1885). Born in Bedeque, Prince Edward +Island. Educated at home and in England. Engaged in mercantile pursuits. +Sat in the Prince Edward Island Assembly, 1857-1867; premier, 1865-1867. +A strong opponent of Confederation and succeeded in preventing the +entrance of Prince Edward Island into the Dominion. Defeated, 1868; two +years later elected and again became premier. His government defeated, +1872, but returned to power, 1873. Carried through resolutions under +which Prince Edward Island became a province of Canada. Elected to the +House of Commons for Prince County, 1873; did not offer for re-election. +Again elected to the House of Commons, 1878; entered the government of +Sir John A. Macdonald as minister of marine and fisheries. Held office +until his retirement from public life, 1882. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._; +Rose, _Cyc. Am. Biog._ + +=Pope, John Henry= (1824-1889). Born in the Eastern Townships, Quebec. +Elected for Compton to the Canada Assembly, 1857; and in 1867 to the +Dominion Parliament. Called to the Cabinet, 1871, as minister of +agriculture, and again in 1878 on the return of the Conservatives to +power; in 1880 accompanied Sir John Macdonald and Sir Charles Tupper to +England in connection with the negotiations as to the Canadian Pacific +Railway contract; minister of railways and canals, 1885. =Index=: =B= +Conference with George Brown on Confederation, 152, 154. =Bib.=: Rose, +_Cyc. Can. Biog._; Dent, _Can. Por._ + +=Pope, Joseph= (1854- ). Eldest son of William Henry Pope (_q.v._). +Private secretary to Sir John A. Macdonald, 1882-1891; under-secretary +of state, 1896-1908; under-secretary for external affairs, 1908. +=Index=: =B= On the "double shuffle," 107-108. =Md= On Macdonald's early +life, prints Campbell's letter, 31; his pen picture of Macdonald, 73; on +the double majority, 78; Macdonald's notes on Quebec Conference, 106; +Macdonald's negotiations with Howe, 145; does not publish documents on +last stages of Macdonald's life, 272. =Bib.=: _Memoir of Sir John A. +Macdonald_. + +=Pope, William Henry= (1825-1879). Born in Prince Edward Island. Elected +to the Legislature and became provincial secretary in the Gray ministry, +1863; represented Prince Edward Island at the Charlottetown Conference, +1864, and the Quebec Conference, 1864; judge of the County Court of +Prince County, Prince Edward Island, 1873-1879. =T= Represents Prince +Edward Island at Quebec Conference, 77. =Bib.=: Campbell, _History of +Prince Edward Island_. + +=Population.= =B= Of Upper Canada, doubled between 1842 and 1851, +exceeds that of Lower Canada in 1852, 62, 75; in 1841, 82; in 1852, 134. +=Dr= Of Canada in 1763, 9. _See also_ Census. + +=Porcupine.= =WM= Sloop of war, commanded by Captain Jervis, 176. + +=Porcupine River.= Discovered by John Bell, of the Hudson's Bay Company, +in 1842, and explored to its junction with the Yukon, by Bell, in 1844. +In 1847 Alexander Hunter Murray, of the same company, descended the +Porcupine to its mouth, and built Fort Yukon, about three miles above +the mouth of the Porcupine, on the east bank of the Yukon. In 1869, on +the abandonment of Fort Yukon, the Hudson's Bay Company built Rampart +House, on the Porcupine River, close to the international boundary. As +subsequent surveys proved it to be on American territory, the fort was +moved some miles to the east. =Index=: =D= Ascended by Robert Campbell +in 1850, 125. =Bib.=: Murray, _Journal of the Yukon_ (Canadian Archives, +1910); McConnell, _Report on the Yukon and Mackenzie Basins_ (Geol. +Survey, 1889). + +=Port au Mouton (Acadia).= =Ch= De Monts stops at, 19. + +=Port aux Anglais.= =Ch= Louisbourg commonly known as, 236. _See also_ +Louisbourg. + +=Port Hayes.= On Hudson Bay, captured by Troyes, 206. + +=Port Nelson.= Fort built by the Hudson's Bay Company, at mouth of Hayes +River, west coast of Hudson Bay, 1669. Afterwards known as York Factory +(_q.v._). It was captured by the French under Iberville in 1694, and +again in 1697. =Index=: =F= Captured by Iberville, 345; retaken by +English, 347; again taken by Iberville. =Bib.=: Bryce, _Hudson's Bay +Company_; Laut, _Pathfinders of the West_ and _Conquest of the Great +North-West_. _See also_ Iberville. + +=Port Royal.= Founded by De Monts in 1605. The basin had been discovered +the previous year, and the land granted to Poutrincourt, who named it +Port Royal. The early settlement is described in Lescarbot's _History of +New France_. Captured by Sedgwick, under the orders of Cromwell, in +1654; restored in 1668. Again captured by Phipps, 1690, and once more +restored to France by the treaty of Ryswick, 1697. Nicholson finally +captured the place in 1710, and re-named it Annapolis Royal (_q.v._). +=Index=: =F= Capital of Acadia, 270; captured by Phipps, 274. =Ch= +Settlement made at, 32; new settlers arrive under Poutrincourt, 36. =L= +Captured by English, 229. =Bib.=: Champlain, _Voyages_; Lescarbot, +_History of New France_; Parkman, _Pioneers of France_. + +=Portages.= _See_ Frog Portage; Giscome Portage; Grand Portage; Methye +Portage; Rocky Mountain Portage. + +=Porter, G. R.= =Sy= Statistician of Board of Trade, 54. + +=Portland Railway Convention.= =W= Its object to secure a shorter route +to Europe, 119-120. + +=Portland, William Henry Cavendish Bentinck, third Duke of= (1738-1809). +Educated at Eton and Oxford; entered Parliament, 1760; prime minister in +1783; and again in 1807. =Index=: =Dr= Thanks Dorchester for +surrendering his fees, 292. =S= Secretary of state, Simcoe's despatch +to, explaining his advance in American territory, 143-154; does not +approve of the creation of lieutenants for the Upper Canada counties, +197; writes to Simcoe in very commendatory terms, 216. =Bib.=: _Dict. +Nat. Biog._ + +=Portlock.= =D= With Dixon, sails from England, 1785, 22; discovers that +Queen Charlotte Islands are not part of mainland, 22. + +=Portneuf, De.= =F= Commands war party from Quebec, 236; captures Fort +Loyal, 252; removed for peculation, 330. + +=Porto Bello.= =Ch= Champlain's description of, 4. + +=Porto Rico Island.= =Ch= Taken and abandoned, by English in 1598, 3. + +=Portuguese.= =Ch= Island of Cape Breton once occupied by, 236. + +=Post Office.= =Mc= Report on, 153; Mackenzie offered control of +department, 225; Lord Goderich requests Mackenzie's opinion on, 235; +Mackenzie's scheme for reform of, 236; control of the revenue from, 236. +=Bk= Service in Upper Canada, 155. =Md= Savings banks introduced in +1867, 151; rates reduced and unified at same time, 151. =E= Reforms +brought about by La Fontaine-Baldwin government, 85-86. =BL= Transferred +from Imperial to Canadian government, and reorganized, 338. =Dr= +Condition of service in 1788, 243; Dorchester's improvement of, 243. +=Hd= Difficulties of, 129, 131; improved by Haldimand, 131; inefficiency +of, in 1782, 193. + +=Potash.= =S= Decline in production of, 107. + +=Potenger, Maria.= =Bk= Niece of Sir Isaac Brock, 133. + +=Potenger, Zelia.= =Bk= Niece of Sir Isaac Brock, 133. + +=Pottawotomi Indians.= An Algonquian tribe, allied to the Chippewas. +They ranged over portions of what is now the state of Michigan, and in +1760, when Detroit fell into the hands of the British, occupied a +village below the fort. One hundred and fifty of the tribe fought under +Pontiac in 1763. In the War of 1812, they took the British side. +=Index=: =Hd= Sioux offer to attack, 148; described as fickle, +credulous, and timid, 148. =Bib.=: Pilling, _Bibliography of Algonquian +Languages_; Charlevoix, _History of New France_; Parkman, _Conspiracy of +Pontiac_. + +=Pouchot= (1712-1769). Born at Grenoble, France. Entered the Engineers' +corps of the French army in 1733, and served in Flanders, Corsica, and +Germany. Accompanied Montcalm to Canada and took part in the defence of +Fort Niagara and Fort de Levis. Served in the campaigns against the +British and Indians, until the fall of Quebec in 1759. =Index=: =WM= +Quoted with reference to battle of Carillon, 58; in command at Niagara, +divides his force, 122; forced to capitulate, 146. =Hd= In command of +French fort at Niagara, 25; surrenders, 26; surrenders Fort de Levis, +36. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_; Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_; +Bradley, _Fight with France_. + +=Poulariez.= =WM= Placed in command of French left (Beauport to +Montmorency), 158, 174, 175; protests against idea of capitulation, 209; +in battle of Ste. Foy, 262. + +=Poulett.= =Sy= Maiden name of Sydenham's mother, 4. + +=Poullain, Father Guillaume.= =Ch= Recollet missionary, 87; goes to +Nipissing mission, 149. + +=Pouthier, Toussaint.= =Bk= Agent of the Hudson's Bay Company, assists +in capture of Michilimackinac, 210. + +=Poutrincourt.= _See_ Biencourt de Poutrincourt. + +=Powell, Henry Watson= (1733-1814). Born in England. Entered the army; +in 1756 became captain; and in 1759 served in the West Indies; in 1768 +and subsequent years stationed in different parts of North America, and +in 1771 promoted lieutenant-colonel. Took part in General Burgoyne's +expedition in 1777, with the rank of brigadier-general; in July, 1777, +in command of Fort Ticonderoga, and held it successfully against the +besieging forces of New Hampshire and Connecticut. Returned to England +at the end of the American Revolution, and in 1801 promoted general. +=Index=: =Dr= In command at Ticonderoga, discouraging messages from, +179, 180; on surrender of Burgoyne retreats to St. Johns, 180. =Bib.=: +_Cyc. Am. Biog._ + +=Powell, John.= =Mc= Shoots at Mackenzie, 364; his treachery, 365. + +=Powell, Colonel Walker= (1828- ). Born in Waterford, Ontario. Educated +at the county Grammar School, and at Victoria College, Cobourg. Engaged +for some years in mercantile pursuits. Appointed warden of Norfolk +County, 1856. Member of the Legislative Assembly for Norfolk County, +1857-1861. Appointed deputy adjutant-general for the Dominion of Canada, +1862. Served during the Fenian Raid, 1866, and in the Rebellions of +1869-1870 and 1885. Adjutant-general of the Dominion, 1875-1896. +Largely responsible for the present militia system of Canada, and aided +in the establishment of the Royal Military College at Kingston. =Index=: +=R= Adjutant-general, graduate of Victoria College, 144. =Bib.=: Rose, +_Cyc. Can. Biog._; Morgan, _Can. Men_. + +=Powell, William Dummer= (1755-1834). Born in Boston. Called to the bar, +1779. Came to Montreal, and made judge of the district of Hesse with +headquarters at Detroit, 1789. Promoted to chief-justiceship, 1815. +Retired from the bench, 1825. =Index=: =S= Judge of Common Pleas in +Upper Canada, 178. =Bk= On Brock's victory at Detroit, 262. =Mc= Tries +and banishes Robert Gourlay, 92. =Bib.=: Read, _Lives of the Judges_. + +=Power, Michael= (1804-1848). Born in Waterford, Ireland. Emigrated to +Canada. Ordained a priest, and became cure of La Prairie, which position +he held until 1841, when he went to Europe with Bishop Bourget. On his +return to Canada appointed bishop of the western part of Kingston, when +that diocese was divided. Consecrated, May 8, 1842, and adopted the +title of bishop of Toronto, from the city in which he resided. During +his administration the missions which the Jesuits had formerly held in +Upper Canada were restored, and others established by his aid. =Index=: +=R= Chairman of the Council of Public Instruction in Ontario--favourable +to public schools, 219. + +=Prairie de la Madeleine.= =L= Settlement of Christian Indians at, 74. + +=Precedence.= =L= Questions of, 163. + +=Preferential Trade.= =B= Ended by repeal of corn laws, 31; protests +from Canada, 31; _Globe_ defends free trade and urges Canada to help +herself, 31-32; Elgin against Canadian dependence on Imperial tariff +legislation, 32. =E= Elgin on, 58-59; debates on, in Canadian +Parliament, 59. + +=Presbyterian Church in Canada.= Had its beginnings early in the +eighteenth century in Nova Scotia. In 1776 the Presbytery of Truro, Nova +Scotia, was organized; that of Montreal in 1793; and in 1818 the +Presbytery of the Canadas was formed in Montreal. In 1831 the united +Presbytery became the Synod of Upper Canada; and in 1840 joined the +Church of Scotland Synod. In 1844, on the disruption of the Church of +Scotland, the (Free) Presbyterian Synod of Canada was organized. +Training colleges were established at Toronto, Halifax, Montreal, and +other centres. In 1861 the Free and United Presbyterian synods united as +the Synod of Canada Presbyterian Church; and in 1875 all Presbyterian +bodies became one in the Presbyterian Church in Canada. =Index=: =E= +Secures a share of Clergy Reserves, 153. =B= George Brown's attitude to, +2; the _British Chronicle_ and "disruption," 4; the _Banner_ largely +devoted to the interests of, 5, 6. =R= Claims equality with Anglicans, +39; statistics in Upper Canada, 51. =W= Represented by one in New +Brunswick Assembly, 69. =Bib.=: Torrance, _Origin of the Canadian +Presbyterian Church_ in _Canada: An Ency._, vol. 4; Gregg, _History of +the Presbyterian Church in Canada_. + +=Prescott, Richard= (1725-1788). Born in England. Entered the army, and +promoted major, 1756; lieutenant-colonel, 1762, and served in Europe +during the Seven Years' War. In 1773 sent as colonel of the 7th Foot to +Canada, and during the next two years rendered good service. In 1775, +during the investment of Montreal by the Americans, surrounded while on +the way to Quebec with troops and stores, and captured. In September, +1776, exchanged; and in December, third in command of the British army, +until again made prisoner, July 10, 1777. Released, and the same year +became major-general, and in 1782 lieutenant-general. =Index=: =Dr= +Placed in charge of Montreal, 89; leaves Montreal with Carleton, 112; +captured by Americans, 113. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._ + +=Prescott, Sir Robert= (1725-1816). Born in Lancashire, England. +Educated for the army. Promoted captain of the 15th Foot, 1755; served +in the expeditions against Rochefort, 1757, and Louisbourg, 1758. +Aide-de-camp to Amherst, 1759; afterwards served under Wolfe in Canada. +Promoted major, 1761; lieutenant-colonel, 1762. During the American +Revolution, 1775, took part in the battle of Long Island, and at the +attack on Fort Washington; engaged in the expedition against +Philadelphia, 1777; promoted brevet-colonel, and took part in the battle +of Brandywine; promoted colonel, 1780; major-general, 1781; +lieutenant-general, 1793. Sent in 1794 to Martinique, which he reduced. +On April 10, 1796, appointed governor of Canada in succession to Lord +Dorchester, who was recalled. In that year the fortifications at Quebec +were greatly strengthened under his direction. In 1797 also appointed +governor of Nova Scotia and of New Brunswick. Held all three positions +until his recall to England, 1799. =Index=: =Bk= Succeeds Dorchester as +governor of Canada, 38. =Dr= Succeeds Dorchester as governor, 303. +=Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Bradley, _The Making of Canada_; Lucas, +_History of Canada_. + +=President and Little Belt.= =Bk= Affair of, 173. + +=Preston, Major.= =Dr= Sent to occupy fort at St. Johns, 84; surrenders +to Montgomery, 102. + +=Prevert.= =Ch= Explorer, gives information to Champlain respecting a +copper mine, 13. + +=Prevost, Augustin= (1725?-1786). Father of Sir George Prevost. Entered +the army; served under Wolfe at Quebec, 1759; became lieutenant-colonel, +1761, colonel, 1777; major-general, 1779; defeated General Ashe at Brier +Creek, 1779, and defended Savannah against the Americans the same year. +=Index=: =Hd= Haldimand's correspondence with, 294, 338; proposed +appointment of, 330. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._ + +=Prevost, Major Augustin.= Son of preceding. =Index=: =Hd= Interested in +settlement of Haldimand's lands in Pennsylvania, 315; his father, +General Prevost, also a friend of Haldimand's, 316. + +=Prevost, Sir George= (1767-1816). Born in New York. Entered the army; +took part in the battles of St. Vincent, Dominica, and St. Lucia. In +1803 created a baronet and promoted major-general. In 1803 appointed +governor of Nova Scotia, and in 1812, governor of Canada and commander +of the forces in British North America. In 1812-1813 rendered important +service in the defence of Canada against the Americans, but was +unsuccessful in his operations in the invasion of New York state, being +severely defeated, Sept. 11, 1814. =Index=: =Bk= Governor of Nova +Scotia, and second in military command in British North America, 101; +arrives in Canada as governor-general and commander of forces, 157; +previous career, 157, 158; his appointment satisfactory to +French-Canadians, 158; appoints Bedard to judgeship, 158; hampered by +his instructions from England, 184; his despatch with reference to the +John Henry letters, 188; his cautious instructions to Brock, 190, 194, +204, 216; receives news of declaration of war, 203; officially informed +of it, 207; his instructions to Captain Roberts at St. Joseph, 210; +praises Roberts for his prompt action, 227; his despatch to Lord +Bathurst, 227; sends money and stores to Upper Canada, 229; sends +proposal for armistice to General Dearborn, 233; letter of +congratulation to Brock, 268, 269; notifies Brock of termination of +armistice, 269; disapproves of Brock's proposal to attack Sackett's +Harbour, 271; his pacific policy approved by British government, 271; +speaks of "infatuation" of British ministers regarding American affairs, +277; letter to Brock recommending attitude of defence, 288; his despatch +on victory at Detroit, 295. =P= Arrives as governor, 1811, 32; political +quiet restored for a time, 32, 39. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Lucas, +_Canadian War of 1812_. _See also_ War of 1812. + +=Prevost.= =F= Town-major of Quebec, 257; strengthens defences, 284. + +=Prevote (Provost's court).= =F= Abolished, 1674, reestablished, 1677, +107. + +=Price.= =Dr= A disaffected Montrealer, 122, 123. + +=Price, David Edward= (1826-1833). Born in Quebec. Interested in +lumbering. Sat in the Assembly for Chicoutimi and Saguenay, 1855-1864. +Although English-speaking and a Protestant, returned to the Legislative +Council for a purely French-Canadian district, 1864. Appointed to the +Senate, 1867. + +=Price, James Hervey= (1797-1882). Born in England. Came to Canada and +settled at Toronto, 1828. Studied law and called to the bar, 1833. Took +a leading part in the agitation preceding the Rebellion of 1837, but not +concerned in the Rebellion itself. Elected to the Canadian Assembly as +member for the 1st Riding of York, 1841; during the succeeding years one +of the most influential members of the Assembly; held office as +commissioner of crown lands in the La Fontaine-Baldwin government, +1848-1851; defeated at the election of 1851 and retired from public +life. Returned to England and settled at Shirley, near Southampton. Died +in Shirley. =Index=: =E= Returned to Parliament, 1848, 50; commissioner +of crown lands, in La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 53; his views on Clergy +Reserves, 160, 161, 162. =BL= Commissioner of crown lands--supports +Baldwin, 214; his resolution, 215, 216; elected for York, 279; +commissioner of crown lands, 284; resolution on Clergy Reserves, 346, +348. =Mc= At Doel's brewery, 330; rebels meet at his house, 362. =Bib.=: +Dent, _Upper Canadian Rebellion_ and _Last Forty Years_. + +=Prices of Commodities.= =S= In Upper Canada, 114. + +=Prideaux, John= (1718-1759). Born in Devonshire, England. Entered the +army in 1739 as an ensign. In 1743 took part in the battle of Dettingen; +in 1745 promoted captain; in 1748 became lieutenant-colonel; in 1758 +colonel; and in 1759 brigadier-general. In 1759 appointed by Pitt, +commander of a division of the army in Canada, under the supreme command +of General Amherst. Ordered by Amherst to attack Fort Niagara, then one +of the strongest of the French forts. On July 7, 1759, made the first +assault on the fort, and on July 11 repulsed an attack by the French. On +the same day, while directing the artillery fire, killed by the bursting +of one of his own guns. Succeeded by Sir William Johnson, who carried +out his plan of operations, the fort capitulating on July 24, 1759. +=Index=: =Hd= Marches against Fort Niagara, 25; death of, 26. =Bib.=: +_Dict. Nat. Biog._; Bradley, _The Fight with France_; Parkman, _Montcalm +and Wolfe_. + +=Priests.= =Dr= Introduction of, from France, prohibited, 257. + +=Primogeniture.= =E= Abolished in Upper Canada with respect to real +estate, 87. + +=Prince, Colonel.= =Mc= Defends Windsor, 447; shoots prisoners, 447; +condemnation for, 448. + +=Prince Edward Island.= Under the name of Isle St. John, it appears in +Champlain's narrative and on his map. The name is found on earlier maps, +and both the discovery and naming of the island have been attributed to +Cabot, and again to Cartier, but without sufficient proof. It bore that +name until the year 1798, when the present form was adopted, in honour +of the Duke of Kent, father of Queen Victoria. During the French regime, +it was largely settled by Acadian families, but these were expelled +after the island came under British rule. In 1769 the island was granted +to a number of proprietors, and settlement was very slow. It formed part +of Nova Scotia until 1769, when it was made a separate province. +Responsible government was granted in 1851; and in 1873 the province +entered Confederation. =Index=: =E= Land question in, 143-144; 174-175. +=B= Withdraws from Confederation scheme, 185-186. =Md= Electors reject +proposals of Quebec Conference in 1865, 147; again reject Confederation +terms in 1866, 147; Macdonald's interest in acquisition of, 148; +financial difficulties lead to union in 1873, 148-149; railway debt of, +assumed by Canada, 149. =Dr= Carleton arranges to visit, 235; difficulty +in transfer of governorship from Patterson to Fanning, 235. _See also_ +Charlottetown. =Bib.=: Campbell, _History of Prince Edward Island_. + +=Prince of Wales College.= Located at Charlottetown, Prince Edward +Island. Founded, 1860, and amalgamated with the provincial Normal +School, 1879. + +=Prince of Wales Fort.= At the mouth of the Churchill River, Hudson Bay. +Built by the Hudson's Bay Company, between the years 1733 and 1771. It +was of massive masonry, 37 to 42 feet thick; 310 feet long on the north +and south sides, and 317 on the east and west; and is said to have been +designed by English military engineers. The walls are still standing, +though parts have fallen in. The parapet mounted forty guns, which are +still on the walls. _See_ Tyrrell's Introduction to Hearne's _Journey_ +(Champlain Society ed., 1910). Hearne was governor of the fort in 1782, +when it was captured by the French under Admiral La Perouse. The fort +was built on Eskimo Point, just west of the mouth of the river. The +present Hudson's Bay Company post stands on the site of a much earlier +fort, built by the Company in 1688. =Bib.=: Bryce, _Hudson's Bay +Company_; Laut, _Conquest of the Great North-West_. + +=Prince of Wales Island.= On the north-west coast of North America. +=Index=: =D= Recognized as Russian territory by Convention of 1825, 118. + +=Pringle, Captain.= =Dr= Commands flotilla on Lake Champlain, 154. + +=Prison Reform.= =B= Need of, in Upper Canada, shown by George Brown, +90; his strong interest in, 91-92. + +=Prisoners.= =Dr= British, in America, 201; exchange of, after +Revolutionary War, 207, 208; hardships suffered by Germans captured by +Burgoyne, 208, 209; refuse service either as farm labourers or in +American army, 210, 211; liberation and embarkation of, 214. + +=Proclamation, Royal.= =Dr= Following treaty of Paris, 7; its +provisions, 7, 8. + +=Proclamation of 1764.= =P= Attorney-general Yorke's opinion of, 11-13; +Solicitor-general Wedderburne's views on, 14. + +=Procter, Henry A.= (1787-1859). Born in Wales. Served in the army, and +became colonel of his regiment. In 1812, being stationed in Canada, +ordered by General Brock to prevent the landing of the American troops +under General Hull at Amherstburg. This he successfully accomplished, +and later defeated the enemy at Brownstown. In 1813 inflicted a severe +defeat on the Americans, under General James Winchester, at Frenchtown +on the river Raisin. For these services promoted brigadier-general. In +August, 1813, forced to retire from Fort Stephenson by Major Croghan. On +Oct. 5, defeated by General W.H. Harrison at the battle of the Thames. +For this disaster tried by court-martial and sentenced to be suspended +for six months from rank and pay. Afterwards reinstated; served during +the later stages of the war, and promoted lieutenant-general. =Index=: +=Bk= In command of Niagara frontier, 205; sent to Amherstburg, 215, 235; +second in command to Brock, 247; opposed to the attempt on Detroit, 267. +=Bib.=: Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_. _See also_ War of 1812. + +=Programme Catholique.= =C= Issued by _Le Parti Catholique_, 82; its +terms, 82; disapproved of by Archbishop Taschereau, 82-83. + +=Prohibition.= =T= Bill introduced by Tilley in New Brunswick, 34; +difficulty with its enforcement, 35-39; causes defeat of government, 41; +Act repealed, 41. _See also_ Liquor question; Brandy question. + +=Protection.= =B= Beginnings of agitation for, in Canada, 231; opposed +by George Brown, 232-233; at the bottom of objections to proposed +Reciprocity Treaty of 1864, 232, 233; secret of its success in 1878, +241. =C= Cartier's views on, 115-116. _See also_ National policy. + +=Protestant Protective Association.= =Md= Carries on an anti-Roman +Catholic campaign, 289. + +=Protestants.= =Dr= Feeling aroused among, in connection with Quebec +Act, 69. =Ch= Fanaticism of Huguenot agents, 86; had large share of +trade, 110; proposed to exclude, 110. =L= Protestantism proscribed in +Canada under the French regime, 12. + +=Provencal.= =Ch= Uncle of Champlain, officer in Spanish naval service, +2. + +=Provincial Secretaries.= =Sy= Duties assigned to, 331. + +=Prud'homme.= =WM= Commands Montreal militia, 105. + +=Prussia.= =Hd= Becomes a first-class power, 6. + +=Public Works.= =Sy= Expenditure on, in Lower and Upper Canada, +respectively, 317, 318; home government advances money for completion +of, 320. + +=Puget Sound Agricultural Company.= =D= Organized, 129; agricultural +interests of Hudson's Bay Company handed over to, 129; its farms, +129-130; checkered career, 130; McLoughlin first manager, 130; disputes +with United States, 130-131; claims settled by commission, 131; Douglas +succeeds McLoughlin as manager, 132; epidemic of fever and ague follows +first turning of soil about Fort Vancouver, 132; land claims on +Vancouver Island, 198; dispute with Langford, 199. =Bib.=: Bancroft, +_History of the North-West Coast_. + +=Punshon, William Morley= (1824-1881). Born in England. Engaged for a +time in the timber business with his father; joined the Methodists, +1838, and ordained a Wesleyan minister, 1845. Worked in London, +1858-1868, and in Canada, 1868-1873, when he returned to England. +=Index=: =R= Ryerson's friendship for, 285; comes to Canada, 285-286; +Ryerson's letter to, 288-289. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._; _Dict. Nat. +Biog._ + +=Purchas, Samuel= (1575?-1626). A graduate of St. John's College, +Cambridge. Rector of St. Martin's, Ludgate, London, 1614-1626. Fell heir +to a number of unpublished narratives left by Hakluyt, and edited them +with many others, in his collections of voyages and travels. =Index=: +=Ch= Gives in his _Pilgrims_ English version of Champlain's first +narrative, 15. =Bib.=: _Purchas his Pilgrimage_, 1613; _Purchas his +Pilgrim_, 1619; _Hakluytus Posthumus, or Purchas his Pilgrimes_, 1625. + +=Purchase of Commissions.= =Dr= In Loyalist corps, 217. + +=Putnam, Charles S.= =W= A leading barrister of Fredericton, 11. + + +=Quadra, Juan Francisco de la Bodega y= (1744?-1794). Knight of the +Order of Santiago. Made voyages of exploration to the North-West Coast +in 1775 and 1779. Governor of Nootka, and met Vancouver there in 1792 +for the purpose of arranging the restoration of Nootka to the British +crown. =Index=: =D= Voyage to North-West Coast, 7, 14; at Bay of +Islands, 15; takes possession for Spain, 15; searches for Strait of +Anian, 15; fails to discover mouth of Columbia, 15; sights Mount St. +Elias and enters Prince William's Sound, 15; meets Vancouver at Nootka, +33. =Bib.=: Bancroft, _History of the North-West Coast_. + +=Quakers.= =S= Try to bring about peace with Indians, 122. =Hd= Of +Pennsylvania, their opposition to the government, 11, 12. =Bk= +Emigration of, from Pennsylvania to Upper Canada, 49. + +=Quebec Act, 1774.= Provided that the boundaries of the province of +Quebec in the west should extend from Lake Erie to the Ohio, along the +Ohio to the Mississippi, and north to the territories of the Hudson's +Bay Company; guaranteed the French-Canadians in the free exercise of +their religion; provided for the continuance of the criminal law of +England, and for the appointment of a Legislative Council, with limited +powers. =Index=: =E= Guarantees institutions of French Canada, 24. =Dr= +Introduced in House of Lords, 63; its delimitation of Canada gives +offence to older colonies, 63; concedes full religious liberty to Roman +Catholics and establishes French civil law, 64; opposition to, 65; +passed, 65; corporation of London petitions king to withhold assent, 69; +saves Canada to British crown, 78; agitation against, 79-81; goes into +force, 81, 89. =L= Beneficial operation of, 13. =Sy= Its effect in +creating cleavage between French and English in Canada, 62; precipitated +by American Revolution, 65; not carried out in its integrity, 66, 67; a +mistake as preventing the unification of Canada, 91. =BL= Its +provisions, 2-3; opposition to, 4; its results, 4. =P= Gives +French-Canadians long-deferred justice, 7; establishes French civil law, +9; the _magna charta_ of French-Canadians, 9, 16; its genesis and +history, 11. =Mc= Commentary on, 47; cause of its repeal, 47. =Hd= +Extends Quebec to Mississippi, 93; obnoxious to New Englanders, 101; not +satisfactory to English inhabitants, 173, 175; in Haldimand's opinion, +saved the country from going over to the enemy, 174; and estates of +Ursuline nuns, 179; opposition to, 180; repeal wanted, 188, 264; +Haldimand's opinion of, 195; his use of, 273. =Bib.=: Houston, +_Constitutional Documents of Canada_; Bourinot, _Constitutional History +of Canada_; Egerton and Grant, _Canadian Constitutional Documents_; +Bradley, _The Making of Canada_; Lucas, _History of Canada_. _See also_ +Dorchester. + +=Quebec City.= Founded by Champlain (_q.v._), in 1608. Seventy-three +years earlier, Jacques Cartier had sailed up the great river, and landed +near the same spot, wintering in a creek not far from the native town of +Stadacone. Champlain, in 1608, built a rude fort, the _Abitation de +Quebec_, and a warehouse. There he and his men spent the winter, but +before succour arrived in the spring, most Of them died of scurvy. Had a +man of less courage and resourcefulness been in Command, the infant +settlement of Quebec might have died a natural death. Champlain kept it +alive, and, though harassed by enemies, and neglected by the motherland, +the town grew steadily from the year of its birth. Quebec has passed +through five sieges, that of Kirke in 1629, that of Phipps, 1690, the +great siege of 1759, Levis's siege of 1760, and that of Montgomery and +Arnold, 1775-1776. =Index=: =Bk= The centre of society in Canada, 46; +defective state of fortifications, 75; defences of in early years of +nineteenth century, 89, 90, 94. =Sy= Charter of, reestablished, 255; +change in electoral limits of, 285; two members assigned to, 285. =L= +Church erected at, 84; placed under patronage of Immaculate Conception +and St. Louis, 85; not less pious as a community than Montreal, 92; +conflagration at, 186; siege of, by expedition under Phipps, 229-231. +=B= Brown's objection to, as seat of government, 70; gross election +frauds in 1857, 99; fortifications of, to be completed by England, 186. +=Dr= Carleton's report on fortifications of, 44; fortifications of, +improved by Cramahe, 117; attack by Montgomery and Arnold on, repulsed, +125-131; garrison of, greatly encouraged, 133; gayety in, during winter +of 1776-1777, 162; unreasonable demands of British inhabitants of, 252, +253. =F= Foundations of, 7; capture of, by Kirke, 20; restored to +France, 23; population of city in 1666, 56; first ball given at, 59; sea +expedition planned against, by New Englanders, 268-277; defences +strengthened, 284; attack by squadron under Phipps, 285-300; defences +further strengthened, 326. =E= Seat of government at, 78; Lord Elgin's +references to, in his farewell address, 205-206. =WM= In 1756, +description of, 15; Wolfe's plan for attacking, 76; fortifications +afforded no protection, 79; batteries at, 95; batteries of, have no +effect against enemy's works at Pointe Levis, 113; discouragement of +inhabitants, 113; general exodus from, 115; bombardment of, 115; thieves +pillage the houses, 122; pitiable condition of, 160; abandoned by the +enemy, the citizens call for capitulation, 224; garrison of, +disorganized, 230; capitulation of, 230-235; rejoicing in England over +fall of, 238; Vaudreuil maintains spies in, 243; sickness in British +garrison of, 243. =Ch= Fortifications of, 157; slow progress of +settlement at, 167; terms of capitulation of, 190-192; keys of, handed +to Lewis Kirke, 195; English flag hoisted over, 196; names of families +remaining at, after surrender, 196; passes again under French rule, 224; +population in 1629, 208; destructive fire at, 1640, 241. =BL= Boundaries +of, for political purposes changed by Sydenham, restored in 1842, 146; +aspires to honour of capital, 181; seat of government, 338. =Md= Shares +with Toronto the honour of seat of government, for sixteen years, 39; +dispute over capital, 77; dissatisfaction of, over selection of Ottawa +as capital, 85; conference on Confederation meets at, in 1864, 104-105. +=Hd= Besieged by Wolfe, 25; news arrives of surrender of, 29; defended +by Murray, 34; Murray lieutenant-governor of, 41; roads to, 45, 46; uses +St. Maurice forges, 47; government of, 49; enlistment of +French-Canadians in, 55-56; Haldimand arrives at, 117; Indians brought +to, 152; fortifications of, strengthened, 183; prisons in, 187; +threatened by French fleet, 188; census of, taken, 190; old customs of, +192, 221-224; Riedesels at, 220, 300-304; education in, 233-235; food +supply of, 239; Nelson at, 244; rebel sympathizers in, 279; Du Calvet +in, 286, 287; Haldimand's life in, 298; Haldimand sails from, 310; +Haldimand Hill in, named after him, 346. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Cradle of New +France_; Le Moine, _Historical Notes on Quebec_; MacPherson, +_Reminiscences of Old Quebec_; Hawkins, _Picture of Quebec_; Douglas, +_Old France in the New World_; Le Moine, _Quebec Past and Present_; +Parker, _Old Quebec_. + +=Quebec Committee.= =Sy= Its address to the electors in opposition to +the union, 288. + +=Quebec Conference, 1864.= To discuss terms of Confederation. =Index=: +=C= Cauchon's commentaries on the resolutions, 24. =B= Division of +authority between federal and provincial Legislatures, 163; residuary +powers, 163-164; constitution of the Senate, 164-165; financial +question, 165; resolutions adopted, 165; George Brown on, 165-166; +delegates tour Canada, 166; its character defined, 205. =H= Frames +scheme of Confederation, 178-179; Howe opposes the scheme, 185-191. =Md= +Meets at Quebec, Oct. 10, 1864, to discuss union of provinces, 104; +Tache selected as chairman, 104; deliberations behind closed doors, 105; +passes seventy-two resolutions along main lines upon which Confederation +was finally accomplished, 106; Macdonald's notes on, 106; legislative +_vs._ federal union, 107-109, 245-247; financial relations of provinces +and Dominion, 110; constitution of Senate, 110-112; question of +representation, 112-113. =T= Deals with Intercolonial Railway question, +54; history of, 76-80. =Bib.=: Pope, _Confederation Documents_; +Cauchon, _Union of the Provinces_; Whelan, _Union of the British +Provinces_; Rawlings, _Confederation of the British North American +Provinces; Confederation Debates_. + +=Quebec General Hospital=. =WM= Care taken of wounded British in, 153; +British guard placed on, 223; Levis takes possession of, 265; painful +scenes at, described, 265, 266. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Cradle of New France_. + +=Quebec, Hotel Dieu=. =F= Origin of, 28. =L= Laval lodges at, for a +time, 33; nuns of, take charge of the general hospital, 236. =Bib.=: +Doughty, _Cradle of New France_. + +=Quebec Library=. Founded at Quebec in 1779. The first public library in +what is now Canada. On Jan. 7 of that year, the following advertisement +appeared in the Quebec _Gazette_: "A subscription has been commenced for +establishing a publick library for the city and district of Quebec. It +has met with the approbation of His Excellency the Governor and of the +Bishop, and it is hoped that the institution, so particularly useful in +this country, will be generally encouraged." The idea of the library +originated with Governor Haldimand, and the first lot of books was +purchased in England, under his instructions, by Richard Cumberland, the +dramatist. An Act of incorporation obtained in 1840. Five years later, +the library was absorbed by the Quebec Library Association, founded +1843; and in 1866 the Association dissolved and sold its books to the +Quebec Literary and Historical Society (_q.v._). =Bib.=: A detailed +account of the Quebec Library, and the Quebec Library Association, will +be found in Wuertele's paper, in Quebec Lit. and Hist. Soc. _Trans._, +1887-1889. + +=Quebec Literary and Historical Society=. Founded at Quebec in 1824, +largely through the influence and liberality of the Earl of Dalhousie, +then governor-general. Its purposes were "to discover and rescue from +the unsparing hand of time the records which yet remain of the earliest +history of Canada. To preserve while in our power, such documents as may +be found amid the dust of yet unexplored depositories, and which may +prove important to general history and to the particular history of this +province." In 1829, another similar organization was absorbed; and in +1831 the society was incorporated by Act of Parliament. The library had +been started the previous year, as well as the museum. Both have grown +steadily, despite serious losses from fires. =Bib.=: The publications +consist of _Transactions_ and _Historical Documents_. The first volume +of the former appeared in 1829, and the first part of the latter in +1838. The _Trans._, for 1887-1889 contain an account of the Society, its +publications and its library, by F. C. Wuertele, who also published in +1891 an Index to the series of publications. + +=Quebec, Province of=. Area 351,873 square miles. Formed the principal +part of Canada, as ceded to Britain in 1763. Under the Quebec Act, 1774, +its boundaries extended west to the Ohio and Mississippi. In 1791, the +province was divided into Upper and Lower Canada, with the Ottawa River +as the boundary; in 1841 the two provinces were again united; and in +1867, Quebec became a province of the Dominion. The period of military +rule extended from the conquest to 1764, when civil government was +established. In 1775 the first Legislative Council met at Quebec. +Constitutional government was established in 1791; and responsible +government in 1841. =Index=: =Dr= Government of, embraced Canada, 7. =S= +Divided, 1. =Md= Seigniorial Tenure in, 14; difficulties of +Confederation in, 101; supports Confederation, 115; "doubtful and +expectant" on entry into Dominion, 129; representation in Cabinet, 133; +result of election of 1867 in, 141; excitement in, over Riel question, +242-244; Cartier's influence in, 266. _See also_ Quebec Act; +Constitutional Act; Seigniorial Tenure; Ninety-Two Resolutions; +Responsible government; Rebellion of 1837; Lower Canada. + +=Quebec Revenue Act.= =Sy= Provided fund for carrying on colonial +government, 83. =Bib.=: Houston, _Constitutional Documents of Canada_. + +=Quebec Seminary.= Opened 1668, in a house belonging to the widow of +Guillaume Couillard, at the entrance to the governor's garden. +Corner-stone of the first separate building laid in 1678; enlarged, +1701; restored and enlarged after the fire of 1866. =Index=: =F= +Establishment of, 48. =L= Founded by Laval, 10, 47-50; empowered to +collect tithes, 50; Laval transfers his personal income to, 56; +affiliated with Foreign Missions of Paris, 57, 140; buildings erected +for, 58; total destruction of, by fire, 58, 240; Saint-Vallier's high +opinion of, 203; sends missionaries to Louisiana, 208; Saint-Vallier +makes important changes in, 236; destroyed a second time by fire, 241. +_See also_ Laval University. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Cradle of New France_. + +=Quebec, Siege of, 1629.= The previous year, David Kirke had sailed up +the river, and sent a demand for the surrender of the fort, which +Champlain peremptorily refused. Kirke thereupon returned to the gulf to +meet the French fleet under De Roquemont, which he captured after a +battle which lasted fifteen hours, and carried his prizes and prisoners +back to England. The following year he returned, with a fleet of three +sails, and Champlain surrendered the fort, the more readily as the +little garrison was at the point of starvation. =Index=: _See_ Quebec +City; Kirke. =Bib.=: Kirke, _The First English Conquest of Canada_; +Parkman, _Pioneers of France_. + +=Quebec, Siege of, 1690.= Sir William Phipps, having captured Port Royal +in May of this year, appeared before Quebec in October, with thirty-two +ships and a force of over two thousand men. He immediately summoned +Frontenac to surrender, and got a contemptuous refusal. Quebec was well +defended both in men and guns, and after a fruitless attack on the town +from the Beauport flats, and a subsequent bombardment in which he did +much less damage to the town than his ships suffered from Frontenac's +batteries, Phipps abandoned the siege. A little church then building in +the Lower Town was named _Notre Dame de la Victoire_, to commemorate the +victory. =Index=: _See_ Quebec city; Phipps. =Bib.=: Myrand, _Sir +William Phipps devant Quebec_; Parkman, _Frontenac_. + +=Quebec, Siege of, 1759.= Following the capture of Louisbourg, Duquesne, +and Fort Frontenac, in the campaign of 1758, two expeditions were sent +the following year against Quebec, one by land under Amherst, the second +by water under Wolfe and Saunders. The French forces were commanded by +Montcalm, whose plans were hampered at every stage by the interference +of the governor, Vaudreuil. Wolfe commanded the attacking army, and +Saunders the fleet. The former had as brigadiers Townshend, Monckton, +and Murray. Montcalm had a force of over fourteen thousand men, partly +regulars and partly militia. Wolfe's army numbered less than nine +thousand men, but all were regulars. After bombarding the city from the +Levis shore, Wolfe, on July 31, made an unsuccessful attack at +Montmorency. Several ineffective efforts followed, and it was not until +early in September that Wolfe matured the plans which led to ultimate +success. Landing his men at a cove two miles above the city, on the +night of the twelfth, he had three thousand men upon the heights of +Abraham before daybreak. Montcalm hastily assembled his troops and led +them to the attack, but was completely defeated. During the battle, both +Wolfe and Montcalm were mortally wounded, and five of the French +brigadiers fell upon the field. The French were pursued to the gates of +the city, and Townshend, who had succeeded to the command, had +difficulty in re-forming his troops to repel an attack from the rear by +Bougainville. The latter, however, after a brief engagement, was forced +to retire; and the British remained masters of the field. Five days +later, the city capitulated to Saunders and Townshend. =Index=: _See_ +Quebec City; Wolfe; Montcalm. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_; Woods, +_Logs of the Conquest of Canada_ and _Fight for Canada_; Bradley, _The +Fight with France_; Knox, _Historical Journal_; Waddington, _La Guerre +de Sept Ans_. + +=Quebec, Siege of, 1760.= After the battle of Ste. Foy, April 20, 1760, +Murray retreated within the walls of Quebec, and Levis laid siege to the +town. The defences were in a feeble state, but Murray strengthened them +by forming a wall of ice. In May a British fleet appeared, and Levis, +seeing that the cause was lost, hastily raised the siege. =Bib.=: +Bradley, _The Fight with France_; Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_ and _Cradle +of New France_; Waddington, _La Guerre de Sept Ans_. + +=Quebec, Siege of, 1775-1776.= _See_ American invasion; Montgomery; +Arnold; Dorchester. =Bib.=: Anderson, _Siege and Blockade of Quebec_ +(Quebec Lit. and Hist. Soc. _Trans._, 1872); Strange, _Historical Notes +on the Defence of Quebec_ (Quebec Lit. and Hist. Soc. _Trans._, 1875). + +=Queen Charlotte Islands.= A group in the Pacific Ocean, off the coast +of British Columbia. Discovered by Captain Cook in 1778. Captain George +Dixon examined both the eastern and western shores of the islands in +1787, and named them after his ship, the _Queen Charlotte_. The natives +are known as Haidas. =Index=: =D= Portlock and Dixon discover that group +is not part of mainland, 22; discovery confirmed by Duncan in 1788, 22; +Douglas at, 29; coal discovered, 191; discovery of gold, 219. =Bib.=: +Poole, _Queen Charlotte Islands_; Chittenden, _Report of Exploration of +Queen Charlotte Islands_; Dawson, _Report on the Queen Charlotte +Islands_ (Geol. Survey, 1878-1879). + +=Queen's Brigade (French).= =WM= In battle of Ste. Foy, 262. + +=Queen's Rangers.= =Dr= Commanded by Colonel Simcoe, 202. =S= Raising +of, 22; Simcoe obtains command of, 22; disperse large body of rebel +militia, 26-29; ordered to Virginia, 33; capture large quantity of +enemy's stores, 34; defeat superior force at Spencer's Ordinary, 36; +surrender with army of Cornwallis, 37; placed on roster of British army, +39; disbanded, 39; first division of, arrives in Canada, 49; transferred +from Niagara to Toronto, 203; employed to make Yonge Street road, 208, +216. =Bk= Stationed at Newark (Niagara), 57. =Bib.=: Simcoe, _Journal of +the Operations of the Queen's Rangers_. + +=Queen's University.= Established at Kingston, Ontario. Founded in 1839, +and incorporated by royal charter in 1841. The first principal was Rev. +Thomas Liddell; succeeded by Dr. John Machar, Dr. John Cook, Dr. Leitch, +Dr. Snodgrass. In 1877 Dr. George Monro Grant became principal, and it +was due mainly to his enthusiasm and splendid organizing ability that +the university reached its present high state of efficiency. On the +death of Dr. Grant, in 1902, he was succeeded by Dr. D.M. Gordon. +=Index=: =R= Opened March, 1842, a Presbyterian institution, 135, 147; +Act of incorporation, 1840, 146; royal charter, 1841, 147; legislative +grant, 148; Dr. Liddell principal, 150; advocates university scheme, +150. =E= Proposal to make it part of a provincial university, 94. =BL= +Established by Presbyterians at Kingston, 194; refuses to come into +provincial university under terms of Baldwin's Bill, 295. =Bib.=: +Machar, _Sketch of Queen's University_ in _Canada: An Ency._, vol. 4. + +=Queenston.= Village on Canadian side of Niagara River. =Index=: =Bk= In +1803 an important village, 58. =Bib.=: Lovell, _Gazetteer of Canada_. + +=Queenston Heights, Battle of.= In War of 1812. Brock commanded the +British forces, consisting of regulars and militia, between 1500 and +2000 men, scattered along the Niagara River from Fort Erie to Fort +George. The opposing American forces numbered about 6000 men, similarly +distributed on the south bank of the river, under Stephen Van +Rensselaer. In the first skirmish, a few hundred men only were engaged +on either side, and the Americans finally gained the heights, brought up +reinforcements, and remained in possession for several hours. The +British losses included Brock and Macdonell. Sheaffe, on whom the +command had devolved, gathered together the scattered detachments of +British troops, 1000 strong, and marching them through the woods, +attacked the Americans from the inland side, and completely defeated +them. Many were driven over the banks into the river, and between 900 +and 1000 surrendered, including Major-General Wadsworth and +Lieutenant-Colonel Winfield Scott. =Index=: =Bk= Account of battle, +300-312. =Bib.=: Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_; Currie, _Battle of +Queenston Heights_. _See also_ War of 1812. + +=Quen, Jean de= (1603-1659). Born at Amiens. Came to Canada, 1635. +Laboured for many years among the Montagnais. In 1647, explored the +upper Saguenay and Lake St. John. Five years later returned, and +established a permanent mission on the shores of the lake. Superior of +the Canadian missions, 1655-1656. =Index=: =Ch= Parish priest of +Notre-Dame de la Recouvrance, 238. =Bib.=: _Jesuit Relations_, ed. by +Thwaites; Charlevoix, _History of New France_. + +=Quentin, Barthelemy.= =Ch= Director of Company of New France, 170. + +=Quentin, Bonaventure, Sieur de Richebourg.= =Ch= Director of Company of +New France, 170. + +=Quentin, Father Claude.= =Ch= Jesuit, visits Miscou, 234. + +=Quesnel, Frederick A.= =Sy= Member of Special Council of Lower Canada, +opposes union, 193. =P= Withdraws his support of Papineau, 86; loses his +seat in Assembly, 102. + +=Quesnel, Jules Maurice.= =D= Accompanies Simon Fraser on voyage down +the Fraser, 60. =MS= With Simon Fraser in New Caledonia, 108-109; river +named after, 109. =Bib.=: Masson, _Bourgeois de la Compagnie du +Nord-Ouest_. + +=Queylus, Abbe de.= =F= Sulpician, appointed vicar-general for Canada, +42; sent back to France by Bishop Laval, 43. =L= His difficulties with +Laval, 7; Sulpicians desire his appointment as bishop, 25; recognizes +authority of Laval, 27; receives appointment as grand vicar to +archbishop of Rouen, 27; returns to France, 27; again in Canada, and +assumes charge of parish of Montreal, 28; suspended by Laval, returns to +France, 28; later returns to Canada and is made grand vicar at Montreal, +29; causes chapel to Ste. Anne to be erected at Beaupre, 101; arrival +of, 1668, 105; makes donation to hospital at Quebec, 107; Talon's +recommendation of, 107, 134; departure of, for France, 134; his great +liberality, 135. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Old Regime_. + +=Quimper, Manuel.= Accompanied Eliza on his voyage to the North-West +Coast in 1790, and under his orders explored the Strait of Juan de Fuca, +and named various points on both sides of the strait. Returned to +Monterey, Mexico, in September, 1790. =Index=: =D= Examines both shores +of Juan de Fuca Strait, 1790, 26. =Bib.=: Walkran, _British Columbia +Coast-Names_. + +=Quinte, Bay of.= An inlet of Lake Ontario, on the north shore. The name +is of Iroquois origin. A number of Cayugas settled here about the middle +of the seventeenth century; and in 1668 two Sulpicians, Trouve and +Fenelon, were sent from Montreal to open a mission among these "Iroquois +of the North." About 1783, permanent settlements on the shores of the +bay were made by United Empire Loyalists and disbanded officers and men +of regiments serving in Canada. About the same time a number of Mohawks +settled in the township of Tyendenaga--named after Joseph Brant. +=Index=: =Hd= Iroquois settlement on, 265. =Bib.=: Conant, _Life in +Canada_ and _Upper Canada Sketches_. + +=Quintin's Bridge.= =S= Skirmish at, 24. + +=Quinton, James.= =T= Candidate in St. John County, New Brunswick. 85, +109. + + +=Radisson, Pierre Esprit= (1620?-1710?). Born in Paris. Came to Canada +in 1651, and settled at Three Rivers. In 1652 captured by the Iroquois +and carried off to their country, where by great good fortune he escaped +the following year. In 1657 had the hardihood to make a voluntary visit +to the Onondagas; in 1658 explored the country south-west of Lake +Superior, discovered the Mississippi, and possibly went beyond. In 1661 +made another journey to the west, accompanied as on the previous journey +by his brother-in-law, Medard Chouart; wintered among the Sioux, and the +following year explored the country north of Lake Superior, and +apparently penetrated to James Bay. In 1665 went to England and offered +his services to lead a trading expedition to Hudson Bay. The result of +this trading venture was the establishment of the Hudson's Bay Company. +In 1674, returned to the service of France, led an expedition to Hudson +Bay in 1682, and captured an English ship. In 1684 once more changed his +allegiance, and from that year to the time of his death remained in the +service of the Hudson's Bay Company. =Index=: =F= Proceedings of, in +Hudson Bay, 204-205. =Bib.=: _Voyages of Peter Esprit Radisson_ (Prince +Society, Boston, 1885); _Relation du Voiage du Sieur Pierre Esprit +Radisson_ (Canadian Archives _Report_, 1895); Sulte, _Radisson in the +North-West_ (R. S. C., 1904); _Decouverte du Mississippi_ (R. S. C., +1903); Prud'homme, _Notes Historiques sur la Vie de Radisson_; Dionne, +_Chouart et Radisson_ (R. S. C., 1893, 1894); Bryce, _Further History of +Pierre Esprit Radisson_ (R. S. C., 1898) and _Hudson's Bay Company_; +Laut, _Pathfinders of the West_ and _The Conquest of the Great +North-West_. + +=Rae, John= (1813-1893). Served as a surgeon in the Hudson's Bay +Company. In 1846-1847 made two exploring expeditions. Accompanied +Richardson in his expedition in search of Sir John Franklin, 1848; and +in 1851 commanded another expedition which examined Wollaston Land. +During an expedition in 1853-1854, he obtained positive intelligence of +Franklin's death from the Eskimo on the west coast of Boothia. =Index=: +=MS= Journey in search of Franklin, 51; his method of provisioning his +party, 51; chief factor, 1850, 227; Franklin expedition, 228. =Bib.=: +_Expedition to the Shores of the Arctic Sea_. + +=Rae, W. G.= =D= Expedition on behalf of Hudson's Bay Company, 51; in +charge of Fort Stikine, 122; appointed to post on Yerba Buena Cove, San +Francisco Bay, 127; commits suicide, 1845, 127. + +=Rafeix, Father.= =L= Jesuit, comes to Canada, 41. + +=Rageot, Gilles.= =F= Clerk to attorney-general, 106. + +=Ragueneau, Paul= (1605-1680). Born in Paris, France. Joined the Society +of Jesus, and in 1636 came to Canada as a missionary to the Indians. For +a few years worked among the Hurons, and in 1640 sent on a mission to +the Iroquois. In 1650 appointed superior of the missions. In 1657 went +on a mission to the Onondagas, and after finding that they had murdered +several Hurons, barely escaped with his life. Spent the next nine years +in labouring among the Hurons and other tribes, and in 1666 returned to +France, where he acted as agent for the Canadian missions until his +death. =Bib.=: Charlevoix, _History of New France_; Parkman, _Jesuits in +North America_. + +=Raikes, Thomas.= =Sy= His description of Poulett Thomson, 43. + +=Railways.= =E= History of, in Canada, 99; vigorous policy of La +Fontaine-Baldwin government, 99-101; and Hincks-Morin ministry, 114-117. +=C= Cartier favours building of, 45. =BL= Early charters for, in Canada, +301. =B= One from Quebec to Windsor and Sarnia advocated by George +Brown, 61; arrangements for building of Grand Trunk made by Hincks, 64; +Intercolonial negotiations fall through, 64. =H= Line from Halifax to +Windsor advocated by Joseph Howe in 1835, 117, 120; survey completed in +1849, 118; European and North American Railway projected, 121-125; +transcontinental railway foretold by Howe, 135; Nova Scotia Railway +Bills passed, 141, 143; government railways in Nova Scotia, 143-147; +railway riots in Nova Scotia, 157-158. =T= In New Brunswick, subsidies +to, 19-20. _See also_ Canadian Pacific Railway; Grand Trunk Railway; +Grand Trunk Pacific Railway; Intercolonial Railway; Canadian Northern +Railway; Northern Railway. + +=Rainsford, John.= =F= Rescues comrades cast away on Anticosti, 304. + +=Raisin, Sister Marie.= =L= Member of Congregation de Notre Dame, 91. + +=Ralleau.= =Ch= Secretary of De Monts, 33. + +=Ramesay, De.= =F= Commands militia in attack on Iroquois, 351. + +=Ramezay, Claude de.= =WM= Commandant of garrison of Quebec, 214, 219; +describes despondency in city, 224; calls council which declares for +capitulation, 225; seeks pretext for capitulation, 230; capitulates, +231, 232. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_; Wood, _The Fight for +Canada_. + +=Rand, Theodore Harding= (1835-1900). Born at Cornwallis, Nova Scotia. +Educated at Horton Academy and at Acadia College. Taught for a time in +the provincial Normal School, Truro. Subsequently superintendent of +education in both Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. Occupied various +professorships in educational institutions; chancellor of McMaster +University, Toronto, 1892-1895. =Bib.=: Works: _At Minas Basin, and +other Poems_; _Song Waves and other Poems_; _Treasury of Canadian +Verse_. For biog., _see_ Morgan, _Can. Men_; MacMurchy, _Canadian +Literature_. + +=Randal, Robert.= =Mc= Virginian, settled at Chippewa, 138; Mackenzie +defends, 138; goes to England about Alien Act, 139; success of his +mission, 142, 143. + +=Randolph, Beverley= (1755-1797). Governor of Virginia. Born in Henrico +County, Virginia, and educated at William and Mary College. In 1784 was +appointed a visitor of the college. A member of the Virginia Assembly +during the American Revolution. In 1787 appointed president of the +Executive Council; and in 1788 governor of Virginia. =Index=: =S= +American commissioner to treat with Indians, 123; entertained by Simcoe +at Navy Hall, 184, 229. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._ + +=Rangers (British).= =Hd= Established near Cataraqui, 265. =WM= Reembark +after fall of Quebec, 236. _See also_ Queen's Rangers. + +=Rankin, Colonel.= =Md= Challenges Macdonald, but makes frank apology, +and meeting is averted, 81-82. + +=Rankine, Alexander.= =T= Deserts Liberals in New Brunswick, 18. + +=Rattray, William Jordan= (1835-1883). Born in London, England. +Emigrated to Canada, 1848. In 1858 graduated from Toronto University, +and later entered the journalistic profession. Published a number of +books on religious and general subjects; for several years on the +editorial staff of the Toronto _Mail_. Contributed to Canadian and +American periodicals. =Index=: =Mc= His opinion of Mackenzie, 5, 6, 12, +26; views on the Rebellion, 26; on destruction of the _Advocate_, 115; +opinion of Head, 307. =Bib.=: _The Scot in British North America_. For +biog., _see_ Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._ + +=Raudot, Antoine-Denis= (1679-1737). Son of Jacques Raudot. Filled the +office of inspector-general of the navy at Dunkirk, before coming to +Canada with his father in 1705. Acted as assistant to the intendant; +recalled to France in 1710, and appointed intendant-general of seamen; +also made a director of the Company of the Indies. Succeeded his father +as councillor of marine. =Bib.=: Roy, _Intendants de la Nouvelle-France_ +(R. S. C., 1903). + +=Raudot, Jacques= (1647-1728). Councillor to the Parliament of Metz in +1674; and to the Cour des Aides at Paris, 1678. Came to Canada as +intendant, 1705, and devoted himself with rare disinterestedness to the +welfare of the colony. Returned to France in 1711. =Bib.=: Roy, +_Intendants de la Nouvelle-France_ (R. S. C., 1903). + +=Razilly, Chevalier de.= =Ch= One of the Hundred Associates, 170; +ordered to assist Quebec, 200; instructions cancelled, 201; sent with +expedition to take possession of Quebec, 213. + +=Re, Francois, Sieur de Gand.= =Ch= One of the Hundred Associates, 171. + +=Read, David Breakenridge= (1823- ). Born in Augusta, Ontario. Educated +at Upper Canada College; studied law and called to the bar of Upper +Canada, 1845; practised his profession in Toronto; appointed Q.C., 1858; +mayor of Toronto, 1858. =Index=: =Mc= On Mackenzie, 1; Mackenzie as a +reformer, 5; on responsible government, 12. =Bib.=: Works: _The Lives of +the Judges of Upper Canada_; _The Life and Times of General John Graves +Simcoe_; _The Life and Times of Major-General Sir Isaac Brock_; _The +Rebellion of 1837_; _The Lives of the Lieutenant-Governors of Upper +Canada and Ontario_. For biog., _see_ Morgan, _Can. Men_. + +=Reade, Alfred.= =W= Appointed by Governor Colebrooke as provincial +secretary of New Brunswick, 76; causes resignation of ministers, 76-78; +discussed in House, 79-80; appointment cancelled, 80. + +=Rebellion Losses Bill.= =Mc= Furious debate on, between MacNab and +Blake, 489. =BL= Passed in 1847, 292; La Fontaine responsible for, 303; +its history, 305-334, 335, 336. =E= History of, 63-84; commission +appointed by Draper-Viger government, 64; report of commissioners, 65; +La Fontaine's resolutions, 67-68; new commission appointed, 68; bitter +opposition of Tories, 68-69; the debate, 69-70; public meetings held in +opposition to bill, 70; bill passed by both houses by large majorities, +70; Elgin gives royal assent, 71; his reasons for doing so, 72-73; the +Montreal riots, 73-77, 161, 203. =B= History of, 34-38. =C= John A. +Macdonald characterizes it as a reward for treason, 32. =Md= +Circumstances leading up to introduction of bill, 33-35; presented to +Legislature, 35; passes the Assembly, 36; consented to by Elgin, 36-38; +cause of unseemly riots, 38; causes division of opinion in British +Parliament, 41. _See also_ Rebellion of 1837 (Lower Canada). =Bib.=: +Dent, _Last Forty Years_. + +=Rebellion of 1837 in Lower Canada.= The culmination of a long +agitation, on the part of the French-Canadians, for a larger measure of +popular government. The older and more experienced of their leaders +refused to overstep the bounds of constitutional agitation; but +Papineau, Wolfred Nelson, and a few more hot-headed enthusiasts +determined to resort to armed rebellion. A series of violent speeches +and demonstrations, in the summer and autumn of 1837, in which Papineau +was the central figure, led to incipient riots in Montreal and +elsewhere, and the decision of the authorities to arrest Papineau blew +the smouldering embers into a fierce blaze. Nelson and Brown gathered +their followers together at St. Denis and St. Charles on the Richelieu, +and Colonel Gore and Colonel Wetherall were sent to disperse them. +Shortly after, Amury Girod raised the flag of revolt at St. Eustache, +and Sir John Colborne led a force against him. In every case the rebels +were dispersed. Papineau, Nelson, Brown, and the other leaders fled. +Papineau and Brown escaped over the border. The others were captured and +exiled to Bermuda. The next year Robert Nelson and Dr. Cote made a final +attempt at Napierville. Nelson managed to escape, but his misguided +followers were captured, twelve executed, and eighty-seven transported +to Australia. =Index=: =C= Responsibility of the government for, 2; +Cartier's part in, 7; defence of, 9-10; the aftermath, 11; suspension of +the constitution of 1791, 11; origin of, 121-122. =Sy= In Lower Canada, +57. =B= Attributed by Durham to racial animosity, 11; his remedy, 12. +=P= Responsibility of the bureaucrats for, 24-25; street fights in +Montreal, 127; Demaray and Davignon arrested, and rescued by Bonaventure +Viger and party of _Patriotes_, 128; rebels gather at St. Denis and St. +Charles, 128; Colonel Gore's expedition up the Richelieu, and Colonel +Wetherall's against St. Charles, 128-132; the fight at St. Denis, +130-132; at St. Charles, 133; death of Lieutenant Weir, 134; the fight +at St. Eustache, 135-137; leaders sent into exile, 138-139; outbreak of +1838 crushed, 139-141; causes of the Rebellion, 143-161; O'Callaghan's +version, 146-149; Bouchette's views, 149-153. =BL= Papineau's connection +with, 45-46; history of, 45-49; its lessons, 51; general pardon, +287-288. =MS= Governor Simpson and Hudson's Bay Company influence +strongly against Papineau, 243. =H= Its effect on popular party in Nova +Scotia, 49. =E= Its causes, 17-21; Durham on, 18, 25-26; aftermath of +the Rebellion, 62-63; contrasted with the disturbances of 1849, 75-76; +spirit of its leaders, 91-92. =Md= Cartier involved in, 7; takes +advantage of amnesty, 7; passions kindled by, 13; and responsible +government, 23. _See also_ Ninety-Two Resolutions; Papineau; Nelson; +Rebellion Losses Bill. =Bib.=: Christie, _History of Lower Canada_; +Kingsford, _History of Canada_; Carrier, _Les Evenements de 1837-1838_; +David, _Les Patriotes de 1837_; Globensky, _La Rebellion de 1837_; +Theller, _Canada in 1837-38_. + +=Rebellion of 1837 in Upper Canada.= Almost the exact counterpart of the +revolt in the lower province. The leaders here were William Lyon +Mackenzie, Samuel Lount, Van Egmond, and Rolph. The plan was to march +upon Toronto, seize the city, and proclaim a republic. This was early in +December. On the night of the 5th, the insurgents marched on the city, +were met on the outskirts by a small body of Loyalists, and +ignominiously fled. The following day, having gained reinforcements, +they made a stand at Montgomery's tavern, and were completely routed by +the militia under MacNab. Mackenzie, Lount, and Rolph made their escape. +Lount was afterwards captured, tried, and hanged. Spasmodic efforts were +made in this and the following years, with the aid of American +sympathizers, to keep the Rebellion alive, but the movement had no +serious support in Canada, and in every case ended in disaster to the +rebels. =Index=: =Mc= Excuses for, 12; history of, 12-13; _Globe_ +justifies, 13; J. S. Willison's view, 14; Lord Durham on the power of +rebellion, 14, 15; Lord Dalling and Bulwer on, 15, 16; Goldwin Smith's +view, 18, 27; how far justified, 23, 24; Edward Blake on, 26-27; +Chamberlain's view of, 28-30; Laurier's view of, 30, 31; "first low +murmur of insurrection," 300. =B= Attributed by Durham to ascendancy of +Family Compact, 11. =MS= Responsibility of Family Compact, 242; Hudson's +Bay Company influence supports government, 242. =BL= Mackenzie's and +Rolph's connection with, 43-45; Van Egmond leads rebel forces, 43; +attack planned at Toronto, 43; rebels gather at Montgomery's tavern, +43; and are dispersed by loyal troops under MacNab, 44; Baldwin's and +Lount's connection with, 44-45; general pardon, 287-288. =E= Its causes, +17, 18-21; the Sherwoods and Sir Allan MacNab take a conspicuous part in +suppressing, 31; aftermath of, 62-63; contrasted with disturbances of +1849, 75-76; spirit of its leaders, 91-92. =R= Mentioned, 113, 143. =Md= +Militia and volunteers called out, 7; John A. Macdonald serves at +Toronto, 7; trial of Von Schoultz, 8-9; passions kindled by, 13; and +responsible government, 23. _See also_ W. L. Mackenzie; Rolph; Lount; +Grievances. =Bib.=: Dent, _Upper Canadian Rebellion_; Head, _Narrative_; +King, _Other Side of the Story_; Ryerson, _Affairs of the Canadas_; +Glenelg, _Despatches to Sir F. B. Head_; Read, _Rebellion of 1837_; +Lizars, _Humours of '37_. + +=Reciprocity.= Efforts were made from time to time by Canada, between +the years 1847 and 1854, to secure the free admission of goods between +Canada and the United States, but without success until the latter year, +when Lord Elgin negotiated a treaty. It came into force in 1855, and was +abrogated in 1866, at the instance of the United States. The renewal of +the treaty was urged by Canada in 1866, 1869, 1871, 1874, 1879, 1887, +1892, and 1896, but in every instance the American authorities failed to +respond. =Index=: =B= Advocated by Elgin, 37; the treaty and its +abrogation, 148; George Brown's interest in, 192; Lincoln believed to be +favourable to, 192; Brown urges action, but nothing done, 192-193; +confederate council on, authorized, 192; Galt and Howland at Washington, +193; reciprocal legislation suggested by Seward, 193; Galt outlines +scheme, 193; Brown objects to terms and plan of reciprocal legislation +as against interests of Canada, 194; Brown's resentment at being set +aside in the formation of the confederate council, and his objection to +reciprocal legislation, lead to his resignation, 195; his attitude +towards proposed renewal of treaty of 1854, 223-224; failure of +negotiations of 1866, 224; changing attitude in Canada on subject, +224-225; Canadian offers of 1869 and 1871 rejected, 225; the Brown +treaty of 1874--history of the negotiations, 225-233; a treaty suggested +by Mr. Rothery as compensation for fisheries, 226; Brown sent on mission +to Washington, 226; joint plenipotentiary with Sir Edward Thornton for +negotiation of treaty, 226; terms of the proposed treaty, 227-228; Brown +corrects American ignorance as to balance of trade under old treaty, +228-230; and carries on active propaganda in American newspapers, 230; +treaty rejected by the United States Senate, 231; objections urged +against treaty in Canada, 231-232. =BL= Advocated by Hincks, 1849, 302; +movement for, with United States and Maritime Provinces, 338. =H= +Halifax Convention, 1849, affirms principle of reciprocity with United +States, 115-116. =E= Treaty urged by Elgin, 82; supported by La +Fontaine-Baldwin government, 101; Elgin negotiates treaty, 124; ratified +by MacNab-Morin government, 142; history of the treaty, 196-202. =Md= +Treaty negotiated by Elgin in 1854, 45, 98; speech by Howe in 1865, +favouring renewal of, 99; ended in 1866, 166, 215-216. =T= Discussed in +New Brunswick Assembly, 28; treaty arranged, 29; ratified in New +Brunswick, 30; bill passed, 33. _See also_ Elgin; Unrestricted +Reciprocity; Commercial Union; Zollverein. =Bib.=: Derby, _Report upon +the Treaty of Reciprocity_; Griffin, _The Provinces and the States_; +Howe, _The Reciprocity Treaty_; Haliburton, _American Protection and +Canadian Reciprocity_. + +=Recollets.= A branch of the Franciscan order. First came to Canada in +1615, at the request of Champlain, and under the authority of Pope Paul +V. The same year they built a convent at Quebec. Of the four members of +the order who came out in 1615, Le Caron was assigned to the Huron +mission; Dolbeau to the Montagnais; and Jamay and Du Plessis remained at +Quebec. Among later members of the order, Sagard and Le Clerc became +famous as the historians of their missions in New France. =Index=: =F= +Brought out by Champlain, 13; difficulties encountered by, 16; not +allowed to return to Canada after restoration to France, 25; permitted +to return, 1668, 72; favoured by Frontenac and La Salle, 162; offer to +serve the parishes without any fixed provision for their support, 165; +not greatly esteemed by the bishop, 165; missions, 166. =Dr= Their +churches at Montreal and Quebec used by Anglicans, 241, 242. =L= +Recommend adoption of St. Joseph as patron saint of Canada, 87; desire +ecclesiastical independence of Louisiana, 208; through Talon's +influence, return to Canada, 109; the pope's letter to Laval in regard +to, 110; four missions assigned to them, 111; surprised at their kind +treatment by Laval, 111; welcomed by the people, 111, 112; build a +monastery in the Upper Town of Quebec, 112; take sides with Frontenac +against Intendant Duchesneau, 112; their convent of Notre Dame des Anges +reopened, 236. =Ch= Consent to come to Canada, as missionaries, 83; +papal brief defining their powers, 84; their activity, 94; their mission +a failure, 113; authorized to build a convent, 116; disagree with +Huguenots, 150; lodge Jesuits on their arrival at Quebec, 153; abandon +Huron mission, 167; had chapel at Cap Tourmente, 171; refuse assistance +in general distress, 180; the Kirkes promise protection to, 190; hide +the ornaments of their church, 196; embark for France, 206; do not +return to Canada after restoration of the colony to France, 225. =Hd= +Recommended by Gage, 48; their house pronounced unsatisfactory as a +prison, 187; steeple of chapel destroyed by storm, 222; Du Calvet +imprisoned in house of, 286, 289. =Bib.=: Le Clerc, _First Establishment +of the Faith in New France_, trans. by Shea; Sagard, _Histoire du +Canada_; Parkman, _Pioneers of France, Old Regime_, and _Frontenac_. + +=Red River.= Sometimes called Red River of the North, to distinguish it +from the Red River of Texas. The name is supposed to have been derived +from the colour of its waters, heavily impregnated with clay. It was +discovered by La Verendrye in 1733, and explored as far as the mouth of +the Assiniboine in that year. The river rises in North Dakota, and +enters Lake Winnipeg after a course of 545 miles. =Bib.=: Lovell, +_Gazetteer of Canada_; Hind, _Canadian Red River and Assiniboine and +Saskatchewan Expeditions_. + +=Red River Colony.= Also known as the Red River Settlement; Selkirk +Colony; Assiniboia, etc. Founded by the Earl of Selkirk (_q.v._), in +1811. The first party of colonists from Scotland reached York Factory +that year, under the leadership of Miles Macdonell, and arrived at the +Red River in 1812. A second party was sent out in 1812, reaching Red +River in 1813. In that same year a third party sailed from the Orkneys, +reaching their destination in 1814; and in 1815 a still larger party, in +charge of Robert Semple, sailed for Hudson Bay and reached Red River the +same year. The colonists suffered great privations for the first few +years, and were constantly harassed by the fur traders of the North West +Company. This petty warfare culminated in the Seven Oaks affair, in +which Governor Semple lost his life. After the union of the two fur +Companies, in 1821, the colony entered upon a period of comparative +peace and prosperity; and eventually became, in 1870, part of the +province of Manitoba. =Index=: =MS= The settlers sail from Stornoway, in +the Hebrides, 151; the voyage to Hudson Bay, 152; settlers land at York +Factory, 153; and winter there, 154; set out for Red River, June 1, +1812, 155; the first winter on the Red River, 157; the encampment at +Pembina, 158; return to the Forks, 158; buildings erected a mile north +of Fort Gibraltar, 159; second party of colonists sail from Stornoway, +159; ship-fever breaks out, 159; reach Red River, 1813, 159; first +attempts at agriculture, 160; opposition of North West Company, 161-164; +winter again at Pembina, 161-162; third party of settlers arrive, 1814, +163; a number of colonists abandon the Red River and settle in Upper +Canada, 163; the remainder are driven north by the half-breeds and +settle at Jack River, 163; brought back by Colin Robertson, 165; Robert +Semple brings out party of Highlanders, 164; beginnings of education and +religion, 165-166; Miles Macdonell's proclamation, 169; retaliatory +measures of North West Company, 172-176; again winter at Fort Daer +(Pembina), 178; Fort Gibraltar captured and dismantled, 178-179; Seven +Oaks affair, 180-181; surrender of Fort Douglas, 182; Selkirk comes to +the rescue, 191; brings back the settlers, 191; surveys ordered, roads +and bridges built, 192; Commissioner Coltman sent to Red River, 195; his +investigation, 196; Coltman returns to Quebec, 196; his report, 196; +trial of Charles Rimhart, 197; Hudson's Bay Company relieves Selkirk's +heirs of the responsibility of maintaining the colony, 222; agricultural +experiments, 222; Adam Thorn appointed recorder, 245; stirs up trouble, +246-247; local governor appointed, 247; arrival of Bishop Anderson, +1849, 270; Simpson's evidence on conditions in the colony, 273-278; +population, 1870, 286. =B= Isbister's work on behalf of, 212; deputation +from, in England, 212; George Brown's interest in, 212-213. =Md= Plague +of grasshoppers in, in 1868, 155; had population of about ten thousand +persons at Confederation, 157. _See also_ Selkirk; Assiniboia. =Bib.=: +Bryce, _Romantic History of Lord Selkirk's Colonists_; Begg, _Creation +of Manitoba_; Hargrave, _Red River_; Ross, _Red River Settlement_; Bell, +_The Selkirk Settlement_; MacBeth, _The Selkirk Settlers in Real Life_; +Selkirk, _Statement Respecting the Settlement upon the Red River; +Narrative of Occurrences in the Indian Countries_. + +=Red River Rebellion.= _See_ Riel Rebellion, 1869-1870. + +=Redistribution Bill.= =Md= Bill brought in by Macdonald in 1882, to +adjust representation in House, 273; Blake on, 274; description of, 274; +_Globe_ on, 275; unfairness of, 275-276; effect of, on election, 276. + +=Redpath, Peter= (1821-1894). Born in Montreal. Educated at St. Paul's +School there; engaged in business in his native town. Took a deep +interest in the improvement of Montreal and of its public institutions, +and particularly McGill University, of whose governing board he was a +member from 1864 to his death. Besides many minor donations to the +University, gave $20,000 in 1871 to found a chair of mathematics, +$140,000 for a museum in 1881, and $135,000 for a library building, +besides an endowment of $100,000 for the library fund, and $30,000 for +the museum fund. Removed to England in 1880, where he made his home in +the old manor house of Chislehurst. Mrs. Redpath made further donations +of $85,000 to the library. =Index=: =E= Signs Annexation Manifesto, 81. +=Bib.=: Dawson, _Peter Redpath, Governor and Benefactor of McGill +University_. + +=Reed, Joseph.= =T= Deserts his party in New Brunswick, 18. + +=Reform Alliance.= =Mc= Objects of, 495; Mackenzie attacks, 496; death +of, 497. + +=Reform Association.= =BL= Founded in Toronto, with branches throughout +Canada, in 1844, 221; organizes series of public meetings to oppose +Metcalfe, 221; meeting at Toronto, 238; series of "tracts for the +people," 238. + +=Reform, Parliamentary.= =Sy= Question of, in Britain, 25, 28, 32. + +=Reform Party.= =B= Fight for responsible government, against Metcalfe, +21; under wise leadership of Baldwin and La Fontaine, 24; Convention of +1857 recommends representation by population, free trade, uniform +legislation for two provinces, and annexation of North-West Territories, +131, 217; Convention of 1859 considers relations of Upper and Lower +Canada, 133-134; arguments for and against Confederation, 135-138; +leaders of, consulted by George Brown as to Confederation, and the +coalition Cabinet, 156-157; inadequately represented in government, 159; +Convention of 1867, 208; against continuance of coalition ministry, +208-209; disintegration of, hastened by retirement of Baldwin and La +Fontaine, 262. =Sy= Its support of the policy of union of the provinces +acknowledged by Sydenham, 213. _See also_ Liberal Party. + +=Regale.= =L= Dispute respecting, between Louis XIV and Pope Clement, +184, 201. + +=Regina.= Capital of the province of Saskatchewan, and formerly of the +North-West Territories. Founded in 1882, and named by the Marquis of +Lorne (now Duke of Argyll), after Queen Victoria. It is the headquarters +of the Royal North-West Mounted Police. =Bib.=: Powers, _History of +Regina: its Foundation and Growth_. + +=Regiopolis College.= Established at Kingston. =Index=: =BL= Established +by Roman Catholics, 194. =R= Incorporated March 4, 1837, 147. + +=Registration.= =S= Of deeds in Upper Canada, system introduced, 94, +102. =Sy= Of titles in Lower Canada, ordinance providing for, passed by +Special Council, 278, 279. + +=Reid, Stuart J.= =Mc= On colonial government, 2; on Lord Durham, 7; on +the Duke of Wellington, 17; on authorship of Durham's Report, 82, 83. +=Bib.=: _Life and Letters of Durham_; _Lord John Russell_. + +=Renaud.= =C= Demands disallowance of New Brunswick Act abolishing +separate schools, 73. + +=Repentigny.= On the St. Lawrence, north bank. =F= Band of Iroquois +surprised and destroyed at, 308. + +=Repentigny, Captain de.= =WM= With Canadians, guards fords of +Montmorency, 112; drives British force back to their camp, 129; ordered +with his reserve, with Indians, to the city, 161; commands Canadian +sharpshooters, in battle of Ste. Foy, 259. + +=Representation Bill, 1853.= =E= Sir John Macdonald's view on, 132-133. + +=Representation by Population.= =B= Advocated by George Brown, 71, 75, +82, 142; principle defined, 82-83; movement for, 83-84; demanded by +Upper Canada Reformers, 125; conceded at Confederation to Ontario, 127; +growth in sentiment for, 142. =Md= Not an issue in 1844, 14; difficulty +caused by working out of Act of Union, 70; Lord Durham on, 71; George +Brown's solution of difficulty, 71-72; Macdonald becomes less opposed +to, 89; solution of problem, 112-113; settled by British North America +Act, 141. =T= Movement for, in Upper Canada, 67-68. + +=Representative Government.= =Dr= Little interest felt in, by +French-Canadians, 61; mentioned in their petition to the king, 61. _See +also_ Responsible government. + +=Representative Institutions.= =F= Complete absence of, in New France, +131-132. + +=Responsible Government.= The period of responsible government in Canada +dates from the union of 1841; in Nova Scotia, from 1848; in New +Brunswick, the same year; in Prince Edward Island, 1851. The agitation +for responsible government, from its very nature, cannot be limited to +an exact period. It was a gradual growth, whose roots ran back almost to +the beginning of the period of British rule in Canada. The Quebec Act of +1774, the Constitutional Act of 1791, the Ninety-Two Resolutions of +1834, the Rebellion of 1837, and Durham's Report, were mile-stones on +the road to responsible government. =Index=: =Mc= Rattray on, 5, 6; Lord +John Russell on, 19, 20; resolution refusing, passed by Imperial House, +20; Lord Glenelg opposes, 21; Erskine May's review, 21; Bond Head on, +22; Lord Durham justified in demanding, 61, 67-69; the "true remedy," +61, 63; Durham's Report favours, 81; Mackenzie urges, 81; Mackenzie +advocates, 148, 166, 177, 244, 279; Seventh Report on Grievances, 273; +Lord Glenelg on, 279-286; Lord Russell opposes, 325; comes at last, 409; +May on value of, 490. =Md= Its principles accepted in Act of Union in +1840, 17, 22; established under Elgin, 32-33; principles of, outlined by +Lord Grey in despatch to Sir John Harvey, 47-50. =W= History of movement +for, in New Brunswick, 99-130. =Sy= Effects of its introduction +foreseen, 81; not fully understood, 82, 107; idea opposed in reports of +committees of both Houses of Upper Canada Legislature, 100-103; +Sydenham's great tact in dealing with question of, 104; limited views of +its more ardent advocates, 105, 230; open to theoretical objections, +105-107; advocated by Hincks and Howe, 107; problem not theoretically +solved, 108; responsible government favoured by French-Canadians, 117; +opposed by English element in Lower Canada, 117; favoured by Reform +party in Upper Canada, 117; agitation on subject of, 124; Sir George +Arthur opposes, 125; inhabitants of Gore district pass resolutions in +favour of, 125; Lord John Russell's despatch on the subject, 169-172; +misunderstood by Conservatives and Reformers alike, 172, 173, 219, 230; +absence of, in Canada, 175, 176; Russell's despatch on tenure of office +brings it nearer, 184; the sole issue on which Reformers were united, +185; could be introduced only gradually, 189; not clearly defined in +Durham's Report, 223; Sydenham's view of, 224; excitement on the subject +diminishing, 225; unity in the Cabinet a necessary condition of, +227-229; question of, in Nova Scotia, 257-264; French-Canadians +indifferent to, 305; appreciation of, in Upper Canada, 305; resolutions +on, adopted by Legislative Assembly, 310, 311. =B= Explained in the +_Banner_, 9; Durham's remedy for political unrest, 12; withheld by +Metcalfe, 20-25; introduced by Elgin, 33, 35; Hincks's and Morin's +services in cause of, 67; George Brown's views on, 67. =C= La Fontaine's +fight for, 97; Lord Elgin's good work for, 98. =H= Fight for, in Nova +Scotia, 18-19, 30-31; only partially conceded by Union Act of 1841, 53; +triumph of, in Nova Scotia, 111; in Canada, 111; Sir John Harvey on, +112-113; Joseph Howe's fight for. _See_ Howe. =BL= Baldwin's "one idea," +ix; the corner-stone of the British Imperial system, ix; evolution of, +in Canada, ix; impossible in early days of British rule, 1-2; Head calls +it the "smooth-faced insidious doctrine," 38; the desire for, at the +root of both constitutional and armed movements in Canada, 52; +recommended by Durham, 56-58; advocated by Hincks in the _Examiner_, 58; +Union Bill identified with, by Reformers of Upper Canada, 61; Sydenham's +views on, 64-67; favoured by La Fontaine, 70; discussion on, in +Legislature of 1841, 90-95; the Baldwin resolutions, 108-110; history +of, 137-143. _See also_ Brown, George; Howe, Joseph; Baldwin, Robert; +Hincks, Sir Francis; La Fontaine, Sir L. H.; Elgin, Earl of; Head, Sir +F. B.; Sydenham; Metcalfe; Bagot; Durham; Stanley; Papineau, L. J.; +Cartier, Sir G. E.; Ninety-Two Resolutions; Twelve Resolutions; +Representative government; Constitutional Act, 1791; Union Act, 1840; +British North America Act, 1867; Mackenzie, W. L.; Union of 1840. +=Bib.=: Bourinot, _Constitutional History of Canada_; Shortt and +Doughty, _Constitutional Documents of Canada_; Egerton and Grant, +_Canadian Constitutional Documents_; Dent, _Last Forty Years_; Durham, +_Report_; Kingsford, _History of Canada_. + +=Revenue.= =Mc= Casual and territorial, how derived and appropriated, +54-55; subject of contention, 55. =Sy= Control of, contended for by +provincial Assemblies, 84; division of, between Upper and Lower Canada, +gives rise to dispute, 93. =W= Disputes over disposition of, in New +Brunswick, 16-30, 35-39, 44-47, 92. + +=Revue Canadienne.= Established in Montreal, in 1865. This important +French-Canadian magazine contains an immense amount of valuable material +bearing on the history and literature of Quebec. Its contributors have +embraced most of the ablest writers of the province during the past half +century. + +=Reye, Pierre.= =Ch= Sides with the Kirkes, 194; his character bad, 204. + +=Rheaume, Colonel.= =WM= Killed in battle of Ste. Foy, 264. + +=Rhodes, Cecil John= (1853-1902). Born at Bishop Stortford, England. +Educated at Oxford. Went to South Africa, 1871, and made a fortune in +the diamond mines. Entered the Assembly of Cape Colony, 1881, and became +a member of the Executive Council, 1884, as treasurer-general. Appointed +deputy-commissioner of Bechuana Land, 1884. Organized the British South +Africa Company, 1889. Premier of Cape Colony, 1890-1896. Left the +greater part of his fortune for the establishment of scholarships at +Oxford University, open to university students in each of the British +colonies, the United States, and Germany. =Index=: =Md= Letter from, to +Macdonald suggesting Imperial preferential trade, 343; makes same +suggestion to Sir Henry Parkes of Australia, 343. =Bib.=: Hensman, +_Cecil Rhodes: a Study of a Career_; Scholz, _Oxford and the Rhodes +Scholarships_. + +=Riall, Sir Phineas.= Entered the army, 1794; lieutenant-colonel, 1806; +saw service in the West Indies. In 1813 attained the rank of +major-general and ordered to Canada. Took part in the contest on the +Niagara frontier; in command of the British troops at the battle of +Chippawa. Appointed governor of Grenada, 1816; lieutenant-general, 1825; +knighted, 1833; general, 1841. Died at Paris, 1851. =Bib.=: Morgan, +_Cel. Can._; Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_. + +=Rice, Spring.= _See_ Monteagle, Lord. + +=Richard, Father.= =Ch= Jesuit, in charge of mission at Miscou and +afterwards at Chedabucto, 235, 237. + +=Richards, Sir William Buell= (1815-1889). Born in Brockville, Ontario. +Studied law and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1837. Elected a +member of the Upper Canada Assembly, 1848; appointed to the Executive +Council, 1851; Q.C., 1850; puisne judge of the Court of Common Pleas, +1853; chief-justice of that Court, 1863; chief-justice of Ontario, 1868; +arbitrator for Ontario on the commission to delimit the north-western +boundary of the province, 1874; chief-justice of the Supreme Court of +Canada, 1875; knighted, 1878; awarded the confederation medal, 1885. +=Index=: =E= Returned in 1848, 50; attorney-general of Upper Canada, in +Hincks-Morin ministry, 113; elevated to the bench, 126; first +chief-justice of Supreme Court of Canada, 128. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._ + +=Richardson, James= (1791-1875). Entered the provincial marine, 1809, +and served through the War of 1812. Entered the ministry of the +Methodist Episcopal Church, 1824. Became editor of the _Christian +Guardian_, 1832, and secretary of the British and Foreign Bible Society, +1837. Consecrated bishop, 1858. =Index=: =B= Asked to enter religious +controversy in Upper Canada, 68; elected editor of _Christian Guardian_, +94; in the internal troubles among the Methodists, 105. =Bib.=: Webster, +_Life of Rev. James Richardson_; Dent, _Can. Por._ + +=Richardson, John= (1796-1852). Born near Niagara Falls, Ontario. In +1812 served during the war in the Canadian militia; at the battle of the +Thames taken prisoner; released; and afterwards entered the British +army. =Index=: =BL= Cited on Baldwin, 64; quoted on Hincks, 105; on +Bagot, 153. =Bk= His _War of 1812_ quoted, 236; describes encounter at +Maguaga, 238-242; describes attack on Detroit, 252, 254. =Bib.=: Works: +_War of 1812_, 1842; new ed., edited by Casselman, 1902; _Wacousta; +Ecarte_; _The Canadian Brothers_. For biog., _see_ _Dict. Nat. Biog._ +_See also_ introduction to _War of 1812_, ed. by Casselman. + +=Richardson, Sir John= (1787-1865). Born in Dumfries, Scotland. Educated +at Edinburgh University. In 1807 entered the navy as assistant surgeon, +and took part in the attack on Copenhagen. In 1816 obtained the degree +of M.D. from Edinburgh; and in 1819 appointed surgeon and naturalist in +Franklin's Arctic expedition, spending the winter of that year in the +Saskatchewan district. In 1821 the party reached Fort Providence, and in +October, 1822, returned to England. In 1825 accompanied Franklin on his +second expedition to the north. In 1838 appointed physician to the Royal +Hospital at Haslar; in 1840 inspector of hospitals; and in 1846 +knighted. Placed in command of an expedition sent to search for Franklin +in 1848, but returned to England without finding any trace of the +explorer. =Bib.=: Works: _Arctic Searching Expedition_; _Fauna Boreali +Americana_. For biog., _see Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Richelieu, Armand Jean du Plessis, Duc de= (1585-1642). Born in France. +In 1607 bishop of Lucon; entered politics, and in 1616 secretary of +state for war and foreign affairs. In 1622 created cardinal; in 1624 +councillor of state, and from that time till his death practically +dictator of France. The founder of the French Academy. =Index=: =E= +Introduces modified form of feudal system into Canada, 175. =L= Provides +for maintenance of missionaries, 4; strong measures of, to strengthen +royal power, 18. =F= Creates Company of New France, 19. =Ch= Founder of +the Company of New France, 168; heads list of members, 170. =Bib.=: +_Correspondence and State Papers_, 1853-1877. _See_ lives or political +biographies by Hanotaux, Dussieux, Fagniez, Lodge. + +=Richelieu District.= In the Province of Quebec. =Index=: =Dr= Parishes +in, show marked sympathy with Americans, 89. + +=Richelieu Islands.= Near mouth of Richelieu River. =Index=: =Ch= A +trading place, 120, 245. + +=Richelieu River.= Rises in Bennington county, Vermont, and flows into +the St. Lawrence, after a course of 210 miles. Discovered by Champlain +in 1609, who in that year ascended the river to Lake Champlain. It was +at first known as the Riviere des Iroquois, and has at different times +borne the names of Chambly, St. Louis, and Sorel. =Index=: =F= Highway +to Iroquois country, 9; fort erected at mouth of, 51. =C= Scenes of +patriarchal life along, 118-121. =P= In Rebellion of 1837, 128-134. +=Bib.=: Parkman, _Pioneers of France_; White, _Atlas of Canada_. + +=Richer, Jean.= =Ch= Interpreter, 144. + +=Richibucto.= =Ch= Jesuit mission at, 234. + +=Richmond, Charles Lennox, third Duke of= (1735-1806). Graduated at +Leyden, 1753; entered the army, and distinguished himself at Minden, +1759; ambassador at Paris, 1765; secretary of state, 1766-1767; member +of Pitt's Cabinet, 1783. =Index=: =Dr= Carleton appointed as preceptor +to, 30. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Richmond, Charles Lennox, fourth Duke of= (1764-1819). Entered +Parliament, 1790; privy councillor, 1807; lord lieutenant of Ireland, +1807-1813; governor-general of British North America, 1818-1819. Died +near Richmond, Upper Canada. =Index=: =E= An unsuccessful governor, 2; +his death at Richmond, 2. =P= Quiet rule of, 39. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. +Biog._; Dent, _Can. Por._; Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Kingsford, _History of +Canada_. + +=Rickson, Lieutenant-Colonel.= =WM= Wolfe's letter to, 72. + +=Riddell, Robert.= =BL= Defeats Hincks in Oxford, 1844, 253; Hincks's +petition against his election refused, 253. + +=Rideau Canal.= Built in 1826-1832, by Colonel John By, with several +companies of Royal Engineers. The first boat went through the canal in +May, 1832, from Bytown (Ottawa) to Kingston. The project arose out of +the War of 1812, and was mainly a military work, designed to afford a +secure route for gunboats and military supplies between Montreal and the +Great Lakes. This, with the other canals then built, remained under the +control of the Imperial government until 1853. It was then handed over +to the government of Upper Canada. In 1867 it came under the control of +the Dominion government. =Index=: =E= Its origin as a military work, and +importance to Upper Canada, 98. =BL= Its importance from a military +point of view, 74. =Bib.=: Billings, _The Rideau Canal_ (Women's Can. +Hist. Soc. of Ottawa _Trans._, vol. 2). + +=Ridout, George.= =Mc= Dismissed by Head, 306. + +=Ridout, Thomas.= A United Empire Loyalist. Came to Canada in 1780; +became registrar of York; and subsequently surveyor-general of Upper +Canada. =Index=: =R= Surveyor-general, and member of Board of Education, +58. =Bk= On administrative energy of Brock, 168. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. +Can._; Edgar, _Ten Years of Upper Canada_. + +=Ridout, Thomas G.= (1792-1861). Born near Sorel. Removed with his +family to Niagara, and later to York. At the age of nineteen appointed +deputy assistant commissary-general. Resigning this office, became +cashier of the Bank of Upper Canada, which position he held until his +death. =Index=: =Bk= Letter from, describing condition of affairs in +England in 1811, 167; on the political situation in England in 1812, +192-193. =Bib.=: Edgar, _Ten Years of Upper Canada_. + +=Riedesel, Frederica Charlotte Louisa= (1746-1808). Wife of Baron +Friedrich Adolph Riedesel; born in Bradenburg, Germany. Educated in +Berlin. In 1777 accompanied her husband to Canada and was with him +through the Burgoyne campaign, acting as nurse during the war. =Index=: +=Dr= Her journal, 145, 159. =Hd= Her Canadian diary, 219-220, 239, 240, +299-304, 345. + +=Riedesel, Friedrich Adolph, Baron= (1738-1800). German officer. Born in +Rhine-Hesse. Educated at Marburg. Served on the staff of Prince +Ferdinand of Brunswick in the Seven Years' War, and took part in the +battle of Minden. In 1776 attached to the British forces in North +America, and while in Quebec organized his troops to meet colonial +methods of fighting. Took part in the capture of Ticonderoga, and in the +defeat of the Americans at Hubbardton. In 1777 taken prisoner at +Saratoga, and exchanged in 1779. Returned to Germany, 1783, and promoted +lieutenant-general, 1787. Commandant of the city of Brunswick, 1794. +=Index=: =Dr= Commands German troops, 145; joins Burgoyne at St. Johns, +147; his regret at Carleton's being superseded in military command, 174. +=Hd= Commands German troops, 114; his description of Canada and +Canadians, 114-116, 239-240; personal friend of Haldimand, 296, 297, +299, 302; on Washington's methods, 298. =Bib.=: Bradley, _The Making of +Canada_; _History of Canada_. _See also_ Haldimand. + +=Riel, Louis= (1844-1885). Born in St. Boniface, Manitoba. Educated at +the Jesuit College, Montreal. Leader of the Rebellion of 1869-1870; +organized a provisional government at Fort Garry, but fled to the United +States on the arrival of the punitive force under Wolseley. Returned to +Canada in 1884, took command of the rebel forces in Saskatchewan, +captured at Batoche, tried, convicted of treason, and hanged. =Index=: +=C= Leads revolt in North-West, 69; establishes provisional government, +69. =Md= Sets up provisional government at Fort Garry, 158; puts Thomas +Scott to death, 160; his good faith doubted by Macdonald, 160; Cartier's +plan of a full amnesty and a new provincial government, 162; decamps on +arrival of Wolseley, 162; long the storm centre of Canadian politics, +162; elected to Parliament, 1874, but expelled and outlawed, 162; +invited by half-breeds to return to Canada, 241; leads Rebellion of +1885, 242; captured and hanged, 242; excitement in Quebec, 243-244; his +execution debated in Parliament, 280. =Bib.=: _The Queen_ vs. _Louis +Riel_; _Louis Riel, Martyr du Nord-Ouest_; Begg, _History of the +North-West_; Morice, _Dict._ _See also_ Riel Rebellion. + +=Riel Rebellion=, 1869-1870. The territorial rights of the Hudson's Bay +Company having been transferred to Canada, a surveying party under +Colonel Dennis was sent out to Red River in 1869, and the same year +William Macdougall was appointed lieutenant-governor of Rupert's Land, +and instructed to proceed to Fort Garry and assume control. The French +half-breeds, alarmed at these proceedings, which they thought menaced +the rights to their lands, turned back the surveying parties, and +prevented Macdougall from crossing the boundary. They formed themselves +into a provisional government, of which Louis Riel was secretary, and +later was elected president. Riel published a "Bill of Rights," and +seized Fort Garry. An ill-judged attempt on the part of some of the +loyal settlers to compel the release of certain prisoners failed, and +the leader, Major Boulton, with Thomas Scott and others, was captured. +Boulton was released, but Riel caused Scott to be shot. Intense +indignation throughout Canada was aroused by this act, and the +government at once organized an expeditionary force, under Colonel +Wolseley. The force proceeded by way of the lakes, and the Dawson route +from Fort William to Lake Winnipeg. Wolseley reached Fort Garry on Aug. +24, 1870, to find that Riel, with his lieutenants Lepine and O'Donoghue, +had fled across the border. Riel was subsequently outlawed. =Index=: =C= +Its causes, 69. =H= Joseph Howe's official connection with, 227-228. +_See also_ Riel. =Bib.=: Huyshe, _Red River Expedition_; Boulton, +_Reminiscences of the North-West Rebellions_; Bryce, _Manitoba_; +McArthur, _Causes of the Rising in Red River Settlement_ (Man. Hist. and +Sc. Soc., 1882); Denison, _Reminiscences of the Rebellion of 1869_ and +_Soldiering in Canada_. + +=Riel Rebellion=, 1885. The land question, which had given rise to the +Red River Rebellion of 1869-1870, was also responsible for the +Saskatchewan Rebellion of 1885. The government had neglected to issue +patents to the half-breeds on the Saskatchewan, and they became +convinced that their lands would be taken from them. Riel was sent for, +and an agitation worked up, at first along peaceful lines, but rapidly +moving towards violence. Riel finally threw discretion to the winds, and +deliberately inflamed not only the half-breeds, but also the western +tribes. A small detachment of Mounted Police and volunteers was attacked +at Duck Lake, and the government at Ottawa, hitherto indifferent, awoke +to the seriousness of the situation. A force was organized, and sent +west under General Middleton. Middleton divided his force into three +columns; one under General Strange, to operate against Big Bear in the +neighbourhood of Edmonton; the second under Colonel Otter, to relieve +Battleford, which was threatened by Poundmaker; and the third, of which +he himself took command, to relieve Prince Albert. Middleton met the +rebels at Fish Creek, and experienced a stubborn resistance, but drove +them back to Batoche. Here Riel and his men held the troops at bay for +three days, but were finally routed and scattered. Meanwhile Otter had +encountered Poundmaker at Cut Knife Creek, and after a desperate fight +had been forced to retreat. In the far west, Strange had a similar +experience with Big Bear, but finally drove him to the north. Big Bear +gave himself up; Poundmaker and Riel were captured, and the latter paid +the penalty of his crimes on the scaffold. =Index=: _See also_ Riel. +=Bib.=: Boulton, _Reminiscences of the North-West Rebellions_; _Report +upon the Suppression of the Rebellion in the North-West_; Denison, +_Soldiering in Canada_. + +=Ripon, Frederick John Robinson, Earl of= (1782-1859). Born in London. +Educated at Harrow and Cambridge. In 1806 entered Parliament; in 1809 +appointed under-secretary for the colonies; in 1810 lord of the +Admiralty; in 1812 a member of the Privy Council; and paymaster-general +of the forces, 1813-1817. Appointed chancellor of the exchequer, 1823, +and introduced various fiscal reforms. In 1827 created Viscount +Goderich; and became leader of the House of Lords and prime minister on +the death of Canning. Subsequently filled the portfolios of war, the +privy seal, the Board of Trade, and Indian affairs. In 1836 created Earl +of Ripon. =Index=: =Mc= Colonial secretary, 1832, 221; inquires into +Upper Canada Reformers' grievances, 223, 224; offers Mackenzie the +post-office department, 225; deprecates civil war, 226; replies to +Mackenzie, 227; relieves religious bodies as to taking oath, 227; stops +free gifts of public lands, 227; decides that British subjects not to be +disqualified from voting, 228; promotes extension of education, 228; +orders account of public moneys, 228; suggests retirement of +ecclesiastics as legislative councillors, 229; reduces cost of +elections, 229; favours independent judiciary, 229; differs from +Mackenzie, 230; Family Compact incensed at, 230; dismisses Hagerman and +Boulton, 231, 232; resigns, 235; disallows Bank Acts, 237. =Sy= Resigns, +16. =BL= His despatch to the colony of Upper Canada, 15; petition and +correspondence as to affairs in Upper Canada, 30. =P= Offers Papineau +and his friends control of revenue in exchange for a civil list, 76-79. +=W= Views on crown lands, New Brunswick, 23. =Sy= Liberal statesman, 15; +becomes prime minister as Lord Goderich, 16; resigns, 16. =Bib.=: _Dict. +Nat. Biog._ + +=Ripon, George Frederick Samuel Robinson, first Marquess= (1827- ). +Succeeded his father as Earl of Ripon, 1859, and his uncle as Earl de +Grey the same year. Created marquis, 1871. Has been secretary of state +for war, India, the colonies, lord president of the Council, and first +lord of the Admiralty. Viceroy of India, 1880-1884. =Index=: =B= +Explains proposed scheme of defence for Canada, 184; on committee as to +Confederation and defence, 186. =Bib.=: _Who's Who_. + +=Ritchie, Sir William Johnstone= (1813-1892). Born in Annapolis, Nova +Scotia. Educated at Pictou Academy, Nova Scotia. In 1838 called to the +bar of New Brunswick; in 1846-1851 member for St. John in the +Legislative Assembly, and in 1854-1855 appointed to the Executive +Council. In 1855 became puisne judge of the Supreme Court of New +Brunswick; in 1865 chief-justice of New Brunswick; and in 1875 puisne +judge of the Supreme Court of Canada. Appointed chief-justice of Canada, +1879; knighted, 1881. =Index=: =T= Elected for St. John County, 10, +12-13; afterwards chief-justice of Canada, 13; moves amendment to +address, 18; condemns the government, 22; resigns his seat, 24; returned +for St. John County, 30; and surveyor-general question, 33; made +chief-justice, New Brunswick, 94. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._ + +=Riviere aux Raisins.= =S= Boundary of territory dependent on Detroit +during British occupation, 145. + +=Riviere Ouelle.= South shore of St. Lawrence, below Quebec. =Index=: +=F= Alleged repulse of party of New Englanders at, 291. + +=Roads.= =BL= Government makes provision for, in 1841, 98-99; winter +roads at Quebec, 146-147. _See also_ Yonge Street; Dundas Street; +Baldoon Road. + +=Roberts, Captain.= =Bk= Commands on Island of St. Joseph, 202, 210; +instructed by Brock to capture Michilimackinac, 205; contrary order from +Prevost, 210; acts on Brock's order and captures fort, 210, 211, 227. + +=Robertson.= =T= Anti-Confederate candidate in St. John County, 109. + +=Robertson, Colin.= =MS= Brings Selkirk settlers back to Red River, 165, +177; captures Fort Gibraltar, 178; takes Duncan Cameron to York Factory, +178; tried at Montreal, 198; his character, 220. _See also_ Red River +Colony. =Bib.=: Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_; Laut, _Conquest of the +Great North-West_. + +=Robertson, James= (1839-1902). Born in Scotland. Removed to Canada and +educated at the University of Toronto, Union Theological Seminary, New +York, and Princeton University. Ordained to the ministry of the +Presbyterian Church, 1869; settled at Winnipeg as pastor of Knox Church, +1874. Appointed superintendent of western missions of the Presbyterian +Church, 1881. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; Gordon, _Life of James +Robertson_. + +=Robertson, Thomas Jaffray.= =R= First principal of Toronto Normal +School, 173; his methods and influence, 173-174; inspector of schools, +253. + +=Robertson, William.= =S= Appointed member of Legislative Council, but +did not come to Canada, 79. + +=Roberval, Jean Francois de la Roque, Sieur de.= A gentleman of Picardy, +born about the year 1500. By a commission dated Jan. 15, 1541, Francis I +gave him the command of the expedition planned by Jacques Cartier, and +made him his viceroy and lieutenant-general in the new lands discovered +by Cartier. The commission granted to the latter in 1540 was revoked, +and Cartier sailed as Roberval's lieutenant. Cartier left St. Malo in +May, 1541, and Roberval did not follow until April, 1542. His ships +entered the harbour of St. John's, Newfoundland, June 8, and there he +met Cartier on his way home. Sailing on into the gulf, and up the St. +Lawrence, he reached Charlesbourg Royal, where Cartier had wintered, and +set his men to work erecting forts and other buildings. Here he +wintered; explored the river in the spring; and sailed back to France +with his colonists in the autumn of 1543. Despite the failure of his +colonizing venture, commissioned by the king in 1544 to rebuild the +fortifications of Senlis; and in 1548 made controller of all mines in +France. Lost sight of about the year 1560. One story has it that he was +murdered in the streets of Paris; and another that he died at sea; but +both lack confirmation. There is reason to believe that he died in 1560, +or early in 1561. =Index=: =Ch= Ravages of scurvy in his expedition, 23. +=Bib.=: Hakluyt, _Principall Navigations_; Harrisse, _Notes sur la +Nouvelle France_; Dawson, _The St. Lawrence Basin_; Dionne, +_Jean-Francois de la Roche, Seigneur de Roberval_ (R. S. C., 1899). + +=Robie, Simon Bradstreet.= =H= Member of Executive Council, Nova Scotia, +1838, 56-57. + +=Robineau de Becancour, Rene.= =E= His seigniory of Portneuf made a +barony, 181. + +=Robineau de Portneuf, Pierre.= Son of Rene Robineau, Baron de +Becancour, a lieutenant in the regiment of Robineau de Menneval, 1690. +Served in Acadia, 1691. =Index=: =Ch= Director of Company of New France, +170. + +=Robinson, Major.= =T= Makes survey for Intercolonial, 53. + +=Robinson, Colonel Beverley= (1723-1792). Born in Thornbury, England. +Entered the army; took part as a major, under Wolfe, in the attack on +Quebec, 1759. Opposed the measures that led to the separation of the +American colonies from the motherland, but joined the Loyalists when +independence was declared; raised the Loyal American Regiment, of which +he was colonel, and on several occasions conducted matters on behalf of +the Loyalists. At the end of the war came to New Brunswick, and was a +member of the first Council of that colony. =Index=: =Hd= Of Royal +Regiment of New York, his negotiations with Ethan Allen of Vermont, +201-203. =Dr= Commanded Loyal Americans, 202. =W= Commands Loyal +American Regiment, 3. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._ + +=Robinson, Frederick John.= _See_ Ripon. + +=Robinson, F. P.= =W= Auditor of king's casual revenue, 34; resigns, 72. + +=Robinson, John.= =WM= His impression of Wolfe's conversation on night +before battle, 179. + +=Robinson, Sir John Beverley= (1791-1863). Educated at Dr. Strachan's +school, Kingston; studied law and became acting attorney-general in +1812, before he had been called to the bar. Played a distinguished part +as a volunteer during the War of 1812. One of the leading members of the +so-called Family Compact; represented York in the Assembly, 1821, and +for several years thereafter; appointed chief-justice of Upper Canada, +1829, and the following year nominated Speaker of the Executive Council; +upon the union of the provinces in 1841, retired from political life, +but retained his office as chief-justice; in 1850 created a baronet of +the United Kingdom. =Index=: =Sy= Opposes union of the provinces, 211; +goes to England in hope of defeating measure, 230. =BL= His character, +12; pupil of Dr. Baldwin, 24; becomes chief-justice, 31; opposes union +of the Canadas, 61; his pamphlet, 62. =B= His part in movement towards +Confederation, 129. =E= Receives baronetcy, 105. =R= Member of Board of +Education, 58; his connection with university scheme, 153. =Bk= As +acting attorney-general gives opinion on Michigan question, 260; letter +of, describing battle of Queenston Heights, 298, 299, 302, 305, 306. +=Mc= Prosecutes Gourlay, 92; reports on union of provinces, 105; denies +existence of ministry, 274. =Bib.=: _Canada and the Canada Bill_. For +biog., _see_ Robinson, _Life of Sir John Beverley Robinson, Bart._; +Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Dent, _Can. Por._; Read, _Lives of the Judges_; +Edgar, _Ten Years of Upper Canada_. + +=Robinson, John Beverley= (1820-1896). Second son of Sir John Beverley +Robinson; born in Toronto. Educated at Upper Canada College; appointed +aide-de-camp to Sir Francis Bond Head; saw active service during the +Rebellion of 1837. Studied law, and called to the bar of Upper Canada, +1844. Served as alderman in Toronto for six years; elected mayor, 1857. +Elected to the Assembly for one of the divisions of Toronto, 1858; +president of the Council in the Macdonald-Cartier administration, 1862. +Elected to the House of Commons for Algoma, 1872, and for Toronto West, +1878. Lieutenant-governor of Ontario, 1880-1887. =Bib.=: Read, _The +Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada_; Dent, _Can. Por._; Rose, _Cyc. +Can. Biog._ + +=Robinson, W. B.= =BL= Brother of Sir J. B. Robinson, appointed +inspector-general, 1844, 247; elected in elections of 1844, 252. + +=Roblin, Rodmond Palen= (1853- ). Born in Sophiasburg, Ontario. Educated +at Albert College, Belleville. Removed to Manitoba and settled at +Carman, 1880. Elected to the Manitoba Assembly for Dufferin, 1888; +premier, 1900; also holds offices of minister of agriculture and railway +commissioner. =Bib.=: _Canadian Who's Who_. + +=Rochemonteix, Camille.= A member of the Society of Jesus. =Index=: =F= +On the _Jesuit Relations_, 30. =Bib.=; _Les Jesuites et le Nouvelle +France au XVII^e Siecle_. + +=Rockingham, Charles Watson-Wentworth, Marquis of= (1730-1782). Born in +Yorkshire, England. Educated at Westminster School and St. John's +College, Cambridge. In 1746 served as a volunteer against the Jacobites. +In 1765 premier of a coalition ministry opposed to royal grants and +general warrants; from 1768 to 1781 leader of the opposition in the +House of Lords, during which time supported the proposals to grant +independence to the American colonies. In 1782 again became prime +minister. Throughout his political career upheld the contentions of the +American colonists, and opposed to royal encroachments. =Index=: =Dr= +Forms Cabinet, 192. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Rocky Mountain Fur Company.= Founded at St. Louis, in 1822, by William +H. Ashley. The field of its operations was the Upper Missouri country. +After an adventurous career of twelve years, in which Ashley, Andrew +Henry, M. G. Sublette, and other well-known western American traders +took a leading part, the company was disbanded at the annual rendezvous +in Green River Valley, in the summer of 1834. =Index=: =D= Made famous +by the enterprise of the trader Ashley, 134; re-establishes commercial +communication between United States and Oregon, 134. =Bib.=: Chittenden, +_History of the American Fur Trade_. + +=Rocky Mountain Portage.= Leads across an elbow of the Peace River, in +the mountains, about long. 122 deg., to avoid a series of dangerous rapids. +First used by Alexander Mackenzie in 1793, on his expedition to the +Pacific. The North West Company had a trading post here for many years; +and one was afterwards maintained by the Hudson's Bay Company, but has +long since been abandoned. =Index=: =D= Simon Fraser's first post built +in 1805, 97. =Bib.=: Burpee, _Search for the Western Sea_. + +=Rocky Mountains.= Commence in New Mexico, and extend north to the +Arctic coast, west of the Mackenzie River. The highest known peaks in +the Canadian Rockies are Mount Brown (16,000 feet) and Mount Hooker +(15,690 feet). The general altitude of the range varies from 10,000 to +14,000 feet. The following are the principal passes in Canada: Boundary, +6030 feet above the sea; Kootenay, 5960 feet; Crow's Nest, 4845 feet; +Kananaski, 5985 feet; Vermillion, 4947 feet; Kicking Horse, 5420 feet; +Howse, 6347 feet; Athabaska, 7300 feet; Yellowhead, 3760 feet; Peace, +2000 feet. =Index=: =WM= Discovered by La Verendrye, 19. =D= Crossed by +Mackenzie, 54; by David Thompson, 58; by Simon Fraser, 59; by Lewis and +Clarke, 67. =Bib.=: White, _Atlas of Canada_; Lovell, _Gazetteer of +Canada_. + +=Rodier, Edouard.= =C= As an orator, 7; influence on Cartier, 7. + +=Rodney, George Brydges, Baron= (1718-1792). Born in Walton-upon-Thames, +England. Educated at Harrow School. Entered the navy; promoted +lieutenant, 1739, and captain, 1742. In 1748 appointed governor and +commander-in-chief of the station of Newfoundland; in 1759 rear-admiral; +in 1761 commander-in-chief of Barbados and the Windward Islands, and +captured St. Pierre, Grenada, and St. Lucia; vice-admiral, 1762; made a +baronet, 1764; master of Greenwich Hospital, 1765; admiral, 1779. On +Jan. 16, 1780, won the battle of St. Vincent. =Index=: =Hd= His victory +over French and Spanish fleets, 189. =Dr= His great victory in West +Indies, 195. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Roebuck, John Arthur= (1801-1879). Born in Madras, India. Brought to +Canada at an early age, and educated here. Went to England in 1824 to +study law, and called to the bar in 1831. In 1832-1837 member of +Parliament for the city of Bath, and in 1835 agent in England for the +House of Assembly of Lower Canada. Again member for Bath, 1841-1847, +and in 1849-1868 member for Sheffield. In 1855 moved in the House of +Commons for a committee of inquiry into the conduct of the Crimean War, +and on the resignation of Lord Aberdeen's government, elected chairman +of the Sebastopol Committee appointed by Palmerston. In 1856 appointed +chairman of the Administrative Reform Association. In 1874 re-elected +member for Sheffield, which he represented until his death. =Index=: +=BL= Correspondence with Papineau and Mackenzie, 229; speech on affairs +in Canada, 231, 233; defends Rebellion Losses Bill, 325, 327. =B= +Attacks Metcalfe's policy, 23. =W= On responsible government, 110. +=Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Rogers, Sir F.= _See_ Blachford. + +=Rogers, Robert= (1727-1800). Born at Dunbarton, New Hampshire. In the +War of 1755-1760 with the French, commanded Rogers's Rangers and +distinguished himself in several engagements. Sent by Amherst in 1759 to +destroy the Indian village of St. Francis near the St. Lawrence River. +In 1760 took possession of Detroit and other western posts ceded by the +French after the fall of Quebec. In 1765 George III appointed him +governor of Mackinaw, Mich.; subsequently accused of intriguing with the +Spaniards and tried by court-martial in Montreal, but released. Became +colonel in the British army in North America, and commanded the Queen's +Rangers. In 1777 went to England. Proscribed by the provincial Congress +of New Hampshire, 1778. =Bib.=: Works: _Concise Account of North +America_, 1765; _Journals during the Late War_, 1765. For biog., _see_ +_Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Rohault, de.= =F= Establishes college for boys at Quebec, 28. + +=Rolette, Lieutenant.= =Bk= Captures schooner _Cayahoga_ with stores and +baggage of General Hull, 218, 243; in command of brig _Detroit_ captured +by Americans, 292. + +=Rollet, Marie.= =Ch= Wife of Louis Hebert, 112, 146. + +=Rolph, John= (1792-1870). Born in Thornbury, England. Emigrated to +Canada. Practised as a physician in Toronto, and in 1837 took part in +the Rebellion. Connected with Mackenzie in the attempt to capture +Toronto. After the collapse of the movement fled to the United States, +where he practised for some years. Pardoned and returned to Canada, +1843; settled in Toronto. Joined with Lesslie, Perry, and others in +forming the Clear Grit party; founded a medical school in Toronto; +commissioner of crown lands in the Hincks-Morin ministry, 1851; resigned +from the government, 1854, and joined the opposition; retired from +public life, 1857. =Index=: =Mc= Defends Judge Willis, 133; moves +address, 151; brings Gurnett to bar, 152; appointed executive +councillor, 294; resigns, 294; prepares answer to Governor Head, 298; +exposes opposition to Mackenzie's petition, 311; prevented from speaking +in the House, 319; speech ridiculing Governor Head's exculpation by +House, 323; pens "Declaration of Independence," 330; does not sign, 331; +to be "sole executive" of Rebellion movement, 350; changes day of +rising, 361; meets Mackenzie, 362; accompanies flag of truce, 368; +advises Lount to advance, 371; second flag of truce, 371; leaves for the +United States, 375; on Navy Island, 413; declines treasurership, 416; +amnestied, 474. =BL= Fight for reform, 13; appointed to Executive +Council by Head, 38-39; joint organizer of Rebellion of 1837, with +Mackenzie, 43; changes date of rising, 43; sent by Head to the rebels, +44; tells Lount to pay no attention to Head's message, 44-45; his exile +and return, a leader of the new Radicalism, 340-341. =E= One of the +leaders of the movement that ended in the Rebellion of 1837, 110; a +conspicuous member of the Clear Grit party, 110; invited by Hincks to a +seat in Cabinet, 1851, 112; becomes commissioner of crown lands, 113; +president of Executive Council, 1863, 126; votes against his colleagues, +136. =B= A leader of the Clear Grits, 39; plays a leading part in +movement for reform before the Rebellion, 39. =R= Member for Middlesex +in Upper Canada Assembly, 65-66. =Bib.=: Dent, _Upper Canadian +Rebellion_ and _Last Forty Years; Dict. Nat. Biog._ _See also_ Rebellion +of 1837, Upper Canada. + +=Roman Catholic Church=. The first authentic landmark in the history of +the Roman Catholic Church in Canada is the arrival of several Jesuit +missionaries in Acadia in 1611. The Recollets first came to Quebec in +1615, and the Jesuits in 1625. In 1657 the Sulpicians arrived in +Montreal, and the following year Canada was made a Vicariate Apostolic. +The Jesuit missionaries explored the most distant parts of the +continent, in labouring among the Indians. Laval, the first +vicar-apostolic of New France, arrived in Quebec in 1659. In 1674 Quebec +was made a diocese, and Laval became the first bishop. After 1818 Canada +was divided into the dioceses of Nova Scotia, Upper Canada, New +Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Cape Breton, and the North-West. In +1841 the chapter of Montreal was established, and in 1874 the diocese of +Quebec was subdivided into eight dioceses. The first cardinal of Canada +was Archbishop Taschereau. =Index=: =Sy= Its members excluded from +certain civil privileges, 63. =Dr= Attitude of British government +towards, 21, 57, 58; full privileges conceded to, by Quebec Act, 64. =S= +Free exercise of religion guaranteed by Constitutional Act, 12. =WM= +Important part played by Roman Catholicism in Quebec, 16. =Bk= Faithful +to British rule, 47. =B= Relations with George Brown, x, 44-46; 48-49, +61, 121-128; position and political sympathies in Upper Canada, 125. +=Bib.=: O'Leary, _Roman Catholic Church in Quebec_; Harris, _Roman +Catholic Church in Ontario_; Cameron, _Catholic Church in Maritime +Provinces_ in _Canada: An Ency._, vol. 2. + +=Rooseboom, Johannes=. =F= Of Albany, carries goods to Lake Indians, +201. + +=Roquemaure=. =WM= Montcalm's early childhood spent at, 3. + +=Roquemont, Claude de, Sieur de Brison=. =Ch= Assists in forming Company +of New France, 168; comes out in command of ships, 172; encounters +English vessels under David Kirke in the St. Lawrence, 173; his conduct +criticized, 175. + +=Rose, Sir John= (1820-1888). Born in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. Educated +there. In 1836 emigrated to Canada, and served during the Rebellion of +1837. Studied law; called to the bar, 1842, and practised in Montreal +for several years. A member of the Legislative Assembly, 1857-1861; +solicitor-general for Lower Canada, 1857-1858; and commissioner of +public works, 1859-1861. Appointed a commissioner for the settlement of +claims under the Oregon Treaty, 1864. Minister of finance in first +Dominion government. In 1870 sent by the British government on a mission +to the United States, which led to the treaty of Washington. Made +K.C.M.G., 1870; created a baronet, 1872; privy councillor, 1886; +G.C.M.G., 1878. =Index=: =C= Goes to England with Cartier and Galt, in +connection with Confederation, 57; Montreal banquet to, 92. =H= Sir John +Macdonald asks Joseph Howe to discuss financial terms of Nova Scotia +with, 215; confers with Howe and A. W. McLellan at Portland, 223. =E= +Signs Annexation Manifesto, 81. =Md= Succeeds Galt as finance minister, +136; resigns a year later, 136; letter to, from Macdonald, on Riel, +160-161; also on Washington Treaty, 184-185. =T= Goes to England with +Cartier and Galt, 63; succeeds Galt as minister of finance, 130. =Bib.=: +_Dict. Nat. Biog._; Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last +Forty Years_. + +=Rosebery, Archibald Philip Primrose, Earl of= (1847- ). Born in London. +Educated at Eton and Oxford. In 1881-1883 under-secretary for the home +office; in 1885 lord privy seal; and later chief commissioner of works; +secretary for foreign affairs in Gladstone's administration, 1886 and +1892-1894. Became prime minister, 1894, on the retirement of Gladstone. +=Index=: =Md= Secretary of state for foreign affairs, 332; his speech at +unveiling of bust of Macdonald in St. Paul's Cathedral, 332-333. =Bib.=: +_Who's Who_. + +=Rosee, Jean.= =Ch= Director of Company of New France, 170; agent of +Company of New France, 244. + +=Ross, Major.= =Hd= Of the 34th Regiment, devastates large section of +country, 157; retakes Oswego, 157. =S= Leads Queen's Rangers in battle +of Monmouth, 29. + +=Ross, Alexander.= Joined Astor's Pacific Fur Company in 1810, having +probably been previously engaged as a clerk in the service of the North +West Company. Sailed in the _Tonquin_ to the mouth of the Columbia, +where Astoria was built in 1811. Left Pacific Fur Company and joined +North West Company, 1814; stationed at Fort George (Astoria) and Fort +Okanagan, 1811-1816; transferred to Kamloops, 1816. Wrote two valuable +narratives of the fur trade on the Columbia. Joined Hudson's Bay +Company, on the union of the Hudson's Bay and North West Companies in +1821. Returned east, and settled in Red River Colony; sheriff and member +of the Council of Assiniboia, 1835. =Index=: =MS= On the sequel to Seven +Oaks affair, 185. =Bib.=: _Red River Settlement_; _Adventures on the +Columbia_; _Fur Hunters of the Far West_. + +=Ross, Charles.= =D= In charge of Fort Camosun (Victoria), 1843, 180; +his death, 1844, 181. + +=Ross, Dunbar.= =E= Solicitor-general, last in Hincks-Morin government, +126; holds same office in MacNab-Morin ministry, but without seat in +Cabinet, 141. + +=Ross, James= (1811-1886). Born in West River, Nova Scotia. For a time +headmaster of Westmoreland Grammar School, New Brunswick. Editor of the +_Presbyterian Banner_, 1842. Principal Dalhousie College, 1863. + +=Ross, John.= =MS= Sent to Athabaska district by X Y Company, 14; +relations with Pond, 15; his death, 16. + +=Ross, John= (1818-1871). Born in county Antrim, Ireland. Emigrated to +Canada; educated at the district school, Brockville. In 1839 called to +the bar, and built up a successful practice. Appointed to the +Legislative Council, 1848; and in 1851 solicitor-general. In 1852, as a +director of the Grand Trunk Railway, superintended the completion of the +contracts in England, and was president of the Company for ten years. +Appointed attorney-general in 1852; Speaker of the Legislative Council, +1854-1856; receiver-general, 1858; and the same year president of the +Executive Council in the Cartier administration. Called to the Dominion +Senate, 1867; speaker of that body, 1869. =Index=: =E= Solicitor-general +for Upper Canada in Hincks-Morin government, but without seat in +Cabinet, 113; attorney-general for Upper Canada, 1853, 126; becomes +president of Legislative Council in MacNab-Morin ministry, 141. =Bib.=: +Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Dent, _Last Forty Years_. + +=Ross.= =D= Name of Russian settlement at Bodega Bay, 45; purchased from +Russians for $30,000 by Sutter in 1841, 45. + +=Rosslyn, Alexander Wedderburn, Baron Loughborough, first Earl of= +(1733-1805). Entered Parliament, 1761; solicitor-general, 1771, and +supported George III and Lord North in resisting the claims of the +American colonies. =Index=: =Dr= Solicitor-general, on Canadian claims +in matters of law, 62, 66. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Rothery, Henry Cadogan= (1817-1888). =B= Registrar of the High Court of +Admiralty in England,--prepares Canadian case in fisheries arbitration, +225-226; suggests Reciprocity Treaty, as compensation for fisheries, +226. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Rottenburg, Baron de.= Entered the army, and in 1795 promoted major of +Hussars; in 1797 lieutenant-colonel of the 60th Foot; and colonel in +1805. Served during the Rebellion in Ireland in 1798; present at the +capture of Surinam in 1799; promoted brigadier-general, 1808; took part +in the Walcheren expedition, 1809; in 1810 ordered to Canada, and +commanded the garrison at Quebec; promoted major-general. In command of +the Montreal district during the War of 1812; and in 1813 +commander-in-chief of the forces in Upper Canada. Promoted +lieutenant-general in 1819, after his return to England. Died in 1832. +=Index=: =Bk= Appointed brigadier, 123; arrival of, at Quebec, 134. +=Bib.=: Morgan. _Cel. Can._; Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_. + +=Rottenburg, Baroness de.= =Bk= Her great charm, 134, 137. + +=Roubaud, Pierre.= =Hd= Ex-Jesuit, his erratic habits, 48, 49; a friend +of Du Calvet, 290. + +=Rouer de Villeray, Louis= (1630?-1685). Born in France. Came to Canada +in 1651. Through Laval's influence, appointed to the Sovereign Council +in 1663, and retained his position in the reorganization of the Council +in 1675. Always a strong supporter of Laval and the Jesuits; and reputed +to be the wealthiest man of his day in the colony. =Index=: =F= First +councillor, 106; Frontenac's opinion of, 110; his right to title of +"esquire" challenged by Frontenac, 139; waits on Frontenac, 255, 256. +=L= Describes system of apprenticeship adopted with new settlers, 78; +appointed to Sovereign Council, 166; temporarily banished from Quebec, +167. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Frontenac_ and _Old Regime_. + +=Rous, John.= In command of a Boston privateer, did much damage to +French commerce. Made a successful raid on the French posts on the north +coast of Newfoundland, 1744. Took part in the capture of Louisbourg, +1745; sent to England with the news; rewarded with rank of captain in +the navy. Engaged in coast defence of Nova Scotia, 1749; in command of +the squadron sent against Beausejour, 1755; took part in the expedition +against Cape Breton under Lord Loudon, 1756. Commanded the _Sutherland_ +at the capture of Louisbourg, 1758, and in 1759 was with Admiral +Saunders at the siege of Quebec. Settled at Halifax; a member of the +Council of Nova Scotia; died in 1760. =Bib.=: Murdoch, _History of Nova +Scotia; Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia_, ed. by +Akins. + +=Rouvier.= =Ch= Clerk, goes to France, 121; returns with letters, 135. + +=Rowan, Sir William.= Born in Ireland, 1789. Entered the army as ensign, +1783; saw service in various parts of the world, including Spain, +France, and North America; secretary to Lord Seaton in Canada, +1832-1839; major-general, 1846; Commander-in-chief of the forces in +British North America, 1849-1855; administrator of the government for a +short time during the absence of Lord Elgin. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._ + +=Roy, Louis.= =S= First printer in Upper Canada, 172; acts as king's +printer, 173; succeeded by G. Tiffany, 173. + +=Royal, Joseph= (1837- ). Born at Repentigny, Quebec. Educated at St. +Mary's College, Montreal. Entered into newspaper work; established +_L'Ordre, Le Nouveau Monde_, and assisted in founding _La Revue +Canadien_. Called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1864. Removed to Manitoba, +1870; founded there _Le Metis_. Elected to the first Legislative +Assembly of Manitoba, 1870; held many offices in successive +administrations until 1879. Member of the House of Commons, 1879-1888; +lieutenant-governor of the North-West Territories, 1888-1893. Member of +the Royal Society of Canada, 1893; editor of _La Minerve_, Montreal, +1894. =Bib.=: Begg, _History of the North-West_; Morgan, _Can. Men_. + +=Royal American Regiment.= =Hd= Afterwards 60th Foot, Haldimand +lieutenant-colonel in, 1, 9, 11; recruiting for, 12; Washington suggests +change of uniform for, 16; Haldimand exchanges from 2nd to 4th +battalion of, 17; at Oswego, 29; at Montreal, 50; Haldimand made +colonel-commandant in, 83, 313; discipline in, 94. =WM= On British left, +189; one battalion of, guards communication with landing-place, 189. + +=Royal Canadian Academy of Arts.= Founded by the Marquis of Lorne +(afterwards Duke of Argyll), in 1880, the first exhibition being held in +Ottawa the same year. The first president was L. R. O'Brien. In +furtherance of its objects the Academy established a national gallery in +Ottawa, to which it has contributed a number of paintings, and which has +also received some assistance from the Dominion government, though its +support is very inadequate. The Academy has held a number of exhibitions +in the different Canadian cities; and supports classes for drawing from +the living model. =Bib.=: Johnson, _First Things in Canada_. + +=Royal Highland Emigrants.= =Hd= Regiment raised in Canada, 111, 112, +306; disbanded and take up lands, 255, 262, 265. =Dr= Composition of +corps, 93; arrival of detachment of, at Quebec, 112. + +=Royal Military College, Kingston.= Established by Act of Parliament in +1874; opened 1875. =Bib.=: Mayne, _The Royal Military College_ in +_Canada: An Ency._, vol. 4. + +=Royal North-West Mounted Police.= Organized in 1873 by the Dominion +government, for the preservation of law and order in the new settlements +west of Lake Superior. The force at first numbered only 190 men, +subsequently increased to nearly 1000. The police patrol the frontier, +and preserve the peace throughout the whole vast region from the +international boundary to the Arctic. They have posts on the shores of +Hudson Bay, in the Yukon, and on Herschell Island, off the mouth of the +Mackenzie. =Bib.=: Haydon, _The Riders of the Plains_. + +=Royal Regiment of New York.= =Dr= Raised by Sir John Johnson, 151, 173. + +=Royal Roussillon Regiment.= =WM= One battalion of, sent to Canada, 12; +deserters from, give information to Wolfe, 171, 184; in retreat from +Jacques Cartier, alone kept in good order, 217; in battle of Ste. Foy, +257; 262. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_. + +=Royal Society of Canada.= Founded by the Marquis of Lorne (afterward +Duke of Argyll) in 1881, during his governorship in Canada. The first +meeting was held in Ottawa, in May, 1882. The society is divided into +four sections: French literature, history, etc.; English literature, +history, etc.; mathematical, chemical, and physical sciences; and +geological and biological sciences. Each section is limited to twenty +members. The original members were nominated by the Marquis of Lorne. +Subsequent vacancies filled by election on the nomination of three +members. The first president was (Sir) J. W. Dawson, and the +vice-president Pierre J. O. Chauveau. The president of section 1 was +(Sir) James M. Le Moine; of section 2 (Sir) Daniel Wilson; of section 3 +T. Sterry Hunt; and of section 4 A. R. C. Selwyn. (Sir) J. G. Bourinot +was the first secretary of the society. An account of its organization, +with the list of original members, will be found in the first volume of +_Transactions_, 1882-1883. =Bib.=: _Proceedings and Transactions_, 1st +series, 1882-1894, 12 vols.; 2nd series, 1895-1906, 12 vols.; 3rd +series, 1907, to date. + +=Royal William.= Built at Quebec in the year 1830; launched in the +spring of 1831. On Aug. 5, 1833, she sailed from Quebec for London, +stopping at Pictou for coal. She arrived at Gravesend in twenty-five +days from Pictou--the first vessel to cross the Atlantic wholly under +steam. She had been named by Lady Aylmer, wife of the governor-general, +after William IV. A few days after her arrival in London, the vessel was +chartered as a troop-ship by the Portuguese government. In 1894, on the +occasion of the opening of the Colonial Conference at Ottawa, Lord +Aberdeen unveiled a tablet in the entrance to the Library of Parliament, +bearing this inscription: "In honour of the men by whose enterprise, +courage and skill the ROYAL WILLIAM, the first vessel to cross the +Atlantic by steam power, was wholly constructed in Canada, and navigated +to England in 1833. The pioneer of those mighty fleets of ocean steamers +by which passengers and merchandise of all nations are now conveyed over +every sea throughout the world." =Bib.=: Fleming, _Notes on Ocean Steam +Navigation_ (Can. Inst. _Trans._, 1891-1892); Christie, _History of +Lower Canada_. + +=Royal William, H. M. S.= =WM= Conveys Wolfe's remains to England, 238. + +=Ruette d'Auteuil, Denis-Joseph.= =L= Crown prosecutor, 167; temporarily +banished from Quebec, 168. =F= Attorney-general, 106; death of, 138. + +=Ruette d'Auteuil, Francois-Madeleine-Fortune.= =F= Son of Denis, +succeeds him, 138; makes trouble for Intendant Meulles, 174; waits on +Frontenac, 255. + +=Rumigny.= =WM= At Sillery, directs artillery fire on enemy on opposite +shore, 161. + +=Rupert's Land.= The name applied to the territories of the Hudson's Bay +Company, particularly to that portion lying west of Hudson Bay and east +of the Rocky Mountains. The Company held these lands under royal charter +granted by Charles II in 1670. The first governor of the Company was +Prince Rupert, after whom the territories were named. The Company's +title was repeatedly challenged, but its validity was always upheld by +the law officers of the crown. In 1869 the territories were transferred +to Canada, for the sum of L300,000, the company retaining certain blocks +of land around their trading-posts and one-twentieth of the arable land +of the country. _See also_ Hudson's Bay Company; North-West Territories. + +=Rupert, Prince= (1619-1683). Third son of the elector palatine, +Frederick V, and Elizabeth, daughter of James I of England. Served in +the army during the Thirty Years' War; commanded the royal cavalry in +the Civil War in England. Returned to England at the Restoration. The +first governor of the Hudson's Bay Company. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; +Erskine, _A Royal Cavalier: the Romance of Rupert, Prince Palatine_. + +=Russell, Alexander J.= =Ch= His papers on Champlain's astrolabe, 76. + +=Russell, John, first Earl= (1792-1878). Born in London. Entered +Parliament, 1813; home secretary, 1835, in Melbourne's ministry; in 1839 +colonial secretary; and in 1846 premier. In 1852 foreign secretary in +Aberdeen's ministry; in 1854 president of the Council, and in 1855 +secretary for the colonies. Prime minister, 1865, with Gladstone as +leader of the Commons. =Index=: =Sy= The leading member of the Melbourne +government, 55; Sydney Smith on, 55; becomes colonial secretary, 59; his +speech in House of Commons on reunion of Upper and Lower Canada, +117-122; asks for civil list, 120; not prepared to grant responsible +government in the full sense, 121; his resolutions, 122; withdraws +resolutions and submits bill, 123; his reply to Sir George Arthur on the +subject of responsible government, 127; his letter accompanying +Sydenham's instructions, 141-144; his despatch on responsible +government, 163-169; his despatch on tenure of executive office, +180-182; his views on emigration, 322; Sydenham's high testimony to, +343; as leader of opposition, defends Sir Charles Bagot, 351. =B= +Justifies Metcalfe's policy, 23; his reply to Cardinal Wiseman's +pastoral, 45-46, 121; and the Clergy Reserves, 58-59. =P= Secures +authority for governor to expend moneys without authorization of Lower +Canada Assembly, 117-118; defends the measure, 118; condemned by +Bouchette, 151. =E= His colonial policy, 26, 227-228; supports Metcalfe, +37; wise choice of Elgin as governor, 40; supports Rebellion Losses +Bill, 78; his ministry forced to resign, 165; on the severance of the +colonies, 229, 231. =BL= Denies representative government to Lower +Canada, 46; Sydenham's letter to, 60; his despatch to Sydenham, 65, 137; +on constitutional government, 231, 234; comes into power, 267; attitude +towards colonies, 269; not unreservedly favourable to colonial +self-government, 273; defends right of Canadians to legislate as they +please, 325. =C= Effect of his resolutions, 2. =Mc= Opposes elective +Legislative Council, 19; opposes Cabinet government, 19; instructions to +Sydenham, 20; seizes Lower Canada funds, 324; opposes responsible +government, 325; on Union Act, 405. =W= Suggests new charter for King's +College, Fredericton, 53, 54; on tenure of public offices, 57, 60, 61; +Roebuck's interview with, 110; Sydenham's despatch to, 114. =Bib.=: +_Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Russell, Peter= (1755-1825). Born in England. In 1791 accompanied +Simcoe to Canada, and appointed inspector-general; later becoming a +member of the Assembly and of the Executive Council. Administered the +government of Upper Canada, 1796-1799. =Index=: =S= Recommended by +Simcoe as collector of customs, 46, 178; arrives in Canada, 49; member +of Legislative Council, 79; executive councillor, 79; sworn in as +administrator, 217. =Bib.=: Read, _Lieutenant-Governors of Upper +Canada_. + +=Russian-American Fur Company.= Chartered in 1799, with a monopoly of +the fur trade of Russian America. It absorbed the various smaller +independent companies, and for a time was a powerful rival of the +Hudson's Bay Company. Its operations were directed by Baranof, as +governor of Russian America, and the headquarters of the company were +established at New Archangel (modern Sitka), in 1800. =Index=: =D= Claim +north-west coast of America, 45; dissolved, 1861, 45. =Bib.=: Dall, +_Alaska_; Bancroft, _History of Alaska_; Laut, _Vikings of the Pacific_. + +=Russian Convention, 1825.= =D= Its provisions, 118-119. + +=Russian Explorations.= =D= Stimulated by fur trade, 38; America reached +by way of Siberia, 38; Vitus Bering's expeditions, 39-40; explorations +between 1764 and 1769, 42; discoveries and colonies along the coast, +44-45; Baranof, Wrangell and Etoline, 44-46; explorations of +Krusenstern, Lisiansky, and others, 1787-1822, 46. =Bib.=: Muller, +_Voyages from Asia to America_; Coxe, _Discoveries of the Russians +between Asia and America_; Lauridsen, _Vitus Bering_, trans. by Olson; +Kotzebue, _Voyages_, trans. by Lloyd; Krusenstern, _Voyage_; Lutke, +_Voyage_; Bancroft, _History of Alaska_; Laut, _Vikings of the Pacific_. + +=Russian Fur Trade.= =D= In Alaska, 4, 12, 17; grew out of Bering's +voyages, 41; character of the traders, 41; expansion of the trade, 42; +companies formed, 42-43; Russian-American Company, 43-44. =Bib.=: _See_ +Russian Explorations. + +=Ryerson, Egerton= (1803-1882). =R= Born March 24, 1803, near village of +Vittoria, Upper Canada, 1; parentage, 1; his father a United Empire +Loyalist, 1; his mother's influence, 2; his early life on the farm, 3; +school days, 4; hard study brings on brain fever, 5; enters Methodist +ministry, 5, 15; moral development, 5-9; environment, 10-11; difficulty +with his father over joining Methodists, 12-13; his reading, 12; returns +home and reconciled to his father, 13; ministerial life, 16-20; mission +to the Indians, 20-25; appointed to Cobourg circuit, 25; controversial +writings, 26-27; becomes editor of _Christian Guardian_, 27; his +political principles, 44; seeks equal rights in religion and education, +45-46; controversial conflict with Strachan, 46, 67-72; replies to +Strachan's speech of 1828, 76-79; ordained an elder of Methodist Church, +1829, 81; Canadian Methodist Church established, 81-82; becomes editor +of _Christian Guardian_, 82-83; establishment of Methodist College, +84-86; his attitude towards union of Canadian and British Methodists, +94-96; his political views, 97; attacked by W. L. Mackenzie in the +_Colonial Advocate_, 98; schisms among the Methodists, 99-106; in +political life, 107-110; his letters to the London _Times_ on "The +Affairs of the Canadas," 111; discusses Clergy Reserves and other +questions with Lord Glenelg and Mr. Stephen, 111-112; resumes editorship +of _Guardian_, 114; his platform, 115-117; sums up popular demands, 118; +his letters to the Marquis of Normanby, 120-121; president of Victoria +College, 126; defends Metcalfe, 126, 129-130; denounced by Reformers, +130-131; letters on Clergy Reserves, 132; letter of 1867, 132; writes on +education policy, 134-135; on the Upper Canada Academy, 137-143; +receives degree of D.D., 143; Dr. Ormiston's tribute to, 144-146; +defends university scheme, 150-154; supports Macdonald's University +Bill, 157; opposes Baldwin's University Bill of 1849, 159; outlines new +scheme, 159; his views on a provincial university, 161-162; appointed +superintendent of schools, 164; studies school systems in Europe and +United States, 1844-1846, 164; his reports, 167-168; his reforms, +168-170; Common School Act of 1846, 170; his governing principles, +172-173; establishes normal schools for training of teachers, 173; his +unerring instinct in choice of men, 173-174; elements of his system of +schools, 175-178; his personal influence, 179; meets opposition in +carrying out reforms, 180-182; School Act of 1850, 182-183; question of +text-books, 183-184; educational depository, 184; museum, 185; school +libraries, 185; free schools and compulsory education, 190-191; quality +and efficiency, 192-195; municipal relations, 196-199; his personal +influence as a factor in developing the school system, 201-203; the +School Acts, 203-208; criticisms, 209-211; creation of office of +minister of education, 211-213; the separate school question, 215-245; +the high school system, 247-268; his concluding years, 269; his +writings--_Story of My Life_, _Canadian Methodism_, _Loyalists of +America_, 270-279; later church work and closing days, 281-297; his +death, Feb. 19, 1882, 296. =BL= Referred to in Brown's speech, 224; in +political controversy, 1844, 238; appointed superintendent of education, +240-241; his defence of Metcalfe, 240; Sullivan's reply, 243-244; his +rejoinder, 245-246. =E= Defends Metcalfe, 36; his services to the cause +of popular education, 89-90; opposes Sydenham's measures on Clergy +Reserves, 157. =B= Denounces Baldwin and defends Metcalfe, 22-23; +accepts Separate School Bill, 144, 145; his environment, 260. =T= Member +of King's College Commission, 48. =Mc= His mission to England, 237; +introduced to colonial office, 238; quarrels with Mackenzie, 238. +=Bib.=: Works: _Report on Popular Education_; _Affairs of the Canadas_; +_Story of My Life_; _Canadian Methodism_; _Loyalists of America_. For +biog., _see_ Morgan, _Cel. Can._; _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Dent, _Can. Por._ +and _Last Forty Years_; Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._ + +=Ryerson, George=. =R= Joins Methodists, and sent as missionary to the +Indians, 18; appears before British parliamentary committee, 75, 136. +=Bk= Carries news of victory at Detroit to Talbot Settlement, 259. + +=Ryerson, John= (1800-1878). Born in Norfolk, Ontario. Educated at the +public schools. In 1818 became a Wesleyan preacher, and active for many +years in the establishment of missionary and other institutions of the +Methodist-Episcopal Church. In 1854 sent by the Canadian Conference of +that church on a visit to the missions of the London Wesleyan Committee +in the North-West Territories. The result of his investigation was the +transfer of the missions to Canadian control. =Index=: =R= President of +Canada Conference Missionary Society, his views on proposed entry of +British Methodists into Upper Canada, 89-90; his essays on the +Methodists, 273; closely associated with Egerton Ryerson in Methodist +Conference, etc., 281. =Bib.=: _Hudson's Bay, or, A Missionary Tour_. + +=Ryerson, Colonel Joseph.= =R= Father of Egerton Ryerson, a United +Empire Loyalist, serves as an officer in Prince of Wales Regiment of New +Jersey, in American Revolution, native of New Jersey, emigrates to New +Brunswick and marries there a Miss Stickney, follows elder brother to +Canada, 1; quarrels with his son Egerton, who has joined Methodists, +11-12; reconciliation, 13; dies, 1854, 18; his life, 274-275. + +=Ryerson, William.= =R= His brother, Egerton, takes his place in the +Methodist ministry for a year, 15; describes Egerton's Indian school, +24-25; closely associated with Egerton in Methodist Conference, etc., +281. + +=Ryland, Herman W.= =Bk= Private secretary to Lieutenant-Governor +Milnes, 47; unfriendly to French-Canadians and Roman Catholics, 48, 86; +his violent language, 92; his mission to London, 129; his +recommendations not adopted, 146; mission a failure, 147; John Henry's +letters to, 186. =P= Sir James Craig's secretary and adviser, poisons +his mind against French-Canadians, 28; his character, 41. =Bib.=: +Christie, _History of Lower Canada_. + +=Rymal, Jacob.= =Mc= Aids Mackenzie's escape, 390. + +=Rynd.= =S= Simcoe's account of death of, 34. + +=Ryswick, Treaty of.= Concluded in 1697; brought peace between Great +Britain and France. Provided for the mutual restoration of all places +taken by either party during the war; the appointment of commissioners +to determine their respective rights in Hudson Bay; formally recognized +William III as sovereign of Great Britain. =Index=: =F= Restores to +England her Hudson Bay posts, 349. =L= Concluded in 1697, 234; terms of, +234. =Bib.=: Hertslet, _Treaties and Conventions_; _Dict. Eng. Hist_. + + +=Sable Island.= Off the coast of Nova Scotia. It was known from about +the beginning of the sixteenth century as Santa Cruz, and so appears on +Reinel's map of 1505, and on the Cabot _mappemonde_ of 1544. First +appears under its present name on a map of Joannes Freire, dated 1546. +Sir Humphrey Gilbert sailed for the island in 1583, and lost one of his +ships among its treacherous shoals. He mentions that above thirty years +before, the Portuguese had placed neat cattle and swine upon it to +breed, and that these had multiplied exceedingly. In 1598 La Roche left +fifty convicts upon the island, while he explored the coast, but his +little ship was blown out to sea, and he returned to France without +them. Five years later a ship was sent out to rescue the survivors, +eleven in all. The earliest description of the island is in De Laet's +_Novus Orbis_, 1633. It is at present twenty miles long, by about a mile +wide, and is wasting away rapidly. At the end of the eighteenth century, +it was forty miles long by two and a half wide; and when white men first +visited the island, it must have been of quite a considerable size. +Records exist of something over 187 wrecks, and this does not begin to +represent the actual tribute in ships to this "Graveyard of the +Atlantic." =Bib.=: Patterson, _Sable Island: Its History and Phenomena_ +(R. S. C., 1894); McDonald, _Sable Island and Its Attendant Phenomena_ +(N. S. Inst. of Science _Trans._, vi.); Tache, _Les Sablons_; Paul de +Gazes, _Ile de Sable_ (R. S. C., 1892). + +=Sackville, George Sackville Germain, first Viscount= (1716-1785). +Served with distinction at Fontenoy, 1745; major-general, 1755; +lieutenant-general of the ordnance, 1757; second in command of St. Malo +expedition, 1758; dismissed from the service for gross incompetence at +Minden, 1760; secretary of state for colonies, 1775-1782. =Index=: =Dr= +Succeeds Dartmouth as secretary of state, 148; his character, 149; his +hostility to Carleton, 163, 170; criticizes Carleton's action, 164; +generally distrusted, 170; his plan of campaign, 171; created peer as +Viscount Sackville, 192. =Hd= Colonial secretary, 107; errors made by, +112; his disapproval of Carleton's methods, 113; ignorant of conditions +in Canada, 125; characterized, 132, 165; Haldimand's despatches to, +132-143, 153; Haldimand reproved by, 155-156; letters of Haldimand to, +164-166, 170, 176, 178, 294; Hamilton a correspondent of, 167; his +instructions in matter of Vermont, 199, 216; Haldimand's low opinion of +people of Vermont, 199-201; Haldimand reports progress of Vermont +negotiations to, 206, 208; his letter to Haldimand, 275. =Bib.=: _Dict. +Nat. Biog._ + +=Saco River.= =F= Fort built at falls of, 329. + +=Sagard-Theodat, Gabriel.= =F= Recollet, on bad examples shown by +colonists to Indians, 14. =L= Missionary labours of, 3. =Ch= Recollet +friar, 139; sails for France, 141; arrives and proceeds to Huron +country, 149; recalled to France, 149; his opinion of Guillaume de Caen, +182; his remarks on surrender of Quebec, 193. =Bib.=: Works: _Histoire +du Canada_; _Grand Voyage du Pays des Hurons_. + +=Saguenay River.= One of the principal tributaries of the St. Lawrence. +Rises at the head waters of the Peribonka in lat. 52 deg. N. and long. 71 +deg. 10' W., and joins the St. Lawrence after a course of 405 miles. It +was discovered by Jacques Cartier in 1535. Its original Indian name was +Chicoutimi, signifying "deep water." Champlain ascended the river to +Chicoutimi in 1603; and in 1679 Jolliet ascended the river to the height +of land, and descended to Ungava Bay. =Index=: =Ch= Explored by +Champlain, 12. =Bib.=: Lovell, _Gazetteer of Canada_. + +=St. Andre.= =L= Brings out a number of colonists and ecclesiastics, 31. + +=St. Andrews.= Seaport of New Brunswick, and the chief town of Charlotte +County. Founded by American Loyalists in 1783, and was for some time +only an outbay of St. John, but in 1822 became a separate and free port. +=Index=: =W= Grammar school at, 85. =Bib.=: Lovell, _Gazetteer of +Canada_. + +=St. Augustine.= =WM= Retreating army halts at, 218; Levis hears news of +surrender of Quebec at, 234. =Hd= Haldimand's headquarters for a time, +78-80. + +=St.-Castin, Jean de l'Abadie, Baron de= (1650-1712). Native of Bearn; +came to Canada, 1665, with the Carignan-Salieres Regiment, as an ensign +in the company of Chambly. Took part in the expedition of De Courcelles, +and when his regiment was disbanded in 1668, removed to Acadia, +established a trading house at Pentegoet (now Castine), and roamed far +and wide through the woods with the natives, over whom he gained an +extraordinary ascendency. The post at Pentegoet was raided by parties of +New Englanders in 1686 and 1687, who stripped the stores of everything +portable. In 1696, with a party of Indians, assisted Iberville in the +capture of Pemaquid. In 1702 drew up a plan for attacking Boston, which, +however, was never acted on. =Index=: =F= His life in New France, 329; +leads Indians against Fort Pemaquid, 331. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Frontenac_; +Charlevoix, _History of New France_. + +=St.-Cirque.= =WM= Killed at Laprairie, 232. + +=St. Clair, Arthur= (1734-1818). Born in Scotland. Entered the army, +1757, and came to America, serving under Amherst at Louisbourg, 1758, +and Wolfe at Quebec, 1759. Settled in America, and on the breaking out +of the Revolution took the colonial side; given command of a +Pennsylvania regiment, and served with Sullivan in Canada. Promoted +brigadier-general, 1777. In command at Ticonderoga, 1777, and compelled +to retreat by Burgoyne. Court-martialled, but acquitted. =Index=: =Dr= +Sent as governor to the Indian territory, 233. =S= Expedition under, +crushingly defeated by Indians, 121. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._ + +=St. Domingo.= Island in the West Indies. =Bk= Revolution in, 39-41. + +=St. Etienne.= =Ch= Vessel in which Recollet missionaries came to +Canada, 85. + +=St. Francis Xavier College.= Located at Antigonish, Nova Scotia. +Diocesan institution, known as Arichat College, opened at Arichat, 1853. +Transferred to Antigonish and established as St. Francis Xavier College, +1855. University powers conferred by Act of the Legislature of Nova +Scotia, 1866. + +=St. George, Sir Thomas Bligh= (1765-1837). Born in England. Entered the +army and rose to the rank of major-general, 1819. Came to Canada, 1809, +as inspecting field officer of militia in Upper Canada; commanded at +Amherstburg when it was attacked by Hull, 1812; commanded militia at the +capture of Detroit; and defeated Winchester at Raisin River, 1813. +Knighted, 1835. =Index=: =Bk= In command at Amherstburg, 214, 216, 236; +reports capture of Cayahoga, 218; in charge of 1st brigade, 247. =Bib.=: +_Cyc. Am. Biog._; Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_. + +=St. Germain-en-Laye, Treaty of.= Signed between France and Great +Britain on March 29, 1632. Restored Quebec, Nova Scotia, and the island +of Cape Breton to France. =Index=: =Ch= Treaty signed, 222. =Bib.=: +Hertslet, _Treaties and Conventions_. + +=St. Hubert, Father.= =Hd= Recommended for vacancy in bishopric, 182. + +=St. Ignace, Mother.= =WM= Describes scene at General Hospital, 223. + +=St. Ignace.= =Ch= Jesuit mission in Huron country, 92. + +=St. Jean.= =Ch= One of the vessels of Company of New France, 245. + +=St. Joachim.= =L= Boarding school for children established at, 100; +Laval's gift to school at, 199. + +=St. John.= City and seaport of New Brunswick, situated at the mouth of +the St. John River. It was incorporated as the city of St. John in 1785, +during the administration of Thomas Carleton, having previously been +known as Parrtown, so named after John Parr, governor of Nova Scotia. +Champlain was the first white man to stand upon its site, in 1604. +=Index=: =W= Presents address to Sir Charles Metcalfe, 74-75; grammar +schools in, 85. =T= Young Men's Debating Society, 7; preferred men to +measures, 25. =Bib.=: Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_; Lovell, +_Gazetteer of Canada_. + +=St. John Island.= _See_ Prince Edward Island. + +=St. John's.= Capital of Newfoundland. Founded in 1582 by Sir Humphrey +Gilbert. It was captured by Iberville in 1696, and again during the +Seven Years' War, but finally reverted to Britain, with the rest of the +island, in 1763. =Index=: =Hd= Taken by the French, 44. =F= Captured by +Iberville, 347. =Bib.=: _Ency. Brit._ + +=St. John's.= A city on the Richelieu River, Province of Quebec. It was +a military station during the American invasion; captured by Arnold in +1775; and relieved by Preston with troops from Montreal. Later in the +same year, the fort was besieged by Montgomery, and the little garrison +held out gallantly for twenty-four days, being forced to surrender in +the end through the capture of Chambly, which gave Montgomery fresh +ammunition and supplies. =Index=: =Dr= Fort at, abandoned by Americans, +146; reoccupied by British, 161. =Hd= Fortifications of, 125, 130, 133; +people of, pay schoolmaster, 235. =Bib.=: Lovell, _Gazetteer of Canada_. + +=St. John's River.= =L= Recollet mission on, 111. + +=St. Joseph de Levis.= =WM= Skirmish at, 102, 103. + +=St. Julien.= =Ch= Spanish vessel, commanded by Champlain, 3. + +=St. Laurent.= =Ch= French vessel seized by the English, 222. + +=St. Laurent.= Village on north bank of St. Lawrence. =Index=: =WM= +Letter of cure of, to British officers, 93. + +=St. Lawrence Channel.= =C= Cartier favours deepening of, 45. + +=St. Lawrence Gulf.= The first authenticated voyage to the gulf is that +of Jacques Cartier, in 1534. In his second voyage, of 1535-1536, Cartier +made further discoveries. On Aug. 10, 1535, he sailed into what is now +known as Pillage Bay, on the Labrador coast of the gulf. As this was the +feast of St. Lawrence, he named the bay _Baye Sainct Laurens_. Since +then the name has gradually spread until it embraces the whole gulf, and +the great river that empties its waters there. =Bib.=: Dawson, _The St. +Lawrence Basin_. + +=St. Lawrence Island.= _See_ Cape Breton. + +=St. Lawrence Rapids.= =Hd= Amherst loses a large number of men in, 37. + +=St. Lawrence River.= Rises at the source of the St. Louis River, west +end of Lake Superior, and falls into the Gulf of St. Lawrence. West of +Lake Ontario the river is known by different names, and the St. Lawrence +proper issues from that lake. The name was originally given by Jacques +Cartier to a bay on the Labrador coast of the gulf. Cartier explored the +river in 1535, as far as the island of Montreal. =Index=: =Ch= Early +visits of fishing vessels to, 59. =Bib.=: Dawson, _The St. Lawrence +Basin_; Johnson, _Picturesque St. Lawrence_. + +=St. Lawrence and Atlantic Railway.= =E= Chartered, 1845, to connect +with Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railway, 99; provincial guarantee, 1849, +99. =C= Built in 1849,--gives Montreal access to the sea through +Portland, 45. _See also_ Railways. + +=St. Leger, Colonel Barry.= =Hd= Ordered to occupy Crown Point, 211; +unjust complaints against, by chaplain of regiment, 256; his application +on behalf of his son, 295; commandant of Quebec garrison, 309; in chief +command in Canada, 314. =Dr= Fails in attack on Fort Stanwix, 173; +brave, but lacking in capacity, 174; sent to Ticonderoga, 179. + +=St. Malo.= Seaport of France. =Index=: =Ch= Merchants of, demand +freedom of commerce in the St. Lawrence, 123. =L= Jurisdiction of bishop +of, over New France, 6. + +=St. Martin, Captain.= =WM= Killed in battle of Ste. Foy, 264. + +=St. Maurice Forges.= Were situated on the river St. Maurice, about nine +miles above Three Rivers, Quebec. Iron ore was discovered on the banks +of the St. Maurice in 1667, but the mines were not systematically worked +until 1733, when a company was formed and forges established. Since that +date and until 1883, under different ownership, they were in active +operation, being the oldest blast-furnace, on the continent of America. +=Index=: =Dr= Their output of iron manufacture, 60; Americans cast +cannon at, 141. =Hd= Use made of, by Haldimand, 46-48; under direction +of Nordberg, 48; Laterriere's report on, 48; Haldimand in charge of, 54; +leased by Murray, 62; Laterriere inspector of, 277-278; partners of, +345. =L= Development of mines by Talon, 82. =Bib.=: _See_ General Index +to Royal Society of Canada _Trans._ + +=St. Maurice River.= One of the tributaries of the St. Lawrence, rises +in the height of land near the head waters of the Nottaway, and falls +into the St. Lawrence at Three Rivers, after a course of 325 miles. +During the seventeenth century it was much infested by Iroquois; and the +French were constantly at war with them in its neighbourhood. It was +first seen by Cartier in 1535, and named by him the Riviere du Fouez, or +Riviere du Foix. =Index=: =Ch= Named De Fouez by Jacques Cartier, and +Three Rivers by Champlain, and known to the Indians as the Metaberoutin, +52. =Bib.=: Lovell, _Gazetteer of Canada_. + +=St. Maws.= =S= English constituency for which Simcoe sat, 15. + +=St. Nicholas.= =WM= Troops disembark at, 165; re-embarkation, 172. + +=St. Ours, Charles Louis Roch de= (1753-1834). Entered public life on +the establishment of civil government in Canada, and appointed a member +of the Legislative Council, where he voiced the views of the +French-Canadian majority. Appointed major of militia, 1774, and served +with Carleton, 1776, as his aide-de-camp. Travelled in Europe in 1785; +and on his return to Canada took an important part in public affairs. +=Index=: =P= Follows Papineau's leadership, 34; urges him to accept +mission to England, to oppose union of Canadas, 45. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. +Biog._; Christie, _History of Lower Canada_. + +=St. Ours, Francois-Xavier de= (1714-1759). Served in the campaigns of +1758 and 1759; severely wounded in the attack on Fort George; commended +by Montcalm for conspicuous bravery in the battle of Carillon; and +commanded the right wing of the French army on the Plains of Abraham, +where he was mortally wounded. =Index=: =WM= Commands Quebec and Three +Rivers militia, 105; wounded in battle of the Plains, 199. =Bib.=: +Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_; Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_. + +=St. Pater's Port, Guernsey.= =Bk= Home of the Brock family, 3-5. + +=St. Paul's Bay.= On St. Lawrence River. =Hd= Contagious disease breaks +out at, 190. + +=St. Pierre.= =Ch= One of the vessels of Company of New France, 245. + +=St. Pierre.= An island on the southern coast of Newfoundland, which, +with the Miquelon Islands immediately north-west, constitute all that +remains of New France still under French government. From 1635 it was +alternately under British and French control until 1816, when it was +finally ceded to France. =Index=: =Ch= French captured by Kirke, landed +on, 174. + +=St. Regis Indians.= A band of Roman Catholic Iroquois from Caughnawaga, +Quebec, who settled about 1755 in the village of St. Regis, on the south +bank of the St. Lawrence, on what afterwards became the boundary line +between Canada and the United States. =Index=: =Hd= Compensation paid +to, for lands required for Loyalists, 258. + +=St. Rome, Chevalier de.= =WM= Sent in charge of provisions to Quebec, +226; delayed by bad roads, 229. + +=St. Sacrament Lake.= _See_ Lake George. + +=St. Simon.= =F= His statements regarding Frontenac, 65. + +=St. Vallier, Jean Baptiste de la Croix Chevrieres des= (1653-1727). +Born at Grenoble. Came to Canada in 1685 as vicar-general under Laval. +Succeeded Laval as bishop of Quebec, 1688. Returning from France in +1704, on _La Seine_, taken prisoner by the English and detained in +England until 1709. Returned to France, spent four years there, and +finally arrived in Quebec in 1713. Remained in charge of his huge +diocese until his death. =Index=: =L= Recommended to succeed Laval, 199, +200; accepts position, 200; appointed provisionally grand-vicar, 201; +his liberality to Quebec Seminary, 202, 203; sails for Canada, 202; +makes visitations, 203; Laval's caution to, 206; disagrees with Laval on +certain questions, 208; his eulogy of Laval, 209; sails for France, 209; +consecration of, 219; returns to Canada, as bishop, 221; reverses +Laval's policy in regard to Seminary, 236; captured at sea by English +vessel, 243. =F= Chosen by Bishop Laval as his successor, 191; comes out +to Canada first as vicar-general, 191; his first impression of country +and its inhabitants, 192; his revised opinion, 193, 220; pays pastoral +visit to Acadia, 1686, 271; issues mandate concerning the theatre, 337; +pays Frontenac 1000 francs on condition _Tartuffe_ shall not be +produced, 337. =Bib.=: Charlevoix, _History of New France_; _St. Valier +et l'Hopital General de Quebec_; Parkman, _Old Regime_. + +=St. Veran, Marquise de.= =WM= Mother of Montcalm, 3; her fortitude, 8; +Montcalm's letter to, describing capture of Oswego, 34. + +=St. Vincent, John Jervis, Earl of= (1735-1823). British admiral. Served +at Quebec in 1759; defeated Spanish fleet off Cape St. Vincent, 1797; +became admiral of the fleet, 1821. =Index=: =Bk= Gains victory off Cape +St. Vincent, 10. =WM= Wolfe's conversation with, on eve of battle, 175. +=Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Ste. Anne.= =Ch= French vessel seized by the English, 22. + +=Ste. Anne, Brotherhood of.= =L= At Quebec, 101. + +=Ste. Croix Island.= Near the entrance to the Bay of Fundy; explored by +Champlain and De Monts in 1604, who in that year erected buildings and +fortifications on the island. Scurvy breaking out among the French +colonists, they soon afterwards removed from the island to Port Royal. +The foundations of these buildings were dug up in 1797, settling a +boundary dispute between New Brunswick and Maine in favour of the +former. =Index=: =Ch= Occupied by the De Monts expedition, 21; +settlement there a failure, 24. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Pioneers of France_. + +=Ste. Croix River.= Also known as Schoodiac and Passamaquoddy. Rises in +Grand Lake on the borders between Maine and New Brunswick, and flows +into Passamaquoddy Bay. It was discovered by Champlain in 1604. =Index=: +=Ch= Name changed to St. Charles, 148. + +=Ste. Foy.= Above Quebec. =Index=: =L= Settlement of Christian Indians +at, 74. + +=Ste. Foy, Battle of.= Took place on April 28, 1760, when Murray, in +command of the British troops, made a sortie from the citadel of Quebec +upon the besieging French force under Levis, and was defeated, being +driven back into his intrenchments. =Index=: =WM= Description of, 264; +horrors of battlefield, 265; news of, causes joy in Canadian parishes, +266; victory nullified by arrival of British fleet, 267. _See also_ +Quebec, siege of, 1759; Quebec, siege of, 1760; Levis; Murray. =Bib.=: +Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_; Wood, _The Fight for Canada_; Bradley, _The +Fight with France_. + +=Ste. Suzanne.= =Ch= Name given by Champlain to the Upper Riviere du +Loup, 52. + +=Ste. Therese.= On the Richelieu River. =Index=: =L= Fort erected at, +53. + +=Salaberry, Charles Michel d'Irumberry de= (1778-1829). Born at +Beauport, near Quebec. Entered the British army; served for eleven years +under General Robert Prescott; and in 1794 took part in the capture of +Martinique. In 1809 served in Ireland; and in 1810 took part in the +Walcheren expedition. In 1811 major and aide-de-camp to General +Rottenburg in Canada. At the outbreak of the American War of 1812, +promoted lieutenant-colonel, and rendered good service as commander of +the Canadian Voltigeurs. On Oct. 26, 1813, defeated the American forces +under General Hampton at Chateauguay, the outcome of this action being +to compel the invaders to evacuate Lower Canada. For these services made +a C. B. In 1818 elected to the Legislative Assembly. =Index=: =Bk= Corps +raised and commanded by, 189, 191. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; _Dict. +Nat. Biog._; Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_. _See also_ Chateauquay. + +=Salaberry, Colonel de.= =BL= Comes to Kingston to solicit office of +provincial aide-de-camp, 172; La Fontaine's opposition to appointment, +173. + +=Salaries, Civil.= =S= In Upper Canada, 177. + +=Salmon Falls.= =L= Hamlet, destruction of, 229. =F= Massacre of, 251. + +=Salmon River.= =L= La Barre's expedition encamps at, 184. + +=Salt.= =S= Production of, in Upper Canada, 115. + +=Samos.= =WM= Battery at, captured, 182. + +=Sandwich.= A town in Essex County, Ontario; first settled in 1750 by +the soldiers of a disbanded French regiment. It was subsequently named +after the town of Sandwich, in Kent, England. =Index=: =Bk= Military +fort, 59; occupied by United States general, Hull, 209, 213; evacuated +by Americans, 248. =BL= Early municipal government of, 298. =Bib.=: +Lovell, _Gazetteer of Canada_. + +=Sangster, Charles= (1822-1893). Born in Kingston. For some time in +public service; engaged in newspaper work at Amherstburg and Kingston; +for many years prior to his death employed in the civil service at +Ottawa. =Bib.=: Works: _The St. Lawrence and the Saguenay and other +Poems; Hesperus and other Poems and Lyrics_. For biog., _see_ Morgan, +_Cel. Can._; MacMurchy, _Canadian Literature_. + +=Sangster, J. H.= =R= On staff of Ontario Normal School, 174. + +=San Juan Boundary.= Dispute arose between the United States and Great +Britain out of a difference of opinion as to the meaning of the phrase +"middle of the channel which separates the continent from Vancouver +Island" in the treaty of 1846, and by which the rightful possession of +San Juan and other islands in the vicinity for years remained unsettled. +A compromise was made in 1859, both governments jointly occupying San +Juan with troops. Finally, by the Washington Treaty of 1871, the +question was referred to the arbitration of the German emperor, who +decided in favour of the United States. =Index=: =Md= Brought up under +Washington Treaty, 166; dispute caused by vague terms of Oregon Treaty, +178-179; submitted to arbitration of German emperor, 179; Macdonald on, +179-180; decision in favour of United States, 180-181. =Bib.=: Hertslet, +_Treaties and Conventions_. + +=Sanstein.= =Ch= Clerk, brings news of amalgamation of de Monts and de +Caen Companies, 138. + +=Saskatchewan.= Organized as a provisional district in 1882. It then +extended from long. 111 deg. 20' W. to the Manitoba boundary and Lake +Winnipeg, and from the northern boundary of the district of Assiniboia, +to the southern boundary of Athabaska. The province of Saskatchewan, +created in 1905, extends from long. 110 deg. on the west to the Manitoba +boundary on the east, extended north to lat. 60 deg., which forms the +northern boundary of the new province. The capital of the province is +Regina, former capital of the North-West Territories. _See also_ +North-West Territories. =Bib.=: Lovell, _Gazetteer of Canada_. + +=Saskatchewan Rebellion.= _See_ Riel Rebellion, 1885. + +=Saskatchewan River.= Ultimate source is at the head waters of the Bow +River, about lat. 51 deg. 40', in the heart of the Rocky Mountains. After a +course of 1205 miles, it flows into Lake Winnipeg, finally discharging +its waters by the Nelson into Hudson Bay. The length of the South +Saskatchewan to its junction with the North Saskatchewan at the Forks is +865 miles; and of the North Saskatchewan, which rises in the watershed +range of the Rocky Mountains, near the source of the Athabaska, is 760 +miles. La Verendrye reached the river, then known as the Pasquia, or +Poskoyac, in 1748, and built Fort Bourbon on the shores of Cedar Lake. +He ascended the river to the Forks, a few miles below which he built +Fort Poskoyac. In 1751 a party of French explorers ascended one of the +branches to the mountains, where they built Fort La Jonquiere. Anthony +Hendry reached the Saskatchewan from Hudson Bay in 1754, and descended +the river from the upper waters of the Red Deer, to the Pas. Many +trading posts were afterwards built at different points on the two +branches, both by the North West Company and the Hudson's Bay Company. +=Bib.=: White, _Atlas of Canada_; Tyrrell, _Report on Northern Alberta_ +(Geol. Survey, 1886); Burpee, _Search for the Western Sea_; Hind, +_Canadian Red River and Assiniboine and Saskatchewan Expeditions_. + +[Illustration: The Promised Land From the painting by Paul Wickson] + +=Saskatchewan, University of.= Act passed establishing the university, +1907. Board of Governors decided to fix location of university at +Saskatoon, 1909. + +=Sault-au-Matelot.= =Dr= Arnold's attack on barrier repulsed, 129. + +=Sault St. Louis.= =Ch= Called after young man named Louis drowned +there, 69; centre of fur trade for some years, 120. =L= Converted +Iroquois settled at, 9, 74. + +=Sault Ste. Marie.= The county seat of Chippewa County, Michigan, on the +St. Mary's River. In 1641 the Jesuit fathers Raymbault and Jogues +founded a mission on its site, and in 1662 Marquette established the +first permanent settlement there. On the opposite side of the river is +its Canadian namesake, a port of entry of the Algoma district, Ontario. +=Index=: =L= Mission established at, 11. + +=Saumarez, Sir Thomas.= =Bk= His letter to Brock from Halifax, 223. + +=Saunders, Sir Charles= (1713-1775). Born in Scotland. Entered the navy +in 1727, becoming lieutenant in 1734. In 1739-1740 served under Lord +Anson. Stationed in home waters in 1745, and on Oct. 14, 1747, took part +in Hawke's victory over the French. In 1750 elected member of Parliament +for Plymouth. In 1752 commodore and commander-in-chief on the +Newfoundland station; in 1755 comptroller of the navy; and in 1756, rear +admiral. In 1759 Pitt appointed him commander-in-chief of the fleet +which co-operated with Wolfe in the siege of Quebec, with the rank of +vice-admiral of the blue, and his operations in the St. Lawrence largely +contributed to the success of the British arms. In 1760 +commander-in-chief in the Mediterranean; in 1761 created K.B.; in 1765 a +lord of the Admiralty; in 1766 first lord; and in 1770 reached the rank +of admiral. =Index=: =WM= Appointed to naval command of expedition +against Quebec, 75; sails for Louisbourg, and puts in at Halifax, 75; +his fleet detained at Louisbourg, 78; takes soundings of Traverse +Channel, 90; joins in attack on French left at Montmorency, 136; orders +burning of two stranded transports, 142; makes feint opposite Beauport, +164, 174; Wolfe's bequest to, 175; advances vessels in front of Lower +Town, 231. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_; Wood, +_Logs of the Conquest of Canada_ and _The Fight for Canada_; Bradley, +_The Fight with France_. + +=Saunders, John= (1754-1834). Born in Virginia. Joined the royal forces +and served throughout the War of Independence. Went to England; studied +law and called to the bar. In 1790 appointed judge of the Supreme Court +of New Brunswick, and a member of the Council; from 1822 to 1834 +chief-justice of the province. =Index=: =W= Chief justice, 74; dies, +1834, 74. =Bib.=: Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_. + +=Saunders, John Simcoe= (1795-1878). Born in Fredericton, New Brunswick. +Went to England; educated at Oxford University. Called to the bar of +Nova Scotia, 1819, and to that of Lower Canada, 1820. Surveyor-general +of New Brunswick, 1840, and provincial secretary, 1845. Appointed to the +Legislative Council, of which he became Speaker, 1866; also senior +justice of the Court of Common Pleas. =Index=: =W= Advocate-general, New +Brunswick, 34; Partelow succeeds as provincial secretary, 116. =Bib.=: +_The Law of Pleading and Evidence in Civil Actions_. For biog., _see_ +Morgan, _Annual Register_, 1878; Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_. + +=Sauvage.= =WM= Frigate in which Levis embarked at Brest, 12. + +=Savage, Thomas= (1608-1682). Went to Massachusetts in 1635 with Sir +Harry Vane, and the following year elected a freeman of Boston. In 1638 +helped to found the settlement of Rhode Island. Served in the Indian +wars, 1675. =Index=: =F= Third in command in Phipps's expedition, 281. +=Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Savignon.= =Ch= Name given to young Algonquian taken as hostage for +Nicolas Marsolet, 63. + +=Scalping.= =WM= Forbidden by Wolfe except in case of Indians, or +Canadians dressed as Indians, 102; declared by Vaudreuil to be +necessary, 102, 108; by Indians on the side of French, 141; by Wolfe's +rangers, 150. + +=Schank, John= (1740-1823). Born in Scotland. Entered the navy, 1758. +Commanded the _Canso_ in the St. Lawrence, 1766. Placed in charge of the +naval establishment at St. John's; succeeded in launching several small +war vessels on Lake Champlain. Subsequently had charge of the marine +depots at Quebec and at Detroit; and in 1777 employed under Burgoyne in +the construction of floating bridges. =Index=: =Hd= Superintends +building of gunboats, 125; his letter to Carleton, 159; marriage of, +236-237; his evidence in Du Calvet matter, 288, 289; sails for England +with Haldimand, 209, 313. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Schenderatchta.= =Hd= Seneca chief, serving under John Butler, 154. + +=Schenectady.= The county seat of Schenectady County, New York. Settled +in 1662 by Arendt Van Corlaer on the site of Schonowe, the capital of +the Five Nations. It was chartered as a borough in 1765, and as a city +in 1798. =Index=: =L= Attack on, 229. =F= Massacre of, 245-248. =Bib.=: +Parkman, _Old Regime_. + +=Schultz, Sir John Christian= (1840-1896). Born in Amherstburg, Ontario. +Educated at Oberlin College, Ohio; studied medicine at Queen's and +Victoria Universities; licensed to practise, 1860. Removed to Fort +Garry, 1860, and began practice of his profession there. Also engaged in +the fur trade. Owner and editor of the _Nor'Wester_, the pioneer +newspaper of the Canadian West. Played an important part in the Riel +Rebellion of 1869-1870. Imprisoned by the rebels, but made his escape, +and, after enduring many hardships, reached Toronto. Elected to the +House of Commons at the first election after the formation of the +province of Manitoba, and sat almost continuously until 1883, when he +was called to the Senate. Lieutenant-governor of Manitoba, 1888-1895. +=Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._; Morgan, _Cyc. Can. Biog._; Begg, _History of +the North-West_. _See also_ Riel Rebellion, 1869-1870. + +=Schurz, Carl= (1829-1906). Fled from Germany in 1849, after the +collapse of the revolutionary movement. Went to the United States, 1852. +Minister to Spain, 1860-1861; commanded a division in the war with the +South; engaged in journalism in Detroit and St. Louis; elected to the +United States Senate, 1869. Appointed secretary of the interior, 1877. +=Index=: =B= Favourable to proposed Reciprocity Treaty of 1864, 230-231. +=Bib.=: Works: _Speeches; Life of Henry Clay; Reminiscences_. For biog., +_see Cyc. Am. Biog._ + +=Schuyler, Major John.= =L= Attack camp at Laprairie, 232. =F= His raid +on Laprairie, 281; comes to Quebec with news of peace, 354. + +=Schuyler, Peter= (1657-1724). Born in Albany. Appointed lieutenant in +the militia, 1685, and served in the colonial and Indian wars. In 1709 +second in command of the expedition against Montreal. Became president +of the Council, 1719; and acted as governor of New York until 1720. +=Index=: =F= Commands expedition from Albany, 311. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. +Biog._ + +=Schuyler, Philip John= (1733-1804). Born in Albany. Served in the +French and Indian War, 1755, and took part in battle of Lake George. +Resigned from the army, 1757, and again served, 1758-1761. On the +breaking out of the Revolution, took the colonial side, and in 1775 +appointed major-general by Congress. Organized the invasion of Canada in +1775, and was court-martialled for the evacuation of Ticonderoga in +1777, but acquitted. Served in House of Representatives and afterwards +in the Senate. =Index=: =Hd= Watches movements of the Allens of Vermont, +205, 206; Ethan Allen's letter to, 209; thanks Haldimand for kind +treatment of Loyalists, 250; threatens Six Nations, 257; Francois +Cazeau's correspondence with, 279. =Dr= Commands American force on Lake +Champlain, 96. =Bib.=: Lossing, _Life and Times of Philip Schuyler_; +_Cyc. Am. Biog._ + +=Scott.= =Hd= Chaplain to 34th Regiment, forbidden to exercise clerical +functions, 256. + +=Scott, Sir Richard William= (1825- ). Born in Prescott, Ontario. +Educated privately, and studied law; in 1848 called to the bar and +practised with success in Ottawa. Elected mayor of Bytown (now Ottawa) +in 1852. Sat in the Legislative Assembly, 1857-1863. A member of the +first Legislature of Ontario, 1867-1873; in 1871 elected Speaker; and in +1872 appointed commissioner of crown lands. Called to the Senate in +1874. Secretary of state and registrar-general of Canada in Mackenzie +ministry, 1874-1878. In 1878 introduced the Temperance Act, more +commonly known as the Scott Act, which constitutes his principal title +to a place among Canadian legislators. In 1896 secretary of state in +Laurier government, which position he held until 1908; knighted, 1909. +=Index=: =R= His Separate School Bills, 235-238. =B= Introduces separate +school legislation, 144. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's +Who_; Dent, _Last Forty Years_. + +=Scott, Thomas= (1746-1824). Born in Scotland. Studied for the ministry +and became a probationer; employed for a time as private tutor. Studied +law and called to the English bar, 1793. While yet a student, in 1788 +employed by Dorchester to investigate the estates of the Jesuits in +Quebec. Appointed attorney-general of Upper Canada, 1801; chief-justice, +1804. President of the Loyal and Patriotic Society of Upper Canada +during the War of 1812; president of a special tribunal created for the +trial of cases of treason during the war. =Bib.=: Dent, _Lives of the +Judges_. + +=Scott, Thomas.= =Md= Murdered at Fort Garry by Riel's followers, 160, +194, 242. _See also_ Riel Rebellion, 1869-1870. + +=Scott, Winfield= (1786-1866). Entered the United States army, and +served in the War of 1812. From 1832 to 1838 engaged in Indian warfare. +In 1839 instrumental in allaying the excitement arising out of the +dispute as to the boundary between New Brunswick and Maine, and paving +the way for its settlement by the Ashburton Treaty. In 1841 +commander-in-chief of the United States army. =Index=: =Bk= At battle of +Queenston Heights, 311. =W= Sent to Maine to settle Aroostook War, 135. +=Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._ + +=Scott, Walter= (1867- ). Born in Middlesex County, Ontario. Took up the +profession of journalism. Removed to the North-West Territories, and, in +1895, became proprietor and editor of the _Leader_, Regina. Sat in the +House of Commons for Assiniboia West, 1900-1905; first premier of +Saskatchewan, 1905. =Bib.=: _Canadian Who's Who_. + +=Scott Act.= The popular name given to the Temperance Act introduced by +(Sir) R. W. Scott and passed by the Dominion government in 1878. Its +principal provisions were that on a petition of one-fourth of the +electors of a city or county, a vote was to be taken, and if a majority +of the votes polled were in favour of the act, it came into force at the +close of the then current license year. =Index=: =B= A measure for +introducing prohibition by local option, 249. =Bib.=: Johnson, _First +Things in Canada_. + +=Scovil, W. H.= =T= Confederation candidate in St. John County, New +Brunswick, 85. + +=Scrope, A. Poulett.= =BL= Quoted on Baldwin, 64, 80; on Sydenham, 71. +=Bib.=: _Memoir of Life of Sydenham_. + +=Scurvy.= =Ch= Ravages of, among colonists, 22; called by Champlain _mal +de terre_, 24; breaks out at Port Royal, 33; at Quebec, 46; deaths from, +209. + +=Sea-otter.= =D= Trade, 21, 22; found by Russians, 40. + +=Seat of Government.= =Sy= Question of, 280-282; Sydenham in favour of +Kingston, 281. =Md= Montreal ceases to be, after riots, 38-39; rivalry +of Kingston, Quebec, and Toronto for honour, 39; Quebec and Toronto +divide honour for sixteen years, 39; Ottawa finally selected in 1865, +39; dissatisfaction over choice, 85. _See also_ Ottawa; Quebec; Toronto; +Montreal. + +=Seaton, Sir John Colborne, first Baron= (1778-1863). Served in Holland, +Egypt, and Italy. Commanded a brigade under Wellington, 1810-1814, and +led the 52d Light Infantry in their victorious movement at Waterloo. +Sent to Upper Canada as lieutenant-governor, 1829; appointed +commander-in-chief of the forces, 1835; suppressed the Rebellion in +Lower Canada, 1837-1838; acted as administrator, 1838, both before and +after Durham; and the same year appointed governor-general. Returned to +England, 1839, and created Baron Seaton same year. Promoted to +field-marshal, 1860. =Index=: =Mc= Governor of Upper Canada, 157; +Mackenzie's letters to, 164-167; suggests Mackenzie make reparation, +248; his view of Legislative Council, 268; his view of Executive +Council, 279. =P= Sends Colonel Gore against rebels at St. Denis, 134; +marches on St. Eustache, 135-137; succeeds Gosford as governor, 138; +crushes outbreak of 1838, 139; his severity, known as the "Old +Firebrand," 140-141. =Sy= A valuable adviser to Sydenham and Bagot, 111; +increases number of Special Council of Lower Canada, 192. Conflict with +the Assembly, 14-15; recommends Baldwin for seat in Legislative Council, +38; endows forty-four rectories, 42; crushes Rebellion in Lower Canada, +46, 48; succeeded by Sydenham, 59; appoints Special Council, 60. =E= +Endows forty-four rectories in Upper Canada, on eve of his departure for +England, 154; opinions for and against his action, 155-156. =B= +Establishes fifty-seven rectories, 53. =Md= Creates and endows +forty-four rectories in Upper Canada, 59. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._; +_Dict. Nat. Biog._; Read, _Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada_; +Christie, _History of Lower Canada_. + +=Secret Societies Bill.= =BL= Prepared and introduced by Baldwin, its +history, 185-188; its reservation by Metcalfe leads to resignation of +Cabinet, 200, 208, 209, 251. =R= Reservation of, brings on a crisis in +Upper Canada, 126-127. + +=Sedgewick, Major Robert.= =F= Seizes Acadia by Cromwell's orders, 268. + +=Seely, Alexander McLaughlan= (1812-1882). Born in St. John, New +Brunswick. Engaged in lumbering, shipbuilding, and in banking. Appointed +a member of the Legislative Council for New Brunswick, 1854, and held +his seat until his death. + +=Seignelay, Marquis de.= =F= Succeeds his father, Colbert, in ministry +of marine, 72; marries Mlle. d'Allegre, 111. =L= Minister of marine and +colonies, receives La Salle favourably, 151; postpones Laval's return to +Canada, 211. + +=Seigniorial Tenure.= The history of this feudal system of land tenure, +transplanted from Old to New France, dates back to the commission of the +Sieur de la Roche, 1598, in which he is empowered to make grants in the +form of fiefs, seigniories, etc., to persons of merit. Up to 1627, when +the Company of New France (or the Company of One Hundred Associates) was +chartered, only three seigniories had been granted, two to colonial +laymen and the third to the Jesuit Order. Thereafter a large number of +seigniorial grants were made--no less than sixty between 1632 and 1663, +when the Company surrendered its rights to the crown. Details as to the +later history of Seigniorial Tenure in Canada, how it was applied to the +land, and why it outlived the same system in Old France, will be found +in the works cited below. The system was abolished in Canada in 1854. +=Index=: =F= In New France, 56. =L= Beginning of, 119. =Dr= Described, +11; an obstacle to the transfer of land, 256; notaries favourable to, +257. =E= Failure of La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry to settle question, +101-102; measure passed by Assembly, but defeated in Legislative +Council, 119-120; settlement postponed by Hincks-Morin government in +1853, 126; Cauchon offers amendment to address, expressing regret at +failure to settle question, 126-127; MacNab-Morin ministry pledged to +settlement, 140; measure passed in 1854, 142; history of question, +171-188; originates in old feudal system, 171-174; introduced into +Canada by Richelieu, 175; description of system, 175-184; movement for +its abolition, 185-186; judicial investigation by a commission, 186-187; +terms of settlement, 187-188. =S= Not satisfactory to English settlers, +1, 6. =BL= Commission appointed (1841) to consider question of +abolishing it, 99; pressing for settlement, 339; weakens Reform party in +Lower Canada, 349; history of, 349-351; court for adjustment of claims, +presided over by La Fontaine, 358. =C= John A. Macdonald votes against +settlement of, 32; Cartier works for, 32-115; the system described, +35-37. =Md= A problem in Quebec, 14; abolition of, demanded in Quebec, +62; dealt with by MacNab-Morin ministry, 63; its abolition effected, +66-68. =Bib.=: Munro, _Seigniorial System in Canada_ and _Documents +Relating to Seigniorial Tenure_; Munro, _Droit de Banalite_; _Pieces et +Documents Relatifs a la Tenure Seigneuriale_; _Lower Canada Reports_; +_Seigniorial Questions_; Dent, _Last Forty Years_. On the history of +individual seigniories, _see_ Lalande, _Une Vielle Seignieurie: +Boucherville_; _Mingan Seigniory: Documents in Appeal to Privy Council_; +Roy, _Seigneurie de Lauzon_; Sellar, _History of Huntingdon_; Jodoin et +Vincent, _Histoire de Longueuil_. + +=Seigniors, Canadian.= =Bk= Remained faithful to British rule, 47. =Dr= +Murray's relations with, 10; comparatively small emigration of, to +France, 10; Carleton sends home a list of, 45, 47; pleads cause of, 46, +48; they ask for military service, 49; their satisfaction with the new +regime, 162; their objection to sale of land in freehold, 239; their +loss of influence, 255. =WM= Their relation to the _censitaires_, 23. +=Bib.=: Bradley, _The Making of Canada_. + +=Select Committee on Grievances.= =Mc= Seventh report of, 26; Mackenzie +obtains committee, 263; matters referred to, 269; committee's report, +270-277; reply of Lord Glenelg, 280; Head's instructions, 280; subjects +dealt with, 281-286. =BL= On political situation in Upper Canada, 11; +report of, studied by Sir F.B. Head, 37. _See also_ William Lyon +Mackenzie. + +=Selkirk, Thomas Douglas, Earl of= (1771-1820). =MS= Influenced by +Mackenzie's _Voyages_, 7, 94; gains controlling interest in Hudson's Bay +Company, 7; organizes colony, 7, 8, 100; dies, 1820, 8; Canadian places +named after, 115; his lineage, 115, 116; birth, June, 1771, 116; +educated at University of Edinburgh, 117; influenced by French +Revolution, 117-118; becomes Baron Daer and Shortcleugh, 1797, on death +of his brother, and Earl of Selkirk, on death of his father, 1799, +118-119; philanthropic interest in the Highlands and emigration policy, +119-120; his scheme for national defence, 120-121; made Fellow of Royal +Society, 122; his _Sketch of the British Fur Trade in 1806_, 122; +earlier pamphlets on the North American Indians, attributed to him, 122; +his pamphlet on _Parliamentary Reform_, 123, 124; character sketch, 125; +his memorial of 1802, on the proposed colony in Rupert's Land, 127-128; +his Prince Edward Island colony, 129-132; visits United States and +Canada, 132-133; the Baldoon Settlement in Upper Canada, 133; the +Moulton Settlement, 134; visits Montreal, 1803, 137; entertained by the +partners of the North West Company, at the Beaver Club, 139-140; takes +advantage of his opportunities to obtain knowledge of the fur trade, +140; genesis of the Red River project, 141-142; obtains legal opinion on +the Hudson's Bay Company, 143-145; purchases controlling interest in the +Hudson's Bay Company, 145-146; buys Red River property from the Company, +146; opposition of Mackenzie, Inglis, and Ellice, 146; area of the +tract, 147; plans for the colony, 149; terms of settlement, 149-150; +sends for Miles Macdonell and puts him in charge of the colony, 150; +sends him out to Hudson Bay with colonists, 151; sends second party of +colonists, 159; sends third party of colonists, 1813, 162; sends Robert +Semple with a fourth party, 1815, 164; arrives in Montreal from Scotland +with his family, 1815, 185; makes representations to Lord Bathurst, and +Sir George Drummond, 186; brings the De Meurons, disbanded Swiss +soldiers, to Fort William, 189; winters at Point De Meuron, 190; reaches +Red River, June, 1817, 191; makes treaty with Indians, 192; returns to +Upper Canada, 193; faces trial at Sandwich, 198; and at York, 199; +brings charges against North West Company, 199; his letter to Duke of +Richmond, 200; returns to England, 201; the Bluebook of 1819, 201; +letter of Sir Walter Scott, 202-203; his health breaks down, 202; death, +April 8, 1820, at Pau, 204; sketch of his life in _Gentleman's +Magazine_, 204-206; his family, 206; compared with Alexander Mackenzie, +209. _See also_ Red River Colony. =Bib.=: Works: _Sketch of the British +Fur Trade in 1806_; _Observations on a Proposal for the Civilization and +Improvement of the North American Indians within the British Boundary_; +_Parliamentary Reform_; _Civilization of the Indian in North America_; +_On the Necessity of a More Efficient System of National Defence_; +_Observations on the Present State of the Highlands of Scotland, with a +View of the Causes and Probable Consequences of Emigration_. For biog., +_see_ Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Dent, _Can. Por._; _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Bryce, +_Manitoba_, _Hudson's Bay Company_, and _Romantic Settlement of Lord +Selkirk's Colonists_; Laut, _Conquest of the Great North-West_. _See +also_ Red River Colony; Baldoon. + +=Selkirk Settlement.= _See_ Red River Colony. + +=Selwyn, Alfred Richard Cecil= (1824-1902). In 1845 appointed assistant +geologist in the Geological Survey of Great Britain; and director of the +Geological Survey, Victoria, Australia, 1852-1869. Came to Canada in +1869, and filled the office of director of the Canadian Geological +Survey, 1869-1895. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_. + +=Seminarists.= =L= Aid in defence of Quebec, 12. + +=Semple, Robert= (1766-1816). Born in Boston, Mass. Engaged in +mercantile pursuits, and travelled extensively. In 1802 visited Cape +Colony, and from 1805 to 1810 travelled through Spain, Portugal, the +West Indies, and Brazil. In 1813, while on a journey in the rear of the +allied armies from Hamburg to Gottenburg, arrested by Lord Cathcart as +an American spy. In 1815 appointed governor of the factories and +territories of the Hudson's Bay Company. In the course of his tour of +inspection, reached his headquarters at Douglas (now part of Winnipeg), +early in 1816. For some time there had been an active feud between the +Hudson's Bay Company and the North West Company, and in an attack at +Seven Oaks by a party of "Nor'-Wester's," under Cuthbert Grant, Semple +was killed. =Index=: =MS= Brings party of Highlanders to Red River, +1815, 164; succeeds Macdonell as governor of Red River settlement, 164. +=Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Bryce, _Manitoba_. _See also_ Red River +Colony; Seven Oaks. + +=Senate.= =B= Elective _versus_ nominative system discussed at Quebec +Conference--latter decided upon, 164; George Brown approves of +nominative system, 165; distribution of members of, 173; Dorion objects +to nominative system, 175, 177; weakness of the system, 178; its +reorganization advocated by Canada First Association, 236. + +=Seneca Indians.= One of the tribes of the Iroquois confederacy. They +dwelt chiefly in the region of the Seneca and Canandaigua lakes, and +extended westwards to Genesee River. During the American Revolution they +espoused the British cause. There are now some hundreds living in Grand +River Reservation, Ontario. =Index=: =F= Show quarrelsome temper, 143; +attack Illinois, 144; enraged by murder of a chieftain on territory of +Ottawas, 145; accept terms of peace, 146; attack canoes of French +traders, 181; Denonville's expedition against, 207-214. =Ch= One of the +five tribes or nations, 50; murder four delegates sent to Five Nations, +164. _See also_ Iroquois. =Bib.=: Charlevoix, _History of New France_; +Hodge, _Handbook of American Indians_. + +=Senezergues, De.= =WM= Brigadier, commands battalion of La Sarre +Regiment, 12; commands regular troops, 105; mortally wounded, 199; +carried on board British vessel, 222. + +=Separate Schools, Manitoba.= =C= The question used as a test of +provincial power, 61-62; rights of Roman Catholics safeguarded, 1871, +71; overthrown by Legislature, 72; judgment of provincial courts +reversed by Supreme Court, 72. =Bib.=: Ewart, _Manitoba School +Question_; Wade, _Manitoba School Question_; Willison, _Sir Wilfrid +Laurier and the Liberal Party_. For further references, _see_ _Lit. Am. +Hist._, pp. 438-439. + +=Separate Schools, New Brunswick.= =C= Public opinion aroused in Quebec, +73; Costigan and other Roman Catholic members from New Brunswick demand +disallowance of bill against, 73-74; Macdonald and Cartier oppose +disallowance, 74-76; question becomes an issue in Quebec elections, 76; +opinion of law officers in England obtained, 76; opinion adverse to +Roman Catholics, 77; Costigan again demands disallowance, 77; compromise +effected, 77-78; in Parliament, 131. =Md= Bill passed in 1871, 194; +takes away government support from separate schools, 194; Roman +Catholics petition for its disallowance, 194, 285; compromise effected, +194-195. + +=Separate Schools, North-West Territories.= =B= Provision for, opposed +by George Brown--he warns the Senate that effect would be to fasten them +on the West forever, 249. + +=Separate Schools, Nova Scotia.= =Md= Refused to Roman Catholics, 116. + +=Separate Schools, Upper Canada.= =B= Opposed by George Brown, 121; a +compromise arranged, 122-123; bill introduced by R. W. Scott, 144; +Ryerson's support of bill, 144; adopted by government and becomes law, +144-145; attacked by _Globe_, but finally accepted by George Brown, 145. +=Md= Claimed by Roman Catholics and conceded after years of controversy, +82. =Bib.=: Hodgins, _History of Separate Schools in Upper Canada_. + +=Servants.= =S= Scarcity of, in Upper Canada, 182. + +=Seven Nations.= =Hd= Their fighting force an uncertain quantity, 126. + +=Seven Oaks.= =MS= Conflict between Hudson's Bay Company men and North +West Company men, June 19, 1816, 180; Governor Semple shot, 181; +Alexander Ross on, 184; Joseph Tasse on, 184; Sergeant Huerter on, 183; +printed evidence, 199. =Bib.=: Bryce, _Manitoba_ and _Romantic History +of Lord Selkirk's Colonists_; Laut, _Conquest of the Great North-West_. + +=Sevigne, Marie de Rabutin-Chantel= (1627-1696). =F= Her son-in-law a +candidate for governorship of Canada, 65; describes severities exercised +on peasants in revolt in France, 150. + +=Seward, William Henry= (1801-1872). Governor of New York, 1838; +appointed secretary of state by Lincoln, 1860. =Index=: =N= Suggests +Canadian agent at Washington to confer on Reciprocity Treaty, 192; tells +Galt that treaty could not be renewed, 193. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._ + +=Sewell, Jonathan= (1766-1839). Born at Cambridge, Mass. Educated at +Bristol, England. In 1785 studied law in New Brunswick under Ward +Chipman; in 1789 called to the bar of Lower Canada and practised in +Quebec. Appointed solicitor-general, 1793, and attorney-general, 1795. +In 1808 chief-justice of Lower Canada, and held the position until 1838; +also president of the Executive Council from 1808 to 1829, and Speaker +of the Legislative Council from 1809 to 1838. The dispute as to +boundaries, between the Dominion government and the province of Ontario, +was afterwards settled on the basis of his decision of 1818. Introduced, +in 1809, into the procedure of the courts, certain rules of practice +which for some years met with strong opposition. In 1814 went to England +to meet the charges made against him in this regard, and his conduct +upheld. Received the honorary degree of LL.D. from Harvard. =Index=: =P= +Papineau describes him as "a vain creature," 55; fills dual positions of +president of Executive Council and chief-justice, 59. =B= Chief-justice, +his part in movement for Confederation, 129. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. +Can._; Taylor, _Brit. Am._; Christie, _History of Lower Canada_. + +=Seymour, Frederick.= Succeeded Sir James Douglas as governor of British +Columbia, and arrived in the colony, April, 1864. Had previously been +governor of British Honduras. On the union of Vancouver Island and +British Columbia in 1866 became governor of the united colonies. In the +spring of 1869 visited several Indian tribes on the coast; taken ill, +and died at Bella Bella, June 10, 1869. =Index=: =Md= Governor of +British Columbia, death of, 149. =Bib.=: Begg, _History of British +Columbia_. + +=Shaw, Major-General AEneas.= =Bk= Stationed on frontier between Kingston +and Cornwall, 195. =S= Member of Legislative Council, 79, 98. + +=Shaw, Helen.= =Md= Wife of Hugh Macdonald, and mother of Sir John A. +Macdonald, 1; her strong character, 2. + +=Shea, Sir Ambrose= (1818-1905). Born at St. John's, Newfoundland. +Entered Newfoundland Assembly, 1850; Speaker, 1855-1861; member of +government, 1864-1869; governor of the Bahamas, 1887-1895. =Index=: =T= +Represents Newfoundland at Quebec Conference, 77. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. +Men_. + +=Sheaffe, Sir Roger Hale= (1763-1851). Born in Boston, Mass. Entered the +army, 1778; served in Ireland and Holland; stationed in Canada, +1802-1811, and 1812-1813. Commanded the British, forces at Queenston +Heights after the death of Brock. Administered the government of Upper +Canada, 1812-1813. Created a baronet, 1813; raised to the rank of +lieutenant-general, 1821; general, 1828. =Index=: =Bk= Present at battle +of Egmont-op-Zee, 19; his severe discipline causes mutiny, 61-63; +profits by experience, 74; appointed to staff, and sent to Upper Canada, +223; commands at battle of Queenston Heights after death of Brock, +309-312; his conduct at taking of York, 312. =S= Sent to protest against +occupation by Americans at Sodus Bay, 137. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; +Read, _Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada_; Lucas, _Canadian War of +1812_. + +=Shelburne.= A town on the south-west coast of the province of Nova +Scotia; founded by United Empire Loyalists in 1783; first known as Port +Roseway. For a few years after its foundation the town grew at an +astonishing pace, and at one time "had a population larger than that of +Quebec and Montreal combined," but the locality afforded none of the +elements of permanent prosperity, and the bulk of the population drifted +to other parts of the province. =Index=: =Hd= Town of, founded by +Loyalists, 263. =Bib.=: Haliburton, _History of Nova Scotia_; Sabine, +_American Loyalists_; Bourinot, _Builders of Nova Scotia_; Lovell, +_Gazetteer of Canada_. + +=Sheppard, George.= =B= Editorial writer on _Colonist_, joins staff of +_Globe_, 135; speech against Confederation, 1859, 135-136; Brown's +reply, 137. + +=Sherbrooke.= A city in the Eastern Townships, Quebec, on the St. +Francis River, named after Sir John Coape Sherbrooke. Founded by David +Moe and other pioneers, about the year 1800. + +=Sherbrooke, Sir John Coape= (1760-1830). Born in Nottinghamshire, +England. Entered the army; took part in the capture of Seringapatam, +1797; and served under Wellington in the Peninsular War, 1809. Appointed +lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia in 1811; and governor of Canada, +1816-1818. =Index=: =B= Quiet rule of, 39. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; +_Dict. Nat. Biog._; Christie, _History of Lower Canada_. + +=Sherwood, Henry= (1807-1855). Represented Toronto in Legislative +Assembly, 1841-1854; member of Executive Council and solicitor-general, +1842 and 1844-1846; attorney-general for Upper Canada, 1847-1848. +=Index=: =BL= Called to the Cabinet, 118; becomes solicitor-general for +Upper Canada, 121; his appointment an obstacle to La Fontaine's +acceptance of office, 125; solicitor-general for Upper Canada, 247; +elected in 1844, 252; resigns, 266; becomes attorney-general for Upper +Canada, 276; elected in 1848, 279. =E= Becomes head of ministry under +Elgin, 43; defeat of his Cabinet, 50; his opposition to Rebellion Losses +Bill, 68; proposes division of Clergy Reserves, in 1844, 159. =Md= +Succeeds Draper in leadership of party, 28. =Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty +Years_. + +=Sherwood, Captain Justus.= =Hd= Commissioner for exchange of prisoners +with Vermont, 202; confers with Ira Allen, 204; applies for lands in +Eastern Townships, 267. + +=Sherwood, Levins Peters= (1777-1850). Born in St. John's, Lower Canada. +Removed to Upper Canada; studied law and called to the bar, 1803. +Elected to the Assembly for Leeds, 1821; Speaker of the Assembly, 1822; +Speaker of the Legislative Council, 1841. Appointed judge of the Court +of King's Bench, 1825. =Index=: =Sy= Retires with pension, 252. =Mc= +Quarrels with Judge Willis, 131-133. =Bib.=: Read, _Lives of the +Judges_. + +=Shirley, William= (1693-1771). Born in Preston, England. Called to the +English bar; removed to Boston, where he practised his profession. +Governor of Massachusetts, 1741-1745; planned the successful expedition +against Louisbourg. Resided in England, 1745-1753. One of the +commissioners at Paris to settle the boundaries of Nova Scotia, 1750. +Again appointed governor of Massachusetts, 1753; commander-in-chief of +the British forces in North America. Lieutenant-general, 1759; +afterwards governor of the Bahama Islands. Returned to Massachusetts, +1770, and resided at Roxbury until his death. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._; +Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_; Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_. + +=Shore.= =W= Resigns from New Brunswick government, 72, 116. + +=Short, Judge.= =E= Member of Seigniorial Court, 187. + +=Short Administration.= =Md= Formed by George Brown, 85; lasted less +than forty-eight hours, 85. + +=Short Hills Affair.= =Mc= Mackenzie's connection with, 440. + +=Shortt, Adam= (1859- ). Born at Kilworth, Ontario. Educated at Queen's +University, and at Edinburgh and Glasgow. Appointed assistant professor +of philosophy at Queen's University, 1885; lecturer in political +science, 1889; professor of political science, 1892. In 1908 became a +member of the Historical Manuscript Commission; and civil service +commissioner the same year. =Index=: =BL= On Baldwin's Municipal +Corporation Act, 1849, 296. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's +Who_. + +=Sicotte, Louis Victor= (1812-1889). Born in St. Famille, Boucherville, +Quebec. Studied law, and called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1838. +Entered public life, 1852, as member for St. Hyacinthe. Elected Speaker +of the Assembly, 1854, and held the office until 1857; appointed to the +Executive Council as commissioner of crown lands, 1853; and held the +same office, 1857-1858; chief commissioner of public works, 1858; +attorney-general, 1862-1863. In the latter year appointed a judge of the +Superior Court, retiring 1887. =Index=: =E= Declines seat in +Hincks-Morin ministry, 126; proposes secularization of Clergy Reserves, +126-127; elected Speaker, 1854, 135-136. =C= A follower of Cartier, 24; +forms Macdonald-Sicotte administration, 24. =Md= Leader of moderate +Reformers, forms ministry with Sandfield Macdonald, 89. =Bib.=: Rose, +_Cyc. Can. Biog._; Dent, _Last Forty Years_. + +=Sifton, Arthur L.= (1858- ). Educated at Victoria University; called to +the bar, 1883. Removed to the North-West Territories and elected to the +Legislature, 1891; held office as treasurer and commissioner of public +works; appointed chief-justice of the North-West Territories; +chief-justice of Alberta, 1905; premier of Alberta, 1910. =Bib.=: +_Canadian Who's Who_. + +=Sifton, Clifford= (1861- ). Educated at Victoria University. Removed to +Manitoba and called to the bar of that province, 1882. Elected to the +Manitoba Assembly, 1888; attorney-general and minister of education, +1891; elected to the House of Commons for Brandon, 1896; minister of the +interior in the Laurier administration, 1896; resigned, 1905; agent of +British government before Alaska Boundary Commission, 1903; chairman of +Dominion Commission on the Conservation of Natural Resources, 1909. +=Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_. + +=Sillery.= Village on the north side of the St. Lawrence, four miles +above Quebec. It was originally founded by Noel Brulart de Sillery in +1637 as a settlement for Christian Indians. =Index=: =WM= Vaudreuil +orders fifty men to be posted at, 162; post at, captured, 183. =L= +Settlement of Christian Indians at, 74. =Bib.=: Charlevoix, _History of +New France_; Lovell, _Gazetteer of Canada_. + +=Simcoe.= A lake situated between Lake Ontario and Georgian Bay; named +after Governor Simcoe's father. It was discovered by Champlain in 1615, +and was within the field of the famous Huron Mission of the Jesuit +fathers. La Salle crossed the lake in 1680, on his way west to the +Mississippi; and the following year dated one of his letters from the +long portage between Toronto and Simcoe. =Index=: =S= Formerly Lac aux +Claies, 207; present name given by Simcoe, 207. + +=Simcoe, Frank.= =S= Son of Governor Simcoe, killed in storming of +Badajoz, 179, 222. + +=Simcoe, John= (1714-1759). Entered the navy and promoted captain, 1743; +served on the court martial of Admiral Byng, 1756-1757. Commanded H. M. +S. _Pembroke_ at Quebec, 1759, and killed in action. =Index=: =S= Father +of John Graves Simcoe, 15; sails with Admiral Saunders for Quebec, 16; +his death, 16; story of his previous imprisonment at Quebec not +authenticated, 16; his anticipation of the future greatness of Canada, +17; Lake Simcoe named after, 207. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._ + +=Simcoe, John Graves= (1752-1806). =S= Speaks in House of Commons on +Constitutional Act, 7, 8; birth and family, 15; death of his father, 16; +educated at Eton and Oxford, 17; obtains commission as ensign, 18; +ordered to America, 18; obtains command of Queen's Rangers, 19, 22; +proposes to enlist Boston Negroes, 19; sails with Howe for Halifax, 20; +promoted to captaincy, and sails for New York, 20; wounded in action, +22; major in command of Queen's Rangers, 22; his _Military Journal_, 23; +improves organization of his corps, 24; his intense devotion to British +cause, 25; promoted to be lieutenant-colonel in America, 25; with a few +men disperses considerable body of rebel militia, 26-29; wounded, 27; +goes into winter quarters at Oyster Bay, Long Island, 30; operations +with right column of army, 30; taken prisoner, 30; released, 31; makes +plan to carry off Washington, 32; attached to expedition to Virginia +under Benedict Arnold, 33; captures enemy's stores, 34; defeats superior +force of the enemy at Spencer's Ordinary, 35; health impaired, 36; after +surrender of Cornwallis, sails for England on parole, 37; promoted to be +lieutenant-colonel, 39; recruits his health at home in Devonshire, 40; +his marriage, 40; released from parole, 41; poetical gifts, 41-43; +elected to Parliament, 44; speech on impeachment of Warren Hastings, 44; +appointed to governorship of Upper Canada, 45; correspondence with +Grenville and Dundas upon Upper Canada matters, 45, 46; desires +appointment of a bishop, 46; sails for Canada in _Triton_, 47; brings +out various commissions, 47; delay in swearing in, 48; sworn in, 49, 79; +arrives in Upper Canada and proceeds to Niagara, 50; his eagerness to +welcome Loyalist emigrants, 56; favours aristocracy, 69, 70, 197; his +proclamation on the subject of persons entitled to special distinction +as Loyalists, 71; his estimate of the Indians, 75; issues proclamation +announcing county divisions, 80; opens first session of Legislature, 82; +his speech from the throne, 83; deals with marriage question in Upper +Canada, 86-88; strongly supports bill to prevent introduction of slaves +into Upper Canada, 90; his speech on closing of fifth session, 95; his +satisfactory relations with Legislature, 97; detects "republicanism" in +some members of the Legislative Council, 97; changes his opinion, 98; +goes to England on leave of absence, 99; his advice regarding Benedict +Arnold's application for a grant of land in Upper Canada, 104; receives +grant of 5000 acres of land as colonel of Queen's Rangers, 104; +endeavours to check abuses of fur trade, 106; desires to promote trade +between Upper Canada and the United States, 107; his endeavours to +assist the farming community, 110, 198; his scheme to provide currency +for the province, 111, 112; his apprehension of war with United States, +117-132, 144; sends his secretary to confer with British minister at +Philadelphia, 117; his estimate of Brant's motives, 125, 126; his +difficulties with the Indian department, 126-128; loved and respected by +Indians, 128; moves to York, 129; his relations with Lord Dorchester +strained, 130-132; correspondence with Dundas exhibits petulance, 130, +131; anticipating war, sends Major Littlehales to consult British +minister, 134, 144; receives proposition from Spanish governor of +Louisiana, 134, 136; despatch from Lord Dorchester leads him to fortify +post at rapids of Maine, 136, 210; returns to Niagara, 136; protests +against occupation by Americans at Sodus Bay, 137; his despatch to the +Duke of Portland explaining his proceedings, 143-144; his conviction of +loyalty of Upper Canada militia, 151; his opinion of Washington, 153; +believes in a church establishment for Upper Canada, 155; his influence +in the framing of the Constitutional Act, 156; a soldier, not a +statesman, 157; desires appointment of a bishop and offers portion of +his salary to meet the expense, 158; his scorn of dissent, 160; his +opposition to repeal of Marriage Act, 161; prefers Roman Catholics as +instructors for Indians, 166; his efforts in cause of education, +166-170; desires establishment of university, 168; and of grammar +schools, 169; his admonitions to the king's printer, 174; donations to +Agricultural Society of Upper Canada, 175; his social influence, 180; +entertains Prince Edward, 183, 184; also United States commissioners +to the Indians, 184-186, 203; entertains the Duke de la +Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, 187, 214; receives visit from Alexander +Mackenzie, the explorer, 188; changes name of Niagara to Newark, 195; +appoints lieutenants for the more populous counties, 197; defends +measure against criticism of secretary of state, 198; makes official +tour through western Canada, 198-201; visits Detroit and examines the +fort, 200; impressed by site of present city of London, and proposes to +make it the capital of the province, 200; begins a military road (Dundas +Street) from Burlington Bay to the Thames, 201; surveys Toronto harbour, +202; hears of declaration of war with France, 203; changes name of +Toronto to York, 203; decides to spend winter of 1793-1794 there, 204; +brings over his "canvas house" from Niagara, 204; his plans for the +defence of province, 204, 205; these not approved by Lord Dorchester, +206; goes north to Georgian Bay and examines harbour of Penetanguishene, +207; makes road north from York, and names it Yonge Street, 207; renames +Lac aux Claies, "Lake Simcoe," 207; his anticipation that road to the +west by Lake Simcoe would supersede that by the Ottawa, 208; spends +winter of 1794-1795 at Kingston, 211; spends summer of 1795 at Niagara, +214; moves government to York (1796), 215; plans new government +buildings, 215; applies for leave of absence on account of ill health, +216; leave granted with flattering terms of approval, 216; leaves York, +July, 1796, but does not sail from Quebec till November, 217; does not +return to Canada, 217; offered governorship of Lower Canada, 218; sent +to St. Domingo to quell insurrection, 219; retires on account of ill +health, 219; placed in command at Plymouth, 220; appointed +commander-in-chief in India, 220; sent instead to Portugal on important +diplomatic and military mission, 220, 221; ill health compels his return +to England, 221; his death, 222; monument to his memory erected by +county of Devon, 222; his great desire to establish the British +constitution in Canada, 223; hardships of his life, 224; his hostility +to the United States, 224, 225; his military genius, 225; the king's +opinion of his military service, 226; his ideas for Upper Canada, 227; +founder of the Upper Canada bureaucracy, 227; did not allow for forces +at work in a new country, 228; too little control of his temper in +controversy, 228; his courtesy and high-mindedness, 229, 230; Pitt's +appreciation of his integrity, 231; his lofty aims, 232. =Dr= Raises and +leads Queen's Rangers, 202; appointed first governor of Upper Canada, +258; appointment not agreeable to Dorchester, 259; arrival of, 270; his +character and opinions, 271; builds fort on Miami River, 284; relations +with Dorchester, 293; situation in Upper Canada, 294; his service in +Revolutionary War, 295; colonel of Queen's Rangers, 295; disposed to +overlook Dorchester, 296; sustained by home government, 297; his opinion +that towns might best grow about military posts, 302. =B= Favours close +relations of church and state, 52. =E= On the system of colonial +government in Upper Canada in 1792, 18. =R= His educational policy, 35; +favours an established church, 47; plans endowment of a university and +grammar schools, 51-53; the university question, 133. =Bk= Entertains +distinguished guests at Navy Hall, 57. =BL= On the new constitution, 7; +his phrase that the constitution of Upper Canada was "the very image and +transcript of that of Great Britain," 58; his plans for higher +education, 105-106, 191. =Mc= Lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada, his +views on the Constitutional Act, 54. =Bib.=: _Journal of Operations of +the Queen's Rangers_. For biog., _see_ Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Dent, _Can. +Por._; _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Read, _Life of Simcoe_. + +=Simcoe, Mrs.= Wife of preceding. =Index=: =S= Centre of society at +Niagara, 179; receives present of a horse, 181; spends winter of +1794-1795 at Quebec, 213. + +=Simonds, Charles.= =W= Delegate to England to represent New Brunswick +grievances, 24; member of Rump government, 101. =T= Elected for St. John +County, 10; elected Speaker, 18; protests against defection of Wilmot +and Gray, 24; re-elected Speaker, 41. =Bib.=: Hannay, _History of New +Brunswick_. + +=Simpson, Sir George= (1792-1860). =MS= His influence, 8; sent to +Athabaska, 1820, 215, 231-232; his character and appearance, 215; his +account of the Athabaska district, 216; his executive ability, 217-218; +an autocrat, 226; love of pomp and show, 232; his voyage from York +Factory to Fort Vancouver, 1828, 232; McDonald's narrative, 232; at +Norway House, 233-236; at Fort Chipewyan, 236; crosses the mountains by +way of Peace River, 237; in New Caledonia, 237-238; descends Fraser +River, 238; reaches Fort Vancouver, 239; his return, 239; headquarters +at Lachine, 241; influence in Canadian affairs, 241; knighted, 1839, for +his services in furthering exploration, and his strong support of the +government in 1837, 243; influence of his opposition to Papineau, on Red +River affairs, 244-245; appoints Adam Thom as recorder of Red River, +245; his visits to Fort Garry, 247; relations to the local clergy, +247-248; his journey round the world, 249; his narrative, 249; its +authorship, 249; leaves London, March 3, 1841, 250; at Montreal, and +ascends the Ottawa, crosses Georgian Bay, and Lake Superior to Fort +William, 250-251; at Fort Garry, 251; crosses the plains to Edmonton +House, 252; at Fort Vancouver, 253; voyage to Sitka and return, 253; +visits California, the Sandwich Islands, and Sitka again, 255-256; +crosses Siberia, 257-259; reaches London, 260; his letters to James +Hargrave, 261; his marriage, 262; life at Red River, 263-266; opposition +to liquor traffic among the Indians, 267; dislike for John Tod, 268-269; +method of appointment of high officers, 269; gives evidence before +parliamentary committee, 272; his views on agriculture, 273-277; defends +Hudson's Bay Company, 272-278; his death, 1860, at Lachine, 279; John +McLean's opinion of, 279-280; his management of Hudson's Bay Company's +affairs, 280, =D= Expedition on behalf of Hudson's Bay Company, 51; +visits New Caledonia in 1828, 109; received by James Douglas at Fort St. +James, 109; at Fort Vancouver, 110. =Bib.=: _Narrative of a Journey +Round the World_. For biog., _see_ Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Bryce, +_Manitoba_ and _Hudson's Bay Company_; McLeod, _Peace River_. + +=Simpson, John= (1807-1878). Born in Helmsley, Yorkshire, England. +Elected to the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada, 1858, for the town +of Niagara, and sat for the same constituency until 1864. Member of the +Executive Council and provincial secretary, 1864; assistant +auditor-general, 1864-1878. =Index=: =B= Retires from ministry with +Foley and Buchanan, to make room for George Brown, Mowat, and +Macdougall, 159. =Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty Years_. + +=Simpson, Miss Mary.= =Hd= Nelson's admiration for, 244. + +=Simpson, Thomas= (1808-1840). Born in Dingwall, Scotland. Educated at +University of Aberdeen. In 1829 appointed secretary to his cousin, Sir +George Simpson, resident governor of the Hudson's Bay Company. With +Peter Warren Dease, commanded an expedition to connect the discoveries +on the Arctic coast of Sir John Ross and Sir George Back, and in July, +1837, arrived at Foggy Island Bay, the farthest point reached by Sir +John Franklin. Surveyed the Arctic coast of North America, from the +mouth of the Mackenzie to Point Barrow, and from the Coppermine River to +the Gulf of Bothnia, and solved the problem of the existence of a +passage by water between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. =Index=: =MS= +His explorations of Arctic coast, 225. =Bib.=: _Narrative of the +Discoveries on the North Coast of America, 1826-1829_. For biog., _see_ +Simpson, _Life and Travels of Thomas Simpson_. + +=Simultaneous Polling.= =E= Provided for by law in 1874, existed some +years previously in Nova Scotia, 133. + +=Sinclair, Colonel.= =Hd= Lieutenant-governor at Michilimackinac, 158, +161, 163. + +=Sioux Indians.= A western tribe, occupying the country between the west +end of Lake Superior and the head waters of the Mississippi when French +explorers and missionaries first went among them. Radisson and Chouart +wintered among them in 1661-1662; they were visited by Du Lhut about +1678; and constant references are made to the tribe in the _Jesuit +Relations_ of the seventeenth century. Fierce and implacable by nature, +they were rightly known as the Iroquois of the West. They are described +in the narratives of Hennepin and other early writers. =Index=: =Hd= +Offer to attack Ottawas, Chippewas, and Pottawattamies, 148. =Bib.=: +_Jesuit Relations_, ed. by Thwaites; Carver, _Travels through the +Interior Part of North America_; Schoolcraft, _Indian Tribes of the +United States_; Catlin, _North American Indians_; Hodge, _Handbook of +American Indians_. + +=Sitka.= Capital of Alaska. Baranof built a fort there in 1799, which he +named Archangel Gabriel. It was captured by the natives in 1802, and +recaptured by the Russians two years later. The same year, another fort +was built near by, which was called Archangel Michael. The town which +grew up about it was known as New Archangel, or Sitka. The latter name +is of native origin, and the meaning is unknown. =Bib.=: McCormick, +_Geographic Dictionary of Alaska_. + +=Six Friends.= =F= Flagship of Phipps, 281. + +=Six Nations.= =Dr= Their grievances, 5. =S= Lands allotted to, on Grand +River, 74. =Hd= Too few in number to be important as allies, 126; their +raid on Wyoming, 151; deputation to Quebec shown English fleet, 152; +Molly Brant's influence with, 155; deputation of, wait on MacLean at +Niagara, 171; threatened by Schuyler, 257; settle on Grand River, 258; +party of, remain at Cataraqui, 265. =Bib.=: _See_ Iroquois. + +=Skelton, Rev. Thomas.= =Dr= Step-father of Carleton, 29. + +=Skinner, Charles N.= =T= Candidate in St. John County. New Brunswick, +85, 109. + +=Slafter, E. F.= =Ch= His estimate of Champlain, 277-279. =Bib.=: Memoir +on Champlain in _Voyages of Champlain_ (Prince Society). Edited _Voyages +of Northmen to America_ (Prince Society); _Sir William Alexander and +American Colonization_ (Prince Society). + +=Slavery.= =Hd= Census of, in Lower Canada, in 1784, 231; negroes +advertised in Quebec, 246. =B= George Brown's lifelong opposition to, +xi, 1-2, 111-119; Anti-Slavery Society of Canada formed, 112, 113. =S= +Prohibition of, in Upper Canada, 89-91. _See also_ Negroes. =Bib.=: +Johnson, _First Things in Canada_; Withrow, _The Underground Railway_ +(R. S. C., 1902); Jack, _Loyalists and Slavery in New Brunswick_ (R. S. +C., 1898); Smith, _Slavery in Canada_ (N. S. Hist. Soc. Coll., vol. 10); +_L'Esclavage en Canada_ (Soc. Hist, du Montreal, 1859); Garneau, +_History of Canada_. + +=Small, James E.= =Mc= Defeated by Baldwin, 159; opposes Mackenzie, 214. + +=Small, John E.= =S= Clerk of Executive Council, 178; his duel with John +White, attorney-general, 181. =BL= Solicitor-general for Upper Canada, +134; Constitutional Society of Orillia recommends his dismissal, 167; +elected in 1844, 253. =Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty Years_. + +=Smallpox.= =Dr= Breaks out in army before Quebec, 120, 123. =Hd= +Discussion on, in Quebec _Gazette_, 228-231. _See also_ Vaccination. + +=Smith, Colonel.= =S= Commands 5th Regiment, his residence at Niagara, +179. + +=Smith, Adam= (1723-1790). Political economist. Filled successively the +chairs of logic and of moral philosophy at Glasgow. In 1766 published +his great work, _The Wealth of Nations_. =Index=: =Sy= His economic +views receive attention, 11. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Smith, Sir Albert James= (1824-1883). Born in Shediac, New Brunswick. +Educated at the Westmoreland County Grammar School; studied law, and +called to the bar, 1847. Represented Westmoreland in the New Brunswick +Assembly, 1851-1867. A member of the government without portfolio, 1856. +Resigned with his colleagues, and on the return of his party to power +again resumed office. Attorney-general, 1862. A strong opponent of +Confederation. On the resignation of the Tilley government, called on to +form an administration; succeeded and held the office of president of +the Council. Went to England to oppose Confederation, 1865. Held the +attorney-generalship, 1865. His administration resigned office, 1866. +Returned for Westmoreland to the House of Commons, 1867. Held office as +minister of marine and fisheries in the Mackenzie government, 1873-1878. +Chief counsel of the Canadian government before the Halifax Fisheries +Commission, 1877. In recognition of his services, created K. C. M. G., +1878. =Index=: =T= Member of New Brunswick government, 33, 43; resigns, +1862, 90; member of Mackenzie ministry, 90; a Liberal, 91; declines +chief-justiceship, 93, 94; resigns with his government, 103-104; opposes +Quebec scheme, 116-117, 118-119. =H= Leader of Anti-Confederate +government in New Brunswick, 179. =B= His ministry resigns, owing to +action of Lieutenant-Governor Gordon and the Legislative Council on +Confederation question, 188. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._; Hannay, _History +of New Brunswick_. + +=Smith, Goldwin= (1823-1910). Born in Reading, England. Educated at Eton +and Oxford; elected a fellow of University College, London, 1846; regius +professor of modern history at Oxford, 1858-1866; honorary professor of +English and constitutional history at Cornell, 1868-1871. Came to +Canada, 1871; and thereafter made his home in Toronto. Elected a member +of the Senate of Toronto University; and was first president of the +Council of Public Instruction. =Index=: =Mc= His opinion of Mackenzie, +3; on the Family Compact, 10; on revolution, 18; on Mackenzie, 27; view +of parliamentary government under Constitutional Act, 54, 55. =B= His +connection with Canada First movement, 235; elected president of +National Club, 237; attacked by the _Globe_, 237-238; his reply, +238-239. =Md= Supports Canada First party, 226; on Red River Rebellion, +240; his belief that "Annexation to United States was written in the +stars," 283; favours commercial union, 292, 293, 294. =Bib.=: Works: +_Three English Statesmen_; _Lectures on the Study of History_; _Canada +and the Canadian Question_; _Cowper_; _Essays on Questions of the Day_; +_A Trip to England_; _Life of Jane Austen_; _The Moral Crusader_; +_Oxford and Her Colleges_; _Shakespeare the Man_; _Guesses at the Riddle +of Existence_; _Irish History and the Irish Question_; _The United +Kingdom_; _The United States_; _Labour and Capital_. For biog., _see_ +Morgan, _Can. Men_; Dent, _Can. Por._; Denison, _The Struggle for +Imperial Unity_; and his _Reminiscences_, edited by T. Arnold Haultain. + +=Smith, Sir Henry= (1812-1868). Born in London, England. Came to Canada +with his parents; studied law and called to the bar of Upper Canada, +1836. Entered Parliament, 1841, as member for Frontenac; appointed +solicitor-general, 1854, in MacNab-Morin ministry, and held same office +in succeeding governments till 1858. Elected Speaker, 1858. Knighted, +1860, on the occasion of the visit of the Prince of Wales to Canada. +=Index=: =E= Solicitor-general for Upper Canada in MacNab-Morin +ministry, 141; judge of Seigniorial Court, 187. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. +Can._; Dent, _Last Forty Years_. + +=Smith, H. W.= =Index=: =H= Delegate of Anti-Confederate party,--goes to +England with Howe to demand repeal of British North America Act, 204; +receives thanks of Nova Scotia Legislature, 218. =Bib.=: Campbell, +_History of Nova Scotia_. + +=Smith, James= (1808-1868). Born in Montreal. Studied law, and called to +the bar of Lower Canada, 1830. Elected to the Legislature for +Missisquoi, 1844. Appointed attorney-general the same year and held +office until 1847, when he was appointed to the Court of Queen's Bench, +Lower Canada; puisne judge of the Superior Court, 1849-1868. =Index=: +=BL= Attorney-general for Lower Canada, 1844, 246. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. +Can._ + +=Smith, Sydney= (1771-1845). =Sy= On Conservative reaction in England, +11; on Lord John Russell, 55. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Smith, William= (1728-1793). Born in New York City. Graduated at Yale, +1745; called to the New York bar, and practised in that city. In 1763 +appointed chief-justice of the colony; and sat in the Council, +1767-1782. In 1786 appointed chief-justice of Canada, holding the office +until his death. =Index=: =Hd= His influence over Lord Dorchester, 314; +his ultra-English sentiments, 315. =Dr= Chief-justice of Canada, 224; +his position on the civil law question, 225; favours union of all +British North American provinces, 261; made Speaker of new Legislative +Council, 269. =S= His plan for a union of all British possessions in +North America, 5. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; _Cyc. Am. Biog._ + +=Smith, William O.= =T= Mayor of St. John, New Brunswick, 7. + +=Smuggling.= =S= Prevalence of, between Upper Canada and the state of +New York, 106, 107. =Bk= Promoted between United States and Canada by +United States Embargo Act, 109. =Dr= From New England into Canada, 57. + +=Society for the Propagation of the Gospel.= =S= Assists the church of +England in Upper Canada, 158, 159. + +=Soissons, Charles de Bourbon, Comte de= (1565-1612). At the urgent +solicitation of Champlain, who was in desperate need of a powerful +protector to shield the infant colony of New France from rival +intrigues, the Comte de Soissons was appointed by the king +lieutenant-general of the colony, with viceregal powers. Made Champlain +his lieutenant, with full control of the fur trade as well as of the +exploration and settlement of the colony. Unfortunately for Champlain, +his protector died shortly after the commission was issued. Succeeded as +viceroy by Henri de Bourbon, Prince de Conde. =Index=: =Ch= Assumes +direction of colony, and makes Champlain his lieutenant, 73. =Bib.=: +Parkman, _Pioneers of France_. + +=Soleil d'Afrique.= =L= French vessel, 219. =F= French frigate, brings +supplies, 319 + +=Somerset, Edward Adolphus Seymour, twelfth Duke of= (1804-1885). Sat in +House of Commons, 1830-1855; first commissioner of works, 1851-1852; +first lord of Admiralty, 1859-1866. =Index=: =B= On committee on +Confederation of Canada and defence scheme, 186. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. +Biog._ + +=Somerville, Alexander= (1811-1885). Born in Scotland. Served in the +regular army. Came to Canada, 1858. Took up newspaper work; for a time +editor of the _Canadian Illustrated News_. Present as a volunteer at the +battle of Ridgeway. =Bib.=: Works: _Diligent Life_; _Narrative of the +Fenian Invasion of Canada_. For biog., _see_ Rattray, _The Scot in +British North America_. + +=Sorel.= A city of Quebec, at the mouth of the Richelieu River. Named +after Pierre de Sorel. A fort was built here by Montmagny in 1642, of +which Senneterre was commandant in 1645. It was abandoned in 1647, and a +new fort built by Sorel in 1665. Haldimand fortified the place in 1778, +in view of another possible American invasion. =Index=: =WM= Two French +frigates load stores at, 243. =Dr= Name of, changed to William Henry, +240. =L= Fort erected at, 53. =Hd= Situation of, 125; Haldimand at, 132, +259, 298; made depot for stores, 134, 183; inhabitants of, praised for +their courage and loyalty, 135; Haldimand's proposition for purchase of +seigniory of, 135, 183; lands allotted to Loyalists in district of, 255; +Protestant mission at, 256; hospital at, closed, 269; dispute over +wood-cutting at, 274; Riedesel stationed at, 296. =Bib.=: Lovell, +_Gazetteer of Canada_. + +=Souart, De.= =F= Physician of the Seminary at Montreal, 91; presents +bell to Bonsecours Chapel, 177. + +=Souel, Father.= =L= Dies a martyr, 62. + +=Sovereign Council.= =F= Created, 1647, at Quebec, 37, 49; reorganized, +105-106; resembles a Parliament in French sense, 131; Frontenac claims +to be styled president of, 133-140; fixes prices of goods, 153. =L= +Creation of, 41; expresses preference for settlers from north of France, +78; makes decrees respecting sale of liquor, 113; members of, 158, 166; +deals with case of Perrot, 160; reconstituted and enlarged, 165; +question as to title of president, 166. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Frontenac_ and +_Old Regime_. + +=Spain.= =Dr= Her action in the Nootka matter, 250. =Hd= Her rule in +Louisiana, 64-81; war imminent with, 81; recovers Florida, 81; +Hamilton's opinion of, 167; Rodney's victory over, 189. =D= Lacked +genius for colonization, 4. + +=Special Council of Lower Canada.= =Sy= Summoned to consider question of +union, 192; legislation by, 255, 256; summoned for last time, 272; +passes ordinance for establishment of municipal institutions, 273, 276; +passes bill for registry of titles, 278; established board of works, +with H. H. Killaly as president, 333. =Bib.=: Christie, _History of +Lower Canada_. + +=Speedy.= =Bk= Government vessel, foundering of, in Lake Ontario, 69. + +=Spence, R.= =E= Postmaster-general in Hincks-Morin government, 140. + +=Spencer, John Charles, third Earl= (1782-1845). Entered Parliament, +1804, and sat almost continuously to 1834; chancellor of the exchequer +and leader of the House of Commons, 1830-1834. =Index=: =Sy= Chancellor +of the exchequer, 25; on his father's death becomes Earl Spencer, 45; +declines governorship of Canada, 58. =W= His death, 37. =Bib.=: _Dict. +Nat. Biog._ + +=Spragge, John Godfrey= (1806-1884). Born in New Cross, Surrey, England. +Came to York with his father, 1820. Educated at the Central School, +York, under his father, who was headmaster, and at the Home District +School under John Strachan. Called to the bar, 1828; elected a bencher +of the Law Society of Upper Canada, 1835, and treasurer of that body, +1850. Appointed judge of the Surrogate Court of the Home District, 1836; +master in Chancery, 1837; registrar of the Court of Chancery, 1844; +vice-chancellor of Upper Canada, 1851; chancellor, 1869, and +chief-justice of Ontario, 1881. =Bib.=: Read, _Lives of the Judges_; +Dent, _Can. Por._ + +=Springer, Judge.= =R= Graduate of Victoria College, 143. + +=Stadacone.= An Indian town, which stood near the mouth of the St. +Charles River, in what is now the city of Quebec. It was occupied by a +tribe of the Huron-Iroquois race, of which Donnacona was chief in 1535, +when Jacques Cartier brought his little fleet to anchor in the St. +Charles. + +=Stairs, W. J.= =H= President of Anti-Confederation League, Nova Scotia, +192; correspondence with Joseph Howe, 192-197. + +=Stamford, Katherine.= =S= Maiden name of Simcoe's mother, 15. + +=Stamp Act.= =Dr= Effect of, in Canada, 33, 57. + +=Stanley, Lord.= _See_ Derby. + +=Stanmore, Sir Arthur Hamilton Gordon, Baron= (1829- ). =Md= +Lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick, at first opposes Confederation, +but later exerts all his influence in its favour, 121-122. =B= Son of +Earl of Aberdeen, opposed to Confederation, 187; reverses his attitude +on instructions from colonial office, 187-188. =W= Organizes first +military camp in New Brunswick, 136. =T= Hostile to Confederation, 97; +son of Lord Aberdeen, 97; strong advocate of maritime union, 97; under +pressure from England, favours Confederation, 98; relations with A. J. +Smith, 103-104. =Bib.=: _Who's Who_, 1910. + +=Star.= Newspaper published at Cobourg; established 1828. =Index=: =B= +Estimate of George Brown, 72-73. + +=Star.= Newspaper published at Toronto; established 1892. =Index=: =Mc= +Opinion of Mackenzie, 4; on rebellion, 13; on Mackenzie as a reformer, +522. + +=State Church.= =Sy= Provision made for, by Clergy Reserves, 77. _See +also_ Clergy Reserves. + +=Steadman, James.= =T= Postmaster-general, 51. + +=Steamship Service.= The first steam vessel in Canadian waters was the +_Accommodation_, which made her first trip between Montreal and Quebec +in 1809. She was followed by the _Swift Sure_ in 1811. The _General +Smyth_ made her first journey on the St. John River in 1816; and the +_Frontenac_ was the pioneer steamer on Lake Ontario, 1817. The first +vessel to cross the Atlantic under steam was the _Royal William_, built +at Quebec, 1830-1831, and crossed the Atlantic, 1833. The _Unicorn_, +built by Samuel Cunard, sailed from Liverpool to Halifax in 1840. The +_Britannia_ followed the same year. The Allan Line began its career in +1852, the Dominion Line in 1870, the Canadian Pacific Steamship Line in +1859, and the Canadian Northern in 1910. =Index=: =H= Ocean service +advocated by Joseph Howe, 232-234; established by Samuel Cunard, 234. +_See also_ Allan; Cunard; Molson; _Accommodation_; _Royal William_. +=Bib.=: Johnson, _First Things in Canada_. + +=Steeves, William Henry= (1814-1873). Born at Hillsborough, New +Brunswick. Represented Albert County in the Assembly, 1846-1851; member +of Legislative Council, 1851-1867; surveyor-general, 1854-1855; +commissioner of public works, 1855-1856, and 1857-1863; member of +Intercolonial Railway Council, 1862; delegate to Charlottetown +Conference, 1864; and Quebec Conference, 1864; called to the Senate, +1867. =Index=: =T= Member of New Brunswick government, 33, 43; delegate +to England, 56; New Brunswick delegate to Charlottetown Conference, 73. +=Bib.=: Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_. + +=Steinhauer, Henry Bird= (1804-1885). A full-blooded Chippewa Indian. +Born in the Ramah Indian settlement, Lake Simcoe, Ontario. Adopted in +early life by a Pennsylvania family whose name he took and by whom he +was educated. About 1840 went to the North-West with the Rev. James +Evans. Established himself at Norway House, where he remained for +fifteen years. Assisted Evans in his invention of the Cree syllabic +characters. Translated almost the whole of the Old Testament, and the +greater part of the New Testament, into Cree. About 1858 removed to +Whitefish Lake and established the Methodist mission there. + +=Steuben, Frederick William Augustus Henry Ferdinand, Baron von= +(1730-1794). Served through Seven Years' War. In 1777 offered his +services to the Continental Congress, and attached to main army under +Washington, who made him inspector-general. Promoted major-general at +Yorktown. =Index=: =S= Stores guarded by, captured by Queen's Rangers, +34. =Hd= Sent as envoy to demand surrender of western forts, 259. +=Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._ + +=Stevens.= =WM= Hostage, escapes from Quebec, 125. + +=Stevenson, Captain.= =S= Accompanies Simcoe to Canada, 47. + +=Stewart, Alexander= (1794-1868). Born in Halifax, Nova Scotia. Engaged +in West India trade. Afterwards studied law and called to the bar of +Nova Scotia, 1822. Elected to the Assembly, 1826; member of the +Legislative Council, 1837; and of the Executive Council, 1840. In 1846 +appointed Master of the Rolls and judge of the Vice-Admiralty Court. +=Index=: =H= His independent attitude in Nova Scotia Assembly, 18, 35; +standing in public life of the province, 35; deserts popular party, 41; +delegate of Legislative Council to England to oppose representative +government, 52, 56. =Bib.=: Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_; +Saunders, _Three Premiers of Nova Scotia_. + +=Stewart, Sir William= (1774-1827). British general. =Index=: =Bk= In +command of marines in expedition to Baltic, 24, 29; organizes Rifle +Brigade, 25. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Stikine River.= Rises in northern British Columbia and flows into the +Pacific, through Alaskan territory, after a course of 335 miles. The +name is a corruption of the Thlinkit word _sta-hane_, meaning "the +river." The mouth of the river was visited by Captain Cleveland in 1799. +The Russians built Fort Dionysius there, in 1834, on the site of the +present town of Wrangell. Three years later, the post was acquired by +the Hudson's Bay Company, and renamed Fort Stikine. The upper waters of +the river were visited by J. McLeod, of the Hudson's Bay Company, in +1834. The river was explored in 1863 by Lieutenant Pereleshin, of the +Russian navy; and in 1866-1867 by the surveyors of the Western Union +Telegraph Company. =Index=: =D= Attempt to establish Hudson's Bay +Company fort there in 1834 frustrated by Russians, 119-120; Russians +hand over their fort at mouth of river to Hudson's Bay Company, 121. +=Bib.=: Blake, _Geographical Notes upon Russian America and the Stickeen +River_; Dawson, _Report on Yukon District_ (Geol. Survey Report, +1887-1888). + +=Stills=. =S= Taxes imposed upon, by Legislature of Upper Canada, 92. + +=Stirling, Sir William Alexander, Earl of= (1567?-1640). King James gave +him a patent, September, 1621, to the territory now embracing the +provinces of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick and the Gaspe peninsula. To +further the colonization of his huge domain, Alexander instituted the +baronetcy of New Scotland, or Nova Scotia. In 1628 the first colonists +were landed at Port Royal. =Index=: =Ch= Equips vessel to operate +against French colonies, 176; grant to, of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, +etc., 223. _See_ Baronets of Nova Scotia. =Bib.=: Biggar, _Early Trading +Companies of New France_; Rogers, _The Earl of Stirling's Register of +Royal Letters Relative to the Affairs of Scotland and Nova Scotia_; +Alexander, _An Encouragement to Colonies_ in Laing, _Royal Letters +Relating to Colonization of New Scotland_; Patterson, _Sir William +Alexander_ (R. S. C., 1892); Kirke, _The First English Conquest of +Canada_. + +=Stisted, Sir Henry William=. Educated at Sandhurst and entered the army +as ensign, 1835. Served through the Persian War and the Indian Mutiny. +Made major-general, 1864, and divisional commander of the troops in +Upper Canada, 1866. Appointed first lieutenant-governor of Ontario, +1867; held office until July 14, 1868. Returned to England; knighted, +1871. Died in England, 1875. =Bib.=: Read, _Lieutenant-Governors of +Upper Canada_. + +=Stobo, Robert=. =WM= Former hostage with French, acts as guide to +Carleton above Quebec, 124; said to have pointed out Le Foulon to Wolfe, +168. + +=Stoney Creek, Battle of=. Took place on June 5, 1813, when the American +troops, under Generals Chandler and Minder, were defeated by the British +forces under Colonel (afterwards General) Harvey. The defeat was +decisive, the two American generals being captured. It was a +turning-point in the Niagara campaign. =Bib.=: Lucas, _Canadian War of +1812_; Richardson, _War of 1812_; Brymner, _Battle of Stoney Creek_. +_See also_ War of 1812. + +=Stopford, Major=. =Dr= Commands force at Chambly, 93. + +=Strachan, John= (1778-1867). Born in Aberdeen, Scotland. Graduated at +King's College, Aberdeen, 1796. Came to Canada, 1799, and opened a +school at Kingston. Ordained deacon, 1803, and priest, 1804. Became +rector of York, 1812; archdeacon, 1827; and bishop of Toronto, 1839. +Appointed to the Executive Council, 1815; and to the Legislative +Council, 1818; remained a member of the former until 1836, and of the +Legislative Council until 1841. =Index=: =R= Comes to Canada, 1799, to +inaugurate educational policy, 36; his character, 37; takes orders in +Church of England, and appointed rector of York, 37; called to Executive +Council, 37, 46; his ambitious plans, 38; becomes archdeacon of York, +1827, 46; his commanding influence, 46; asserts pretensions of Church of +England, 49; proposes sale of Clergy Reserves, 50; his sermon, 1826, +50-51, 63; his educational policy, 52; chairman of Board of Education, +58; asks legislative aid for theological students, 59; development of +his policy, and of opposition to it, 61-63; outlines his views in sermon +on death of bishop of Quebec, 67; visits England, 72; has bill +introduced in Imperial Parliament for sale of portion of Reserves, 72; +secures charter of King's College, 72-73; becomes first president, 73; +his letter to Horton on church establishment in Upper Canada, 72; his +ecclesiastical chart, 74; counter chart prepared by Dr. Lee, 75; +evidence laid before parliamentary committee, 75; his speech before +Legislative Council, 1828, 75-76; Ryerson's reply, 76-79; his fight for +denominational schools, 243. =S= His arrival in Canada, 170; becomes +bishop, 171. =Sy= Bishop of Toronto, his opposition to Sydenham's Clergy +Reserves Bill, 247. =B= Denounces bill for secularization of King's +College, 8; his environment, 260. =BL= Head of Home District Grammar +School, 25, 106; Robert Baldwin one of his pupils, 25; and King's +College, 192-193; leads opposition to Baldwin's University Bill, 195, +196; referred to by George Brown, 224; leads agitation against Baldwin's +University Bill, 295; raises funds for an Anglican ministry, 295-296. +=E= Secures charter for King's College, 93; deeply incensed at +secularization of King's College, 94; his mistaken policy, 94-95; +establishes Trinity College, 95; his uncompromising attitude in +settlement of Clergy Reserves, 150; induces Sir John Colborne to create +and endow forty-four rectories, 154; his report on this question, 156; +dominant influence in Legislative Council, 157; opposes division of the +Reserves, 159, 160; his final discomfiture, 169. =Mc= Proposes +provincial university, 95. =Md= First bishop of Toronto, opposes +secularization of King's College, 29-30; also opposes secularization of +Clergy Reserves, 59. =W= His charter for King's College, Upper Canada, +51. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._; Dent, _Can. +Por._; Bethune, _Memoir of Bishop Strachan_; Mockridge, _The Bishops of +the Church of England in Canada and Newfoundland_. + +=Strathcona and Mount Royal, Donald Alexander Smith, Baron= (1820- ). +Born in Archieston, Morayshire, Scotland. Entered the service of the +Hudson's Bay Company, 1838, and spent thirteen years at various +trading-posts on the Labrador coast. Moved to the North-West, becoming +chief factor, 1862; and afterwards resident governor and chief +commissioner. Appointed by the Dominion government, in 1869, special +commissioner to investigate the Riel Rebellion. Member of first +Executive Council of the North-West Territories, 1870; represented +Winnipeg in Manitoba Legislature, 1871-1874; elected for Selkirk to +Dominion House, 1871, 1872, 1874, 1878; and represented West Montreal, +1887-1896. Appointed high commissioner for Canada in London, 1896. +Knighted, 1886, and in 1897 raised to the peerage. =Index=: =D= Dugald +McTavish succeeds, at Montreal, 1870, 265; drives last spike of Canadian +Pacific Railway, Nov. 7, 1885, 326. =MS= Serves under Sir George Simpson +in Hudson's Bay Company, 228; chief factor (1861), 228; serves in +Labrador, 228. =Md= Takes part in debate on Pacific Scandal, 210; feels +that the future of the West depends on Macdonald's return to power, 236; +public spirit shown by, in building of the Canadian Pacific Railway, +237. =Bib.=: Willson, _Lord Strathcona_; Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Who's +Who_. _See also_ Riel Rebellion, 1869-1870. + +=Street, George F.= =W= Solicitor-general of Brunswick, 34. + +=Street, John Ambrose.= =W= Supports the governor of New Brunswick, 46. +=T= Attorney-general and leader of government, 19; introduces railway +resolutions, 26, 53. =Bib.=: Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_. + +=Strickland, Samuel= (1804-1867). Born at Reydon Hall, Suffolk; brother +of Agnes Strickland, Mrs. Traill, and Mrs. Moodie. Entered the army, and +reached the rank of lieutenant-colonel. Emigrated to Canada, 1826. +=Bib.=: _Twenty-Seven Years in Canada West_. For biog., _see_ Morgan, +_Cel. Can._; _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Strong, Sir Samuel Henry= (1825-1909). Born in Dorsetshire, England. +Came to Canada studied law, and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1849. +Member of the commission for consolidating the statutes, 1856. Appointed +vice-chancellor of Ontario, 1869; transferred to the Court of Error and +Appeal, 1874; puisne judge of the Supreme Court of Canada, 1875; and +chief-justice, 1892-1902. Knighted, 1893. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._; +Morgan, _Can. Men_. + +=Stuart, Andrew.= =Sy= Member of Constitutional Association, 112. =P= +Declares the French Canadians to be "a race of gentlemen," 49; one of +Papineau's followers, 197. + +=Stuart, Archdeacon.= =Sy= Conducts funeral service of Lord Sydenham, +344. + +=Stuart, George Okill= (1807-1884). Born in York, Upper Canada. Grandson +of the Rev. John Stuart, _q.v._ Educated at Kingston and Quebec, and +called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1830. Mayor of Quebec, 1846-1850; +elected to represent Quebec in the Assembly, 1852; defeated at the +general election, but again returned, 1857. Appointed by the Imperial +government judge of the Vice-Admiralty Court of Quebec, 1873. + +=Stuart, James.= =Ch= Erects fort in Cape Breton, 200. + +=Stuart, Sir James= (1780-1853). Born at Fort Hunter, New York. Educated +at King's College, Windsor, Nova Scotia. Appointed assistant secretary +to the government of Lower Canada in 1800; and solicitor-general, 1801. +Entered the House of Assembly, for Montreal, 1808; attorney-general for +Lower Canada, 1825; and in 1831 suspended from office by Lord Aylmer, +and suspension confirmed by colonial secretary; a few months later the +injustice of the decision admitted, and offered the chief-justiceship of +Newfoundland, but declined the position. Appointed chief-justice of +Lower Canada by Durham in 1838. Created a baronet, 1841. =Index=: =Sy= +Praised by _Colonial Gazette_, 140; consulted by Sydenham, 191; +accompanies him to Upper Canada, 195. =E= Chief-justice of the Court of +Appeal of Lower Canada, and succeeded in 1853, by Sir L. H. La Fontaine, +105. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Christie, _History +of Lower Canada_. + +=Stuart, John.= =MS= Chief factor of Hudson's Bay Company in New +Caledonia, 221; accompanies Simon Fraser down the Fraser, 222; his +intellectual tastes and correspondence, 222. =D= Accompanies Simon +Fraser on voyage down the Fraser, 60; succeeds Simon Fraser in New +Caledonia, 98; still in command in 1821 when Companies amalgamated, 98; +goes to Mackenzie River, 1824, 99. =Bib.=: Fraser, _Journal_ in Masson, +_Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest_. + +=Stuart, Rev. John.= =S= First Church of England clergyman to arrive in +Upper Canada, conducts school at Montreal, and then moves to Cataraqui +(Kingston), 158; opens first school in the province, 166. =Hd= +School-teacher at Montreal, 235; becomes rector at Cataraqui (Kingston), +236; supervises education of Indians, 265. + +=Sturgeon Lake.= On the Saskatchewan. A notable place in the annals of +the Western fur trade. Here the traders from Montreal built a post about +1772; and in 1774 Samuel Hearne built a rival post for the Hudson's Bay +Company. The latter, Cumberland House, remained an important centre of +the fur trade for many years, and is still in operation. By way of this +lake, the fur traders' route lay north to Frog Portage and the Churchill +River. =Index=: =MS= Frobishers build trading-post there in 1772, 4; its +strategic importance, 4. + +=Subercase, Lieutenant.= =F= In command at Lachine, on occasion of +massacre, 225; sent to island of Orleans to watch Phipps, 303. =L= +Anxious to attack Indians at Lachine, 226. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Old +Regime_. + +=Suete.= =WM= A swamp, near Ste. Foy, 252. + +=Sullivan, John= (1740-1795). Commanded northern army during +Revolutionary War in 1776; served in Canada; and took part in the +battles of Trenton, Brandywine, and Germantown. =Index=: =Hd= Lays waste +Iroquois settlements, 151. =Dr= In command of American army at Sorel, +145. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._ + +=Sullivan, Robert Baldwin= (1802-1853). Born in Bandon, Ireland. Came to +Canada with his father, 1819, and settled at York. Studied law and +called to the bar, 1828. Practised for a time at Vittoria, in the county +of Norfolk. Elected mayor of Toronto, 1835. Appointed to the Executive +Council by Sir Francis Bond Head, 1836. Served in the militia during the +Rebellion of 1837. Appointed to the Legislative Council, 1839; member of +the first Executive Council after the union of Upper and Lower Canada; +continued in office under the La Fontaine-Baldwin administration. +Resigned office with his colleagues, 1843; defended the course of the +ministry against Sir Charles Metcalfe in a series of letters in the +_Examiner_, under the _nom de plume_ of "Legion." Again took office as +provincial secretary in the second La Fontaine-Baldwin administration. +Appointed judge of the Court of Queen's Bench, 1848; judge of the Court +of Common Pleas, 1850. =Index=: =BL= Enters into law partnership with +Baldwin, 32; his character, 32, 77; president of the Council, 1841, 76; +Baldwin's attitude to, 80; member of Legislative Council, 83; defends +the government, 130-131; remains in office under La Fontaine-Baldwin +government, 133, 134; defends La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, in Metcalfe +crisis, 214; speaks before Reform Association, Toronto, 223; in +political controversy, 238, 243-244; provincial secretary, 284. =B= +Writes series of letters, over signature of "Legion," on responsible +government, 211; provincial secretary in Baldwin-La Fontaine government, +211; his address on resources of North-West Territories, 211; urges +importance of British settlement of North-West, 211; and responsible +government, 261. =Sy= Introduces union resolutions in Legislative +Council, 209, 228; president of Council under union, 283; duties and +salary, 334. =R= His connection with university scheme, 153. =E= +Provincial secretary in La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 53. =Bib.=: +Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Dent, _Upper Canadian Rebellion_ and _Last Forty +Years_; Read, _Lives of the Judges_. + +=Sullivan, William Wilfrid= (1843- ). Born at New London, Prince Edward +Island. Educated at Central Academy and St. Dunstan's College, +Charlottetown. Engaged for a time in journalism; studied law and called +to the bar, 1867. Elected to the Assembly; held office as +attorney-general; premier, 1879-1889; chief-justice of Prince Edward +Island, 1889. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_. + +=Sully, Maximilien de Bethune, Duc de= (1560-1641). Trusted counsellor +of Henry IV of France. =Index=: =Ch= False report of his death, 64. +=Bib.=: _Memoires, 1634-1662_. + +=Sulpicians.= A Canadian order, founded by Jean Jacques Olier, in 1640, +as part of the threefold religious settlement of Ville Marie. Named +after Olier's parish of St. Sulpice, in Paris. After Maisonneuve had +laid the foundations of Montreal, the Sulpicians built their Seminary, +and became proprietors of the island, much of which still remains in +their possession. They encouraged settlement on their seigniory, and in +1666, when Queylus was superior, granted a large tract of land at +Lachine to La Salle. Among the notable members of the order in its early +days were the Abbe Fenelon and Dollier de Casson, the latter the +historian of the order. =Index=: =F= Religious order, come to Montreal +with Maisonneuve, 42; work of colonization done by, 56; Frontenac +friendly to, 74; seigniors of the island of Montreal, 97; their +missions, 166, 168. =L= Four priests of the order come to Canada, 25; +peculiarly devoted to the Virgin Mary, 85; build new chapter house, 90; +acquire island of Montreal and seigniory of St. Sulpice, 108, 135; large +contributions of, to work of evangelization, 136; parish of Montreal +attached to, 175; send petition to the king, 183; union with Foreign +Missions of Paris, 221. =Sy= Incorporation of Seminary of, 255. =C= +Their quarrel with Bishop Bourget, 80. =Bib.=: Dollier de Casson, +_Histoire de Montreal_; Faillon, _Colonie Francaise en Canada_; Parkman, +_La Salle_. + +=Sulte, Benjamin= (1841- ). Born at Three Rivers. Served as a volunteer +in the Fenian Raids, 1865-1866; employed in the Department of Militia +and Defence, 1870-1903; president of Royal Society of Canada, 1904. +=Index=: =Hd= On Haldimand, 291-292. =Bib.=: Works: _Les Laurentiennes_; +_Chants Nouveaux_; _Melanges d'Histoire_; _Histoire des +Canadiens-Francais_; _Pages d'Histoire du Canada_; _Histoire de la +Milice Canadienne_; _Bataille de Chateauguay_. For biog., _see_ Morgan, +_Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_. + +=Sumner, Charles= (1811-1874). American statesman, and leader in the +anti-slavery movement. Elected to Senate, 1851; chairman of committee on +foreign affairs, 1861. =Index=: =B= Very favourable to Reciprocity +Treaty, 226. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._ + +=Sunday.= =S= Little observed in Simcoe's time, so far as transaction of +public business was concerned, 198. + +=Superior, Lake.= Area 31,800 square miles. Discovered by Etienne Brule, +in 1622. In the next quarter century the devoted Jesuit Fathers +penetrated to the shores of the lake. Jogues and Raymbault preached the +Faith at the outlet of the lake in 1641; Menard attempted a mission on +the south shore in 1661; and a few years later Allouez explored most of +the same side. Radisson and Chouart penetrated to the western end of the +lake and beyond in 1661; and Du Lhut covered much the same ground in +1678-1681. From that time, the shores of the lake became familiar ground +to missionaries, explorers, and fur traders. =Bib.=: Kohl, _Wanderings +round Lake Superior_; Agassiz, _Lake Superior_; Butterfield, _History of +Brule's Discoveries_. + +=Supreme Court of Canada.= Created by Act of Parliament in 1875. +Consists of a chief-justice and five puisne judges, who, also +constituted the Exchequer Court until 1887, when the latter was +separated. The first chief-justice was Sir William Buell Richards, +1875-1879; succeeded by Sir William Johnston Ritchie, 1879-1892; Sir +Samuel Henry Strong, 1892-1902; Sir Henri Elzear Taschereau, 1902-1906; +and Sir Charles Fitzpatrick, since 1906. =Index=: =Md= Bill for +establishment of, shaped, 1868-1870, but not passed until 1875, 151. + +=Surprise.= =Dr= British frigate, arrival of, 137. + +=Sutherland.= =WM= British frigate, with five other vessels, passes up +the river, 123; Wolfe on board of, opposite Cap Rouge, 166; his last +proclamation from, 172; Wolfe's conversation with Jervis on board of, +175; signal given from, for movement of the army, 179. + +=Sutherland, Thomas J.= =Mc= Plans occupation of Navy Island, 412; his +lack of discretion, 412; starts for Michigan, 418; reaches Detroit, 427; +meets Handy, 427; lands on Bois Blanc Island, 428; taken by Loyalists, +431; found guilty, but released, 431. =Bib.=: Dent, _Upper Canadian +Rebellion_. + +=Sutton, H. T. Manners.= _See_ Canterbury. + +=Suze, Treaty of.= Signed April 24, 1629. Under its terms peace was +declared between France and England; the former French possessions in +America to revert to France. The conditions were not fulfilled until +three years later. =Index=: =Ch= Signed by England and France, April 24, +1629, 183; ancient possessions of England in America given to France by, +213. =Bib.=: Hertslet, _Treaties and Conventions_. + +=Sweatman, Arthur= (1834-1909). Born in London, England. Educated at +Christ College, Cambridge. Headmaster of Hellmuth College, London, +Ontario, 1865-1872; rector of Grace Church, Brantford, 1872-1876; +archdeacon of Brant, 1876-1879. Succeeded Dr. Bethune as bishop of +Toronto, 1879; and in 1907 elected archbishop and metropolitan, and +primate of all Canada. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; Dent, _Can. Por._; +Mockridge, _The Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and +Newfoundland_. + +=Swiss=. =Hd= Their bravery, 7, 8; take up lands in English colonies, 9; +scheme to form them into a regiment, 9. + +=Switzerland=. =Hd= Dangerous situation of, 4. + +=Sydenham, Charles Edward Poulett Thomson, first Baron= (1799-1841). +=Sy= Represented (as Charles Edward Poulett Thomson) city of Manchester +in House of Commons, 2; his liberal views, 3; birth, 4; enters office of +his father's firm at St. Petersburg, 5; introduced to best society +there, 5; returns to England, 6; foreign travel, 6; linguistic +acquirements, 6; returns to St. Petersburg, 7; visits central, southern, +and eastern Russia, 7; spends part of winter at Vienna, 8; his journals, +8; death of his mother, 8; yields to prevalent mania for speculation, +10, 14; adopts new economic views, 12; becomes associated with +philosophic Liberals, 13; candidate for representation of Dover in +Commons, 13; incurs heavy expenses, 14; elected, 15; votes for reduction +in duty on corn, 15; his view of politics, 16; his speech on the +Navigation Acts, 17; advocates ballot and repeal of usury laws, 18; +supports repeal of Test and Corporation Acts, 18; a believer in free +trade, 18; moderate in his views, 19; suffers from gout, 20; spends +winter in Paris and meets many able men, 20; speaks on parliamentary +reform, 21; on the national system of taxation, 22, 23; recommends +income tax, 24; made vice-president of Board of Trade, and treasurer of +navy, 25; tariff reform and vested interests, 27, 29; takes little part +in framing Reform Bill, 28; but devotes much attention to the public +accounts, 28; negotiates commercial treaty with France, 29; his +excessive labours, 30; elected both for Manchester and for Dover, 31; +elects to sit for Manchester, 31; an advocate of commercial freedom, +33-38; great dinner given to, at Manchester, 37; his views on banking, +38; on the corn duties, 39; on free trade, 41; president of Board of +Trade in reconstructed government, 43; Greville's description of, 43, +44; returns to office with Melbourne (1835), 46; re-elected (over +Gladstone) for Manchester, 48; a departmental worker rather than an +active politician, 49; description of, by Thomas Raikes, 49; makes +commercial treaty with Austria, 50; founds school of design and promotes +international copyright, 51; provides for regulation of railway +charters, 53; collects statistics, 54; Lord Melbourne's estimate of his +abilities, 56; accepts governor-generalship of Canada, in preference to +chancellorship of the exchecquer, 57-59; instructor for Canada in +principles of responsible government, 83; his tact in dealing with that +question, 104; makes important changes in draft bill for reunion of +provinces, 124; news of his appointment received in Canada, 129; +appointment not acceptable to all parties, 129-132; Reformers of Upper +Canada disposed to favour him, 133; article in _Colonial Gazette_ on his +mission, 136-141; his views on question of French nationality, 137; on +parties in Upper Canada, 138; on responsible government, 139; his +instructions, 141; Lord John Russell's letter accompanying instructions +to, 141-144; large discretion intrusted to him, 144; sails in frigate +_Pique_ from Portsmouth, 147; arrival at Quebec, 147; his reflections on +shipboard, 147, 148; sworn in, 149; his proclamation, 149, 150; address +of the Quebec Committee of Trade, 152; meets Sir George Arthur at +Montreal, 153; his task, to place Cabinet government in Canada on stable +basis, 179, 187; forced to exercise an unusual measure of political +control, 188; opposed by ultra-Tories and ultra-Radicals, 189; consults +with Chief-Justice Stuart of Lower Canada, 191; summons Special Council +of Lower Canada to consider question of union, 192; proceeds to Upper +Canada, 195; describes navigation of the St. Lawrence, 196; arrives at +Toronto and takes over government of province, 197; his significant +reply to address of Toronto corporation, 198; calls for a return of +revenue and expenditure of province, 198; describes condition of things +in Upper Canada, 200-203; speech on opening of Upper Canada Legislature, +203, 204; thought too sympathetic with French-Canadians, 205, 233; +carries union resolutions in Upper Canada Legislature, 203-210; his +personal influence very marked, 210, 211; acknowledges support given to +him by Reformers and moderate Conservatives, 213, 214; reports to the +colonial secretary on the state of Upper Canada, 215-226; unpopular with +French-Canadians, 233; decides to attempt settlement of Clergy Reserves +question, 238; his message on the subject to the Legislative Assembly, +245, 246; secures passing of bill, 248; is non-committal on subject of +responsible government, 249; his report on session to colonial +secretary, 250, 251; goes to Montreal to meet Special Council, 253; +describes situation in Lower Canada, 253-255; proceeds to Nova Scotia, +257; reports on situation there, 259-263; fails to anticipate full +action of responsible government in the colonies, 263, 264; visits New +Brunswick at request of Sir John Harvey, 264; returning to Canada, +visits Eastern Townships, 265; tour through Upper Canada, 265-268; well +received everywhere, 267; proposes to fix capital of united provinces at +Kingston, 268; not so popular in Lower Canada, 269; notified that royal +assent had been given to Union Act, 271; raised to peerage as Baron +Sydenham and Toronto, 272; his strong desire that Union Act should +provide a municipal system for Canada, 273-275; favours Kingston as seat +of government, 281; authorized to proclaim Union, 282; appoints 10th of +February, 1841, as date, 282; becomes from that date governor-in-chief +of united province, 282; issues proclamation to people, 282; issues writ +for general election, 282; his sympathy with French-Canadians, 284; +changes electoral limits of Montreal and Quebec by attaching suburbs to +adjoining counties, 285, 286; unable to give French-Canadians +representation in his Cabinet owing to their rooted opposition to union, +288; supported by moderate Reformers, 291; his difficulty with Baldwin, +294-296; much aggrieved by Baldwin's action, 299; his analysis of the +Legislature of 1841, 303, 304; his belief in theory of responsible +government, 312, 313; his efforts to improve financial conditions, 315, +320; promises in speech from throne Imperial loan in aid of public +works, 320; his views on emigration, 321; his satisfaction over passing +of Local Government Bill, 325; interest in public works, 326; his plan +for a bank of issue, 327; plan not suited to Canadian conditions at the +time, 329; partial adoption of, many years later, 330; reorganizes +public departments and Executive Council, 331-335; takes part in +extradition and boundary negotiations with the United States, 336; +serious illness, 337; sends resignation to take effect on close of +session, 338; his confidence in the solidity of his work, 338; his +absorption in his work, 339; receives Grand Cross of Bath, 340; meets +with fatal accident, 341; his fortitude in suffering, 342; his last +words to the Legislature, 342; his high opinion of Lord John Russell, +343; his death, 343; buried at Kingston, 344; eulogy of, by Dr. Ryerson, +346, 347; by Joseph Howe, 348, 349; general support given to his ideas +by home government, 350; his special qualifications for his work in +Canada, 352-355; gradually gains favour with French-Canadians, 355; his +administration marks transition from the old system to the new, 356. =B= +French-Canadians complain they are outraged by, 15-16. =E= His +character, 2, 14; appointed governor-general to complete the union and +establish responsible government, 26-29; his qualities, 29; his death, +30; his canal policy, 96-97; his proposed settlement of Clergy +Reserves, 156-157. =C= Sent to Canada to carry out some of Durham's +recommendations, 12; his character, 12; attitude towards Canadians, 12; +secures approval of union scheme, 12-13; persuades Upper Canada to +modify conditions of union, 14; wins the elections, 15; his +constitutional battle with La Fontaine as to meaning of ministerial +responsibility, 97; asked to disfranchise French of Lower Canada, 99. +=R= Comes to Canada, supported by Ryerson, 122; his policy, 122; draws +up resolutions on responsible government, 123-126; his influence on +political life, 131; interview with Ryerson, 163; his death, 163. =H= +Visits Nova Scotia, and discusses political situation with Joseph Howe +and other leaders, 68. =P= His views as to political situation in Nova +Scotia, 24; requests La Fontaine to enter Draper ministry, 72; referred +to by Papineau, 171; his aim in bringing about union of the Canadas to +crush the French-Canadians, according to La Fontaine, 174-175. =BL= In +period of reconstruction, 50; sent to Canada as governor-general, 59; +his previous career, 59; becomes Baron Sydenham and Toronto, 59; takes +over government, and lays his plans before the Special Council, 59-60; +his special project the union of the Canadas, 60-61; visits Upper +Canada, 61; appoints Baldwin solicitor-general of Upper Canada, 63; his +attitude towards responsible government, 64-67; union project, 67-71; +describes a journey in Canada in 1839, 74-75; summons Legislature, 1841, +75; appoints Legislative and Executive Councils, 75, 83; correspondence +with Baldwin as to personnel of Cabinet, 79-80, 81; succeeds in carrying +on the government, 85; on the luxurious surroundings of colonial +legislators, 86; absent from meeting of the Houses, 86; his speech from +the throne, 89; his public policy, 90; his views as to his +constitutional position, 97-98, 137; legislation as to municipal +government, 100-105; the resolutions on constitutional government, +109-111; his death, Sept. 19, 1841, 111; Turcotte and McMullen on, +111-112; his character, 111-112; referred to in La Fontaine's speech, +128; changes boundaries of constituencies of Montreal and Quebec for +political purposes, 146; this and other legislation of his repealed in +1842, 146-147; on responsible government, 161, 162, 163; dissatisfaction +with his selection of Kingston as capital, 180; his instructions, 230; +and Ryerson, 241; his application of the constitutional system, 274; +municipal legislation under, 299. =Mc= On state of province, 406; would +not have fought against rebels, 407; praises Reformers, 407; opposition +from Family Compact, 407; gives responsible government, 409; surprised +people had not rebelled sooner, 477. =Md= Advocate of responsible +government, 17; his death, 17; secures passage, by Assembly, of Act +secularizing Clergy Reserves, 1840, but on being sent to England, it is +disallowed on technical grounds, 59-60. =W= His despatch to Lord John +Russell on the Executive Council, 113. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; +Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; Scrope, _Memoir of Life of +Sydenham_. + +=Sydney.= An important seaport of Nova Scotia; formerly the capital of +the colony of Cape Breton. Founded in 1784, and the seat of the local +government until 1820, when the island was united to Nova Scotia. +Incorporated as a town in 1886, and received a city charter in 1904. +=Bib.=: _Nelson's Ency._ + +=Sydney, Thomas Townshend, first Viscount= (1733-1800). Entered +Parliament, 1754; lord of the treasury, 1765; war secretary, 1872; and +home secretary, 1783. The office of home secretary then included the +colonies. =Index=: =Dr= Secretary of state, discusses with Carleton +future of Canada, 224; his correspondence with Carleton, 242; succeeded +in colonial office by Grenville, 248. =Hd= Du Calvet's petition to, +284-288; Haldimand's intercourse with, 310, 315, 322, 326, 337; speech +to, 327. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Syndics.= =F= Local representatives without votes, provided for in +first council, 37. + + +=Tache, Alexandre Antoninus= (1823-1894). Born in Riviere du Loup, +Quebec, and educated at Quebec and Montreal. In 1845 volunteered as a +missionary to the Indians on the Great Lakes, and in the same year +ordained to the priesthood. Founded several missions, schools, colleges, +and convents in the North-West. In 1853 became bishop of St. Boniface, +and in 1871 made archbishop. =Index=: =C= His missions, 69; warns +government of trouble with half-breeds, 70; his visit to Rome, 70; +recalled to placate half-breeds, 70. =Md= Warns Sir Georges Cartier of +trouble in North-West, 157-158; on causes of rebellion, 240. =Bib.=: +Works: _Sketch of the North-West of America_; _Vingt Annees de Missions +dans la Nord-Ouest_. For biog., _see_ David, _Vie de Tache_; Benoit, +_Vie de Mgr. Tache, Archeveque de St. Boniface_; Dent, _Can. Por._ + +=Tache, Sir Etienne Pascal= (1795-1865). Born in St. Thomas, Quebec. +Served during the War of 1812-1815. Studied medicine, practising until +1841. Entered Parliament, and in 1848 became commissioner of public +works. Held the position of receiver-general from 1849 to 1856. +Appointed to Legislative Council, 1856; subsequently elected Speaker; +shortly after became premier, with John A. Macdonald as attorney-general +and leader of the lower House. In 1858 visited England; knighted by +Queen Victoria; appointed to the honorary rank of colonel in the British +army, and made an aide-de-camp to the queen. For a few months in 1864 +became premier in conjunction with Macdonald, but on the defeat of the +government retired from public life. =Index=: =C= Replaces Morin in +Liberal-Conservative administration, 33; with Cartier, induces Grand +Trunk to extend line from Quebec to Riviere du Loup, 49; intrusted by +Lord Monck with duty of forming a Cabinet, 68; alliance with Upper +Canadian Conservatives, 99. =BL= Chief commissioner of public works, in +second La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 284; in Assembly for six years +(1841-1846), held office of deputy adjutant-general, given seat in +Legislative Council, 284-285. =E= Chief commissioner of public works in +La Fontaine-Baldwin Cabinet, 53; his historic saying as to British +supremacy in America, 56; a Liberal leader in Lower Canada, 109; +receiver-general in Hincks-Morin government, 113; retains same office in +reconstructed ministry in 1853, 126. =B= Challenges Brown to publish +Cardinal Wiseman's pastoral in the _Globe_, 44; said to have advised +Roman Catholics to oppose secularization of Clergy Reserves, 48; forms +ministry, 1864, 149; leads coalition government, 159; presents case for +Confederation in Upper Chamber, 169; his death, July 30, 1865, 189; his +character, 189; his prejudice against the Rouges, 200. =R= Introduces +Separate School Bill, 230. =Md= Takes Morin's place in the Cabinet, 74; +forms administration with Macdonald, 1856, 80; failing health forces him +to resign, 83; induced to leave his retirement, and form another +administration with Macdonald, which lasts only a few weeks, 90-91; +chairman of Confederation Conference held at Quebec, 104; his death, +122. =T= His government weak, and defeated in 1864, 69; delegate to +Quebec Conference, 76; president of Conference, 77. =Bib.=: Morgan, +_Cel. Can._; Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; Taylor, _Brit. +Am._ + +=Tadoussac.= A town in Saguenay County, Quebec, situated at the +confluence of the Saguenay River with the St. Lawrence. Founded in 1599 +by Chauvin, and visited by Champlain in 1603 and 1609. In the days of +the early French colonists, a centre of the seal fisheries and the fur +trade. =Index=: =Ch= Champlain arrives at, May 24, 1603, 10; derivation +of name, 10; early date at which fishing vessels resorted thither, 59; +seat of the fur trade, 119; Recollet mission at, 167. + +=Tait, Sir Melbourne McTaggart= (1834- ). Born at Melbourne, Quebec. +Educated at St. Francis College, Richmond. Studied law in Montreal, and +graduated B. C. L. at McGill University, 1862; called to the bar, 1863; +practised at Melbourne and afterwards at Montreal. In 1882 created Q. +C.; in 1886 became a fellow-in-law in McGill University; in 1887 +appointed judge of the Superior Court of Quebec; in 1894 acting +chief-justice; and in 1906 chief-justice. On the completion of the +sixtieth year of Queen Victoria's reign in 1897, knighted. =Bib.=: +Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_. + +=Talbot, Thomas= (1771-1853). Rose to the rank of colonel in the British +army, and for a time attached to the staff of Governor Simcoe. Resigning +his commission, obtained in 1801 a grant of 5000 acres on the north +shore of Lake Erie for the purposes of a settlement, and devoted himself +to its development. Brought out a band of colonists from England, and +others followed. Port Talbot became the centre of an ever-widening +region of cultivated land, until before his death twenty-eight townships +had been settled as the result of his efforts. =Index=: =S= Aide-de-camp +to Simcoe, 177; returns to Ireland, later returns to Canada, and forms a +settlement in western Ontario, 178. =Bib.=: _Six Years in the Canadas_. +For biog., _see_ _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Dent, _Can. Por._; Taylor, _Brit. +Am._ _See also_ Coyne, _The Talbot Papers_ (R. S. C., 1907). + +=Talbot Settlement.= _See_ Talbot, Thomas. + +=Talleyrand-Perigord, Charles Maurice, Prince de= (1754-1838). French +statesman. =Index=: =Bk= Foreign secretary under Napoleon, 81. =Bib.=: +For biog., _see_ works of Taine, Mignet, Bastive, Lamartine, and Guizot. + +=Tallon, Major.= =Bk= In command of 3d Brigade, 247. + +=Talon, Jean-Baptiste= (1625-1691). Born in Picardy, France. Held +offices in the intendancies of Bordeaux and Lyons, and intendant of +Hainant from 1661 to 1663. In 1663 intendant of New France. During his +administration in Canada, was the first to build ships in the colony; +opened up trade between Canada and the West Indies; established the +first brewery in North America; and developed cod fisheries along the +St. Lawrence. In 1668 left for France, but returned to Canada in 1670, +and resumed the intendancy. In 1672 returned to France, and for several +years held high positions in the king's household. =Index=: =F= +Intendant, 51; character, 54; attitude to the clerical power, 55; +labours for the prosperity of the country, 55; recalled at his own +request, 60; instructed to guard against ecclesiastical encroachments, +69; secures permission for Recollets to return to Canada, 72. =L= +Appointed intendant, 51; arrival of, 79; his zeal for settlement of the +country, 79, 80; his high character, 81; takes steps to develop St. +Maurice mines, 82; sends Perrot to visit western and northern tribes, +82; promotes explorations of Jolliet and Marquette, 82; recommends de +Queylus to Colbert, 107, 135; to counterbalance influence of Jesuits, +brings out Recollet Fathers, 109; obtains decree permitting sale of +liquor to the Indians, 113; styled the "Canadian Colbert," 113; his +exertions for the good of the colony, 114-116; returns to France, 143; +his reports prejudice mind of Colbert against clergy, 170. =E= His +seigniory of Des Islets made a barony in 1671, 181. =WM= Montcalm +marries his grand-niece, 5. =Bib.=: _Memoire sur l'Etat Present du +Canada, attribute a M. Talon_ (Quebec Lit. and Hist. Soc., _Hist. Doc._, +1st ser., 1840); Parkman, _Frontenac_; Garneau, _Histoire du Canada_; +Faillon, _Histoire de la Colonie Francaise_; Bibaud, _Histoire du Canada +sous la Domination Francaise_; Ferland, _Cours d'Histoire du Canada_; +Miles, _Canada under French Regime_; Kingsford, _History of Canada_; +Colby, _Canadian Types of the Old Regime_; Roy, _Intendants de la +Nouvelle France_ (R. S. C., 1903); Chapais, _Jean Talon_. + +=Tanguay, Cyprien= (1819-1902). Born in the city of Quebec. Graduated at +Quebec Seminary in 1839, and ordained priest 1843. In 1860 removed to +St. Germain, and instrumental in building the cathedral for the diocese +of Rimouski, as also the college and convent in that diocese. Entered +the service of the Canadian government in 1865, and for some years +connected with the statistics branch of the Department of Agriculture. +In 1867 went to Paris to report on the French archives bearing on +Canadian history. In 1883 received the honorary degree of Litt.D. from +Laval University, and in 1886, being one of the original fellows of the +Royal Society of Canada, received the Confederation medal from the +Dominion government. In 1887 visited Europe and reported on the +historical archives. Subsequently created a _Prelat Romain_ by the pope. +=Bib.=: _Dictionnaire Genealogique des Familles Canadiennes_. For biog., +_see_ Morgan, _Can. Men_. + +=Tanswell, J.= =Hd= Schoolmaster at Quebec, 234. + +=Tarieu de Lanaudiere, Charles.= Member of an old French family, +originally of Guienne; settled in Canada about 1665. Commanded a part of +the Canadian militia at Carillon, in 1758; remained in Canada after the +conquest, and became aide-de-camp to Dorchester; served against the +Americans in 1775, and accompanied the governor to England. Afterwards +appointed a legislative councillor, and deputy postmaster-general for +Canada. =Index=: =Dr= In command of militia, 187; offered to settle his +seigniory with freeholders, 255. =WM= Canadian officer, sent to prevent +landing at St. Paul's Bay, 89. + +=Tariff.= =BL= Increased in 1841, 99; and 1842, 147; on agricultural +products, and live stock, 189; Act of 1849, 292, 302. + +=Tarleton, Sir Bonastre= (1754-1833). Born in Liverpool. Educated at +Oxford University; and joined the army in 1775. In 1776 came to America +as a volunteer with Cornwallis, and became major in Colonel Harcourt's +Regiment of Dragoons. Given command of the "British Legion" or +"Tarleton's Green Horse," and with this force was in constant action +against the enemy. In 1780 met and severely defeated Colonel Burford's +detachment at Waxhaw Creek; arrived at Camden in time to complete the +rout of General Gates's left wing; and overwhelmed the army of General +Sumter at Fishing Creek. Badly beaten by the American force under +General Daniel Morgan at Cowpens, 1781. In 1782 returned to England, and +promoted to colonel; from 1790 to 1812 a member of Parliament; in 1817 +made lieutenant-general; and created a baronet in 1818. =Index=: =Dr= +Commands British Legion, 202. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._ + +=Taschereau.= =Bk= Arrested, 127; discharged, 128. =C= Claims liberty of +the press, 95; sent to jail, 95. =P= Name struck off militia list by Sir +James Craig, 28; sent to jail, 29; released, 29. + +=Taschereau, Elzear Alexandre= (1820-1898). Born at Ste. Marie de la +Beauce, Quebec. Educated at the Seminary of Quebec; subsequently +travelled throughout Europe; and in 1837 entered the Grand Seminary at +Quebec. In 1842 ordained to the priesthood in his native parish. In +1847, while attending the sick and dying immigrants at Grosse Island, +stricken with fever. In 1854 went to Rome, and in 1856 received the +degree of D.D. In 1860 elected superior of the Quebec Seminary, the +appointment including the rectorship of Laval University. In 1871 +consecrated archbishop of Quebec, in succession to Archbishop +Baillargeon. In 1872 founded the Hotel Dieu du Sacre-Coeur at Quebec, +and also instrumental in restoring the church at St. Anne de Beaupre. In +1886 created cardinal. Towards the end of 1894 retired from the +administration of his diocese. =Index=: =C= Disapproves of appeal of _Le +Parti Catholique_, 82-83. =L= Attributes establishment of first +brotherhood of Holy Family to Father Pijard, 86. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. +Men_; Dent, _Can. Por._; Tetu, _Le Cardinal Taschereau_; Hamel, +_Taschereau_. + +=Taschereau, Sir Henri Elzear= (1836- ). Born at Ste. Marie de la +Beauce, Quebec. Educated at Quebec Seminary; called to the bar, 1857, +and practised in Quebec. From 1861 to 1867 represented Beauce in the +Canadian Assembly. In 1867 appointed a Q. C.; and in 1868 clerk of the +peace for the district of Quebec. In 1871 judge of the Quebec Superior +Court; in 1878 judge of the Supreme Court of Canada; and in 1902 +chief-justice; retired, 1906. In 1904 a member of the Imperial Privy +Council. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; Dent, _Can. Por._ + +=Tasse, Joseph= (1848-1895). Born in Montreal. Educated at Bourget +College. Chose journalism as his profession; in 1867 became editor of +_Le Canada_; from 1869 to 1872 associate editor of _La Minerve_; and a +director of _La Revue Canadienne_. About the same period appointed +assistant French translator of the House of Commons. In 1878 elected to +the House of Commons for Ottawa, and re-elected 1882; member of the +Senate from the province of Quebec, 1891-1895. =Index=: =MS= On Seven +Oaks affair, 184. =Bib.=: _Canadiens de L'Ouest_. + +=Taylor, Brigadier-General.= =Hd= In command at Pensacola, 65; his +dispute with Governor Johnstone, 69; at St. Augustine, 75. + +=Taylor, Sir Henry= (1800-1886). Born in England. In 1824 appointed to +the permanent staff of the colonial office, with which he was connected +until 1872. In 1835 declined the offer of the governorship of Upper +Canada. =Index=: =W= His characterization of Lord Glenelg, 42. =Bib.=: +_Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Taylor, John Fennings= (1817-1882). Born in London, England. Educated +at Radley, England, and came to Canada, 1836. Held various clerical +offices under the Assembly and Council of Canada, and after +Confederation was appointed deputy clerk of the Senate. Died in Old +Point Comfort, Va. =Index=: =E= On John Sandfield Macdonald's reproof to +Lord Elgin, 129-130. =Bib.=: Works: _Portraits of British Americans_; +_The Last Three Bishops Appointed by the Crown for British North +America_; _Life and Death of the Hon. Thomas D'Arcy McGee_; _Are +Legislatures Parliaments?--A Study and Review_. + +=Tecumseh= (1768-1813). Born near the site of Springfield, Ohio. First +appeared as a brave in a battle with Kentucky soldiers about 1788. In +the campaign of 1794-1795 between American troops and Indians, came into +prominence as a daring warrior. In 1805 he and his brother Ellskwatawa, +the Prophet, formed the project of uniting all the western tribes of +Indians in a war against the Americans. With this object visited the +different tribes and induced many to join his ranks. In the campaigns of +1812-1813 joined the British against the Americans, and wounded at the +battle of Maguaga. In 1812 given the rank of brigadier-general. In 1813 +killed at the battle of Moravian town, on the Thames, while leading his +Indian troops on the British side. =Index=: =Bk= Shawnee warrior, +desirous of uniting all the Indian tribes for their common defence, 150; +proposes alliance with United States, 150; his overtures being +rejected, decides on war, 151, 176; repulses Americans at Canard River, +237; disperses force of the enemy on their own territory, 237; in fight +at Maguaga, 241; his opinion of Brock, 246; appearance, dress, and +character, 246, 247; leads Indians in attack on Detroit, 254; his +commendation of Brock, 257. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Dent, _Can. +Por._; Drake, _Life of Tecumseh_; Eggleston, _Tecumseh and the Shawnee +Prophet_; Tupper, _Life and Correspondence of Brock_; Tupper, _Family +Records_; Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_. + +=Teganissorens (Decanisora).= =F= Onondaga orator, 338. + +=Telegraph Companies.= =BL= Incorporated in 1847, 277-278. + +=Temple, Richard Temple Grenville, Earl= (1711-1779). Represented +Buckingham and Buckinghamshire in Parliament, 1734-1752; first lord of +the Admiralty, 1756-1757; lord privy seal, 1757-1761. =Index=: =WM= +Witnesses singular behaviour of Wolfe at house of Pitt, 65, 66. =Bib.=: +_Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Temple, Sir Thomas= (1614-1674). Born in England. Given a grant of land +in Nova Scotia, in 1656; induced Cromwell to confirm it, and in 1657 +appointed governor of Acadia. Sailed for America, and occupied the forts +of St. John and Pentagoet. On the restoration of Charles II, his claims +were again in jeopardy, but were eventually confirmed. In 1662 created +by Charles II a baronet of Nova Scotia, and again appointed governor. In +1667 Nova Scotia was ceded to France, and in 1670 forced to resign his +claims to the territory. Afterwards settled in Boston, finally returning +to England. =Index=: =F= English governor of Acadia, 1656, 268. =Bib.=: +_Dict. Nat. Biog._; Murdoch, _History of Nova Scotia_. + +=Tessoueat.= =Ch= Algonquian chief, 10, 75, 77. + +=Tetes de Boule.= =Hd= Indian tribe trading at Three Rivers, 54. + +=Tetu.= =Hd= On Haldimand. 291. + +=Theatre.= =F= At Quebec, 336. =Hd= Allan Maclean's effort for, 306-307; +attempt to produce Moliere's _Les Fourberies de Scapin_, 307. + +=Themines, Pons de Lauziere, Marquis de= (1552-1627). Marshal of France. +=Index=: =Ch= Temporary viceroy of New France, 123. + +=Thierry-Desdames.= =Ch= Company's clerk at Quebec, 121, 138; sent to +St. Barnabe Island, 173. + +=Thom, Adam.= Born in Scotland. Educated at King's College, Aberdeen. +Came to Canada, and practised law in Montreal. Appointed recorder of +Rupert's Land, 1838, and arrived in the Red River Settlement the +following year. Also legal adviser to the governor of Assiniboia. His +arbitrary conduct made him extremely unpopular, especially among the +French half-breeds, and he was compelled to retire from the bench in +1849. The following year reinstated, to try a complicated case of +defamatory conspiracy, but the verdict proved so unsatisfactory that +Governor Caldwell procured his permanent removal, and had him appointed +clerk of the court. Resigned this office in 1854, and returned to +Scotland. =Index=: =MS= Governor Simpson makes him recorder of Red +River, 1839, 245; opposes Papineau in Lower Canada, 245; his newspaper +letters signed "Camillus," 245; on Durham's staff, 245; returns with him +to England, 245; his influence in Red River affairs, 246; the "stormy +petrel," of the Settlement, 247; returns to England, 1854, 247; his +connection with Simpson's narrative of his journey round the world, 249. +=Bib.=: Bryce, _Manitoba_ and _Hudson's Bay Company_; Ross, _Red River +Settlement_; Begg, _History of the North-West_. _See also_ Red River +Colony. + +=Thomas, John= (1725-1776). Born in Marshfield, Mass. Surgeon in a +regiment sent to Annapolis Royal, 1746; and in 1747 surgeon, and +afterwards lieutenant, in Shirley's Regiment. In 1759 promoted colonel +of Provincials, and in 1760 commanded a regiment at the capture of +Montreal. On the outbreak of the Revolution joined the colonials; raised +a regiment of volunteers; and in 1775 became brigadier-general. In 1776 +commanded a brigade at the siege of Boston, capturing Dorchester +Heights, and promoted major-general. Succeeded to the command of the +American army in Canada on the death of General James Montgomery, +arriving before Quebec on May 1, 1776. Died near Chambly, on the retreat +from Quebec. =Index=: =Dr= Replaces Wooster, recalled, 136; stampede of +his forces when attacked by Carleton, 138. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._ _See +also_ Siege of Quebec, 1775-1776. + +=Thompson.= =T= Elected in York, New Brunswick, 108. + +=Thompson, David= (1770-1857). Born in the parish of St. John's, +Westminster, England. Educated at the Gray Coat School; and entered the +service of the Hudson's Bay Company, 1784. The first of his voluminous +journals opens at Fort Churchill in that year. The last is dated 1850. +The journals fill forty-five volumes of manuscript, and cover a period +of sixty-six years. Remained in the service of the Hudson's Bay Company +until 1797, and in that period carried on explorations and surveys of +the Nelson, Churchill, and Saskatchewan Rivers, and the intervening +territory. In 1797 joined the North West Company, and in the years that +followed, explored the upper waters of the Assiniboine; made a journey +overland to the Mandan villages on the Missouri; and another to the head +waters of the Mississippi; and surveyed portions of the upper waters of +the Saskatchewan, Athabaska, and Peace Rivers. From 1807 to 1811, +explored the entire system of the Columbia and Kootenay Rivers, from +source to mouth. Left the North-West in 1812, and from 1816 to 1826 +engaged in surveying and defining the international boundary. Afterwards +carried out several minor surveys, in what is now eastern Canada. Died +at Longueuil, near Montreal. =Index=: =MS= Referred to in Mackenzie's +letters, 58; his explorations, 103; leaves Hudson's Bay Company, and +joins North West Company, 103; visits the Mandan Indians, 104; further +explorations, 105; sent to explore the Columbia, 106; crosses the Rocky +Mountains, 1806, and builds post on Columbia, 106; descends the Columbia +to its mouth, 106-107; builds other posts west of the mountains, 107; +leaves service of the North West Company, 107; prepares his great map, +107; Thompson River named after, 109. =D= Completes his western work, +1811, 58; returns to eastern Canada, 58; ends his days in poverty, 59; +astronomer of North West Company, 57; previously in service of Hudson's +Bay Company, 57-58; extent of his travels, 58; visits Mandan country, +58; enters Bow River Pass, 1805, 58; discovers Howse Pass, 58; builds +Fort Kootenay, 58; first to explore Kootenay district, 58; discoverer of +Athabaska Pass, 58; proclaims British sovereignty, at junction of +Spokane and Columbia, 58. =Bib.=: Tyrrell, _Journeys of David Thompson_; +_Henry-Thompson Journals_, ed. by Coues; Laut, _Conquest of the Great +North-West_; Burpee, _Search for the Western Sea_; Bryce, _Hudson's Bay +Company_. + +=Thompson, David= (1796-1868). Born in Scotland. Served in the British +army and in the Canadian militia. Taught school in Niagara and acted as +a surveyor. In 1832 published _History of the late War between Great +Britain and the United States of America_. + +=Thompson, Edward.= =Mc= Defeats Mackenzie, 308. + +=Thompson, James.= =Dr= Engineer, his work on the fortifications of +Quebec, 117. + +=Thompson, Sir John Sparrow David= (1844-1894). Born in Halifax, Nova +Scotia. Educated at Free Church Academy, Halifax. In 1859 a reporter in +the House of Assembly. In 1865 called to the bar and practised in +Halifax. In 1877 member for Antigonish, in the Assembly; and in 1878 +attorney-general in the Holmes-Thompson government. On the retirement of +Holmes in 1882, became premier, but being defeated in the House, +resigned two months later. In 1882 appointed a judge of the Supreme +Court. In 1885 minister of justice and attorney-general of Canada, in +Sir John A. Macdonald's government, being elected for Antigonish to the +House of Commons. Appointed legal adviser to the British +plenipotentiaries who arranged the Fishery Treaty with the United States +in 1888, and knighted for his services. In 1892 premier, on the +retirement of Sir John Abbott. In 1893 went to Paris as one of the +arbitrators upon the Bering Sea fisheries dispute. In 1894, while on a +visit to England, and soon after being sworn in as a member of the +Imperial Privy Council, died suddenly at Windsor Castle. =Index=: =Md= +Minister of justice, 254; his address when unveiling statue of John A. +Macdonald at Hamilton, 332. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Dict. Nat. +Biog._; Hopkins, _Life of Sir John Thompson_. + +=Thompson, Samuel.= =B= His pen picture of George Brown, 4-5. + +=Thompson, S. R.= =T= Anti-Confederate candidate in St. John County, New +Brunswick, 108, 109. + +=Thompson, William= (1725-1781). Born in Ireland. Emigrated to +Pennsylvania, and commanded a troop of mounted militia in the French and +Indian campaigns. In 1776 appointed a brigadier-general by Congress, and +sent to Canada with reinforcements for General John Thomas. On June 6, +ordered by General Sullivan, who had succeeded Thomas, to attack the +enemy at Three Rivers, but badly defeated and taken prisoner; exchanged +two years later. =Index=: =Dr= Sent to attack Fraser at Three Rivers, +145; repulsed with loss, 146. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._ + +=Thomson, Andrew.= =Sy= Elder brother and business partner of Sydenham, +9; annoyed at losses and expenses incurred by his brother, 14. + +=Thomson, Edward William= (1849- ). Canadian author and journalist. +=Index=: =B= His sketch of Gordon Brown, 245. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. +Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_. + +=Thomson, John.= =Sy= Merchant, father of Sydenham, 4; adds "Poulett" to +his name, 4. + +=Thomson, Poulett.= _See_ Sydenham. + +=Thornton, Sir Edward.= Born in London, England, 1817; son of Sir Edward +Thornton, minister to Portugal. Graduated at Cambridge in 1840. Entered +the diplomatic service, and in 1842 stationed at Turin. In 1845 attache +in Mexico, and in 1851 secretary of legation. Appointed minister to the +Argentine Confederation in 1859; and in 1865 minister to Brazil; in 1867 +minister to Washington; in 1871 a member of the Joint High Commission on +the _Alabama_ claims; and in 1873 one of the arbitrators of the American +and Mexican Claims Commission. In 1878 served on the Ontario Boundary +Commission. In 1881 appointed ambassador to St. Petersburg; and to +Turkey in 1884; retired from the diplomatic service, 1887; made a G. C. +B., 1883. =Index=: =B= British minister at Washington, joint +plenipotentiary with George Brown for negotiation of a reciprocity +treaty, 1874, 226. =Md= Serves on Ontario Boundary Commission, 255. +=Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._ + +=Thorpe, Robert.= A member of the Irish bar. Judge of the Supreme Court +of Prince Edward Island, 1802; judge of the Court of King's Bench of +Upper Canada, 1805. Took part in the political quarrels of the time; +elected a member of the Upper Canadian Assembly, 1807; dismissed from +his judgeship by order of the secretary of state, on the representations +of the governor, Sir Francis Gore; sued Sir Francis Gore in England for +libel and recovered damages. Appointed chief-justice of Sierra Leone; +returned to England after two years on account of ill-health; brought +with him for delivery a petition to the home government from the people +of Sierra Leone, and on this account dismissed from office. Died in +England. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Read, _Lives of the Judges_. + +=Three Rivers.= City of Quebec, at the mouth of St. Maurice River. First +colonists settled there in 1633; the Jesuits arrived the following year; +and the same year a fort was built by Laviolette, who is regarded as the +founder of the town. Throughout the seventeenth century, it was the +scene of almost constant conflict with the Iroquois. In 1670 the Jesuits +were replaced by the Recollets; and in 1697 the Ursulines established a +convent. =Index=: =L= Recollet mission at, 111. =WM= French provision +ships retire to, 87. =Dr= Governorship of, abolished, 21; used as +military depot by Americans in invasion of Canada, 141; Carleton's +troops rendezvous at, 144. =F= Fort erected at, 24; population in 1666, +268. =Ch= Centre of fur trade for some years, 120; conference with +Indian tribes at, 162; Jesuit mission founded at, 228. =Hd= Haldimand +military governor of, 1; Ralph Burton governor of, 41-42; Haldimand +appointed to district on Burton's departure, 42-51, 64, 65, 290, 293; +early history of the settlement, 42; fires in, 44; difficulty in +obtaining recruits at, 56; government divided between Quebec and +Montreal, 60; Haldimand relieved of command at, in 1765, 61-62; Indians +protected at, 147; Haldimand befriends Ursuline nuns at, 179; census +taken, 190, 231; question of inoculation for smallpox at, 229; schools +of, 233, 235; banns of marriage published at, 237; Loyalists sheltered +near, 254; Du Calvet arrested at, 280. =Bib.=: Sulte, _Histoire des +Trois-Rivieres, 1534-1537_ and _Album d'Histoire des Trois-Rivieres, +1634-1721_. + +=Three Rivers.= =Ch= Name given by Champlain to river St. Maurice, 52. + +=Thurlow, Edward, Baron= (1731-1806). Born in Norfolk, England. Entered +Parliament for Tamworth, 1768. In 1770 appointed solicitor-general, and +in 1771 attorney-general. In 1774 supported on constitutional grounds +the ministerial scheme for the government of Quebec province. In 1778 +lord chancellor and raised to the peerage. Presided at the trial of +Warren Hastings, 1788. Supported Pitt's foreign policy throughout, but +on other questions was not a loyal adherent of the prime minister. In +1792 Pitt and Grenville, with whom he then bitterly disagreed, induced +the king to part with the chancellor, who then resigned the great seal. +Throughout his career an ardent supporter of the king, and added all his +influence in favour of the policy which led to the revolt of the +American colonies. =Index=: =Dr= Attorney-general, on French-Canadian +claims in matters of law, 62, 66. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Thury, Abbe.= =F= Missionary to Abenaquis, 250. + +=Ticonderoga.= Known to the French as Carillon. Built by Lotbiniere in +1755-1756, on a promontory at the southern end of Lake Champlain, where +it formed the advanced post of the French, and guarded the frontier from +British attack. Abercromby brought an army against it in 1758, and was +badly beaten by Montcalm. The following year Amherst captured the fort, +Bourlamaque retreating down the lake with his force. In 1775 it was +taken by the Americans, under Ethan Allen; and recaptured in 1777 by +Burgoyne, remaining in the possession of the British until the close of +the war. When the boundary was settled, it became the property of the +United States. =Index=: =Ch= Scene of fight with Iroquois, 54. =Hd= +Disastrous attack on, 18-21. _See_ Carillon; Abercromby; Allen; Amherst. +=Bib.=: Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_; Smith, _Our Struggle for the +Fourteenth Colony_. + +=Tilley, James.= =T= Grandfather of Sir Leonard Tilley, grantee of +Parrtown, 3; died in Sunbury County in 1851, 3. + +=Tilley, John.= =T= Came over in the _Mayflower_ in 1620, 2. + +=Tilley, Sir Leonard= (1818-1896). =W= Grandson of William Peters, 3; +succeeds Wilmot as lieutenant-governor, 133. =T= Elected to New +Brunswick Assembly, 1850, 1; born in Gagetown, New Brunswick, May 8, +1818, his descent, 1-2; his father, 3-4; early home, 4-5; education, 5; +begins commercial life, 7; espouses cause of total abstinence, 8; his +business career, 8-9; enters political life, 10; returned for St. John +city, 10; his colleagues, 11-15; supports Ritchie's amendment, 18; +resigns his seat, 24; out of Parliament, 25; his tariff views, 29-30; +becomes provincial secretary, 32; introduces prohibitory liquor bill, +34; defeated in St. John, 41; elected in St. John, 43; provincial +secretary, 43; his nomination speech, 52; delegate to England in railway +matter, 54-55; attends Quebec Intercolonial Railway Conference, 56; +again in England on same matter, 57; supports Confederation, 59; +proposes uniform tariff for Maritime Provinces, 70-71; attends +Charlottetown Conference, 73; and Quebec Conference, 77, 79; candidate +in St. John, 84; resigns, 90; his influence, 104; again provincial +secretary, 105; elected for St. John, 109; the Confederation movement, +112; his personal magnetism, 113; his work for Confederation, 114; his +defence of the union, 116-118; delegate to England, 120; presented to +the queen, 124; in first Dominion ministry, 128-129; becomes minister of +finance, 130; represents St. John in Dominion Parliament, 131; receives +honour of C. B., 132; his parliamentary career, 133-134; appointed +lieutenant-governor, 134; his governorship, 135-136; returns to +political life as minister of finance, 137; again lieutenant-governor, +138-139; his popularity, 140; his religious life, 140-141; given a K. C. +M. G., 141; visits the queen at Osborne, 142; his marriage, 1843, 142; +his second wife, 142; his family, 142-143; last illness and death, 1896, +144-145; funeral service, 146; his character, 147-148. =H= His +government defeated in New Brunswick on Confederation issue, 179; +returned to office, 187; welcomes Tupper on his return from England, +207; urges Sir John Macdonald to visit Nova Scotia and confer with +leaders of Anti-Confederate party, 209. =B= Tours Canada with other +delegates after Quebec Conference, 166; defeated in New Brunswick on +Confederation issue, 182-183; in Peter Mitchell's Pro-Confederation +ministry, 188; relations with Macdonald, 202-203. =Md= Delegate to +Quebec Conference, 110; letters to, from Macdonald, on Confederation, +117-118, 125-126; minister of customs, 134; supports Intercolonial route +running directly across New Brunswick, 153; supports Macdonald and the +national policy, 220; introduces a bill to give effect to the national +policy, 228-229; his co-operation with Macdonald, 270-271. =Bib.=: Dent, +_Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; Taylor, _Brit. Am._; Hannay, _Life +and Times of Sir Leonard Tilley_ and _History of New Brunswick_. + +=Tilley, Samuel.= =T= Sir Leonard Tilley's great-grandfather, 1; a +Loyalist farmer on Long Island, 2; arrives at Parrtown (St. John), 1783, +3; dies there, 1815, 3; his wife dies, 1835, 3. + +=Tilley, Thomas Morgan= (1790-1870). =T= Father of Sir Leonard Tilley, +born, 1790, 3; in lumber business, 4; dies, 1870, 4. + +=Tilsit, Treaty of.= =Bk= Between Russia and Napoleon, 1807, 105; +failure of, 106. + +=Timber Trade.= =Sy= Between Britain and colonies. Sydenham's views on, +130, 136. _See also_ Trade. + +=Times.= Newspaper published at London, England; established, 1785. +=Index=: =BL= On Rebellion Losses Bill, 320-321. =B= On Canadian +independence, 143; attitude towards United States during war with the +South, 144; on Canadian defence, 147. =C= Advocates independence of +Canada and other great colonies, 89-93; Cartier replies to, 92. =Md= +Account in, of memorial service held in Westminster Abbey in honour of +Macdonald, 322-324. + +=Tippecanoe.= =Bk= General Harrison's encounter with Indians at, +174-176. + +=Tipping, Captain.= =D= Voyage to the North-West Coast for sea-otter +skins, 22. + +=Tithes.= =Dr= Attempts to create discontent on the subject of, 79. =L= +Collection of, by Quebec Seminary, sanctioned by the French king, 10; +fixed by Sovereign Council at one twenty-sixth, 10; Laval obtains +authority to collect one-thirteenth as, 50; rate reduced to one +twenty-sixth, 54; objected to by some of the colonists, 54; decree of +1679 respecting, 55; limitation of, 181. + +=Tobin, Michael.= =H= Member of Uniacke government, Nova Scotia, 110; +resigns seat in government, as protest against Howe's attack on Irish +Roman Catholics, 164. =H= Member of Uniacke administration, 1848, 110; +resigns seat in government, 164. =Bib.=: Campbell, _History of Nova +Scotia_. + +=Tod, John.= Born in Water Leven, Dumbartonshire, Scotland. Joined the +Hudson's Bay Company, 1813, and employed for a time at York Factory as +superintendent of the fur shed. Sent by Governor Simpson to New +Caledonia, 1823; took an active part in the development of the Company's +operations west of the mountains. A man of strong personality, and a +notable correspondent; many of his letters to Hargrave, Ermatinger, and +other contemporaries among the fur traders have been preserved. +Stationed at Fort McLeod in 1824, and still there when Sir George +Simpson visited the post on his overland journey in 1828. Chief trader +in charge of Fort Kamloops, 1846. Bancroft describes some dramatic +incidents of his reign at Kamloops. Retired from Company's service, +1851; appointed same year a member of the council of government; +subsequently a member of the Legislative Council of Vancouver Island. +Died at Oak Bay, near Victoria. =Index=: =MS= Governor Simpson's +prejudice against, 268. =D= At McLeod Lake, 99; character, 100; account +of Fort George massacre, 105-106. =Bib.=: Bancroft, _History of British +Columbia_; Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_; Begg, _History of British +Columbia_. + +=Todd, Alpheus= (1821-1884). Born in London, England. Removed to Canada +in 1833. In 1836 appointed assistant librarian of the House of Assembly +of Upper Canada, and upon the union of the two provinces of Canada, +assistant librarian to the Legislative Assembly. In 1854 appointed +principal librarian, and constitutional adviser to both Houses of the +Legislature. In 1856, a library grant of L10,000 having been made, sent +to Europe to expend it. Upon the Confederation of the provinces in 1867, +appointed librarian to the Dominion Parliament. In 1881 received the +honorary degree of LL.D. from Queen's University, Kingston. =Bib.=: +Works: _Parliamentary Government in England_; _Parliamentary Government +in the British Colonies_. For biog., _see_ Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._ + +=Tolmie, William Fraser= (1812-1886). Born at Inverness, Scotland. +Studied medicine; joined the Hudson's Bay Company, 1832, arriving at +Fort Vancouver the following year. Filled the dual positions of medical +officer and trader in the Company's service for many years. Stationed at +Fort McLoughlin, 1833-1836; visited Scotland, 1841-1843; chief factor, +1856, and removed to Victoria, where appointed to the board of +management of the Company, 1859. Retired in 1860, and for five years sat +in the Legislative Assembly. Died in Victoria. Tolmie Channel was named +after him. =Index=: =D= Succeeds Anderson at Fort McLoughlin, 1834, 117; +establishes first circulating library on Pacific slope, 117-118. =Bib.=: +Bancroft, _History of British Columbia_; Walbran, _British Columbia +Coast Names_. + +=Tonnancour, De.= =Dr= Entertains Carleton at Three Rivers, 89; in +command of militia, 187. =Hd= Commander at Three Rivers, his application +to Haldimand, 243. + +=Tonquin.= An American vessel, which brought out the Astorians from New +York to the Columbia in 1810. She was commanded by a domineering +officer, Captain Thorn. The following year, accompanied by Alexander +McKay, one of the partners of Astor's company, Thorn sailed north on a +trading expedition. At Nootka, while trading with the natives, he struck +one of the principal chiefs and turned him out of the ship. A few days +later a large party of Indians came on board, ostensibly to trade, but +carrying concealed weapons. At a preconcerted signal, they fell on the +officers and crew, killing all but five seamen, who escaped into the +hold. Four of these escaped the following day in a boat, but perished at +sea. The natives, believing the ship deserted, come on board in a crowd +to pillage her. Suddenly, while four or five hundred were huddled +together on the deck, the ship blew up with a frightful noise. The +sailor who had remained behind, probably wounded, is supposed to have +taken this terrible revenge. An Indian of Gray's Harbour, who had been +among the crew, managed to escape during the massacre, and brought the +news to Astoria. =Index=: =D= Attacked by natives at Clayoquot Sound, +June, 1811, and entire crew massacred, 37; sent to the Columbia by +Astor, 71; murder of crew, 71. =Bib.=: Franchere, _Voyage to the +North-West Coast of America_; Irving, _Astoria_; Bryce, _Hudson's Bay +Company_. + +=Tonti, Chevalier Henri de= (1650-1704). Born in Gaeta, Italy; son of a +well-known financier, and inventor of the Tontine form of life +insurance. Served in the Silician wars, where lost one of his hands. +Introduced to La Salle in Paris, and agreed to join him in his ambitious +schemes of western exploration. They crossed the Atlantic together in +1678, and the same year set forth for the west. At Cayuga Creek, above +Niagara Falls, Tonti built the _Griffon_, while La Salle went back to +Fort Frontenac for supplies. In the spring of 1679, they sailed together +to Michilimackinac; descended the Illinois, and built Fort Crevecoeur. +In 1682 accompanied La Salle down the Mississippi to the Gulf. Engaged +in the fur trade at Fort St. Louis, after the death of La Salle. +=Index=: =L= Left in charge of Fort Crevecoeur, 149; driven out by +Iroquois, 194; La Salle makes him his representative in Canada, 151. =F= +La Salle's lieutenant at Fort Crevecoeur, 144, 160; joins expedition +against Iroquois, 209; arrives from Illinois country with _coureurs de +bois_, 325. =Bib.=: Parkman, _La Salle_; Margry, _Relations et Memoires +Inedits_. _See also_ La Salle. + +=Toronto.= Capital of the province of Ontario. The name is of Huron +origin and means "place of meeting." Fort Rouille was built on the site +of the city by the French in 1749; also known as Fort Toronto. In 1793, +Governor Simcoe moved the seat of government from Newark (Niagara), to +Toronto Bay, and named the new settlement York. In 1813 it was captured +and sacked by the Americans. In 1834 the city was incorporated, and +renamed Toronto. =Index=: =E= Becomes joint seat of government with +Quebec, 78. =B= Represented by George Brown in Parliament, 99; Board of +Trade of advocates incorporation of North-West Territories with Canada, +216. =BL= Attack on, planned in 1837, 43; banquet to Baldwin and others, +220-221; aspires to honour of capital, 181; Orange mob burn Baldwin and +Hincks in effigy, 187; under Baldwin's Municipal Act, 300; becomes seat +of government, 338. =S= Name of, officially changed to York, 203; +building regulations in, 203. =C= City council asks Poulett Thomson to +disfranchise French of Lower Canada, 99. _See also_ York. =Bib.=: +Robinson, _History of Toronto_; Robertson, _Landmarks of Toronto_; Adam, +_Toronto Old and New_; Scadding, _Toronto of Old_; Mulvany, _Toronto +Past and Present_; Taylor, _Toronto Called Back_. + +=Toronto Alliance Society.= =Mc= Sympathizes with Lower Canada, 327. + +=Toronto University.= Projected in 1797, and chartered, 1827, as King's +College, mainly through the efforts of Bishop Strachan. The charter was +amended in 1837, as the result of an agitation against its theological +bias. In 1850 the university was completely secularized; and in 1853 the +institution received its present name. In 1887 the charter was again +amended. Victoria, Knox, St. Michaels, and Wycliffe colleges were +affiliated with the university in that year; and Trinity in 1903. +Further changes were made in the government of the university in 1906. +=Index=: =BL= Baldwin's Bill and the university question, 190-197; its +definite foundation, 281; Act amending the charter, 292; history of +legislation affecting, 293; Bourinot and Loudon on Baldwin Bill, 293; +terms of the bill, 294-295. =E= Its history, 93-95. =Md= Formerly King's +College, 30; an institution for secular learning alone, 30, 44, 69. +=Bib.=: Loudon, _History of the University of Toronto_ in _Canada: An +Ency._, vol. 4; Burwash, _Founding and Development of University of +Toronto_ (R. S. C., 1905); _The University of Toronto and its Colleges, +1827-1906_. + +=Tourmente, Cap.= =Ch= Champlain's establishment at, for raising cattle, +171; his establishment destroyed by fire, 177. + +=Townshend, Lord Charles.= _See_ Bayning. + +=Townshend, George, Marquis= (1724-1807). Born in Norfolk, England. +Entered the army, and engaged in the battles of Dettingen, Fontenoy, and +Culloden. In 1759 ordered to Canada; brigadier-general, and commanded +one of the divisions under Wolfe. On Wolfe's death succeeded to the +command, and received the capitulation of Quebec. Returning to England, +served in continental campaigns. Lord-lieutenant of Ireland from 1767 to +1772. In 1784 created Earl of Leicester, and in 1787 Marquis Townshend. +=Index=: =WM= Brigadier under Wolfe, 74; commands British right in +battle of Montmorency, 134, 140, 141, 142; moves up river with his +command to join fleet, 161; commands British right in battle of the +Plains, 189; takes command on death of Wolfe, 219; Montcalm's letter to, +219; fortifies British position, 222; places guard on General Hospital, +223; accepts capitulation of Quebec, 235; receives keys of the Chateau +St. Louis, 235; returns to England, 235. =Hd= His lack of interest in +Canada, 184; Haldimand's letter to, 188. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; +Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_; Wood, _The Fight for Canada_; Townshend, +_Life of Marquess Townshend_. + +=Tracy, Alexandre de Prouville, Marquis de= (1603-1670). Served in the +French army, and in 1655 recaptured Cayenne from the Dutch. In 1663 +appointed lieutenant-general of all the French dominions in America, +and, after spending a year in the West Indies, reached Quebec, June 30, +1665. With the newly arrived Carignan-Salieres Regiment as his weapon, +at once initiated a vigorous policy against the Iroquois, and especially +the contumacious Mohawks. In 1666, with thirteen hundred men, marched +against the latter, burnt their villages, and drove them into the +woods. The following year deputies arrived at Quebec from all the +Iroquois tribes, suing for peace. Having secured to the colony a peace +which lasted for nearly twenty years, returned to France. =Index=: =F= +Appointed king's lieutenant-general for all his possessions in America, +50; arrives at Quebec, 51; marches against Iroquois (Mohawks), 53; +concludes peace, 53; removes Maisonneuve from governorship of Montreal, +54; recalled, 54. =L= Appointed viceroy, 51; erects three forts on +Richelieu River, 53; marches against Mohawks, 53; returns to France, 81; +high character of, testified to by Laval, 81; his devout practices, 81, +82; makes pilgrimage to Ste. Anne de Beaupre, 102. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Old +Regime_; Charlevoix, _History of New France_. + +=Trade.= =E= Depression in Canada following Britain's adoption of free +trade, 38-39, 45; Elgin's views on, 57-58; stimulated by repeal of +Navigation Laws in 1849, 85-86. =S= Exports from Kingston in 1794, 108. + +=Trading Permits.= =F= Issued by governor, 115; objected to by bishop as +involving carrying of liquor to the Indians, 116; prohibited by king, +116; permitted under limitations, 128. _See also_ Liquor question; +Brandy question. + +=Trahan, Joseph.= =WM= His account of Montcalm before the battle, 197. + +=Traill, Catherine Parr= (1802-1899). Born in England; daughter of +Thomas Strickland of Reydon Hall, Suffolk, and sister of Agnes +Strickland and Susanna Moodie. Educated at home. Began to write at an +early age, her first volume of stories for children being published in +1818. In 1832 married Lieutenant Thomas Traill of the Royal Scotch +Fusileers, and some months later they removed to Canada. Most of her +books were written in Canada, and embody her experiences in the +backwoods, and her intimate studies of plant life. =Bib.=: Works: _Plant +Life in Canada_; _Canadian Wild Flowers_; _Canadian Crusoes_; _Pearls +and Pebbles_, with biog. sketch by Mary Agnes FitzGibbon. For biog., +_see_ Morgan, _Cel. Can._; MacMurchy, _Canadian Literature_. + +=Transcontinental Railway.= =B= Members of British government in 1862 +favourable to, except Gladstone, 143. _See also_ Railways. + +=Transcript.= Newspaper published at Montreal. =Index=: =B= Opposes +annexation of North-West Territories, 218. =BL= Denounces La +Fontaine-Baldwin government, 141. + +=Transportation.= =B= Roads in Upper Canada in 1834, 54; improvement of, +advocated by George Brown, 61; Hincks and the Grand Trunk, 64. =S= +Difficulty and cost of, in early times, 109. =BL= Steamboat and stage +travel in 1839, 74-75; improvement of inland navigation provided for in +government programme in 1841, 89; interests advanced under second La +Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 282, 286, 287, 301-302; 337. =E= Vigorous +policy of La Fontaine-Baldwin government, 96-101; and of Hincks-Morin +ministry, 114-116. _See also_ Railways; Canals; Roads. + +=Trayes.= =S= Baptist deacon, teaches school at Port Rowan, 167. + +=Traytorrens, Captain.= =Hd= Correspondent of Haldimand's, 315. + +=Treaties.= _See_ Aix-la-Chapelle; Ashburton; Jay's; Paris; St. +Germain-en-Laye; Ryswick; Breda; Utrecht; Suze; Versailles; Oregon; +Washington. + +=Tregatin.= =Ch= Indian, brings news of Kirke's arrival, 176. + +=Trent Affair.= Took place in November, 1861, when Captain C. Wilkes of +the United States navy intercepted the British mail steamer _Trent_ +sailing from Havana, and arrested two commissioners from the Confederate +States who were passengers, and who were accredited to France. They were +conveyed to the United States and imprisoned in Boston. The affair +caused great excitement; war between Great Britain and the United States +seemed imminent, and was averted only by the release of the two +commissioners on the demand of Great Britain in January, 1862. =Index=: +=C= Canada's connection with, leads to reorganization of militia, 87. +=T= Helped along Intercolonial Railway project, 55. =Md= Storm aroused +by seizure of the _Trent_, 97-98. =Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty Years_; +Harris, _The Trent Affair_; King, _Turning on the Light_; Roberts, +_History of Canada_. + +=Trenton (New Jersey).= =Dr= Surrender of Hessians at, 164. + +=Trinite.= =Ch= French vessel, seized by the English, 222. + +=Trinity College.= College with university powers, established at +Toronto. Now affiliated with the University of Toronto. =Index=: =E= +Established through the efforts of Bishop Strachan, 95-96. =BL= Founded +by Bishop Strachan, 1851, 295-296. =Md= Founded by Bishop Strachan, 30. +=Bib.=: Clark, _The University of Trinity College_ in _Canada: An +Ency_., vol. 4; Bethune, _Memoir of Bishop Strachan_. + +=Troop, J. C.= =H= Delegate of Nova Scotia Anti-Confederate party to +England, to demand repeal of British North America Act, 204; receives +thanks of Legislature, 218. =Bib.=: Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_. + +=Troop, J. V.= =T= Ship-owner of St. John, New Brunswick, +Anti-Confederate candidate there, 84; defeated in St. John, 109. + +=Trouve, Claude.= =L= Sulpician, sent on mission to Lake Ontario, 105. + +=Troyes, Chevalier Pierre de.= Born in France. Entered the army, and +came to Canada as an officer of the Carignan Regiment. In 1686 commanded +an expedition of one hundred men, against the forts of the Hudson's Bay +Company on the bay. With him went three members of the famous Le Moyne +family,--Iberville, St. Helene, and Maricourt. They were successful in +surprising and capturing Moose Factory, Fort Rupert, and Albany. Took +part in Denonville's campaign of 1687; left at Niagara with a hundred +men to rebuild the fort erected by La Salle nine years before, and died +there of some malignant disease. =Index=: =F= Leads expedition to Hudson +Bay, 205; joins expedition against Iroquois, 209; in charge of fort at +Niagara, 214. =L= Commands expedition against English in Hudson Bay, +204, =Bib.=: Laut, _Conquest of the Great North-West_; Bryce, _Hudson's +Bay Company_; Parkman, _Old Regime_. + +=Tryon, William= (1725-1788). Born in Ireland. Served in the British +army. In 1764 sent to North Carolina, and on the death of Dobbs +succeeded him as lieutenant-governor in 1765. Held the position until +1771, when appointed governor of New York. In 1772 made a colonel, and +in 1777 major-general. During his administration of the colony +suppressed insurrections and political misdemeanours with great +severity. In 1778 resigned the governorship. On his return to England +promoted to lieutenant-general, 1782. =Index=: =Hd= Governor of New +York, 89; his house burned, 91; returns to England, 91; Haldimand +refuses to send troops to aid of, 197. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; _Cyc. +Am. Biog._ + +=Trytorrens, Marie Madeleine.= =Hd= Mother of Haldimand, 2. + +=Tucker, R. G.= =Sy= Appointed provincial registrar, 332. + +=Tuffet, Jean.= =Ch= Director of Company of New France, 170. + +=Tupper, Charles= (1794-1881). Born in Cornwallis, Nova Scotia. At the +age of twenty-one entered the ministry of the Baptist Church. Held +charges at various places in Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island. +Settled at Amherst, where he became principal of the Grammar School, +1834. Appointed principal of the Baptist Seminary at Fredericton, New +Brunswick, 1838. Returned to Amherst, 1840. Settled at Aylesford, 1851, +where he remained until his death. =Bib.=: Hill, _Forty Years with the +Baptist Ministers and Churches of the Maritime Provinces of Canada_. + +=Tupper, Sir Charles, Bart.= (1821- ). Born at Amherst, Nova Scotia. +Educated at Acadia College, and at Edinburgh. In 1843 graduated M.D., +and won the diploma of the Edinburgh Royal College of Surgeons. For some +years practised medicine at Amherst, Nova Scotia. In 1855 began his +political career, being elected to the Nova Scotia Legislature for +Cumberland County. In 1856, when the Johnstone Cabinet was formed, +became provincial secretary, serving until 1860. From 1864 to 1867 prime +minister of Nova Scotia. In 1867 elected member for Cumberland to the +first Dominion Parliament; president of the Privy Council, 1870; +minister of inland revenue, 1872-1873; minister of customs, 1873; +minister of public works, 1878; minister of railways and canals, +1879-1884. Held the position of high commissioner for Canada in England, +1884-1887; and was member of the Fisheries Conference, 1887. Returning +to Canada, was appointed minister of finance, 1887. Created a baronet, +1888. Again became high commissioner, 1888, holding the position until +1896. Returned to Canada, 1896; leader of the House of Commons in the +Bowell administration; four months later on the retirement of Sir M. +Bowell, prime minister of Canada, but was not upheld at the polls on +June 23, 1896. From 1896 to 1900 leader of the Opposition in the House +of Commons, but being defeated in the election of 1906, retired from +active political life. =Index=: =E= Leads movement for Imperial +Zollverein, 59, 101. =B= Tours Canada with other delegates after Quebec +Conference, 166. =C= Secures baronetcy for Cartier, 128; his letter to +Duke of Buckingham, 129. =H= Establishes free school system in Nova +Scotia, 1864, 80; meets Joseph Howe on political platform in Cumberland +County, 1852, 155-156; defeats him in 1855, 156-157; leads opposition in +Legislature, 163; uses Howe's attack on Irish Roman Catholics as a +handle to overthrow the government, 163-164; becomes provincial +secretary, 167; his fight in Legislature to keep government in office, +168; his retrenchment scheme, 1863, 171; elected by acclamation in +Cumberland, 171-172; becomes leader of government, 172; quotes Howe +against himself in Confederation controversy, 173; his scheme for union +of Maritime Provinces, 175-180; advocates Confederation, 186-189; forms +provincial government, 1867, 198; offered but declines seat in first +Dominion Cabinet, 198; stumps the province against Howe, 199; sole +advocate of Confederation elected in Nova Scotia, 202; secures recruits +from the other side, 203; opposes Nova Scotia repealers in London, +204-205; his interview with Howe, 205-206; letter to Macdonald, 207; +urges Macdonald to visit Nova Scotia, 209; contributes political +articles to magazines, 258. =Md= Premier of Nova Scotia, arranges +Conference at Charlottetown, to discuss Confederation, 104; attends +Conference at Quebec, 104-114; passes through the House a law +establishing compulsory education, 116; Macdonald's first lieutenant, +139; opposes Howe's petition to home government for repeal of British +North America Act, 143-144; letter from Macdonald, 184; supports +Macdonald and national policy, 220; his co-operation with Macdonald, +269-270; summoned from his post of high commissioner to assist in +election campaign of 1891, 315. =T= Favourable to uniform tariff for +Maritime Provinces, 70; delegate to Charlottetown Conference, 73; to +Quebec Conference, 76; presented to the queen, 124; given a C. B., 132. +=Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; Taylor, _Brit. Am._; +Morgan, _Can. Men_; Thibault, _Biography of Sir Charles Tupper_; +Saunders, _Three Premiers of Nova Scotia_; Campbell, _History of Nova +Scotia_. + +=Tupper, Sir Charles Hibbert= (1855- ). Son of Sir Charles Tupper. +Educated at McGill University, and at the Harvard Law School. Called to +the bar of Nova Scotia, 1877. Sat in the House of Commons, 1882-1891 and +1896-1900; minister of marine and fisheries, 1888-1895; minister of +justice, 1895-1896. Agent for the British government at the Paris +arbitration, 1892. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_. + +=Turcotte, J. G.= =E= Commissioner under Seigniorial Tenure law, 186. + +=Turgiss, Father Charles.= =Ch= Jesuit missionary at Miscou, 234. =L= +Dies of plague, 62. + +=Turner, Philip.= Entered the service of the Hudson's Bay Company about +1779, and carried out important surveys for the Company. Stationed at +Cumberland House in 1789, and while there gave David Thompson +instruction in practical astronomy. Between 1790 and 1792 made a survey +of Lake Athabaska, and of the canoe route from Cumberland House to Great +Slave Lake. Dr. J. G. Kohl says that his manuscript journal of a +_Journey from Cumberland-house towards the Athapiscow Country and back +to York Factory, 1790-1792_, is preserved in the archives of the +Hudson's Bay Company at London. His map of this region, the original of +which is also in the Hudson's Bay Archives, is reproduced in Burpee's +_Search for the Western Sea_. His careful survey of Lake Athabaska was +important in that it corrected Peter Pond's crude map, which placed the +western end of the lake as far west as 131 deg., and so gave rise to the +impression that the lake was within easy reach of the Pacific Ocean. +=Index=: =MS= Sent west to explore by Hudson's Bay Company, 57; meets +Alexander Mackenzie, 57; winters at Chipewyan, 57; determines its +position, 57. =Bib.=: Burpee, _Search for the Western Sea_; Bryce, +_Hudson's Bay Company_. + +=Tuscarora Indians.= A tribe of the Iroquois family, dwelling chiefly in +North Carolina. In 1722 they were adopted into the league of the +Iroquois in New York, forming the sixth nation. There are now a few +hundreds living on the Six Nations Reserve, Grand River, Ontario. +=Index=: =Hd= Incorporated in Indian confederacy, 148. =Bib.=: _See_ +Iroquois; Six Nations. + +=Twelve Resolutions.= Presented by Joseph Howe before the Assembly of +Nova Scotia in 1837. They embody those principles of constitutional +government for which he so long and strenuously contended. =Index=: =H= +Presented by Howe, 39; his speech, 39-40, 41; passed by the Assembly, +42; resented by Legislative Council, 42; rescinded on motion of Howe, +43-44; embodied in address to the crown, 44; bring about partial +concession of responsible government, 45-47; text of resolutions, +293-298. =Bib.=: Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_. _See also_ Howe. + +=Twiss, Captain.= =Hd= Of the Royal Engineers, superintends +fortification of, 183; takes over plans to England, 184; employed on St. +Lawrence canals, 184, 185, 186; visits Haldimand in London, 327. + + +=Ulloa, Antonia de= (1716-1795). Born in Seville, Spain. Studied at +Seville, and in 1733 entered the navy. Accompanied astronomical +expedition to Brazil, 1735; and also that of 1744 to observe the comet. +In 1745 taken prisoner at Louisbourg by the British. On the intercession +of the Royal Society of London, released, and elected an associate of +the society in 1746. In 1760 made rear-admiral, and in 1764 governor of +Louisiana. In 1770 appointed lieutenant-general of the Spanish naval +forces. The remainder of his life was chiefly occupied in establishing +schools of natural history and metallurgy, and in the promotion of naval +and astronomical objects. =Index=: =Hd= Spanish governor of Louisiana, +79. + +=Uniacke, James Boyle.= Son of Richard John Uniacke. Practised law in +Nova Scotia. Entered the Legislature some time before 1837. Appointed to +the Executive Council, 1840, and in 1848 formed an administration in +which he took the office of attorney-general. Appointed commissioner of +crown lands, 1853. Died soon after. =Index=: =H= Virtual leader of Tory +party in Nova Scotia, in 1837, 35; resists Howe's plans for responsible +government, 49; leads government side in Legislature up to 1840, 57; +resigns from Council, 63; joins forces with Howe, 64; appointed to +Council by Lord Falkland, 69; unsuccessful candidate for speakership, +74; retires from government, 87; moves want of confidence in government, +97-99, 107; forms administration, 107, 110; becomes attorney-general, +111; legislation, 115; delegate to Portland Railway Convention, 121; +becomes commissioner of crown lands, 145. =B= Submits scheme of colonial +union to Imperial authorities in 1805, 129. =Bib.=: Campbell, _History +of Nova Scotia_; Saunders, _Three Premiers of Nova Scotia_. + +=Uniacke, Richard John= (1753-1830). Born at Castletown, County Cork, +Ireland. Emigrated to the West Indies, 1773; went from there to +Philadelphia the following year; and induced by Moses Delesdernier, who +was interested in the settlement of certain lands near Fort Cumberland, +to come to Nova Scotia. In 1776 arrested as a sympathizer with the +rebellious colonists; pardoned, and returned to Ireland, where he +studied law. Returned to Nova Scotia in 1781, and admitted to the bar +the same year; appointed solicitor-general, 1782. Entered House of +Assembly as member for Sackville, 1783, and from the beginning took an +active part in public affairs. Chosen Speaker, 1789. Appointed +attorney-general, 1797, and held the office until the time of his death. +Again Speaker, 1799. Appointed to the Council, 1808. Died at Mount +Uniacke. =Bib.=: Power, _Richard John Uniacke_ (N. S. Hist. Soc. +_Coll._, vol. 9); Murdoch, _History of Nova Scotia_. + +=Union of 1841.= =H= Act did not concede full measure of responsible +government, 53. =BL= Planned by Sydenham, 60-61; bitterly opposed in +Lower Canada, 61; protested against by La Fontaine, 61, 70; attitude of +Upper Canada, 61-68; opposed by Chief-Justice Robinson, 61-62; Act of +Union enacted--its terms, 68-69; proclaimed Feb. 10, 1841, 69; seat of +government, 73; provision as to language of Legislature denounced by La +Fontaine, 128; boundaries of Quebec constituencies, 146; slight +influence on force of racial discussion, 282. =P= Union first proposed +in 1822, bill introduced in British House of Commons that year, 43-44; +petition against, 44; Papineau and Neilson go to England to oppose bill, +44-53; bill suggested by Ellice of Beauharnois, 47; bill withdrawn, 53; +repeal of, demanded by Papineau, 167; accepted by La Fontaine, 170; +protest of French Canadians, 170; defended by La Fontaine, 173-176; +Papineau's criticism of, 181-182. =C= Recommended by Durham, 12; +approved by Special Council, 12; and by Upper Canada Legislative +Assembly, 13; terms demanded by Upper Canada, 13; Poulett Thomson +secures modifications of, 14; French Canadians protest against, 15; La +Fontaine protests against, 96; concedes ministerial responsibility, 97. +=E= Unsatisfactory working of, when Elgin came to Canada, 4-5; its +terms, 22-23; described by La Fontaine as "an act of injustice and +despotism," 24; unsatisfactory to French Canadians, 25; Elgin proposes +repeal of clause restricting use of the French language, 55; +restrictions removed, 1849, 61; increase of representation under, 117; +clauses relating to Legislative Council repealed, 120; amendment to +representation, 122-123. =Sy= Recommended in Lord Durham's Report, 94; +advocated by Constitutional Associations of Quebec and Montreal, 112; +favoured by Legislative Assembly of Canada on certain conditions, 113, +114; opposed by Legislative Council, 113, 115; strongly opposed by +French Canadians, 117; favoured by English element in Lower Canada, 117; +Lord John Russell's speech and resolutions with reference to, 117-122; +diverse views regarding, 191, 192; question submitted to Special Council +of Lower Canada, 192; their report on, 193; question discussed in press, +193, 194; submitted to Upper Canada Legislature, 203; carried in +Assembly, 207; Attorney-General Hagerman argues strongly against, +207-209; carried in Legislative Council, 209; supported by general body +of Reformers, 213; anti-union resolutions passed at Quebec, 233; in +favour of union, 235; royal assent given to Act, 271; as drafted by +Sydenham, provided for municipal institutions, 273; municipal clauses +struck out of bill, 275; object of, to insure a British future for the +country, 283. =Md= Embodies theory of responsible government, 17; +provides that proceedings of Legislature be printed in English only, 24. +=Mc= Bill introduced by Lord John Russell, 405; Poulett Thomson sent to +secure consent of Canada to, 405; bill introduced a second time, 405. +=Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty Years_; McMullen, _History of Canada_; +Bourinot, _Constitutional History of Canada_; Egerton and Grant, +_Canadian Constitutional Documents_; Houston, _Constitutional +Documents_; Turcotte, _Canada sous l'Union_; Robinson, _Canada and the +Canada Bill_; Bonnycastle, _Canada in 1841_. + +=United States.= =Bk= Purchase of Louisiana by, 42; consequent change of +attitude towards Great Britain, 43; growing hostility of, to England, +73; British armed vessels ordered to leave United States forts, 83; lays +embargo on its own vessels, 85; their vessels seized under Berlin +Decrees, 105; indemnity paid therefor, 122; occupation of West Florida, +139; growing hostility to Great Britain, 172; declares war, 193, 203, +208. =Bib.=: Rhodes, _History of the United States_. + +=Universities.= _See_ Acadia; Dalhousie; King's; Knox; Laval; McGill; +Ottawa; Queen's; Toronto; Trinity; Victoria; McMaster; Manitoba; +Saskatchewan; Alberta; Western; St. Francis Xavier; Mount Allison; New +Brunswick. + +=University, Provincial.= =Mc= Mackenzie's views on, 95. + +=University Endowment.= =Md= Scheme opposed by Strachan, 28-29. + +=Unrestricted Reciprocity.= =Md= Adopted by Liberal party, 262; campaign +in favour of, 292; Goldwin Smith supports, 292; favoured by +interprovincial conference, 297; movement arouses suspicion, 300; +Farrer's pamphlet, 312-314. _See also_ Reciprocity; Commercial Union. + +=Upper Canada.= The name originally applied by General Murray to the +Montreal district, in 1760. Under the terms of the Constitutional Act of +1791, the country was divided into two provinces, and the name Upper +Canada applied to the western province. The population at that time was +made up chiefly of United Empire Loyalists from the United States. In +1841 Upper and Lower Canada were reunited; and in 1867 Upper Canada +again became a separate province, under the name of Ontario (_q.v._). +=Index=: =B= Federal union of all British North American provinces not +acceptable to, 155; feeling in favour of Confederation all but +unanimous, 166; parliamentary representation of, 172-173. =E= First +railroad in, 99; political parties organized in, 148. =Bk= Population +of, 49; commerce, 50; lack of public buildings, 50. =Sy= Its political +condition described by Sydenham, 200-202; opening of Legislature, 203; +equality of representation with Lower Canada proposed for, 204; defects +in its administration, 221-223; Sydenham enthusiastic over its soil and +climate, 268; larger part of its revenue collected in Lower Canada, 316; +its public works burdensome, its revenue small, 317. =S= Condition of, +in 1782, 51; division of, into counties, 80; population of, 115; +population of, largely composed of dissenters, 159; Simcoe presents +books and premium in money to Agricultural Society of, 175. =BL= Coming +of the Loyalists, 5; population in 1811, 8; political situation after +1815, 9, 16, 17; municipal history of, 297-298. =Sy= Defects in +administration described by Sydenham, 221-223; his endeavours to remedy +by reorganization of public departments, 331. =R= Religious life in +pioneer days, 10-11; character of the people, 35-36; movement for civil +and religious equality in, 42-43, 61-63; population, 51; growth of +popular government, 64-66, 120-132. =Mc= State of representation in +Mackenzie's committee on, 171; report on, 175, 176. _See also_ Ontario. + +=Upper Canada Academy.= =R= Established by Methodists, June, 1836, 135; +Ryerson on, 137-138; difficulty of raising funds, 138-139; Ryerson sent +to England to obtain funds and secure royal charter, 139-141; his +success, 142; Rev. Matthew Richey first principal, 142; financial +assistance from government, 142-143; becomes Victoria College, 1841, +143; continued as preparatory school for Victoria College, 155. =BL= +Incorporated by Methodists in 1836 at Cobourg, 193; power to grant +degrees conferred in 1841, 193; name changed to Victoria College, 194. +_See also_ Victoria College. + +=Upper Canada College, Toronto.= Originally established in 1807 as the +Home District Grammar School of York, the first principal of which was +Dr. G. O. Stuart, who was succeeded by Dr. Strachan in 1813. In 1816 a +new building was erected, popularly known as the "Old Blue School." +Upper Canada College proper dates from 1829, when provision was made by +the government for its establishment. In 1891 the college was moved to +the present building in Deer Park. =Index=: =BL= Land grant for, in +1831, 191-192. =Bib.=: Adam and Dickson, _Upper Canada College_; +_Canada: An Ency._, vol. 4. + +=Upper Canada Gazette.= =Mc= Official organ of the house, 38, 109-110. + +=Upper Canada Gazette or American Oracle.= =S= First paper published in +Upper Canada, 172, 173; removed to York, 174. =Bk= First published at +Newark (Niagara), 57. + +=Urfe, Abbe d'.= =F= Haughtily treated by Frontenac, 110. =L= Sulpician, +arrival of, 105. + +=Ursulines.= A religious order of women, in the Roman Catholic Church, +founded in 1535 at Brescia, by Angela Merici. The order was established +in France in 1584, and spread to Germany and other European countries. +In 1639 four members of the order, Madame de la Peltrie, Marie de +l'Incarnation, Marie de St. Bernard, and another not named, sailed from +Dieppe for Quebec, where they were lodged at first in wooden huts, in +what is now the Lower Town. Three years later, they took possession of +the massive stone convent still occupied by the order. =Index=: =L= +Establishment of convent, 8; Laval lodges with, for a time, 33; their +educational work, 125; its great influence for good, 155; convent +destroyed by fire, 210. =F= Foundation of convent, 28, 30; Marguerite +Bourgeoys urged to join, 39. =WM= Take refuge in general hospital, 115; +and render assistance there, 153; return to their convent, 237. =Bib.=: +_Les Ursulines de Quebec_. + +=Usury Laws.= =Sy= Their repeal advocated by Sydenham, 18. + +=Utrecht, Treaty of.= Between France and Great Britain, signed in 1713. +Provided for the restoration and full surrender of all claims to the +Hudson Bay Territory, to Acadia, and to Newfoundland by France; for +compensation to the Hudson's Bay Company; for certain rights to fishing +on the north-east coast of Newfoundland; and the possession of Cape +Breton by France. =Index=: =Ch= Determines boundaries of Acadia, 18. +=Bib.=: Hertslet, _Treaties and Conventions_. + + +=Vaccination.= =Hd= Subject discussed in Quebec _Gazette_, 228-231. _See +also_ Smallpox. + +=Vail, Edwin Arnold= (1817-1885). Born in Sussex, New Brunswick. Studied +medicine at Edinburgh and Glasgow Universities. Elected to the New +Brunswick Assembly, 1857; Speaker, 1865, and again in 1870; a member of +the government, 1883. A strong opponent of Confederation. + +=Vaillant.= =F= Jesuit father, sent as negotiator to Albany, 218. + +=Valdes, Cayetano.= Accompanied Maurelle and Galiano to North-West +Coast, 1792. =Index=: =D= Explores North-West Coast, 35; meets +Vancouver, 35; his journal published at Madrid, 1802, 36. =Bib.=: +Bancroft, _History of the North-West Coast_. + +=Valiniere.= =Hd= Sulpician priest, banished for disloyalty, 128. + +=Vallieres de St. Real, Joseph-Remi= (1787-1847). Born in Markham, Upper +Canada. Called to the bar, 1812, and practised in Quebec. In 1813 +elected member for the county of Chambly in the provincial Assembly, and +later chosen Speaker in the absence of Papineau in England. In 1828 +appointed judge of the district of Three Rivers, and in 1842 +chief-justice of Montreal. =Index=: =P= Opposes Papineau in Lower Canada +Assembly, 57; rivalry between the two, 57; attacked by Papineau, 169. +=E= Appointed chief-justice of Montreal by Sir Charles Bagot, 31. =BL= +Colborne's political antagonist, 115; elevated to the bench, 115. +=Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Christie, _History of Lower Canada_. + +=Valrennes, De.= =L= Commander of Fort Frontenac, 223; repels attack of +Schuyler, 232. =F= Commandant at Fort Frontenac, 233; tries to cut off +retreat of Peter Schuyler at Chambly, 313. + +=Van Buren, Martin= (1782-1862). Eighth president of the United States. +=Index=: =Mc= Anxious to avoid war with Britain, 423; issues neutrality +proclamation, 444; annoyed at Mackenzie, 445; pardons Mackenzie, 458; +his political death-blow, 472. =WT= Sends Winfield Scott to settle +Aroostook War, 135. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._ + +=Vancouver.= =D= Hudson's Bay Company vessel, 183. + +=Vancouver, George= (1758-1798). Entered British navy, 1771; sailed in +the _Resolution_ with Captain Cook on his second voyage, 1772-1775, and +in the _Discovery_ on his third voyage, 1776-1780. Lieutenant on the +_Martin_, 1780; and served in the West Indies with Rodney, taking part +in the battle of 1782. Appointed to the _Europe_, 1784; and to the +_Courageux_, 1790, and promoted commander. In 1791 sent out in command +of the _Discovery_, to survey the coast from lat. 30 deg. N. to Cook's +River, and to carry out the terms of the Nootka Convention. Through +differences of opinion with the Spanish representative, Quadra, the +latter part of his instructions could not be carried out, but the survey +of the North-West Coast was carried out with such zeal and accuracy as +to make it a permanent and very important addition to geographical +knowledge. Returned to England in 1795, and spent the rest of his life +preparing his journals for publication. =Index=: =D= Outline of his +voyages to North-West Coast, 17; his skill, courage, and endurance, 19; +search for North-West Passage, 19; meets Quadra at Nootka, 33; makes +thorough exploration of entire Pacific coast from San Francisco to +Bering Sea, 1792-1794, 34; finally leaves North-West Coast, Oct. 16, +1794, 15; meets Galiano and Valdez at Point Gray, 35. =MS= Mackenzie +hears of, from Coast Indians, 85; his ships on the Pacific coast at time +of Mackenzie's journey, 86. =Bib.=: Works: _Voyage of Discovery to the +North Pacific Ocean, 1790-1795_. _See also_ Bancroft, _History of +North-West Coast_; Begg, _History of British Columbia_; Laut, _Vikings +of the Pacific_; Meany, _Vancouver's Discovery of Puget Sound_; _Dict. +Nat. Biog._ + +=Vancouver Island.= The largest island on the west coast of North +America. Named after Captain George Vancouver, who explored this coast +in the years 1792-1794. The island was first named Quadra and Vancouver +in honour of the two naval officers who met at Nootka in 1792 to carry +out the provisions of the Nootka Convention. The first authentic landing +on the coast of the island is that of Captain James Cook in 1787. +Captain James Hanna landed at Nootka in 1785; and Captain John Meares in +1788. From this time trading and exploring expeditions spent more or +less time at Nootka. In 1843 the Hudson's Bay Company made their first +establishment on the island, Fort Victoria, at first known as Camosun. +The island remained under the control of the Company until 1849, when it +became a crown colony. Representative government was introduced, 1856; +and in 1866 the island and mainland were united under one government. +=Index=: =D= Organic existence since 1849, 1; first named Quadra and +Vancouver Island by Vancouver, 35; only nominal possession at end of +eighteenth century, 62; handed over to Hudson's Bay Company, Jan. 13, +1849, 194; terms of grant, 194; colonization and the Company, 194-195; +first settler, 196; other arrivals, 197; population in 1853, 198; +quarrels between Company and settlers, 198-199; recommendation of +committee on Hudson's Bay Company, 1857, 201-202; history of early +settlement, 203; first governor, Richard Blanshard, 1849, 203; relations +with Company, 203-204; succeeded by James Douglas, 205; Hudson's Bay +Company secures renewal of grant, 1854, 207; establishment of +representative government, 1856, 208-210; meeting of first Legislature, +210-211; governor's inaugural speech, 211-215; Company's rights acquired +by crown, 229; road-building, 249; early legislation, 271; Clergy +Reserves, 273-274; history of legislation, 274; railway built, 327. +=Bib.=: Begg, _History of British Columbia_; Bancroft, _History of +British Columbia_; Macdonald, _British Columbia and Vancouver's Island_; +MacFie, _Vancouver Island and British Columbia_. _See also_ British +Columbia. + +=Van Egmond, Anthony.= Commander of the Upper Canadian rebels in 1837; a +native of Holland; had been a colonel in Napoleon's army, and had seen +much active service. In 1819 emigrated with his family to America, +settling first in Indiana County, Pennsylvania, where he had a farm and +a store. In 1827 moved to Upper Canada, and rented a farm near Waterloo; +in 1832 possessed a mill at Egmondville, near Seaforth, and a farm +within five miles. Invited by William Lyon Mackenzie to command the +forces of the insurgents. In this capacity took part in the fight on +Dec. 7, 1837, with the Loyalist troops, near Montgomery's tavern, on +Yonge Street, Toronto, when the rebels were badly defeated. Later +captured, and placed in jail; afterwards removed to the hospital, but +died early in 1838 from disease and exposure. =Index=: =Mc= +Commander-in-chief of the rebels, 1837, 360; arrives late, 376; indorses +Mackenzie's plans, 376; in charge at Montgomery's farm, 379; captured, +382; dies in prison, 382. =Bib.=: Dent, _Upper Canadian Rebellion_; +Read, _Rebellion of 1837_. + +=Vanelly.= =Ch= Merchant, compensation awarded to, for goods seized, +221. + +=Vanfelson, Judge.= =E= Member of Seigniorial Court, 187. + +=Van Horne, Major.= American officer. =Index=: =Bk= Force of, dispersed +by Tecumseh's Indians, 237. + +=Van Horne, Sir William Cornelius= (1843- ). Born in Will County, +Illinois. Educated at the common schools. In 1857 entered the railway +service as telegraph operator on the Illinois Central Railway. After +serving in various capacities on railways in the United States, and +rising rapidly through all the grades, appointed in 1881 general manager +of the Canadian Pacific Railway; and since that date the vast extension +and financial success of the railway has been due largely to his energy +and resourcefulness. Became vice-president, 1884; president, 1888; +chairman of the board of directors, 1899-1910. In 1894 created K.C.M.G. +=Index=: =Md= Made president of the Canadian Pacific Railway, 1888, 238. +=Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's Who_. + +=Vankoughnet, Philip Michael Scott= (1823-1869). Born in Cornwall, +Ontario. Studied law and called to the bar, 1843; practised in Toronto; +appointed Q.C., 1850. In May, 1856, president of the Executive Council, +and minister of agriculture, in the Tache administration, and in +November, 1856, first member of the Legislative Council for Rideau. From +1858 to 1862 chief commissioner of crown lands in the Cartier-Macdonald +government; amongst some of his important measures was the system of +selling townships _en bloc_, and the opening up and improvement of +roads. In 1862 appointed chancellor of Upper Canada. =Index=: =T= +Delegate to England on Intercolonial matter, 55. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. +Can._; Read, _Lives of the Judges_; Dent, _Last Forty Years_. + +=Van Rensselaer, Rensselaer= (1802-1850). Son of General S. Van +Rensselaer of Albany, New York; for some time employed as a clerk in the +post office, Albany. In November, 1837, while on a trip through the west +for the _Albany Daily Advertiser_, came in contact with the Canadian +revolutionists and was offered and accepted the position of +commander-in-chief of the rebel forces. After a few months' desultory +fighting, arrested on Feb. 28, 1838, at Syracuse, by the American +authorities, for violating the neutrality laws. Tried on Oct. 18, 1839, +and convicted; sentenced to six months' imprisonment and fined $250. +After serving the six months, the fine was remitted. =Index=: =Mc= +Fights under Bolivar, 412; given command at Navy Island, 413; arrives +there, 415; his habits, 417; evacuates island, 424; plans attack on +Kingston, 429; failure of, 429; blames Mackenzie, 430; exonerates +Mackenzie, 430. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._; Dent, _Upper Canadian +Rebellion_. + +=Van Rensselaer, Solomon= (1774-1852). Born in Rensselaer County, New +York. Entered the army in 1792 as a cornet of cavalry, later becoming +captain. In 1794, while commanding a company of volunteers, severely +wounded at the battle of Maumee Rapids. In 1812 adjutant-general of New +York militia, and arranged the armistice which enabled the Americans to +make use of Lake Ontario as a highway for the transportation of troops +and stores. In 1812 commanded an attacking party at Queenston Heights +and seriously wounded. Member of Congress, 1819-1822; and postmaster at +Albany, 1822-1839. =Index=: =Bk= Aide-de-camp to General Van Rensselaer, +284; wounded in crossing river at Queenston, 300. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. +Biog._; Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_. + +=Van Rensselaer, Stephen= (1764-1839). Born in New York. Graduated at +Harvard, 1782. In 1786 major of militia, and in 1788 colonel. In 1789 +elected to the Assembly as a member of the Federal party, of which he +soon afterwards became leader; state Senator in 1790-1795; +lieutenant-governor in 1795, and returned to the Assembly in 1798 and +1808-1810. In 1801 promoted major-general. In 1812, on the outbreak of +war with Great Britain, commanded the United States forces on the +Niagara frontier. Resigned his command, Oct. 24, 1812, and left the +service. In 1816 elected to the Assembly, and from 1823 to 1829 served +in Congress. =Index=: =Bk= In command on Niagara frontier, 284; +correspondence with Brock, 285; force under his command, 287. =Bib.=: +_Cyc. Am. Biog._; Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_. + +=Varin, J. B.= =E= Commissioner under Seigniorial Tenure law, 187. + +=Vauban, De.= =F= French engineer, prepares plans for defence of Quebec, +326. + +=Vaudreuil-Cavagnal, Pierre de Rigaud, Marquis de= (1698-1778). Born at +Quebec, son of Philippe de Vaudreuil (_q.v._). Entered the army at an +early age, becoming ensign, 1708; lieutenant, 1712; and major, 1729. The +following year gained the coveted honour of chevalier of the Order of +St. Louis. Appointed governor of Three Rivers, 1733; and of Louisiana, +1742; governor of Canada, 1755. Continually at odds with Montcalm, and +hampered him in his defence of Quebec. After the battle of the Plains +retired with the army to Jacques Cartier, and took no part in the +subsequent operations before Quebec. On his return to France arrested +and thrown into the Bastile on charges connected with his government of +Canada, but released after trial before the Chatelet de Paris. =Index=: +=WM= Governor, his first interview with Montcalm, 28; considered the +sending out of Montcalm unnecessary, 28; birth and personal qualities, +29; his inveterate hatred for Montcalm, 62; popular with Canadians, 63; +his military views, 80, 81; activity of, 127; congratulates Levis on +victory of Montmorency, 144; prefers his advice to that of Montcalm, +145; thought Le Foulon (Wolfe's Cove) insufficiently guarded, 160; +writes Bougainville that safety of colony is in his hands, 161; gives +orders for disposition of troops along the heights, 162; his uneasiness +about Le Foulon, 162; would not risk engagement between French and +British fleets, 167; learns of landing of Wolfe's army, 189; begs +Montcalm not to precipitate an engagement, 193; takes no part in battle, +201; prepared, according to Chevalier Johnstone, for immediate +capitulation, 208; holds council of war, 211; decides on retreat to +Jacques Cartier, 212; his letter to Levis on loss of battle, 212; letter +to Montcalm, 214; gives instructions respecting capitulation of Quebec, +214; his lack of energy, 215; promises assistance to Ramezay, 226; +Quebec having fallen, he marches with Levis to retake it, 241-242; +maintains spies in Quebec, 243; congratulates Levis on victory of Ste. +Foy, 267. =P= Extent of his responsibility for defeat of Montcalm at +Quebec, 143. =BL= His capitulation at Montreal in 1760, 1. =Hd= Last +French governor of Canada, 36; Amherst's letter to, 38, 39. =Bib.=: +Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_; Wood, _The Fight for Canada_; Parkman, +_Montcalm and Wolfe_; Bradley, _The Fight with France_. + +=Vaudreuil, Philippe de Rigaud, Marquis de.= Came to Canada, 1687, in +command of eight hundred troops, and, leaving his men behind, pushed on +alone to join Denonville in his expedition against the Iroquois. In 1696 +commanded a division of Frontenac's army against the Iroquois, and led a +detachment to destroy the Oneida town. Appointed governor of Montreal, +1698; administrator of the colony, 1703; and governor, 1705-1725. +=Index=: =L= Acting governor of Montreal, 223; succeeds Callieres as +governor, 235. =F= Acts as chief of staff to Governor Denonville, 209; +acting governor of Montreal, 225; surprises and destroys band of Indians +at Repentigny, 308. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Frontenac_ and _Half Century of +Conflict_. + +=Vauquelin, Jean= (1726-1763). Born in Caen, France. Entered the navy, +and in 1745 successfully engaged a British frigate off Martinique. In +1754 did good service in reconnoitring the English ports, and +subsequently given command of the _Arethuse_. In 1758 despatched to +Louisbourg with reinforcements and stores for the French troops and got +into the harbour, although many of his crew were killed and wounded. In +1759, with three frigates, sailed to the relief of Quebec. After the +capitulation endeavoured to escape with his ships, but they were +destroyed or captured by the British, and Vauquelin taken prisoner. On +his release returned to France, and was arrested. =Index=: =WM= Hero of +Louisbourg, 81; in charge of frigates _Atalante_ and _Pomone_, 243. +=Bib.=: Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_. + +=Vaux, Mme. de.= =WM= Grandmother of Montcalm, 4. + +=Vendremur, Corneille de.= =Ch= Clerk, returns to France, 209. + +=Ventadour, Henri de Levy, Duc de= (1595-1651). Viceroy of Canada, +1625-1627. Served for a time in the army, and is said to have taken holy +orders. In any event took a deep interest in the spiritual welfare of +Canada, and after acquiring the viceroyalty instrumental in sending out +the first Jesuit missionaries in 1625. In 1627, on the formation of the +Company of New France by Richelieu, purchased the viceroyalty from De +Ventadour. Pointe Levy, or Levis, opposite Quebec, was named after him. +=Index=: =F= Lieutenant-general of New France, 17. =Ch= Appointed +viceroy of New France, 151; resigns, 168. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Pioneers of +France_. + +=Vercheres, Marie-Madeleine Jarret.= Born in 1678 in the fort on her +father's seigniory on the St. Lawrence River, twenty miles below +Montreal. In 1692 she heroically defended this fort, with the assistance +of her two young brothers, two soldiers, and an old man of eighty. When +the settlers were working in the fields, a band of Iroquois suddenly +appeared and began their work of slaughter. Madeleine had barely time to +reach the fort. She found everyone, including the two soldiers, +demoralized, and, taking command, she ordered the little band to keep up +constant firing. The Iroquois beseiged the fort for two days, but +finally retired discomfited; and relief came from Montreal in another +week. In 1706 she married Thomas Tarien de la Naudiere; and in 1722 De +la Perrade. In her later years she received a pension for life. The date +of her death is not known. =Index=: =F= Defends fort against Iroquois, +319. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Frontenac_; Richard, _Supplement to Report on +Canadian Archives_, 1899. + +=Vergennes, Charles Gravier, Count de= (1717-1787). Born in Dijon. +Educated there at the Jesuit College. In 1740 entered the diplomatic +service, being sent to Lisbon. In 1741 took part in the negotiations +that resulted in the election to the empire of the elector of Bavaria, +Charles VII. In 1752 attended the Congress of Hanover. From 1754 to 1768 +ambassador at Constantinople. In 1771-1774, when minister at the court +of Sweden, supported the revolution in favour of Gustavus III. In 1774 +appointed by the king of France, secretary of foreign affairs. Secretly +aided the American Revolution with funds, arms, and stores, and arranged +the treaty of alliance between the United States and France, 1778. +=Index=: =Dr= His letter in regard to Asgill, 199. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. +Biog._ + +=Vergor, Duchambon de.= In command of Fort Beausejour, 1745. A +confederate of the intendant Bigot; used his opportunities to plunder +both the people and the government. Betrayed by Thomas Pichon and +compelled to surrender the fort to Monckton. Returned to Quebec and +censured for his actions. In command at Le Foulon, near Quebec, at the +siege by Wolfe, 1759; surprised, and his command cut to pieces. =Index=: +=WM= Placed by Bougainville in charge of Le Foulon, 178, 184; previously +censured for giving up Fort Beausejour, 178; roused from sleep by +Wolfe's soldiers, 181; wounded, 181. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Montcalm and +Wolfe_; Murdoch, _History of Nova Scotia_; _Selections from the Public +Documents of Nova Scotia_, ed. by Akins; Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_. +_See also_ Siege of Quebec, 1759. + +=Vermont.= =Dr= People of, anxious for canal communication with St. +Lawrence, 230; their aversion to entering American union, 244, 245; +annoy British outposts, 285; anxious to bring about war for commercial +reasons, 299; =Hd= Inhabitants of, claim separation from New York, +197-199; efforts to bring them back to their allegiance to Great +Britain, 199-216; Washington's alleged threat, 205; exchange of +prisoners with, 206; intention of inhabitants to join British in event +of their success, 208; duplicity of their policy, 210; trade carried on +with Canada, 216; received into Union as fourteenth state, 217; +emissaries of, reappear as Loyalists, 266. + +=Verrazano, Giovanni du.= Born near Florence, Italy, in 1470. Entered +French marine service, 1495. Credited with visiting the coast of +America, 1508. In 1523 sent by Francis I to explore to the westward. The +following year arrived with La Dauphine off the coast of North America, +and explored from Florida to Newfoundland, taking possession of the +latter island in the name of the king of France. Landed at a point near +Cape Fear, and discovered the bays of Narragansett and New York. Nothing +is known of his latter years, beyond the fact that he was in Paris, at +least as late as Dec. 24, 1527, fitting out an expedition of five ships +to sail the following March. Verrazano's claim to the discovery of the +mouth of the Hudson, questioned by Murphy, has been re-established by +the discovery in Rome of a hitherto unknown version of the explorer's +report of his voyage. _See_ Bacchiani's article, with facsimile, in the +_Bollettiano_ of the Italian Geographical Society, November, 1909. +=Index=: =Ch= His discovery of the coast of North America, 211. =Bib.=: +Murphy, _Voyage of Verrazano_; De Costa, _Verrazano, the Explorer_. + +=Verreau, Hospice-Anthelme Jean Baptiste= (1828-1901). Born at L'Islet, +Quebec. Educated at Quebec Seminary, and a teacher there in 1847-1848. +In 1848-1856 principal of Ste. Therese College. In 1851 ordained priest. +In 1857 first principal of the Jacques Cartier Normal School in +Montreal. Sent by the Quebec provincial government in 1873 to Europe to +make investigations respecting Canadian history, the results of which +were published in 1875. In 1887 appointed to the chair of Canadian +history in Laval University. A fellow of the Royal Society of Canada; a +member of the Societe des Antiquaires de Normandie; and a member of the +Societe des Arcadem of Rome. =Index=: =L= On educational work of +Marguerite Bourgeoys, 127. =F= On attempt to civilize the Indians, 168; +on character of Frontenac, 360. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_. + +=Versailles, Treaty of.= Signed between Great Britain and the rebellious +thirteen colonies, 1783. Acknowledged the independence of the thirteen +colonies; settled the boundaries between the latter and British North +America; dealt with the fisheries question; and provided for amnesty to +Loyalists and the restoration of their property. The colonies +repudiating the last obligation, provision was made by the British +government for compensation to the Loyalists, many of whom were given +grants of land in Upper Canada, New Brunswick, and the Eastern +Townships. =Index=: =WM= Concluded in 1783, 269; assured the +independence of the thirteen colonies, 269. =S= Its provisions for +protection of Loyalists, 52-54; not carried out in its integrity by the +united colonies, 118. =Bib.=: Hertslet, _Treaties and Conventions_. + +=Vesey, Colonel.= =Bk= Question of land grant for, 138; letters to +Brock, 153, 154, 157. + +=Vicaille.= =Ch= Vessel of David Kirke, 178. + +=Victoria= (1819-1901). Granddaughter of George III, and only child of +George III's fourth son, Edward Augustus, Duke of Kent, by Mary Louisa +Victoria, daughter of the Duke of Saxe-Cobourg-Saalfield; born at +Kensington Palace, May 24, 1819. Succeeded to the throne on the death of +her uncle, William IV, 1837. Married to Prince Albert of Saxe-Cobourg +1840. =Index=: =Sy= Accession of, 48. =Md= Selects Ottawa (Bytown) as +seat of government, 85; jubilee address to, 283. =Bib.=: Works: _Leaves +from a Journal of our Life in the Highlands_; _Letters of Queen +Victoria_; _Royal Correspondence_. For biog., _see_ Fawcett, _Life of +Queen Victoria_; Gurney, _Childhood of Queen Victoria_; Holmes, _Queen +Victoria_ Lee, _Queen Victoria: a Biography_; Oliphant, _Queen Victoria: +a Personal Sketch_. + +=Victoria.= Capital of British Columbia, and formerly capital of the +colony of Vancouver Island. Founded in 1843 as Fort Camosun, afterwards +Fort Victoria, the latter name in honour of the queen. The city was +incorporated in 1862, and the old fort finally demolished, 1864. +=Index=: =D= Founded by James Douglas in 1843, 146; built on site of +Indian village, known as Camosun, 175; McNeill's exploration, 1837, 176; +Sir George Simpson's approval of the site, 176; Douglas examines +locality, 1842, and reports favourably, 176; establishment of fort at +Camosun approved, 176; advantages of the site, 177; Douglas sails, March +1, 1843, from Fort Vancouver with an expedition to establish the post, +177; lands at Clover Point, 177; site selected and building operations +begun, 178; fort and stockade completed, 179; Charles Ross in command +with Roderick Finlayson as assistant, 180; natives attack the fort, 182; +early shipping, 183; name of port changed to Fort Victoria, 183; visit +of frigate _America_, 183; American whalers touch at, for supplies, 184; +H.M.S. _Constance_ arrives at Esquimalt, 184; visit of frigate +_Fisguard_, 184; surveying ships _Herald_ and _Pandora_, 184; trade +gravitating from Fort Vancouver to Victoria, 184; farming operations, +185; dairying, 185; supplying Russian ports, 186; momentous events of +1849, final removal of chief emporium of company from Fort Vancouver to +Victoria, 188; Helmcken, afterwards Douglas's son-in-law, arrives, 189; +effect of gold discoveries, 189-190; coal mining, 190-191; the Hudson's +Bay Company and colonization, 192-195; early settlers of, 196-197; town +laid out in streets, 1852, 198; population in 1853, 198; during the gold +fever, 224-225; gold-miners boom the town, 225; population rises and +falls with the fortunes of the gold-fields, 271; proposed waterworks, +building of wagon roads, education, first newspaper, _British Colonist_, +1858, 271. =Bib.=: Walbran, _British Columbia Coast Names_; Begg, +_History of British Columbia_. + +=Victoria Bridge.= At Montreal, over the St. Lawrence. Built by Robert +Stephenson, for the Grand Trunk Railway, 1854-1859, at a total cost of +$6,300,000. Opened by the Prince of Wales (afterwards King Edward VII), +May 25, 1860. It was enlarged and remodelled in 1897. =Index=: =E= Built +by Grand Trunk Railway, 115. =Md= Opened in 1860 by Prince of Wales, 87. +=Bib.=: _Ency. Brit._ + +=Victoria University.= In affiliation with the University of Toronto. +Formerly located at Cobourg, but later moved to Toronto. Founded in +1830; opened 1836. =Index=: =BL= Refuses to come into the provincial +university, under terms of Baldwin's bill, 295. =R= Founded, 86; Ryerson +president of, 126-127, 143; eminent graduates, 143-144; its curriculum, +144; legislative grant, 148. =E= Proposal to make it part of a +provincial university, 94. =Bib.=: Burwash, _Historical Sketch of +Victoria University_ in _Canada: An Ency._, vol. 4. + +=Vidal, Alexander= (1819-1906). Born at Brocknell, Berkshire, England. +Educated at Christ's Hospital, London, and in 1834 came to Canada with +his parents. Served in the militia during the Rebellion of 1837; and +afterwards lieutenant-colonel of the Lambton Reserve militia; member of +the Legislative Council for the St. Clair division, 1863-1867; in 1873 +appointed to the Senate. President of the Dominion Alliance for the +Suppression of the Liquor Traffic. =Index=: =B= His resolution in favour +of prohibition, 249. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_. + +=Viel, Father Nicolas.= =Ch= Recollet, 139; arrives and proceeds to +Huron country, 149; drowned, 209. =L= Missionary labours of, 3. + +=Vieux-Pont, Father.= =Ch= Jesuit, landed at Grand Cibou, 200; wrecked +at Canseau Island, 200; in charge of Cape Breton, 237. + +=Viger, Denis Benjamin= (1774-1861). Born in Montreal. Educated for the +legal profession. Practised in Montreal for some years; and in 1808 +elected to the Legislative Assembly. Took an active part in the +discussion of the grievances of the French Canadians, and in 1828 and +1831 sent as a delegate to London to represent their views to the +Imperial authorities. In 1837, when the Rebellion broke out, arrested +and charged with sedition, but soon afterwards released. In 1843, on the +resignation of the La Fontaine-Baldwin government, premier for a short +period. Appointed to the Legislative Council, 1848. =Index=: =BL= Member +for Richelieu, relations with Reform party in Upper Canada, 79; opposes +municipal government, 102; attacks government, 130; deserts La +Fontaine-Baldwin party, 215; in provisional government, 216, 235; his +pamphlet, 236; president of the Council, 247; defeated by Wolfred +Nelson, 252; Draper to throw him over, 259, 260, 261. =C= In Draper +government, 17; opposed in election by Cartier, 17; defeated in St. +Hyacinthe, 18. =P= Delegate to England to present grievances of French +Canadians, 63; at meeting of Constitutional Committee, 1834, 88; +ridiculed by the _Mercury_, 123; at St. Charles meeting, 1837, 125. =Md= +Represents Lower Canada in Metcalfe's government, 19. =Bib.=: Bibaud, +_Pan. Can._; Dent, _Last Forty Years_; Christie, _History of Lower +Canada_. + +=Viger, Louis Michel.= =E= Called to Cabinet by Metcalfe, 35, 66; +receiver-general in La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 53; a leader of the +_Parti Rouge_, 108. =BL= Receiver-general in second La Fontaine-Baldwin +ministry, 284. =Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty Years_. + +=Vignal.= =L= Sulpician, comes out in _St. Andre_, 31; ministers to +those suffering from the plague, 32; dies a martyr, 91. + +=Ville Marie.= =L= Name given by Sulpicians to Montreal, 85; inhabitants +of, all aspired to martyrdom, 90. =Bk= Former name of Montreal, 99. _See +also_ Montreal. + +=Villebon, Chevalier de.= Arrived at Port Royal, June 14, 1690, being +commissioned to inquire into the condition of the colony. In June, 1691, +received from the French king a commission as governor of Acadia, with +promises of assistance in supplies, funds, and men. Sailed to Quebec, +and from thence to Port Royal, capturing on the way an English vessel, +with the newly appointed English governor of Acadia. Met with no +opposition on arriving at Port Royal, and, in the name of the French +king took formal possession of Acadia. In 1692, while in command of a +fort on the river St. John, the English sent an abortive expedition to +capture him. In 1695-1696 stationed at Nachouac Fort, engaged in +organizing French stations. Several encounters between French and +English vessels took place with varying success. On Sept. 3, 1696, +captured by an English ship on the river St. John, but released soon +afterwards. Died July 5, 1700. =Index=: =F= Governor of Acadia, mentions +burning of prisoners, 328. =Bib.=: Hannay, _History of Acadia_; Parkman, +_Frontenac_. + +=Villieu, De.= =F= Leads Abenaquis in attack on English settlements, +330. + +=Vimont, Barthelemy.= Born in France. Came to Canada in 1639 as superior +of the missions. With him were the Jesuits, Chaumonot and Poncet, and +the Ursulines, Madame de la Peltrie and Marie de l'Incarnation. When +Maisonneuve came in 1642 to establish a religious colony at Montreal, +accompanied him from Quebec and gave his blessing to the project. His +prophecy is not without interest: "You are a grain of mustard-seed," he +said to the little group of enthusiasts, "that shall rise and grow till +its branches overshadow the earth. You are few, but your work is the +work of God. His smile is on you, and your children shall fill the +land." =Index=: =C= Jesuit, landed at Grand Cibou, 200; in charge of +Cape Breton mission, 237. =F= Jesuit father, celebrates first mass at +Montreal, 34. =Bib.=: _Jesuit Relations_, 1640-1645; Parkman, _Jesuits +in North America_. + +=Vincennes.= =Hd= Haldimand's difficulties with settlers near, 92, 93; +occupied by governor of Detroit, 167; French inhabitants of, won over by +Congress, 167; Hamilton takes peaceable possession of, 168; but is later +betrayed by Clark, 168, 314. + +=Vincent, John= (1765-1848). Born in England. In 1781 entered the army +as ensign, and promoted lieutenant the same year. In 1786 captain; in +1795 major; in 1800 lieutenant-colonel; and in 1810 colonel. Served with +distinction during the War of 1812-1814 in Canada, and in 1813 promoted +major-general. Took part in the capture of St. Domingo in the West +Indies, and in the expedition to Copenhagen under Sir Hyde Parker. In +1841 reached the grade of general. =Index=: =Bk= Of the 49th, his +military service, 124; ordered to Fort George, 229. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. +Biog._; Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_. + +=Vincent de Paul, Saint= (1576-1660). Born in Pouay. Studied for the +priesthood and ordained, 1600. In 1617 founded the Congregation of +Priests of the Mission, which was established in the Priory of St. +Lazare in Paris, 1632. =Index=: =L= Olier a pupil of, 24. + +=Vindicator.= Newspaper published at Montreal. =Index=: =P= Edited by +Dr. O'Callaghan, Papineau's lieutenant, 86; supports cause of the +_Patriotes_, 122; the office sacked by members of the Doric Club, 127. +=Bib.=: Christie, _History of Lower Canada_. + +=Virginia.= =Ch= Grant of, to Sir Thomas Gates, 223. + +=Vitelleschi, Father.= =Ch= General of Jesuits, accepts donation of +Marquis de Gamache, for a college at Quebec, 228. + +=Vitre Charles Denis de.= =F= Member of Sovereign Council, 106. =L= +Appointed to Sovereign Council, 166. + +=Vitre, Jean Denis de.= =WM= Pilot, taken prisoner, guides Durell's +fleet, 78. + +=Voltaire, Francois Marie Arouet de= (1694-1778). French writer. +=Index=: =WM= Speaks of Canada as "a few acres of snow," 11. =L= On men +and empires, 123. =Bib.=: For biog. and bib. of his works, _see_ +Larousse, _Dict. Univ._ + +=Voltigeurs.= =Bk= Corps raised and commanded by Colonel de Salaberry, +189, 191. + +=Volunteer.= =Mc= Newspaper, Mackenzie publishes, 467. + +=Volunteers at Quebec.= =Dr= On conclusion of siege, dismissed and +thanked, 144. + +=Von Shoultz.= A Polish gentleman, settled in the United States. During +the Rebellion of 1837-1838, led a party of American sympathizers over +the border. They seized a windmill near Prescott, and held it for eight +days, but were finally dislodged and captured. Von Schoultz and ten +others were tried by court martial and hanged. =Index=: =Mc= Plans +attack on Prescott, 442; officers oppose plans, 442; lands at Prescott, +443; engagement at Windmill Point, 443; surrender, 444; execution, 444. +=Md= With rebel Americans in encounter near Prescott, 8; Macdonald +counsel for, in court martial, 8-9; executed, 9. =Bib.=: Dent, _Upper +Canadian Rebellion_; Pope, _Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald_. + +=Vorhees.= =S= Rebel captain, killed by Rangers, 32. + +=Voyageurs.= =D= Character of, 52. =Bk= Of the Hudson's Bay Company, +assist in capture of Michilimackinac, 210. + +=Voyer, Colonel.= =Dr= Commands French militia in siege of Quebec, 115. + +=Vrooman's Point.= =Bk= On Niagara River, battery at, 299, 300. + + +=Wadsworth, William= (1732-1833). Born in Durham, Connecticut. In the +War of 1812, brigadier-general in the New York militia. Took part in the +battle of Queenston Heights on Oct. 13, 1812, and when the Americans +were defeated, surrendered to Sir Roger Sheaffe. =Index=: =Bk= +Commanding United States troops on Niagara River, 213; surrenders with +nine hundred men at Queenston Heights, 312. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._; +Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_. + +=Wages.= =S= Rate of, 113. + +=Wake, Sir Isaac= (1580-1632). Born at Hartwell, Northamptonshire, +England. Educated at Oxford. Entered the diplomatic service, and in 1609 +secretary to the British minister at Venice; British representative at +the court of Savoy, 1615-1630. During these years sent on several +diplomatic missions: in 1617 to arrange an alliance between Savoy and +the Swiss states; in 1626 to Berne and Zurich on behalf of the Grisons; +and in 1627 to mediate between the king of Denmark and the duke of +Savoy. Ambassador to the French court, 1630-1632. =Index=: =Ch= English +ambassador at Paris, 215, 220; commissioner to settle dispute between +Kirke and De Caen, 218. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Wakefield, Edward Gibbon= (1796-1862). Born in London, England. +Educated at Westminster and at Edinburgh. One of the founders of the +National Colonization Society in 1830. In 1838 accompanied Lord Durham +(_q.v._) to Canada as unofficial adviser. Assisted Durham in drawing up +the _Report on the Affairs of British North America_. In 1843 elected to +the Canadian Parliament; at the same time secret adviser to Sir Charles +Metcalfe. Founded the Colonial Reform Society, 1850. In 1853 removed to +New Zealand and became adviser to the acting governor, Colonel Robert +Wynyard. =Index=: =BL= Private adviser to Sir Charles Bagot, 150; +attacked by Tory press, 150; elected for Beauharnois, 177; his views on +colonization, 177; in Canada with Durham, 177-178; his share in the +Report, 178; his land scheme, 178; relations to Bagot and Metcalfe, 178; +attacks La Fontaine-Baldwin party, and defends Metcalfe, 218-220. +=Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Garnett, _Edward Gibbon Wakefield_; Dent, +_Last Forty Years_. + +=Walcheren Expedition.= =Bk= Failure of, 119. + +=Walker, Sir Hovenden= (1660-1726). Born in Somersetshire, England. +Entered the navy; in 1691-1692 captain of the _Vulture_ fireship; in +1695 in command of the _Foresight_, and in 1696, when in charge of +convoy, had a successful action with two French frigates when off the +Lizard; in 1710 rear-admiral, and in 1711 knighted. In command of the +fleet which, in August, 1711, sailed up the St. Lawrence River for the +conquest of Canada. Stormy weather and fog combined to wreck the greater +part of the fleet, and the ships returned to England without meeting the +French. In 1715, either on account of the failure of the Canadian +expedition or on suspicion of being a Jacobite, dismissed from the +British navy. In 1720 published a pamphlet in defence of the abortive +expedition to Canada. =Index=: =WM= Loss of his fleet at Seven Islands, +83. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Walker, Thomas.= =Dr= Magistrate, strong anti-military feeling of, 18; +assault upon, 20; inquiry made into affair without result, 21; certain +persons accused of participation in, 36; complaint carried by Walker to +England, 37; secretary of state's despatch on the subject, 37; accused +parties brought to trial and acquitted, 38; insolent conduct of, in +court, 38. =Dr= Agitates against Quebec Act, 79; treasonable +correspondence of, with Arnold, 86; entertains Franklin and Carrol, +American commissioners, 136; Franklin's opinion of, 136. =Bib.=: +Bradley, _The Making of Canada_. + +=Wallace, Hugh.= =Hd= Haldimand's New York agent, 61, 74, 77; sends +Haldimand news of Bunker Hill and other events, 108. + +=Wallace, Nathaniel Clarke= (1844-1901). Born at Woodbridge, Ontario. +Educated at the public schools and Weston Grammar School; taught school +for some years. Subsequently engaged in mercantile life. Elected to the +House of Commons for West York, 1878; continued as representative of +that constituency until his death. Voted for the disallowance of the +Jesuits' Estates Act, 1888; appointed controller of customs in the +ministry of Sir John Thompson, 1892; resigned, 1895, owing to a +disagreement with his colleagues in regard to the Manitoba school +question. Grand master of the Orange Order in British America for over +twenty years. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Men_. + +=Walley, John= (1644-1712). Born in London, England. Commanded +expedition against the French and their Indian allies in Canada, 1689. +In 1690 sailed under Sir William Phipps to Quebec, but the siege was a +failure. Published an account of the expedition on his return to Boston. +In 1687, being one of the chief founders of the town of Bristol, elected +a member of the Council. Also captain of the Ancient and Honourable +Artillery Company of Boston. =Index=: =F= Second in command to Phipps, +281; lands with troops on Beauport flats, 292; his forces suffer +severely, 298; draws off his men, leaving artillery behind, 300; his +explanation of defeat of expedition, 300. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._ + +=Walpole, Horace.= _See_ Orford. + +=Walrond, Theodore.= =E= On British ignorance of Canada, and Elgin's +work there, 215. =Bib.=: _Life of Elgin_. + +=Walsingham, William de Grey, first Baron= (1719-1781). =Dr= +Solicitor-general of England, his views on Canadian laws, 62. =Bib.=: +_Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=War of 1812.= Declared by the United States against Great Britain in +June, 1812. The president in his message to Congress specified the +grounds for war as follows: Non-revocation of the orders-in-council; +interference with American trade; practical blockade of American ports; +impressment of American seamen, and the instigation of Indian +hostilities against the United States. The original intention of the +American government was the conquest of the British provinces on the +northern border, and several of the most important engagements were +fought on Canadian soil. After severe fighting with varying success, a +treaty of peace was signed at Ghent on Dec. 24, 1814. By this treaty all +territory taken by either country (except some islands on the Bay of +Passamaquoddy) was to be restored. All the American claims that led to +the war were left unsettled by the treaty. =Index=: =R= Loyalty of +Methodists in, 41; its aftermath, 41. =P= Services rendered by Papineau, +5. =BL= Stills for the time the internal conflict of races, 8-9. _See +also_ Stoney Creek; Queenston Heights; Chateauguay; Chrystler's Farm; +Beaver Dam; Brock; FitzGibbon; Sheaffe; Van Rensselaer; Hull. =Bib.=: +Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_; Richardson, _War of 1812_; Cruikshank, +_Documentary History of the Campaign_ and _Record of the Services of +Canadian Regiments in the War of 1812_; Roosevelt, _Naval War of 1812_; +Auchinleck, _War between Great Britain and the United States_; Coffin, +_1812: the War and its Moral_; Lossing, _Pictorial Field Book of the War +of 1812_; Irving, _Officers of the British Forces in Canada during the +War of 1812-14_; Mahan, _Naval War of 1812_; Hannay, _War of 1812-14_. +_See also_ other references in _Lit. Am. Hist._ + +=Wark, David= (1804-1905). Born near Londonderry, Ireland. Came to New +Brunswick, 1825; engaged in mercantile life. Elected to the Legislative +Assembly, 1843; appointed to the Legislative Council, 1851; member of +the ministry, at first without portfolio and afterwards as +receiver-general, 1858-1862; called to the Senate, 1867. Attended the +session of the Senate in his hundredth year. =Index=: =W= Moves +resolutions in New Brunswick Assembly on foreign commercial relations, +118. =T= Member of Fisher government, 43. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_; +Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_. + +=Warner, Seth= (1743-1784). Born in Roxbury, Connecticut. At the +outbreak of the American Revolution, joined the ranks of the patriots, +and as second in command took part in the capture of Ticonderoga and +Crown Point. In 1775 ordered to Canada to serve under General +Montgomery. Present at the siege of St. John's, and repulsed the British +troops under Sir Guy Carleton, who attempted its relief. Served in the +American army until 1782, when he retired. =Index=: =Dr= Attacks +Ticonderoga, 179. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._ + +=Washington, George= (1732-1799). First president of the United States. +=Index=: =Dr= Recognizes Arnold's abilities, 105; ordered by Congress to +appoint commission for exchange of prisoners, 207; opposed to +resurrection of French power in North America, 281; his moderate views, +286. =Hd= Compared with Haldimand in appearance, 15; suggests change in +uniform of troops, 16; occupies New York, 104; occupies Boston, 110; +objects to his French allies invading Canada, 123; his small army, 126, +253; his dread of re-establishment of French rule in Canada, 129; +Haldimand's demand on, for Hamilton's release, 169; his alleged threat +against Vermont, 205; Schuyler's letter to, 206; his caution to +Chittenden, 212-213; anxious to keep up exchange of prisoners through +Vermont, 215; provoked at carrying on of trade between Vermont and +Canada, 225; letter to Gage as to treatment of prisoners, 249; severity +towards Loyalists, 249, 250; compared with Haldimand in character, 250; +Pillon's treasonable correspondence with, 278; Riedesel's opinion of +methods of, 298. =Bib.=: _See_ _Cyc. Am. Biog._ for sketch, and list of +lives. + +=Washington Treaty=, 1871. Dealt with the Alabama claims; arbitration of +the San Juan boundary; North Atlantic fisheries; navigation of certain +rivers and canals and of Lake Michigan; system of bonded transit; +exemption from duty of United States logs floated down the St. John +River. An attempt was made by Sir John A. Macdonald, who represented +Canadian interests in the negotiation of the treaty, to revive the +provisions of the Reciprocity Treaty of 1854, but without success. The +other British commissioners were Earl de Grey, Sir Edward Thornton, Sir +Stafford Northcote, and Professor Montague Bernard. The United States +representatives were Hamilton Fish, General Schenck, Judge Nelson, Judge +Hoar, and Senator Williams. The treaty was duly ratified, and brought +into operation by proclamation, July 4, 1871. It was terminated, at the +instance of the United States, July, 1885. =Index=: =Md= History of, +165-192; questions arising out of American War of Secession, 165; +questions of special interest to Canada--San Juan boundary, Fenian Raid +claims, inshore fisheries, reciprocity, 166-167; Joint High Commission, +168-169; personnel of commission, 169; Macdonald a member, 169; +difficulty of his position, 172; outcome of negotiations, 174-178; San +Juan boundary referred to arbitration, 178-180; settlement of fisheries +question, 181-183; Macdonald signs treaty in interests of empire, +184-185; meets storm of opposition in Canada, 185-186; defends treaty in +Parliament, 186-190; Halifax Commission and award, 190. =B= Brown's +mission of 1874, and abortive Reciprocity Treaty of same year, a direct +result of, 225. =Bib.=: Pope, _Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald_; +Houston, _Constitutional Documents_; Hertslet, _Treaties and +Conventions_; _Messages, Despatches, and Minutes of the Privy Council +Relative to the Treaty of Washington_, Ottawa, 1872; Cushing, _The +Treaty of Washington_; Adams, _Before and after the Treaty of +Washington_. + +=Waterways.= =B= Improved as a result of British preference, 31; +navigable rivers in North-West, 214-215; joint commission for +improvement of, provided for in Reciprocity Treaty of 1854, 227. _See +also_ Canals; Rivers. + +=Watkin, Sir Edwin William, Bart.= (1819-1901). Born in Manchester, +England. Educated there. In 1845 secretary of the Trent Valley Railway, +and at various times connected with the London and North-Western +Railway, the Manchester, Sheffield, and Lincoln Railway, Great Western +Railway, and South-Eastern Railway. In 1857 elected member of Parliament +for Yarmouth. From 1862 to 1868 president of the Grand Trunk Railway. +=Index=: =C= President of Grand Trunk Railway, 125; friend of Cartier's, +125; declines distinction of C. B., 125; Cartier's letter to, 125-128. +=Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_. + +=Watson, Samuel James= (1837-1881). Born in Ireland. Educated at Belfast +Academy. Came to Canada and engaged in newspaper work, 1857. Appointed +librarian of the Ontario Assembly, 1871. Died in Toronto. =Bib.=: Works: +_The Constitutional History of Canada_; _The Powers of Canadian +Parliaments_; _The Peace-Killer or The Massacre of Lachine_; _The Legend +of Roses_; _Ravlan: a Drama_. + +=Watters, Charles.= =T= Defeated in St. John County, New Brunswick, 11; +becomes solicitor-general, New Brunswick, 43; defeated in St. John, 84. + +=Waverley Abbey.= =Sy= In Surrey, birthplace of Sydenham, 5. + +=Wayne, Anthony= (1745-1796). Born in Pennsylvania. Sent in 1765, on the +recommendation of Benjamin Franklin, to Nova Scotia, as financial agent +and land surveyor. One of the provincial deputies chosen in 1774 to +consider the relations between the American colonies and Great Britain. +In 1775 raised a regiment of troops, and in 1776 made colonel; defeated +and wounded at Three Rivers in an attack on the British. Promoted +brigadier-general, 1777; major-general, 1783; and general-in-chief, +1792. =Index=: =Dr= Defeats Indians at Fort Recovery, and demands +evacuation of British fort on the Miami, 286. =S= Army under, threatens +Detroit, 133; defeats Indians at Fort Recovery and on the Miami, 139; +demands evacuation of Fort Miami, 139; his instructions to avoid +anything that might lead to war with Great Britain, 142. =Bib.=: _Cyc. +Am. Biog._ + +=Weatherbe, Sir Robert Linton= (1836- ). Born in Prince Edward Island. +Educated at Prince of Wales's College, Charlottetown, and Acadia +College, Wolfville. Edited the _Acadian Recorder_. Called to the bar, +1863; judge of the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia, 1878; chief-justice, +1905-1907; knighted, 1906. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_. + +=Webb, Samuel Blatchley= (1753-1807). Born in Connecticut. Took part in +the civil and military movements that preceded the Revolution in 1775. +Commanded a company of Light Infantry in the battle of Bunker Hill. In +1776 appointed private secretary and aide-de-camp to Washington. In 1777 +took part in the American expedition to Long Island, and captured with +his troops by the British fleet; released in 1780. Afterwards +brigadier-general. =Index=: =WM= Sent to America with reinforcements, +33; retreats on learning of fall of Oswego, 36; in command at Fort +Edward, 45; his despatch to Colonel Monro intercepted, 46. =Bib.=: _Cyc. +Am. Biog._ + +=Webb's Regiment=. =WM= Formed part of reserve in battle of the Plains, +189. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_. + +=Wedderburn, Lord=. _See_ Rosslyn. + +=Weir, Lieutenant George=. Came to Canada with the 32nd Regiment; served +in the Rebellion of 1837 in Lower Canada; sent with despatches to the +officer in command at Sorel; captured by Wolfred Nelson and sent +prisoner to St. Charles; attempted to escape at St. Denis, and was +killed by his rebel guards. =Bib.=: Kingsford, _History of Canada_; +Christie, _History of Lower Canada_. + +=Weldon, John Wesley= (1804-1885). For many years a member of the +Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick, and 1843-1851 Speaker of the +House. In 1865 appointed a judge of the Supreme Court of New Brunswick, +and held the position until his death, 1885. =Index=: =W= Elected +Speaker of New Brunswick Assembly, 65, 66; action brought against in +Doak and Hill case, 75; his amendment on question of money votes, 94. +=T= Appointed to New Brunswick Bench, 94. =Bib.=: Hannay, _History of +New Brunswick_. + +=Welland Canal=. Projected as a result of the War of 1812. A commission +was appointed in 1816 to report on a canal between Lakes Erie and +Ontario. The matter dragged along for several years, until at last, +through the energy and enthusiasm of William Hamilton Merritt, a company +was incorporated, and work actually commenced, in 1824. Five years +later, the first vessels passed through from Ontario to Erie. In 1841 +work was commenced on the enlargement of the canal, and completed in +1850. Between 1873 and 1883, the canal was deepened to 12 feet; and in +1887 to 14 feet. In the meantime, the work had been taken over by the +government, and become part of the system of Dominion canals. =Index=: +=Mc= Mackenzie's committee to inquire into, 264; Mackenzie a director +of, 265; Francis Hincks on, 265; transactions of officials, 266, 267; +report of committee, 268. =BL= Bought by government from private +company, 1841, 98; completion of improvements, 337. _See also_ Canals. +=Bib.=: Kingsford, _Early Canals_; Merritt, _Biography of W. H. +Merritt_; Matheson, _Welland Canal_ (Women's Can. Hist. Soc. _Trans_., +vol. 2). + +=Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of= (1769-1852). Entered the army in +1787, and after serving in the Netherlands went to India in 1797, where +he filled various military and civil offices until 1805. Two years later +commanded the Copenhagen expedition and defeated the Danes at Kioge. +Took command of the army in the Peninsula in 1808, and between then and +1814 defeated the French under Soult, Victor, Massena, and King Joseph. +On his return to England in 1814 created Duke of Wellington. The +following year, with the co-operation of Bluecher, defeated Napoleon at +Waterloo. Premier in 1828, and resigned in 1830; foreign secretary in +Peel's ministry, 1834. =Index=: =Bk= His successes in the Peninsula, +119; retreats into Portugal, 123. =Sy= Resigns from Cabinet, 16; returns +to office as prime minister, 16; resigns, 52; on dismissal of Melbourne, +summoned to form a ministry, 46; his government defeated, 46; persuaded +by Chief Justice Robinson to oppose Union Bill in House of Lords, 231. +=B= Disapproves of Bagot's policy, 16, 17. =Mc= His connection with +Catholic Emancipation Bill, 16-17. =Bib.=: _Despatches, 1799-1832_; +_Speeches_. For biog., _see Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Wentworth, Sir John= (1737-1820). Born in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. +Educated at Harvard. In 1765 went to England as agent of the province of +New Hampshire, and in 1767 appointed governor of the province; in the +same year made surveyor-general of the king's woods in North America. +While governor of New Hampshire opposed the imposition of the taxes by +Great Britain, but still supported British connection; compelled in 1775 +to take refuge on board a British ship on which he sailed for England. +Appointed lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 1792. =Index=: =Dr= +Lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 290. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=West.= =W= Of Halifax, establishes first Madras school in St. John, New +Brunswick, in 1818, 87. + +=West India Company.= Established by royal edict in 1664, under the +usual conditions, that it should further the cause of colonization and +religion in New France, and in return should possess a monopoly of the +fur trade. The charter was revoked in 1674. In 1721, a similar charter +was granted to a new West India Company. =Index=: =F= Creation of, 49; +failure of, 149. =Bib.=: Biggar, _Early Trading Companies of New +France_. + +=Western Forts.= =S= Held by Great Britain pending settlement of +Loyalist affairs, 55, 119; handed over to United States, 142. =Bk= +Transfer of, to United States, 53. =Hd= Necessity for strengthening, +137; Haldimand declines to surrender till instructed by his government, +260; surrender of, 262. =Dr= Retained by Great Britain as security for +concessions to Loyalists, 231; handed over to United States, 291, 303. +_See also_ Michilimackinac; Detroit, etc. + +=Westminster Conference, 1866.= To settle finally the plan on which the +Confederation of the provinces was to be carried out, the delegates from +Canada, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia met in the Westminster Palace +Hotel, London. The Conference lasted from the 4th to the 24th of +December, and passed a series of sixty-nine resolutions based on those +of the Quebec Conference. The Conference resumed again in January, 1867, +with the result that the British North America Act was framed, and +passed by the Imperial Parliament. =Index=: =Mc= Conference meets in +London, 125-127. =Bib.=: _See also_ British North America Act; +Confederation. + +=Wetherall, Sir George Augustus= (1788-1868). Born in Hampshire, +England. Educated at Winchester and the Military College, Farnham. In +1803 joined the regiment of Nova Scotia Fencibles formed by his father, +General Sir Fred A. Wetherall. During the Rebellion of 1837-1838 in +Canada in command of the troops at Montreal, defeating the rebels at St. +Charles and Point Oliver. In 1838 promoted brevet-colonel; from 1843 to +1850 deputy-adjutant-general in Canada; adjutant-general, 1854; +lieutenant-general, 1857, and in 1860 commanded the northern district in +Great Britain. In 1865 appointed governor of the Royal Military College +at Sandhurst. =Index=: =C= At St. Charles, 7. =P= Attacks rebels at St. +Charles, 129. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Wetmore, A. B.= =T= Anti-Confederate candidate in St. John, New +Brunswick, 84; his character, 84-85; breaks away from government, 101; +elected as Confederate candidate in St. John, 109. + +=Wheat.= =B= Lord Stanley introduces measure giving preference to +Canadian wheat, 1843, 15; preference wiped out by the corn laws, 15, 31; +_Globe_ on effect of corn laws, 31-32; Elgin on, 32; trade in, under +Reciprocity Treaty of 1854, 229, 230. =MS= Red River settlers raise +first crop of, 1813, 160, _See also_ Agriculture. + +=Whelan, Edward= (1824-1867). Born in County Mayo, Ireland. Emigrated to +Nova Scotia, and employed in the office of the _Nova Scotian_, under +Joseph Howe. Moved to Prince Edward Island, 1842, and immediately threw +himself into the struggle for popular rights; elected to the Assembly; a +member of the Council, 1864, when he represented his province at the +Quebec Conference. Died at Charlottetown. =Index=: =T= Delegate to +Quebec Conference from Prince Edward Island, 77. =Bib.=: Davin, _The +Irishman in Canada_. + +=White, John.= =S= First attorney-general of Upper Canada, 81, 178; his +duel with John Small, clerk of council, 181. + +=White, Philip.= =Dr= Loyalist, murder of, 198. + +=White, Thomas= (1830-1888). Born in Montreal. Educated at the high +school there. Joined the editorial staff of the _Quebec Gazette_; and in +1853 founded the _Peterborough Review_, which he edited for seven years. +In 1860 went to Cobourg to study law, and in 1864 with his brother +founded the _Hamilton Spectator_. Elected to the Dominion Parliament for +Cardwell, 1878, and again in 1882 and 1887. A member of Sir John A. +Macdonald's Cabinet in 1885 as minister of the interior, and carried out +the political organization of the North-West Territories. =Index=: =E= +On the coalition of 1854, 139; minister of the interior in the Macdonald +ministry, 1885-1888, 139. =Md= Takes part in political picnic campaign, +220. =Bib.=: Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._ + +=Whitney, Sir James Pliny= (1843- ). Born at Williamsburg, Ontario. +Educated at the Cornwall Grammar School. Served for some years in the +militia, and on active service during the Fenian raid, 1866. In 1876 +called to the bar and practised at Morrisburg, Ontario. Elected for +Dundas to the Ontario Assembly, 1888. In 1896 leader of the Conservative +party in Ontario; and in 1905 premier, on the defeat of the Liberal +government. Knighted, 1908. =Bib.=: _Canadian Who's Who_. + +=Wilcox, Absalom.= =Mc= Aids Mackenzie's escape, 383. + +=Wilcox, Allan.= =Mc= Accompanies Mackenzie in his flight, 384-386. + +=Wilkins, Lewis Morris= (1801-1885). Born in Halifax, Nova Scotia, son +of Lewis Morris Wilkins, judge of the Supreme Court. Educated at King's +College, Windsor, graduating in 1819. Called to the bar and practised at +Windsor from 1823 to 1856. In 1856 appointed judge of the Supreme Court +of Nova Scotia, resigning in 1876. For several years a member of the +Nova Scotia Legislature, and provincial secretary in the Young ministry, +1854-1856. =Index=: =H= Delegate to England to represent views of +Legislative Council of Nova Scotia on responsible government, 52, 56; +supports Howe, 145; becomes provincial secretary, 146; signs Foreign +Enlistment Proclamation, 152; appointed judge of Supreme Court, 157. +=Bib.=: Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_. + +=Wilkinson.= =B= Edits a Bowmanville newspaper, charges Senator Simpson +with bribery in 1872, publishes letter from George Brown to Simpson, +249; sued for libel, 249; applies to have Brown committed for contempt +of court, 252. + +=Wilkinson.= =Dr= Aide-de-camp to Benedict Arnold, describes Arnold's +rapid retreat, 147. + +=William III= (1650-1702). King of England; son of William II, Prince of +Orange, and Mary, daughter of Charles I of England. In 1677 married +Mary, daughter of James II of England. In 1688 on the invitation of a +number of leading British statesmen and nobles, headed an expedition to +England. On his arrival in England, James II fled, and on Feb. 13, 1689, +William and Mary were proclaimed king and queen. =Index=: =Hd= Forms +regiment of Swiss Guards, 7. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=William IV= (1765-1837). King of England; third son of George III and +Queen Charlotte; born in Buckingham Palace. On June 26, 1830, succeeded +George IV. =Index=: =Sy= Accession of, 25; dismisses Lord Melbourne, 45; +death of, 48. =Dr= Arrival of, in Canada, as Prince William Henry, 238, +240; his popularity, 240. =W= Opposed to alienation of crown lands, 22; +dismisses his advisors, 37; his death, 1837, 47. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. +Biog._ + +=William Henry.= =Dr= Name of Sorel changed to, 240. + +=Williams, Sir William Fenwick= (1800-1883). Born in Annapolis Royal, +Nova Scotia. Graduated at Woolwich, England, in 1821; entered the army, +1825; and served with distinction in the Crimean War, 1854-1855. On his +return to England created a baronet, received the Order of the Bath, and +granted a pension of L1000 a year. Nova Scotia presented him with a +sword of honour. In 1860-1866 commander of the forces in Canada; during +the absence of the governor-general, Sir Edmund Head, administrator of +Canada, from Oct. 12, 1860, to Jan. 22, 1861; and in 1865 governor of +Nova Scotia. In 1868 full general; and in 1870 governor-general of +Gibraltar. In 1877 retired from the army; and in 1881 appointed +constable of the Tower. =Index=: =Md= Co-operates with Tupper in +Confederation movement, 122. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Dent, _Can. +Por._; Taylor, _Brit. Am._; Saunders, _Three Premiers of Nova Scotia_. + +=Willis, John Walpole= (1792-1877). Born in England. A voluminous writer +on legal subjects. In 1827 appointed a puisne judge of the King's Bench +in Upper Canada. A capable judge, but in constant conflict with Sir +Peregrine Maitland, the lieutenant-governor of the province. On the +ground that he had refused to conduct the business of the court alone, +in the absence of the two other judges, the governor dismissed him from +the bench in June, 1828. Subsequently judge in Demerara and judge of the +Supreme Court of New South Wales; dismissed from the latter appointment, +1743. =Index=: =Mc= Appointed, 1827, 130; quarrels with brother judges, +131; his contention, 131, 132, 133; removed, 133; large petition in +favour of, refused, 133. =BL= Dismissed from office, 28; his cause taken +up by Reform party, 28; petition of protest, 29. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. +Can._; Read, _Lives of the Judges_. + +=Willis, Michael= (1799-1879). Born in Greenock, Scotland. Educated at +the University of Glasgow. A minister in Glasgow for a number of years, +and professor of divinity for the secession branch of the Presbyterian +Church. In 1843, at the disruption, joined the Free Church, and +afterwards invited to Canada in connection with the colonial board of +that religious body. In 1845 appointed professor of theology in Knox +College, and later principal of that institution, resigning in 1870. =B= +President of Anti-Slavery Society of Canada, 112; principal of Knox +College, 112. + +=Willison, John Stephen= (1856- ). Born at Hill's Green, Ontario. Began +his journalistic career with the London _Advertiser_, 1882; joined the +staff of the Toronto _Globe_, 1883. Represented the _Globe_ in Ottawa +for some years; editor-in-chief of the _Globe_, 1890; subsequently +editor of the Toronto _News_. =Index=: =Mc= His opinion of Mackenzie, +14. =Md= Quoted on _Parti Rouge_, 45. =Bib.=: _Sir Wilfrid Laurier and +the Liberal Party_. For biog., _see_ Morgan, _Can. Men_; _Canadian Who's +Who_. + +=Williston, Edward.= =T= Solicitor-general, New Brunswick, 105. + +=Williston, John T.= =T= Deserts Liberal party in New Brunswick, 18; +elected for Northumberland, 107. + +=Willson, John.= Representative for Wentworth. =Index=: =R= Speaker of +Legislative Assembly, Upper Canada, 64, 65. + +=Wilmot, Benjamin= (1589-1669). =W= Born in England, one of early +settlers of New Haven, 3; ancestor of L. A. Wilmot, 3. + +=Wilmot, Ezekiel.= =W= Born, 1708, son of Thomas Wilmot, 3. + +=Wilmot, Lemuel.= =W= A Loyalist of Poughkeepsie, New York, 3; a captain +in Loyal American Regiment, came to New Brunswick after the war, 3. + +=Wilmot, Lemuel Allan= (1809-1878). =W= His work for responsible +government, 2; born in Sunbury County, New Brunswick, 1809, 2; his +ancestry, 3; attorney-general, 1848, 7; a Baptist, 9; his mother, 10; +education, 10-11; studies law, 11; interest in militia, 12; his success +as a lawyer, 31; enters public life as member for York County, 1834, 31; +re-elected, 1835, 32; his eminence as a stump orator, 32, 33; takes +leading part in debates, 35; his interest in crown lands question, 35; +and question of salaries of customs officials, 38-39; sent to England as +delegate, 41-42, 45; again goes to England on behalf of Assembly, _re_ +Civil List Bill, 46; elected for York, 47; obtains new charter for +King's College, 49-56; on provincial salaries, 61-63; nominated for +Speaker, but declines to run, 66; advocates reform of Legislative +Council, 68-69; enters the government, 72-73; opposes address to +Metcalfe, 74; attacked by _Loyalist_, 75; resigns over Reade +appointment, 77; his letter to the governor on same, 77-79; views on +education, 83, 88-91; advocates initiation of money grants by executive, +91-93; 94-97; opposes bill requiring executive councillors, etc., to be +re-elected, 99-100; re-elected for York, 102; declines seat in +government, 102-103; enters government as attorney-general, 116-117; +speaks at Portland Railway Convention, 119-126; views on railway +question, 126-127; consolidation of criminal law and other legislation, +127-128; on reduction of judges, 129; appointed to bench, 130, 173; +Fenety's characterization, 131; appointed lieutenant-governor, 132-133; +a many-sided man, his religious life, 133-134; his family life, 135; in +the militia, 135; his home, 136; his marriage, 1832, 137; second +marriage, 137; character and achievements, 137-139; his death, May 20, +1878, 137. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._; _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Hannay, +_History of New Brunswick_; Bourinot, _Canada during Victorian Era_ (R. +S. C., 1897); Roberts, _History of Canada_. + +=Wilmot, Montagu.= Lieutenant-colonel in the army, 1755; commanded an +expedition against Fort Cumberland, 1756. Appointed lieutenant-governor +of Nova Scotia, 1763; governor, 1764. Died, 1766. =Bib.=: _Selections +from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia_, ed. by Akins. + +=Wilmot, Robert Duncan= (1809-1891). Born at Fredericton, New Brunswick. +Member of the provincial Parliament, 1846-1861 and in 1865-1867; and +surveyor-general, 1851-1854. Provincial secretary in the Wilmot-Gray +ministry, and in 1867 called to the Senate, of which he was a member for +thirteen years. In 1878-1891 a member of the Privy Council; in 1878-1880 +a member of the Cabinet without portfolio, and Speaker of the Senate; +lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick, 1880-1885. =Index=: =T= Elected +for St. John County, 10; elected as a Liberal, but sides with +Conservatives, 13-14; joins administration, 18, 23, 24; re-elected for +St. John, 24, 30; provincial secretary, 41; his government resigns, +42-43; re-elected for St. John County, as Anti-Confederate, 85-86; +enters Smith government, 91; his character, 93; dissatisfied with +government, 94; resigns, 94; forms new government with Peter Mitchell, +105; elected for St. John County, 109; goes to England as delegate, 120. +=Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._; Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_; +_Parliamentary Companion_, 1885. + +=Wilmot, Thomas.= =W= Born, 1679, son of William Wilmot, 3. + +=Wilmot, William=, =W= Father of L. A. Wilmot, 2; lumberman, 3; son of +Lemuel Wilmot, 3; his family, 3-4; a Baptist, 9; moves to Fredericton, +10; a local preacher, 10; in politics, 10. =T= In partnership with +William Peters, 4. + +=Wilson, Sir Adam= (1814-1891). Born in Edinburgh. Educated in that +city. In 1830 came to Canada; studied law under Robert Baldwin Sullivan, +and in 1839 called to the bar of Upper Canada. In 1840 partner of Robert +Baldwin, the Reform leader, and built up a successful practice. Elected +to the Assembly for the north riding of York; in 1862-1863 +solicitor-general in John Sandfield Macdonald's government; resigned on +being appointed a judge of the Queen's Bench. Chief-justice of the Court +of Common Pleas, 1878; and of Queen's Bench, 1884. Knighted, 1888. +=Index=: =B= Comments on George Brown's letter to Senator Simpson, +249-250; had been supported by _Globe_ in election contests, 250; +solicitor-general in Macdonald-Sicotte ministry, 250; attacked by +_Globe_, 250-252; takes no part in Brown's trial for contempt of court, +252, 254. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._; Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty +Years_. + +=Wilson, Sir Daniel= (1816-1892). Born in Edinburgh, Scotland. Educated +at Edinburgh University. In 1845 appointed honorary secretary of the +Scottish Society of Antiquaries. In 1853 came to Canada as professor of +history and English literature in Toronto University, becoming president +of the university in 1881. Elected president of the Royal Society of +Canada, 1885. Knighted, 1888. =Bib.=: Works: _Prehistoric Man_; _The +Missing Link_; _Archaeology and Prehistoric Annals of Scotland_; +_Chatterton: A Biographical Study_; _The Lost Atlantis, and other +Ethnographic Studies_. For biog., _see Dict. Nat. Biog._; Dent, _Can. +Por._; Kingsford, _Sir Daniel Wilson_ (R. S. C., 1893); MacMurchy, +_Canadian Literature_. + +=Wilson, John.= =T= Runs against Tilley in St. John, New Brunswick, and +defeated, 131. + +=Wilson, John= (1809-1869). Born in Paisley, Scotland. Came to Canada, +1823; for some years worked on a farm near Perth. Studied law and called +to the bar of Upper Canada, 1835. Practised his profession at London. +Served as a volunteer during the Rebellion of 1837. Represented London +in the Assembly, 1847-1851; defeated, 1851, but again elected, 1854; +elected to the Legislative Council, 1863; appointed judge of the Court +of Common Pleas, 1863. =Bib.=: Read, _Lives of the Judges_. + +=Wiman, Erastus= (1834-1904). Born at Churchville, Ontario. Educated in +Toronto; early became engaged in newspaper work; joined the staff of the +Toronto _Globe_, 1856; edited Montreal _Trade Renew_, 1864-1865; entered +the service of R. G. Dun & Co., 1865; removed to the United States, +1866, and connected with many large commercial enterprises. A strong +advocate of reciprocity between Canada and the United States. =Index=: +=Md= Favours commercial union, 293. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men_. + +=Windmill Point.= Situated in Grenville County, Ontario, and the scene +of an engagement between filibusters from the United States under +Colonel Von Schoultz (_q.v._), and Canadian troops, in November, 1838, +when the former were defeated. =Index=: =Mc= Engagement of, 441-444. +=Md= Americans under Von Schoultz capture windmill near Prescott, 8; +party finally overcome and leaders court-martialled, 8-9. + +=Winnipeg.= Capital of the province of Manitoba. Founded about 1862. In +the summer of that year "the first attempt was made to establish a place +of business on the highway at the spot where the Assiniboine and Red +River tracks meet close to the boundary of the Hudson's Bay Company's +land reserve" (Hargrave's _Red River_). Incorporated in 1873. Its early +growth was very slow and the city suffered for years from the effects +of an ill-timed boom. The first decade of the twentieth century, +however, brought rapid and substantial growth, =Index=: =D= Becomes +centre of western department of Hudson's Bay Company. 265. =Bib.=: +Hargrave, _Red River_; Bryce, _Manitoba_; _Ency. Brit._; _Ency. Amer._ + +=Winnipeg, Lake.= Area, 9460 square miles. The lake was known both to +the English on Hudson Bay and to the French in Canada, long before its +actual discovery, and is represented on a number of early maps, though +sometimes very far from its actual position. The lake was actually +discovered by La Verendrye in 1732. The name is derived from the Cree +word _Wi-nipi_, turbid water. The name has had a host of variants, from +Ouinipigon and Ouinipique to Winnipeck and Winipic, not to mention the +name given in Coats's _Hudson Bay_, Winnipeg-gon-e-sepe. + +=Winslow, John= (1702-1774). Born in Plymouth, Massachusetts. Entered +the army. In 1740 captain of a company that served in the expedition to +Cuba; in 1752 sent to Fort St. George, Maine, as a commissioner to +settle land disputes with the Indians. In 1755 when major-general of +militia, and captain in the British army, ordered to Nova Scotia to +remove the Acadians from that province. This duty he performed under the +instructions of Governor Lawrence. In 1756 as major-general served +against the French, and also in 1758-1759. In 1762 chief justice of the +Court of Common Pleas in Plymouth County. The town of Winslow in Maine +is named after him. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._; Campbell, _History of Nova +Scotia_. + +=Winter, P.= =E= Commissioner under Seigniorial Tenure Act, 187. + +=Winthrop, Fitz-John= (1639-1707). Born in Boston, Massachusetts. +Educated at Harvard. Going to England, served in the parliamentary army +there and in Scotland. Took part in the march of General Monk's army to +London. In 1663 returned to New England and employed in both military +and civil capacities. In 1690 major-general in command of the army which +unsuccessfully invaded Canada. Agent for Connecticut in London, +1693-1697; and governor of the colony, 1698-1707. =Index=: =F= Commands +expedition against Montreal, 279; arrives at Albany, and pushes on to +Wood Creek, 280; returns to Albany, and to Hartford, Conn., 281. =L= +Commands expedition against Montreal, 229; his army disorganized and +scattered, 231. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._ + +=Wiseman, Nicholas Patrick Stephen= (1802-1865). Born at Seville, Spain. +Educated at St. Cuthbert's College, Ushaw, near Durham, and the English +College in Rome. Took a leading part in the Oxford movement. Created +arch-archbishop of Westminster, and cardinal, 1850. =Index=: =B= His +pastoral letter defending the papal bull dividing England into Roman +Catholic sees, and George Brown's reply, 44-45. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. +Biog._ + +=Wolfe, James= (1727-1759). =WM= Intrusted by William Pitt with command +of expedition against Quebec, 65, 73; singular anecdote of, 65; birth +and personal characteristics, 66, 67; at Dettingen and Culloden, 68; in +Paris, 69; attached to the Louisbourg expedition, 70; falls in love, 70, +72; returns to England, 71; his criticism of the Louisbourg campaign, +72; made brigadier and intrusted with expedition against Quebec, 73; +bids farewell to father and mother, 74; has under him three brigadiers, +74; hears of his father's death, 76; his plan for the attack, 76-78; +proceeds to upper end of island of Orleans, 93; perceives all the +difficulty of the situation, 96; his proclamation to the Canadians, 101; +advances to Pointe Levis, 108; decides on bombardment of Quebec, 110; +seizes left bank of Montmorency River, 112; his hesitancy, 119; courtesy +to prisoners taken by Carleton, 125; tries to bridge Montmorency, 127; +attempts passage of Montmorency by a ford, 128; protests against use of +fire-rafts, 130; his poor opinion of Canadian militia, 132, 173; his +plan to bring on general engagement, 134; unsuccessfully attacks French +position at Montmorency, 139-143; greatly appreciates kindness shown to +Ochterlony, 145; after defeat at Montmorency, bombards city with +increased severity, 145; burns country on both sides of the St. +Lawrence, 149; ill of fever at Ange Gardien, 154; his great activity and +energy, 154; hands command over to his brigadiers, 154; his three plans +for attack, 154; accepts plans of brigadiers, 155; convalescent, 156; +letter to his mother, 156; his extreme despondency, 157; abandons +position at Montmorency, 158; resolves to attack above Quebec, 159; +gives general order to be ready for early landing, 163; goes to +Pointe-aux-Trembles to reconnoitre, 164; his great discouragement +expressed in letter to Lord Holdernesse, 166; goes down opposite Le +Foulon and makes careful examination of it, 168; his propositions to +council of war, as narrated by French author, 169; visits each ship in +the fleet above Quebec, 170; his last proclamation from H.M.S. +_Sutherland_, 172; bequests in his will, 175; intrusts portrait of Miss +Lowther to Captain Jervis, 175; his boat takes the lead in moving down +the river, 179; his conversation in the boat, 179; recites Gray's +_Elegy_, 180; climbs up cliff and arranges troops in line of battle, +182; advances towards Quebec, 186; marches to battle at head of his +troops, 197; death of, 200; his remains conveyed to England on _Royal +William_, 238; grief of his mother, 239; monument to, in Westminster +Abbey, 239. =Dr= His friendship for Carleton, 30; secures his +appointment to Quebec expedition, 31. =P= Causes of his victory at +Quebec, 143. =BL= Sydenham ranked with, 112. =Hd= Besieges Quebec, 25; +preparations made in event of his failure, 28; his success and death, +34; compared with Amherst, 35; Gugy comes with, to Quebec, 62; glories +won by, on Plains of Abraham, 121. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_; +Wood, _Fight for Canada_; Willson, _Life and Letters of James Wolfe_; +Salmon, _Life of Wolfe_; Bradley, _Life of Wolfe_ and _The Fight with +France_. + +=Wolford Lodge.= =S= In Devon, family estate of Simcoe, 40, 220, 222. + +=Wolseley, Garnet Joseph, Viscount= (1833- ). Born in Golden Bridge +House, Dublin county, Ireland. In 1852 entered the army as ensign; +served in the Burmese War, 1852-1853; in the Crimean War, 1854-1856; and +in India, 1857; in 1861 sent to Canada in connection with the _Trent_ +incident; in 1867 deputy-quartermaster-general of Canada; and in +1869-1870 commanded the Red River Expedition during the Riel Rebellion; +commanded the British army in the Ashantee War of 1873-1874; and +in Egypt, 1882, and 1884-1885; field-marshal in 1894; and +commander-in-chief of the army, 1895-1900. =Index=: =C= His expedition +to North-West, 69-70; his article in _Blackwood's Magazine_, 70-71; his +quarrel with Cartier, 130. =Md= Leads expedition against Riel, 161; +gains a bloodless victory, 162. =Bib.=: _Story of a Soldier's Life_. For +biog., _see_ _Who's Who_. + +=Wood, Edmund Burke= (1820-1882). Born near Fort Erie, Ontario. Educated +at Overton College, Ohio. Called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1848, and +appointed clerk of the County Court of Brant, 1853. Represented West +Brant in the Canadian Assembly, 1863-1867. After Confederation returned +for both the Ontario Assembly and the Dominion House of Commons, but +resigned the latter seat, 1872. Held office as provincial treasurer in +the Sandfield-Macdonald ministry, 1867-1871. Elected to the House of +Commons for West Durham, 1873. Appointed chief-justice of Manitoba, +1874. Died in Winnipeg. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._ + +=Wood, Enoch.= =W= Methodist clergyman in Fredericton, 133; his +influence over L. A. Wilmot, 133. + +=Wood Creek.= =F= Expedition against Montreal encamps at, 280. + +=Wool, Captain.= =Bk= Succeeds in landing United States troops above +Queenston, 303. + +=Wooster, David= (1710-1777). Born in Stratford, Connecticut. Graduated +at Yale University. Took part in the expedition against Louisbourg, +1745; in 1776 served as brigadier-general of the American forces in +Canada. =Index=: =Dr= Montgomery leaves him in charge at Montreal, 116; +on death of Montgomery, succeeds to command at Quebec, 132; his army +reinforced, 134; criticized in Franklin's report, 136; recalled, 136. +=Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._ + +=Work, or Wark, John= (1792-1861). Born in Ireland. Entered service of +Hudson's Bay Company, 1814; employed east of the mountains until 1822, +when transferred to the Columbia; in charge of Fort Simpson, 1835-1849; +appointed chief factor, 1846; removed to Victoria, 1849, as one of the +managers of the Company's affairs on the Pacific slope. In 1857 a member +of the Legislative Council of Vancouver Island. Died at Victoria. +=Index=: =D= Leads expedition into wilds of Oregon and the Upper +Missouri in 1834, 132; member of Victoria board of management, 265; his +death, 265. =Bib.=: Bancroft, _History of British Columbia_; Walbran, +_British Columbia Coast Names_. + +=Workman, T.= =Md= Liberal, elected for Montreal in by-election in 1876, +224. + +=Wrangell, Ferdinand Petrovitch, Baron von= (1796-1870). Born in +Pleskau, Esthonia. Educated in the school for cadets in St. Petersburg. +Entered the Russian navy in 1812; in 1817 took part in a scientific +expedition to Siberia and Kamtchatka; and in 1820 commanded an +expedition to explore the Russian polar seas, which reached 72 deg. 2' +north latitude. In 1827 appointed governor of Russian America (Alaska), +and during his administration made surveys of the country, opened roads, +built bridges, and instituted various other reforms and improvements. In +1834 recalled to Russia; in 1837 rear-admiral; in 1847 vice-admiral. +Strongly opposed to the cession of Alaska to the United States. =Index=: +=D= Succeeds Baranoff in Russian America, 45. + +=Wright, Justice.= =S= Barrack-master, 47. + +=Wright, Philemon= (1760-1839). Born in Woburn, Massachusetts. In 1800 +emigrated to Canada, and ascended the river Ottawa sixty miles beyond +any previous known settler, with the object of selecting a suitable +tract of land for a settlement. Eventually chose the site of the present +town of Hull, Quebec, and received a grant from the government. Imported +several of the best breeds of cattle from Great Britain, and, +introducing other improvements, the agricultural settlement grew into an +important and thriving township. + +=Wyoming District.= =Hd= Laid waste, 151. + + +=X Y Company.= Founded at Montreal in 1795 by several partners of the +North West Company, who had become dissatisfied with the administration +of the old company, and particularly resented the autocratic ways of its +chief, Simon McTavish, popularly known among the fur traders, because of +his domineering manner, as "Le Premier," and "Le Marquis." The backbone +of the new concern was the powerful Montreal firm of Forsyth, Richardson +& Co. Alexander Mackenzie was almost persuaded to join the new company +in 1795, but did not actually do so until 1801. Meanwhile the X Y +Company had built a post at Grand Portage in 1797, and followed their +rivals to the Assiniboine, the Saskatchewan, the Athabaska, and even +into the remote Peace River country. On the death of McTavish, in 1804, +the two companies were united as the North West Company. =Index=: =MS= +Organized by malcontents from North West Company, 6, 92; builds rival +post at Grand Portage, 93; Mackenzie becomes the head of, 98; absorbed +by North-West Company, 1804, 99. =Bib.=: Masson, _Bourgeois de la +Compagnie du Nord-Ouest_; Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_. + + +=Yale, James Murray.= Entered the service of the Hudson's Bay Company +about 1815, when still a boy, and after some years' service east of the +mountains, transferred to New Caledonia. Eventually promoted to the rank +of chief factor; and retired from the service about 1870, settling near +Victoria, where he died. Fort Yale on the Fraser River was named after +him. =Index=: =D= At Stewart Lake, 99; in command at Fort George, 1823, +105. =Bib.=: Bancroft, _History of British Columbia_. + +=Yamaska River.= Rises in Brome Lake. After a course of about ninety +miles falls into the St. Lawrence at the head of Lake St. Peter. +=Index=: =Ch= Named by Champlain, De Genes, 52. + +=Yellowhead Pass.= Through the Rocky Mountains. Elevation, 3733 feet +above sea level. The summit of the pass is eighteen miles in a straight +line from the Athabaska River. Yellowhead Lake, a little west of the +summit, discharges its waters into the Fraser River. Because of its easy +gradients, this pass was favoured by (Sir) Sandford Fleming as the route +for the Canadian Pacific Railway, but political considerations forced +the selection of the much more difficult Kicking Horse Pass. + +=Yonge Street, Toronto.= Originally an Indian trail leading to Lake +Simcoe. Built as a bush road by Simcoe in 1794. Named after Sir George +Yonge, then secretary for war. =Index=: =BL= Named in honour of the then +secretary for war, 8. =Bib.=: Robertson, _Landmarks of Toronto_. + +=York.= =S= Name Toronto officially changed to, 203; name York +previously in use, 203. =Bk= Fortifications begun at, 182. =BL= Becomes +seat of government, 8; incorporated as city of Toronto, 16; origin of +Spadina Avenue, 26; Baldwin elected for, 31; Parliament house; 33; +municipal government in, 298. _See also_ Toronto. + +=York and Albany, Frederick Augustus, Duke of= (1763-1827). Second son +of George III. Commanded British army in Flanders, 1793-1795. +Commander-in-chief, 1798-1809. =Index=: =Bk= Takes command of expedition +to Holland, 15, 21. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=York Factory.= One of the principal establishments of the Hudson's Bay +Company, near the mouth of Hayes River, north bank. The first trading +post here, or near here, was Fort Nelson, built in 1669. Throughout the +eighteenth century, this was the principal post of the Company, in +charge of a governor, with a considerable staff. It was the +starting-point of the explorations of Henry Kellsey in 1692, of Anthony +Hendry in 1754, and of Matthew Cocking in 1772, and was the gateway to +the vast interior country, the recognized route being the Hayes River. +=Index=: =MS= Red River settlers winter near, 153-155. _See also_ Port +Nelson. =Bib.=: Bryce, _Hudson's Bay Company_; Laut, _Conquest of the +Great North-West_. + +=Yorke, Charles= (1722-1770). =Dr= Attorney-general of England, his +views on Canadian laws, 62. + +=Yorke, Sir Joseph Sydney= (1768-1831). Entered the navy in 1780; in +1781 joined the _Duke_ and later the _Formidable_, both under Sir +Charles Douglas. In 1785 served on the flagship of Commodore John Elliot +on the Newfoundland station, and afterwards on the _Adamant_ under Sir +Richard Hughes at Halifax. In 1789 lieutenant; in 1790 commander; in +1793 captain; in 1810 a lord of the Admiralty. Sent to Lisbon in 1811 +with reinforcements, the arrival of which compelled the French under +Massena to retreat from Torres Vedras. In 1814 vice-admiral; and +admiral, 1830. =Index=: =Hd= Recommends Haldimand and Bouquet for +command in America, 9-10; Haldimand's description of, 327; Haldimand +visits, 337. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._ + +=Young, George Paxton= (1819-1889). Born at Berwick-upon-Tweed. Educated +at the University of Edinburgh; came to Canada, 1847; minister of Knox +Church, Hamilton, 1850-1853. Joined the faculty of Knox College the +latter year, where he filled various chairs in succession until 1864. +Employed by Dr. Ryerson for several years in reorganizing the grammar +schools of Ontario. In 1871 succeeded Dr. Beaven as professor of logic, +metaphysics, and ethics in Toronto University, holding the position up +to the time of his death. =Index=: =R= Appointed inspector of grammar +schools, 1863, 255; reports on defects in the system, 255-257; examines +results of Grammar School Act of 1865, 260. =Bib.=: Duncan, _George +Paxton Young_ in _Univ. of Tor. Monthly_; Dent, _Can. Por._ + +=Young, George Renny= (1800?-1847). Born in Scotland; a brother of Sir +William Young (_q.v._). Founded the _Nova Scotian_ newspaper in 1824, +and edited it until 1828. For several years a member of the Legislative +Assembly of Nova Scotia; and also of the Executive Council. =Index=: =H= +Son of John Young, author of _Letters of Agricola_, 8; Speaker of Nova +Scotia Legislature, 99-100; associated with organization of Company to +build Intercolonial, 99-100; attacked by Lord Falkland, 100; offered +seat in Council by Sir John Harvey, 103; declines office, 104; elected +for Halifax, 106; member of the Uniacke administration, 110; resigns +from government, 132. =Bib.=: Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_. + +=Young, James.= =B= On George Brown's attitude in the Legislature at +Quebec, 65; describes Brown's personal appearance, 73. + +=Young, John= (1773-1837). Born in Falkirk, Scotland. Educated at +Glasgow University; emigrated to Canada, 1814. In 1818 published a +series of letters under the nom-de-plume of "Agricola," in the _Halifax +Recorder_. These letters drew attention to the backward state of +agriculture in Nova Scotia and led to the establishment of a Board of +Agriculture, of which he was appointed secretary. In 1822 the letters +were published in book form with the title _Letters of Agricola on the +Principles of Vegetation and Tillage_. From 1825 to 1837 represented +Sydney in the Nova Scotia Assembly. Took an active part in the formation +of agricultural societies. =Index=: =H= Author of _Letters of Agricola_, +6; member of Nova Scotia Assembly, 1837, 35; proposes conciliatory +resolutions as to the Legislative Council, 38-39. =Bib.=: Campbell, +_History of Nova Scotia_. + +=Young, John= (1811-1878). Born at Ayr, Scotland. Came to Canada, 1826. +In 1837 raised a regiment of volunteers and served during the Rebellion. +In 1841 partner of the firm of Stephens, Young & Company of Montreal; +connected with the construction in 1845 of the railway line to Portland, +Maine, through which Montreal secured a winter port. It was largely by +his efforts that the railway from Montreal to Kingston was built; and +the Victoria Bridge, the deepening of Lake St. Peter, and the +enlargement of the Welland, St. Lawrence, and Lachine canals were also +due to a considerable extent to his broad policy. In 1851 commissioner +of public works in the Hincks-Morin Cabinet. During his brief +administration organized the Canadian exhibit at London, 1851; and +subsidized steamships between Montreal and Liverpool. =Index=: =E= +Commissioner of public works in Hincks-Morin ministry, 113; resigns and +replaced by J. Chabot, 126. =Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty Years_. + +=Young, Sir John.= _See_ Lisgar. + +=Young, Sir William= (1799-1887). Born at Falkirk, Scotland. Educated at +Glasgow University. Came to Nova Scotia; studied law, and called to the +bar of that province, 1826. In 1832 elected to the Assembly for Cape +Breton. In 1835 called to the bar of Prince Edward Island. In 1838-1839 +took part in the negotiations that followed the Rebellion in Lower +Canada, and his report on the alleged grievances was included in that of +Lord Durham. In 1842 appointed a member of the Executive Council, and +Speaker of the Assembly, 1843-1854; premier of the province, 1854-1857; +and again in 1860. In 1860 appointed chief-justice of Nova Scotia, +retiring after twenty-one years' service. Knighted, 1868. =Index=: =H= +Political leader in Nova Scotia, and afterwards chief-justice of the +province, 6; sent as delegate to England to urge granting of +representative government to Nova Scotia, 51, 56; appointed to Executive +Council, 1843, 75; elected Speaker the same year, 75; reelected Speaker, +1848, 107; attorney-general and leader of government, 146; his +government sustained, 157; non-committal attitude of, on Irish Roman +Catholic question, 163; chief justice of Nova Scotia, 169. =Bib.=: +Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_; Saunders, _Three Premiers of Nova +Scotia_. + +=Young, Sir William A. G.= (1827-1885). Secretary to the North American +Boundary Commission, 1856; colonial secretary and auditor of British +Columbia, 1859; colonial secretary of Vancouver Island, 1864; +administrator of the government there, 1866. Subsequently appointed +governor of the Gold Coast. + +=Yukon River.= Rises at the headwaters of the Nisutlin, and empties into +Bering Sea, after a course of 1765 miles. The lower waters of the river +were explored by Glazunof in 1836 or 1837; and a Russian post was built +at Nulato, about four hundred miles above the mouth, in 1838. In 1843, +Zagoskin carried the exploration up to the mouth of the Nowikakat. In +1846, John Bell, of the Hudson's Bay Company, reached the Yukon by way +of the Porcupine; and in 1847 Alexander H. Murray, of the same Company, +built Fort Yukon, at the mouth of the Porcupine. Robert Campbell +explored the Pelly and Yukon, down to the mouth of the Porcupine, in +1840-1850. =Index=: =MS= Mackenzie establishes existence and course of, +50; makes inquiries concerning, 55. =D= Operations of Hudson's Bay +Company on, 123; explored by Robert Campbell, 125. =Bib.=: Dall, +_Alaska_; Bancroft, _History of Alaska_; Campbell, _Discovery of the +Youcon_; Whymper, _Travel and Adventure in Alaska_; Murray, _Journal of +the Yukon_ (Archives, Pub. 4); Dawson, _Report on the Yukon_ (Geol. +Survey Report, 1887-1888). + +=Yverdun.= =Hd= Home of the Haldimand family, 2, 3; visited by +Haldimand, 113, 116; his death there, June 5, 1791, 340; its +institutions remembered in his will, 342. + + +=Zollverein.= =Md= Proposed by Butterworth in United States Congress, as +a method of fiscal union with Canada, 295. _See also_ Commercial Union. +=Bib.=: Willison, _Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party_. + + + + +MANUSCRIPT SOURCES IN THE DOMINION ARCHIVES + + +CHAMPLAIN + +Correspondance Generale, North America-Acadia, 1603-1632, Serie F, +Volume No. 112. Colonial Office Records, 1603, 1635, Serie M, Volume No. +395. Correspondance Generale, Acadia, 1605, Serie F, Volume No. 125. +Suggestions to the King by M. de Monts for the discovery and settlement +of the Coasts and Lands of Acadia, Serie F, Volume No. 125. Letters from +the King and the Duke of Montmorency, 1620-1621, Serie F, Volume No. +177. Papers relating to the Company of New France, 1624-1660, Serie F, +Volume No. 1. Letters Patent of the Hundred Associates. Restoration of +Canada to the French, 1632, Serie F, Volume No. 110. English and French +Correspondence on the Treaty of St. Germain-en-Laye, 1632, Serie F, +Volume No. 176. Papers on the Establishment of Three Rivers. Papers on +the English Grants in Nova Scotia, 1632, Serie M, Volume 371. Papers +relating to the Jesuits and to other subjects. + + +LAVAL + +Mandements of the Bishops, Serie M, Volume No. 179. Jesuit Relations. +Acts of Fealty and Homage, Serie M, Volumes No. 1-8. Correspondence of +Governors D'Argenson and D'Avaugour, 1658-1663, Colonial Records, Nova +Scotia, 1658-1688, Serie M, Volume No. 395. Memoires of the Church, +1658, Serie F, Volumes No. 127, 128. Documents copied at Rome, Serie M, +Volume 128. Correspondence of Governor de Mesy, 1663-1665. +Correspondence of Colbert with Talon, 1663-1667, Serie F, Volumes No. 2, +3, 4. Insinuations du Conseil Souverain, 1663-1758, Serie M, Volumes No. +60-67. Register of Royal Orders and other despatches for the Cie des +Indes Orientales and Occidentales de France, 1663-1688, Serie F, +206-218. Letter of Father L'Allemant, 1664, Serie M, Volume No. 130. +Letter of Governor de Courcelles, 1665-1667, Serie F, Volume No. 177. +Papers relating to the establishment of the Quebec Seminary, 1668. +Expeditions Baie du Nord. Correspondence of the Governor and the +Intendant with the Minister, 1672-1681, Serie F, Volume No. 5. Disputes +with the Governor, Collection Moreau St. Mery, Volume 78. Correspondence +of Colbert with Governor and Intendant, 1682-1684, Serie F, Volume No. +6. Relation du Voyage au Nord de l'Amerique, 1682-1684, Serie M, Volume +No. 193. _See also_ Calendars Dominion Archives. + + +FRONTENAC + +General references in Collection Moreau St. Mery. Correspondance +Generale North America-Canada, 1654, 1790, Serie F, Volume 175. Canada +and Ile Royale, detached companies, 1658-1736, Serie F, Volume No. 249. +Collection Moreau St. Mery, 1670-1699, Serie F, Volumes No. 178, 178 +_E_, 193. Register of despatches of Les Indes Occidentales, 1671-1682, +Serie F, Volumes No. 208-213. Correspondance Generale, North +America-Acadia, 1671-1685, Serie F, Volume No. 112. Correspondance +Generale, Letters to and from the King, the Ministers, and others, +1672-1698, Serie F, Volumes 177-178_E_. Officers on Staff, 1672, Serie +F, Volume No. 276. Correspondence and papers, 1673-1678, Serie F, Volume +No. 4. Dispute with Bishops, 1674, Collection Moreau St. Mery, Volume +No. 78. Miscellaneous papers, 1675-1681, Serie F, Volume No. 5. +Correspondance Generale, Louisiana, 1678-1706. Dispute with Duchesneau, +1679-1681, Serie F, Volumes No. 176-177. Posts in the Western Country, +Serie F, Volume No. 126. Papers relating to the banishment of D'Auteuil, +1681, Collection St. Mery, Volume No. 78. Miscellaneous Papers, +1682-1684, Serie F, Volume No. 6. Correspondance Generale, North +America-New France, Boundary regulations, 1685, Serie F, Volume No. 113. +Correspondance Generale, North America-Acadia, 1686-1699, Serie F, +Volumes No. 114, 115, 116, 117. Letters and Memoirs of Champigny, +1687-1698, Serie F, Volumes No. 176, 176_a_, 176_b_, 176_d_, 176_e_. +Correspondence of Champigny with the Minister, 1687-1702, Serie F, +Volumes No. 9-20. Register of Despatches, Les Indes Occidentales, +1688-1699, Serie F, Volumes No. 218, 266, 273. The Establishment of +Trading Posts, Serie F, Volume No. 129. Rivalry between English and +French Colonies, 1689, Serie F, Volume No. 174. Correspondence with the +Minister, Serie F, Volumes No. 11, 12, 13, 14. Correspondance Generale, +Acadia, 1692-1693, Serie F, Volume No. 125. Correspondance Generale, 2d +Serie, 1692-1699, Serie F, Volumes No. 110 and 110 _bis_. Civil and +Military Officers, Canada, 1692, Serie F, Volume No. 283. Posts in the +Upper Country, North America, 1690-1704, Serie F, Volume No. 130. Troops +and Companies serving in the Colonies, Serie F, Volume No. 277. Canada +and Ile Royale, General Staff, 1694, Serie F, Volume No. 280. Letters of +the Lords of Trade, 1698-1700, Serie M, Volume No. 381. _See also_ +Alphabet-Lafilard, 1627-1780, Serie F, Volumes No. 284-285. Archives de +Saint-Servan, Serie F, Volume No. 260. Inventaire des documents +historiques, Province de Quebec, 1638-1759, Serie M, Volume No. 843. +Parkman Papers, Serie M, Volume No. 664. Hudson's Bay Memorial Book, +1680-1688, Serie M, Volume No. 710. Papers of the Hudson's Bay Company, +Serie M, Volume No. 372. Prevote de Quebec, 1694-1696, Serie M, Volumes +No. 611-613. Hudson's Bay, State Papers, 1673-1696, Serie M, Volume No. +394. + + +MONTCALM AND WOLFE + +Examination of prisoner taken at Crown Point, 1755, Serie M, Volume No. +99. The Conquest of Canada, Shirley, Serie M, Volume No. 204. Operations +of General Webb, 1756, Serie M, Volume No. 205. Miscellaneous +Correspondence on the Conquest of Canada, Serie M, Volumes No. 203-221. +Official Despatch on the Battle of the Plains, by General Townshend, +Serie M, Volume No. 210. Operations at Fort Oswego, 1756, Serie M, +Volume No. 205. Correspondance du Marquis de Montcalm conservee par son +arriere petit-fils, le Marquis Victor de Montcalm, 1756-1759, Serie M, +Volume No. 129. Secret and Miscellaneous Papers relating to the Conquest +of Canada, 1756-1761, Serie M, Volume No. 203. Military Despatches, +1756-1760, Serie M, Volumes No. 307-308. Dartmouth Papers, 1757-1772, +Serie M, Volumes No. 383-385. Logs of the British Fleet before +Louisbourg, 1758, Serie M, Volumes No. 785-787 _B_. Logs of the British +Fleet before Quebec in 1759, Serie M, Volumes No. 594-604. Military +Despatches, General Amherst, 1758-1762, Serie M, Volumes No. 211-220 +and Volume No. 309. Papers of Admiral Saunders, 1759, Serie M, Volume +No. 210. Wolfe's letters to Lord Holderness, 1759, Serie M, Volume No. +123. Orders issued by General Wolfe in 1759, Serie M, Volume No. 413. +Capitulation of Quebec, 1759, Serie M, Volume No. 663. List of Officers +present at the Siege of Quebec in 1759, Serie M, Volume No. 607. Memoir +of the Siege by Quarter-Master John Johnson, 1759-1760, Serie M, Volume +No. 132. Journal of James Thompson, 1759, Serie M, Volume No. 667. +Admiralty Despatches, 1759-1760, Serie M, Volume No. 652. Muster Rolls +of the 15th Regiment, 1760. Capitulation of Montreal, 1760, Serie M, +Volume No. 663. Treaty of Paris. Reflexions et notes sur le Canada, +1760, Serie M, Volume No. 99. Extracts from letters of General Murray. +Conquest of Canada. J. Atkin, Conquest of Canada, Serie M, 1756-1760, +Volume No. 205, 1-2, and Volume No. 221. Conquest of Canada, Earl +Loudou, Serie M, Volumes No. 205, 207, 208. Conquest of Canada, General +Hopson, 1757, Serie M, Volume No. 207, Pts. 1-2. Conquest of Canada, +Abercromby's Campaign, 1756, Serie M, Volumes No. 205 and 209. Conquest +of Canada, General Forbes, Serie M, Volume No. 209, Pts. 1-2. Expedition +of Sir John Mourdant, 1755-1757, Serie M, Volume No. 206. Parkman +Papers, Serie M, Volume No. 664. Inventaire des Documents historiques, +Province de Quebec, Serie M, Volume No. 843. Prevote de Quebec, +1755-1757, Serie M, Volumes No. 629-630. Correspondence of Louis Antoine +de Bougainville, Serie M, Volume No. 392, Pts. 1, 2, 3. Correspondence +of Vaudreuil, Bigot, and Montcalm with the Minister, Serie F, Volumes +No. 101-105, 168-174, 176, 202-204. Copy of various letters and +documents relating to the Siege of Quebec and the Plains of Abraham, +Serie M, Volume No. 794. Services of Vaudreuil, French Serie D, 2, +Volume No. 4. Military Officers in the Colony, 1758-1761, French Serie +D, 2, Volume 63. Correspondence of Vaudreuil, Bigot, Montcalm, in the +Minutes (French) (Analyzed in Report for 1905, Volume No. 1), French +Serie B, Volumes No. 101-112. + + +AMERICAN COLONIES + +Reports, 1721-1762, Serie M, Volume No. 375. The Claus Papers, Serie M, +Volumes No. 104-115. The Kennebec Grants, 1752-1762, Serie M, Volume No. +370. Papers relating to Braddock and Boscawen, Serie M, Volume No. 204, +Pt. 1-2. The Surrender of Fort Beausejour, 1755, Serie M, Volume No. +123, Pt. 3. Letters from Bigot, Vaudreuil, and Levis, 1759-1760, Serie +F, Volume No. 111. Memoir on Bigot, Serie M, Volume No. 126. + + +HALDIMAND + +Correspondence with General Gage, 1758-1777, Serie B, Volume No. 2, Pt. +1. General Orders and Letters relating to the Garrison at Niagara, 1759, +1778, Serie B, Volume No. 18. Correspondence with Wallace, Ross & Co., +1765-1778, Serie B, Volume No. 19. Correspondence with Major Hutcheson, +1766-1778, Serie B, Volume No. 20. Papers relating to the Government of +Three Rivers and the Iron Works, 1760-1764, Serie B, Volume No. 21, Pt. +1. Do., Serie B, Volume No. 21, Pt. 2. Papers relating to Courts +Martial, etc., 1758-1779, Serie B, Volume No. 22. General Orders and +Instructions, 1763-1777, Serie B, Volume No. 23. Instructions for the +Ordnance, Officers, and Barracks at Quebec, 1764-1777, Serie B, Volume +No. 24. Accounts and Papers relating to Long Meadow, Maryland, 1766, +Serie B, Volume No. 25. Journal of Exploring Expeditions, Maps, and +Plans, 1750-1780, Serie B, Volume No. 26. Miscellaneous Papers, Orders, +and Returns, 1756-1776, Serie B, Volume No. 27. Ledger of Contingent +Warrants, granted by General Haldimand, June, 1773, to June, 1774 +(containing the accounts of the different departments), Serie B, Volume +No. 28. List of Warrants granted by General Haldimand for Contingent and +Extraordinary Expenses, 1773-1774, Serie B, Volumes No. 29-30. Receipt +Book for Payments made at New York by Order of Haldimand, 1773-1774, +Serie B, Volume No. 31. Cash Account and Journal of the Paymaster to the +Commander-in-Chief in New York, from June, 1773, to June, 1774, Serie B, +Volume No. 32. Correspondence from General Haldimand and as +Commander-in-Chief, 1773-1774, Serie B, Volume No. 33. Letters to the +Treasury, 1773-1774, Serie B, Volume No. 34. Correspondence with Lord +Barrington, 1764-1777, Serie B, Volume No. 36. Correspondence with Lord +Dartmouth, 1773-1775, Serie B, Volume No. 35. Correspondence of the +Ministers with Generals Amherst, Gage, and Carleton, 1760-1778, Serie B, +Volume No. 37. Letters from Lord G. Germaine and others to Sir Guy +Carleton, 1776-1779, Serie B, Volume No. 38. Register of Letters from +Sir Guy Carleton, 1776-1778, vol. i, Serie B, Volumes No. 39-40. Orders +and Instructions to General Haldimand, 1778, Serie B, Volume No. 41. +Letters from General Haldimand to Lord George Germaine and the Treasury, +1777-1779, Serie B, Volume No. 42. Letters from Lord George Germaine to +General Haldimand, vol. i, 1777-1779, Serie B, Volume No. 43. Do., vol. +ii, 1780-1782, Serie B, Volume No. 44, D. A., B. M., 21704. Letters from +British Ministers, 1782-1784, Serie B, Volume No. 45. Letters from the +Treasury, vol. 1777-1785, Serie B, Volume No. 46. Letters from the War +Office, 1778-1786, Serie B, Volume No. 48. Letters to General Haldimand +from the Board of Admiralty and Ordnance, 1778-1785, Serie B, Volume No. +49. Letters from the English Ministers, 1777-1784, Serie B, Volume 50. +Letters from the Treasury, and from and to the War Office, 1778-1785, +Serie B, Volume No. 51. Letters from the Treasury, 1783-1786.--The Board +of Trade, 1780-1781.--The Ordnance, Navy, and Admiralty, 1779-1782, +Serie B, Volume No. 52. Letters of appointments to various Commands held +by General Haldimand, 1762-1786, Serie B, Volume No. 53. Letters to the +Ministers, vol. i, 1778-1780, Serie B, Volume No. 54. Do., vol. ii, +1780-1782, Serie B, Volume No. 55. Do., vol. iii, 1782-1784, Serie B, +Volume No. 56. Register of Letters to the Ministry, 1778-1780, part i, +Serie B, Volume No. 57, Pt. 1. Do., 1780-1784, part ii, Serie B, Volume +No. 57, Pt. 2. Register of Letters to the Ministry, 1784-1790, Serie B, +Volume No. 58. Letters to the Treasury, 1778-1785, Serie B, Volume No. +59. Letters from General Haldimand to the Secretary of War, Ordnance +Office, Admiralty and Board of Trade, 1778-1786, Serie B, Volume No. 60. +Letters from the Secretaries of General Haldimand, 1779-1784, Serie B, +Volume No. 61. Letters to various persons, 1778, Serie B, Volume No. 62. +Letters to various persons, 1784-1786, vol. iii, Serie B, Volume No. 64. +Private letters, 1784, Serie B, Volume No. 65. Letters from General +Haldimand during his Command at Florida, Three Rivers, New York, and +Quebec, and after his return to England, 1762-1791, vol. i, Serie B, +Volume No. 66. Letters to various persons, 1781-1791, Serie B, Volume +No. 67. Letters from various persons, vol. i, 1757-1758, Serie B, Volume +No. 68. Do., vol. ii, 1769-1772, Serie B, Volume No. 69. Do., vol. iii, +1773, Serie B, Volume No. 70. Do., vol. iv, 1774-1777, Serie B, Volume +No. 71. Letters to General Haldimand as Governor of Quebec, vol. i, +1778-1782, Serie B, Volume No. 72. Do., vol. ii, 1780, Serie B, Volume +No. 73. Do., vol. iii, 1781-1782, Serie B, Volume No. 74. Do., vol. iv, +part 1, 1783, Serie B, Volume No. 75, Pt. 1. Do., vol. iv, part 2, +1784, Serie B, Volume No. 75, Pt. 2. Do., vol. v, 1785-1787, Serie B, +Volume No. 76. Letters to General Haldimand after his appointment as +Governor of Quebec, 1788-1790, Serie B, Volume No. 77. Minutes of the +Council at Quebec, 1778-1784, Serie B, Volume No. 78. Minutes of the +Legislative Council at Quebec, 1779-1784, Serie B, Volume No. 79. +Letters from the Adjutant-General's Office at Quebec, vol. i, 1778-1780, +Serie B, Volume No. 80. Do., vol. ii, 1780-1783, Serie B, Volume No. 81. +Do., vol. iii, 1783, Serie B, Volume No. 82. General Orders of Sir Guy +Carleton and General Haldimand, 1776-1783, Serie B, Volume No. 83. +General Orders of General Haldimand, 1783-1784, Serie B, Volume No. 84. +Register of Military Commissions, 1778-1782 (There are also a few dated +in 1783 and 1784), Serie B, Volume No. 85, Pt. 1. Register of Naval and +Military Commissions, 1778-1782 (almost a duplicate of B. 85.1. D.A.), +Serie B, Volume No. 85, Pt. 2. Warrants issued for the Ordinary Service +of the Army, vol. i, part 1, 1778-1871, Serie B, Volume No. 86, Pt. 1. +Do., vol. i, part 2, Serie B, Volume No. 86, Pt. 2. Do., vol. i, part 3, +1778-1782, Serie B, Volume No. 86, Pt. 3. Do., vol. ii, 1782-1784, Serie +B, Volume No. 87. Abstract of Warrants, 1778-1784, Serie B, Volume No. +88. Register of Warrants issued for the Extraordinary Service of the +Army, vol. i, 1778-1780, Serie B, Volume No. 89. Do., vol. ii, +1780-1781, Serie B, Volume No. 90. Do., vol. iii, 1781-1782, Serie B, +Volume No. 91. Do., vol. iv, part 1, 1782-1783, Serie B, Volume No. 92, +Pt. 1. Do., vol. iv, part 2, 1782-1784, Serie B, Volume No. 92, Pt. 2. +Do., vol. v, 1783-1784, Serie B, Volume No. 93. Abstract of Warrants, +1778-1784, Serie B, Volume No. 94. Correspondence of H. T. Cramahe and +H. Hamilton, Lieutenant-Governors of Quebec, 1778-1784, Serie B, Volume +No. 95. Correspondence with Officers Commanding at Michillimakinak, vol. +i, part 1, 1778-1785, Serie B, Volume No. 96, Pt. 1. Do., part 2, Serie +B, Volume No. 96, Pt. 2. Correspondence with Officers Commanding at +Michillimakinak, vol. i, part 1, 1778-1785, Serie B, Volume No. 97, Pt. +1. Do., vol. i, part 2, Serie B, Volume No. 97, Pt. 2. Do., vol. ii, +Serie B, Volume No. 98. Letters and Papers relating to the Upper Posts, +1778-1782, Serie B, Volume No. 99. Letters from Officers Commanding at +Niagara, vol. i, 1777-1778 (The dates extend to 1780), Serie B, Volume +No. 100. Letters from Officers Commanding at Niagara, vol. ii, +1777-1784, Serie B, Volume No. 101. Do., vol. iii, Serie B, Volume No. +102. Do., vol. iv, Serie B, Volume No. 103. Letters to Officers +Commanding at Niagara, 1779-1783, Serie B, Volume No. 104. +Correspondence with Officers at Niagara, 1777-1784, Serie B, Volume No. +105. Correspondence with Officers at Niagara, 1777-1784, Serie B, Volume +No. 105 (_continued_). Correspondence with Colonel Guy Johnson, +1779-1783, Serie B, Volume No. 106. Do., 1778-1783, vol. i, Serie B, +Volume No. 107. Do., do., vol. ii, Serie B, Volume No. 108. Letters and +Papers relating to Indian Affairs, 1777-1783, vol. i, Serie B, Volume +No. 109. Do., do., vol. ii, Serie B, Volume No. 110. Letters from +Colonel Campbell and others, 1778-1784, vol. i, Serie B, Volume No. 111. +Do., do., vol. ii, Serie B, Volume No. 112. Letters to Colonel Campbell +and others, 1779-1793, Serie B, Volume No. 113. Correspondence with +Lieutenant-Colonel D. Claus, 1778-1784, Serie B, Volume No. 114. +Correspondence with Brigadier-General Sir John Johnson, 1782-1784, Serie +B, Volume No. 115. Commissions and Instructions to Sir John Johnson, +1782-1783, Serie B, Volume No. 116. Correspondence with Indian +residents, 1777-1783, Serie B, Volume No. 117. Reports on Indian +Nations, etc., Serie B, Volume No. 118. Reports of Indian Meetings, +Treaties, etc., 1778-1784, Serie B, Volume No. 119. Correspondence with +Officers Commanding at Oswegatchie, 1778-1784, Serie B, Volume No. 120. +Correspondence with Officers Commanding at Detroit, 1776-1783, Serie B, +Volume No. 121. Correspondence and Papers relating to Detroit, +1772-1784, vol. i, Serie B, Volume No. 122. Do., do., vol. ii, Serie B, +Volume No. 123. Correspondence with Officers Commanding at Carleton +Island, Oswego and Cataraqui, 1781-1783, Serie B, Volume No. 124. +Correspondence with Major Ross at Oswego, 1782-1784, Serie B, Volume No. +125. Correspondence with Major Ross and Others at Cataraqui, 1783-1786, +Serie B, Volume No. 126. Letters from Officer Commanding at Carleton +Island, 1778-1784, Serie B, Volume No. 127. Letters to Officers +Commanding at Carleton Island, 1779-1783, Serie B, Volume No. 128. +Letters from Officers Commanding at Montreal, 1778-1784, vol. i, Serie +B, Volume No. 129. Do., do., vol. ii, Serie B, Volume No. 130. Letters +to Officers Commanding at Montreal, 1778-1784, Serie B, Volume No. 131. +Correspondence with Officers Commanding at Isle aux Noix, 1778-1783, +Serie B, Volume No. 132. Letters from Officers Commanding at Fort St. +John's, 1778-1784, vol. i, Serie B, Volume No. 133. Do., 1780-1784, vol. +ii, Serie B, Volume No. 134. Letters to Officers Commanding at Fort St. +John's 1778-1784, Serie B, Volume No. 135. Letters from Officers +Commanding at Sorel, 1778-1781, vol. i, Serie B, Volume No. 136. Do., +1778-1784, vol. ii, Serie B, Volume No. 137. Do., do., vol. iii, Serie +B, Volume No. 138. Letters to Officers Commanding at Sorel, 1778-1783, +Serie B, Volume No. 139. Correspondence with Officers of the Royal Navy, +1778-1783, Serie B, Volume No. 140. Letters from Officers of the +Provincial Navy, 1778-1780, vol. i, Serie B, Volume No. 141. Do., +1778-1784, vol. ii, Serie B, Volume No. 142. Letters to Officers of the +Provincial Navy, 1778-1784, Serie B, Volume No. 143. Miscellaneous +Papers relating to the Provincial Navy, 1775-1784, vol. i, Serie B, +Volume No. 144. Do., do., vol. ii, Serie B, Volume No. 145. Letters to +Sir Guy Carleton, 1782-1783, Serie B, Volume No. 146. Correspondence +with Sir Henry Clinton, Sir Guy Carleton, and other Officers, 1777-1783, +vol. i, Serie B, Volume No. 147. Do., do., vol. ii, Serie B, Volume No. +148. Letters from Governors of Nova Scotia and Officers Commanding at +Halifax, 1777-1784, Serie B, Volume No. 149. Letters to Governors of +Nova Scotia and Officers Commanding at Halifax, 1779-1784, Serie B, +Volume No. 150. Letters from Officers of the German Legion, 1778-1784, +vol. i, Serie B, Volume No. 151. Do., do., vol. ii, Serie B, Volume No. +152. Letters to Officers of the German Legion, 1776-1783, Serie B, +Volume No. 153. Correspondence with Officers of the Engineers in Canada, +1777-1783, Serie B, Volume No. 154. Returns from the Office of +Engineers, 1771-1784, Serie B, Volume No. 155. Correspondence with +Colonel Macbean and Officers of the Ordnance, 1778-1784, Serie B, Volume +No. 156. Return of Ordnance in Canada, 1779-1784, Serie B, Volume No. +157. Letters from Officers of the Royal Regiment of New York, 1779-1783, +Serie B, Volume No. 158. Letters to Officers of the King's Royal +Regiment of New York, 1779-1783, Serie B, Volume No. 159. Correspondence +with Lieutenant-Colonel Rogers and Major Rogers, 1779-1784, Serie B, +Volume No. 160. Letters from Officers of the Loyalists, 1776-1782, vol. +i, Serie B, Volume No. 161. Do., 1777-1785, vol. ii, Serie B, Volume No. +162. Letters to Officers of the Loyalists, 1779-1783, Serie B, Volume +No. 163. Correspondence with Conrad Gugy relating to the Loyalists, +1778-1784, Serie B, Volume No. 164. Correspondence with Colonel Cuyler +and others, 1781-1784, Serie B, Volume No. 165. Returns, accounts, etc., +relating to the Loyalists in Canada, 1778-1785, Serie B, Volume No. 166. +Muster Rolls, accounts, etc., relating to the Corps of Loyal Americans, +1776-1789, Serie B, Volume No. 167. Return of Loyalists desiring to +settle in Canada, 1784, Serie B, Volume No. 168. Surveys, etc., relative +to the settlement for the Loyalists, 1782-1784, Serie B, Volume No. 169. +Correspondence with Colonel de Tonnancour and others, at Three Rivers, +1778-1784, Serie B, Volume No. 170. Letters and Papers relating to +Militia, 1776-1784, Serie B, Volume No. 171. Accounts of Thomas Dunn, +Paymaster-General of the Marine Department in Canada, 1775-1784, Serie +B, Volume No. 172. Military returns and papers, 1775-1784, Serie B, +Volume No. 173. Letters from General Burgoyne, Riedesel, Philips, etc., +1778, Serie B, Volume No. 174. Correspondence relating to the exchange +of prisoners and to Vermont, 1780-1784, Serie B, Volume No. 175. Letters +from Captain Sherwood and Dr. Smyth, 1777-1784, vol. i, Serie B, Volume +No. 176. Do., do., Serie B, Volume No. 177. Do., do., vol. ii, Serie B, +Volume No. 177, Pt. 2. Do., do., Commissioners for exchange of +prisoners, 1783-1784, Serie B, Volume No. 178. Letters to Captain +Sherwood and Dr. Smyth, 1780-1783, Serie B, Volume No. 179. Letters from +Captain Sherwood on Secret Service, 1780-1781, Serie B, Volume No. 180. +Secret Intelligence from various parts, 1775-1782, Serie B, Volume No. +181. Do., do., vol. ii, Serie B, Volume No. 182. Correspondence relating +to Rebel Prisoners, 1778-1783, Serie B, Volume No. 183. Papers relating +to State Prisoners and suspected Persons in Canada, 1775-1784, vol. i, +part 1, Serie B, Volume No. 184, Pt. 1. Do., do., vol. i, part 2, Serie +B, Volume No. 184, Pt. 2. Do., 1777-1784, Serie B, Volume No. 185, Pt. +1. Do., do., Serie B, Volume No. 185, Pt. 2. Journal of Colonel de la +Balme, Serie B, Volume No. 186. Pocket-book taken from a rebel sergeant, +Serie B, Volume No. 187. Correspondence with Colonel Thomas Carleton and +others, 1778-1784, Serie B, Volume No. 188. Returns and Papers relating +to the Quarter-Master-General's Department at Quebec, 1778-1783, Serie +B, Volume No. 189. Papers relating to the Department of the +Barrack-Master-General, 1777-1785, Serie B, Volume No. 190. +Correspondence with Nathaniel Day, Commissary-General, 1778-1784, Serie +B, Volume No. 191. Return of Provisions in stores at Quebec, and +forwarded to the Upper Post, 1778-1784, Serie B, Volume No. 192. +Commissariat returns of provisions issued and in store, 1778-1783, Serie +B, Volume No. 193. Contingent and current accounts relating to the +Commissariat, 1767-1785, vol. i, Serie B, Volume No. 194. Do., do., vol. +ii, Serie B, Volume No. 195. Commissariat invoices of cargoes, +1779-1784, Serie B, Volume No. 196. Correspondence with Officers of the +General Hospital, 1778-1784, Serie B, Volume No. 197. Papers and +accounts of the Receiver-General's Department, 1777-1788, vol. i, Serie +B, Volume No. 198. Do., do., vol. ii, Serie B, Volume No. 199. +Correspondence with Postmaster-General Finlay, 1778-1784, vol. i, Serie +B, Volume No. 200, Pt. 1. Do., do., do., vol. ii, Serie B, Volume No. +200, Pt. 2. Statistics of the trade of Quebec, 1768-1783, Serie +B, Volume No. 201. Correspondence with Major Nicholas Cox +(Lieutenant-Governor of Gaspe, etc.), 1774-1786, Serie B, Volume No. +202. Correspondence with James Monk, Attorney-General, 1778-1784, Serie +B, Volume No. 203. Letters of Chief-Justice Peter Livius, 1777-1778, +Serie B, Volume No. 204. Papers relating to Pierre du Calvet and Boyer +Pillon, 1776-1786, Serie B, Volume No. 205. Papers relating to Pierre +Roubaud, 1771-1787, Serie B, Volume No. 206. Papers relating to the case +of Joseph Despin, 1778, and to the Cartel Sloop _Sally_, 1778-1781, +Serie B, Volume No. 207. Memoranda relating to Hon. J. Cochrane, +1778-1784, Serie B, Volume No. 208. Correspondence with Hon. J. Cochrane +and David Gordon, 1779-1784, Serie B, Volume No. 209. Correspondence and +papers relating to the Hon. John Cochrane and money affairs, 1779-1784, +Serie B, Volumes No. 210 and 211. Proceedings in the suit of General +Haldimand _vs._ Hon. John Cochrane, 1779-1784, Serie B, Volume No. 212, +Pts. 1 and 2. Memorials from Officers and Soldiers of the Army, +1778-1784, Serie B, Volume No. 213. Memorials from the Provincial Corps +and Loyalists, 1777-1785, vol. i, Serie B, Volume No. 214. Memorials +from the Indian and Naval Departments, 1776-1784, Serie B, Volume No. +216. Memorials from Civilians in Canada, 1777-1785, Serie B, Volume No. +217. Memorials of French Inhabitants of Canada, 1778-1784, vols. i and +ii, Serie B, Volumes No. 218 and 219. Speeches in the Legislative +Council, etc., 1779-1784, Serie B, Volume No. 220. Letters of +Instruction to Brigadier-General St. Leger, on giving up Command of +Quebec, 1784, Serie B, Volume No. 221. Forms of Warrants, Commissions, +etc., 1776-1785, List of Officers in various Departments, 1783-1784, +Serie B, Volume No. 222. Papers concerning the tenures of Foy et +Hommage, 1771-1784, Serie B, Volume No. 223. Valuation of Fiefs and +Seigniories in Canada, 1781-1782, Serie B, Volume No. 224. Miscellaneous +Papers, 1777-1778, Serie B, Volume No. 225, Pts. 1 and 2. General +Inventory of Papers relating to Canada, Serie B, Volume No. 227. +Inventories of Papers relating to Canada, 1778-1784, Serie B, Volume No. +228. Memorandum Books of General Haldimand, 1756-1778, Serie B, Volume +No. 229. Private Diary of General Haldimand (in French, with a +translation, printed in full), Serie B, Volumes No. 230-232. + + +DORCHESTER + +Correspondence with the Ministry, 1766-1770, Serie Q, Volumes No. 4, 7, +and Serie B, Volume No. 37. Despatches from England to Governor, 1768 to +1776, Serie Q, Volume No. 12a. Correspondence of Lord Darmouth, 1774, +1775, Serie Q, Volumes No. 10-11. Correspondence with Lord George +Germain, 1776-1777, Serie Q, Volumes No. 12, 13, and Serie B, Volume No. +38. Correspondence respecting Burgoyne's Expedition, 1577, Serie Q, +Volume No. 14. Correspondence with Nepean and Sydney, 1786-1787, Serie +Q, Volume No. 26, Pt. 2 to Volume No. 29, Pt. 1; Serie Q, Volumes No. +35, 36, 38-42. Instructions to Dorchester, 1786, Serie Q, Volume No. 62 +A. Correspondence with Lord Grenville, 1789-1790, Serie Q, Volumes No. +42-47, Pt. 2, Serie Q, Volumes No. 49, 50, 51, 52. Correspondence with +Dundas, Simcoe, and others, 1790-1794, Serie Q, Volumes No. 66-71, Pt. +1. Correspondence with the Duke of Kent, 1794, Serie Q, Volume No. 70. +Correspondence with the Duke of Portland, 1794-1796, Serie Q, Volume No. +69, Pt. 1, Serie Q, Volume No. 72-77. Correspondence with Simcoe, +1794-1796, Serie Q, Volume No. 74, Pt. 2 to Volume 76; Volume No. 280, +Pt. 2 to No. 282, Pt. 2. Correspondence and Papers relative to Detroit, +1772-1784, Serie B, Volumes No. 122, 123. Register of Letters, +1776-1778, Serie B, Volumes No. 39, 40. Correspondence with the Officers +commanding at Detroit, 1776-1783, Serie B, Volume No. 121. General +Orders, 1776-1783, Serie B, Volume No. 83. Correspondence with +Haldimand, 1777-1783, Serie B, Volumes No. 146-148. Miscellaneous +correspondence, 1767-1783, Serie M, Volume No. 116, Pt. 2. Military +Despatches, 1781-1782, Serie M, Volume No. 321. Minutes of Executive +Council, 1791-1796, State Book, A and B. Correspondence relating to +Justice Livius, 1777-1778, Serie B, Volume No. 204. War Office Returns, +Serie M, Volumes No. 324-329. Journal of the Siege of Fort St. Jean, +1775, Serie M, Volume No. 99. Memoir of the War, 1775 (Berthelot), Serie +M, Volume No. 99. Journal of the Siege in 1775 (Faucher), Serie M, +Volume No. 80. Miscellaneous Papers on the War, Serie M, Volume No. +178. + + +SIMCOE + +Commissions to Governors, Serie M, Volume No. 229. Instructions to +Governors of Lower and Upper Canada, Serie M, Volumes No. 231-232. +Instructions to Dorchester, 1791, Serie G, Volume No. 181. Extracts from +Royal Instructions to Governors, 1791, Serie M, Volumes No. 116-4. +Minutes of the Executive Council, Correspondence, registers, indexes, +etc., Serie E. Despatches from Simcoe to Colonial Office, Serie Q, +Volume No. 278; Serie Q, Volume No. 282-2. Despatches from Colonial +Office to Simcoe, Serie Q, Volume No. 278--_A_. Letter Book of Lord +Dorchester, Serie G, Volume No. 409. Colonial Secretary to Dorchester, +1787-1796, Serie G, Volume No 1. Correspondence of Provincial Secretary, +Serie S. Reports of Land Board _re_ District of Hesse, 1788-1791. +Meeting of Magistrates, Cornwall, 1802. Resolution to buy Dr. Strachan's +property, Serie M, Volume No. 393-41. Claus Papers, 1716-1826, Serie M, +Volumes No. 104-115. Settlement near Cataraqui, 1783, Serie B, Volume +No. 56. Correspondence of Simcoe, Serie Q, Volumes No. 49-1, 74-1, 74-2, +77, 90, 96. Noah Freer, Documents, returns, etc., Serie M, Volume No. +139. Hubert Tredenwolden's correspondence with James Bain, Jr., _re_ +papers relating to the Losses of the Loyalists, Serie M, Volumes No. +393-52. Essex Militia, letters, returns, etc., 1793-1794, Serie M, +Volumes No. 120-121. United Empire Loyalist List, 1784, 1796-1798. List +of United Empire Loyalists, Serie M, Volume No. 185. United Empire +Loyalist, Dorothy Arnold, Serie M, Volume No. 180. Land of Upper Canada, +Minutes of the Executive Council, Serie M, Volumes No. 254-259. Talbot +Settlement, Serie M, Volume No. 803. Lands, Warrant Book, Serie M, +Volume No. 810 _A_. Land grants in Upper Canada, Serie M, Volumes No. +805-806-807. Emigration, Serie M, Volume No. 173. Glengarry Highlanders, +Sketch by Macdonell, Serie M, Volume No. 100. Correspondence of Miles +Macdonell, 1783-1838, Serie M, Volume No. 155. Niagara described by +Captain Emys, 1787, Serie M, Volume No. 135. Military Correspondence, +1792-1795, Serie C, Volumes No. 102-105-106-112. Correspondence relating +to Government of Upper Canada, 1791, Serie M, Volume No. 652. Vermont +Papers, Serie M, Volume No. 690. Lands under certificates of location, +districts of Mecklenburg and Lunenburg, 1790, Serie S. Land and State +Books, Serie E. Letters of John Richardson, 1789-1799. Askin papers, +1786-1805, Volume No. 1. Extract from proceedings of Court of Quarter +Session at Sandwich, 1799, Serie M, Volumes No. 116-5. Proceedings of +Courts of Quarter Sessions of the Peace, Lunenburg and Eastern +Districts, 1789-1802, Volume No. 1. Wm. D. Powell's private +correspondence, 1775-1870, Serie M, Volumes No. 760-763. War of +Independence. Relations with United States, 1790-1815, Serie C, Volume +No. 673. Correspondence with Simcoe, Series C, G, Q. Burgoyne, +Despatches to Lord Geo. Germain, Serie M, Volumes No. 123-126. Wm. +Berczy, The German Settlement at Markham, 1791-1798, Serie M, Volumes +No. 137-138. Collection of Askin Papers, 1830-1861, Volumes No. 6, 8, 9, +11, 12, 15, 17, 18, 19. Collection Askin Papers, 1830-1861, Volumes No. +20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29. Correspondence with Lord Grenville +and others, 1791, Serie Q, Volume No. 278. Correspondence with Nepean +and others, 1791-1792, Serie Q, Volume No. 279. Correspondence with +Dundas and others, 1791-1794, Serie Q, Volume No. 280, Pt. 2. +Correspondence with Lieutenant-Governor Clarke, 1792-1793, Serie Q, +Volumes No. 62, 65. Correspondence on Indian Affairs, 1793-1795, Serie +Q, Volumes No. 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71. Correspondence with Duke of +Portland and Lord Dorchester, 1794-1796, Serie Q, Volume No. 282, Pt. 2. +Correspondence with various persons, 1798, Serie Q, Volume No. 286, Pt. +2. Minutes of Executive Council Upper Canada, 1791. Ira Allen, +correspondence with Simcoe, Serie Q, Volume No. 79, Pts. 1, 2. Papers on +the Markham Settlement, 1791, Serie M, Volumes No. 137-138. Puisaye +Papers, Serie M, Volume No. 370. + + +MACKENZIE, SELKIRK, SIMPSON + +Land and State Books, Serie E. North-West Exploration. North Pole +Explorations. Journal of Chs. Chaboillez, 1797-1798. Journal of +Larocque, 1804-1805. Journal of Curot, 1803-1804. Hudson Bay, Journal of +Mathew Cochran, 1772-1773, Serie M, Volume No. 190. Census of Red River +Colony, 1831-1846, Serie M, Volume No. 399. Golden North of America, by +M. McLeod, Serie P, Volume No. 458. Rod. McKenzie's account of the +North-West Company, Serie M, Volume No. 417. Colony Register A, Red +River Colony, Serie M, Volume No. 721 _B._ Selkirk Papers, Serie M, +Volumes No. 732-786. Minutes of the Assiniboia Council, Serie M, Volume +No. 721. Alex'r Henry's Journal of a trip across the continent, Serie M, +Volume No. 723. Papers--Journal of an expedition in search of Sir J. +Franklin. Also letters, papers, and journal, Serie M, Volumes No. 733 +_A_ to _M_, 733 _D_. Wentzill's Journal, Parker's Journal, John +Thompson's Journal, etc., 1797-1855. Miles Macdonell and various +documents, 1763-1825, Serie M, Volume No. 155. Red River Disturbances, +1811-1818, Serie M, Volumes No. 788 _A_ to 778 _G_. North-West Company +Journal, 1804-1806, Correspondence of Alex. McKenzie, and Rod. McKenzie, +1790-1791. Alex. McKenzie, Memoirs, etc., 1735-1820, Serie M, Volume +414. Letters on North-West Company, 1830. Meteorological Journal and +letters. Voyages, reports, etc., _re_ North-West, by Rod McKenzie and +others. From Masson Collection. Letters of John Richardson, 1789-1799, +Askin Papers, Volume 27. Chaplains for Canada, Serie C, Volume No. 63. +Memorial for the discharge of John Pritchard from an indictment for +conspiring to destroy the trade of the North-West Company, 1819, Serie +M, Volumes No. 116-117. Official Correspondence _re_ annexation of +Portage-la-Prairie to Canada, Serie M, Volume No. 155-2. Miles Macdonell +Correspondence with Selkirk and other documents, Serie M, Volume No. +155. Lieutenant Andrew Bulger's Correspondence, etc., Serie M, Volumes +No. 150-151. Red River Settlement, Serie S. John McLeod's Journal and +Correspondence _re_ North-West, 1811-1842, Serie M, Volume No. 201. +Hudson's Bay Company, Correspondence and resolutions, Serie M, Volumes +No. 372, 395-397-398. Ottawa--Papers on the Rideau Canal, Serie M. +McLeod Letters and papers, 1811-1842, Serie M, Volume No. 201. D. +Thompson's Papers, Serie M. + + +BROCK + +=Brock and his Time.= Brock, Sir Isaac, Correspondence, 1811, Serie Q, +Volume No. 315. Papers relating to the War of 1812, Canadian Archives, +Serie Q, Volumes No. 129-130, Admiralty Papers. Correspondence with Lord +Castlereagh, 1807, Serie Q, Volume No. 103. Correspondence with Thomas +Dunn, 1807, Serie Q, Volume No. 104. Correspondence with the Earl of +Liverpool, 1811-1812, Serie Q, Volumes No. 314, 315. Correspondence with +Sir George Prevost, 1812, Serie Q, Volume No. 118. Correspondence with +Lord Bathurst, 1812, Serie Q, Volume No. 315. Correspondence relating +to Prize Money War of 1812, Serie C, Volume No. 695. Correspondence of +the Commanding Officer with the Colonial Office, 1813-1815, Serie Q, +Volumes No. 129, 134. Goulburn--Correspondence with various +persons in 1813, Serie Q, Volumes No. 123-126. Gore, +Lieutenant-Governor--Correspondence with Liverpool, Bathurst, and +others, 1810-1813, Serie Q, Volumes No. 311-318. Correspondence +with Bathurst and others, Serie Q, Volumes No. 318-323. +Prevost--Correspondence with General Sheaffe, 1812, Serie Q, Volume No. +317. Prevost--Correspondence with Bathurst, 1812-1815, Serie Q, Volumes +No. 118, 121-123, 127, 131. Correspondence with the Colonial Office, +Serie Q, Volumes No. 129-134. Prevost--Correspondence with Proctor, +1813, Serie Q, Volumes No. 135-2. Prevost--Correspondence with Drummond, +1813-1814, Serie Q, Volumes No. 127, 318. Correspondence with Sir James +Yeo, 1815, Serie Q, Volume No. 131. Correspondence relating to Prisoners +of War, 1812-1815, Serie M, Volumes No. 194, 195. Papers of the Canadian +Militia, 1812, Serie M, Volume No. 415. Lincoln Militia Orderly Book, +1812, Serie M, Volume No. 119. Correspondence relating to Prisoners, +1812, Serie Q, Volume No. 130. Regimental Correspondence, 1812, Serie C, +Volumes No. 1035, 715, 828, 929, 930, 1006, 1024. Horse +Guards--Correspondence of, Officers, 1812-1815, Serie C, Volumes No. +228-233. Navy Office--Correspondence of, 1813, Serie Q, Volume No. 129. +Ordnance Department--Correspondence, Serie Q, Volume No. 134. General +Post-Office Correspondence, 1814, Serie Q, Volume No. 130. Prevost, Sir +George, Correspondence with Lord Liverpool, 1811-1812, Serie Q, Volumes +No. 114, 115, 117-119. Papers in Anticipation of War, Serie Q, Volumes +No. 673, 103, 795, Serie Q, Volumes No. 102, 107. + + +BALDWIN, LA FONTAINE, HINCKS + +=Baldwin, La Fontaine, Hincks, and their Time.= Minutes of Executive +Council, Correspondence, registers, indexes, etc., Serie E, 1837-40. +Correspondence between Colonial Office and Governor-General of Canada, +Serie G, 1830-1850. Military Secretary's Correspondence, Serie GS. Civil +Secretary's Correspondence, Serie GS. Provincial Secretary's +Correspondence, Serie S. Original Blue Books, Serie E. Sketch of the +Baldwin Family, Serie M, Volumes No. 393-27-28. La Fontaine's +certificate of baptism, Oct. 4, 1807. La Fontaine's commission as +advocate, 18-8, 829, Serie S. La Fontaine's Correspondence _re_ +Rebellion and Grievances, 1838-1839, Serie S. Responsible Government, +Serie M, Volume No. 682. Collection of letters presented by Sir Francis +Hincks, Serie M, Volumes No. 116-2. Correspondence and papers relating +to the Rebellion in Lower Canada, 1837-1840, Serie S. + + +ELGIN + +=Elgin and his Time.= Minutes of Executive Council, Correspondence, +registers, indexes, etc., Serie E. Military Correspondence, Serie C, +Volume No. 61. Letters of W. Macaulay to Civil Secretary as to seat of +Canadian Government, 1847, Serie M, Volume No. 662. Correspondence of +Governor-General's Secretary, Serie GS. Military Secretary's +Correspondence, Serie GS. Provincial Secretary's Correspondence, Serie +S. Original Blue Books, Serie E. Correspondence _re_ removal of Niagara +Harbour and Dock Co., 1846-1847. Church of England, University of Upper +Canada, 1850-1851, Serie G, Volume No. 247. Correspondence _re_ +Navigation Laws, 1848-1849, King's College, 1844-1848, Serie G, Volume +No. 246. Correspondence _re_ Post Office, 1847-1848, Serie G, Volume No. +245. Diary of Captain Johnston, 1846, Serie M, Volume No. 753 _E_. Old +Bytown Periodicals, 1857-1860, Serie M, Volume No. 796. Drafts of +letters from Governor-General's Secretary, 1839-1855, Serie G, Volumes +No. 240-241. Stipend to Minister at Sorel, 1846-1848, Serie G, Volume +No. 243. Correspondence _re_ McGill College, 1840-1850, Serie G, Volume +No. 243. War Steamers on the Lakes, 1844-1849, Serie G, Volume No. 244. +Despatches referred to Executive Council, Serie E. Original Blue Books, +Serie E. Minutes of Executive Council, correspondence, registers, +indexes, etc., Serie E. + + +DOUGLAS + +=Douglas, Sir James, and his Time.= Colonial Secretary's Despatches to +Governors of Vancouver Island, 1846-1867, Serie G, Volumes No. 342-346. +Governor of Vancouver to Colonial Secretary, Letter Book, 1858-1864, +Serie G, Volumes No. 360-362. Governor of British Columbia to Colonial +Secretary, 1864-1871, Serie G, Volumes No. 363-365. Colonial Secretary +to Governor of British Columbia, 1858-1871, Serie G, Volumes No. +347-359. Correspondence of Douglas as Governor of British Columbia.--San +Juan question, 1859, Serie G. John McLeod's Journal and Correspondence, +1811-1842. Hudson's Bay Company, Correspondence and resolutions, Serie +M, Volume No. 372. Hudson's Bay Territory, Correspondence of J. +Anderson, 1850-1858, Serie M, Volumes No. 719-720. D. Thompson, +geographer, papers, Serie M. Captain Vancouver's Despatches, 1791-1793, +Serie M, Volume No. 379. Hudson's Bay Company, Papers _re_ British +Columbia, Serie M, Volumes No. 731_c_, 731_d_, 731 _E_, 731 _F_. British +Columbia and Vancouver. Journals of Jno, Work, 1823-1835, Serie M, +Volume No. 731-_A_. Correspondence of Douglas, 1839-1864, Serie M. Copy +of Correspondence of Douglas _re_ British Columbia, 1871-1874. Papers +_re_ Graving dock at Esquimalt, 1873-1875, Serie G. Imperial Blue Books, +1851-1864. British Columbia and Vancouver. Journals of Ermatinger, 1828; +Dean, 1829; Tolmie, 1830-1833; Douglas, 1835; Tod, 1841; Pemberton, +1855, Serie M, Volume No. 731_b_. + + +MACDONALD + +Minutes of the Executive Council, Correspondence, registers, indexes, +etc., 1842-1867, Serie E. Despatches to and from Colonial Office, Serie +G. Correspondence of the Governor-General with Downing Street _re_ +Confederation. Confederation debates. Provincial Secretary's +Correspondence, Serie S. Old Bytown Periodicals, 1857-1860, Serie M, +Volume No. 796. Ottawa, Various Pamphlets, 1879-1903, Serie M, Volume +No. 801. Original Blue Books, Serie E. + + +CARTIER + +=Cartier and his Time.= Minutes of the Executive Council, +correspondence, registers, indexes, etc., Serie E. Despatches to and +from Colonial Office, Serie G. Provincial Secretary's Correspondence, +Serie S. Original Blue Books, Serie E. Correspondence of the +Governor-General with Downing Street _re_ Confederation. Confederate +debates. + + +PAPINEAU + +=Papineau and his Time.= Despatches to and from Colonial Office, Serie +G. Colonial Office Despatches to Governors of Lower Canada, Serie Q. +Minutes of the Executive Council, Correspondence, registers, indexes, +etc., Serie E. Executive Council of Lower Canada, Minutes, 1809-1841, +Serie M, Volumes No. 238-253. Civil Secretary's correspondence, Series +GS. Military Secretary's correspondence, Series GS. Provincial +Secretary's correspondence, Serie S. Correspondence between British +Minister at Washington and Governor of Lower Canada, Serie G. Collection +Bagot, Serie M, Volumes No. 157-167. Collection Durham, Serie D, 20 +Volumes. Statement of confiscation, Lower Canada, 1837-1838. List of +persons exiled to Van Diemen's Land. Return of Judgment rendered on +claims investigated before Sept. 1, 1850. Pay Lists. Rebellion Losses +Claims. Memoire de Pothier, Serie M, Volume No. 829. T. F. Elliot, +Secretary to Gosford Commission. Letters on the condition of Lower +Canada, 1835, Serie M, Volumes 154-1-2. Evenements de 1837.--Memoire par +un prisonnier, Montreal, 1838, Serie M, Volume No. 156. Les Griefs du +Bas Canada, 1827-1834, Serie M, Volumes 188-1-2. Volunteers killed and +wounded in Lower Canada, 1837-1838, Serie M, Volume No. 402. Voters' +Lists, Quebec County, 1804-1834, Serie M, Volume No. 147. Proposed Union +of Upper and Lower Canada, 1822, Serie M, Volume No. 811. Papers +relating to the Rebellion, in Records of General Post-Office, Serie M, +Volumes No. 115-678-C. Miscellaneous Correspondence on Emigration, Serie +M, Volume No. 173. Neilson Papers, 1794-1845, Serie M, Volumes 148-1-2. +Bedard Papers, Serie M, Volume No. 679. Papineau, Neilson and other +papers, Serie M, Volume No. 684. Correspondence of D. B. Viger, +1821-1834, Serie M, Volume No. 680. Papers on Responsible +Government,--Serie M, Volume No. 683. Minutes of Council, State of +British North America, 1836, Serie M, Volume No, 154. De Roos's travels +in the United States and Canada, 1826, Serie M, Volume No. 169. Notes +prises a Terrebonne par le Notaire Seguin, 1831-1833, Serie M, Volume +No. 136. Relation officielle de la Batille de St. Charles, 1837, Serie +S. Military correspondence relating to the Rebellion of Lower Canada, +Serie C, Volume No. 97. Military correspondence relating to the +Rebellion of 1837-1838 in Lower Canada, Serie C, Volumes No. 608-615. +Militia Papers, Lower Canada, 1837-1840, Serie MD. Proces D. B. Viger, +1839, Serie S. + + +RYERSON + +Minutes of the Executive Council, correspondence, registers, indexes, +etc., Serie E. Despatches to and from Colonial Office, Serie G. +Correspondence with various persons, 1836-1840, Serie Q, Volumes No. +395-2, 402-2, 412-2-3, 430-3-4. Correspondence of Provincial Secretary, +1797-1867. Register of Correspondence _re_ Education in Upper Canada, +1797-1867, Serie S, Volume No. 533. Original Blue Books, Serie E. + + +HOWE + +Minutes of the Executive Council, correspondence, registers, indexes, +Serie E. Despatches to and from Colonial Office, Serie G. Correspondence +of the Governor-General with Downing Street _re_ Confederation. +Confederation debates. Provincial Secretary's Correspondence, Serie S. +Fenian Raid, 1866-1868, Serie M, Volume No. 777. + + +MACKENZIE, WILLIAM LYON + +Colonial Office despatches to and from Governors of Upper Canada, Series +G and Q. Correspondence between Governor's Secretary and +Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada, Serie G. Correspondence of Civil +Secretary, Serie GS. Provincial Secretary's Correspondence, Serie S, +Correspondence between British Minister at Washington and Governor of +Upper Canada, Serie G. Land and State Books, Serie E. Responsible +Government, Serie M, Volume No. 683. Baldwin's Correspondence, +1836-1852, Serie M, Volume No. 686. Documents and letters, Serie M, +Volume No. 154-3. Dr. Rolph's papers. Elliot and Rolph letters, Serie M, +Volumes No. 154, 154-_A_-_B_. Clergy Reserves, Canada, by W. J. +Strachan, 1827, Serie M, Volume No. 170. Bush life and frontier service, +by Lieutenant-Colonel Thos. Wily, Serie M, Volumes No. 168-1-2-3. De +Roos's Travels in the United States and Canada, 1826, Serie M, Volume +No. 169. Colonel Gilkison, Upper Canada, 1838-1839, Serie M, Volume No. +795. Upper Canada marriage registers, Eastern districts, 1831-1865, +Serie M, Volume No. 93-A. Charles Jones, papers, Serie M, Volumes No. +763-A-B. Diary of Captain Johnson, 1832, Serie M, Volume No. 753 _E_. +History of Cornwall, 1839, Serie M, Volume No. 842. Collection Askin +papers, 1830-1861, Volumes No. 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, +17, 18, 19. Collection Askin papers, 1830-1861, Volumes No. 20-29. +Lieutenant-Colonel Phillpott's report on inland navigation, 1839. +Militia Papers, Upper Canada, 1837-1840, Series MD. Correspondence and +papers relating to the Rebellion in Upper Canada, 1837-1840, Serie S. +Report of Captain Briscoe, R. E., on the Rebel position on Navy Island; +also Report of Captain Baddeley, R. E., on the defences of the Western +frontier of Upper Canada, 1838, Serie C, Volume No. 445. Military +correspondence relating to the Rebellion of 1837-1838 in Upper Canada, +Serie C, Volumes No. 608-615. Military correspondence relating to the +Rebellion in Upper Canada, Serie C, Volume No. 981. Proceedings of +Courts of enquiry upon claims arising out of the Rebellion, 1839, Serie +C, Volume 96. Correspondence and Papers, 1832-1836, Serie Q, Volumes No. +374, 376, 378, Pts. 3 and 4, 379, 380, 384, 387, 388, 389, 395. +Correspondence of McNab, relating to Rebels, 1836-1838, Serie Q, Volumes +No. 397, 402. Correspondence of Marshall Bidwell with Sir Francis Head, +1838, Serie Q, Volume No. 402, Pts. 2-3. Correspondence relating to the +destruction of the _Caroline_, 1838-1841, Serie Q, Volumes No. 251, 402, +Pt. 2; 403, 408, Pt. 1; 410, 420, 428, 431, Pts. 1, 2. Journal of Lower +Canada, Serie M, Volume No. 156. Conduct of the Militia, Serie Q, Volume +No. 416. Documents and Letters relating to Upper Canada Rebellion, Serie +M, Volume No. 154. Instructions to Governors, Serie M, Volume No. 231. +Rebellion, Correspondence and papers relating to, Serie C, Volumes No. +608-615, and Serie Q, Volumes No. 406, 408, 409, 418, 430. + + +BROWN + +Minutes of the Executive Council, correspondence, registers, indexes, +etc., 1855-60, Serie E. Despatches to and from Colonial Office, 1857-60, +Serie G. Original Blue Books, Serie E. Correspondence of the +Governor-General with Downing Street _re_ Confederation. Confederation +debates. Provincial Secretary's correspondence, Serie S. Old Bytown +Periodicals, 1857-1860, Serie M, Volume No. 796. + + +SYDENHAM + +Original Blue Books, 1840-1842, Serie E. Post-Office Commission, 1840. +Correspondence, registers, etc., Serie S, Volumes No. 331-334. Drafts of +letters from Emigrant Office to Chief Secretary, 1840-1842, Serie G, +Volumes No. 263-264. Miscellaneous Correspondence on Emigration, Serie +M, Volume No. 173. Drafts of letters to Emigrant Office, 1841-1843, +Serie G, Volume No. 267. Correspondence between Sydenham and Colonial +Office, and Lieutenant-Governors of the Provinces of British North +America, Serie G. Instructions from Downing Street, Serie G, Volume No. +183. The Six Nation fund investment and Grand River Navigation Company, +Serie M. Addresses received by Sydenham, Serie G, Volume No. 536. +Correspondence _re_ Emigrants, 1840-1843, Serie G, Volume No. 245. Visit +to Carillon, 1840, Serie C, Volume No. 60. Provincial Secretary's +Correspondence, Serie S. Military Secretary's Correspondence, Series GS. +Civil Secretary's Correspondence, Series GS. Minutes, correspondence, +registers, indexes, etc., of Executive Council, Serie E. + + +TILLEY + +Minutes of the Executive Council, correspondence, registers, indexes, +etc., Serie E. Despatches to and from Colonial Office, Serie G. +Correspondence of the Governor-General with Downing Street _re_ +Confederation. Confederation debates. Provincial Secretary's +Correspondence, Serie S. + + + + +A PARTIAL LIST OF SCARCE MAPS AND PLANS RELATING TO CANADA + +(From the collection of 7000 maps in the Dominion Archives) + + +=Nicolas Deny's Map=, with designs attached of--"Charnier en forme +depressoir"; "Charnier en barrique"; "Les Brouettes"; "Timbre a laver la +Morue"; Edifice de l'eschaffaut, complet hormis la couvertur d'un voile; +Plan de l'eschaffaut, planchaye" et "Plan de l'eschaffaut portant la +Terre"; MS. copy of map in the Louvre, also photo copy of map only in +the Lennox Library. + +=Plan du Cap Breton= dit Louisbourg, avec ses environs, Pries, par +L'Amiralle Bockoune, le 26 Jullet, 1758. Dimensions, 72 x 19-1/2 inches. +A rare old map copied from one in the Library of Congress, a coloured +manuscript showing the positions of the English and French Fleets, the +landing of the troops, the nature of the ground, the skirmishes in the +environs of the City, and burning of houses, surrounding the defences; +the city and defences. The French ships in the Harbour afterwards burnt, +as well as the intrenchments and movements of the besieged. + +=Amerique Septentrionale=. North America, etc. + +=A Map of the Sea Coast of New England=, according to the actual survey +made thereof by Captain Cyprian Southack. As also the outlines of +several of the Provinces and Colonies lying therein, according to the +respective grants and charters. + +=Tierra Noeva=. Tierra Noeva, de los Bocalaos, Tavola Prima, Del Mundo +Nuova. Print from Plate. + +=Amerique Septentrionale=, Par N. Sanson d'Abbeville, Geog. du Roy a +Paris, chez l'auteur et chez Pierre Mariette, rue S. Jacques a +l'Esperance 1650. Avec privilege du Roy pour vingt ans. Print from +Plate. + +=L'Amerique Septentrionale= divisee en ses principales parties scauoir: +Les Terres Arctiques, Le Canada ou Nouvelle France, Le Mexique ou +Nouvelle Espagne; Le Nouveau Mexique; Les Iles de Terre Neuve; de +Californie et Antilles, ou sont distingues les uns des autres les Estats +comme ils sont possedes presentement par les Francois, Castillans, +Anglois, Suedois, Danois et par les Estats Generaux des Provinces Vrais +ou Hollandais. Tiree des Relations de toutes ces nations, par le Sr. +Sanson, Geographe ordinaire du Roy 1674, presentee a Monseigneur Le +Dauphin par son tres humble, tres obeissant, et tres fidele Serviteur, +Hubert Iaillot. Print from Plate. + +=An Accurate Map of North America=. Describing and distinguishing the +British, Spanish, and French Dominions, according to the Definitive +Treaty concluded in Paris, Feb. 10, 1763. Eman Bowen, Geog. His Majesty, +and John Gibson, Engraver. Print from Plate. + +=North America= from the French of M. d'Anville, improved with the +English Surveys made since the Peace. London. Printed for Robt. Sayer +and J. Bennett, Map and Print Sellers, No. 53, Fleet Street, June 10, +1775. Print from Plate. North American Atlas. + +=A Map of the British Empire= in North America, by Samuel Dunn, +Mathematician, improved from the Surveys of Captain Carver. London. +Printed for R. Sayer and J. Bennett, Map and Sea Charts Sellers, No. 53 +Fleet Street, Aug. 17, 1776. Print from Plate. North American Atlas. + +=A New and Correct Map of North America=, with the West India Isles. +Divided according to the last Treaty of Peace. Concluded at Paris, Feb. +10, 1763. Gov. Pownall, M.P., 1777. Print from Plate. + +=A Map of the Inhabited Part of Canada= from the French Surveys, with +the Frontiers of New York and New England from the large Survey by +Claude Joseph Gauthier, engraved by Faden, 1777. Print from Plate. + +=The British Colonies in North America=. Engraved by William Faden, +1777. Print from Plate. North American Atlas. + +=A New Map of North America= with the West India Islands. Divided +according to the Preliminary Articles of Peace. Signed at Versailles, +Jan. 20, 1783. Governor Pownall, M.P., 1794. Print from Plate. + +=Map of Part of Canada= from Bay de la Val and Island of Barnaby in the +River St. Lawrence to the Lakes Huron and Erie. For the use of H. M. +Secretary of State, Quebec, Oct. I, 1790. Samuel Holland, +Surveyor-General, John Collins, D.S.G. + +=Carte d'Amerique=, divisee en ses Principaux Pays. Par M. l'Abbe +Clouet, de l'Academie Royal de Rouen. Illustrated, 1782. Print from +Plate. + +=Amherstburg=, 1799. Showing the Main Street, and lots with owners' +names. Captain H. M. Lewis, June 26, 1799. Original MS. + +=Amherstburg=, with the names of occupants, 1800. Original MS. + +=Bonaventure=. + +=A Plan of Bonaventur= in the Baie of Chaleurs. In the Province of +Quebec as surveyed agreeable to order and instructions of the Honourable +James Murray, Esq., Governor of the said Province, by John Collins, +Dept. Sur. Genl., 1765. MS. + +=Chambly=. Sketch of the Public Buildings at Chambly, 1815. Coloured MS. + +=Chateauguay=. Sketch of part of the River Chateauguay, George Williams, +R.M.S.D., Aug. 9, 1814. Accompanying Lieutenant-Colonel Hughes's letter +to Lt.-General Mann, Aug. 16, 1814. Shows the position of the troops in +the affair of Oct. 26, 1813. MS. + +=Detroit and Erie=. Fort de Detroit et ses Environs, 1768. MS. Plan of a +sketch of the Grand River and the Soundings. Plan of a sketch from Fort +Erie along the North Shore of Lake Erie round Long Point to where it +joins the main Land with the Soundings, W. Chewett, Niagara, Aug. 28, +1793. MS. Plan of Fort Erie and surroundings showing the sites of the +old and proposed forts, surveyed lots, 1794. Original coloured MS. Plan +of ground at mouth of Detroit River, Captain W. Mayne, Sept. 8, 1796. +Original MS. 1796, Sketch of the Communication between Lake Ontario and +Lake Erie. MS. Plan of the Situation of Fort Erie, with the new Works +and buildings proposed. Submitted by Gother Mann, Colonel Commanding +Royal Engineer, Quebec, Aug. 1, 1803. MS. At Detroit, Plan of Fort +L'Arnaud, as it is repaired at this present date, 1812. Fort l'Arnaud at +Detroit, surrendered to Major-General Isaac Brock, Aug. 16, 1812. J. B. +Duberger, Jr. Coloured MS. Plan of the Country round Fort Erie, showing +the retrenchments thrown up by the Enemy in August, 1814. Position, +Aug. 8, 1814, P. A. Hughes, Lieutenant-Colonel Commanding Royal +Engineers. With a letter to Lieutenant-General Mann, dated Montreal, +Oct. 7, 1814. Original MS. Survey of Lake Erie, in the years 1817 and +1818, by Lieutenant Henry W. Bayfield, R.N. Insets "Entrance to the +River Niagara" and "Survey of the Mouth of the River Detroit." MS. + +=Fort Erie=. Plan of British Attack, 1818, Royal Engineers' +Drawing-Room, Quebec, Jan. 31, 1818. A. Walpole, D.R., Eng. E. W. +Durnford, Lieutenant-Colonel Commanding Royal Engineer. Original +coloured MS. + +=Hudson's Bay and North=. Carte montrant le chemin que Louis Jolliet a +fait depuis Tadousac, jusqu'a la mer du Nord dans la Baye d'Hudson, et +la vraye situation de la baye et du d'estroit. Fait a Quebec, le 8me +Novembre, 1679, L. Jolliet. MS. + +=Golfe du Nort=. Ci-devant Baye de Hudson, indorsed, British America. +Chart of Hudson's Bay, abt. 1790. MS. Carte d'une Exploration faite en +1732 par I. L. Normandin, arpenteur du Roy. Comprenant les Rivieres +Chemerichane Lac K...., MS. A Particular Map of Baffin's and Hudson's +Bay, 1775. Thomas Jefferys. London, Sayer and Bennett. Print from Plate. + +=Illinois and West=. Carte des decouvertes de la Verenderye. Carte d'une +partie du Lac Superieur avec la decouverte de la Riviere depuis le grand +portage, jusqu'a la Barriere. With explanations. MS. Map of the Illinois +Country from the Gulf of Mexico, Lake Superior, and from Lake Ontario to +the River de Norte. 1720. MS. Blocus du Fort des Sauuages Renards, par +les Francois et Sauuages. Situe entre les Rivieres des Islinois et celle +d'Ouabache, a 50 lieues a l'Est-sud-est du Rocher dans la Nouuelle +France fait a Quebec ce, 15 9bre, 1730. Chaussegors de Lery. MS. Carte +du pays des Sauuages Renards. Depuis la Baye du Lac Michigan, jusques a +leur dernier village, fait a Quebec, ce 10 nouembre, 1730 Chaussegros de +Lery. MS. Plan du Fort des Sauuages Renards, scitue entre les Rivieres +des Islinois et celle d'ouabreche, a 50 lieue a l'Est-sud-Est du Rocher, +dans la nouuelle France. Avec Explications, fait a Quebec, ce 15 9bre, +1730. Chaussegros de Lery. MS. Carte d'une Partie des Islinois pour idee +seullement a la Nouvelle Orleans le premier Aout 1734. Broutin. MS. +Carte contenant les Nouvelles Decouvertes de l'Ouest en Canada, mers, +rivieres, laes et nations y habittant en l'annee 1757. Decouverte de la +mer de l'ouest. Jointe a la lettre de M. de Beauharnois du 14 8bre, +1737. MS. Plan of part of Canada, showing the districts of +Michilimakinac as possessed by the French, and the district of Detroit. +Indorsed, Rj., Nov. 11, 1676 with Major Rogers, MS. + +=A Sketch= of the several Routes of the French from Quebec to the +Mississippi with the principal Rivers and Lakes through which they pass, +also of the Route from New York to Oswego, and from Albany to Montreal, +and also of the Route from Kennebec River to Quebec, and from New +Hampshire to Lake St. Peter in Canada. Done by order of His Excellency +Major-General Shirley, from the most authentic Maps and best +intelligence by Wm. Alexander, Secretary to His Excellency. Braddock, +July 9, 1755. Coloured MS. + +=Map= of the country between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi, April +11, 1777. MS. + +=Map= of Major Pond's discoveries, 1785. MS. + +=Travels= of Captain Peter Pond of Milford, from April, 1773, to March, +1790. Extracted from his own Map by Ezra Stiles, March 25, 1690. Copy of +plan in Yale University Library. MS. Forts abandoned in the peace +(Wabash district), 7-6-1794. MS. + +=Ile aux Noix=. Plan of Ile aux Noix, showing the present and proposed +works. Gother Mann, Captain Commanding Royal Engineer, Quebec, May 12, +1790. MS. No. 4, Plan of the works at Isle aux Noix. Accompanying +Lieutenant-Colonel Hughes's letter to Lieutenant-General Mann, dated +Aug. 16, 1814. MS. Plan of Isle aux Noix, showing a part of the adjacent +country on the banks of the River Sorel. Quebec, April 27, 1816. G. +Nicolls, Lieutenant-Colonel Commanding Royal Engineer in Canada. MS. +Plan of Isle aux Noix, Colonel Nicolls, 1816. MS. Plan of the Port at +Isle aux Noix, showing the present state of the works and those proposed +for connecting them together. Gother Mann, Captain Commanding Royal +Engineer. MS. + +=Kingston=. Fort de Frontenac ou Katarakouy, 13 Novembre 1685. Photo +copy of plan in the Depot des Cartes et Journaux de la Marine, Paris. +MS. Plan du Fort Frontenac. fait a quebec ce 11 Octobre 1726. +Chaussegros de Lery. Coloured MS. Plan de l'Emplacement de Frontigny. +Chaussegros de Lery, Oct. 16, 1729. Uncoloured MS. Plan du Fort +Frontenac citue a l'Est du Lac Ontario a la Coste du Nord. Developement +du Fort. Fait a quebec le 11 Decembre 1738. Chaussegros de Lery. fils +MS. + +=Plan= du Fort de Lapresentation, 1752. Sur la Riviere de Katarakoui. +Photo copy. Original in the Depot de Fortifications des Colonies a +Paris. Surveyed by Order of His Excellency General Haldimand, Governor +Commander-in-Chief of the Province of Quebec, etc., etc. A Township or +tract of Land of six Miles square lying and being in the Province +aforesaid situated on the North side of Lake Ontario near the ancient +Fort Frontenac. This Township hath great advantages on account of its +situation, having Lake Ontario on its front, all the small bays afford +good harbours for Boats, and the lake abounds with variety of excellent +fish and wild fowl. The little River Cataraqui is navigable for Batteaux +from its entrance into the Lake to its Upper Boundary of the Township, +in which space are many proper situations for erecting mills. Surveyed +Oct. 27, 1785. John Collins, D. S. Gen. Coloured MS. + +=Sketch= of Kingston Harbour, showing the grounds reserved for the +purposes of Government for Public Works. Buildings, Naval Yard, etc. +Quebec, Dec. 6, 1788. Gother Mann, Captain Commanding Royal Engineer. +Coloured MS. + +=Sketch= of Kingston Harbour with the neck reserved for a Town lot with +its Common, Quebec, Dec. 6, 1788. Gother Mann, Captain Commanding Royal +Engineer. Original MS. Plan showing the ground opposite the Town of +Kingston to be reserved for the Crown, on which no settlement is to be +made. No buildings erected or Timber cut but by the authority and for +the purposes of Government, 1790. Coloured MS. + +=Kingston=, 1790. Coloured MS. Plan of Kingston and its vicinity. +Accompanying Lieutenant-Colonel Hughes's letter to Lieutenant-General +Mann, dated Aug. 16, 1814. J. B. Duberger, Jr., January, 1814. No. 9, +plan of the fort at Point Henry. Accompanying Lieutenant-Colonel +Hughes's letter to Lieutenant-General Mann, dated Aug. 16, 1814. +Original MS. Plan of the City of Kingston, showing its environs three +miles on the East and West sides thereof and six miles to the Northward +of said town. Surveyor-General's Office, York, Upper Canada, Oct. 21, +1815. Thomas Ridout, Surveyor-General. MS. + +=Lake Champlain=. Plan des Terres des Environs du Fort St. Frederic. +Marquiere par le Sr. Boisclerc, a mil sept cent trente neuf. Sur +laquelle Carte sont aussy raporties les sondes qu'il a observe. MS. +Carte du Lac Champlain avec les Rivieres, depuis le Fort de Champlain +dans la Nouvelle France, jusques a Orange Ville de la Nouvelle +Angleterre. Dressee sur divers memoires. Coloured MS. Plan du Fort de +Carillon et du Camp tranche qui fut fait pour s'opposer a l'attaque des +Anglais avec l'ordre des Colonnes a action du 8 Juillet 1758. Coloured +MS. Army of Lake George. Order of March, Major-General Amherst, +Commander-in-Chief, Brigadier-General Gage. M. Amherst's letter, June +19, 1759. Coloured MS. A plan of Lake Champlain, 1770. MS. No. 12. Plan +of the River La Colle. Copies by George Williams, R. M. S. D., July 19, +1814. Accompanying Lieutenant-Colonel Hughes's letter to +Lieutenant-General Mann, dated Aug. 16, 1814. Original MS. Champlain +River. No 13. Accompanying Lieutenant-Colonel Hughes's letter to +Lieutenant-General Mann, dated Aug. 16, 1814. Original MS. + +=Lake Ontario=. A Survey of Lake Ontario, done by N. Laforce of the +Naval Department and Lewis Kotte, Assistant Engineer, the North Shore in +1783 and the east and south Shores in 1789. MS. + +=Miscellaneous=. Plan d'un Fort scitue au dedans d'une enceinte pour +etre construit au bord du Lac des Deux Montagnes, a la cote du Nord, au +Detroit, environs a deux lieue au desous de l'Ile de Montreal a la vue +du Fort de Senneville scitue a la dite Ile. Fait a Quebec ce 26 Octobre +1719. Chaussegros de Lery. MS. A map of the Country of the Five Nations +belonging to the Province of New York and of the Lakes near which the +nations of Five Indians live, with part of Canada. Cadwallader Coldere, +1747. MS. No. 1, a sketch of the Field of Battle of the 9th of July, +upon the Monongahela, seven miles from Fort Du Quesne, between the +British Troops commanded by General Braddock, and the French and French +Indians commanded by Marq. de St. Pierre. Showing the dispositions of +the troops when the action began. Pat. Mackellar, Engineer, November, +1755. MS. No. 2 (Monongahela), a sketch of the field of battle and +showing the disposition of the troops about 2 o'clock, when the whole of +the main body had joined the advanced and working parties, then beat +back from the ground they occupied as in Plan No. 1. Pat. Mackellar, +Engineer, 1755. MS. A Map of that Part of America which was the +Principal Seat of War in 1786. MS. A Sketch of the Provinces of New +York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia, showing the line +of Forts lately built on the Frontiers of those Colonies, and their +situation with respect to the French Forts on the Ohio and Lake Erie. +Also the Route from Albany to Oswego, with the Forts built and to be +built for its security. Drawn by order of His Excellency General William +Shirley by William Alexander. Surveyed and copied by Mr. Bartmann, 1756. +MS. Plan of Fort Levy upon one of the Islands Gallops in the River St. +Lawrence since named Island Royale from its being fortified. Besieged +from August 22 till the 25th, when it surrendered towards evening. +Surveyed by B. Ratzee. Endorsed in M. G. Amherst of Oct. 4, 1760. MS. A +Plan of the Division Line between the Provinces of Quebec and New York. +Surveyed, October 1, 1772, by John Collins, D.S. General. MS. + +=Map of Turkey Point= and Environs, 1795. Done in the Surveyor-General's +Office, Upper Canada, Oct. 12, 1795. D.W. Smith, Acting S. General. +Coloured manuscript, showing the site of the town and barracks the Brock +House Wharf, etc. A Map of Sandwich with the position and situation of +the Lands of William Park and Meldrum and Park, together with notes and +references. Inscribed for William Park, Dec. 30, 1800, with copious +references and notes on the ownership of Lots and Titles to Church +Lands, and extracts from French deeds. Thomas Smith. Original MS. Sketch +of the entrance to the River Kamanistiqua. Sketch of Thunder Bay and the +adjacent coasts of Lake Superior, 1802. R. H. Bruyeres, Captain Royal +Engineers. Original coloured MS. A Map exhibiting the Frontiers of +Canada and the United States intended to illustrate the operations of +the British and American Armies. London. Printed for C. Smith, Map +seller and Publisher, 172 Strand, Oct. 1, 1813. Print from Plate. + +=Montreal=. Plan de la Ville de Montreal, dans la Nouvelle France, fait +a Montreal ce 21 Aoust 1729. Chaussegros de Lery. MS. Plan showing the +Magistrates of Montreal's proposals for improving the ground, April 15, +1799. Original plan. Plan of the Town and Fortifications of Montreal, +showing the Reserves now proposed to be made for Military purposes. +Gother Mann, Colonel Corry, Royal Engineers, Nov. 11, 1802. MS. Plan of +the Citadel Hill, Montreal, and the King's Reserve Contiguous, showing +the Buildings belonging to the Ordnance and Engineers' Department. R. N. +Bruyere, Captain Royal Engineers, June 2, 1804. MS. Plan of the Ground +between Montreal and Lachine, showing the line of the proposed Canal. +Samuel Romilly, Captain Royal Engineers, Montreal, 1817. MS. + +=Niagara=. Entree de la Riviere Niagara, dans le fond du Lac Ontario ou +est marque la maison a Machicoulis et le fort proposee, 21 Juin 1726; +fait a Niagara le Juin 21, 1726. Chaussegros de Lery. Coloured MS. +Original in the Depot des Fortifications a Paris. Plans Elevations de la +Nouvelle Maison a Machicoulis, scituee a la cote de l'ouest du Lac +Ontario, a l'entree de la Riviere de Niagara. Fait a Quebec, ce 19 +Janvier 1727. Chaussegros de Lery. MS. plan. Original in the Depot des +Fortifications des Colonies a Paris. Plan et Elevations de la Maison a +Machicoulis scituee a la cote de l'ouest du lac Ontario a l'entree de la +riviere de Niagara, fait a Quebec le 9 Decembre 1738. Chaussegros de +Lery, fils. MS. Original in the Depot des Fortifications des Colonies a +Paris. Entree de la Riviere de Niagara situee a l'Ouest du lac Ontario. +Fait a Quebec le 20 Septembre 1740. Chaussegros de Lery. MS. Copy of a +plan in the Depot des Fortifications a Paris. Niagara, taken from the +Old Quebec plan, and used in the Strubel Weldon trial, 1784. Original +MS. Plans (2). Plan of the River from Niagara to Fort Schlosser. Quebec, +Dec. 6, 1788. Gother Mann, Captain and Commanding Royal Engineer. MS. +Sketch of the Lower Part of Niagara River, 1790. MS. + +=Plan of Fort George=. Upper Canada, showing the Works of Defence +ordered to be constructed in 1799. Scale, 200 feet to an inch. +Dimensions, 35-37 inches. Original coloured manuscript plan, bears the +Inspector-General of Fortifications and Board of Ordnance stamps, +formerly in the Ordnance office, transferred to the Dominion Government +in July, 1891, and to the Archives in February, 1907. Sketch of an +Action fought on the night of July 25, 1814 near the Falls of Niagara +between a British Force under L. G. Drummond and an American Force under +Major-General Brown, Aug. 5, 1814. Coloured MS. Plan of Niagara +Frontier. Lieutenant-General, Sir. G. Prevost, Oct. 4, 1814. MS. Plan of +Forts George, Mississippi, and Niagara, the Military Reserves and the +town of Newark. Henry Willsons, Lieutenant Royal Engineers, May 2, 1817. +MS. + +=Nouvelle France=. Description de la Nouvelle France, ou sont remarquees +les diverses habitations des Francois, depuis la premiere decouverte +jusques a present, recueille et dressee sur diverses relations modernes, +1643. A Paris, chez Jean Boisseau, Enlumineur du Roy pour les cartes +geographiques, en l'ile, du Palais a la Royalle Fontaine de Jouvence. +Print from Plate. + +=Le Canada= faict par le Sr. de Champlain, ou sont La Nouvelle France, +La Nouvelle Angleterre, La Nouvelle Hollande, La Nouvelle Suede, La +Virginie, etc., avec les nations voisines et autres terres nouvellement +decouvertes, Suivant les memoires de F. Du Val, Geographe du Roy. A +Paris, en l'Isle du Palais sur le grand cours de l'eau a Paris. Avec +Privilege, 1653. Print from Plate. Carte de la partie de l'Amerique, +pour la Baye de Hudson communement appellee le Passage du Nord Quest, +par J. Thornton, J. Seller, Guil. Fisher, Jacques Atkinson, J. Colvon, a +Londres, 1681. A Chart of the North Part of America, the Hudson Bay +commonly called the North-West Passage, by John Thornton, John Seller, +William Fisher, James Atkinson, John Colvon. Print from Plate. Partie de +la Nouvelle France, dediee a Monseigneur le Marquis de Seigneley et +Baron de Sceaux, Conseiller du Roy en tous ses Conseils, Commandeur et +Grand Tresorier de ses Ordres, Ministre, Secretaire d'Estat et des +Commandements de Sa Majeste. Par son tres aimable et tres obeisant +serviteur Hubert Iaillot. Les Grande Augustins, aux 2 Globes, avec +privilege de Sa Majeste, 1685. Print from Plate. Le Canada ou Nouvelle +France, la Floride, la Virginie, Pensilvanie, Caroline, Nouvelle +Angleterre et Nouvelle York, l'Isle de Terre Neuve, la Louisiane et le +Cours de la Riviere Misisipi. Par N. de Fer, Geographe de Monseigneur le +Dauphin. A Paris, chez l'auteur dans l'ile du Palais sur le Quay de +l'Orloge, a la sphere Royale. Avec privilege du Roy, 1705. Print from +Plate. + +=Quebec City=. Plan de la Ville de Quebec, capitale de la Nouvelle +France. Photo of Plan in British Museum. Plan of part of the Basse-Ville +de Quebek. MS Coppie du plan de la censive de l'Eglise paroissialle de +notre dame de Quebeck. MS. Vray Plan du haut & bas de Quebec comme le +Sr. de Lery, 1660. MS. Le veritable plan de Quebec fait en 1669. MS. The +Port and environs of Quebec, as it was when attacked by the English. +With inset showing the attack of 1670. Thos. Hardup. MS. Hospice de +Quebec en 1692. Original conserve aux Archives departementales de Seine +et Oise France. MS. + +=Quebec=. Ville d'Amerique Septentrionale dans la Nouvelle France avec +titre d'Eveche, situee sur le Fleuve St. Laurent a 310 degres, 17 +Minutes de Longitude et 46 degres 55 Minutes de Latitude; elle fut +assiegee par les Anglois sur les Francois par qui elle est encore +possedee l'an 1670 depuis le 16 Octobre jusqu'au 22 du meme mois. M. de +Frontenac estoit pour lors Gouverneur du Pays, qui leur fit honteusement +leve le Siege, 1693. MS. Plan du Seminaire de Kebec en Canada, 1714. MS. +Plan de la Ville de Quebec. Designe d'apres le plan en relief que +Monsieur de Chaussegros de Lery, Ingenieur en Chef envoya en France en +l'annee 1720, pour etre mis au Louvre avec les autres. MS. Plan of St. +Roch's, showing the Intendant's Palace and surroundings. Fait a Quebec +le 4 8bre 1739. Chaussegros de Lery. MS. Plan of the town of Quebec in +Canada, enlarged from Bellin's plan with additions. Pat. Mackellar, +Major, 1757, with Report 522 on the Defences of Quebec. MS. Plan of +Quebec showing the position of the English and French Armies at the +Battle of the Plains, 1759. Print from Plate. Plan of the Town of +Quebec, the Capital of Canada in North America, with the Basin and a +part of the adjacent county. Showing the principal encampments and works +of the British Army, commanded by Lieutenant-General Wolfe, and those of +the French Army commanded by Lieutenant-General the Marquis de Montcalm, +during the siege of that place in 1759. Pat. Mackellar, Major and Chief +Engineer. MS. An Authentic Plan of the River St. Lawrence, from Sillery +to the Falls of Montmorenci with the operations of the Siege of Quebec, +under the command of Vice-Admiral Saunders and Major-General Wolfe down +to the Sept. 5 1759. Drawn by a Captain in His Majesty's Army. Thomas +Jefferys, 1759. Print from Plate. Plan de la Ville de Quebec, 1759. +Coloured MS. + +=Quebek De=. Hoofstad van Kanada; an de Rivier van St. Laurens; das de +Engelschen belegend en by Verdrag bemagtigd, mit jaar 1759. Coloured +Print from Plate. Plan of the Battle fought the 28th of April, 1760, +upon the Heights of Abraham, near Quebec between the British Troops +garrisoned in that place and the French Army that came to besiege it. +With copious notes. Pat. MacKellar, Major Chief Engineer, 1760. Coloured +original manuscript plan of the Battle of St. Foie. Plan of Quebec, +showing the houses burned by us in 1759 and those burned during the +Siege, 1760. Original coloured MS. Plan of Captain Gordon's Project of a +Citadel at Quebec, 1768. Also Plans of the Barracks projected for +Captain Gordon's proposed citadel. Coloured MS. Plan of a citadel on Cap +Diamond for improving the fortifications of Quebec, being Captain Henry +Gordon's engineer. His Project with some insignificant alterations, +Quebec, April 12, 1769. John Marr, Esq. MS. Plan of the city and +environs of Quebec with its siege and Blockade by the Americans from the +8th of December, 1775, to the 13th of May, 1776. Engraved by Faden. +Print from Plate. Plan of the City and Environs of Quebec with the siege +and Blockade by the Americans from the 8th of December, 1775, to the +13th of May, 1776. Engraved by Wm. Faden, London. Published, Sept. 12, +1776, by Wm. Faden, successor to the late Mr. Thos. Jefferys, corner of +St. Martin's Lane. Print from Plate. Plan of Cape Diamond and the +Heights of Abraham, as far as they rise before the City of Quebec, and +some distance beyond their summit with part of the ramparts of Quebec. +Taken partly in 1769 and completed in 1778 by John Marr, Commanding +Engineer in Canada and Captain. MS. Plan of the City of Quebec and its +Fortifications and of the Ground withoutside, beyond the Heights of +Abraham, from an actual Survey, taken thereof by Captain Marr, +Commanding Engineer in Canada. Not dated. His plan shows the bush where +the rebels worked their batteries in 1775. Captain Marr was Chief +Engineer in 1769 and 1778. MS. Plan of the New Works. Erecting on Cape +Diamond and which form the Citadel of Quebec, showing their state in +October, 1783. These plans show the mines under the glacis. MS. Plan of +the Town and suburbs of Quebec, showing the State of the Fortifications +as they were nearly completed in 1783. A note states that the +Fortifications were in no wise completed by the French and that the +English never touched them until 1779, when General Haldimand gave +orders to Captain Twiss, C.R.E. in Canada, for the erection of a +temporary Citadel on Cape Diamond. MS. Plan of a Survey of the City and +Fortifications of Quebec with part of its environs. Done in the +Engineers' Drawing-Room, by Wm. Hall, Lieut. Royal Artillery, 1799. MS. +Plan of the Fortifications of Quebec, with the new works proposed. G. +Mann, M. Genl. Commanding Royal Engineer. MS. Citadel of Quebec, showing +proposed works, by M. Genl. Mann, Aug. 1, 1804. MS. Projected works at +Quebec (Major-General Mann's Project) as mentioned in the Report of the +Committee of Engineers, March 14, 1805. Original coloured manuscript +plan. Plans of Government House at Quebeck, Jeffry Wyatt, 1812, MS. +Quebec in 1815, by J. B. Duberger, C.E. MS. Plan of Quebec, showing the +present state of the Works of Defence distinguishing what are completed +and what are in progress, with the Military works and Buildings that +have been ordered, March 18, 1816. G. Nicolls, Lieutenant-Colonel +Commanding Royal Engineer in Canada. MS. Plan du Palais Episcopal et du +Terrein en dependant leve en vertu d'un acte de la Legislature +Provinciale du Bas Canada. Intitule Acte pour mettre Sa Majeste en etat +d'acquerir la Propriete, Palais Episcopal de Quebec et du terrein en +dependant pour les usages publics de la Province. Par ordre de +Commissaires appointes a cet effet. Quebec ce 9 Juillet 1851. MS. + +=Quebec Province=, Lower Canada. Cartes du Gouvernement de Quebec leuee +en l'annee 1709 par les ordres de Monseigneur le Comre de Pontchartrain, +Commandeur des Ordres du Roy, Ministre et Secretaire d'Estat par le Sr. +Catalogne, Lieutenant des Troupes et dressee par Jean Bte. Decouagne. 3 +Plans avec vue de Quebec. MS. Carte du Gouvernement des Trois Rivieres +qui comprend en descendant le Fleuve St. Laurent depuis la sortie du Lac +St. Pierre jusqu'a Ste. Anne. Leuee en 1709 par les ordres de +Monseigneur le Comte de Pontchartrain, Commandeur des Ordres du Roy, +Ministre et Secretaire d'estat par le Sieur Catalogne, Lieutenant des +Troupes et dressee par Jean Baptiste Decouagne. Avec Vue de Trois +Rivieres. MS. Plan of Part of His Majesty's Province of Quebec from +Montreal Westward; part of the Ottawa River; the river Iroquois as far +as Kingston, the South Shore and part of the North Shore of Lake Erie, +Detroit River and part of the Lake St. Clair delineated from my own +surveys made in the years 1784, 1785, 1786, 1787, 1788, 1789. The +remainder from the surveys and sketches of different persons finished, +March 16, 1790. MS. Map of part of the Province of Quebec, comprehending +also Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, the Island of Cape Breton and New +England and extending westward to the river Mississippi, compiled in the +Drawing-Room of the Engineers' Department at Quebec, under the direction +of Captain G. Mann, Commanding Royal Engineer, by Wm. Hall, Draftsman, +1791, in five sections. MS. A new and correct Map of the Province of +Quebec with the Adjacent States and Provinces from the French Surveys. +Connected with those made by Captain Curver and other officers in His +Majesty's Service, London. Printed by Laurie and Whittle, 53 Fleet +Street, May 12, 1794. Print from Plate. North American Atlas. Plan of +part of the Province of Lower Canada, containing the country from the +River Montmagny near Quebec upwards as far as any surveys have been +hitherto made, that is, to St. Regis on the St. Lawrence, and the +Township of Buckingham on the River Ottawa. Compiled in the +Surveyor-General's office in the latter part of the year 1794 and early +part of the year 1795, by Messrs. Samuel Gale and John B. Duberger. With +a list of previous surveys. Marked original by the War Office. By order +of His Excellency Guy, Lord Dorchester, Captain-General and +Governor-in-Chief of the Provinces of Upper and Lower Canada. Coloured +original MS. A new topographical Map of Lower Canada. William +Vondervelden and Louis Charland, 1805. Print from Plate. + +=River St. Lawrence=. Plan of part of the River St. Lawrence, from +Montreal to the Parish of Berthier on the North and to Sorel on the +South Side of the River. By John Montresor, Sub-Engineer, and Lieutenant +Samuel Holland, Captain and Assistant Engineer. Scale, 2000 feet an +inch. Dimensions, 126-26 inches. Original coloured manuscript map bears +the Board of Ordnance stamp, formerly in the Ordnance Office, +transferred to the Dominion Government in July, 1891, and to the +Archives in March, 1909. This map covers the portion of the St. Lawrence +surveyed by John Montresor for the Murray Survey (viz. from Montreal to +Repentigny in one section and from Repentigny to Berthier in another). +It is, however, of an earlier date than the Murray Survey, as is shown +by an indorsement: North America, British America, Part of the St. +Lawrence from Montreal to Berthier and Sorel. J. Montresor, March 25, +1761. Another indorsement reads,--"Received 30th Sept. 1761 with Mr. +John Montresor's letter, Quebec 26 March." This map shows the arable and +pasture land, the houses, churches, calvaries and Mills along the river. +MS. Carte du Cour du Fleuve de Saint Laurent en Canada, Yorck! Carte do +Lanouvelle Yorck, de la mer des Iroquois ou est Montreal. Sorel, Orange, +le cour du Fleuve St. Laurent, celuis d'Orange. Original MS. Carte du +Fleuve St. Laurent. A MS. plan of the river from Anticosti to Quebec. La +Grande Baye de St. Laurens en la nouvelle france mise dans un jour ou +elle n'avoit jusqu'ici parue, l'exactitude, la curiosite et la justesse +y aient ete observees autant qu'il a ete possible et que les memoires +des habitans du mesme lieu on put fournir, jointe a cela la propre +connaissance de Geographic qu'il a de plusieurs endroits notamment de la +Riviere Ste. Croix ou faisant la mission il a eu l'honneur d'adorer +plusieurs fois de grandes croix arborees au milieu des deserts et des +bois par les sauvages nationaux, nommees ports Croix. Aient recu les +croix direstement du ciel longtemps avant l'arrivee des francois en ce +pays, faite par le pere Emmanuel Jumeau, recollet missionnaire en +Canada, 4 Octobre 1685. Two copies, one of the original in the Seminary +at Quebec, the other of the plan in Paris. MS. La Grande Riviere de +Canada, appellee par les Europeens de St. Laurens. Variation corrected +to 1686. Leve et dressee par Deshayes. Publiee vers 1695. Print from +Plate. Partie Haute et Occidentale du Fleuve de Canada ou de St. Laurent +depuis le lac Ontario jusqu'a la ville de Quebec. Eveche et capitale du +Canada, avec les noms des Particuliers a qui il a ete fait des +Concessions de Terre, sur l'un et l'autre Rive de ce Fleuve. Dressee sur +les Nemoires de M. de Catalogne. Ingenieur du Roy tres Chrestien a +Paris. Chez le Sr. Moullard. Mouillard-Samson, G. V. de Sa Majeste, Rue +Froimanteau vis a vis le vieux Louvre avec privilege, 1723. Coloured +print. Basse partie et Orientale du Fleuve de St. Laurent, depuis l'Isle +aux Licores jusqu'a un embouchure. Dressee sur les memoires de M. de +Catalonbe, Ingenieur du Roy tres chrestien a Paris. Chez le Sr. +Moullart-Samson, H.O.D.R. Rue Froimanteau vis le Vieux Louvre avec +Privilege du Roi, 1723. Print from Plate. Plan of the River St. Lawrence +from the Island of Anticosti to Quebec. With notes. This map is founded +on a manuscript found on Board Ship _Alcide_, taken June, 1755, by +Admiral Boscawen. MS. A Sketch of the River St. Lawrence from La +Gallette to the Island of Perrot with the Encampments of the Army, 1760. +Taken from a French draught and corrected. MS. Plan of that Part of +Canada and the River St. Lawrence which lies between Coteau des Cedres +to the Uppermost settlement of Canada, and Island of Ste. Therese, +containing the Island of Montreal, Isle Jesus, Ile Bizard, Isle Perrot +and the lakes of St. Louis, les Deux Montagnes, as formed by the River +St. Lawrence; the City of Montreal with all the villages, fortified +posts, and cultivated country throughout the whole district; by order of +Brigadier-General Murray, Governor of Quebec. The Murray Survey, 1765. +MS. Plan of that Part of Canada and the River St. Lawrence which lies +between Pointe du Lac and Repentigny on the North Shore and Nicollette +and Varennes on the South Shore, etc. By order of Brigadier-General +Murray, Governor of Quebec, 1765. MS. Plan of that Part of Canada and +the River St. Lawrence, which lies between Cape Tourmente and +Deschambeaux on the North Shore, Pointe La Caille and Lotbiniere on the +South Shore, in which is contained the City of Quebec and all the +villages, fortified posts, Habitations and cultivated Country throughout +the whole district.... The whole from a survey carried on under the +direction of the Hon. Brigadier-General Murray, Governor of Quebec, by +Captain Holland, Lieutenant Peach, Lieutenant Fusev, and Lieutenant +Mathews, 1763. Those MS. maps form a complete geography and census of +the Canada of the time. Carte d'une partie des Cotes du St. Laurent, ou +est situe la Seigneurie de Mingan et celle des Isles et Islets de +Mingan. Le tout compile et dresse sur les Cartes de la Marine faites +sous la direction de M. M. James Cook, celebre navigateur, Michel Lane +et de Grandin, etc. Au depot general des Cartes, Plans et Journeaux de +la Marine, Paris, 1784. MS. St. Lawrence, Kingston to Brockville, 1815. +MS. + +=St. John=. Plan of Fort St. John on the river Chambly, Quebec, May 7, +1791, G. Mann, Captain Commanding Royal Engineer. Coloured MS. + +=Sorel=. Plan of the Seigneurie House at William Henry. Original MS. A +plan of the Seigniory of Sorel in the Province of Quebec, the property +of MM. Greenwood & Higginson, Merchants in London, Aug. 15, 1770, John +Collins, D. S. General. MS. Isle aux Noix, River Sorel, Lower Canada. +Proposed New Works, 1787. G. Mann. MS. Plan of Sorel, showing the +proposed new Town lots and Defences. Sorel, July 19, 1797, G. Mann, +Captain and Commanding Engineer. MS. + +=Toronto=. York. Plan of Toronto Harbour and the proposed town and part +of the Settlement. Quebec, Dec. 6, 1788. G. Mann, Captain and Commanding +Royal Engineer. Original coloured MS. Plan of Toronto Harbour with the +Rocks, Shoals, and Soundings, etc., Surveyed and drawn by J. Bouchette, +1793. Original coloured MS. Sketch of a route from York Town on Lake +Ontario to Penetanguishene on Lake Huron, Upper Canada, by Lieutenant +Pilkington, in the year 1793. Plan of the Dock up at York, 1797. +Original MS. Plan of Humber Mills, S.G.O., Jan. 31, 1798. D. W. +Smith, A. S. G. Original coloured MS. Plan and Elevation of the +Lieutenant-Governor's House at York, Upper Canada, erected by Captain +Pilkington in 1800. Indorsed Plan and Elevation of the Governor's House, +York, Upper Canada, destroyed in the late war. Colonel Pilkington, R. E. +Original coloured MS. Plan of the Don Bridge and the agreement of +William Smith, Carpenter for erecting it on or before March 1, 1803. Two +original MS. Plan for a house of Assembly at York, which can be built of +wood and brick for less than L1000 Sterling. Dr. Wells, May 15, +1804. Two original MS. No. 1. Garrison at York, accompanying +Lieutenant-Colonel Hughes's letter to Lieutenant-General Mann dated Aug. +16, 1814. Original MS. + +=York Harbour=, 1815. Plan by actual survey of the Street of +Communication between Kempenfeldt Bay on Lake Simcoe and Penetanguishene +Harbour on Lake Huron, and one concession on each side, made at the +particular request of Angus Shaw, agent to the North-West Company. Yonge +Street, Aug. 15, 1822. Samuel J. Wilmot, Surveyor. MS. + +=Upper Canada=. Ontario. Plan of the new settlement from Point a Bodet +to Niagara, comprehending the carrying places, the rivers, and lakes to +Lake Huron. W. Chewett, D. P. S., 1789. MS. Plans accompanying +Lieutenant-Governor Simcoe's report of his tour, 1793. MS. Plan of the +Province of Upper Canada, divided into Counties; by order of +His Excellency John Graves Simcoe, Lieutenant-Governor and +Commander-in-Chief. By Wm. Chewett, P. Surveyor, 1795. MS. Plan of the +organized part of the Province of Upper Canada, according to a Bill +which has passed the two Houses, and is reserved for the signification +of the Royal Pleasure, 1798. D. Smith, Chief Surveyor of Lands, Acting +as Surveyor-General, Upper Canada. Coloured MS. A Map of the Province of +Upper Canada describing all the new Settlements, Townships, etc., with +the Countries adjacent from Quebec to Lake Huron. Compiled at the +Request of His Excellency Major-General John G. Simcoe, first +Lieutenant-Governor, by David William Smyth, Surveyor-General. London. +Published by W. Faden, geographer to His Majesty and to H.R.H., the +Prince of Wales. Charing Cross, April 13, 1800, accompanied with a +topographical description. Coloured print. A Map of the located +Districts in the Province of Canada, describing all the new +Settlements, Townships, etc., with the adjacent frontiers. By William +Chewett. Wm. Faden, Charing Cross, Jan. 1, 1813. Print from Plate. Map +of the provinces of Upper and Lower Canada. Joseph Bouchette, 1815. +Print from Plate. A Map of the Eastern Part of the Province of Upper +Canada. Indorsed, Canada, Upper, 1793. Left by Colonel Phillpotts on his +going to Gibraltar, 1818. MS. Plan of the Central part of the Province +of Upper Canada, showing the seat of war in the years 1812, 1813, and +1814. J. G. Chewett, P.S. York, May 1, 1819. Print from Plate. + + + * * * * * + +Transcriber's note + + +The following changes have been made to the text: + +Page 4: "d'Evangeline" changed to "d'Evangeline". + +Page 36: "Bibliography of Athapaskan" changed to "Bibliography of +Athabaskan". + +Page 81: "Clayquet" changed to "Clayquot". + +Page 161: "Justine. Hb" changed to "Justine. Hd." Page 182: "Ile Jesus" +changed to "Ile Jesus". + +Page 198: "Roque nont" changed to "Roquemont". + +Page 199: "prisioners" changed to "prisoners". + +Page 200: "anada and Newfoundland" changed to "Canada and Newfoundland". + +Page 212: "quarrels with Mezy" changed to "quarrels with Mezy". + +Page 230: "fi m belief" changed to "firm belief". + +Page 282: "Newspaper puplished" changed to "Newspaper published". + +Page 285: "Etienne" changed to "Etienne". + +Page 338: "Baranoff" changed to "Baranof". + +Page 377: "Are Legislat res" changed to "Are Legislatures". + +Page 384: "Franchere" changed to "Franchere". + +Page 403: "June, 1872" changed to "June, 1812". + +Page 417: "representatative" changed to "representative". + +Page 437: "orleans" changed to "Orleans". + +Page 441: "Quebec C ty" changed to "Quebec City". + + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Makers of Canada: Index and +Dictionary of Canadian History, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MAKERS OF CANADA: INDEX *** + +***** This file should be named 32699.txt or 32699.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/2/6/9/32699/ + +Produced by Brendan Lane, Carla Foust, and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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